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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael%27s_Church,_Berlin | St. Michael's Church, Berlin | ["1 Site","2 History","2.1 Design (1846–1850)","2.2 Construction (1851–1856)","2.3 Military to civilian use","2.4 Social conflict and engagement","2.5 Engelbecken","2.6 War damage and rebuilding","2.7 Division of the parish","2.8 After Reunification","3 Structure","3.1 Exterior","3.2 Interior","3.3 Architectural style","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°30′26″N 13°25′10″E / 52.5072222222°N 13.4194444444°E / 52.5072222222; 13.4194444444View of the church from the Luisenstadt Canal
Statue of Archangel Michael by August Kiss
Saint Michael's (German: Sankt-Michael-Kirche) is a former Roman Catholic parish in Berlin, Germany, dedicated to the Archangel Michael. It is noted for its historic church in Mitte (former Luisenstadt), near the border between Berlin-Mitte locality and Kreuzberg. The church was built between 1851 and 1861, and also served as a garrison church for Catholic soldiers. It was heavily damaged by bombing during the Second World War and partially reconstructed in the 1950s. It is protected as a historical monument in Berlin.
Site
Location of the church, with course of the Berlin wall
Saint Michael's is located on the Michaelkirchplatz in Engelbecken, which was part of the old Luisenstadt Canal, along which the Berlin Wall ran until German reunification. After the canal's closure in 1926, the space was converted into a park, which offered an uninterrupted view of St Michael's from the south. This view was opened up after the fall of the Berlin Wall, such that the church is once more seen in the way it was originally conceived. Michaelkirchstraße runs from Michaelkirchplatz to the River Spree, crossing Köpenicker Road , and has existed since the sixteenth century. In the immediate neighbourhood of the church, there are also monuments set up by the Haus des Deutschen Verkehrsbunds and the College of St Mary's Church.
History
Design (1846–1850)
The Protestant king Frederick William IV approved the construction of a second Roman Catholic church in Berlin after the Reformation, which was originally planned mainly as a church for the military garrison. It was intended to give Catholic soldiers living in Berlin a spiritual home and ease the pressure on St. Hedwig's Cathedral.
The architect August Soller completed the original design in 1845. He planned a front facade with two towers, with Gothic elements, which he later abandoned. The plan envisioned the church would take the form of a "Zentralbau", but he later extended it into a hall church. As a result of the abandonment of the double-tower facade, the church now lacked a clearly visible profile. This could not be provided by the heavy octagonal roof planned for the cupola, so Soller substituted a domed tower, in accordance with earlier architectural models and the wishes of Frederick William IV.
Construction (1851–1856)
View of the church (1896)
Front view of the main facade, with vaulted niche.
Tombstone of August Soller
Frederick William IV had already named Michaelstraße after the Archangel Michael (in 1849 it became Michaelkirchstraße) and encouraged to the building commission's decision to place the church under the patronage of the Archangel Michael as well. On 14 July 1851, the foundation stone was laid, with the King and his family in attendance, along with church, secular, and military officials. Several thousand people lined the banks of the Engelbecken.
Construction went on from 1851 until 1861. Soller died during the construction and was buried inside in 1856. As a result of financial difficulties, construction of the church stalled for some time. The building was completed by Andreas Simons, Martin Gropius, and Soller's nephew, Richard Lucae. In 1896, the cost of the church's construction was estimated at 438,000 marks. The church was consecrated on 28 October 1861, by the Bishop of Breslau, in the presence of William I, Emperor of Germany.
Military to civilian use
After the church's consecration in 1861, a military church area for 3,000 Catholic soldiers was established. Two years later, a local church district was added, which constantly grew until 1877. In 1888 it was promoted to a parish. With the settlement of the area around the church (which had still been wasteland when the church was begun), the parish expanded further. At its foundation, the area had 6,000 members, but by 1900 there were nearly 20,000 Roman Catholics in the parish, who were called "Michaelites."
Social conflict and engagement
St. Michael's in 1880, before the bombing
Side view, with the dome
The new parish house, with garden
Around 1900, the area around St Michael's, with its many tenements, was a social flashpoint. On 26 February 1892 there were large scale protests and riots due to unemployment. Members of the parish banded together to form a relief society, in order to reduce the problem. Marist sisters came from Breslau in 1888 and established the Marienstift in 1909, which endured until 1995. The Marienstift had social facilities, mobile health care, a kindergarten, and accommodation for servant girls. The Blessed Domprobst Bernhard Lichtenberg, who was later a prominent opponent of National Socialism, was chaplain at St Michael's from 1903 to 1905. The church's social engagement increased between 1917 and 1926 under Maximilian Kaller, who would also later become an opponent of the Nazis. Kaller brought members of the parish together as a lay apostolate for ensuring pastoral care.
Engelbecken
When the Luisenstadt Canal was closed in 1926, it was planned for the so-called Engelbecken ("Angel's pool"), named after the church's patron, to be converted into a public swimming pool. This outraged Berlin's Catholics. With the aid of the Centre Party, the approval of the plan by the Landtag of Prussia was blocked and the Engelbecken was turned into a pond for swans, surrounded by green space.
War damage and rebuilding
In the final months of the Second World War, on 3 February 1945, the Luisenstadt was nearly entirely destroyed by air raids carried out by the USAAF with over 950 aircraft. St Michael's suffered serious damage as a result of fire bombing. The organ and the majority of the church's interior were destroyed. The outer walls, domed tower and the front of the church remained largely intact. As a result of the destruction of the roof, the dome is seen through the portal window, which is below the bell tower. Abover the Portal, there is a mosaic depicting the annunciation, which partially survived the bombing as a result of the survival of the entranceway.
Services were accordingly shifted into the Marienstift. Under Franz Kusche, the Apse, sacristry, and the transept were rebuilt and services were able to be held within the church once more in 1953. In 1957, three new bells were installed and in 1960, the new organ was consecrated after the construction of a new space for it.
Division of the parish
With the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the parish was split into an eastern and a western half. St Michael's fell on the eastern side of the wall, so the Catholics of West Berlin erected their own Church of St. Michael on Waldemarstraße (Alfred-Döblin-Platz), immediately beyond the wall. This Western Church was designed by Rudolf Schwarz, who died in 1961; it was one of his last buildings. It was intended that the building would be able to serve as a church hall in the event of German Reunification. The centennial of St Michael's dedication was celebrated in October 1961.
During this period of separation, the two parts of the parish developed in very different ways. By the 1980s, the western part of the parish had expanded in Kreuzberg and become more focussed on youth, while the eastern part of the parish continued to employ traditional liturgy and services. This division continued after German Reunification and St. Michael's in the east now belongs to the parish of St. Hedwig's Cathedral, while the western part of the parish belongs to the parish of St. Mary's .
In 1978, the Church was given heritage status. From 1978 to 1980, the copper of the dome was replaced, the brickwork was repaired, and the new crucifix was remounted. In 1984, the parish house was moved from Michaelkirchstraße to a new parish house which was built in the ruins of the church between 1985 and 1988.
A clear view of St Michael's from the Oranienplatz was not possible between 1961 and 1990, because of the Berlin Wall. The lower half of the church, which could not be seen because of the concrete segments of the wall, was painted on the western part of the wall, as Trompe-l'œil, by the Berlin-based, Iranian artist Yadegar Asisi on the initiative of Berlin architect Bernhard Strecker, in order to demonstrate the "permeability" of the wall (Mauerdurchblick). After the demolition of the wall, the Italian Marco Piccininni bought painted segments of the wall found near Waldemarbrücke n an auction at Monte Carlo in 1990, which he subsequently donated to the Vatican, where they were installed in the Vatican Gardens in August 1994. Other graffiti on the Berlin Wall along Waldemarstraße is documented in ten connected poster-photos taken by photographers Liselotte and Armin Orgel-Köhne in 1985.
After Reunification
After the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the Bell tower was refurbished and the statue of Michael was restored and returned to the tower (1991-1993). The mosaic depicting the Annunciation above the portal was restored again in 1999. Even now, however, the nave has no roof and services are held in the transepts. On 7 March 2001, the Association of Friends for the Protection of the Catholic Church of St Michael's of Berlin-Mitte was founded, to support activities connected with the church.
On 31 October 2003, Archbishop Georg Sterzinsky decided to merge the parish of St Michael, which at that point had only 800 members, into the neighbouring parish of St Hedwig's Cathedral. Thus the church is no longer a parish church, although religious services continue to take place in it.
In August 2005, plans were revealed for the restoration of the nave and the installation of a Centre Against Expulsions in it from Autumn 2006. On 15 August 2005, the Archbishop made a statement saying that the church's agreement with the Federation of Expellees had been cancelled, "on account of a lack of community agreement with the installation of the centre in a church."
Structure
Historic ground plan of the church: the three-aisle nave terminates in three concave altar niches (Apsides). Light blue indicates the newly installed flat roof. Between the flat roof and the transept there is a small light well on the second floor.
Profile (1896)
Exterior
The three-aisled brick nave is 55 metres long, 30 metres high, and 19 metres wide. The church is topped by a tower over the crossing with a copper dome, which is over 56 metres high. On the corner columns of the crossing, there were statues of the Four Evangelists on high pedestals, before the church's damage during the Second World War.
The front facade has a bell tower with three round vaulted windows, but no towers. The statue of St Michael on the front facade is a replica of a statue made by the sculptor August Kiß for another purpose. The whole exterior is decorated with buttresses, friezes, and statues, as well as multi-coloured pricks.
Interior
Sauer-Orgel
The church is a hall church, i.e. the three aisles of the nave were all of the same height (before they were destroyed in the war). The architect, Soller, originally planned the church as a "Zentralbau" (i.e. a building with rotational symmetry). He adapted this idea into a basilica structure, roofing each bay so that they appeared as a series of "Zentralbauten" arranged one after another.
The three aisles each end in an apse, as in Romanesque architecture. The two side apses used to contain altars dedicated to Mary and Joseph. The central apse, there is an image of the Archangel Michael locked in combat with Lucifer in the form of a dragon atop the high altar; the half-dome of the apse's ceiling contains a depiction of Jesus as Pantokrator.
Not all the decorations and images of the interior were restored during the post-war renovations. The original organ, now lost, was located in the matroneum above the main entrance. The pulpit is located on an eastern pillar of the crossing. There is also a tabernacle with a marble image of the Madonna on the altar, made by sculptor Heinrich Pohlmann.
The transept is roofed by a barrel vault. After the partial destruction of the church, services were moved to the transept and as a result the eastern side entrance is now the main entrance to the church. The current organ is located in a new matroneum above the eastern entrance. This organ was made in 1960 by the W. Sauer Orgelbau Frankfurt company.
The west end of the transept now serves as the Choir and contains the altar. A two-level flat roof has been installed in the nave, which extends to the final columns before the transept. The rest of the old nave has been converted into a garden.
Architectural style
The church is considered a successful synthesis of Neoclassical and Medieval architecture. Soller drew on earlier architectural styles in a historicist manner. It is strongly influenced by Medieval and Renaissance churches of Padua and Venice. Soller had taken a five-month research trip through Italy in 1845, immediately before his first design work. The interaction between the water and architecture in Vencie was a particular inspiration. The facade with its filigree angels was based on San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. The overall design, with its three apses and the vast nave is, however, heavily influenced by the church of San Salvador, Venice. The combination of the "Zentralbau" and hall church structures had a significant influence on several subsequent buildings of the Schinkel school in Berlin.
References
^ a b Curran, Kathleen (2003). The Romanesque Revival: Religion, Politics, and Transnational Exchange. University Park, Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 146–154. ISBN 0-271-02215-9.
^ Bericht über die Grundsteinlegung der Garnison- und Pfarrkirche zum heiligen Michael
^ Güttler, Peter, ed. (1984). Berlin und seine Bauten. Berlin: Ernst. ISBN 3-433-00995-3.
^ Eine Zeitreise zurück an den Checkpoint Charlie. berlin.de
^ Hermann Waldenburg: Berliner Mauerbilder. Nicolaische Verlagsbuchhandlung, Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-87584-309-6, S. 55.
^ Heinz J. Kuzdas: Berliner Mauer Kunst, mit East Side Gallery. Elefanten Press, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-88520-634-X, pp. 64 f.
^ Ralf Gründer: Verboten. Berliner Mauerkunst. Böhlau, Köln 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-16106-4, pp. 266–268
^ Hagen Koch: Where is the Wall? In: Berlinische Monatsschrift 7/2001; Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein.
^ Ein Mauerstück für den Papst. Bemaltes Bauwerk in den Vatikanischen Gärten aufgestellt. In: Der Tagesspiegel, 28 February 1995.
^ Paul Hoffmann: Glorious Gardens of the Vatican. In: The New York Times, 6 July 1997.
^ Berlin – Seite für Seite. Literaturauswahl zur 750-Jahr-Feier. Bibliographie über Berlin, mit 10 Fotos (Ansichten des Teilstücks der Berliner Mauer an der Waldemarstraße). Hrsg.: Amerika-Gedenkbibliothek / Berliner Zentralbibliothek, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-925516-04-2
^ Homepage des Fördervereins
^ Keine Bedenken gegen Ausstellung. In: Berliner Morgenpost, 17 August 2005.
^ Berlin und seine Bauten. Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1896. (Reprint 1984, ISBN 3-433-00995-3)
Bibliography
Frank Eberhardt, Stefan Löffler (1995). Die Luisenstadt. Geschichte und Geschichten über einen alten Berliner Stadtteil. Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt. ISBN 3-89542-023-9.
Manfred Klinkott (1988). Die Backsteinbaukunst der Berliner Schule. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. ISBN 3-7861-1438-2.
Eva Börsch-Supan (1977). Berliner Baukunst nach Schinkel. 1840–1870. München: Prestel. ISBN 3-7913-0050-4.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sankt-Michaelskirche (Berlin).
Entry on the website of the Landesdenkmalamt Berlin.
Friends of St. Michael's Church
Home page of the Parish of St. Hedwig's Cathedral
52°30′26″N 13°25′10″E / 52.5072222222°N 13.4194444444°E / 52.5072222222; 13.4194444444
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Geographic
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With the aid of the Centre Party, the approval of the plan by the Landtag of Prussia was blocked and the Engelbecken was turned into a pond for swans, surrounded by green space.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"air raids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Berlin_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"annunciation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annunciation"},{"link_name":"Franz Kusche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franz_Kusche&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sacristry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacristry"}],"sub_title":"War damage and rebuilding","text":"In the final months of the Second World War, on 3 February 1945, the Luisenstadt was nearly entirely destroyed by air raids carried out by the USAAF with over 950 aircraft. St Michael's suffered serious damage as a result of fire bombing. The organ and the majority of the church's interior were destroyed. The outer walls, domed tower and the front of the church remained largely intact. As a result of the destruction of the roof, the dome is seen through the portal window, which is below the bell tower. Abover the Portal, there is a mosaic depicting the annunciation, which partially survived the bombing as a result of the survival of the entranceway.Services were accordingly shifted into the Marienstift. Under Franz Kusche, the Apse, sacristry, and the transept were rebuilt and services were able to be held within the church once more in 1953. In 1957, three new bells were installed and in 1960, the new organ was consecrated after the construction of a new space for it.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"West Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Berlin"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Michael%27s_Church,_Berlin-Kreuzberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Michael_(Berlin-Kreuzberg)"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schwarz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Schwarz_(architect)"},{"link_name":"German Reunification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Reunification"},{"link_name":"Kreuzberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzberg"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Mary%27s_Church,_Berlin-Kreuzberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Marien_(Berlin-Kreuzberg)"},{"link_name":"heritage status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage_management"},{"link_name":"Oranienplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oranienplatz"},{"link_name":"Trompe-l'œil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il"},{"link_name":"Yadegar Asisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yadegar_Asisi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bernhard Strecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_Strecker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Monte Carlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Vatican Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Division of the parish","text":"With the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961, the parish was split into an eastern and a western half. St Michael's fell on the eastern side of the wall, so the Catholics of West Berlin erected their own Church of St. Michael [de] on Waldemarstraße (Alfred-Döblin-Platz), immediately beyond the wall. This Western Church was designed by Rudolf Schwarz, who died in 1961; it was one of his last buildings. It was intended that the building would be able to serve as a church hall in the event of German Reunification. The centennial of St Michael's dedication was celebrated in October 1961.During this period of separation, the two parts of the parish developed in very different ways. By the 1980s, the western part of the parish had expanded in Kreuzberg and become more focussed on youth, while the eastern part of the parish continued to employ traditional liturgy and services. This division continued after German Reunification and St. Michael's in the east now belongs to the parish of St. Hedwig's Cathedral, while the western part of the parish belongs to the parish of St. Mary's [de].In 1978, the Church was given heritage status. From 1978 to 1980, the copper of the dome was replaced, the brickwork was repaired, and the new crucifix was remounted. In 1984, the parish house was moved from Michaelkirchstraße to a new parish house which was built in the ruins of the church between 1985 and 1988.A clear view of St Michael's from the Oranienplatz was not possible between 1961 and 1990, because of the Berlin Wall. The lower half of the church, which could not be seen because of the concrete segments of the wall, was painted on the western part of the wall, as Trompe-l'œil, by the Berlin-based, Iranian artist Yadegar Asisi on the initiative of Berlin architect Bernhard Strecker, in order to demonstrate the \"permeability\" of the wall (Mauerdurchblick).[4][5][6][7] After the demolition of the wall, the Italian Marco Piccininni bought painted segments of the wall found near Waldemarbrücke n an auction at Monte Carlo in 1990, which he subsequently donated to the Vatican, where they were installed in the Vatican Gardens in August 1994.[8][9][10] Other graffiti on the Berlin Wall along Waldemarstraße is documented in ten connected poster-photos taken by photographers Liselotte and Armin Orgel-Köhne in 1985.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fall of the Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Georg Sterzinsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Sterzinsky"},{"link_name":"Centre Against Expulsions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Against_Expulsions"},{"link_name":"Federation of Expellees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Expellees"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"After Reunification","text":"After the Fall of the Berlin Wall, the Bell tower was refurbished and the statue of Michael was restored and returned to the tower (1991-1993). The mosaic depicting the Annunciation above the portal was restored again in 1999. Even now, however, the nave has no roof and services are held in the transepts. On 7 March 2001, the Association of Friends for the Protection of the Catholic Church of St Michael's of Berlin-Mitte was founded, to support activities connected with the church.[12]On 31 October 2003, Archbishop Georg Sterzinsky decided to merge the parish of St Michael, which at that point had only 800 members, into the neighbouring parish of St Hedwig's Cathedral. Thus the church is no longer a parish church, although religious services continue to take place in it.In August 2005, plans were revealed for the restoration of the nave and the installation of a Centre Against Expulsions in it from Autumn 2006. On 15 August 2005, the Archbishop made a statement saying that the church's agreement with the Federation of Expellees had been cancelled, \"on account of a lack of community agreement with the installation of the centre in a church.\"[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_Michael_Berlin_Grundriss.JPG"},{"link_name":"Apsides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_St_Michaelkirche_Schnitt_BusB.jpg"}],"text":"Historic ground plan of the church: the three-aisle nave terminates in three concave altar niches (Apsides). Light blue indicates the newly installed flat roof. Between the flat roof and the transept there is a small light well on the second floor.Profile (1896)","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Four Evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Evangelists"},{"link_name":"St Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael"},{"link_name":"August Kiß","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Ki%C3%9F"},{"link_name":"buttresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttress"}],"sub_title":"Exterior","text":"The three-aisled brick nave is 55 metres long, 30 metres high, and 19 metres wide. The church is topped by a tower over the crossing with a copper dome, which is over 56 metres high. On the corner columns of the crossing, there were statues of the Four Evangelists on high pedestals, before the church's damage during the Second World War.The front facade has a bell tower with three round vaulted windows, but no towers. The statue of St Michael on the front facade is a replica of a statue made by the sculptor August Kiß for another purpose. The whole exterior is decorated with buttresses, friezes, and statues, as well as multi-coloured pricks.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orgel_Sankt_Michael_Berlin.jpg"},{"link_name":"hall church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_church"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"Romanesque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph"},{"link_name":"Lucifer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer"},{"link_name":"high altar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_altar"},{"link_name":"Pantokrator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator"},{"link_name":"matroneum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroneum"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"tabernacle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_tabernacle"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(art)"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Pohlmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Pohlmann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pohlmann-14"},{"link_name":"barrel vault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrel_vault"},{"link_name":"Choir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choir"}],"sub_title":"Interior","text":"Sauer-OrgelThe church is a hall church, i.e. the three aisles of the nave were all of the same height (before they were destroyed in the war). The architect, Soller, originally planned the church as a \"Zentralbau\" (i.e. a building with rotational symmetry). He adapted this idea into a basilica structure, roofing each bay so that they appeared as a series of \"Zentralbauten\" arranged one after another.The three aisles each end in an apse, as in Romanesque architecture. The two side apses used to contain altars dedicated to Mary and Joseph. The central apse, there is an image of the Archangel Michael locked in combat with Lucifer in the form of a dragon atop the high altar; the half-dome of the apse's ceiling contains a depiction of Jesus as Pantokrator.Not all the decorations and images of the interior were restored during the post-war renovations. The original organ, now lost, was located in the matroneum above the main entrance. The pulpit is located on an eastern pillar of the crossing. There is also a tabernacle with a marble image of the Madonna on the altar, made by sculptor Heinrich Pohlmann.[14]The transept is roofed by a barrel vault. After the partial destruction of the church, services were moved to the transept and as a result the eastern side entrance is now the main entrance to the church. The current organ is located in a new matroneum above the eastern entrance. This organ was made in 1960 by the W. Sauer Orgelbau Frankfurt company.The west end of the transept now serves as the Choir and contains the altar. A two-level flat roof has been installed in the nave, which extends to the final columns before the transept. The rest of the old nave has been converted into a garden.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Medieval architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_architecture"},{"link_name":"historicist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historicism_(art)"},{"link_name":"Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padua"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"San Giorgio Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Giorgio_Maggiore_(church),_Venice"},{"link_name":"San Salvador, Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Salvador,_Venice"},{"link_name":"Schinkel school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schinkel_school"}],"sub_title":"Architectural style","text":"The church is considered a successful synthesis of Neoclassical and Medieval architecture. Soller drew on earlier architectural styles in a historicist manner. It is strongly influenced by Medieval and Renaissance churches of Padua and Venice. Soller had taken a five-month research trip through Italy in 1845, immediately before his first design work. The interaction between the water and architecture in Vencie was a particular inspiration. The facade with its filigree angels was based on San Giorgio Maggiore in Venice. The overall design, with its three apses and the vast nave is, however, heavily influenced by the church of San Salvador, Venice. The combination of the \"Zentralbau\" and hall church structures had a significant influence on several subsequent buildings of the Schinkel school in Berlin.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89542-023-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89542-023-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7861-1438-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1438-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7913-0050-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-0050-4"}],"text":"Frank Eberhardt, Stefan Löffler (1995). Die Luisenstadt. Geschichte und Geschichten über einen alten Berliner Stadtteil. Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt. ISBN 3-89542-023-9.\nManfred Klinkott (1988). Die Backsteinbaukunst der Berliner Schule. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. ISBN 3-7861-1438-2.\nEva Börsch-Supan (1977). Berliner Baukunst nach Schinkel. 1840–1870. München: Prestel. ISBN 3-7913-0050-4.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"View of the church from the Luisenstadt Canal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/St_Michael_Berlin_mit_Luisenstaedtischer_Kanal.JPG/250px-St_Michael_Berlin_mit_Luisenstaedtischer_Kanal.JPG"},{"image_text":"Statue of Archangel Michael by August Kiss","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/St_Michael_Berlin_Engel_Statue_Kiss.JPG/220px-St_Michael_Berlin_Engel_Statue_Kiss.JPG"},{"image_text":"Location of the church, with course of the Berlin wall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Luisenstaedtischer_kanal.svg/220px-Luisenstaedtischer_kanal.svg.png"},{"image_text":"View of the church (1896)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Berlin_St_Michaelkirche_Ansicht_BusB.jpg/220px-Berlin_St_Michaelkirche_Ansicht_BusB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Front view of the main facade, with vaulted niche.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/St_Michael_Berlin_Front.JPG/220px-St_Michael_Berlin_Front.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tombstone of August Soller","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Sollertafelcommons.jpg/220px-Sollertafelcommons.jpg"},{"image_text":"St. Michael's in 1880, before the bombing","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/St_Michael_Berlin_1880.JPG/220px-St_Michael_Berlin_1880.JPG"},{"image_text":"Side view, with the dome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/St_Michael_Berlin_Seite.JPG/220px-St_Michael_Berlin_Seite.JPG"},{"image_text":"The new parish house, with garden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/FlachbauMichaelcommons.jpg/220px-FlachbauMichaelcommons.jpg"},{"image_text":"Historic ground plan of the church: the three-aisle nave terminates in three concave altar niches (Apsides). Light blue indicates the newly installed flat roof. Between the flat roof and the transept there is a small light well on the second floor.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/St_Michael_Berlin_Grundriss.JPG/220px-St_Michael_Berlin_Grundriss.JPG"},{"image_text":"Profile (1896)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Berlin_St_Michaelkirche_Schnitt_BusB.jpg/220px-Berlin_St_Michaelkirche_Schnitt_BusB.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sauer-Orgel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Orgel_Sankt_Michael_Berlin.jpg/220px-Orgel_Sankt_Michael_Berlin.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Curran, Kathleen (2003). The Romanesque Revival: Religion, Politics, and Transnational Exchange. University Park, Penn: Pennsylvania State University Press. pp. 146–154. ISBN 0-271-02215-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02215-9","url_text":"0-271-02215-9"}]},{"reference":"Güttler, Peter, ed. (1984). Berlin und seine Bauten. Berlin: Ernst. ISBN 3-433-00995-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-433-00995-3","url_text":"3-433-00995-3"}]},{"reference":"Frank Eberhardt, Stefan Löffler (1995). Die Luisenstadt. Geschichte und Geschichten über einen alten Berliner Stadtteil. Berlin: Edition Luisenstadt. ISBN 3-89542-023-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89542-023-9","url_text":"3-89542-023-9"}]},{"reference":"Manfred Klinkott (1988). Die Backsteinbaukunst der Berliner Schule. Berlin: Gebr. Mann. ISBN 3-7861-1438-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1438-2","url_text":"3-7861-1438-2"}]},{"reference":"Eva Börsch-Supan (1977). Berliner Baukunst nach Schinkel. 1840–1870. München: Prestel. ISBN 3-7913-0050-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7913-0050-4","url_text":"3-7913-0050-4"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Michael%27s_Church,_Berlin¶ms=52.5072222222_N_13.4194444444_E_source:dewiki_region:DE-BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°30′26″N 13°25′10″E / 52.5072222222°N 13.4194444444°E / 52.5072222222; 13.4194444444"},{"Link":"http://digital.zlb.de/viewer/image/15475106/1/","external_links_name":"Bericht über die Grundsteinlegung der Garnison- und Pfarrkirche zum heiligen Michael"},{"Link":"http://www.berlin.de/aktuell/ausgaben/2012/dezember/ereignisse/artikel.223922.php","external_links_name":"Eine Zeitreise zurück an den Checkpoint Charlie."},{"Link":"http://luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt01/0107spra.htm#seite114","external_links_name":"Where is the Wall?"},{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E06E0D71F31F935A35754C0A961958260&sec=travel&spon=&pagewanted=print","external_links_name":"Glorious Gardens of the Vatican."},{"Link":"http://www.foerderverein-stmichael-kirche.de/geschichte.php","external_links_name":"Homepage des Fördervereins"},{"Link":"http://www.morgenpost.de/printarchiv/berlin/article351722/Keine-Bedenken-gegen-Ausstellung.html","external_links_name":"Keine Bedenken gegen Ausstellung."},{"Link":"http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/denkmal/liste_karte_datenbank/de/denkmaldatenbank/daobj.php?obj_dok_nr=09011041","external_links_name":"Entry"},{"Link":"http://www.foerderverein-stmichael-kirche.de/","external_links_name":"Friends of St. Michael's Church"},{"Link":"http://www.hedwigs-kathedrale.de/","external_links_name":"Home page of the Parish of St. Hedwig's Cathedral"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=St._Michael%27s_Church,_Berlin¶ms=52.5072222222_N_13.4194444444_E_source:dewiki_region:DE-BE_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°30′26″N 13°25′10″E / 52.5072222222°N 13.4194444444°E / 52.5072222222; 13.4194444444"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/311756659","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1063684706","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20029436","external_links_name":"Structurae"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hart,_Austria | Hart, Austria | [] | Coordinates: 46°39′51″N 14°55′44″E / 46.66417°N 14.92889°E / 46.66417; 14.92889This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Hart, Austria" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Hart (Slovene: Dobrova) is the name of a village in Austria. It is part of the Gemeinde Lavamünd. It has an average altitude of 630 metres (2083 ft).
46°39′51″N 14°55′44″E / 46.66417°N 14.92889°E / 46.66417; 14.92889
This Carinthia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slovene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_language"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Lavamünd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavam%C3%BCnd"},{"link_name":"46°39′51″N 14°55′44″E / 46.66417°N 14.92889°E / 46.66417; 14.92889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hart,_Austria¶ms=46_39_51_N_14_55_44_E_type:city_region:AT"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Carinthia_(state).svg"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carinthia"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hart,_Austria&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Carinthia-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Carinthia-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carinthia-geo-stub"}],"text":"Hart (Slovene: Dobrova) is the name of a village in Austria. It is part of the Gemeinde Lavamünd. It has an average altitude of 630 metres (2083 ft).46°39′51″N 14°55′44″E / 46.66417°N 14.92889°E / 46.66417; 14.92889This Carinthia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Hart, Austria"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hart,_Austria¶ms=46_39_51_N_14_55_44_E_type:city_region:AT","external_links_name":"46°39′51″N 14°55′44″E / 46.66417°N 14.92889°E / 46.66417; 14.92889"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hart,_Austria&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Hart%2C+Austria%22","external_links_name":"\"Hart, Austria\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Hart%2C+Austria%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Hart%2C+Austria%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Hart%2C+Austria%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Hart%2C+Austria%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Hart%2C+Austria%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hart,_Austria¶ms=46_39_51_N_14_55_44_E_type:city_region:AT","external_links_name":"46°39′51″N 14°55′44″E / 46.66417°N 14.92889°E / 46.66417; 14.92889"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hart,_Austria&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Battalion,_CEF | 9th Battalion, CEF | ["1 Perpetuations","2 Battle honour","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | 9th Battalion, CEFActive1914–1917Disbanded1917CountryCanadaBranchCanadian Expeditionary ForceTypeInfantryBattle honoursThe Great War, 1914–17Military unit
The 9th Battalion, CEF, an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, was authorized on 10 August 1914. It embarked for Britain on 1 October 1914, where it was redesignated as the 9th Reserve Infantry Battalion, CEF, on 29 April 1915, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was formally disbanded on 15 September 1917.
The battalion recruited in Edmonton, Alberta, and Ottawa, Ontario, and was mobilized at Camp Valcartier, Quebec.
The 9th Reserve Battalion formed part of the Canadian Training Depot at Tidworth Camp on the Salisbury Plain.
The 9th Battalion, CEF, had three officers commanding:
Lt.-Col. S.M. Rogers, 22 September 1914 – 4 May 1915
Lt.-Col. E.E.W Moore, 8 May 1915 – 25 April 1916
Lt.-Col. E.B. Clegg, 25 April 1916 – 2 January 1917
Perpetuations
The perpetuation of the battalion was assigned in 1920 to the 2nd Battalion (Edmonton Fusiliers) (9th Battalion, CEF), the Edmonton Regiment. When the Edmonton Regiment was split into two regiments in 1924, the perpetuation passed to the 1st Battalion (9th Battalion, CEF), the Edmonton Fusiliers. The Edmonton Fusiliers are now incorporated by amalgamation in the South Alberta Light Horse, which continues to perpetuate the 9th Battalion, CEF.
Battle honour
In 1929, the 9th Battalion was awarded the honour "The Great War, 1914–17".
See also
List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force
References
^ "CEF Infantry Battalions" (PDF).
^ "9th Battalion, CEF". www.canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
^ a b "The South Alberta Light Horse". Official Lineages Volume 3, Part 1: Armour, Artillery and Field Engineer Regiments - Armour Regiments. Directorate of History and Heritage. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2017.
^ a b c Meek, John F. Over the Top! The Canadian Infantry in the First World War. Orangeville, Ont.: The Author, 1971. ISBN 0906158109
^ Appendix to General Order No. 123 of 1929
^ Defence, National (2019-07-22). "WWI - The Great War". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2023-02-10.
External links
canadiansoldiers.com article | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Canadian Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Corps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHH-3"},{"link_name":"Edmonton, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Ottawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Camp Valcartier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Valcartier"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OverTheTop-4"},{"link_name":"Tidworth Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidworth_Camp"},{"link_name":"Salisbury Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Plain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OverTheTop-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OverTheTop-4"}],"text":"Military unitThe 9th Battalion, CEF, an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force, was authorized on 10 August 1914. It embarked for Britain on 1 October 1914, where it was redesignated as the 9th Reserve Infantry Battalion, CEF, on 29 April 1915, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field. The battalion was formally disbanded on 15 September 1917.[1][2][3]The battalion recruited in Edmonton, Alberta, and Ottawa, Ontario, and was mobilized at Camp Valcartier, Quebec.[4]The 9th Reserve Battalion formed part of the Canadian Training Depot at Tidworth Camp on the Salisbury Plain.[4]The 9th Battalion, CEF, had three officers commanding:Lt.-Col. S.M. Rogers, 22 September 1914 – 4 May 1915\nLt.-Col. E.E.W Moore, 8 May 1915 – 25 April 1916\nLt.-Col. E.B. Clegg, 25 April 1916 – 2 January 1917[4]","title":"9th Battalion, CEF"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edmonton Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loyal_Edmonton_Regiment_(4th_Battalion,_Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry)"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Fusiliers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Fusiliers"},{"link_name":"South Alberta Light Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Alberta_Light_Horse"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DHH-3"}],"text":"The perpetuation of the battalion was assigned in 1920 to the 2nd Battalion (Edmonton Fusiliers) (9th Battalion, CEF), the Edmonton Regiment. When the Edmonton Regiment was split into two regiments in 1924, the perpetuation passed to the 1st Battalion (9th Battalion, CEF), the Edmonton Fusiliers. The Edmonton Fusiliers are now incorporated by amalgamation in the South Alberta Light Horse, which continues to perpetuate the 9th Battalion, CEF.[3]","title":"Perpetuations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1929, the 9th Battalion was awarded the honour \"The Great War, 1914–17\".[5][6]","title":"Battle honour"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of infantry battalions in the Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_infantry_battalions_in_the_Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"}] | [{"reference":"\"CEF Infantry Battalions\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/military-heritage/first-world-war/Documents/infantry%20battalions.pdf","url_text":"\"CEF Infantry Battalions\""}]},{"reference":"\"9th Battalion, CEF\". www.canadiansoldiers.com. Retrieved 2022-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/regiments/cef/009battalion.htm","url_text":"\"9th Battalion, CEF\""}]},{"reference":"\"The South Alberta Light Horse\". Official Lineages Volume 3, Part 1: Armour, Artillery and Field Engineer Regiments - Armour Regiments. Directorate of History and Heritage. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120225201146/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-3/par1/arm-bli/SALH-eng.asp","url_text":"\"The South Alberta Light Horse\""},{"url":"http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/his/ol-lo/vol-tom-3/par1/arm-bli/SALH-eng.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Defence, National (2019-07-22). \"WWI - The Great War\". www.canada.ca. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda,_Lord_of_Lara | Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322) | ["1 The fight for the throne","2 Marriage and issue","3 Ancestry","4 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Fernando de la Cerda" 1275–1322 – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Ferdinand de la CerdaLord consort of LaraArms of the House of La Cerda before 1376Born1275DiedShortly after 1 June 1322Noble familyHouse de la CerdaSpouse(s)Juana Núñez de LaraIssueJuan Núñez III de LaraBlanche Núñez de LaraMargaret Núñez de Lara, a nunMaria Núñez de LaraFatherFerdinand de la Cerda, Infante of CastileMotherBlanche of France
Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322) was the younger son of Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile and his wife Blanche of France. His paternal grandparents were Alfonso X of Castile and Violant of Aragon. His maternal grandparents were Louis IX of France and Marguerite of Provence. His elder brother was Alfonso de la Cerda.
The fight for the throne
Fernando's father died before inheriting Castile. His elder brother, Alfonso, should have ascended the throne on his grandfather's death. In 1282 their uncle, Sancho assembled a coalition of nobles to declare for him against Fernando's elder brother, then took control of the kingdom when Alfonso X of Castile died in 1284. This was all against the wishes of the boys' grandfather, but Sancho was crowned in Toledo nevertheless.
Sancho was recognised and supported by the majority of the nobility and the cities, but a sizable minority opposed him throughout his reign and worked for Alfonso and Fernando. One of the leaders of the opposition was Don Juan, his uncle, who united to his cause the lord of Vizcaya, Lope Díaz III de Haro. Sancho responded by executing the lord of Vizcaya and incarcerating his uncle.
Marriage and issue
Fernando was married to Juana Núñez de Lara, who is also known as Lady of Lara. The couple had three daughters and a son,
Juan Núñez de Lara (1313–1350), married Maria de Haro.
Blanche Núñez de Lara (1311–1347), married Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena and was mother of Juana Manuel of Castile, consort of Henry II of Castile and mother of John I of Castile.
Margaret Núñez de Lara, a nun.
Maria Núñez de Lara, married Charles II of Alençon and was mother of Charles III of Alençon.
Ancestry
Ancestors of Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322) 16. Alfonso IX of León 8. Ferdinand III of Castile 17. Berengaria of Castile 4. Alfonso X of Castile 18. Philip of Swabia 9. Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen 19. Irene Angelina 2. Ferdinand de la Cerda 20. Peter II of Aragon 10. James I of Aragon 21. Maria of Montpellier 5. Violant of Aragon 22. Andrew II of Hungary 11. Violant of Hungary 23. Yolanda de Courtenay 1. Ferdinand de la Cerda 24. Philip II of France 12. Louis VIII of France 25. Isabella of Hainault 6. Louis IX of France 26. Alfonso VIII of Castile 13. Blanche of Castile 27. Eleanor of England 3. Blanche of France 28. Alfonso II, Count of Provence 14. Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence 29. Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier 7. Margaret of Provence 30. Thomas I, Count of Savoy 15. Beatrice of Savoy 31. Margaret of Geneva
External links
Fernando de la Cerda
Britannica online | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda,_Infante_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Blanche of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France_(1253%E2%80%931323)"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Violant of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violant_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Marguerite of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Alfonso de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_de_la_Cerda_(1270-1333)"}],"text":"Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322) was the younger son of Ferdinand de la Cerda, Infante of Castile and his wife Blanche of France. His paternal grandparents were Alfonso X of Castile and Violant of Aragon. His maternal grandparents were Louis IX of France and Marguerite of Provence. His elder brother was Alfonso de la Cerda.","title":"Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_de_la_Cerda_(1270-1333)"},{"link_name":"Sancho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sancho_IV_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toledo,_Spain"}],"text":"Fernando's father died before inheriting Castile. His elder brother, Alfonso, should have ascended the throne on his grandfather's death. In 1282 their uncle, Sancho assembled a coalition of nobles to declare for him against Fernando's elder brother, then took control of the kingdom when Alfonso X of Castile died in 1284. This was all against the wishes of the boys' grandfather, but Sancho was crowned in Toledo nevertheless.Sancho was recognised and supported by the majority of the nobility and the cities, but a sizable minority opposed him throughout his reign and worked for Alfonso and Fernando. One of the leaders of the opposition was Don Juan, his uncle, who united to his cause the lord of Vizcaya, Lope Díaz III de Haro. Sancho responded by executing the lord of Vizcaya and incarcerating his uncle.","title":"The fight for the throne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juana Núñez de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Lara"},{"link_name":"Juan Núñez de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_III_de_Lara"},{"link_name":"Blanche Núñez de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanca_de_La_Cerda_y_Lara"},{"link_name":"Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Manuel,_Prince_of_Villena"},{"link_name":"Juana Manuel of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juana_Manuel_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"John I of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_I_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Maria Núñez de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Lara"},{"link_name":"Charles II of Alençon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_Alen%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"Charles III of Alençon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_III_of_Alen%C3%A7on"}],"text":"Fernando was married to Juana Núñez de Lara, who is also known as Lady of Lara. The couple had three daughters and a son,Juan Núñez de Lara (1313–1350), married Maria de Haro.\nBlanche Núñez de Lara (1311–1347), married Juan Manuel, Prince of Villena and was mother of Juana Manuel of Castile, consort of Henry II of Castile and mother of John I of Castile.\nMargaret Núñez de Lara, a nun.\nMaria Núñez de Lara, married Charles II of Alençon and was mother of Charles III of Alençon.","title":"Marriage and issue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfonso IX of León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_IX_of_Le%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand III of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_III_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Berengaria of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengaria_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso X of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_X_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Philip of Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Hohenstaufen"},{"link_name":"Irene Angelina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_Angelina"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand de la Cerda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_de_la_Cerda"},{"link_name":"Peter II of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_II_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"James I of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Maria of Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_of_Montpellier"},{"link_name":"Violant of Aragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violant_of_Aragon"},{"link_name":"Andrew II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Violant of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violant_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Yolanda de Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yolanda_de_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Louis VIII of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Hainault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault"},{"link_name":"Louis IX of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VIII of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Blanche of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Eleanor of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Blanche of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blanche_of_France,_Infanta_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso II, Count of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II,_Count_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramon_Berenguer_IV,_Count_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garsenda,_Countess_of_Forcalquier"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Provence"},{"link_name":"Thomas I, Count of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_I,_Count_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Margaret of Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_of_Geneva"}],"text":"Ancestors of Fernando de la Cerda (1275–1322) 16. Alfonso IX of León 8. Ferdinand III of Castile 17. Berengaria of Castile 4. Alfonso X of Castile 18. Philip of Swabia 9. Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen 19. Irene Angelina 2. Ferdinand de la Cerda 20. Peter II of Aragon 10. James I of Aragon 21. Maria of Montpellier 5. Violant of Aragon 22. Andrew II of Hungary 11. Violant of Hungary 23. Yolanda de Courtenay 1. Ferdinand de la Cerda 24. Philip II of France 12. Louis VIII of France 25. Isabella of Hainault 6. Louis IX of France 26. Alfonso VIII of Castile 13. Blanche of Castile 27. Eleanor of England 3. Blanche of France 28. Alfonso II, Count of Provence 14. Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Provence 29. Garsenda, Countess of Forcalquier 7. Margaret of Provence 30. Thomas I, Count of Savoy 15. Beatrice of Savoy 31. Margaret of Geneva","title":"Ancestry"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_de_la_Cerda_(1275%E2%80%931322)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fernando+de+la+Cerda%22+1275%E2%80%931322","external_links_name":"\"Fernando de la Cerda\" 1275–1322"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fernando+de+la+Cerda%22+1275%E2%80%931322+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fernando+de+la+Cerda%22+1275%E2%80%931322&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fernando+de+la+Cerda%22+1275%E2%80%931322+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fernando+de+la+Cerda%22+1275%E2%80%931322","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fernando+de+la+Cerda%22+1275%E2%80%931322&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://geneweb.inria.fr/roglo?lang=en;i=86144","external_links_name":"Fernando de la Cerda"},{"Link":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/103289/Fernando-de-la-Cerda","external_links_name":"Britannica online"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray,_North_Yorkshire | Cray, North Yorkshire | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 54°12′30″N 2°05′26″W / 54.20844°N 2.09061°W / 54.20844; -2.09061Hamlet in North Yorkshire, England
Human settlement in EnglandCrayCray from the western slopes of Buckden PikeCrayLocation within North YorkshireOS grid referenceSD941791Civil parishBuckdenUnitary authorityNorth YorkshireCeremonial countyNorth YorkshireRegionYorkshire and the HumberCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townSKIPTONPostcode districtBD23PoliceNorth YorkshireFireNorth YorkshireAmbulanceYorkshire
UK ParliamentSkipton and Ripon
List of places
UK
England
Yorkshire
54°12′30″N 2°05′26″W / 54.20844°N 2.09061°W / 54.20844; -2.09061
Cray is a hamlet on the B6160 road on a steep hill above Wharfedale in the Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, England. It is near Buckden and the River Wharfe. It is a very popular walking area and is renowned for several waterfalls known collectively as Cray Waterfalls. The name of the settlement derives from the same name for the nearby beck (Cray Gill); Old Welsh Crei, meaning fresh. The settlement was not mentioned in the Domesday Book, first being recorded in 1202 when a meadow was granted as a fine to William de Arches at Creigate.
Historically, the hamlet was in the township of Buckden, in the Parish of Arncliffe, which was in wapentake of Staincliffe. It is in the civil parish of Buckden, and is represented at Westminster as part of the Skipton and Ripon Constituency.
The road leading through the hamlet was originally part of a Roman Road linking Bainbridge with Ilkley, which descended from Kidstones Pass to the north of Cray, past the hamlet, and through Rakes Wood to the east to get to Buckden.
The hamlet has one pub, The White Lion Inn, which is said to have derived its name from the roar and foam from High Cray Falls (above the village to the east), which in extreme windy weather, forces the water back up the waterfall. There are other pubs in the area (The George Inn in Hubberholme, and The Buck Inn in Buckden), but the White Lion is recognised as being the highest pub in Upper Wharfedale. A public house is believed to have been on the site since the 14th century, and was known to be a drovers inn.
On 5 July 2014, the Tour de France Stage 1 from Leeds to Harrogate passed through the village. The village was also the start of the Category 4 climb, Côte de Cray, which lasted for 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) at an average gradient of 7.1%. The climb was at the 68 kilometres (42 mi) point in the stage and Benoit Jarrier was the first rider over the top to claim the only point available for the King of the Mountain Competition The climb was repeated during the Elite Men's race in the 2019 UCI Road World Championships.
The long-distance walk, a Pennine Journey, passes through Cray, with Alfred Wainwright noting that the hamlet should be .."amongst the most loveliest of Wharfedale's hamlets, yet it is not, and it is difficult to explain why it falls short of the high standard you have come to expect."
References
^ Fellows, Griff J. (2003). The waterfalls of England : a practical guide for visitors and walkers. Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure. p. 139. ISBN 1850587671.
^ "Cray, Cray Beck, Cray Gill & Cray Moss :: Survey of English Place-Names". epns.nottingham.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ Ekwall, Eilert (1960). The concise Oxford dictionary of English place-names (4 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-19-869103-3.
^ Speight, Harry (1900). Upper Wharfedale. Being a complete account of the history, antiquities and scenery of the picturesque valley of the Wharfe, from Otley to Langstrothdale. London: Elliot Stock. p. 489. OCLC 7225949.
^ "Genuki: In 1822, the following places were in the Parish of Arncliffe:, Yorkshire (West Riding)". www.genuki.org.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ "Election Maps CRay". www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ UK Census (2011). "Local Area Report – Buckden Parish (E04007066)". Nomis. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ Wright, Geoffrey Norman (1985). Roads and trackways of the Yorkshire Dales. Ashbourne: Moorland. p. 24. ISBN 0861901231.
^ Mitchell, W. R. (1999). The story of the Yorkshire Dales. Chichester, West Sussex: Phillimore. p. 112. ISBN 9781860770883.
^ Rushby, Kevin (13 October 2017). "The White Lion Inn, Cray, Yorkshire dales: hotel review". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ Rothwell, David (2006). The dictionary of pub names. Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. p. 428. ISBN 9781840222661.
^ White, Clive (17 March 2016). "Transformed White Lion Inn at Cray". Craven Herald. Retrieved 26 February 2023.
^ Bagshaw, Mike (2019). Yorkshire Dales : local, characterful guides to Britain's special places (2 ed.). Chalfont St Peter: Bradt. p. 103. ISBN 9781784776091.
^ Chrystal, Paul (2017). The Place Names of Yorkshire; Cities, Towns, Villages, Rivers and Dales, some Pubs too, in Praise of Yorkshire Ales (1 ed.). Catrine: Stenlake. p. 28. ISBN 9781840337532.
^ "Tour de France Stage 1". Archived from the original on 25 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ "The Races | Yorkshire 2019 UCI Road World Championships | 22 - 29 September 2019". Archived from the original on 6 April 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
^ Wainwright, Alfred (1987). A Pennine journey : a story of a long walk in 1938. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 29. ISBN 0140101373.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cray, North Yorkshire.
Map sources for Cray, North Yorkshire | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hamlet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamlet_(place)"},{"link_name":"B6160 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B6160_road"},{"link_name":"Wharfedale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wharfedale"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Dales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Buckden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckden,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"River Wharfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wharfe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"wapentake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wapentake"},{"link_name":"Staincliffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staincliffe_Wapentake"},{"link_name":"Skipton and Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skipton_and_Ripon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hubberholme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubberholme"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Benoit Jarrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benoit_Jarrier"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"2019 UCI Road World Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_UCI_Road_World_Championships"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pennine Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennine_Journey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Hamlet in North Yorkshire, EnglandHuman settlement in EnglandCray is a hamlet on the B6160 road on a steep hill above Wharfedale in the Yorkshire Dales, North Yorkshire, England. It is near Buckden and the River Wharfe. It is a very popular walking area and is renowned for several waterfalls known collectively as Cray Waterfalls.[1] The name of the settlement derives from the same name for the nearby beck (Cray Gill); Old Welsh Crei, meaning fresh.[2][3] The settlement was not mentioned in the Domesday Book, first being recorded in 1202 when a meadow was granted as a fine to William de Arches at Creigate.[4]Historically, the hamlet was in the township of Buckden, in the Parish of Arncliffe, which was in wapentake of Staincliffe. It is in the civil parish of Buckden, and is represented at Westminster as part of the Skipton and Ripon Constituency.[5][6][7]The road leading through the hamlet was originally part of a Roman Road linking Bainbridge with Ilkley, which descended from Kidstones Pass to the north of Cray, past the hamlet, and through Rakes Wood to the east to get to Buckden.[8][9]The hamlet has one pub, The White Lion Inn, which is said to have derived its name from the roar and foam from High Cray Falls (above the village to the east), which in extreme windy weather, forces the water back up the waterfall.[10][11] There are other pubs in the area (The George Inn in Hubberholme, and The Buck Inn in Buckden), but the White Lion is recognised as being the highest pub in Upper Wharfedale.[12][13] A public house is believed to have been on the site since the 14th century, and was known to be a drovers inn.[14]On 5 July 2014, the Tour de France Stage 1 from Leeds to Harrogate passed through the village. The village was also the start of the Category 4 climb, Côte de Cray, which lasted for 1.6 kilometres (0.99 mi) at an average gradient of 7.1%. The climb was at the 68 kilometres (42 mi) point in the stage and Benoit Jarrier was the first rider over the top to claim the only point available for the King of the Mountain Competition [15] The climb was repeated during the Elite Men's race in the 2019 UCI Road World Championships.[16]The long-distance walk, a Pennine Journey, passes through Cray, with Alfred Wainwright noting that the hamlet should be ..\"amongst the most loveliest of Wharfedale's hamlets, yet it is not, and it is difficult to explain why it falls short of the high standard you have come to expect.\"[17]","title":"Cray, North Yorkshire"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fellows, Griff J. (2003). The waterfalls of England : a practical guide for visitors and walkers. Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure. p. 139. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgeway_Middle_School_(Memphis,_Tennessee) | Memphis-Shelby County Schools | ["1 History","1.1 Withdrawal by six suburbs","1.2 Reimagining 901","2 Governance and administration","3 Accreditation","4 Schools","5 Optional Program","6 Other facilities","7 See also","8 References","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | American public school district
Memphis-Shelby County SchoolsOld logoAddress160 S. Hollywood Street
Memphis, Shelby County, Tennessee, 38112United StatesDistrict informationGradesPre-K–12thSuperintendentTutonial "Toni" Williams (interim)School boardShelby County Board of EducationChair of the boardMichelle Robinson McKissackSchools214 (2021-22)NCES District ID4700148Students and staffStudents110,500 (2021-22)Teachers6,000 (2021-22)Staff13,900 (2021-22)Student–teacher ratio16.92 (2020-21)Other informationWebsitescsk12.org
Memphis-Shelby County Schools (MSCS), previously known as Shelby County Schools (SCS), is a public school district that serves the city of Memphis, Tennessee, United States, as well as most of the unincorporated areas of Shelby County. MSCS is the 23rd largest school district in the United States and the largest in Tennessee.
Due to the city of Memphis dissolving its school charter in 2011, causing the end of Memphis City Schools, as of July 1, 2013, all Shelby County residents were served by SCS, including those in Memphis. Following passage of a state law lifting the ban on establishment of new school districts, the six incorporated suburbs in the county each voted in July 2013 to establish six independent municipal school districts. As a result, as of the start of the 2014 school year, the six incorporated cities in Shelby County (other than Memphis) are each served by separate school districts.
As of August 2014 there are six municipal school districts known as Collierville Schools, Germantown Municipal School District, Bartlett City Schools, Arlington Community Schools, Lakeland School System, and Millington Municipal Schools
History
The Shelby County School District was developed in the late 19th century, after public schools were established in the county. Until July 1, 2013, it served residents of Shelby County except for the city of Memphis (which established its own public school system in 1867).
Over decades of development and change, the city of Memphis and Shelby County differed in their ability to support their school systems. By the 1990s, the state ranked as 45th in funding of public schools. The legislature passed the Education Improvement Act in 1992 to improve funding of schools as well as election of board members and school management. Until 1996, Shelby County school board members had been appointed by the Shelby County Commission.
This arrangement was changed due to Tennessee's interpretation of its constitutional requirement that county officials, including school boards, be elected by all residents of the county, as well as elements of the state's Education Improvement Act of 1992, which addressed election of school boards. The Shelby County Commission established seven single-member districts to elect representatives to the school board; the districts represented the entire population of the county, although the city of Memphis at the time had its own school system and its residents were not served by the county system. The population of Memphis comprised more than 75% of the county's population in 1990, and would have dominated the school board with six of seven positions. (As of 2020, Memphis has 68% of the county's population.)
Plaintiffs from the county, including the mayors of the six municipalities, objected under the Equal Protection Clause to having their system dominated by county residents who would not be served by the system. The US District Court, in a 1997 decision affirmed by the Appeals Court, ruled that the Constitution did not require all county residents to be included in a district that served only part of the county. As a result, the special election districts were redrawn to represent the area of Shelby County outside the city of Memphis, as this was the area served by the county school district.
On March 8, 2011, Memphis city residents voted to dissolve their school charter and disband Memphis City Schools, effectively merging the city with the Shelby County School District. The city had the authority to do this under state law. The merger was to be implemented effective at the start of the 2013–14 school year.
Total enrollment in the county school system, as of the 2010–2011 school year, was about 47,000 students, making the district the fourth largest in Tennessee. With the Memphis/Shelby County merger completed, the district received an addition of more than 100,000 students, making it the largest system in the state and one of the larger systems in the country.
In 2011 Sam Dillon of The New York Times said that although there was existing inequality between Shelby County Schools and Memphis City Schools, "nobody expects the demographics of schools to change much" as a result of the merger between the districts. He said that "most students in both districts are assigned to neighborhood schools and housing tends to be segregated." Some white families expressed concern that the merger would provoke white flight from Shelby County, which has lost white population in the last decade.
Withdrawal by six suburbs
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)Following the merger, the state legislature passed a law that lifted the statewide ban on forming new school districts; this was effectively for Shelby County only, as it limited new special school districts to only counties with populations over 900,000. Shelby County is the only one to meet that criterion. The six incorporated municipalities had elections in which voters chose to establish their own independent school districts. These elections were overturned in 2012 as the state law was held to be unconstitutional by the state court, as being written for a particular group of people and not the whole state. In 2013, the Tennessee General Assembly lifted the ban statewide. In July 2013, the six incorporated suburbs in Shelby County overwhelmingly voted again in favor of their own municipal schools and withdrew from the county system.
Reimagining 901
On April 16, 2021, then-superintendent Dr. Joris Ray (later fired for misconduct) revealed the Reimagining 901 plan in his State of the District address. One part of the plan was a name change from Shelby County School District to "Memphis-Shelby County Schools" and the accompanying logo change. The rebranding was made official after a board meeting on January 25, 2022, when the doing business as was changed to Memphis-Shelby County Schools. The plan included building 5 new schools, closing 15 schools, and adding on to 13 schools; thus this plan was to be completed in 2031.
Governance and administration
Spanish sign of Berclair Elementary School
The county district is governed by a nine-member board of education. Board members represent nine special election districts in the Shelby County school district, which includes the city of Memphis but not the six suburban municipalities. These members are elected to four-year terms.
The current superintendent is Tutonial 'Toni' Williams.
Accreditation
All of the "legacy" SCS schools in the school district are accredited. These particular schools meet the standards of the Tennessee Department of Education and the accreditation standards of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). The legacy Shelby County School District was the first large district in Tennessee to be accredited in its entirety by SACS.
Schools
Main article: List of schools in Memphis-Shelby County Schools
MSCS contains 214 schools in Shelby County. Of these schools, 158 are directly operated by MSCS, while the other 56 are charter schools.
Optional Program
The Optional Schools program is a set of 45 theme-based magnet schools. Entrance requirements vary between each Optional school, but are generally based on conduct, attendance, report cards, and standardized test scores.
Other facilities
The administration of Shelby County Schools is headquartered in Memphis. It is in the Francis E. Coe Administration Building. The headquarters facility was shared between the pre-merger Shelby County Schools and Memphis City Schools. The building has two wings, and one had been used by each pre-merger district. As of 2013 the corridor linking the wings had double-locked doors, and the glass panels had been covered by particle boards. Irving Hamer, the deputy superintendent of Memphis City Schools, described the barrier as "our Berlin Wall." In 2018, SCS had 10 other buildings it used for office purposes in addition to the previous headquarters.
In 2018, the district acquired a former Bayer office building, in the northeastern part of the city, for $6.6 million to be the new headquarters, with the former headquarters and ten other buildings consolidated into it.
See also
Portals: Tennessee Schools
List of school districts in Tennessee
List of high schools in Tennessee
References
^ a b c d e f "About SCS". scsk12.org. Memphis-Shelby County Schools. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
^ a b
"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Shelby County". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2022.
^ "2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Shelby County, TN" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 24, 2021.
^ Zubrzycki, Jaclyn (July 9, 2013). "Memphis-Shelby Schools Merge, Amid Uncertainty". Education Week. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
^ "Coverage of the School Merger News for Memphis, TN", The Commercial Appeal Archived February 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
^ "A Brief History of Shelby County". Shelby County, TN. August 31, 2015.
^ "QuickFacts: Memphis city, Tennessee". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
^ "QuickFacts: Shelby County, Tennessee". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
^ McMillin, Zack; Roberts, Jane (March 8, 2011). "Memphis voters OK school charter surrender". The Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2011.
^ Campbell Robertson, and total of 885 full time staff and employees "Memphis to Vote on Transferring School System to County" Archived June 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, New York Times, January 27, 2011
^ a b District Information Archived July 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine, Shelby County Schools website, accessed January 27, 2011
^ a b c Dillon, Sam. "Merger of Memphis and County School Districts Revives Race and Class Challenges Archived June 15, 2013, at archive.today." The New York Times. November 5, 2011. Retrieved on June 3, 2013.
^ "'Re-Imagining 901′: Shelby County Schools superintendent delivers State of the District address". Action News 5. April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2021.
^ Brown, Jackson; Clemons, Brittni (January 25, 2022). "SCS votes to "Reimagine 901," rebrand district to Memphis-Shelby County Schools". localmemphis.com. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
^ Testino, Laura (April 19, 2021). "SCS proposes building 5 schools, closing about 15, adding on to 13. Here are details". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved April 20, 2021.
^ "Superintendent Webb to Retire from Shelby County Schools". Memphis-Shelby County Schools. February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2023.
^ "2023-24 Optional Schools Handbook" (PDF). www.scsk12.org.
^ "1b.jpg Archived September 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine." Shelby County Schools. Retrieved on July 15, 2011. "160 S. Hollywood St. Memphis, TN 38112"
^ "Contact Us Archived June 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine." Memphis City Schools. Retrieved on July 2, 2013. "Memphis City Schools 2597 Avery Avenue Memphis, TN 38112"
^ "Board of Commissioners Archived March 3, 2013, at the Wayback Machine." Memphis City Schools. Retrieved on July 2, 2013. "the Francis E. Coe Administration Building, 2597 Avery Avenue."
^ a b Gertler, Jessica (August 1, 2018). "Shelby County Schools buys North Memphis building for new headquarters". WREG. Retrieved December 23, 2021.
Further reading
"School District Reference Map (2010 Census): Shelby County, TN" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 24, 2021. - shows pre-Memphis merger/suburban split boundaries
External links
Official website
"Schools in Transition." The Commercial Appeal.
Authority control databases
ISNI | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_district"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"unincorporated areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"Shelby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"23rd largest school district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_school_districts_in_the_United_States_by_enrollment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-1"},{"link_name":"Memphis City Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_City_Schools"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Collierville Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collierville_Schools"},{"link_name":"Germantown Municipal School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germantown_Municipal_School_District"},{"link_name":"Bartlett City Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartlett_City_Schools"},{"link_name":"Arlington Community Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlington_Community_Schools"},{"link_name":"Lakeland School System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland_School_System"},{"link_name":"Millington Municipal Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millington_Municipal_Schools"}],"text":"Memphis-Shelby County Schools (MSCS), previously known as Shelby County Schools (SCS), is a public school district that serves the city of Memphis, Tennessee, United States, as well as most of the unincorporated areas of Shelby County.[3] MSCS is the 23rd largest school district in the United States and the largest in Tennessee.[1]Due to the city of Memphis dissolving its school charter in 2011, causing the end of Memphis City Schools, as of July 1, 2013, all Shelby County residents were served by SCS, including those in Memphis.[4] Following passage of a state law lifting the ban on establishment of new school districts, the six incorporated suburbs in the county each voted in July 2013 to establish six independent municipal school districts. As a result, as of the start of the 2014 school year, the six incorporated cities in Shelby County (other than Memphis) are each served by separate school districts.[5]As of August 2014[update] there are six municipal school districts known as Collierville Schools, Germantown Municipal School District, Bartlett City Schools, Arlington Community Schools, Lakeland School System, and Millington Municipal Schools","title":"Memphis-Shelby County Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Shelby County Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelby_County_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Equal Protection Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause"},{"link_name":"Memphis City Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_City_Schools"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtinfo-11"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillon-12"},{"link_name":"white flight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillon-12"}],"text":"The Shelby County School District was developed in the late 19th century, after public schools were established in the county. Until July 1, 2013, it served residents of Shelby County except for the city of Memphis (which established its own public school system in 1867).[6]Over decades of development and change, the city of Memphis and Shelby County differed in their ability to support their school systems. By the 1990s, the state ranked as 45th in funding of public schools. The legislature passed the Education Improvement Act in 1992 to improve funding of schools as well as election of board members and school management. Until 1996, Shelby County school board members had been appointed by the Shelby County Commission.This arrangement was changed due to Tennessee's interpretation of its constitutional requirement that county officials, including school boards, be elected by all residents of the county, as well as elements of the state's Education Improvement Act of 1992, which addressed election of school boards. The Shelby County Commission established seven single-member districts to elect representatives to the school board; the districts represented the entire population of the county, although the city of Memphis at the time had its own school system and its residents were not served by the county system. The population of Memphis comprised more than 75% of the county's population in 1990, and would have dominated the school board with six of seven positions. (As of 2020[update], Memphis has 68% of the county's population.)[7][8]Plaintiffs from the county, including the mayors of the six municipalities, objected under the Equal Protection Clause to having their system dominated by county residents who would not be served by the system. The US District Court, in a 1997 decision affirmed by the Appeals Court, ruled that the Constitution did not require all county residents to be included in a district that served only part of the county. As a result, the special election districts were redrawn to represent the area of Shelby County outside the city of Memphis, as this was the area served by the county school district.On March 8, 2011, Memphis city residents voted to dissolve their school charter and disband Memphis City Schools, effectively merging the city with the Shelby County School District.[9] The city had the authority to do this under state law. The merger was to be implemented effective at the start of the 2013–14 school year.Total enrollment in the county school system, as of the 2010–2011 school year[update], was about 47,000 students,[10] making the district the fourth largest in Tennessee.[11] With the Memphis/Shelby County merger completed, the district received an addition of more than 100,000 students, making it the largest system in the state and one of the larger systems in the country.In 2011 Sam Dillon of The New York Times said that although there was existing inequality between Shelby County Schools and Memphis City Schools, \"nobody expects the demographics of schools to change much\" as a result of the merger between the districts. He said that \"most students in both districts are assigned to neighborhood schools and housing tends to be segregated.\"[12] Some white families expressed concern that the merger would provoke white flight from Shelby County, which has lost white population in the last decade.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tennessee General Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_General_Assembly"}],"sub_title":"Withdrawal by six suburbs","text":"Following the merger, the state legislature passed a law that lifted the statewide ban on forming new school districts; this was effectively for Shelby County only, as it limited new special school districts to only counties with populations over 900,000. Shelby County is the only one to meet that criterion. The six incorporated municipalities had elections in which voters chose to establish their own independent school districts. These elections were overturned in 2012 as the state law was held to be unconstitutional by the state court, as being written for a particular group of people and not the whole state. In 2013, the Tennessee General Assembly lifted the ban statewide. In July 2013, the six incorporated suburbs in Shelby County overwhelmingly voted again in favor of their own municipal schools and withdrew from the county system.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"doing business as","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_name"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Reimagining 901","text":"On April 16, 2021, then-superintendent Dr. Joris Ray (later fired for misconduct) revealed the Reimagining 901 plan in his State of the District address. One part of the plan was a name change from Shelby County School District to \"Memphis-Shelby County Schools\" and the accompanying logo change.[13] The rebranding was made official after a board meeting on January 25, 2022, when the doing business as was changed to Memphis-Shelby County Schools.[14] The plan included building 5 new schools, closing 15 schools, and adding on to 13 schools; thus this plan was to be completed in 2031.[15]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berclair_Elementary_School_sign_in_Spanish_Memphis_TN_2013-01-01_015.jpg"},{"link_name":"board of education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_education"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Election"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Spanish sign of Berclair Elementary SchoolThe county district is governed by a nine-member board of education. Board members represent nine special election districts in the Shelby County school district, which includes the city of Memphis but not the six suburban municipalities. These members are elected to four-year terms.The current superintendent is Tutonial 'Toni' Williams.[16]","title":"Governance and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"accredited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_accreditation"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"Southern Association of Colleges and Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Association_of_Colleges_and_Schools"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-districtinfo-11"}],"text":"All of the \"legacy\" SCS schools in the school district are accredited. These particular schools meet the standards of the Tennessee Department of Education and the accreditation standards of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS). The legacy Shelby County School District was the first large district in Tennessee to be accredited in its entirety by SACS.[11]","title":"Accreditation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charter schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_school"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About-1"}],"text":"MSCS contains 214 schools in Shelby County. Of these schools, 158 are directly operated by MSCS, while the other 56 are charter schools.[1]","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"magnet schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnet_school"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Optional Schools program is a set of 45 theme-based magnet schools. Entrance requirements vary between each Optional school, but are generally based on conduct, attendance, report cards, and standardized test scores.[17]","title":"Optional Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Berlin Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Wall"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillon-12"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GertlerSCSbuys-21"},{"link_name":"Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GertlerSCSbuys-21"}],"text":"The administration of Shelby County Schools is headquartered in Memphis. It is in the Francis E. Coe Administration Building.[18][19][20] The headquarters facility was shared between the pre-merger Shelby County Schools and Memphis City Schools. The building has two wings, and one had been used by each pre-merger district. As of 2013[update] the corridor linking the wings had double-locked doors, and the glass panels had been covered by particle boards. Irving Hamer, the deputy superintendent of Memphis City Schools, described the barrier as \"our Berlin Wall.\"[12] In 2018, SCS had 10 other buildings it used for office purposes in addition to the previous headquarters.[21]In 2018, the district acquired a former Bayer office building, in the northeastern part of the city, for $6.6 million to be the new headquarters, with the former headquarters and ten other buildings consolidated into it.[21]","title":"Other facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"School District Reference Map (2010 Census): Shelby County, TN\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/sch_dist/st47_tn/c47157_shelby/DC10SD_C47157_001.pdf"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"}],"text":"\"School District Reference Map (2010 Census): Shelby County, TN\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 24, 2021. - shows pre-Memphis merger/suburban split boundaries","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Spanish sign of Berclair Elementary School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Berclair_Elementary_School_sign_in_Spanish_Memphis_TN_2013-01-01_015.jpg/220px-Berclair_Elementary_School_sign_in_Spanish_Memphis_TN_2013-01-01_015.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"title":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tennessee"},{"title":"Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Schools"},{"title":"List of school districts in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Tennessee"},{"title":"List of high schools in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Tennessee"}] | [{"reference":"\"About SCS\". scsk12.org. Memphis-Shelby County Schools. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scsk12.org/hr2/page?PID=1717&PN=About%20SCS&DID=246","url_text":"\"About SCS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Shelby County\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved May 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=4700148","url_text":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Shelby County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Shelby County, TN\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st47_tn/schooldistrict_maps/c47157_shelby/DC20SD_C47157.pdf","url_text":"\"2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Shelby County, TN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"Zubrzycki, Jaclyn (July 9, 2013). \"Memphis-Shelby Schools Merge, Amid Uncertainty\". Education Week. Retrieved December 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edweek.org/leadership/memphis-shelby-schools-merge-amid-uncertainty/2013/07","url_text":"\"Memphis-Shelby Schools Merge, Amid Uncertainty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_Week","url_text":"Education Week"}]},{"reference":"\"A Brief History of Shelby County\". Shelby County, TN. August 31, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shelbycountytn.gov/1264/A-Brief-History-of-Shelby-County","url_text":"\"A Brief History of Shelby County\""}]},{"reference":"\"QuickFacts: Memphis city, Tennessee\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/memphiscitytennessee/POP010220","url_text":"\"QuickFacts: Memphis city, Tennessee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"QuickFacts: Shelby County, Tennessee\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/shelbycountytennessee","url_text":"\"QuickFacts: Shelby County, Tennessee\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"McMillin, Zack; Roberts, Jane (March 8, 2011). \"Memphis voters OK school charter surrender\". The Commercial Appeal. Archived from the original on February 22, 2014. Retrieved March 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065925/http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/mar/08/memphis-school-charter-approval/","url_text":"\"Memphis voters OK school charter surrender\""},{"url":"http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/mar/08/memphis-school-charter-approval/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"'Re-Imagining 901′: Shelby County Schools superintendent delivers State of the District address\". Action News 5. April 16, 2021. Retrieved April 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmcactionnews5.com/2021/04/16/watch-shelby-county-schools-superintendent-giving-state-district/","url_text":"\"'Re-Imagining 901′: Shelby County Schools superintendent delivers State of the District address\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Jackson; Clemons, Brittni (January 25, 2022). \"SCS votes to \"Reimagine 901,\" rebrand district to Memphis-Shelby County Schools\". localmemphis.com. Retrieved May 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/education/scs-votes-to-rebrand-to-memphis-shelby-county-schools/522-f56eac11-e994-470d-b976-b6773c4cf4f2","url_text":"\"SCS votes to \"Reimagine 901,\" rebrand district to Memphis-Shelby County Schools\""}]},{"reference":"Testino, Laura (April 19, 2021). \"SCS proposes building 5 schools, closing about 15, adding on to 13. Here are details\". The Commercial Appeal. Retrieved April 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/education/2021/04/19/new-plan-scs-memphis-close-schools-and-build-more-details/7259750002/","url_text":"\"SCS proposes building 5 schools, closing about 15, adding on to 13. Here are details\""}]},{"reference":"\"Superintendent Webb to Retire from Shelby County Schools\". Memphis-Shelby County Schools. February 26, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scsk12.org/superintendent/","url_text":"\"Superintendent Webb to Retire from Shelby County Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"2023-24 Optional Schools Handbook\" (PDF). www.scsk12.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scsk12.org/optional/files/2023/Optional_Schools_2023_24.pdf","url_text":"\"2023-24 Optional Schools Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"Gertler, Jessica (August 1, 2018). \"Shelby County Schools buys North Memphis building for new headquarters\". WREG. Retrieved December 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wreg.com/news/shelby-county-schools-buys-north-memphis-building-for-new-headquarters/","url_text":"\"Shelby County Schools buys North Memphis building for new headquarters\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WREG","url_text":"WREG"}]},{"reference":"\"School District Reference Map (2010 Census): Shelby County, TN\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10map/sch_dist/st47_tn/c47157_shelby/DC10SD_C47157_001.pdf","url_text":"\"School District Reference Map (2010 Census): Shelby County, TN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau","url_text":"U.S. Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=4700148","external_links_name":"4700148"},{"Link":"http://scsk12.org/","external_links_name":"scsk12.org"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this section"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memphis-Shelby_County_Schools&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"http://www.scsk12.org/hr2/page?PID=1717&PN=About%20SCS&DID=246","external_links_name":"\"About SCS\""},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/districtsearch/district_detail.asp?Search=2&ID2=4700148","external_links_name":"\"Search for Public School Districts – District Detail for Shelby County\""},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st47_tn/schooldistrict_maps/c47157_shelby/DC20SD_C47157.pdf","external_links_name":"\"2020 Census - School District Reference Map: Shelby County, TN\""},{"Link":"https://www.edweek.org/leadership/memphis-shelby-schools-merge-amid-uncertainty/2013/07","external_links_name":"\"Memphis-Shelby Schools Merge, Amid Uncertainty\""},{"Link":"http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/local/school-merger/","external_links_name":"\"Coverage of the School Merger News for Memphis, TN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222062818/http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/local/school-merger/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.shelbycountytn.gov/1264/A-Brief-History-of-Shelby-County","external_links_name":"\"A Brief History of Shelby County\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/memphiscitytennessee/POP010220","external_links_name":"\"QuickFacts: Memphis city, Tennessee\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/shelbycountytennessee","external_links_name":"\"QuickFacts: Shelby County, Tennessee\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222065925/http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/mar/08/memphis-school-charter-approval/","external_links_name":"\"Memphis voters OK school charter surrender\""},{"Link":"http://www.commercialappeal.com/news/2011/mar/08/memphis-school-charter-approval/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/us/28memphis.html","external_links_name":"\"Memphis to Vote on Transferring School System to County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150607025538/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/us/28memphis.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.scsk12.org/SCS/General_Info/Information-Main.html","external_links_name":"District Information"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130712013727/http://www.scsk12.org/SCS/General_Info/Information-Main.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/education/merger-of-memphis-and-county-school-districts-revives-challenges.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","external_links_name":"Merger of Memphis and County School Districts Revives Race and Class Challenges"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130615204142/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/06/education/merger-of-memphis-and-county-school-districts-revives-challenges.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wmcactionnews5.com/2021/04/16/watch-shelby-county-schools-superintendent-giving-state-district/","external_links_name":"\"'Re-Imagining 901′: Shelby County Schools superintendent delivers State of the District address\""},{"Link":"https://www.localmemphis.com/article/news/education/scs-votes-to-rebrand-to-memphis-shelby-county-schools/522-f56eac11-e994-470d-b976-b6773c4cf4f2","external_links_name":"\"SCS votes to \"Reimagine 901,\" rebrand district to Memphis-Shelby County Schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/education/2021/04/19/new-plan-scs-memphis-close-schools-and-build-more-details/7259750002/","external_links_name":"\"SCS proposes building 5 schools, closing about 15, adding on to 13. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshii,_Gunma | Yoshii, Gunma | ["1 Geography","2 History","3 Surrounding municipalities","4 References","5 External links"] | Yoshii (吉井町, Yoshii-machi) was a town located in Tano District, Gunma Prefecture, Japan.
As of September 1, 2007, the town had an estimated population of 24,758 and a density of 424.30 persons per km². The total area was 58.35 km².
Geography
Located in southern Gunma Prefecture, the majority of the land is flat or slightly hilly, making the town fit for farming. The Kabura River flows through, and the town is situated in a suburban area, with the large city of Takasaki to the east.
History
1889: the town of Yoshii, and the villages of Irino and Tagoare created in Tago District; and the village of Iwadaira was created in Kitakanra District.
1896: Tago District is renamed to Tano District after it is merged with Midorino District and Minamikanra District.
1950: Kitakanra District is renamed Kanra District.
1955: Yoshii absorbed the villages of Irino, Iwadaira and Tago, to become an expanded town of Yoshii.
A planned merger of municipalities was implemented on June 1, 2009; Yoshii was merged into the expanded city of Takasaki.
Surrounding municipalities
Gunma Prefecture
Fujioka
Takasaki
Tomioka
Annaka
Kanra
References
^ 吉井町ホームページ Archived October 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
^ "市町村合併情報 群馬県 ＜国土地理協会＞". Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
External links
Japan portal
Takasaki city official website (in Japanese)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan
This Gunma Prefecture location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population"},{"link_name":"density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"}],"text":"As of September 1, 2007, the town had an estimated population of 24,758 and a density of 424.30 persons per km². The total area was 58.35 km².","title":"Yoshii, Gunma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"suburban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suburban"},{"link_name":"Takasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasaki,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Located in southern Gunma Prefecture, the majority of the land is flat or slightly hilly, making the town fit for farming. The Kabura River flows through, and the town is situated in a suburban area, with the large city of Takasaki to the east.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tano District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tano_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Kanra District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanra_District,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"merger of municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_mergers_and_dissolutions_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Takasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasaki,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plannedmerge-2"}],"text":"1889: the town of Yoshii, and the villages of Irino and Tagoare created in Tago District; and the village of Iwadaira was created in Kitakanra District.\n1896: Tago District is renamed to Tano District after it is merged with Midorino District and Minamikanra District.\n1950: Kitakanra District is renamed Kanra District.\n1955: Yoshii absorbed the villages of Irino, Iwadaira and Tago, to become an expanded town of Yoshii.\nA planned merger of municipalities was implemented on June 1, 2009; Yoshii was merged into the expanded city of Takasaki.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gunma Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunma_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"Fujioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujioka,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Takasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takasaki,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Tomioka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomioka,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Annaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annaka,_Gunma"},{"link_name":"Kanra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanra,_Gunma"}],"text":"Gunma Prefecture\nFujioka\nTakasaki\nTomioka\nAnnaka\nKanra","title":"Surrounding municipalities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"市町村合併情報 群馬県 ＜国土地理協会＞\". Archived from the original on August 21, 2006. Retrieved September 7, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060821060502/http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/kanto/10.htm","url_text":"\"市町村合併情報 群馬県 ＜国土地理協会＞\""},{"url":"http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/kanto/10.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www7.wind.ne.jp/yoshii/sogo/index.htm","external_links_name":"吉井町ホームページ"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071029171827/http://www7.wind.ne.jp/yoshii/sogo/index.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060821060502/http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/kanto/10.htm","external_links_name":"\"市町村合併情報 群馬県 ＜国土地理協会＞\""},{"Link":"http://www.kokudo.or.jp/new/cities/sub/kanto/10.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/","external_links_name":"Takasaki city official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/252939225","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00372350","external_links_name":"Japan"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yoshii,_Gunma&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traves,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne | Traves, Haute-Saône | ["1 Notable residents","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 47°36′47″N 5°58′18″E / 47.6131°N 5.9717°E / 47.6131; 5.9717Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceTravesCommuneChurch of TravesLocation of Traves
TravesShow map of FranceTravesShow map of Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéCoordinates: 47°36′47″N 5°58′18″E / 47.6131°N 5.9717°E / 47.6131; 5.9717CountryFranceRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéDepartmentHaute-SaôneArrondissementVesoulCantonScey-sur-Saône-et-Saint-AlbinGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Fernand StefaniArea112.29 km2 (4.75 sq mi)Population (2021)354 • Density29/km2 (75/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code70504 /70360Elevation201–262 m (659–860 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Traves (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
Notable residents
Former SS Standartenfuhrer Joachim Peiper bought property and lived near the village from 27 April 1972 until his assassination on 14 July 1976. One or more arsonists set his home afire, he was asphyxiated and his body burnt.
See also
Communes of the Haute-Saône department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
^ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^
Major General Michael Reynolds (December 2009). "The Last Casualty". World War II History. Herndon, Virginia: Sovereign Media Company, Inc. 8 (7): 70–75, 94. ISSN 1539-5456.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Traves (France).
vte Communes of the Haute-Saône department
Abelcourt
Aboncourt-Gesincourt
Achey
Adelans-et-le-Val-de-Bithaine
Aillevans
Aillevillers-et-Lyaumont
Ailloncourt
Ainvelle
Aisey-et-Richecourt
Alaincourt
Amage
Amance
Ambiévillers
Amblans-et-Velotte
Amoncourt
Amont-et-Effreney
Anchenoncourt-et-Chazel
Ancier
Andelarre
Andelarrot
Andornay
Angirey
Anjeux
Apremont
Arbecey
Arc-lès-Gray
Argillières
Aroz
Arpenans
Arsans
Athesans-Étroitefontaine
Attricourt
Augicourt
Aulx-lès-Cromary
Autet
Authoison
Autoreille
Autrey-lès-Cerre
Autrey-lès-Gray
Autrey-le-Vay
Auvet-et-la-Chapelotte
Auxon
Avrigney-Virey
Les Aynans
Baignes
Bard-lès-Pesmes
Barges
La Barre
La Basse-Vaivre
Bassigney
Les Bâties
Battrans
Baudoncourt
Baulay
Bay
Beaujeu-Saint-Vallier-Pierrejux-et-Quitteur
Beaumotte-Aubertans
Beaumotte-lès-Pin
Belfahy
Belmont
Belonchamp
Belverne
Besnans
Betaucourt
Betoncourt-lès-Brotte
Betoncourt-Saint-Pancras
Betoncourt-sur-Mance
Beulotte-Saint-Laurent
Beveuge
Blondefontaine
Bonboillon
Bonnevent-Velloreille
Borey
Bougey
Bougnon
Bouhans-et-Feurg
Bouhans-lès-Lure
Bouhans-lès-Montbozon
Bouligney
Boulot
Boult
Bourbévelle
Bourguignon-lès-Conflans
Bourguignon-lès-la-Charité
Bourguignon-lès-Morey
Boursières
Bousseraucourt
Bresilley
Breuches
Breuchotte
Breurey-lès-Faverney
Brevilliers
Briaucourt
Brotte-lès-Luxeuil
Brotte-lès-Ray
Broye-Aubigney-Montseugny
Broye-les-Loups-et-Verfontaine
Brussey
La Bruyère
Bucey-lès-Gy
Bucey-lès-Traves
Buffignécourt
Bussières
Buthiers
Calmoutier
Cemboing
Cenans
Cendrecourt
Cerre-lès-Noroy
Chagey
Châlonvillars
Chambornay-lès-Bellevaux
Chambornay-lès-Pin
Champagney
Champey
Champlitte
Champtonnay
Champvans
Chancey
Chantes
La Chapelle-lès-Luxeuil
La Chapelle-Saint-Quillain
Charcenne
Chargey-lès-Gray
Chargey-lès-Port
Chariez
Charmes-Saint-Valbert
Charmoille
Chassey-lès-Montbozon
Chassey-lès-Scey
Châteney
Châtenois
Chaumercenne
Chauvirey-le-Châtel
Chauvirey-le-Vieil
Chaux-la-Lotière
Chaux-lès-Port
Chavanne
Chemilly
Chenebier
Chenevrey-et-Morogne
Chevigney
Choye
Cintrey
Cirey
Citers
Citey
Clairegoutte
Clans
Cognières
Coisevaux
Colombe-lès-Vesoul
Colombier
Colombotte
Combeaufontaine
Comberjon
Conflandey
Conflans-sur-Lanterne
Confracourt
Contréglise
Corbenay
La Corbière
Cordonnet
Cornot
Corravillers
Corre
La Côte
Coulevon
Courchaton
Courcuire
Courmont
Courtesoult-et-Gatey
Couthenans
Cresancey
La Creuse
Crevans-et-la-Chapelle-lès-Granges
Creveney
Cromary
Cubry-lès-Faverney
Cugney
Cult
Cuve
Dambenoît-lès-Colombe
Dampierre-lès-Conflans
Dampierre-sur-Linotte
Dampierre-sur-Salon
Dampvalley-lès-Colombe
Dampvalley-Saint-Pancras
Delain
Demangevelle
La Demie
Denèvre
Échavanne
Échenans-sous-Mont-Vaudois
Échenoz-la-Méline
Échenoz-le-Sec
Écromagny
Écuelle
Éhuns
Équevilley
Errevet
Esboz-Brest
Esmoulières
Esmoulins
Esprels
Essertenne-et-Cecey
Étobon
Étrelles-et-la-Montbleuse
Étuz
Fahy-lès-Autrey
Fallon
Faucogney-et-la-Mer
Faverney
Faymont
Fédry
Ferrières-lès-Ray
Ferrières-lès-Scey
Les Fessey
Filain
Flagy
Fleurey-lès-Faverney
Fleurey-lès-Lavoncourt
Fleurey-lès-Saint-Loup
Fondremand
Fontaine-lès-Luxeuil
Fontenois-la-Ville
Fontenois-lès-Montbozon
Fouchécourt
Fougerolles-Saint-Valbert
Fouvent-Saint-Andoche
Frahier-et-Chatebier
Framont
Francalmont
Franchevelle
Francourt
Frasne-le-Château
Frédéric-Fontaine
Fresne-Saint-Mamès
Fresse
Fretigney-et-Velloreille
Froideconche
Froideterre
Frotey-lès-Lure
Frotey-lès-Vesoul
Genevreuille
Genevrey
Georfans
Germigney
Gevigney-et-Mercey
Gézier-et-Fontenelay
Girefontaine
Gouhenans
Gourgeon
Grammont
Grandecourt
La Grande-Résie
Grandvelle-et-le-Perrenot
Granges-la-Ville
Granges-le-Bourg
Grattery
Gray
Gray-la-Ville
Gy
Haut-du-Them-Château-Lambert
Hautevelle
Héricourt
Hugier
Hurecourt
Hyet
Igny
Jasney
Jonvelle
Jussey
Lambrey
Lantenot
La Lanterne-et-les-Armonts
Larians-et-Munans
Larret
Lavigney
Lavoncourt
Lieffrans
Lieucourt
Liévans
Linexert
Lœuilley
Lomont
Longevelle
La Longine
Loulans-Verchamp
Luresubpr
Luxeuil-les-Bains
Luze
Lyoffans
Magnivray
Magnoncourt
Le Magnoray
Les Magny
Magny-Danigon
Magny-Jobert
Magny-lès-Jussey
Magny-Vernois
Mailleroncourt-Charette
Mailleroncourt-Saint-Pancras
Mailley-et-Chazelot
Maizières
La Malachère
Malans
Malbouhans
Malvillers
Mandrevillars
Mantoche
Marast
Marnay
Maussans
Mélecey
Melin
Melincourt
Mélisey
Membrey
Menoux
Mercey-sur-Saône
Mersuay
Meurcourt
Mignavillers
Moffans-et-Vacheresse
Moimay
Molay
Mollans
La Montagne
Montagney
Montarlot-lès-Rioz
Montboillon
Montbozon
Montcey
Montcourt
Montdoré
Montessaux
Montigny-lès-Cherlieu
Montigny-lès-Vesoul
Montjustin-et-Velotte
Mont-le-Vernois
Montot
Mont-Saint-Léger
Montureux-et-Prantigny
Montureux-lès-Baulay
Motey-Besuche
Nantilly
Navenne
Neurey-en-Vaux
Neurey-lès-la-Demie
Neuvelle-lès-Cromary
Neuvelle-lès-la-Charité
La Neuvelle-lès-Lure
La Neuvelle-lès-Scey
Noidans-le-Ferroux
Noidans-lès-Vesoul
Noiron
Noroy-le-Bourg
Oigney
Oiselay-et-Grachaux
Onay
Oppenans
Oricourt
Ormenans
Ormoiche
Ormoy
Ouge
Ovanches
Oyrières
Palante
Passavant-la-Rochère
Pennesières
Percey-le-Grand
Perrouse
Pesmes
Pierrecourt
Pin
La Pisseure
Plainemont
Plancher-Bas
Plancher-les-Mines
Polaincourt-et-Clairefontaine
Pomoy
Pontcey
Pont-du-Bois
Pont-sur-l'Ognon
Port-sur-Saône
Poyans
Preigney
La Proiselière-et-Langle
Provenchère
Purgerot
Pusey
Pusy-et-Épenoux
La Quarte
Quenoche
Quers
Quincey
Raddon-et-Chapendu
Raincourt
Ranzevelle
Ray-sur-Saône
Raze
Recologne
Recologne-lès-Rioz
Renaucourt
La Résie-Saint-Martin
Rignovelle
Rigny
Rioz
Roche-et-Raucourt
La Rochelle
La Roche-Morey
Roche-sur-Linotte-et-Sorans-les-Cordiers
La Romaine
Ronchamp
Rosey
La Rosière
Rosières-sur-Mance
Roye
Ruhans
Rupt-sur-Saône
Saint-Barthélemy
Saint-Bresson
Saint-Broing
Sainte-Marie-en-Chanois
Sainte-Marie-en-Chaux
Sainte-Reine
Saint-Ferjeux
Saint-Gand
Saint-Germain
Saint-Loup-Nantouard
Saint-Loup-sur-Semouse
Saint-Marcel
Saint-Rémy-en-Comté
Saint-Sauveur
Saint-Sulpice
Saponcourt
Saulnot
Saulx
Sauvigney-lès-Gray
Sauvigney-lès-Pesmes
Savoyeux
Scey-sur-Saône-et-Saint-Albin
Scye
Secenans
Selles
Semmadon
Senargent-Mignafans
Senoncourt
Servance-Miellin
Servigney
Seveux-Motey
Soing-Cubry-Charentenay
Sorans-lès-Breurey
Sornay
Tartécourt
Ternuay-Melay-et-Saint-Hilaire
Theuley
Thieffrans
Thiénans
Tincey-et-Pontrebeau
Traitiéfontaine
Traves
Le Tremblois
Trémoins
Trésilley
Tromarey
Vadans
Vaite
La Vaivre
Vaivre-et-Montoille
Valay
Le Val-de-Gouhenans
Vallerois-le-Bois
Vallerois-Lorioz
Le Val-Saint-Éloi
Vandelans
Vanne
Vantoux-et-Longevelle
Varogne
Vars
Vauchoux
Vauconcourt-Nervezain
Vauvillers
Vaux-le-Moncelot
Velesmes-Échevanne
Velet
Vellechevreux-et-Courbenans
Velleclaire
Vellefaux
Vellefrey-et-Vellefrange
Vellefrie
Velleguindry-et-Levrecey
Velle-le-Châtel
Velleminfroy
Vellemoz
Vellexon-Queutrey-et-Vaudey
Velloreille-lès-Choye
Velorcey
Venère
Venisey
Vereux
La Vergenne
Verlans
Vernois-sur-Mance
La Vernotte
Vesoulpref
Villafans
Villargent
Villars-le-Pautel
La Villedieu-en-Fontenette
Villefrancon
La Villeneuve-Bellenoye-et-la-Maize
Villeparois
Villers-Bouton
Villers-Chemin-et-Mont-lès-Étrelles
Villersexel
Villers-la-Ville
Villers-le-Sec
Villers-lès-Luxeuil
Villers-Pater
Villers-sur-Port
Villers-sur-Saulnot
Villers-Vaudey
Vilory
Visoncourt
Vitrey-sur-Mance
La Voivre
Volon
Voray-sur-l'Ognon
Vougécourt
Vouhenans
Vregille
Vyans-le-Val
Vy-le-Ferroux
Vy-lès-Filain
Vy-lès-Lure
Vy-lès-Rupt
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data
This Haute-Saône geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[tʁav]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Haute-Saône","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourgogne-Franche-Comté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgogne-Franche-Comt%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceTraves (French pronunciation: [tʁav]) is a commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.","title":"Traves, Haute-Saône"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"Standartenfuhrer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standartenfuhrer"},{"link_name":"Joachim Peiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_Peiper"},{"link_name":"arsonists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsonist"},{"link_name":"asphyxiated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphyxiated"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Former SS Standartenfuhrer Joachim Peiper bought property and lived near the village from 27 April 1972 until his assassination on 14 July 1976. One or more arsonists set his home afire, he was asphyxiated and his body burnt.[3]","title":"Notable residents"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Haute-Saône department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-70504","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]},{"reference":"Major General Michael Reynolds (December 2009). \"The Last Casualty\". World War II History. Herndon, Virginia: Sovereign Media Company, Inc. 8 (7): 70–75, 94. ISSN 1539-5456.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major-General_(United_Kingdom)","url_text":"Major General"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_II_History_(magazine)&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"World War II History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herndon,_Virginia","url_text":"Herndon, Virginia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sovereign_Media_Company,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Sovereign Media Company, Inc."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1539-5456","url_text":"1539-5456"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Traves,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne¶ms=47.6131_N_5.9717_E_type:city(354)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"47°36′47″N 5°58′18″E / 47.6131°N 5.9717°E / 47.6131; 5.9717"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Traves,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne¶ms=47.6131_N_5.9717_E_type:city(354)_region:FR-BFC","external_links_name":"47°36′47″N 5°58′18″E / 47.6131°N 5.9717°E / 47.6131; 5.9717"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-70504","external_links_name":"70504"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-70504","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1539-5456","external_links_name":"1539-5456"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152728966","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152728966","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Traves,_Haute-Sa%C3%B4ne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_I,_Count_of_the_Mark | Adolf I, Count of the Mark | ["1 Date of birth","2 Life","3 Death","4 References"] | Castle Altena in Altena. First residence of the Counts of Altena, the title and family name were later changed, by Adolf I, to La Mark
Coat of arms of the counts of the Mark
Adolf I, Count de la Mark (German: Adolf I. Graf von der Mark und Krickenbeck; c. 1182? – 28 June 1249), until 1226 also known as Adolf I, Count of Altena-Mark. He was son of Frederick I, Count of Berg-Altena and Alveradis of Krickenbeck, daughter of Reiner of Krieckenbeck-Millendonk.
Adolf belonged to a collateral line of the counts of Berg and was founder of the new noble branch of the Counts de la Mark.
Following the year 1226, he reunited the lands of the Counts of Berg-Altena, which had been in possession of the counts of Altena and Isenberg, the senior lines of the family ever since the division of their heritage in 1180, thereby forming the county of Mark with its capital city of Hamm.
Moreover, Adolf I was reeve of the monasteries of Cappenberg and Werden.
Date of birth
Adolf's date of birth is unclear. Commonly accepted is the year 1194, though sometimes an earlier date has been assumed.
In his book Die Landstände der Grafschaft Mark bis zum Jahre 1510: Mit Urkundlichen Beilagen, Rudolf Schulze determined Adolf's date of birth to be in 1164. This assertion does not tie with his parents' life data.
Referring to various sources, the year 1199 is proposed by Genealogie Mittelalter.
At that time Adolf must have been born already, though; in 1198 his father Frederick had erected Burg Mark on the hill belonging to Oberhof Mark near Hamm on behalf of his son.
In fact Adolf signed as a witness a charter in 1194, and thus logic requires that he had reached majority by that time. In medieval Germany majority was bound to the ability to serve in battle or bearing arms. This was usually between 12 and 15, so that Adolf had to be born at least 12 years before signing the charter in 1194. Referring to this Adolf was born in the period between 1179 and 1182.
Another legal fact supporting this theory is that Adolf's father died either in 1198 or 1199 and he became the new Count of Altena-Mark and Krickenbeck. If he was not old enough to rule by that time his mother or a close relative would have become regent for him. But there is no sign of this in any charters of the time. Instead Adolf is signing further charters; in 1202 he names himself in another charter Adolfus puer comes de Marke. The puer comes was often translated as "young Count" but in medieval times the Latin word puer is also used for the social status known as knave or squire, or by simpler means as Knight in apprenticeship. In 1205 he signs again a charter but this time only using his legal name and title as Adolphus com. de Marka without the puer prefixed to the title. His time as squire was seemingly over. So any assumed date of birth after 1182 becomes more unlikely. Noble boys started their career at age 12, but more normally at 14 years, the same age they gained their majority. The apprenticeship lasted usually until the age of 20 or 21, before the squire was finally knighted. This fits perfectly with Adolf being puer comes... in 1202 and com. de Marka in 1205, even by means of the age, if he was born in 1182 he would have been 20 by 1202 and about 23 by 1205.
Life
Like his father Adolf I became Count of Berg-Altena and Krickenbeck and reeve of the monasteries of Werden and Cappenberg.
From 1202, Adolf took on the sobriquet of "von der Mark", after this new main residency which his father had built on land originally acquired from either the Archbishop of Cologne (Philipp of Heinsberg) or the noble family of Rüdenberg.
As with the whole family, Adolf was drawn into the German Crown Heritage Dispute. Sources differ for which side he fought. Stirnberg has it that Adolf was on the Staufers side right from the beginning. Possibly Adolf stayed undecided until he finally decided with the Staufer in 1212.
However, in 1225 Adolf seemed to have established himself as loyal kinsman of the Emperor and the Archbishop of Cologne.
After the conflict opposing his cousins Frederick of Isenberg and Engelbert II of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne, which ended with the murder of the Archbishop and the condemnation and execution of Frederick, Adolf was awarded large portions of his cousin's, Frederick of Isenberg, properties, thereby re-uniting most of the Berg inheritance.
Death
Adolf died on 28 June 1249; he is buried in Cappenberg Abbey. He was succeeded by his son
Engelbert I (1220-1277), Count of La Mark.
Otto La Marck (1212-1262), a Bishop
References
^ Marek, Miroslav. "Genealogische Tafeln (Kleve)". Genealogy.EU..
^ a b Genealogie Mittelalter Archived September 23, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ cf. "Chronicles of the Counts of the Mark" by Levold of Northof, de Northof Levolous, Fritz Zschaeck, published by Weidmann, 1955.
^ Zur Burg Schwarzenberg
^ Ralf G. Jahn: Die Genealogie, der Vögte, Grafen und Herzöge von Geldern. In: Johannes Stinner und Karl-Heinz Tekath (Hrsg.): Gelre – Geldern – Gelderland. Geschichte und Kultur des Herzogtums Geldern. Geldern 2001, S. 29–50 (Veröffentlichungen der Staatlichen Archive des Landes Nordrhein–Westfalen, Reihe D, Band 30)
^ Stellvertretend für viele weitere Quellen: Die Homburg und die Burg Mark, Kreisfreie Stadt Hamm. Herausgegeben vom Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe als Schrift Frühe Burgen in Westfalen 19 im Jahre 1979.
^ Richard Knipping: Die Regesten der Erzbischöfe von Köln. Zweiter Band 1105-1205, Bonn 1901. Nr. 1481.
^ Dr. Julius Ficker, Engelbert der Heilige, Erzbischof von Köln und Reichsverweser, Köln 1853, S. 253.
Adolf I, Count of the Mark House of La MarckBorn: c.1194 Died: 28 June 1249
Preceded byFriedrich I
Count of the Mark 1198–1249
Succeeded byEngelbert I
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Armoiries_de_la_Marck_1.svg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Frederick I, Count of Berg-Altena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Count_of_Berg-Altena"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genealogie_Mittelalter-2"},{"link_name":"Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_(state)"},{"link_name":"Altena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altena"},{"link_name":"Isenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isenberg"},{"link_name":"Hamm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamm,_North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Cappenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappenberg_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Werden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werden"}],"text":"Coat of arms of the counts of the MarkAdolf I, Count de la Mark (German: Adolf I. Graf von der Mark und Krickenbeck; c. 1182? – 28 June 1249), until 1226 also known as Adolf I, Count of Altena-Mark. He was son of Frederick I, Count of Berg-Altena and Alveradis of Krickenbeck, daughter of Reiner of Krieckenbeck-Millendonk.[1][better source needed][2]Adolf belonged to a collateral line of the counts of Berg and was founder of the new noble branch of the Counts de la Mark.Following the year 1226, he reunited the lands of the Counts of Berg-Altena, which had been in possession of the counts of Altena and Isenberg, the senior lines of the family ever since the division of their heritage in 1180, thereby forming the county of Mark with its capital city of Hamm. \t\nMoreover, Adolf I was reeve of the monasteries of Cappenberg and Werden.","title":"Adolf I, Count of the Mark"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genealogie_Mittelalter-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Adolf's date of birth is unclear. Commonly accepted is the year 1194,[3][4] though sometimes an earlier date has been assumed.[5]In his book Die Landstände der Grafschaft Mark bis zum Jahre 1510: Mit Urkundlichen Beilagen, Rudolf Schulze determined Adolf's date of birth to be in 1164. This assertion does not tie with his parents' life data.Referring to various sources, the year 1199 is proposed by Genealogie Mittelalter.[2]At that time Adolf must have been born already, though; in 1198 his father Frederick had erected Burg Mark on the hill belonging to Oberhof Mark near Hamm on behalf of his son.[6]In fact Adolf signed as a witness a charter in 1194,[7] and thus logic requires that he had reached majority by that time. In medieval Germany majority was bound to the ability to serve in battle or bearing arms. This was usually between 12 and 15, so that Adolf had to be born at least 12 years before signing the charter in 1194. Referring to this Adolf was born in the period between 1179 and 1182.Another legal fact supporting this theory is that Adolf's father died either in 1198 or 1199 and he became the new Count of Altena-Mark and Krickenbeck. If he was not old enough to rule by that time his mother or a close relative would have become regent for him. But there is no sign of this in any charters of the time. Instead Adolf is signing further charters; in 1202 he names himself in another charter Adolfus puer comes de Marke. The puer comes was often translated as \"young Count\" but in medieval times the Latin word puer is also used for the social status known as knave or squire, or by simpler means as Knight in apprenticeship. In 1205 he signs again a charter but this time only using his legal name and title as Adolphus com. de Marka without the puer prefixed to the title. His time as squire was seemingly over. So any assumed date of birth after 1182 becomes more unlikely. Noble boys started their career at age 12, but more normally at 14 years, the same age they gained their majority. The apprenticeship lasted usually until the age of 20 or 21, before the squire was finally knighted. This fits perfectly with Adolf being puer comes... in 1202 and com. de Marka in 1205, even by means of the age, if he was born in 1182 he would have been 20 by 1202 and about 23 by 1205.","title":"Date of birth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philipp of Heinsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philipp_of_Heinsberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frederick of Isenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_of_Isenberg"},{"link_name":"Engelbert II of Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_II_of_Berg"},{"link_name":"Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berg_(state)"}],"text":"Like his father Adolf I became Count of Berg-Altena and Krickenbeck and reeve of the monasteries of Werden and Cappenberg.From 1202, Adolf took on the sobriquet of \"von der Mark\", after this new main residency which his father had built on land originally acquired from either the Archbishop of Cologne (Philipp of Heinsberg) or the noble family of Rüdenberg.As with the whole family, Adolf was drawn into the German Crown Heritage Dispute. Sources differ for which side he fought. Stirnberg has it that Adolf was on the Staufers side right from the beginning. Possibly Adolf stayed undecided until he finally decided with the Staufer in 1212.However, in 1225 Adolf seemed to have established himself as loyal kinsman of the Emperor and the Archbishop of Cologne.After the conflict opposing his cousins Frederick of Isenberg and Engelbert II of Berg, Archbishop of Cologne, which ended with the murder of the Archbishop and the condemnation and execution of Frederick, Adolf was awarded large portions of his cousin's, Frederick of Isenberg, properties, thereby re-uniting most of the Berg inheritance.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cappenberg Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappenberg_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Engelbert I (1220-1277), Count of La Mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_I,_Count_of_the_Mark"}],"text":"Adolf died on 28 June 1249; he is buried in Cappenberg Abbey.[8] He was succeeded by his sonEngelbert I (1220-1277), Count of La Mark.\nOtto La Marck (1212-1262), a Bishop","title":"Death"}] | [{"image_text":"Castle Altena in Altena. First residence of the Counts of Altena, the title and family name were later changed, by Adolf I, to La Mark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Burg_Altena%2C_20051030.jpg/220px-Burg_Altena%2C_20051030.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of arms of the counts of the Mark","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Armoiries_de_la_Marck_1.svg/200px-Armoiries_de_la_Marck_1.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Marek, Miroslav. \"Genealogische Tafeln (Kleve)\". Genealogy.EU.","urls":[{"url":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/cleves/cleves4.html","url_text":"\"Genealogische Tafeln (Kleve)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://genealogy.euweb.cz/cleves/cleves4.html","external_links_name":"\"Genealogische Tafeln (Kleve)\""},{"Link":"http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/mark_grafen_von_der/adolf_1_von_berg_graf_von_mark_+_1249.html","external_links_name":"Genealogie Mittelalter"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090923145441/http://www.genealogie-mittelalter.de/mark_grafen_von_der/adolf_1_von_berg_graf_von_mark_%2B_1249.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.alte-dorfschule-pasel.de/Burg_Schwarzenberg_u__Grafschaft_Mark.pdf","external_links_name":"Zur Burg Schwarzenberg"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/220989547","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/13736248X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd13736248X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooke,_Ilchester | Brooke, Ilchester | ["1 Location","2 Descent","2.1 Brooke","2.2 Earth","2.3 Berkeley","2.4 Godolphin","3 Sources","4 References"] | Historic estate in England
Pill Bridge, on the River Yeo, 2.3 km west of the town of Ilchester in Somerset, a narrow and ancient pack-horse bridge, the repair and maintenance of which in 1530 was the responsibility of the tenants of Brooke, Ilchester
Brooke (or la Brooke, Broke, Brook, etc.) in the parish of Ilchester in Somerset, England, was an historic estate, the earliest known seat of the prominent Brooke family, Barons Cobham.
Location
The exact location of the mansion or manor house, later known as "Brooke's Court", is unknown and all physical traces of it have been lost. It was said by the Somerset historian Collinson to have been situated "without the walls (i.e. of the town of Ilchester) towards Montacute", which is to the south, thus probably to the west of the ancient estate of Sock Dennis, also situated to the immediate south of the town. Most of the estate lay in "Ilchester Mead" and included land "near the meadow of Sock and Martock". Possibly the name derives from the brook or stream, now known as Bearley Brook, which separates Ilchester from Sock Dennis and flows into the River Yeo 600 metres below Pill Bridge. The land extended to Pill Bridge, in the west, for the maintenance of which the estate was liable.
Descent
Brooke
Arms of Brooke, Baron Cobham "of Kent": Gules, on a chevron argent a lion rampant sable crowned or
Monumental brass of Sir Thomas II Brooke (died 1418) of Holditch, "by far the largest landowner in Somerset" and 13 times a Member of Parliament for Somerset, and his wife Joan Hanham (died 1437), Thorncombe Church, Devon. Although a knight, he is dressed in civilian clothes rather than in armour. Both wear the Lancastrian Collar of Esses
The Brooke family (anciently "de la Brook" or "At-Brook") originated at the estate of "la Brook" next to (juxta) the town of Ilchester in Somerset, and later resided at Holditch in the parish of Thorncombe and at Weycroft in the parish of Axminster, both in Devon, both fortified manor houses. Following the marriage of Sir Thomas III Brooke (died 1439) of Holditch in the parish of Thorncombe, Devon to the heiress Joan Braybroke, suo jure 5th Baroness Cobham (died 1442), he moved his residence to the manor of Cobham, Kent. The descent of the estate of Brooke is given as follows by Raphael Holinshed (c. 1525–1580?) in his Chronicles of England, which is followed by the Somerset historian Collinson (d.1793):
Henry I de la Brooke (fl. 13th.c.) established the estate from lands which he acquired both through his marriage to a daughter of Roger de Gouvis (d. 1231), lord of the manor of Kingsdon (2 miles north of Ilchester), and through his own purchases.
William de la Brook, of "the Brook-juxta-Ivelchester";
Henry II de la Brook, who married Nichola Gonvile, a daughter of Bryan Gonvile (or Gonevile). It was possibly this Henry de Broc (or his son) who first acquired the manor of Holditch in Devon (since 1844 in Dorset) from Reginald II de Mohun (1206–1258), Feudal baron of Dunster in Somerset, who had inherited it from his first wife Hawise Fleming, daughter and heiress of William Fleming.
Henry III de la Brook;
Henry IV de la Brook (d.1324), who married a certain Elizabeth;
John de la Brook (d.1348) (alias "At-Brook"), who married Joan Bardstone, a daughter of Sir John Bardstone. In 1325 Brooke was a substantial property held in-chief from the crown which contributed a substantial sum to the fee farm of the borough of Ilchester. By 1331 the estate comprised 84 acres of arable land, and 46 acres of meadow. He died holding a messuage (i.e.house) with a curtilage (i.e. court-yard) and garden with one carucate of land at "the Brook without the walls of the town of Ivelchester", which he held by feudal tenure from the commonalty of that town and also held land at Sock Dennis, Bishopston and Kingston;
Sir Thomas I Brooke (d.1367) married Constance Markensfeld. In 1357 he granted to Thomas Waryn rents payable out of his lands in "la Broke-juxta-Ivelchester" and in the town of Ivelchester.
Sir Thomas II Brooke (d.1418), son and heir, of Holditch was the first prominent member of his family. He was thirteen times a Member of Parliament for Somerset. Thomas II Brooke made his seat at Holditch, having in 1397 received royal licence to "strengthen with a wall of stone and lime his manor of Holditch and enclose and make a park of 200 acres of pasture and wood ... including a deer leap in the park". Due to his marriage to a wealthy widow, Sir Thomas II Brooke was "by far the largest landowner in Somerset" and served 13 times as a Member of Parliament for Somerset. He married Joan Hanham, the second daughter and co-heiress of Simon Hanham of Gloucestershire, and the widow of the Bristol cloth merchant Robert Cheddar (died 1384), MP and twice Mayor of Bristol, "whose wealth was proverbial". She held many of Cheddar's estates after his death as her dower and died seized of 20 manors in Somerset and others elsewhere. Her son Richard Cheddar, MP, signed over his large inheritance to his mother and stepfather Sir Thomas II Brooke for their lives, due to the latter having "many times endured great travail and cost" in defending them during his minority. The monumental brass of Sir Thomas II Brooke and of his wife Joan Hanham, survives in Thorncombe Church.
Sir Thomas III Brooke (d.1439), son and heir, a Member of Parliament for Dorset (once) and for Somerset (four times). Shortly after 1418 the estate of Brooke was described for the first time as a manor, held in-chief in free burgage. He made his seat at Weycroft in the parish of Axminster in Devon, "with newe building castlewise" (Pole (d.1635)); Risdon (d.1640) states that he "built here, on the rising of an hill, a fair new house, castle-like, and enclosed a large and spacious park, being a very pleasant scite over the river (i.e. River Axe) and hath a good prospect". This refers to a royal licence to crenellate and empark dated 1427, granted to Sir Thomas III Brooke and his probable feoffees Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, Sir Giles Daubeney and others Sir Thomas III Brooke married the heiress Joan Braybrooke (1404-1442), suo jure 5th Baroness Cobham, via her mother Joan de la Pole (d.1434). After his marriage he moved to his wife's home at the manor of Cobham in Kent. His son was Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham (died 1464), whose descendants attained much prominence as Barons Cobham and rebuilt that manor house into one of the largest and most important in Kent. They flourished there until 1603 when Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham (1564–1619) was attainted for his part in a plot to overthrow King James I, when the peerage became abeyant and his lands were forfeited to the crown.
Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham (died 1464), son and heir;
John Brooke, 7th Baron Cobham (died 1512), of Cobham Hall, who in 1481 let the estate of Brooke with 150 acres to John Hodges of Long Sutton and his son for the term of their lives. The Hodges family were succeeded as tenants in 1518 by William Rayment and others, and Rayment and three sons had a lease for lives in 1530.
Thomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham (died 1529), son and heir by his father's second wife Margaret Nevill.
George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham (1497–1558), KG, eldest surviving son by his father's first wife Dorothy Haydon.
William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham (1527–1597), who still held the manor of Brooke at his death.
Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham (1564–1619), son and heir, who was attainted in 1603 for his part in a plot to overthrow King James I, when the peerage became abeyant and his lands were forfeited to the crown. He spent the rest of his life in the Tower of London and died in poverty.
Earth
Following the attainder of the 11th Baron, the estate of Brooke was granted by the King to Joseph Earth (d. 1609) of High Holborn, London. His heir was his brother Roger Earth, from whom it passed by means unknown to Sir Henry Berkeley of Yarlington in Somerset.
Berkeley
Sir Henry Berkeley of Yarlington was a Member of Parliament for Ilchester. His daughter and heiress was Dorothy Berkeley, wife of Sir Francis Godolphin (1605–1667).
Godolphin
Sir Francis Godolphin (1605–1667) married Dorothy Berkeley, the heiress of Brooke. In 1759 the manor of Brooke was owned by his grandson Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin (1678–1766). The estate by then consisted of little else than the ownership of Pill Bridge.
Sources
Collinson, Rev. John, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, Vol.3, Bath, 1791, pp. 302–4
Victoria County History, A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3, London, 1974, Parishes: Ilchester, pp. 179–203
References
^ A P Baggs, R J E Bush and Margaret Tomlinson, 'Parishes: Ilchester', in A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3, ed. R W Dunning (London, 1974), pp. 179-203.
^ Victoria County History
^ Victoria County History
^ Victoria County History
^ Victoria County History
^ Collinson, Rev. John, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, Vol.3, Bath, 1791, pp.302-4
^ Raphael Holinshed, Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, Volume 4, London, 1808,
p.791
^ A P Baggs, R J E Bush and Margaret Tomlinson, 'Parishes: Kingsdon', in A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3, ed. R W Dunning (London, 1974), pp. 111-120
^ Victoria County History
^ Collinson
^ Collinson
^ Holinshed
^ Pole, Sir William (d.1635), Collections Towards a Description of the County of Devon, Sir John-William de la Pole (ed.), London, 1791, p.113
^ Maxwell Lyte, Sir Henry, A History of Dunster and of the Families of Mohun and Luttrell, 2 Parts, London, 1909, Part I, London, 1909 Vol.1, p.30
^ Collinson
^ Collinson
^ Victoria County History
^ Victoria County History
^ Collinson
^ History of Parliament biography of Brooke, Sir Thomas (c.1355-1418), of Holditch in Thorncombe, Dorset and Weycroft in Axminster, Devon, published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1386-1421, ed. J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe., 1993
^ Biography of "Brooke, Sir Thomas (c. 1355 – 1418), of Holditch in Thorncombe, Dorset and Weycroft in Axminster, Devon", published in History of Parliament: House of Commons 1386–1421, ed. J.S. Roskell, L. Clark, C. Rawcliffe., 1993
^ History of Parliament biog of son
^ "CHEDDAR, Richard (1379-1437), of Thorn Falcon, Som". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
^ HoP biog
^ Victoria County History
^ Risdon, Tristram (d.1640), Survey of Devon, 1811 edition, London, 1811, with 1810 Additions, p.19
^ Pulman's Book of the Axe, p.579
^ Victoria County History
^ Victoria County History
^ The attainder was removed in 1916
^ Victoria County History
^ Victoria County History
^ Victoria County History | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pill_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_214869.jpg"},{"link_name":"River Yeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Yeo_(South_Somerset)"},{"link_name":"Ilchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilchester"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ilchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilchester"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset"},{"link_name":"Barons Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Cobham"}],"text":"Pill Bridge, on the River Yeo, 2.3 km west of the town of Ilchester in Somerset, a narrow and ancient pack-horse bridge, the repair and maintenance of which in 1530 was the responsibility of the tenants of Brooke, Ilchester[1]Brooke (or la Brooke, Broke, Brook, etc.) in the parish of Ilchester in Somerset, England, was an historic estate, the earliest known seat of the prominent Brooke family, Barons Cobham.","title":"Brooke, Ilchester"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"manor house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Montacute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montacute_House"},{"link_name":"Sock Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_Dennis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The exact location of the mansion or manor house, later known as \"Brooke's Court\",[2] is unknown and all physical traces of it have been lost. It was said by the Somerset historian Collinson to have been situated \"without the walls (i.e. of the town of Ilchester) towards Montacute\", which is to the south, thus probably to the west of the ancient estate of Sock Dennis, also situated to the immediate south of the town. Most of the estate lay in \"Ilchester Mead\" and included land \"near the meadow of Sock and Martock\".[3] Possibly the name derives from the brook or stream, now known as Bearley Brook, which separates Ilchester from Sock Dennis[4] and flows into the River Yeo 600 metres below Pill Bridge. The land extended to Pill Bridge, in the west, for the maintenance of which the estate was liable.[5]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Descent"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brooke_OfWeycroftAxminster_Arms.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1437Brass_SirThomasBrooke_Died1418_OfHolditchCastle_ThorncombeDorset_AndWife_JoanHanham_Died1437.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monumental brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_brass"},{"link_name":"Thomas II Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brooke_(died_1418)"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Collar of Esses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar_of_Esses"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Thorncombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorncombe"},{"link_name":"Weycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weycroft,_Axminster"},{"link_name":"Axminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axminster"},{"link_name":"fortified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_to_crenellate"},{"link_name":"manor houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_house"},{"link_name":"Thorncombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorncombe"},{"link_name":"Joan Braybroke, suo jure 5th Baroness Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Brooke,_5th_Baroness_Cobham"},{"link_name":"manor of Cobham, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Cobham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Raphael Holinshed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed"},{"link_name":"Collinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collinson_(died_1793)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kingsdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsdon,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Feudal baron of Dunster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_baron_of_Dunster"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenant-in-chief"},{"link_name":"fee farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_(revenue_leasing)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sock Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sock_Dennis"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Thomas II Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brooke_(died_1418)"},{"link_name":"Holditch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorncombe"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"royal licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_to_crenellate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Robert Cheddar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cheddar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"seized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seisin"},{"link_name":"Richard Cheddar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cheddar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-historyofparliamentonline-23"},{"link_name":"monumental brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumental_brass"},{"link_name":"Thomas III Brooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Brooke_(died_1439)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Somerset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somerset_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Weycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weycroft,_Axminster"},{"link_name":"Axminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axminster"},{"link_name":"Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pole_(antiquary)"},{"link_name":"Risdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristram_Risdon"},{"link_name":"River Axe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Axe_(Lyme_Bay)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"licence to crenellate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licence_to_crenellate"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Joan Braybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Brooke,_5th_Baroness_Cobham"},{"link_name":"5th Baroness Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"manor of Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manor_of_Cobham,_Kent"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brooke,_6th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Barons Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_11th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"attainted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Brooke,_6th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"John Brooke, 7th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Brooke,_7th_Baron_Cobham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Thomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Brooke,_8th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"George Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brooke,_9th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Brooke,_10th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_11th_Baron_Cobham"},{"link_name":"attainted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attainder"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"}],"sub_title":"Brooke","text":"Arms of Brooke, Baron Cobham \"of Kent\": Gules, on a chevron argent a lion rampant sable crowned orMonumental brass of Sir Thomas II Brooke (died 1418) of Holditch, \"by far the largest landowner in Somerset\" and 13 times a Member of Parliament for Somerset, and his wife Joan Hanham (died 1437), Thorncombe Church, Devon. Although a knight, he is dressed in civilian clothes rather than in armour. Both wear the Lancastrian Collar of EssesThe Brooke family (anciently \"de la Brook\" or \"At-Brook\") originated at the estate of \"la Brook\"[6] next to (juxta) the town of Ilchester in Somerset, and later resided at Holditch in the parish of Thorncombe and at Weycroft in the parish of Axminster, both in Devon, both fortified manor houses. Following the marriage of Sir Thomas III Brooke (died 1439) of Holditch in the parish of Thorncombe, Devon to the heiress Joan Braybroke, suo jure 5th Baroness Cobham (died 1442), he moved his residence to the manor of Cobham, Kent. The descent of the estate of Brooke is given as follows by Raphael Holinshed (c. 1525–1580?) in his Chronicles of England, which is followed by the Somerset historian Collinson (d.1793):[7]Henry I de la Brooke (fl. 13th.c.) established the estate from lands which he acquired both through his marriage to a daughter of Roger de Gouvis (d. 1231[8]), lord of the manor of Kingsdon (2 miles north of Ilchester), and through his own purchases.[9]\nWilliam de la Brook, of \"the Brook-juxta-Ivelchester\";[10]\nHenry II de la Brook, who married Nichola Gonvile, a daughter of Bryan Gonvile[11] (or Gonevile[12]). It was possibly this Henry de Broc[13] (or his son) who first acquired the manor of Holditch in Devon (since 1844 in Dorset) from Reginald II de Mohun (1206–1258), Feudal baron of Dunster in Somerset, who had inherited it from his first wife Hawise Fleming, daughter and heiress of William Fleming.[14]\nHenry III de la Brook;[15]\nHenry IV de la Brook (d.1324), who married a certain Elizabeth;[16]\nJohn de la Brook (d.1348) (alias \"At-Brook\"), who married Joan Bardstone, a daughter of Sir John Bardstone. In 1325 Brooke was a substantial property held in-chief from the crown which contributed a substantial sum to the fee farm of the borough of Ilchester.[17] By 1331 the estate comprised 84 acres of arable land, and 46 acres of meadow.[18] He died holding a messuage (i.e.house) with a curtilage (i.e. court-yard) and garden with one carucate of land at \"the Brook without the walls of the town of Ivelchester\", which he held by feudal tenure from the commonalty of that town and also held land at Sock Dennis, Bishopston and Kingston;[19]\nSir Thomas I Brooke (d.1367) married Constance Markensfeld. In 1357 he granted to Thomas Waryn rents payable out of his lands in \"la Broke-juxta-Ivelchester\" and in the town of Ivelchester.\nSir Thomas II Brooke (d.1418), son and heir, of Holditch was the first prominent member of his family. He was thirteen times a Member of Parliament for Somerset. Thomas II Brooke made his seat at Holditch, having in 1397 received royal licence to \"strengthen with a wall of stone and lime his manor of Holditch and enclose and make a park of 200 acres of pasture and wood ... including a deer leap in the park\".[20] Due to his marriage to a wealthy widow, Sir Thomas II Brooke was \"by far the largest landowner in Somerset\"[21] and served 13 times as a Member of Parliament for Somerset. He married Joan Hanham, the second daughter and co-heiress of Simon Hanham of Gloucestershire, and the widow of the Bristol cloth merchant Robert Cheddar (died 1384), MP and twice Mayor of Bristol, \"whose wealth was proverbial\".[22] She held many of Cheddar's estates after his death as her dower and died seized of 20 manors in Somerset and others elsewhere. Her son Richard Cheddar, MP, signed over his large inheritance to his mother and stepfather Sir Thomas II Brooke for their lives, due to the latter having \"many times endured great travail and cost\" in defending them during his minority.[23] The monumental brass of Sir Thomas II Brooke and of his wife Joan Hanham, survives in Thorncombe Church.\nSir Thomas III Brooke (d.1439), son and heir, a Member of Parliament for Dorset (once) and for Somerset (four times).[24] Shortly after 1418 the estate of Brooke was described for the first time as a manor, held in-chief in free burgage.[25] He made his seat at Weycroft in the parish of Axminster in Devon, \"with newe building castlewise\" (Pole (d.1635)); Risdon (d.1640) states that he \"built here, on the rising of an hill, a fair new house, castle-like, and enclosed a large and spacious park, being a very pleasant scite over the river (i.e. River Axe) and hath a good prospect\".[26] This refers to a royal licence to crenellate and empark dated 1427, granted to Sir Thomas III Brooke and his probable feoffees Humfrey, Duke of Gloucester, Sir Giles Daubeney and others[27] Sir Thomas III Brooke married the heiress Joan Braybrooke (1404-1442), suo jure 5th Baroness Cobham, via her mother Joan de la Pole (d.1434). After his marriage he moved to his wife's home at the manor of Cobham in Kent. His son was Edward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham (died 1464), whose descendants attained much prominence as Barons Cobham and rebuilt that manor house into one of the largest and most important in Kent. They flourished there until 1603 when Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham (1564–1619) was attainted for his part in a plot to overthrow King James I, when the peerage became abeyant and his lands were forfeited to the crown.\nEdward Brooke, 6th Baron Cobham (died 1464), son and heir;\nJohn Brooke, 7th Baron Cobham (died 1512), of Cobham Hall, who in 1481 let the estate of Brooke with 150 acres to John Hodges of Long Sutton and his son for the term of their lives. The Hodges family were succeeded as tenants in 1518 by William Rayment and others, and Rayment and three sons had a lease for lives in 1530.[28]\nThomas Brooke, 8th Baron Cobham (died 1529), son and heir by his father's second wife Margaret Nevill.\nGeorge Brooke, 9th Baron Cobham (1497–1558), KG, eldest surviving son by his father's first wife Dorothy Haydon.\nWilliam Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham (1527–1597), who still held the manor of Brooke at his death.[29]\nHenry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham (1564–1619), son and heir, who was attainted in 1603[30] for his part in a plot to overthrow King James I, when the peerage became abeyant and his lands were forfeited to the crown. He spent the rest of his life in the Tower of London and died in poverty.","title":"Descent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Holborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Holborn"},{"link_name":"Henry Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Berkeley_(MP_for_Ilchester)"},{"link_name":"Yarlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlington"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Earth","text":"Following the attainder of the 11th Baron, the estate of Brooke was granted by the King to Joseph Earth (d. 1609) of High Holborn, London. His heir was his brother Roger Earth, from whom it passed by means unknown to Sir Henry Berkeley of Yarlington in Somerset.[31]","title":"Descent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Berkeley_(MP_for_Ilchester)"},{"link_name":"Yarlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarlington"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Ilchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilchester_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Francis Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Godolphin_(1605%E2%80%931667)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Berkeley","text":"Sir Henry Berkeley of Yarlington was a Member of Parliament for Ilchester. His daughter and heiress was Dorothy Berkeley, wife of Sir Francis Godolphin (1605–1667).[32]","title":"Descent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Godolphin_(1605%E2%80%931667)"},{"link_name":"Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Godolphin,_2nd_Earl_of_Godolphin"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Godolphin","text":"Sir Francis Godolphin (1605–1667) married Dorothy Berkeley, the heiress of Brooke. In 1759 the manor of Brooke was owned by his grandson Francis Godolphin, 2nd Earl of Godolphin (1678–1766). The estate by then consisted of little else than the ownership of Pill Bridge.[33]","title":"Descent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Collinson, Rev. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Collinson_(died_1793)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/b28772714_0003/page/302/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Victoria County History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_County_History"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol3/"}],"text":"Collinson, Rev. John, History and Antiquities of the County of Somerset, Vol.3, Bath, 1791, pp. 302–4 [8]\nVictoria County History, A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 3, London, 1974, Parishes: Ilchester, pp. 179–203 [9]","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Pill Bridge, on the River Yeo, 2.3 km west of the town of Ilchester in Somerset, a narrow and ancient pack-horse bridge, the repair and maintenance of which in 1530 was the responsibility of the tenants of Brooke, Ilchester[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Pill_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_214869.jpg/220px-Pill_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_214869.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arms of Brooke, Baron Cobham \"of Kent\": Gules, on a chevron argent a lion rampant sable crowned or","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Brooke_OfWeycroftAxminster_Arms.svg/220px-Brooke_OfWeycroftAxminster_Arms.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Monumental brass of Sir Thomas II Brooke (died 1418) of Holditch, \"by far the largest landowner in Somerset\" and 13 times a Member of Parliament for Somerset, and his wife Joan Hanham (died 1437), Thorncombe Church, Devon. Although a knight, he is dressed in civilian clothes rather than in armour. Both wear the Lancastrian Collar of Esses","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/1437Brass_SirThomasBrooke_Died1418_OfHolditchCastle_ThorncombeDorset_AndWife_JoanHanham_Died1437.jpg/220px-1437Brass_SirThomasBrooke_Died1418_OfHolditchCastle_ThorncombeDorset_AndWife_JoanHanham_Died1437.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"CHEDDAR, Richard (1379-1437), of Thorn Falcon, Som\". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 23 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/cheddar-richard-1379-1437","url_text":"\"CHEDDAR, Richard (1379-1437), of Thorn Falcon, Som\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b28772714_0003/page/302/mode/2up","external_links_name":"[8]"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol3/","external_links_name":"[9]"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol3/pp179-203","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/b28772714_0003/page/302/mode/2up","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2SBKAQAAMAAJ&dq=Sir+John+Bardstone&pg=RA1-PA790","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/som/vol3/pp111-120","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/historyofdunster01lyte#page/n17/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Part I"},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/brooke-sir-thomas-1355-1418","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1386-1421/member/brooke-sir-thomas-1355-1418","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/cheddar-richard-1379-1437","external_links_name":"[7]"},{"Link":"https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1386-1421/member/cheddar-richard-1379-1437","external_links_name":"\"CHEDDAR, Richard (1379-1437), of Thorn Falcon, Som\""},{"Link":"http://www.histparl.ac.uk/volume/1386-1421/member/brooke-thomas-1391-1439","external_links_name":"HoP biog"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arani,_Bolivia | Arani, Bolivia | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 17°34′S 65°46′W / 17.567°S 65.767°W / -17.567; -65.767For other uses, see Arani (disambiguation).
Place in Cochabamba Department, BoliviaArani
JaraniNicknames: The Windy City, The Bread CityAraniLocation in BoliviaCoordinates: 17°34′S 65°46′W / 17.567°S 65.767°W / -17.567; -65.767CountryBoliviaDepartmentCochabamba DepartmentProvinceArani ProvinceMunicipalityArani MunicipalityCantonArani CantonElevation9,400 ft (2,865 m)Population (2001) • Total3,512Time zoneUTC-4 (BOT)
Arani, Jarani (from Quechua: jarani or jallmani) is the capital of Arani Province and Arani Municipality located in Cochabamba Department in the center of Bolivia at an altitude of 9,400 ft (2,865 m). At the time of census 2001 it had 3,512 inhabitants.
Arani is well known for its bread due to the traditional use of multiple types of flour for making the bread. Bread is sold in various shops along the main streets leading to the main square, and along the major highway that leads to the city of Cochabamba. There is a bread festival held each year.
During November through early December, the rainy season sets in and heavy rainfall is expected. Due to the geographical location in the valleys, the winds of Arani sometimes cause heavy rainfalls.
References
^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística Archived 2009-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
External links
Arani Municipality: Population data and map
vte Cochabamba Department Capital: CochabambaProvinces
Arani
Arque
Ayopaya
Bolívar
Capinota
Carrasco
Cercado
Chapare
Esteban Arce
Germán Jordán
Mizque
Narciso Campero
Punata
Quillacollo
Tapacarí
Tiraque
Municipalities(and seats)
Aiquile (Aiquile)
Alalay (Alalay)
Anzaldo (Anzaldo)
Arani (Arani)
Arbieto (Arbieto)
Arque (Arque)
Ayopaya (Ayopaya)
Bolívar (Bolívar)
Capinota (Capinota)
Chimoré (Chimoré)
Cliza (Cliza)
Cocapata (Cocapata)
Cochabamba (Cochabamba)
Colcapirhua (Colcapirhua)
Colomi (Colomi)
Cuchumuela (Cuchumuela)
Entre Ríos Municipality (Entre Ríos)
Mizque (Mizque)
Morochata (Morochata)
Omereque (Omereque)
Pasorapa (Pasorapa)
Pocona (Pocona)
Pojo (Pojo)
Puerto Villarroel (Puerto Villarroel)
Punata (Punata)
Quillacollo (Quillacollo)
Sacaba (Sacaba)
Sacabamba (Sacabamba)
San Benito (San Benito)
Santiváñez (Santiváñez)
Shinahota (Shinahota)
Sicaya (Sicaya)
Sipe Sipe (Sipe Sipe)
Tacachi (Tacachi)
Tacopaya (Tacopaya)
Tapacarí (Tapacarí)
Tarata (Tarata)
Tiquipaya (Tiquipaya)
Tiraque (Tiraque)
Toco (Toco)
Tolata (Tolata)
Totora (Totora)
Vacas (Vacas)
Vila Vila (Vila Vila)
Villa Rivero (Villa Rivero)
Villa Tunari (Villa Tunari)
Vinto (Vinto)
Authority control databases: National
Israel
17°34′S 65°46′W / 17.567°S 65.767°W / -17.567; -65.767
This Cochabamba Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arani (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arani_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages"},{"link_name":"Arani Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arani_Province"},{"link_name":"Arani Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arani_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Cochabamba Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochabamba_Department"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Arani (disambiguation).Place in Cochabamba Department, BoliviaArani, Jarani (from Quechua: jarani or jallmani) is the capital of Arani Province and Arani Municipality located in Cochabamba Department in the center of Bolivia at an altitude of 9,400 ft (2,865 m). At the time of census 2001 it had 3,512 inhabitants.[1]Arani is well known for its bread due to the traditional use of multiple types of flour for making the bread. Bread is sold in various shops along the main streets leading to the main square, and along the major highway that leads to the city of Cochabamba. There is a bread festival held each year.During November through early December, the rainy season sets in and heavy rainfall is expected. Due to the geographical location in the valleys, the winds of Arani sometimes cause heavy rainfalls.","title":"Arani, Bolivia"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arani,_Bolivia¶ms=17_34_S_65_46_W_region:BO_type:city","external_links_name":"17°34′S 65°46′W / 17.567°S 65.767°W / -17.567; -65.767"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arani,_Bolivia¶ms=17_34_S_65_46_W_region:BO_type:city(3512)","external_links_name":"17°34′S 65°46′W / 17.567°S 65.767°W / -17.567; -65.767"},{"Link":"http://www.ine.gov.bo/","external_links_name":"Instituto Nacional de Estadística"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091027220541/http://www.ine.gov.bo/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141128161958/http://www.ine.gob.bo/publicaciones/visorPdf.aspx?Codigo=030501&tipo=1","external_links_name":"Arani Municipality: Population data and map"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007533490405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arani,_Bolivia¶ms=17_34_S_65_46_W_region:BO_type:city","external_links_name":"17°34′S 65°46′W / 17.567°S 65.767°W / -17.567; -65.767"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arani,_Bolivia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Township,_Michigan | Houghton Township, Michigan | ["1 Geography","1.1 Major highways","1.2 Communities","2 Demographics","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°24′59″N 88°17′44″W / 47.41639°N 88.29556°W / 47.41639; -88.29556
Civil township in Michigan, United StatesHoughton Township, MichiganCivil townshipHoughton Township Community CenterLocation within Keweenaw County (red) and the administered CDP of Eagle River (pink)Houghton TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of MichiganHoughton TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 47°24′59″N 88°17′44″W / 47.41639°N 88.29556°W / 47.41639; -88.29556CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyKeweenawEstablished1861Government • SupervisorRay Chase • ClerkMarjie MarshallArea • Total517.42 sq mi (1,340.11 km2) • Land120.72 sq mi (312.66 km2) • Water396.70 sq mi (1,027.45 km2)Elevation630 ft (192 m)Population (2020) • Total72 • Density0.85/sq mi (0.33/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)49931 (Houghton)49950 (Mohawk)Area code906FIPS code26-39380GNIS feature ID1626493WebsiteOfficial website
Houghton Township is a civil township of Keweenaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 72 at the 2020 census.
The township consists of a mainland portion of the Keweenaw Peninsula and the county seat of Eagle River, as well as the unpopulated northeast portion of Isle Royale National Park.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 517.42 square miles (1,340.11 km2), of which 120.72 square miles (312.66 km2) is land and 396.70 square miles (1,027.45 km2) (76.67%) is water.
Due to its surrounding water boundaries, it ranks as the third-largest municipality by total area after McMillan Township and Eagle Harbor Township, although Houghton Township has the largest water boundaries of any municipalities in the state.
Major highways
US 41 runs west–east through the central portion of the township.
M-26 enters the township concurrently with US 41 until it branches off to the north in Phoenix.
Communities
Central is an unincorporated community located within the township at 47°24′26″N 88°12′02″W / 47.40722°N 88.20056°W / 47.40722; -88.20056. This settlement developed around the successful Central Mine, which began operating in 1854. A post office named Central Mine opened on December 8, 1871, in what was then part of Sherman Township, as seen in an 1873 map of Keweenaw County. The name changed to Centralmine on June 30, 1894, and was disestablished on September 15, 1904. The mine itself closed in 1894.
Eagle Nest is an unincorporated community located just southeast of Eagle River at 47°24′27″N 88°16′39″W / 47.40750°N 88.27750°W / 47.40750; -88.27750.
Eagle River is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located along Lake Superior at 47°24′50″N 88°17′44″W / 47.41389°N 88.29556°W / 47.41389; -88.29556. It is also the county seat of Keweenaw County.
Phoenix is an unincorporated community located at the junction of U.S. Route 41 and M-26 at 47°23′20″N 88°16′39″W / 47.38889°N 88.27750°W / 47.38889; -88.27750.
Rock Harbor Lodge is a seasonal unincorporated community located on Isle Royale at 48°08′45″N 88°29′01″W / 48.14583°N 88.48361°W / 48.14583; -88.48361. It is the main access point for visitors to the national park and is also the northernmost community in the state, although it is uninhabited during the colder months.
Vaughsville is an unincorporated community located in the western portion of the township along US 41 / M-27 at 47°22′53″N 88°17′45″W / 47.38139°N 88.29583°W / 47.38139; -88.29583. The area was first settled by Joel Vaugh, who bought land here in 1849. He platted the village, but the settlement dwindled following his death in 1862.
Demographics
At the 2000 United States census, there were 204 people, 45 households, and 26 families in the township. The population density was 1.7 per square mile (0.6/km2). There were 273 housing units at an average density of 2.2 per square mile (0.9/km2). By the 2020 census, its population declined to 72.
In 2000, the racial makeup of the township was 58.33% White, 36.76% African American, 0.98% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.98% from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latinos of any race were 4.90% of the population Among its population at the time, 16.5% were of Finnish, 10.6% English, 9.4% Irish, 8.8% Italian, 6.5% German and 5.3% Norwegian ancestry.
At the 2000 census, there were 45 households, out of which 13.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.2% were non-families. 42.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.89 and the average family size was 2.54. The median income for a household in the township was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $8,505. None of the families and 7.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.1% of those over 64. At the 2021 American Community Survey, its median household income increased to $51,250.
Notes
^ The Houghton 49931 ZIP Code is used exclusively for post office box services to Isle Royale National Park.
References
^ Michigan Townships Association (2022). "Houghton Township, Keweenaw County, Michigan". Michigan Townships Association. Retrieved December 11, 2022.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Houghton Township, Michigan
^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 2, 2023.
^ "Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. 28 Michigan. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Central, Michigan
^ Walling, H. F. (1873). "Upper Peninsula, Scale six Miles to an Inch, Isle Royale (and Keweenaw Co.)" (Map). Atlas of the State of Michigan, Including Statistics and Descriptions of Its Topography, Hydrology, Climate, Natural and Civil History, Railways, Educational Institutions, Material Resources, etc. 1:380,160. Detroit: R.M. & S.T. Tackabury. p. 118. Retrieved August 2, 2023 – via David Rumsey Map Collection.
^ Romig, Walter (1986). Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities. Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8143-1838-6.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Eagle Nest, Michigan
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Eagle River, Michigan
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Phoenix, Michigan
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rock Harbor Lodge, Michigan
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Vaughsville, Michigan
^ Romig (1986), pp. 570–571
External links
Houghton Township official website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Keweenaw County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: Eagle RiverVillage
Ahmeek
Map of Michigan highlighting Keweenaw County.svgCivil townships
Allouez
Eagle Harbor
Grant
Houghton
Sherman
CDPs
Copper Harbor
Eagle Harbor
Eagle River
Fulton
Mohawk
Othercommunities
Allouez
Bete Grise
Betsy
Bumbletown
Central
Copper Falls
Delaware
Eagle Nest
Gay
Hebards
Lac La Belle
Mandan
Nepco Camp Number 7
Ojibway
Phoenix
Rock Harbor Lodge
Seneca
Snowshoe
Traverse
Vaughnsville
Windigo
Wyoming
Ghost towns
Clifton
Michigan portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Keweenaw County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keweenaw_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Keweenaw Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keweenaw_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Eagle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_River,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Isle Royale National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_Royale_National_Park"}],"text":"Civil township in Michigan, United StatesHoughton Township is a civil township of Keweenaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 72 at the 2020 census.[4]The township consists of a mainland portion of the Keweenaw Peninsula and the county seat of Eagle River, as well as the unpopulated northeast portion of Isle Royale National Park.","title":"Houghton Township, Michigan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"McMillan Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McMillan_Township,_Luce_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Eagle Harbor Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Harbor_Township,_Michigan"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 517.42 square miles (1,340.11 km2), of which 120.72 square miles (312.66 km2) is land and 396.70 square miles (1,027.45 km2) (76.67%) is water.[5]Due to its surrounding water boundaries, it ranks as the third-largest municipality by total area after McMillan Township and Eagle Harbor Township, although Houghton Township has the largest water boundaries of any municipalities in the state.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"M-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-26_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Michigan"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"US 41 runs west–east through the central portion of the township.\n M-26 enters the township concurrently with US 41 until it branches off to the north in Phoenix.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unincorporated community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unincorporated_area"},{"link_name":"47°24′26″N 88°12′02″W / 47.40722°N 88.20056°W / 47.40722; -88.20056","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_24_26_N_88_12_02_W_"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sherman Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Township,_Keweenaw_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"47°24′27″N 88°16′39″W / 47.40750°N 88.27750°W / 47.40750; -88.27750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_24_27_N_88_16_39_W_"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Eagle River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_River,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"47°24′50″N 88°17′44″W / 47.41389°N 88.29556°W / 47.41389; -88.29556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_24_50_N_88_17_44_W_"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Phoenix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 41","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_41_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"M-26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-26_(Michigan_highway)"},{"link_name":"47°23′20″N 88°16′39″W / 47.38889°N 88.27750°W / 47.38889; -88.27750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_23_20_N_88_16_39_W_"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Rock Harbor Lodge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Harbor_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"Isle Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_Royale_National_Park"},{"link_name":"48°08′45″N 88°29′01″W / 48.14583°N 88.48361°W / 48.14583; -88.48361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=48_08_45_N_88_29_01_W_"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"47°22′53″N 88°17′45″W / 47.38139°N 88.29583°W / 47.38139; -88.29583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_22_53_N_88_17_45_W_"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Communities","text":"Central is an unincorporated community located within the township at 47°24′26″N 88°12′02″W / 47.40722°N 88.20056°W / 47.40722; -88.20056.[6] This settlement developed around the successful Central Mine, which began operating in 1854. A post office named Central Mine opened on December 8, 1871, in what was then part of Sherman Township, as seen in an 1873 map of Keweenaw County.[7] The name changed to Centralmine on June 30, 1894, and was disestablished on September 15, 1904. The mine itself closed in 1894.[8]\nEagle Nest is an unincorporated community located just southeast of Eagle River at 47°24′27″N 88°16′39″W / 47.40750°N 88.27750°W / 47.40750; -88.27750.[9]\nEagle River is an unincorporated community and census-designated place located along Lake Superior at 47°24′50″N 88°17′44″W / 47.41389°N 88.29556°W / 47.41389; -88.29556. It is also the county seat of Keweenaw County.[10]\nPhoenix is an unincorporated community located at the junction of U.S. Route 41 and M-26 at 47°23′20″N 88°16′39″W / 47.38889°N 88.27750°W / 47.38889; -88.27750.[11]\nRock Harbor Lodge is a seasonal unincorporated community located on Isle Royale at 48°08′45″N 88°29′01″W / 48.14583°N 88.48361°W / 48.14583; -88.48361.[12] It is the main access point for visitors to the national park and is also the northernmost community in the state, although it is uninhabited during the colder months.\nVaughsville is an unincorporated community located in the western portion of the township along US 41 / M-27 at 47°22′53″N 88°17′45″W / 47.38139°N 88.29583°W / 47.38139; -88.29583.[13] The area was first settled by Joel Vaugh, who bought land here in 1849. He platted the village, but the settlement dwindled following his death in 1862.[14]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Americans"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic or Latinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Americans"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Americans"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Americans"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Americans"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Americans"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"American Community Survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Community_Survey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"text":"At the 2000 United States census,[2] there were 204 people, 45 households, and 26 families in the township. The population density was 1.7 per square mile (0.6/km2). There were 273 housing units at an average density of 2.2 per square mile (0.9/km2). By the 2020 census, its population declined to 72.[4]In 2000, the racial makeup of the township was 58.33% White, 36.76% African American, 0.98% Native American, 0.49% Asian, 0.98% from other races, and 2.45% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latinos of any race were 4.90% of the population Among its population at the time, 16.5% were of Finnish, 10.6% English, 9.4% Irish, 8.8% Italian, 6.5% German and 5.3% Norwegian ancestry.At the 2000 census, there were 45 households, out of which 13.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.1% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.2% were non-families. 42.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.89 and the average family size was 2.54. The median income for a household in the township was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $21,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $8,505. None of the families and 7.0% of the population were living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 9.1% of those over 64. At the 2021 American Community Survey, its median household income increased to $51,250.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Houghton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"post office box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_office_box"},{"link_name":"Isle Royale National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_Royale_National_Park"}],"text":"^ The Houghton 49931 ZIP Code is used exclusively for post office box services to Isle Royale National Park.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Michigan highlighting Keweenaw County.svg","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Keweenaw_County.svg/85px-Map_of_Michigan_highlighting_Keweenaw_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Michigan Townships Association (2022). \"Houghton Township, Keweenaw County, Michigan\". Michigan Townships Association. Retrieved December 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Townships_Association","url_text":"Michigan Townships Association"},{"url":"https://michigantownships.org/find-a-township/?fips=39380","url_text":"\"Houghton Township, Keweenaw County, Michigan\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Explore Census Data\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 2, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Houghton_township,_Keweenaw_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2608339380","url_text":"\"Explore Census Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. 28 Michigan. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census","url_text":"2010 United States Census"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111423/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Walling, H. F. (1873). \"Upper Peninsula, Scale six Miles to an Inch, Isle Royale (and Keweenaw Co.)\" (Map). Atlas of the State of Michigan, Including Statistics and Descriptions of Its Topography, Hydrology, Climate, Natural and Civil History, Railways, Educational Institutions, Material Resources, etc. 1:380,160. Detroit: R.M. & S.T. Tackabury. p. 118. Retrieved August 2, 2023 – via David Rumsey Map Collection.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~22415~740027:Upper-Peninsula,-scale-six-miles-to","url_text":"\"Upper Peninsula, Scale six Miles to an Inch, Isle Royale (and Keweenaw Co.)\""}]},{"reference":"Romig, Walter (1986). Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities. Great Lakes Books Series. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8143-1838-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press","url_text":"Wayne State University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-1838-6","url_text":"978-0-8143-1838-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_24_59_N_88_17_44_W_region:US-MI_type:city(72)","external_links_name":"47°24′59″N 88°17′44″W / 47.41639°N 88.29556°W / 47.41639; -88.29556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_24_59_N_88_17_44_W_region:US-MI_type:city(72)","external_links_name":"47°24′59″N 88°17′44″W / 47.41639°N 88.29556°W / 47.41639; -88.29556"},{"Link":"https://www.houghtontwp.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_24_26_N_88_12_02_W_","external_links_name":"47°24′26″N 88°12′02″W / 47.40722°N 88.20056°W / 47.40722; -88.20056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_24_27_N_88_16_39_W_","external_links_name":"47°24′27″N 88°16′39″W / 47.40750°N 88.27750°W / 47.40750; -88.27750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_24_50_N_88_17_44_W_","external_links_name":"47°24′50″N 88°17′44″W / 47.41389°N 88.29556°W / 47.41389; -88.29556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_23_20_N_88_16_39_W_","external_links_name":"47°23′20″N 88°16′39″W / 47.38889°N 88.27750°W / 47.38889; -88.27750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=48_08_45_N_88_29_01_W_","external_links_name":"48°08′45″N 88°29′01″W / 48.14583°N 88.48361°W / 48.14583; -88.48361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Houghton_Township,_Michigan¶ms=47_22_53_N_88_17_45_W_","external_links_name":"47°22′53″N 88°17′45″W / 47.38139°N 88.29583°W / 47.38139; -88.29583"},{"Link":"https://michigantownships.org/find-a-township/?fips=39380","external_links_name":"\"Houghton Township, Keweenaw County, Michigan\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1626493","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Houghton Township, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/profile/Houghton_township,_Keweenaw_County,_Michigan?g=060XX00US2608339380","external_links_name":"\"Explore Census Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121019111423/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-24.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/622986","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Central, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~22415~740027:Upper-Peninsula,-scale-six-miles-to","external_links_name":"\"Upper Peninsula, Scale six Miles to an Inch, Isle Royale (and Keweenaw Co.)\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1617534","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Eagle Nest, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/625096","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Eagle River, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/634768","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Phoenix, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/636080","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Rock Harbor Lodge, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1617007","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Vaughsville, Michigan"},{"Link":"https://www.houghtontwp.org/","external_links_name":"Houghton Township official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndall,_SD | Tyndall, South Dakota | ["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Climate","3 Demographics","3.1 2010 census","3.2 2000 census","4 Notable people","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°59′23″N 97°51′51″W / 42.98972°N 97.86417°W / 42.98972; -97.86417
City in South Dakota, United StatesTyndall, South DakotaCityFlagpole in front of Bon Homme County courthouseLocation in Bon Homme County and the state of South DakotaCoordinates: 42°59′23″N 97°51′51″W / 42.98972°N 97.86417°W / 42.98972; -97.86417CountryUnited StatesStateSouth DakotaCountyBon HommeIncorporated1887Area • Total1.58 sq mi (4.09 km2) • Land1.58 sq mi (4.09 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation1,414 ft (431 m)Population (2020) • Total1,057 • Density669.84/sq mi (258.63/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)ZIP code57066Area code605FIPS code46-64860GNIS feature ID1267608Websitemytyndallsd.com
Tyndall (pronounced TIN'-duhl) is a city in and the county seat of Bon Homme County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,057 at the 2020 census.
History
Tyndall was established in 1879 as the county seat of Bon Homme County. It was named for John Tyndall, an Irish physicist who had paid a visit to the United States.
Geography
South Dakota Highway 50 serves the community and runs east–west on the southern end of town, and South Dakota Highway 37 is located just west of town.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.58 square miles (4.09 km2), all land.
Climate
Climate data for Tyndall, South Dakota (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1893−present)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
71(22)
76(24)
96(36)
99(37)
107(42)
108(42)
115(46)
113(45)
106(41)
98(37)
84(29)
70(21)
115(46)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
53.5(11.9)
58.9(14.9)
74.3(23.5)
83.5(28.6)
90.1(32.3)
95.3(35.2)
98.0(36.7)
96.4(35.8)
92.4(33.6)
85.5(29.7)
71.5(21.9)
55.0(12.8)
99.6(37.6)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C)
28.9(−1.7)
34.0(1.1)
45.9(7.7)
58.2(14.6)
69.9(21.1)
80.6(27.0)
85.8(29.9)
83.4(28.6)
76.1(24.5)
61.7(16.5)
45.8(7.7)
32.7(0.4)
58.6(14.8)
Daily mean °F (°C)
18.8(−7.3)
23.3(−4.8)
34.5(1.4)
46.2(7.9)
58.5(14.7)
69.4(20.8)
74.4(23.6)
71.9(22.2)
63.4(17.4)
49.2(9.6)
34.7(1.5)
23.1(−4.9)
47.3(8.5)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C)
8.7(−12.9)
12.5(−10.8)
23.1(−4.9)
34.3(1.3)
47.0(8.3)
58.3(14.6)
62.9(17.2)
60.3(15.7)
50.6(10.3)
36.7(2.6)
23.7(−4.6)
13.5(−10.3)
36.0(2.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
−11.8(−24.3)
−7.1(−21.7)
3.1(−16.1)
20.5(−6.4)
33.2(0.7)
47.2(8.4)
52.2(11.2)
50.5(10.3)
36.3(2.4)
21.3(−5.9)
6.5(−14.2)
−6.5(−21.4)
−15.9(−26.6)
Record low °F (°C)
−38(−39)
−41(−41)
−19(−28)
−3(−19)
20(−7)
33(1)
40(4)
36(2)
21(−6)
4(−16)
−19(−28)
−36(−38)
−41(−41)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
0.57(14)
0.81(21)
1.35(34)
2.86(73)
3.96(101)
3.39(86)
3.33(85)
3.27(83)
2.70(69)
2.21(56)
1.01(26)
0.78(20)
26.24(666)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
6.5(17)
7.4(19)
5.3(13)
4.1(10)
0.2(0.51)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.0(0.0)
0.8(2.0)
5.0(13)
7.3(19)
36.6(93)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
5.4
5.4
6.6
9.0
11.2
10.4
7.7
8.8
7.0
6.9
4.7
5.3
88.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
4.1
3.9
2.8
1.3
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.7
3.7
18.1
Source: NOAA
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1890509—19001,167129.3%19101,107−5.1%19201,40526.9%19301,287−8.4%19401,2890.2%19501,2920.2%19601,262−2.3%19701,245−1.3%19801,2530.6%19901,201−4.2%20001,2393.2%20101,067−13.9%20201,057−0.9%U.S. Decennial Census2018 Estimate
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 1,067 people, 471 households, and 268 families living in the city. The population density was 675.3 inhabitants per square mile (260.7/km2). There were 531 housing units at an average density of 336.1 per square mile (129.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.9% White, 0.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.
There were 471 households, of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.1% were non-families. 39.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.88.
The median age in the city was 48.2 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 28.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,239 people, 524 households, and 311 families living in the city. The population density was 783.6 inhabitants per square mile (302.5/km2). There were 579 housing units at an average density of 366.2 per square mile (141.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.22% White, 0.56% African American, 0.56% Native American, 0.16% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population.
There were 524 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.5% were non-families. 36.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.92.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 27.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.
As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $28,042, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $24,219 versus $20,109 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,086. About 9.6% of families and 17.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 21.8% of those age 65 or over.
Notable people
Raleigh Aitchison – professional baseball pitcher from 1911 to 1915
Chuck Morrell – college football coach
Josh Ranek – Canadian Football League player
Robert Taplett – U.S. Marine Corps officer, recipient of the Navy Cross
See also
List of cities in South Dakota
References
^ "SD Towns" (PDF). South Dakota State Historical Society. Retrieved February 16, 2010.
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tyndall, South Dakota
^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.
^ "Broadcast Pronunciation Guide and South Dakota Pronunciations". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ "U.S. Census Bureau: Tyndall city, South Dakota". www.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 27, 2022.
^ Hellmann, Paul T. (May 13, 2013). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 1000. ISBN 978-1135948597. Retrieved November 30, 2013.
^ Federal Writers' Project (1940). South Dakota place-names, v.1-3. University of South Dakota. p. 63.
^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
^
"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
^
"Station: Tyndall, SD". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 18, 2021.
^ United States Census Bureau. "Census of Population and Housing". Retrieved July 20, 2014.
^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved February 16, 2020.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 21, 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tyndall, South Dakota.
Official website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Bon Homme County, South Dakota, United StatesCounty seat: TyndallCities
Avon
Scotland
Springfield
Tyndall
Town
Tabor
CDPs
Bon Homme Colony
Running Water
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Kingsburg
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vteCounty seats of South Dakota
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Yankton | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-6"},{"link_name":"Bon Homme County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon_Homme_County,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCensus-7"}],"text":"City in South Dakota, United StatesTyndall (pronounced TIN'-duhl[5]) is a city in and the county seat[6] of Bon Homme County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,057 at the 2020 census.[7]","title":"Tyndall, South Dakota"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Tyndall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyndall"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Tyndall was established in 1879 as the county seat of Bon Homme County.[8] It was named for John Tyndall, an Irish physicist who had paid a visit to the United States.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_50"},{"link_name":"South Dakota Highway 37","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_Highway_37"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gazetteer_files-10"}],"text":"South Dakota Highway 50 serves the community and runs east–west on the southern end of town, and South Dakota Highway 37 is located just west of town.According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.58 square miles (4.09 km2), all land.[10]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCEI-12"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Tyndall, South Dakota (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1893−present)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °F (°C)\n\n71(22)\n\n76(24)\n\n96(36)\n\n99(37)\n\n107(42)\n\n108(42)\n\n115(46)\n\n113(45)\n\n106(41)\n\n98(37)\n\n84(29)\n\n70(21)\n\n115(46)\n\n\nMean maximum °F (°C)\n\n53.5(11.9)\n\n58.9(14.9)\n\n74.3(23.5)\n\n83.5(28.6)\n\n90.1(32.3)\n\n95.3(35.2)\n\n98.0(36.7)\n\n96.4(35.8)\n\n92.4(33.6)\n\n85.5(29.7)\n\n71.5(21.9)\n\n55.0(12.8)\n\n99.6(37.6)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °F (°C)\n\n28.9(−1.7)\n\n34.0(1.1)\n\n45.9(7.7)\n\n58.2(14.6)\n\n69.9(21.1)\n\n80.6(27.0)\n\n85.8(29.9)\n\n83.4(28.6)\n\n76.1(24.5)\n\n61.7(16.5)\n\n45.8(7.7)\n\n32.7(0.4)\n\n58.6(14.8)\n\n\nDaily mean °F (°C)\n\n18.8(−7.3)\n\n23.3(−4.8)\n\n34.5(1.4)\n\n46.2(7.9)\n\n58.5(14.7)\n\n69.4(20.8)\n\n74.4(23.6)\n\n71.9(22.2)\n\n63.4(17.4)\n\n49.2(9.6)\n\n34.7(1.5)\n\n23.1(−4.9)\n\n47.3(8.5)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °F (°C)\n\n8.7(−12.9)\n\n12.5(−10.8)\n\n23.1(−4.9)\n\n34.3(1.3)\n\n47.0(8.3)\n\n58.3(14.6)\n\n62.9(17.2)\n\n60.3(15.7)\n\n50.6(10.3)\n\n36.7(2.6)\n\n23.7(−4.6)\n\n13.5(−10.3)\n\n36.0(2.2)\n\n\nMean minimum °F (°C)\n\n−11.8(−24.3)\n\n−7.1(−21.7)\n\n3.1(−16.1)\n\n20.5(−6.4)\n\n33.2(0.7)\n\n47.2(8.4)\n\n52.2(11.2)\n\n50.5(10.3)\n\n36.3(2.4)\n\n21.3(−5.9)\n\n6.5(−14.2)\n\n−6.5(−21.4)\n\n−15.9(−26.6)\n\n\nRecord low °F (°C)\n\n−38(−39)\n\n−41(−41)\n\n−19(−28)\n\n−3(−19)\n\n20(−7)\n\n33(1)\n\n40(4)\n\n36(2)\n\n21(−6)\n\n4(−16)\n\n−19(−28)\n\n−36(−38)\n\n−41(−41)\n\n\nAverage precipitation inches (mm)\n\n0.57(14)\n\n0.81(21)\n\n1.35(34)\n\n2.86(73)\n\n3.96(101)\n\n3.39(86)\n\n3.33(85)\n\n3.27(83)\n\n2.70(69)\n\n2.21(56)\n\n1.01(26)\n\n0.78(20)\n\n26.24(666)\n\n\nAverage snowfall inches (cm)\n\n6.5(17)\n\n7.4(19)\n\n5.3(13)\n\n4.1(10)\n\n0.2(0.51)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.0(0.0)\n\n0.8(2.0)\n\n5.0(13)\n\n7.3(19)\n\n36.6(93)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)\n\n5.4\n\n5.4\n\n6.6\n\n9.0\n\n11.2\n\n10.4\n\n7.7\n\n8.8\n\n7.0\n\n6.9\n\n4.7\n\n5.3\n\n88.4\n\n\nAverage snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)\n\n4.1\n\n3.9\n\n2.8\n\n1.3\n\n0.1\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.0\n\n0.5\n\n1.7\n\n3.7\n\n18.1\n\n\nSource: NOAA[11][12]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wwwcensusgov-15"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"}],"sub_title":"2010 census","text":"As of the census[15] of 2010, there were 1,067 people, 471 households, and 268 families living in the city. The population density was 675.3 inhabitants per square mile (260.7/km2). There were 531 housing units at an average density of 336.1 per square mile (129.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.9% White, 0.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.6% of the population.There were 471 households, of which 23.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 2.8% had a male householder with no wife present, and 43.1% were non-families. 39.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 22.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.88.The median age in the city was 48.2 years. 21.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.5% were from 45 to 64; and 28.2% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 census","text":"As of the census of 2000, there were 1,239 people, 524 households, and 311 families living in the city. The population density was 783.6 inhabitants per square mile (302.5/km2). There were 579 housing units at an average density of 366.2 per square mile (141.4/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.22% White, 0.56% African American, 0.56% Native American, 0.16% from other races, and 0.48% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.65% of the population.There were 524 households, out of which 24.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.5% were non-families. 36.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.92.In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.8% under the age of 18, 4.9% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 21.3% from 45 to 64, and 27.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males.As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $28,042, and the median income for a family was $37,500. Males had a median income of $24,219 versus $20,109 for females. The per capita income for the city was $15,086. About 9.6% of families and 17.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.2% of those under age 18 and 21.8% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Raleigh Aitchison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh_Aitchison"},{"link_name":"Chuck Morrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Morrell"},{"link_name":"Josh Ranek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Ranek"},{"link_name":"Robert Taplett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Taplett"}],"text":"Raleigh Aitchison – professional baseball pitcher from 1911 to 1915\nChuck Morrell – college football coach\nJosh Ranek – Canadian Football League player\nRobert Taplett – U.S. Marine Corps officer, recipient of the Navy Cross","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Bon_Homme_County.svg/180px-Map_of_South_Dakota_highlighting_Bon_Homme_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"List of cities in South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Dakota"}] | [{"reference":"\"SD Towns\" (PDF). South Dakota State Historical Society. Retrieved February 16, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://history.sd.gov/Archives/forms/exhibits/SD%20Towns.pdf","url_text":"\"SD Towns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dakota_State_Historical_Society","url_text":"South Dakota State Historical Society"}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2746%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:46&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"\"Broadcast Pronunciation Guide and South Dakota Pronunciations\". Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614020153/http://www.ap.org/southdakota/prono.html","url_text":"\"Broadcast Pronunciation Guide and South Dakota Pronunciations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"},{"url":"http://www.ap.org/southdakota/prono.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau: Tyndall city, South Dakota\". www.census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US4664860","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau: Tyndall city, South Dakota\""}]},{"reference":"Hellmann, Paul T. (May 13, 2013). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 1000. ISBN 978-1135948597. Retrieved November 30, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&pg=PA1000","url_text":"Historical Gazetteer of the United States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135948597","url_text":"978-1135948597"}]},{"reference":"Federal Writers' Project (1940). South Dakota place-names, v.1-3. University of South Dakota. p. 63.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Writers%27_Project","url_text":"Federal Writers' Project"},{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027015455;view=1up;seq=161","url_text":"South Dakota place-names, v.1-3"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 2, 2012. Retrieved June 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=fsd","url_text":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station: Tyndall, SD\". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00398472&format=pdf","url_text":"\"Station: Tyndall, SD\""}]},{"reference":"United States Census Bureau. \"Census of Population and Housing\". Retrieved July 20, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". Retrieved February 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tyndall,_South_Dakota¶ms=42_59_23_N_97_51_51_W_region:US-SD_type:city(1057)","external_links_name":"42°59′23″N 97°51′51″W / 42.98972°N 97.86417°W / 42.98972; -97.86417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tyndall,_South_Dakota¶ms=42_59_23_N_97_51_51_W_region:US-SD_type:city(1057)","external_links_name":"42°59′23″N 97°51′51″W / 42.98972°N 97.86417°W / 42.98972; -97.86417"},{"Link":"https://mytyndallsd.com/","external_links_name":"mytyndallsd.com"},{"Link":"http://history.sd.gov/Archives/forms/exhibits/SD%20Towns.pdf","external_links_name":"\"SD Towns\""},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2746%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1267608","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tyndall, South Dakota"},{"Link":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:46&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","external_links_name":"\"Census Population API\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110614020153/http://www.ap.org/southdakota/prono.html","external_links_name":"\"Broadcast Pronunciation Guide and South Dakota Pronunciations\""},{"Link":"http://www.ap.org/southdakota/prono.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Find a County\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US4664860","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census Bureau: Tyndall city, South Dakota\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=REtEXQNWq6MC&pg=PA1000","external_links_name":"Historical Gazetteer of the United States"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027015455;view=1up;seq=161","external_links_name":"South Dakota place-names, v.1-3"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120702145235/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files 2010\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geo/www/gazetteer/files/Gaz_places_national.txt","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=fsd","external_links_name":"\"NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USC00398472&format=pdf","external_links_name":"\"Station: Tyndall, SD\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2018.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://www.mytyndallsd.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_County,_Tianjin | Jizhou, Tianjin | ["1 Overview","2 Administrative divisions","3 Climate","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°02′45″N 117°24′30″E / 40.0458°N 117.4082°E / 40.0458; 117.4082District in Tianjin, People's Republic of ChinaJizhou
蓟州区DistrictCoordinates: 40°02′45″N 117°24′30″E / 40.0458°N 117.4082°E / 40.0458; 117.4082CountryPeople's Republic of ChinaMunicipalityTianjinTownship-level divisions1 subdistrict25 towns1 townshipCounty seatWenchang Subdistrict (文昌街道)Area • Total1,590 km2 (610 sq mi)Population • Total800,000 • Density500/km2 (1,300/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (China Standard)Postal code301900Area code0022Tianjin district map
Subdivisions of Tianjin
12345678910111213141516
Core districtsSee inset
1
Heping
2
Hedong
3
Hexi
4
Nankai
5
Hebei
6
Hongqiao
Suburbs
7
Dongli
8
Xiqing
9
Jinnan
10
Beichen
Binhai and Rural
13
Binhai
14
Ninghe
11
Wuqing
15
Jinghai
12
Baodi
16
Ji Zhou
Websitewww.tjjz.gov.cn
Jizhou District (simplified Chinese: 蓟州区; traditional Chinese: 薊州區; pinyin: Jìzhōu Qū), formerly a county known as Ji County, is a district in the far north of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, holding cultural and historical significance (e.g., the Buddhist Temple of Solitary Joy).
Overview
Panshan resort
The administration of Jizhou was transferred from Hebei province to Tianjin in 1973. Historically, it was also known as Yuyang (渔阳; 漁陽; Yúyáng) during the Tang Dynasty.
Jizhou is the only mountainous area in the Tianjin municipality, home to the renowned Mount Pan. Known as "Tianjin's backyard", the spectacular natural scenery and numerous historical monuments, including a small section of the Great Wall known as Huangyaguan, in the county means that it is a major tourist attraction. It is also well known for its abundance of unique, local fruits and nuts.
Jizhou is approximately 115 km (71 mi) away from the city proper of Tianjin. It has an area of 1,590 square kilometres (610 sq mi) and a population of 800,000.
Administrative divisions
There are 1 subdistrict, 25 towns, and 1 ethnic township in the county:
Name
Chinese (S)
Hanyu Pinyin
Population (2010)
Area (km2)
Wenchang Subdistrict
文昌街道
Wénchāng Jiēdào
89,207
Yuyang town
渔阳镇
Yúyáng Zhèn
57,669
77
Xiaying town
下营镇
Xiàyíng Zhèn
18,759
Xiacang town
下仓镇
Xiàcāng Zhèn
41,717
71.5
Sangzi town
桑梓镇
Sāngzǐ Zhèn
36,586
60
Chutouling town
出头岭镇
Chūtóulǐng Zhèn
34,362
58.6
Luozhuangzi town
罗庄子镇
Luōzhuāngzi Zhèn
12,253
99
Wubaihu town
五百户镇
Wǔbǎihù Zhèn
22,692
61.46
Xiawotou town
下窝头镇
Xiàwōtóu Zhèn
26,769
Baijian town
白涧镇
Báijiàn Zhèn
18,646
50
Bangjun town
邦均镇
Bāngjūn Zhèn
31,343
34.73
Yinliu town
洇溜镇
Yīnliū Zhèn
23,915
29
Bieshan town
别山镇
Biéshān Zhèn
43,848
51
Mashenqiao town
马伸桥镇
Mǎshēnqiáo Zhèn
34,763
30
Youguzhuang town
尤古庄镇
Yóugǔzhuāng Zhèn
24,601
Houjiaying town
侯家营镇
Hóujiāyíng Zhèn
37,346
55.58
Yangjinzhuang town
杨津庄镇
Yángjīnzhuāng Zhèn
33,028
Shangcang town
上仓镇
Shàngcāng Zhèn
33,380
Guanzhuang town
官庄镇
Guānzhuāng Zhèn
30,640
Dongshigu town
东施古镇
Dōngshīgǔ Zhèn
15,994
27.36
Xilonghuyu town
西龙虎峪镇
Xīlónghǔyù Zhèn
25,196
45
Chuanfangyu town
穿芳峪镇
Chuānfāngyù Zhèn
14,548
Xujiatai town
许家台镇
Xǔjiātái Zhèn
10,634
Limingzhuang town
礼明庄镇
Lǐmíngzhuāng Zhèn
23,582
Dong'erying town
东二营镇
Dōng'èryíng Zhèn
16,961
Dongzhaogezhuang town
东赵各庄镇
Dōngzhàogèzhuāng Zhèn
19,633
29.42
Sungezhuang Manchu Ethnic Township
孙各庄满族乡
Sūngèzhuāng Mǎnzú Xiāng
6,717
26
Climate
Climate data for Jizhou District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
13.6(56.5)
20.0(68.0)
26.9(80.4)
32.9(91.2)
37.5(99.5)
39.7(103.5)
41.7(107.1)
37.3(99.1)
35.0(95.0)
30.4(86.7)
22.5(72.5)
14.6(58.3)
41.7(107.1)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
2.0(35.6)
5.9(42.6)
13.0(55.4)
20.9(69.6)
27.1(80.8)
30.6(87.1)
31.6(88.9)
30.7(87.3)
26.6(79.9)
19.3(66.7)
10.1(50.2)
3.3(37.9)
18.4(65.2)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−3.5(25.7)
0.1(32.2)
7.0(44.6)
14.8(58.6)
21.0(69.8)
24.9(76.8)
27.0(80.6)
26.1(79.0)
21.2(70.2)
13.6(56.5)
4.9(40.8)
−1.7(28.9)
13.0(55.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−7.7(18.1)
−4.5(23.9)
1.8(35.2)
9.1(48.4)
15.2(59.4)
20.0(68.0)
23.1(73.6)
22.2(72.0)
16.6(61.9)
8.9(48.0)
0.8(33.4)
−5.4(22.3)
8.3(47.0)
Record low °C (°F)
−20.3(−4.5)
−17.0(1.4)
−10.0(14.0)
−1.5(29.3)
5.5(41.9)
11.5(52.7)
15.6(60.1)
13.8(56.8)
3.7(38.7)
−3.2(26.2)
−11.0(12.2)
−17.3(0.9)
−20.3(−4.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
2.6(0.10)
4.5(0.18)
8.3(0.33)
22.0(0.87)
41.3(1.63)
95.1(3.74)
188.3(7.41)
145.9(5.74)
55.0(2.17)
29.9(1.18)
15.4(0.61)
2.9(0.11)
611.2(24.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)
1.5
2.0
2.9
4.6
6.3
10.3
12.6
10.2
6.9
4.7
3.3
2.0
67.3
Average snowy days
2.8
2.4
1.0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1.7
2.7
10.7
Average relative humidity (%)
49
46
43
45
50
61
73
73
67
61
57
51
56
Mean monthly sunshine hours
164.2
170.6
213.9
227.9
254.1
208.4
172.0
193.5
199.1
184.5
154.3
152.4
2,294.9
Percent possible sunshine
55
56
57
57
57
47
38
46
54
54
52
53
52
Source: China Meteorological Administration
References
^ "Profile of Jizhou" (in Chinese). Official website of Jizhou Government. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
^ 2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：蓟县 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-08.
^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
^
中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
External links
Jizhou Government official website
vteMunicipality of Tianjin
History
Politics
Economy
Transport
Free-Trade Zone
Districts
Heping
Hexi
Hebei
Nankai
Hedong
Hongqiao
Binhai
TEDA
Yujiapu
Jinnan
Dongli
Xiqing
Beichen
Baodi
Wuqing
Jinghai
Ninghe
Jizhou
Defunct Districts
Dagang
Hangu
Tanggu
See also: List of administrative divisions of Tianjin
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"Tianjin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tianjin"},{"link_name":"People's Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Temple of Solitary Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Solitary_Joy"}],"text":"District in Tianjin, People's Republic of ChinaJizhou District (simplified Chinese: 蓟州区; traditional Chinese: 薊州區; pinyin: Jìzhōu Qū), formerly a county known as Ji County, is a district in the far north of the municipality of Tianjin, People's Republic of China, holding cultural and historical significance (e.g., the Buddhist Temple of Solitary Joy).","title":"Jizhou, Tianjin"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pan_shan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hebei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebei"},{"link_name":"Yuyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuyang_Commandery"},{"link_name":"Tang Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mount Pan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pan"},{"link_name":"Great Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"Huangyaguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangyaguan"},{"link_name":"fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit"},{"link_name":"nuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Panshan resortThe administration of Jizhou was transferred from Hebei province to Tianjin in 1973. Historically, it was also known as Yuyang (渔阳; 漁陽; Yúyáng) during the Tang Dynasty.Jizhou is the only mountainous area in the Tianjin municipality, home to the renowned Mount Pan. Known as \"Tianjin's backyard\", the spectacular natural scenery and numerous historical monuments, including a small section of the Great Wall known as Huangyaguan, in the county means that it is a major tourist attraction. It is also well known for its abundance of unique, local fruits and nuts.Jizhou is approximately 115 km (71 mi) away from the city proper of Tianjin. It has an area of 1,590 square kilometres (610 sq mi) and a population of 800,000.[1]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subdistrict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdistrict_(China)"},{"link_name":"towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_(China)"},{"link_name":"ethnic township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_townships_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"There are 1 subdistrict, 25 towns, and 1 ethnic township in the county:[2]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"possible sunshine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cma_graphical-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Climate data for Jizhou District (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n26.9(80.4)\n\n32.9(91.2)\n\n37.5(99.5)\n\n39.7(103.5)\n\n41.7(107.1)\n\n37.3(99.1)\n\n35.0(95.0)\n\n30.4(86.7)\n\n22.5(72.5)\n\n14.6(58.3)\n\n41.7(107.1)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n2.0(35.6)\n\n5.9(42.6)\n\n13.0(55.4)\n\n20.9(69.6)\n\n27.1(80.8)\n\n30.6(87.1)\n\n31.6(88.9)\n\n30.7(87.3)\n\n26.6(79.9)\n\n19.3(66.7)\n\n10.1(50.2)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n18.4(65.2)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−3.5(25.7)\n\n0.1(32.2)\n\n7.0(44.6)\n\n14.8(58.6)\n\n21.0(69.8)\n\n24.9(76.8)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n26.1(79.0)\n\n21.2(70.2)\n\n13.6(56.5)\n\n4.9(40.8)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n13.0(55.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−7.7(18.1)\n\n−4.5(23.9)\n\n1.8(35.2)\n\n9.1(48.4)\n\n15.2(59.4)\n\n20.0(68.0)\n\n23.1(73.6)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n16.6(61.9)\n\n8.9(48.0)\n\n0.8(33.4)\n\n−5.4(22.3)\n\n8.3(47.0)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−20.3(−4.5)\n\n−17.0(1.4)\n\n−10.0(14.0)\n\n−1.5(29.3)\n\n5.5(41.9)\n\n11.5(52.7)\n\n15.6(60.1)\n\n13.8(56.8)\n\n3.7(38.7)\n\n−3.2(26.2)\n\n−11.0(12.2)\n\n−17.3(0.9)\n\n−20.3(−4.5)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n2.6(0.10)\n\n4.5(0.18)\n\n8.3(0.33)\n\n22.0(0.87)\n\n41.3(1.63)\n\n95.1(3.74)\n\n188.3(7.41)\n\n145.9(5.74)\n\n55.0(2.17)\n\n29.9(1.18)\n\n15.4(0.61)\n\n2.9(0.11)\n\n611.2(24.07)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)\n\n1.5\n\n2.0\n\n2.9\n\n4.6\n\n6.3\n\n10.3\n\n12.6\n\n10.2\n\n6.9\n\n4.7\n\n3.3\n\n2.0\n\n67.3\n\n\nAverage snowy days\n\n2.8\n\n2.4\n\n1.0\n\n0.1\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n0\n\n1.7\n\n2.7\n\n10.7\n\n\nAverage relative humidity (%)\n\n49\n\n46\n\n43\n\n45\n\n50\n\n61\n\n73\n\n73\n\n67\n\n61\n\n57\n\n51\n\n56\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n164.2\n\n170.6\n\n213.9\n\n227.9\n\n254.1\n\n208.4\n\n172.0\n\n193.5\n\n199.1\n\n184.5\n\n154.3\n\n152.4\n\n2,294.9\n\n\nPercent possible sunshine\n\n55\n\n56\n\n57\n\n57\n\n57\n\n47\n\n38\n\n46\n\n54\n\n54\n\n52\n\n53\n\n52\n\n\nSource: China Meteorological Administration[4][5]","title":"Climate"}] | [{"image_text":"Panshan resort","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Pan_shan.jpg/220px-Pan_shan.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/ColorTianjinMap.png/50px-ColorTianjinMap.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Profile of Jizhou\" (in Chinese). Official website of Jizhou Government. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved 2008-09-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824090224/http://www.tjjx.gov.cn/jxgk/jxgk.htm","url_text":"\"Profile of Jizhou\""},{"url":"http://www.tjjx.gov.cn/jxgk/jxgk.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：蓟县 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on August 9, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130809003109/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/12/02/120225.html","url_text":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：蓟县"},{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/12/02/120225.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6660-2","url_text":"978-7-5037-6660-2"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","url_text":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]},{"reference":"中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","url_text":"中国气象数据网"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration","url_text":"China Meteorological Administration"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jizhou,_Tianjin¶ms=40.0458_N_117.4082_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-12_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"40°02′45″N 117°24′30″E / 40.0458°N 117.4082°E / 40.0458; 117.4082"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jizhou,_Tianjin¶ms=40.0458_N_117.4082_E_type:adm2nd_region:CN-12_source:Gaode","external_links_name":"40°02′45″N 117°24′30″E / 40.0458°N 117.4082°E / 40.0458; 117.4082"},{"Link":"https://www.tjjz.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"www.tjjz.gov.cn"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824090224/http://www.tjjx.gov.cn/jxgk/jxgk.htm","external_links_name":"\"Profile of Jizhou\""},{"Link":"http://www.tjjx.gov.cn/jxgk/jxgk.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130809003109/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/12/02/120225.html","external_links_name":"2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：蓟县"},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjbz/cxfldm/2011/12/02/120225.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data"},{"Link":"https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps","external_links_name":"中国气象数据网"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928034849/http://www.tjjx.gov.cn/","external_links_name":"Jizhou Government official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/155219985","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007540315805171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr94039453","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield,_New_York | Mayfield, New York | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Communities and locations in the town","4.1 Inhabited locations","4.2 Geographic locations","4.3 Landmark","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°07′29″N 074°15′36″W / 43.12472°N 74.26000°W / 43.12472; -74.26000
For the village located within this town, see Mayfield (village), New York.
Town in New York, United StatesMayfield, New YorkTownThe Oliver Rice House, a historic home museum in MayfieldMayfieldLocation within the state of New YorkCoordinates: 43°07′29″N 074°15′36″W / 43.12472°N 74.26000°W / 43.12472; -74.26000CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyFultonGovernment • TypeTown Council • Town SupervisorBrandon Lehr (R) • Town Council
Members' List
• Lesleyy Lanzi (R)• Thomas Ruliffson (R)• Jack Putman (R)• Ralph Desiderio (C)
Area • Total64.68 sq mi (167.53 km2) • Land58.38 sq mi (151.22 km2) • Water6.30 sq mi (16.31 km2)Elevation837 ft (255 m)Population (2010) • Total6,495 • Estimate (2016)6,272 • Density107.42/sq mi (41.48/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code12117Area code518FIPS code36-035-46217GNIS feature ID979206Websitemayfieldny.org
Mayfield is a town in Fulton County, New York, United States, northeast of Gloversville and Johnstown. The town contains a village also named Mayfield. The population of the town was 6,495 at the 2010 census.
History
The land that is now the town was part of the Mayfield Patent of 1770. The town was established in 1793 from the town of Caughnawaga in Montgomery County before the formation of Fulton County in 1838. It was one of the first three such towns formed. Part of Mayfield was taken in 1805 to form the town of Wells (now in Hamilton County). An additional part of Mayfield was added to Wells in 1812. Mayfield was reduced once again in 1842 to form the town of Perth. The early economy was based on lumber and leather production. The Oliver Rice House located on Old NY 30 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 64.7 square miles (167.5 km2), of which 58.4 square miles (151.2 km2) is land and 6.3 square miles (16.3 km2), or 9.74%, is water. Mayfield is mostly within the Adirondack Park and is on the southwestern shore of Great Sacandaga Lake. New York State Route 30 is an important north-south highway in Mayfield. NY-30 intersects New York State Route 30A at Riceville. New York State Route 349 is an east-west highway in the southern part of the town. East-west highways New York State Route 29 and New York State Route 29A converge in the southern part of Mayfield, east of Vail Mills.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18202,025—18302,61429.1%18402,6150.0%18502,429−7.1%18602,367−2.6%18702,241−5.3%18802,231−0.4%18902,181−2.2%19002,136−2.1%19102,065−3.3%19201,806−12.5%19302,07715.0%19402,73431.6%19503,14515.0%19603,61314.9%19704,52225.2%19805,43920.3%19905,7385.5%20006,42712.0%20106,4951.1%2016 (est.)6,272−3.4%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,432 people, 2,535 households, and 1,804 families residing in the town. The population density was 110.1 inhabitants per square mile (42.5/km2). There were 3,211 housing units at an average density of 55.0 per square mile (21.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.99% White, 0.39% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.47% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.
There were 2,535 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.95.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $37,982, and the median income for a family was $42,289. Males had a median income of $30,326 versus $22,105 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,972. About 5.9% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.
Communities and locations in the town
Inhabited locations
Broadalbin – A small western part of the village of Broadalbin, located on NY-29, is inside the town of Mayfield.
Broadalbin Junction – A hamlet by the western town line on NY-30A southwest of Riceville.
Cranberry Creek – A hamlet in the northeastern corner of the town on NY-30. A stream called Cranberry Creek flows into Great Sacandaga Lake at the village.
Dennies Hollow – A hamlet north of Mayfield village on NY-30.
Jackson Summit – A location west of Mayfield village at the southern end of the Jackson Summit Reservoir.
Mayfield – The village of Mayfield is in the southeastern part of the town.
Munsonville – A hamlet at the western end of Great Sacandaga Lake, south of Mayfield village.
Red Bunch Corners – A hamlet in the southern part of the town on NY-30.
Riceville – A hamlet by the junction of Routes NY-30 and NY-30A.
Tolmantown – A former settlement in the northwestern quarter of Mayfield.
Vail Mills – A hamlet in the southeastern part of Mayfield on NY-30.
Wilkins' Corners – A former community near Mayfield village.
Geographic locations
Beacon Island – A small island in Great Sacandaga Lake, north of Kunkel Point.
Cameron Reservoir – A small reservoir near the northern town line.
Jackson Summit Reservoir – A reservoir located in the northwestern part of the town.
Kenyetto Creek – A stream in the southeastern section of the town flowing westward, then north into Great Sacandaga Lake.
Kunkel Point – A projection into Great Sacandaga Lake, north of Vandenburgh Point. The point, and road leading to it, are named for the late Robert S. Kunkel a prominent Gloversville doctor and one of the first people to buy property there. The Point remains in the Kunkel family.
Mayfield Creek – A stream flowing eastward into Mayfield Lake.
Mayfield Lake – A small lake south of Mayfield village, connecting to Great Sacandaga Lake.
Paradise Point – A short projection into Great Sacandaga Lake northeast of Dennies Hollow.
Scout Island – An island in the southwestern part of Great Sacandaga Lake.
Vandenburgh Point – A short peninsula into Great Sacandaga Lake, northeast of Munsonville.
Landmark
Oliver Rice House – A 1790 historical colonial home, now a museum.
References
^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Mayfield town, Fulton County, New York". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mayfield, New York.
Town of Mayfield official website
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WOOG-LP
WOOS-LP
WOPG
WOPG-FM
WPBZ-FM
WPGL
WPTR
WPYX
HD2
WQBK-FM
HD2
WQSH
WRIP
WROW
WRPI
WRUC
WRVE
HD2
WSDE
WSSV
WTMM-FM
WTRY-FM
HD2
WVCR-FM
WVTL
WXL34
WYAI
WYJB
WYKV
WZCR
Defunct
W47A/WBCA (101.1 FM)
WCKL (560 AM)
WCSQ-LP (105.9 FM)
WDCD (1540 AM)
WGEO (shortwave)
WTRI (102.7 FM)
WXKW (850 AM, 1600 AM)
----
Notes
1. Clear-channel stations with extended nighttime coverage.
2. Transmits from Equinox Mountain in Manchester, Vermont.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Fulton County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: JohnstownCities
Gloversville
Johnstown
Towns
Bleecker
Broadalbin
Caroga
Ephratah
Johnstown
Mayfield
Northampton
Oppenheim
Perth
Stratford
Villages
Broadalbin
Dolgeville‡
Mayfield
Northville
CDP
Caroga Lake
OtherHamlets
Ingham Mills‡
Kingsboro
Sammonsville
Vail Mills
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
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United States portal
vteHudson River watershedTributaries
Batavia Kill
Batten Kill
Birch Creek
Black Meadow Creek
Boreas River
Bowery Creek
Bowmans Creek
Breakneck Brook
Brimstone Creek
Canajoharie Creek
Caroga Creek
Casperkill
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Cedar River
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Clove Brook
Cobleskill Creek
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Coxsackie Creek
Cross River
Croton River
East Branch Croton River
East Branch Sacandaga River
East Canada Creek
East Kill
Eightmile Creek
Esopus Creek
Fall Kill
Fishkill Creek
Fonteyn Kill
Fulmer Creek
Hannacrois Creek
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Hoosic River
Indian River
Jackson Creek
Jan De Bakkers Kill
Kaaterskill Creek
Kayaderosseras
Kinderhook Creek
Kisco River
Lake Creek
Little Shawangunk Kill
Maritje Kill
Miami River
Mill Creek
Mohawk River
Moodna Creek
Moordener Kill
Moyer Creek
Muddy Kill
Neepaulakating Creek
Normans Kill
Nowadaga Creek
Ohisa Creek
Onesquethaw Creek
Opalescent River
Oriskany Creek
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Otter Kill
Papakating Creek
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Plattekill Creek
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Pocantico River
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Poesten Kill
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Dyken Pond
East Branch Reservoir
East Caroga Lake
Fall Lake
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Garnet Lake
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Great Sacandaga Lake
Great Vlaie
Henderson Lake
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Indian Lake
Lizard Pond
Lake Maratanza
Muscoot Reservoir
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Notch Lake
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Saratoga Lake
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Statue of Liberty
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Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayfield (village), New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Town"},{"link_name":"Fulton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulton_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Gloversville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloversville,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Johnstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnstown_(city),_New_York"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Village"},{"link_name":"Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"For the village located within this town, see Mayfield (village), New York.Town in New York, United StatesMayfield is a town in Fulton County, New York, United States, northeast of Gloversville and Johnstown. The town contains a village also named Mayfield. The population of the town was 6,495 at the 2010 census.[3]","title":"Mayfield, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caughnawaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caughnawaga,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Montgomery County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wells,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Hamilton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_New_York"},{"link_name":"lumber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"Oliver Rice House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Rice_House"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"}],"text":"The land that is now the town was part of the Mayfield Patent of 1770. The town was established in 1793 from the town of Caughnawaga in Montgomery County before the formation of Fulton County in 1838. It was one of the first three such towns formed. Part of Mayfield was taken in 1805 to form the town of Wells (now in Hamilton County). An additional part of Mayfield was added to Wells in 1812. Mayfield was reduced once again in 1842 to form the town of Perth. The early economy was based on lumber and leather production. The Oliver Rice House located on Old NY 30 was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"Adirondack Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adirondack_Park"},{"link_name":"Great Sacandaga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sacandaga_Lake"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_30"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 30A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_30A"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 349","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_349"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_29"},{"link_name":"New York State Route 29A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_29A"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 64.7 square miles (167.5 km2), of which 58.4 square miles (151.2 km2) is land and 6.3 square miles (16.3 km2), or 9.74%, is water. Mayfield is mostly within the Adirondack Park and is on the southwestern shore of Great Sacandaga Lake. New York State Route 30 is an important north-south highway in Mayfield. NY-30 intersects New York State Route 30A at Riceville. New York State Route 349 is an east-west highway in the southern part of the town. East-west highways New York State Route 29 and New York State Route 29A converge in the southern part of Mayfield, east of Vail Mills.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-6"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[6] of 2000, there were 6,432 people, 2,535 households, and 1,804 families residing in the town. The population density was 110.1 inhabitants per square mile (42.5/km2). There were 3,211 housing units at an average density of 55.0 per square mile (21.2/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 97.99% White, 0.39% Black or African American, 0.22% Native American, 0.42% Asian, 0.47% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.87% of the population.There were 2,535 households, out of which 32.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.8% were non-families. 23.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.53 and the average family size was 2.95.In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.2% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.6 males.The median income for a household in the town was $37,982, and the median income for a family was $42,289. Males had a median income of $30,326 versus $22,105 for females. The per capita income for the town was $17,972. About 5.9% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.9% of those under age 18 and 7.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Communities and locations in the town"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadalbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadalbin_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Mayfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayfield_(village),_New_York"},{"link_name":"Vail Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vail_Mills,_New_York"}],"sub_title":"Inhabited locations","text":"Broadalbin – A small western part of the village of Broadalbin, located on NY-29, is inside the town of Mayfield.\nBroadalbin Junction – A hamlet by the western town line on NY-30A southwest of Riceville.\nCranberry Creek – A hamlet in the northeastern corner of the town on NY-30. A stream called Cranberry Creek flows into Great Sacandaga Lake at the village.\nDennies Hollow – A hamlet north of Mayfield village on NY-30.\nJackson Summit – A location west of Mayfield village at the southern end of the Jackson Summit Reservoir.\nMayfield – The village of Mayfield is in the southeastern part of the town.\nMunsonville – A hamlet at the western end of Great Sacandaga Lake, south of Mayfield village.\nRed Bunch Corners – A hamlet in the southern part of the town on NY-30.\nRiceville – A hamlet by the junction of Routes NY-30 and NY-30A.\nTolmantown – A former settlement in the northwestern quarter of Mayfield.\nVail Mills – A hamlet in the southeastern part of Mayfield on NY-30.\nWilkins' Corners – A former community near Mayfield village.","title":"Communities and locations in the town"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Sacandaga Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Sacandaga_Lake"},{"link_name":"reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"}],"sub_title":"Geographic locations","text":"Beacon Island – A small island in Great Sacandaga Lake, north of Kunkel Point.\nCameron Reservoir – A small reservoir near the northern town line.\nJackson Summit Reservoir – A reservoir located in the northwestern part of the town.\nKenyetto Creek – A stream in the southeastern section of the town flowing westward, then north into Great Sacandaga Lake.\nKunkel Point – A projection into Great Sacandaga Lake, north of Vandenburgh Point. The point, and road leading to it, are named for the late Robert S. Kunkel a prominent Gloversville doctor and one of the first people to buy property there. The Point remains in the Kunkel family.\nMayfield Creek – A stream flowing eastward into Mayfield Lake.\nMayfield Lake – A small lake south of Mayfield village, connecting to Great Sacandaga Lake.\nParadise Point – A short projection into Great Sacandaga Lake northeast of Dennies Hollow.\nScout Island – An island in the southwestern part of Great Sacandaga Lake.\nVandenburgh Point – A short peninsula into Great Sacandaga Lake, northeast of Munsonville.","title":"Communities and locations in the town"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oliver Rice House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Rice_House"}],"sub_title":"Landmark","text":"Oliver Rice House – A 1790 historical colonial home, now a museum.","title":"Communities and locations in the town"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Fulton_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Fulton_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 5, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Mayfield town, Fulton County, New York\". American FactFinder. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213152449/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0600000US3603546217","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Mayfield town, Fulton County, New York\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0600000US3603546217","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mayfield,_New_York¶ms=43_07_29_N_074_15_36_W_region:US-NY_type:city(6495)","external_links_name":"43°07′29″N 074°15′36″W / 43.12472°N 74.26000°W / 43.12472; -74.26000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mayfield,_New_York¶ms=43_07_29_N_074_15_36_W_region:US-NY_type:city(6495)","external_links_name":"43°07′29″N 074°15′36″W / 43.12472°N 74.26000°W / 43.12472; -74.26000"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/979206","external_links_name":"979206"},{"Link":"http://mayfieldny.org/","external_links_name":"mayfieldny.org"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_36.txt","external_links_name":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200213152449/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0600000US3603546217","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Mayfield town, Fulton County, New York\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/0600000US3603546217","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://mayfieldny.org/","external_links_name":"Town of Mayfield official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/149253077","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007487079205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001019586","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qepchaq,_West_Azerbaijan | Qepchaq, West Azerbaijan | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 37°08′50″N 45°59′08″E / 37.14722°N 45.98556°E / 37.14722; 45.98556Village in West Azerbaijan province, Iran
For the administrative division, see Qepchaq Rural District. For other places with the same name, see Qepchaq.
Village in West Azerbaijan, IranQepchaq
Persian: قپچاقVillageQepchaqCoordinates: 37°08′50″N 45°59′08″E / 37.14722°N 45.98556°E / 37.14722; 45.98556CountryIranProvinceWest AzerbaijanCountyChaharborjDistrictCentralRural DistrictQepchaqPopulation (2016) • Total3,669Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST)
Qepchaq (Persian: قپچاق), also Romanized as Qepchāq; also known as Qebjān, is a village in, and the capital of, Qepchaq Rural District of the Central District of Chaharborj County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 3,183 in 803 households, when it was in Marhemetabad-e Shomali Rural District of the former Marhemetabad District of Miandoab County. The following census in 2011 counted 3,562 people in 963 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 3,669 people in 1,098 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.
In July 2021, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Chaharborj County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with the city of Chahar Borj as its capital.
Iran portal
References
^ OpenStreetMap contributors (17 February 2024). "Qepchaq, Chaharborj County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 17 February 2024.
^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
^ Qepchaq can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3080079" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
^ a b Jahangiri, Ishaq (31 July 2021). "Approval letter regarding country divisions in Miandoab County of West Azarbaijan province". Laws and Regulations Portal of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
vteWest Azerbaijan province, IranList of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan ProvinceCapital
Urmia
Countiesand cities
Bukan County
Bukan
Simmineh
Chaldoran County
Siah Cheshmeh
Avajiq
Chaypareh County
Qarah Zia od Din
Khoy County
Khoy
Firuraq
Ivughli
Mahabad County
Mahabad
Maku County
Maku
Bazargan
Miandoab County
Miandoab
Baruq
Chahar Borj
Naqadeh County
Naqadeh
Mohammadyar
Oshnavieh County
Oshnavieh
Nalus
Piranshahr County
Piranshahr
Gerd Kashaneh
Poldasht County
Poldasht
Salmas County
Salmas
Tazeh Shahr
Sardasht County
Sardasht
Mirabad
Rabat
Shahin Dezh County
Shahin Dezh
Keshavarz
Mahmudabad
Showt County
Showt
Marganlar
Yowla Galdi
Takab County
Takab
Urmia County
Urmia
Nushin
Qushchi
Serow
Silvaneh
Tourism
Teppe Hasanlu
Kelashin Stele
Bastam Citadel
Takht-e Soleymān
Lake Urmia
Zarrineh River
Shalmash Falls
St. Mary Church
St. Thaddeus Monastery
Chapel of Dzordzor
St. George Church
Jameh Mosque of Urmia
Baghchejogh museum and palace
Segonbad
Ghoutour Bridge
PlacesList of cities, towns and villages in West Azerbaijan Province
This West Azerbaijan province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qepchaq Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qepchaq_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Qepchaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qepchaq_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Qepchaq Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qepchaq_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Chaharborj_County)"},{"link_name":"Chaharborj County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaharborj_County"},{"link_name":"West Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miandoab-4"},{"link_name":"Marhemetabad-e Shomali Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marhemetabad-e_Shomali_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Marhemetabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marhemetabad_District"},{"link_name":"Miandoab County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miandoab_County"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"Chahar Borj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahar_Borj"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miandoab-4"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"text":"Village in West Azerbaijan province, IranFor the administrative division, see Qepchaq Rural District. For other places with the same name, see Qepchaq.Village in West Azerbaijan, IranQepchaq (Persian: قپچاق), also Romanized as Qepchāq; also known as Qebjān,[3] is a village in, and the capital of, Qepchaq Rural District of the Central District of Chaharborj County, West Azerbaijan province, Iran.[4]At the 2006 National Census, its population was 3,183 in 803 households, when it was in Marhemetabad-e Shomali Rural District of the former Marhemetabad District of Miandoab County.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 3,562 people in 963 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 3,669 people in 1,098 households. It was the most populous village in its rural district.[2]In July 2021, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Chaharborj County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with the city of Chahar Borj as its capital.[4]Iran portal","title":"Qepchaq, West Azerbaijan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (17 February 2024). \"Qepchaq, Chaharborj County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 17 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.147222&mlon=45.985556&zoom=15#map=15/37.1472/45.9856","url_text":"\"Qepchaq, Chaharborj County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 30 August 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220830042935/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jahangiri, Ishaq (31 July 2021). \"Approval letter regarding country divisions in Miandoab County of West Azarbaijan province\". Laws and Regulations Portal of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 3 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211004212536/https://dotic.ir/news/9835","url_text":"\"Approval letter regarding country divisions in Miandoab County of West Azarbaijan province\""},{"url":"https://dotic.ir/news/9835","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094953/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 04. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120205939/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qepchaq,_West_Azerbaijan¶ms=37_08_50_N_45_59_08_E_dim:1km_type:city(3669)_region:IR-04","external_links_name":"37°08′50″N 45°59′08″E / 37.14722°N 45.98556°E / 37.14722; 45.98556"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Qepchaq,_West_Azerbaijan¶ms=37_08_50_N_45_59_08_E_dim:1km_type:city(3669)_region:IR-04","external_links_name":"37°08′50″N 45°59′08″E / 37.14722°N 45.98556°E / 37.14722; 45.98556"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=37.147222&mlon=45.985556&zoom=15#map=15/37.1472/45.9856","external_links_name":"\"Qepchaq, Chaharborj County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220830042935/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_04.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211004212536/https://dotic.ir/news/9835","external_links_name":"\"Approval letter regarding country divisions in Miandoab County of West Azarbaijan province\""},{"Link":"https://dotic.ir/news/9835","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920094953/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/04.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230120205939/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/West-Azerbaijan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qepchaq,_West_Azerbaijan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hancock_County,_Indiana | Hancock County, Indiana | ["1 Geography","1.1 Adjacent counties","1.2 Major highways","1.3 Airport","2 History","3 Climate and weather","4 Government","5 Education","6 Demographics","6.1 2020 census","6.2 2010 Census","7 Cities and towns","8 Townships","8.1 Unincorporated communities","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°49′N 85°46′W / 39.82°N 85.77°W / 39.82; -85.77County in Indiana, United States
County in IndianaHancock CountyCountyHancock County courthouse in GreenfieldLocation within the U.S. state of IndianaIndiana's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 39°49′N 85°46′W / 39.82°N 85.77°W / 39.82; -85.77Country United StatesState IndianaFounded1 March 1828Named forJohn HancockSeatGreenfieldLargest cityGreenfieldArea • Total307.02 sq mi (795.2 km2) • Land306.02 sq mi (792.6 km2) • Water1.01 sq mi (2.6 km2) 0.33%Population (2020) • Total79,840 • Density260/sq mi (100/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)Congressional district6thWebsitewww.hancockcoingov.orgIndiana county number 30
Hancock County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. The 2020 United States Census recorded a population of 79,840. The county seat is Greenfield.
Hancock County is included in the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area
Geography
The terrain of Hancock County is low rolling hills, sloping to the south and southwest, carved by drainages. All available area is devoted to agriculture or urban development. The highest point is a small prominence in NW Shirley, at 1,040 ft (320 m) ASL.
According to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of 307.02 square miles (795.2 km2), of which 306.02 square miles (792.6 km2) (or 99.67%) is land and 1.01 square miles (2.6 km2) (or 0.33%) is water.
Adjacent counties
Madison County - north
Henry County - east
Rush County - southeast
Shelby County - south
Marion County - west
Hamilton County - northwest
Major highways
Interstate 70
U.S. Route 36
U.S. Route 40
U.S. Route 52
State Road 9
State Road 13
State Road 67
State Road 109
State Road 234
State Road 238
Airport
KMQJ - Indianapolis Regional Airport
History
Indiana was admitted as a state to the United States on 11 December 1816, although much of its territory was still disputed or held by native peoples at that time. These indigenous claims were quickly reduced and removed by various treaties. The 1818 Treaty with the Delaware Indians brought most of central Indiana into state control, and Madison County was organized on a portion of that area. The lower portion of Madison County was quickly settled, and by the late 1820s the inhabitants were petitioning for a separate county government. Accordingly, a portion of the county was partitioned on 1 March 1828, to form Hancock County. Greenfield was named as the county seat on 11 April. The county name recognized John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress, who had signed his name prominently to the Declaration of Independence in 1776. The county has retained its original borders since its 1828 creation.
Climate and weather
Greenfield, Indiana
Climate chart (explanation)
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2.5
34
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2.4
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20
3.3
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30
4.1
62
40
4.7
73
51
4.5
82
61
4.9
85
64
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84
62
3.2
78
55
3.1
65
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3.1
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█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
█ Precipitation totals in inchesSource:The Weather Channel
Metric conversion
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63
1
−8
60
4
−7
85
10
−1
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17
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119
23
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123
29
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102
29
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80
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99
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78
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−5
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
█ Precipitation totals in mm
In recent years, average temperatures in Greenfield have ranged from a low of 17 °F (−8 °C) in January to a high of 85 °F (29 °C) in July, although a record low of −29 °F (−34 °C) was recorded in January 1985 and a record high of 103 °F (39 °C) was recorded in June 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.37 inches (60 mm) in February to 4.85 inches (123 mm) in July.
Government
See also: Government of Indiana
Hancock County Sheriff's DepartmentJurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionHancock County, Indiana, Indiana, United StatesLegal jurisdictionAs per operations jurisdictionGeneral natureLocal civilian policeOperational structureAgency executiveMichael Shepherd, Sheriff
The county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code.
County Council: The legislative branch of the county government; controls the county's spending and revenue collection. Representatives are elected from county districts. The council members serve staggered four-year terms. They are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council also has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.
Board of Commissioners: The executive body of the county. The commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners carry out the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government.
Court: The county maintains a small claims court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state level circuit court.
County Officials: The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, and circuit court clerk. They are elected to four-year terms. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations and to be residents of the county.
Hancock County is part of Indiana's 5th congressional district; Indiana Senate district 28; and Indiana House of Representatives districts 29 and 53.
United States presidential election results for Hancock County, Indiana
Year
Republican
Democratic
Third party
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
2020
28,996
67.40%
12,895
29.97%
1,129
2.62%
2016
25,074
68.76%
8,904
24.42%
2,490
6.83%
2012
22,796
69.41%
9,319
28.37%
728
2.22%
2008
22,008
64.25%
11,874
34.67%
371
1.08%
2004
20,771
74.54%
6,912
24.80%
184
0.66%
2000
15,943
69.47%
6,503
28.34%
504
2.20%
1996
12,907
60.23%
6,123
28.57%
2,398
11.19%
1992
11,072
53.65%
4,752
23.02%
4,815
23.33%
1988
13,374
71.21%
5,355
28.51%
51
0.27%
1984
12,880
73.58%
4,550
25.99%
74
0.42%
1980
12,093
66.67%
5,124
28.25%
921
5.08%
1976
10,072
61.31%
6,191
37.69%
164
1.00%
1972
11,019
77.87%
3,069
21.69%
62
0.44%
1968
7,516
56.23%
3,902
29.19%
1,948
14.57%
1964
6,370
49.03%
6,573
50.59%
50
0.38%
1960
7,543
60.21%
4,930
39.35%
55
0.44%
1956
6,962
59.93%
4,600
39.60%
55
0.47%
1952
6,964
59.94%
4,539
39.07%
116
1.00%
1948
4,721
48.05%
4,948
50.36%
157
1.60%
1944
5,139
51.71%
4,652
46.81%
147
1.48%
1940
5,283
48.98%
5,417
50.23%
85
0.79%
1936
4,174
41.00%
5,962
58.57%
44
0.43%
1932
4,055
40.22%
5,836
57.89%
190
1.88%
1928
4,788
56.49%
3,626
42.78%
62
0.73%
1924
4,063
47.27%
4,364
50.77%
168
1.95%
1920
4,422
46.16%
4,958
51.76%
199
2.08%
1916
2,138
41.56%
2,779
54.02%
227
4.41%
1912
738
14.77%
2,594
51.90%
1,666
33.33%
1908
2,472
43.50%
3,040
53.49%
171
3.01%
1904
2,633
46.39%
2,806
49.44%
237
4.18%
1900
2,295
43.03%
2,930
54.93%
109
2.04%
1896
2,236
43.22%
2,886
55.79%
51
0.99%
1892
1,932
42.65%
2,329
51.41%
269
5.94%
1888
1,986
44.68%
2,376
53.45%
83
1.87%
Education
Hancock County is served by two library systems, the Fortville-Vernon Township Public Library and Hancock County Public Library.
The county's school districts include:
Eastern Hancock County Community School Corporation
Greenfield-Central Community Schools
Mount Vernon Community School Corporation
Southern Hancock County Community School Corporation
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18301,436—18407,535424.7%18509,69828.7%186012,80232.0%187015,12318.1%188017,12313.2%189017,8294.1%190019,1897.6%191019,030−0.8%192017,210−9.6%193016,605−3.5%194017,3024.2%195020,33217.5%196026,66531.1%197035,09631.6%198043,93925.2%199045,5273.6%200055,39121.7%201070,00226.4%202079,84014.1%2022 (est.)83,0704.0%US Decennial Census1790-1960 1900-19901990-2000 2010-2013
2020 census
As of the 2020 United States Census the population of Hancock County was 79,840.
Hancock County Racial Composition
Race
Num.
Perc.
White (NH)
71,106
89%
Black or African American (NH)
2,346
3%
Native American (NH)
121
0.15%
Asian (NH)
734
0.9%
Pacific Islander (NH)
42
0.05%
Other/Mixed (NH)
3,289
4.1%
Hispanic or Latino
2,202
2.75%
2010 Census
As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 70,002 people, 26,304 households, and 19,792 families in the county. The population density was 228.8 inhabitants per square mile (88.3/km2). There were 28,125 housing units at an average density of 91.9 per square mile (35.5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 95.2% white, 2.1% black or African American, 0.8% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.7% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 26.2% were German, 13.9% were Irish, 11.8% were English, and 11.8% were American.
Of the 26,304 households, 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.0% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 24.8% were non-families, and 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age was 39.1 years.
The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $69,734. Males had a median income of $53,565 versus $38,042 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,017. About 5.9% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.
Cities and towns
Cumberland (extends into Marion County)
Fortville
Greenfield
McCordsville
New Palestine
Shirley (extends into Henry County)
Spring Lake
Wilkinson
Townships
Blue River
Brandywine
Brown
Buck Creek
Center
Green
Jackson
Sugar Creek
Vernon
Unincorporated communities
Carrollton
Charlottesville (extends into Rush County)
Cleveland
Eden
Finly (also known as Carrollton)
Gem
Maxwell
Milners Corner
Mohawk
Mount Comfort
Nashville
Philadelphia
Pleasant Acres
Riley
Stringtown
Warrington
Westland
Willow Branch
Woodbury
See also
Daily Reporter, daily newspaper covering Hancock County (published in Greenfield)
Edward E. Moore, Indiana state senator and Los Angeles City Council member
National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Indiana
References
^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Hancock County, Indiana; Hamilton County, Indiana; Hamilton County, Florida; United States". www.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 27, 2022.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
^ "Hancock County IN" (Google Maps - accessed 27 December 2019)
^ "Hancock County IN" (peakbagger.com - accessed 27 December 2019)
^ a b "Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
^ De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle (1875). An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. Indiana: R. S. Peale & co. pp. 561.
^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 148.
^ a b "Monthly Averages for Greenfield IN". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
^ a b Indiana Code. "Title 36, Article 2, Section 3". IN.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
^ a b c d Indiana Code. "Title 2, Article 10, Section 2" (PDF). IN.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
^ "Indiana Senate Districts". State of Indiana. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
^ "Indiana House Districts". State of Indiana. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
^ Leip, David. "Atlas of US Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved May 17, 2018.
^ "Indiana public library directory" (PDF). Indiana State Library. Retrieved March 7, 2018.
^ ""2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Hancock County, IN" (PDF)" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2022.
^ "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 4, 2024.
^ "US Decennial Census". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
^ "Hancock County QuickFacts". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved September 17, 2011.
^ a b "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Hancock County, Indiana".
^ a b c "Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 13, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
^ "Selected Social Characteristics in the US – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
^ "Selected Economic Characteristics – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.
External links
Hancock County Official Website
Places adjacent to Hancock County, Indiana
Hamilton County
Madison County
Marion County
Hancock County, Indiana
Henry County
Shelby County
Rush County
vteMunicipalities and communities of Hancock County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: GreenfieldCity
Greenfield
Map of Indiana highlighting Hancock CountyTowns
Cumberland‡
Fortville
McCordsville
New Palestine
Shirley‡
Spring Lake
Wilkinson
Townships
Blue River
Brandywine
Brown
Buck Creek
Center
Green
Jackson
Sugar Creek
Vernon
CDPs
Carrollton‡
Charlottesville
Eden
Maxwell
Philadelphia
Warrington
Willow Branch
Othercommunities
Cleveland
Finly
Gem
Milners Corner
Mohawk
Mount Comfort
Nashville
Pleasant Acres
Riley
Stringtown
Westland
Woodbury
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Indiana portal
United States portal
vteIndianapolis metropolitan areaPrincipal cities
Indianapolis (balance)
Carmel
Greenwood
Anderson
Municipalities withpopulation over 20,000(in 2020)
Avon
Brownsburg
Fishers
Franklin
Greenfield
Lawrence
Noblesville
Plainfield
Shelbyville
Westfield
Zionsville
Municipalities withpopulation of 20,000–1,000(in 2020)
Alexandria
Arcadia
Bargersville
Beech Grove
Brooklyn
Chesterfield‡
Cicero
Clermont
Cumberland
Danville
Edgewood
Edinburgh‡
Elwood
Fortville
Frankton
Greencastle
Ingalls
Lapel
Lebanon
Martinsville
McCordsville
Meridian Hills
Monrovia
Mooresville
Morgantown
Morristown
Nashville
New Palestine
New Whiteland
Pendleton
Pittsboro
Prince's Lakes
Sheridan
Southport
Speedway
Thorntown
Tipton
Trafalgar
Warren Park
Whiteland
Whitestown
Municipalities withpopulation under 1,000(in 2020)
Advance
Amo
Atlanta
Bethany
Clayton
Coatesville
Country Club Heights
Crows Nest
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Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in counties outside of the MSA
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39°49′N 85°46′W / 39.82°N 85.77°W / 39.82; -85.77
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NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmel,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Statistical Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_metropolitan_area"}],"text":"County in Indiana, United StatesCounty in IndianaHancock County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. The 2020 United States Census recorded a population of 79,840.[1] The county seat is Greenfield.[2]Hancock County is included in the Indianapolis-Carmel-Anderson, IN Metropolitan Statistical Area","title":"Hancock County, Indiana"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC-5"}],"text":"The terrain of Hancock County is low rolling hills, sloping to the south and southwest, carved by drainages. All available area is devoted to agriculture or urban development.[3] The highest point is a small prominence in NW Shirley, at 1,040 ft (320 m) ASL.[4]\nAccording to the 2010 census, the county has a total area of 307.02 square miles (795.2 km2), of which 306.02 square miles (792.6 km2) (or 99.67%) is land and 1.01 square miles (2.6 km2) (or 0.33%) is water.[5]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Henry County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Rush County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Shelby County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Marion County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Hamilton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_County,_Indiana"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Madison County - north\nHenry County - east\nRush County - southeast\nShelby County - south\nMarion County - west\nHamilton County - northwest","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-70.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 70","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_70_(Indiana)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_36.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 36","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_36_(Indiana)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_40.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_40_(Indiana)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_52.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 52","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_52_in_Indiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiana_9.svg"},{"link_name":"State Road 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiana_13.svg"},{"link_name":"State Road 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiana_67.svg"},{"link_name":"State Road 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_67"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiana_109.svg"},{"link_name":"State Road 109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_109"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiana_234.svg"},{"link_name":"State Road 234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_234"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indiana_238.svg"},{"link_name":"State Road 238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_State_Road_238"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"Interstate 70\n U.S. Route 36\n U.S. Route 40\n U.S. Route 52\n State Road 9\n State Road 13\n State Road 67\n State Road 109\n State Road 234\n State Road 238","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis Regional Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Regional_Airport"}],"sub_title":"Airport","text":"KMQJ - Indianapolis Regional Airport","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1818 Treaty with the Delaware Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Mary%27s_(1818)#New_Purchase_Tract"},{"link_name":"Madison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"John Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"Declaration of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Indiana was admitted as a state to the United States on 11 December 1816, although much of its territory was still disputed or held by native peoples at that time. These indigenous claims were quickly reduced and removed by various treaties. The 1818 Treaty with the Delaware Indians brought most of central Indiana into state control, and Madison County was organized on a portion of that area. The lower portion of Madison County was quickly settled, and by the late 1820s the inhabitants were petitioning for a separate county government. Accordingly, a portion of the county was partitioned on 1 March 1828, to form Hancock County. Greenfield was named as the county seat on 11 April. The county name recognized John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress, who had signed his name prominently to the Declaration of Independence in 1776.[6][7] The county has retained its original borders since its 1828 creation.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WX-8"}],"text":"In recent years, average temperatures in Greenfield have ranged from a low of 17 °F (−8 °C) in January to a high of 85 °F (29 °C) in July, although a record low of −29 °F (−34 °C) was recorded in January 1985 and a record high of 103 °F (39 °C) was recorded in June 1988. Average monthly precipitation ranged from 2.37 inches (60 mm) in February to 4.85 inches (123 mm) in July.[8]","title":"Climate and weather"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Code"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inc3623-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inc2102-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inc3623-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inc2102-10"},{"link_name":"small claims court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_claims_court"},{"link_name":"circuit court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_court"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inc2102-10"},{"link_name":"sheriff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheriff"},{"link_name":"coroner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroner"},{"link_name":"auditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor"},{"link_name":"treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasurer"},{"link_name":"recorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorder_of_deeds"},{"link_name":"surveyor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surveying"},{"link_name":"court clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_clerk"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inc2102-10"},{"link_name":"Indiana's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Indiana Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Senate"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Indiana House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"See also: Government of IndianaThe county government is a constitutional body, and is granted specific powers by the Constitution of Indiana, and by the Indiana Code.County Council: The legislative branch of the county government; controls the county's spending and revenue collection. Representatives are elected from county districts. The council members serve staggered four-year terms. They are responsible for setting salaries, the annual budget, and special spending. The council also has limited authority to impose local taxes, in the form of an income and property tax that is subject to state level approval, excise taxes, and service taxes.[9][10]Board of Commissioners: The executive body of the county. The commissioners are elected county-wide, in staggered four-year terms. One commissioner serves as president. The commissioners carry out the acts legislated by the council, collecting revenue, and managing the day-to-day functions of the county government.[9][10]Court: The county maintains a small claims court that can handle some civil cases. The judge on the court is elected to a term of four years and must be a member of the Indiana Bar Association. The judge is assisted by a constable who is also elected to a four-year term. In some cases, court decisions can be appealed to the state level circuit court.[10]County Officials: The county has several other elected offices, including sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor, and circuit court clerk. They are elected to four-year terms. Members elected to county government positions are required to declare party affiliations and to be residents of the county.[10]Hancock County is part of Indiana's 5th congressional district; Indiana Senate district 28;[11] and Indiana House of Representatives districts 29 and 53.[12]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Greenfield-Central Community Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield-Central_Community_School_Corporation"}],"text":"Hancock County is served by two library systems, the Fortville-Vernon Township Public Library and Hancock County Public Library.[14]The county's school districts include:[15]Eastern Hancock County Community School Corporation\nGreenfield-Central Community Schools\nMount Vernon Community School Corporation\nSouthern Hancock County Community School Corporation","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2020 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hancock2020USCN-22"}],"sub_title":"2020 census","text":"As of the 2020 United States Census the population of Hancock County was 79,840.[22]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DP-23"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DC-5"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DP-23"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_people"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DP-23"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"2010 Census","text":"As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 70,002 people, 26,304 households, and 19,792 families in the county.[23] The population density was 228.8 inhabitants per square mile (88.3/km2). There were 28,125 housing units at an average density of 91.9 per square mile (35.5/km2).[5] The racial makeup of the county was 95.2% white, 2.1% black or African American, 0.8% Asian, 0.2% American Indian, 0.4% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 1.7% of the population.[23] In terms of ancestry, 26.2% were German, 13.9% were Irish, 11.8% were English, and 11.8% were American.[24]Of the 26,304 households, 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.0% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, 24.8% were non-families, and 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age was 39.1 years.[23]The median income for a household in the county was $47,697 and the median income for a family was $69,734. Males had a median income of $53,565 versus $38,042 for females. The per capita income for the county was $28,017. About 5.9% of families and 7.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.0% of those under age 18 and 5.2% of those age 65 or over.[25]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumberland,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Fortville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"McCordsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCordsville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"New Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Palestine,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Spring Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Lake,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Wilkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkinson,_Indiana"}],"text":"Cumberland (extends into Marion County)\nFortville\nGreenfield\nMcCordsville\nNew Palestine\nShirley (extends into Henry County)\nSpring Lake\nWilkinson","title":"Cities and towns"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blue River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_River_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Brandywine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandywine_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Buck Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Creek_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Sugar Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar_Creek_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Township,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"}],"text":"Blue River\nBrandywine\nBrown\nBuck Creek\nCenter\nGreen\nJackson\nSugar Creek\nVernon","title":"Townships"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Charlottesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlottesville,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Eden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Finly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finly,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Gem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gem,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Milners Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milners_Corner,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Mohawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Mount Comfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Comfort,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Pleasant Acres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasant_Acres,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riley,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Stringtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stringtown,_Hancock_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Warrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warrington,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Westland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westland,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Willow Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willow_Branch,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury,_Indiana"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Carrollton\nCharlottesville (extends into Rush County)\nCleveland\nEden\nFinly (also known as Carrollton)\nGem\nMaxwell\nMilners Corner\nMohawk\nMount Comfort\nNashville\nPhiladelphia\nPleasant Acres\nRiley\nStringtown\nWarrington\nWestland\nWillow Branch\nWoodbury","title":"Townships"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Indiana highlighting Hancock County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Hancock_County.svg/49px-Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Hancock_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Daily Reporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Reporter_(Greenfield)"},{"title":"Edward E. Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_E._Moore"},{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hancock County, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hancock_County,_Indiana"}] | [{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Hancock County, Indiana; Hamilton County, Indiana; Hamilton County, Florida; United States\". www.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/hancockcountyindiana,hamiltoncountyindiana,hamiltoncountyflorida,US/PST045221","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Hancock County, Indiana; Hamilton County, Indiana; Hamilton County, Florida; United States\""}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County\". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved July 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212200928/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18059","url_text":"\"Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US18059","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"De Witt Clinton Goodrich & Charles Richard Tuttle (1875). An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana. Indiana: R. S. Peale & co. pp. 561.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anillustratedhi02tuttgoog","url_text":"An Illustrated History of the State of Indiana"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anillustratedhi02tuttgoog/page/n566","url_text":"561"}]},{"reference":"Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. p. 148.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_9V1IAAAAMAAJ/page/n147","url_text":"148"}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Averages for Greenfield IN\". The Weather Channel. Retrieved January 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USIN0252","url_text":"\"Monthly Averages for Greenfield IN\""}]},{"reference":"Indiana Code. \"Title 36, Article 2, Section 3\". IN.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_Code","url_text":"Indiana Code"},{"url":"http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title36/ar2/ch3.html","url_text":"\"Title 36, Article 2, Section 3\""}]},{"reference":"Indiana Code. \"Title 2, Article 10, Section 2\" (PDF). IN.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/title3/ar10/ch2.pdf","url_text":"\"Title 2, Article 10, Section 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana Senate Districts\". State of Indiana. Retrieved July 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/3006.htm","url_text":"\"Indiana Senate Districts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana House Districts\". State of Indiana. Retrieved July 14, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.in.gov/sos/elections/3005.htm","url_text":"\"Indiana House Districts\""}]},{"reference":"Leip, David. \"Atlas of US Presidential Elections\". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved May 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Atlas of US Presidential Elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Indiana public library directory\" (PDF). Indiana State Library. Retrieved March 7, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.in.gov/library/files/countyindex13.pdf","url_text":"\"Indiana public library directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Hancock County, IN\" (PDF)\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 25, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/DC2020/PL20/st18_in/schooldistrict_maps/c18059_hancock/DC20SD_C18059.pdf","url_text":"\"\"2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Hancock County, IN\" (PDF)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved February 4, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-counties-total.html","url_text":"\"Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Decennial Census\". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"US Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved July 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 10, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/in190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. 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Retrieved July 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200213010454/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18059","url_text":"\"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_DP/DPDP1/0500000US18059","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Selected Social Characteristics in the US – 2006-2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates\". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 14, 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_III,_Count_of_Gorizia | Engelbert III, Count of Gorizia | ["1 References","2 Sources","3 External links"] | Engelbert III, Count of GoriziaCoat of arms of the Albertine line of the Meinhardiner dynasty, the Counts of Gorizia, in the Ingeram Codex, 1459Died1220Noble familyMeinhardinerSpouse(s)MatildaMatilda of AndechsIssueMeinhard IFatherEngelbert II, Count of GoriziaMotherAdelaide of Scheyen-Dachau-Valley
Engelbert III, Count of Gorizia (died 1220) was a member of the Meinhardiner dynasty. He ruled the County of Gorizia from 1191 until his death.
Engelbert's father was Engelbert II, Count Palatine of Carinthia and Count of Gorizia. His mother was Adelaide, the daughter of Count Otto I of Wittelsbach. In 1191, Engelbert III inherited the County of Gorizia jointly with his brother Meinhard II. During his reign, Engelbert acquired the title of Vogt of Aquileia. He also acted as bailiff of Millstatt.
In 1183, he married a noble lady named Matilda, Countess of Pisino. In 1190, he remarried, to Matilda of Andechs, the daughter of Margrave Berthold I of Istria. The latter Matilda was the mother of his successor Meinhard III.
References
^ a b Lyon 2013, p. 182.
Sources
Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Cornell University Press.
External links
Genealogy of the Middle Ages
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Italian People
Deutsche Biographie
Engelbert III, Count of Gorizia Meinhardiner Died: 1220
Preceded byEngelbert II
Count of Gorizia 1191–1220 With: Meinhard II
Succeeded byMeinhard III
This article about a German count is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Austrian history article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meinhardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhardiner"},{"link_name":"County of Gorizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Engelbert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_II,_Count_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Count_of_Scheyern-Dachau-Valley"},{"link_name":"Wittelsbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wittelsbach"},{"link_name":"Meinhard II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhard_II,_Count_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogt"},{"link_name":"Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Millstatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millstatt"},{"link_name":"Pisino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisino"},{"link_name":"Matilda of Andechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_of_Andechs"},{"link_name":"Berthold I of Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_I_of_Istria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon2013182-1"},{"link_name":"Meinhard III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhard_I,_Count_of_Gorizia-Tyrol"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyon2013182-1"}],"text":"Engelbert III, Count of Gorizia (died 1220) was a member of the Meinhardiner dynasty. He ruled the County of Gorizia from 1191 until his death.Engelbert's father was Engelbert II, Count Palatine of Carinthia and Count of Gorizia. His mother was Adelaide, the daughter of Count Otto I of Wittelsbach. In 1191, Engelbert III inherited the County of Gorizia jointly with his brother Meinhard II. During his reign, Engelbert acquired the title of Vogt of Aquileia. He also acted as bailiff of Millstatt.In 1183, he married a noble lady named Matilda, Countess of Pisino. In 1190, he remarried, to Matilda of Andechs, the daughter of Margrave Berthold I of Istria.[1] The latter Matilda was the mother of his successor Meinhard III.[1]","title":"Engelbert III, Count of Gorizia"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Cornell University Press.","title":"Sources"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Lyon, Jonathan R. (2013). Princely Brothers and Sisters: The Sibling Bond in German Politics, 1100–1250. Cornell University Press.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.manfred-hiebl.de/genealogie-mittelalter/meinhardiner/engelbert_3_graf_von_goerz_+_1220.html","external_links_name":"Genealogy of the Middle Ages"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/81189285","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/136925901","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/engelberto_res-b3ccd7db-87ec-11dc-8e9d-0016357eee51_(Dizionario-Biografico)","external_links_name":"Italian People"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd136925901.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_III,_Count_of_Gorizia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Engelbert_III,_Count_of_Gorizia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Kaliningrad_Oblast | Ushakovo | ["1 Amur Oblast","2 Republic of Bashkortostan","3 Belgorod Oblast","4 Ivanovo Oblast","5 Kaliningrad Oblast","6 Kaluga Oblast","7 Kemerovo Oblast","8 Kirov Oblast","9 Kostroma Oblast","10 Kurgan Oblast","11 Kursk Oblast","12 Leningrad Oblast","13 Mari El Republic","14 Moscow Oblast","15 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","16 Novgorod Oblast","17 Omsk Oblast","18 Oryol Oblast","19 Pskov Oblast","20 Ryazan Oblast","21 Smolensk Oblast","22 Tula Oblast","23 Tver Oblast","24 Tyumen Oblast","25 Vladimir Oblast","26 Vologda Oblast","27 Yaroslavl Oblast"] | Ushakovo (Russian: Ушаково) is the name of several rural localities in Russia.
Amur Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Amur Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Amur Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Rural Settlement of Shimanovsky District
Republic of Bashkortostan
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Republic of Bashkortostan bears this name:
Ushakovo, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Nikolayevsky Selsoviet of Ufimsky District
Belgorod Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Belgorod Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Belgorod Oblast, a selo in Korochansky District
Ivanovo Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Ivanovo Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Rodnikovsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Rodnikovsky District
Ushakovo, Teykovsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Teykovsky District
Kaliningrad Oblast
As of 2012, four rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Chernyakhovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Svobodnensky Rural Okrug of Chernyakhovsky District
Ushakovo, Nizovsky Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Nizovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District
Ushakovo, Novomoskovsky Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Novomoskovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District
Ushakovo, Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of District Significance of Ozyorsk in Ozyorsky District
Kaluga Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Kaluga Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Maloyaroslavetsky District
Kemerovo Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Kemerovo Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Kemerovo Oblast, a village in Kalinkinskaya Rural Territory of Promyshlennovsky District; 54°56′N 85°51′E / 54.933°N 85.850°E / 54.933; 85.850
Kirov Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Kirov Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Kiknursky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Vashtrangsky Rural Okrug of Kiknursky District; 57°22′N 47°6′E / 57.367°N 47.100°E / 57.367; 47.100
Ushakovo, Luzsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Lalsk Urban-Type Settlement in Luzsky District; 60°38′N 47°50′E / 60.633°N 47.833°E / 60.633; 47.833
Ushakovo, Verkhnekamsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Loynsky Rural Okrug of Verkhnekamsky District; 59°56′N 52°28′E / 59.933°N 52.467°E / 59.933; 52.467
Kostroma Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Buysky District, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Tsentralnoye Settlement of Buysky District; 58°42′N 41°54′E / 58.700°N 41.900°E / 58.700; 41.900
Ushakovo, Nerekhtsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Volzhskoye Settlement of Nerekhtsky District; 57°32′N 40°55′E / 57.533°N 40.917°E / 57.533; 40.917
Ushakovo, Oktyabrsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Pokrovskoye Settlement of Oktyabrsky District; 58°57′N 47°2′E / 58.950°N 47.033°E / 58.950; 47.033
Kurgan Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Kurgan Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Peschansky Selsoviet of Shchuchansky District
Kursk Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Kursk Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, a village in Bolshezhirovsky Selsoviet of Fatezhsky District
Ushakovo, Kursky District, Kursk Oblast, a village in Shchetinsky Selsoviet of Kursky District
Leningrad Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Leningrad Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Leningrad Oblast, a village in Shugozerskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Tikhvinsky District
Mari El Republic
As of 2012, one rural locality in the Mari El Republic bears this name:
Ushakovo, Mari El Republic, a village in Karakshinsky Rural Okrug of Orshansky District
Moscow Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Moscow Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Moscow Oblast, a village in Osheykinskoye Rural Settlement of Lotoshinsky District
Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Aleshkovsky Selsoviet, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Aleshkovsky Selsoviet of Bogorodsky District
Ushakovo, Kamensky Selsoviet, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Kamensky Selsoviet of Bogorodsky District
Ushakovo, Gaginsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Selsoviet of Gaginsky District
Novgorod Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Novgorod Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Borovichsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Travkovskoye Settlement of Borovichsky District
Ushakovo, Lyubytinsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the Settlement of Nebolchskoye in Lyubytinsky District
Omsk Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Omsk Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Omsk Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Rural Okrug of Muromtsevsky District
Oryol Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Oryol Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Selsoviet of Kolpnyansky District
Pskov Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Pskov Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Pskov Oblast, a village in Nevelsky District
Ryazan Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Ryazan Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Ryazan Oblast, a selo in Sobchakovsky Rural Okrug of Spassky District
Smolensk Oblast
As of 2012, two rural localities in Smolensk Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Dorogobuzhsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Ushakovskoye Rural Settlement of Dorogobuzhsky District
Ushakovo, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Rozhdestvenskoye Rural Settlement of Yelninsky District
Tula Oblast
As of 2012, three rural localities in Tula Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Uzlovsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Lyutoricheskaya Rural Administration of Uzlovsky District
Ushakovo, Yasnogorsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Znamenskaya Rural Territory of Yasnogorsky District
Ushakovo, Yefremovsky District, Tula Oblast, a selo in Shkilevsky Rural Okrug of Yefremovsky District
Tver Oblast
As of 2012, five rural localities in Tver Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Bezhetsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Shishkovskoye Rural Settlement of Bezhetsky District
Ushakovo, Staritsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Stepurinskoye Rural Settlement of Staritsky District
Ushakovo, Torzhoksky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Budovskoye Rural Settlement of Torzhoksky District
Ushakovo, Udomelsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Brusovskoye Rural Settlement of Udomelsky District
Ushakovo, Vesyegonsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Proninskoye Rural Settlement of Vesyegonsky District
Tyumen Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Tyumen Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Tyumen Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Rural Okrug of Vagaysky District
Vladimir Oblast
As of 2012, one rural locality in Vladimir Oblast bears this name:
Ushakovo, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Sudogodsky District
Vologda Oblast
As of 2012, seven rural localities in Vologda Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Chagodoshchensky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Pervomaysky Selsoviet of Chagodoshchensky District
Ushakovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Anokhinsky Selsoviet of Gryazovetsky District
Ushakovo, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Kichmengsky Selsoviet of Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District
Ushakovo, Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Botanovsky Selsoviet of Mezhdurechensky District
Ushakovo, Ust-Kubinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Filisovsky Selsoviet of Ust-Kubinsky District
Ushakovo, Ivanovsky Selsoviet, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Ivanovsky Selsoviet of Vashkinsky District
Ushakovo, Piksimovsky Selsoviet, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Piksimovsky Selsoviet of Vashkinsky District
Yaroslavl Oblast
As of 2012, nine rural localities in Yaroslavl Oblast bear this name:
Ushakovo, Bolsheselsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Bolsheselsky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky District
Ushakovo, Nekouzsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Stanilovsky Rural Okrug of Nekouzsky District
Ushakovo, Pervomaysky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Semenovsky Rural Okrug of Pervomaysky District
Ushakovo, Rostovsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Novo-Nikolsky Rural Okrug of Rostovsky District
Ushakovo, Rybinsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Arefinsky Rural Okrug of Rybinsky District
Ushakovo, Tutayevsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Borisoglebsky Rural Okrug of Tutayevsky District
Ushakovo, Uglichsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Ninorovsky Rural Okrug of Uglichsky District
Ushakovo, Lyutovsky Rural Okrug, Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Lyutovsky Rural Okrug of Yaroslavsky District
Ushakovo, Tochishchensky Rural Okrug, Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a selo in Tochishchensky Rural Okrug of Yaroslavsky District
Index of articles associated with the same name
This article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ushakovo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amur Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amur_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Amur Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Amur_Oblast"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Shimanovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimanovsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Amur Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Amur Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Rural Settlement of Shimanovsky District","title":"Amur Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic of Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Republic of Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Republic_of_Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Ufimsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufimsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in the Republic of Bashkortostan bears this name:Ushakovo, Republic of Bashkortostan, a village in Nikolayevsky Selsoviet of Ufimsky District","title":"Republic of Bashkortostan"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Belgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Belgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Korochansky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korochansky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Belgorod Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Belgorod Oblast, a selo in Korochansky District","title":"Belgorod Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ivanovo Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanovo_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Rodnikovsky District, Ivanovo Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Rodnikovsky_District,_Ivanovo_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Rodnikovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodnikovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Teykovsky District, Ivanovo Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Teykovsky_District,_Ivanovo_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teykovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teykovsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, two rural localities in Ivanovo Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Rodnikovsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Rodnikovsky District\nUshakovo, Teykovsky District, Ivanovo Oblast, a village in Teykovsky District","title":"Ivanovo Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Chernyakhovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Chernyakhovsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chernyakhovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernyakhovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Nizovsky Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Nizovsky_Rural_Okrug,_Guryevsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guryevsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guryevsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Novomoskovsky Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Novomoskovsky_Rural_Okrug,_Guryevsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Ozyorsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Town of District Significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_of_district_significance"},{"link_name":"Ozyorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozyorsk,_Kaliningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ozyorsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozyorsky_District,_Kaliningrad_Oblast"}],"text":"As of 2012, four rural localities in Kaliningrad Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Chernyakhovsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Svobodnensky Rural Okrug of Chernyakhovsky District\nUshakovo, Nizovsky Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Nizovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District\nUshakovo, Novomoskovsky Rural Okrug, Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement in Novomoskovsky Rural Okrug of Guryevsky District\nUshakovo, Ozyorsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, a settlement under the administrative jurisdiction of the Town of District Significance of Ozyorsk in Ozyorsky District","title":"Kaliningrad Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaluga Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluga_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Kaluga Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Kaluga_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Maloyaroslavetsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloyaroslavetsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Kaluga Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Kaluga Oblast, a village in Maloyaroslavetsky District","title":"Kaluga Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kemerovo Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemerovo_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Kemerovo Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Kemerovo_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Promyshlennovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promyshlennovsky_District"},{"link_name":"54°56′N 85°51′E / 54.933°N 85.850°E / 54.933; 85.850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ushakovo¶ms=54_56_N_85_51_E_"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Kemerovo Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Kemerovo Oblast, a village in Kalinkinskaya Rural Territory of Promyshlennovsky District; 54°56′N 85°51′E / 54.933°N 85.850°E / 54.933; 85.850","title":"Kemerovo Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kirov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Kiknursky District, Kirov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Kiknursky_District,_Kirov_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Kiknursky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiknursky_District"},{"link_name":"57°22′N 47°6′E / 57.367°N 47.100°E / 57.367; 47.100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ushakovo¶ms=57_22_N_47_6_E_"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Luzsky District, Kirov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Luzsky_District,_Kirov_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lalsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalsk"},{"link_name":"Urban-Type Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"Luzsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzsky_District"},{"link_name":"60°38′N 47°50′E / 60.633°N 47.833°E / 60.633; 47.833","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ushakovo¶ms=60_38_N_47_50_E_"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Verkhnekamsky District, Kirov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Verkhnekamsky_District,_Kirov_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Verkhnekamsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhnekamsky_District"},{"link_name":"59°56′N 52°28′E / 59.933°N 52.467°E / 59.933; 52.467","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ushakovo¶ms=59_56_N_52_28_E_"}],"text":"As of 2012, three rural localities in Kirov Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Kiknursky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Vashtrangsky Rural Okrug of Kiknursky District; 57°22′N 47°6′E / 57.367°N 47.100°E / 57.367; 47.100\nUshakovo, Luzsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Lalsk Urban-Type Settlement in Luzsky District; 60°38′N 47°50′E / 60.633°N 47.833°E / 60.633; 47.833\nUshakovo, Verkhnekamsky District, Kirov Oblast, a village in Loynsky Rural Okrug of Verkhnekamsky District; 59°56′N 52°28′E / 59.933°N 52.467°E / 59.933; 52.467","title":"Kirov Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kostroma Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostroma_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Buysky District, Kostroma Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Buysky_District,_Kostroma_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Buysky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buysky_District"},{"link_name":"58°42′N 41°54′E / 58.700°N 41.900°E / 58.700; 41.900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ushakovo¶ms=58_42_N_41_54_E_"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Nerekhtsky District, Kostroma Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Nerekhtsky_District,_Kostroma_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nerekhtsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerekhtsky_District"},{"link_name":"57°32′N 40°55′E / 57.533°N 40.917°E / 57.533; 40.917","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ushakovo¶ms=57_32_N_40_55_E_"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Oktyabrsky District, Kostroma Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Oktyabrsky_District,_Kostroma_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Oktyabrsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oktyabrsky_District,_Kostroma_Oblast"},{"link_name":"58°57′N 47°2′E / 58.950°N 47.033°E / 58.950; 47.033","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ushakovo¶ms=58_57_N_47_2_E_"}],"text":"As of 2012, three rural localities in Kostroma Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Buysky District, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Tsentralnoye Settlement of Buysky District; 58°42′N 41°54′E / 58.700°N 41.900°E / 58.700; 41.900\nUshakovo, Nerekhtsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a selo in Volzhskoye Settlement of Nerekhtsky District; 57°32′N 40°55′E / 57.533°N 40.917°E / 57.533; 40.917\nUshakovo, Oktyabrsky District, Kostroma Oblast, a village in Pokrovskoye Settlement of Oktyabrsky District; 58°57′N 47°2′E / 58.950°N 47.033°E / 58.950; 47.033","title":"Kostroma Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kurgan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Kurgan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Kurgan_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Shchuchansky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shchuchansky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Kurgan Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Kurgan Oblast, a village in Peschansky Selsoviet of Shchuchansky District","title":"Kurgan Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kursk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Fatezhsky_District,_Kursk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Fatezhsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatezhsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Kursky District, Kursk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Kursky_District,_Kursk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kursky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursky_District,_Kursk_Oblast"}],"text":"As of 2012, two rural localities in Kursk Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Fatezhsky District, Kursk Oblast, a village in Bolshezhirovsky Selsoviet of Fatezhsky District\nUshakovo, Kursky District, Kursk Oblast, a village in Shchetinsky Selsoviet of Kursky District","title":"Kursk Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Leningrad Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Leningrad_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Tikhvinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhvinsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Leningrad Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Leningrad Oblast, a village in Shugozerskoye Settlement Municipal Formation of Tikhvinsky District","title":"Leningrad Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mari El Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari_El_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Mari El Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Mari_El_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Orshansky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orshansky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in the Mari El Republic bears this name:Ushakovo, Mari El Republic, a village in Karakshinsky Rural Okrug of Orshansky District","title":"Mari El Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moscow Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Moscow Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Moscow_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Lotoshinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotoshinsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Moscow Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Moscow Oblast, a village in Osheykinskoye Rural Settlement of Lotoshinsky District","title":"Moscow Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Aleshkovsky Selsoviet, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Aleshkovsky_Selsoviet,_Bogorodsky_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Bogorodsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogorodsky_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Kamensky Selsoviet, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Kamensky_Selsoviet,_Bogorodsky_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Gaginsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Gaginsky_District,_Nizhny_Novgorod_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Gaginsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaginsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, three rural localities in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Aleshkovsky Selsoviet, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Aleshkovsky Selsoviet of Bogorodsky District\nUshakovo, Kamensky Selsoviet, Bogorodsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Kamensky Selsoviet of Bogorodsky District\nUshakovo, Gaginsky District, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Selsoviet of Gaginsky District","title":"Nizhny Novgorod Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novgorod_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Borovichsky District, Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Borovichsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Borovichsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borovichsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Lyubytinsky District, Novgorod Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Lyubytinsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban-type_settlement#Administrative_divisions"},{"link_name":"Nebolchskoye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebolchi"},{"link_name":"Lyubytinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyubytinsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, two rural localities in Novgorod Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Borovichsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a village in Travkovskoye Settlement of Borovichsky District\nUshakovo, Lyubytinsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of the Settlement of Nebolchskoye in Lyubytinsky District","title":"Novgorod Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Omsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omsk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Omsk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Omsk_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Muromtsevsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muromtsevsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Omsk Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Omsk Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Rural Okrug of Muromtsevsky District","title":"Omsk Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oryol Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryol_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Oryol Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Oryol_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Kolpnyansky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolpnyansky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Oryol Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Oryol Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Selsoviet of Kolpnyansky District","title":"Oryol Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pskov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pskov_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Pskov Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Pskov_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Nevelsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevelsky_District,_Pskov_Oblast"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Pskov Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Pskov Oblast, a village in Nevelsky District","title":"Pskov Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ryazan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryazan_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Ryazan Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Ryazan_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Spassky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spassky_District,_Ryazan_Oblast"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Ryazan Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Ryazan Oblast, a selo in Sobchakovsky Rural Okrug of Spassky District","title":"Ryazan Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Smolensk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smolensk_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Dorogobuzhsky District, Smolensk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Dorogobuzhsky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Dorogobuzhsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorogobuzhsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Yelninsky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yelninsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yelninsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, two rural localities in Smolensk Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Dorogobuzhsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Ushakovskoye Rural Settlement of Dorogobuzhsky District\nUshakovo, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast, a village in Rozhdestvenskoye Rural Settlement of Yelninsky District","title":"Smolensk Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tula Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Uzlovsky District, Tula Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Uzlovsky_District,_Tula_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Uzlovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzlovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Yasnogorsky District, Tula Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Yasnogorsky_District,_Tula_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yasnogorsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasnogorsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Yefremovsky District, Tula Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Yefremovsky_District,_Tula_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Yefremovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yefremovsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, three rural localities in Tula Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Uzlovsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Lyutoricheskaya Rural Administration of Uzlovsky District\nUshakovo, Yasnogorsky District, Tula Oblast, a village in Znamenskaya Rural Territory of Yasnogorsky District\nUshakovo, Yefremovsky District, Tula Oblast, a selo in Shkilevsky Rural Okrug of Yefremovsky District","title":"Tula Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tver Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tver_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Bezhetsky District, Tver Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Bezhetsky_District,_Tver_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Bezhetsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezhetsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Staritsky District, Tver Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Staritsky_District,_Tver_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Staritsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staritsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Torzhoksky District, Tver Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Torzhoksky_District,_Tver_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Torzhoksky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torzhoksky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Udomelsky District, Tver Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Udomelsky_District,_Tver_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Udomelsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udomelsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Vesyegonsky District, Tver Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Vesyegonsky_District,_Tver_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vesyegonsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesyegonsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, five rural localities in Tver Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Bezhetsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Shishkovskoye Rural Settlement of Bezhetsky District\nUshakovo, Staritsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Stepurinskoye Rural Settlement of Staritsky District\nUshakovo, Torzhoksky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Budovskoye Rural Settlement of Torzhoksky District\nUshakovo, Udomelsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Brusovskoye Rural Settlement of Udomelsky District\nUshakovo, Vesyegonsky District, Tver Oblast, a village in Proninskoye Rural Settlement of Vesyegonsky District","title":"Tver Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tyumen Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyumen_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Tyumen Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Tyumen_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Vagaysky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagaysky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Tyumen Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Tyumen Oblast, a selo in Ushakovsky Rural Okrug of Vagaysky District","title":"Tyumen Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vladimir Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Vladimir Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Vladimir_Oblast"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Sudogodsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudogodsky_District"}],"text":"As of 2012, one rural locality in Vladimir Oblast bears this name:Ushakovo, Vladimir Oblast, a village in Sudogodsky District","title":"Vladimir Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Chagodoshchensky District, Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Chagodoshchensky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Chagodoshchensky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagodoshchensky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Gryazovetsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gryazovetsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryazovetsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District, Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Mezhdurechensky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Mezhdurechensky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezhdurechensky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Ust-Kubinsky District, Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Ust-Kubinsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ust-Kubinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ust-Kubinsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Ivanovsky Selsoviet, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Ivanovsky_Selsoviet,_Vashkinsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Vashkinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashkinsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Piksimovsky Selsoviet, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushakovo,_Piksimovsky_Selsoviet,_Vashkinsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"}],"text":"As of 2012, seven rural localities in Vologda Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Chagodoshchensky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Pervomaysky Selsoviet of Chagodoshchensky District\nUshakovo, Gryazovetsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Anokhinsky Selsoviet of Gryazovetsky District\nUshakovo, Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Kichmengsky Selsoviet of Kichmengsko-Gorodetsky District\nUshakovo, Mezhdurechensky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Botanovsky Selsoviet of Mezhdurechensky District\nUshakovo, Ust-Kubinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Filisovsky Selsoviet of Ust-Kubinsky District\nUshakovo, Ivanovsky Selsoviet, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Ivanovsky Selsoviet of Vashkinsky District\nUshakovo, Piksimovsky Selsoviet, Vashkinsky District, Vologda Oblast, a village in Piksimovsky Selsoviet of Vashkinsky District","title":"Vologda Oblast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Bolsheselsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Bolsheselsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Bolsheselsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolsheselsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Nekouzsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Nekouzsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nekouzsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekouzsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Pervomaysky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Pervomaysky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pervomaysky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervomaysky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Rostovsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Rostovsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rostovsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rostovsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Rybinsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Rybinsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rybinsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rybinsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Tutayevsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Tutayevsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tutayevsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutayevsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Uglichsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Uglichsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uglichsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglichsky_District"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Lyutovsky Rural Okrug, Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Lyutovsky_Rural_Okrug,_Yaroslavsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yaroslavsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaroslavsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast"},{"link_name":"Ushakovo, Tochishchensky Rural Okrug, Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ushakovo,_Tochishchensky_Rural_Okrug,_Yaroslavsky_District,_Yaroslavl_Oblast&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DAB_list_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Set_index_articles"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Ushakovo&namespace=0"}],"text":"As of 2012, nine rural localities in Yaroslavl Oblast bear this name:Ushakovo, Bolsheselsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Bolsheselsky Rural Okrug of Bolsheselsky District\nUshakovo, Nekouzsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Stanilovsky Rural Okrug of Nekouzsky District\nUshakovo, Pervomaysky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Semenovsky Rural Okrug of Pervomaysky District\nUshakovo, Rostovsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Novo-Nikolsky Rural Okrug of Rostovsky District\nUshakovo, Rybinsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Arefinsky Rural Okrug of Rybinsky District\nUshakovo, Tutayevsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Borisoglebsky Rural Okrug of Tutayevsky District\nUshakovo, Uglichsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Ninorovsky Rural Okrug of Uglichsky District\nUshakovo, Lyutovsky Rural Okrug, Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a village in Lyutovsky Rural Okrug of Yaroslavsky District\nUshakovo, Tochishchensky Rural Okrug, Yaroslavsky District, Yaroslavl Oblast, a selo in Tochishchensky Rural Okrug of Yaroslavsky DistrictIndex of articles associated with the same name\nThis article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Joseph_Academy_(Boston,_Massachusetts) | Saint Joseph Preparatory High School | ["1 Notable alumni","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 42°21′8″N 71°8′38″W / 42.35222°N 71.14389°W / 42.35222; -71.14389Private school in Brighton, Massachusetts, United StatesMount Saint Joseph Academy (Boston, Massachusetts)Mount Saint Joseph Academy (Boston, Massachusetts)Address617 Cambridge StreetBrighton, Massachusetts 02134United StatesCoordinates42°21′8″N 71°8′38″W / 42.35222°N 71.14389°W / 42.35222; -71.14389InformationTypePrivateReligious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished2012Closed2023Head of schoolKathleen McCarvill and Eugene WardGrades9–12GenderCoeducationalAverage class size18Color(s)Maroon and Navy Blue Athletics conferenceCatholic ConferenceMascotThe PhoenixTeam nameThe PhoenixAccreditationNew England Association of Schools and CollegesAffiliationSisters of Saint Joseph of BostonWebsitewww.saintjosephprep.org
Saint Joseph Preparatory High School, formerly the Mount Saint Joseph Academy, was a Catholic college-preparatory high school founded in 2012 in Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts. Its opening followed the 2012 closings of Mount Saint Joseph Academy and Trinity Catholic High School. The school occupied Mount Saint Joseph Academy's former campus, and both institutions were named in honor of Saint Joseph.
Saint Joseph Prep was accredited by the New England Association of Secondary Schools and Colleges. In 2022, the school was ranked as the best Catholic high school in Massachusetts by Niche.com.
In February 2023, the school announced it would close at the end of the academic year.
Notable alumni
Maura Hennigan, former Boston City Councilor
Frances Sweeney (1908-1944), anti-fascist activist and journalist
References
^ NEASC-CIS. "NEASC-Commission on Independent Schools". Archived from the original on 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2009-07-28.
^ "Accreditation & Memberships - Saint Joseph Prep Boston". www.saintjosephprep.org. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
^ "Brighton's St. Joseph Prep ranks in Top 10 Best Catholic High Schools". www.thebostonpilot.com. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
^ "Parents, students 'devastated' over closing of Saint Joseph Prep School in Brighton - CBS Boston". www.cbsnews.com. 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-09-09.
External links
Official website
vteRoman Catholic Archdiocese of BostonOrdinaries
Bishops
Jean-Louis Lefebvre de Cheverus
Benedict Joseph Fenwick
John Bernard Fitzpatrick
Archbishops
John Joseph Williams
William Henry O'Connell
Richard Cushing
Humberto Sousa Medeiros
Bernard Francis Law
Seán Patrick O'Malley
Auxiliary bishops
Cristiano Borro Barbosa
Robert Francis Hennessey
Mark William O'Connell
Robert Philip Reed
Peter J. Uglietto
Emeriti bishops
John Anthony Dooher
Arthur L. Kennedy
Deceased
Joseph Gaudentius Anderson
Thomas Francis Markham
Emilio S. Allué
Francis Xavier Irwin
Walter James Edyvean
Churches
List
List of churches in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston
Cathedral
Cathedral of the Holy Cross
Basilicas and shrines
Basilica and Shrine of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, Boston
St. Anthony Shrine, Boston
St. Clement Eucharistic Shrine, Boston
Our Lady of Good Voyage, the Seaport Shrine
Parishes
Holy Name, West Roxbury
Holy Trinity, Lowell
Our Lady of Czestochowa, Boston
Our Lady of Good Voyage, Gloucester
Our Lady Help of Christians, Newton
Sacred Heart, Cambridge
St. Albert the Great, Weymouth
St. Charles Borromeo, Waltham
St. John the Baptist, Salem
St. John the Evangelist, Cambridge
St. Joseph, Boston
St. Leonard, Boston
St. Mary, Dedham (History)
St. Mary, Milton
St. Mary, Newton
St. Mary, Waltham
St. Mary, Winchester
St. Mary – St. Catherine of Siena, Charlestown
St. Paul, Cambridge
St. Stanislaus Bishop & Martyr, Chelsea
St. Susanna, Dedham
Former parishes
Holy Cross, Boston
Our Lady of Mount Carmel, East Boston
St. Aidan, Brookline
St. Catherine of Sienna, Charlestown
St. Joseph, Roxbury
St. Mary, Charlestown
St. Stephen, Boston
Education
Seminaries
Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary
St. John's Seminary
Colleges
Boston College
Emmanuel College
Labouré College
Marian Court College
Merrimack College
Regis College
St. John's Seminary
High schools
Academy of Notre Dame, Tyngsboro
Arlington Catholic High School, Arlington
Austin Preparatory School, Reading
Bishop Fenwick High School, Peabody
Boston College High School, Dorchester
Cathedral High School, Boston
Catholic Memorial School, West Roxbury
Central Catholic High School, Lawrence
Cristo Rey Boston High School, Dorchester
Fontbonne Academy, Milton
Lowell Catholic High School, Lowell
Malden Catholic High School, Malden
Newton Country Day School, Newton
Notre Dame Academy, Hingham
Notre Dame High School, Lawrence
St. John's Preparatory School, Danvers
St. Mary's High School, Lynn
Saint Sebastian's School, Needham
Ursuline Academy, Dedham
Xaverian Brothers High School, Westwood
Closed
Cambridge Matignon School, Cambridge
Don Bosco Technical High School, Boston
Elizabeth Seton Academy, Boston
Hudson Catholic High School, Hudson
Marian High School, Framingham
Mount Alvernia High School, Newton
Nazareth Academy, Wakefield
Pope John XXIII High School, Everett
Presentation of Mary Academy, Methuen
Sacred Heart High School, Kingston
Saint Clement High School, Medford
Saint Joseph Preparatory High School, Boston
St. Dominic Savio Preparatory High School, Boston
Trinity Catholic High School, Newton
Former
Archbishop Williams High School, Braintree
Cardinal Spellman High School, Brockton
Priests
John P. Brennan
Charles A. Finn
Gerald Fitzgerald
John Geoghan
George Kerr
Philip King
Mimie Pitaro
Patrick O'Beirne
Dennis J. O'Donovan
Paul Fitzpatrick Russell
Paul Shanley
Henry A. Walsh
Other
The Pilot (archdiocese newspaper)
CatholicTV
Regina Cleri
Catholic Archdiocese of Boston sex abuse scandal
United States portal
Catholicism portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton,_Boston"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Private school in Brighton, Massachusetts, United StatesSaint Joseph Preparatory High School, formerly the Mount Saint Joseph Academy, was a Catholic college-preparatory high school founded in 2012 in Brighton, Boston, Massachusetts. Its opening followed the 2012 closings of Mount Saint Joseph Academy and Trinity Catholic High School. The school occupied Mount Saint Joseph Academy's former campus, and both institutions were named in honor of Saint Joseph.Saint Joseph Prep was accredited by the New England Association of Secondary Schools and Colleges.[2] In 2022, the school was ranked as the best Catholic high school in Massachusetts by Niche.com.[3]In February 2023, the school announced it would close at the end of the academic year.[4]","title":"Saint Joseph Preparatory High School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maura Hennigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Hennigan"},{"link_name":"Frances Sweeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Sweeney"}],"text":"Maura Hennigan, former Boston City Councilor\nFrances Sweeney (1908-1944), anti-fascist activist and journalist","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston.svg/80px-Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Boston.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"NEASC-CIS. \"NEASC-Commission on Independent Schools\". Archived from the original on 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2009-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080624122506/http://cis.neasc.org/cis_directory_of_schools","url_text":"\"NEASC-Commission on Independent Schools\""},{"url":"http://cis.neasc.org/cis_directory_of_schools","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Accreditation & Memberships - Saint Joseph Prep Boston\". www.saintjosephprep.org. Retrieved 2023-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saintjosephprep.org/about-sjp/accreditation-memberships","url_text":"\"Accreditation & Memberships - Saint Joseph Prep Boston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brighton's St. Joseph Prep ranks in Top 10 Best Catholic High Schools\". www.thebostonpilot.com. Retrieved 2023-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.asp?ID=193304","url_text":"\"Brighton's St. Joseph Prep ranks in Top 10 Best Catholic High Schools\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parents, students 'devastated' over closing of Saint Joseph Prep School in Brighton - CBS Boston\". www.cbsnews.com. 2023-02-13. Retrieved 2023-09-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/parents-students-devastated-closing-saint-joseph-prep-school-brighton/","url_text":"\"Parents, students 'devastated' over closing of Saint Joseph Prep School in Brighton - CBS Boston\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Joseph_Preparatory_High_School¶ms=42_21_8_N_71_8_38_W_type:edu_region:US-MA","external_links_name":"42°21′8″N 71°8′38″W / 42.35222°N 71.14389°W / 42.35222; -71.14389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Saint_Joseph_Preparatory_High_School¶ms=42_21_8_N_71_8_38_W_type:edu_region:US-MA","external_links_name":"42°21′8″N 71°8′38″W / 42.35222°N 71.14389°W / 42.35222; -71.14389"},{"Link":"http://www.saintjosephprep.org/","external_links_name":"www.saintjosephprep.org"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080624122506/http://cis.neasc.org/cis_directory_of_schools","external_links_name":"\"NEASC-Commission on Independent Schools\""},{"Link":"http://cis.neasc.org/cis_directory_of_schools","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.saintjosephprep.org/about-sjp/accreditation-memberships","external_links_name":"\"Accreditation & Memberships - Saint Joseph Prep Boston\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebostonpilot.com/article.asp?ID=193304","external_links_name":"\"Brighton's St. Joseph Prep ranks in Top 10 Best Catholic High Schools\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/boston/news/parents-students-devastated-closing-saint-joseph-prep-school-brighton/","external_links_name":"\"Parents, students 'devastated' over closing of Saint Joseph Prep School in Brighton - CBS Boston\""},{"Link":"http://www.saintjosephprep.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kije,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship | Kije, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 50°36′25″N 20°34′15″E / 50.60694°N 20.57083°E / 50.60694; 20.57083For other places with the same name, see Kije.
Village in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, PolandKijeVillageChurch of Saints Peter and Paul
Coat of armsKijeCoordinates: 50°36′25″N 20°34′15″E / 50.60694°N 20.57083°E / 50.60694; 20.57083Country PolandVoivodeshipŚwiętokrzyskieCountyPińczówGminaKijeWebsitewww.kije.pl
Kije is a village in Pińczów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kije. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Pińczów and 31 km (19 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kije, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship.
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina KijeSeat
Kije
Other villages
Borczyn
Czechów
Gartatowice
Gołuchów
Górki
Hajdaszek
Janów
Kliszów
Kokot
Lipnik
Rębów
Samostrzałów
Stawiany
Umianowice
Wierzbica
Włoszczowice
Wola Żydowska
Wymysłów
Żydówek
This Pińczów County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kije_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈkijɛ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Pińczów County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w_County"},{"link_name":"Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"gmina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina"},{"link_name":"Gmina Kije","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Kije"},{"link_name":"Pińczów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C5%84cz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Kielce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Kije.Village in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, PolandKije [ˈkijɛ] is a village in Pińczów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Kije. It lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) north of Pińczów and 31 km (19 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.[1]","title":"Kije, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kije,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship¶ms=50_36_25_N_20_34_15_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"50°36′25″N 20°34′15″E / 50.60694°N 20.57083°E / 50.60694; 20.57083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kije,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship¶ms=50_36_25_N_20_34_15_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"50°36′25″N 20°34′15″E / 50.60694°N 20.57083°E / 50.60694; 20.57083"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kije,_%C5%9Awi%C4%99tokrzyskie_Voivodeship&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennik,_Z%C5%82otoryja_County | Brennik, Złotoryja County | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 51°10′14″N 15°58′53″E / 51.17056°N 15.98139°E / 51.17056; 15.98139For other places with the same name, see Brennik.
Village in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandBrennikVillageBrennikCoordinates: 51°10′14″N 15°58′53″E / 51.17056°N 15.98139°E / 51.17056; 15.98139Country PolandVoivodeshipLower SilesianCountyZłotoryjaGminaGmina Złotoryja
Brennik is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotoryja, within Złotoryja County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland. It was located in Germany prior to 1945.
It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Złotoryja, and 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.The village is in the north-east province of Wrocław, on the border with the Lower Silesian District that became part of Poland. It is home to about 35,000 people.
History
Brennicki's history goes back to the 16th century; according to historical sources, Brennicki occupied as many as 6 villages before it became part of the German state after the creation of the German empire by Otto Von Bismarck
References
^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.
vteGmina ZłotoryjaVillages
Brennik
Ernestynów
Gierałtowiec
Jerzmanice-Zdrój
Kopacz
Kozów
Łaźniki
Leszczyna
Lubiatów
Nowa Wieś Złotoryjska
Podolany
Prusice
Pyskowice
Rokitnica
Rzymówka
Sępów
Wilków
Wyskok
Wysocko
Seat (not part of the gmina)
Złotoryja
This Złotoryja County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brennik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennik_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[ˈbrɛnnik]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Gmina Złotoryja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Z%C5%82otoryja"},{"link_name":"Złotoryja County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82otoryja_County"},{"link_name":"Lower Silesian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Silesian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Złotoryja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82otoryja"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"}],"text":"For other places with the same name, see Brennik.Village in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, PolandBrennik [ˈbrɛnnik] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Złotoryja, within Złotoryja County, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in southwestern Poland.[1] It was located in Germany prior to 1945.It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Złotoryja, and 75 kilometres (47 mi) west of the regional capital Wrocław.The village is in the north-east province of Wrocław, on the border with the Lower Silesian District that became part of Poland. It is home to about 35,000 people.","title":"Brennik, Złotoryja County"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_empire"},{"link_name":"Otto Von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Von_Bismarck"}],"text":"Brennicki's history goes back to the 16th century; according to historical sources, Brennicki occupied as many as 6 villages before it became part of the German state after the creation of the German empire by Otto Von Bismarck","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brennik,_Z%C5%82otoryja_County¶ms=51_10_14_N_15_58_53_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"51°10′14″N 15°58′53″E / 51.17056°N 15.98139°E / 51.17056; 15.98139"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brennik,_Z%C5%82otoryja_County¶ms=51_10_14_N_15_58_53_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"51°10′14″N 15°58′53″E / 51.17056°N 15.98139°E / 51.17056; 15.98139"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brennik,_Z%C5%82otoryja_County&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranfurly,_Renfrewshire | Ranfurly, Renfrewshire | ["1 History","1.1 Ranfurly Castle","1.2 Victorian settlement","2 Governance","3 Religion","4 See also","5 References"] | Coordinates: 55°50′56″N 4°35′06″W / 55.849°N 4.585°W / 55.849; -4.585
Human settlement in ScotlandRanfurlyScottish Gaelic: Rann FeòirlingCastle Terrace, the former Ranfurly Hotel, from the ChurchyardRanfurlyLocation within RenfrewshireOS grid referenceNS391647Civil parishKilbarchanCouncil areaRenfrewshireLieutenancy areaRenfrewshireCountryScotlandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townBRIDGE OF WEIRPostcode districtPA11Dialling code01505PoliceScotlandFireScottishAmbulanceScottish
UK ParliamentPaisley and Renfrewshire NorthScottish ParliamentRenfrewshire North and West
List of places
UK
Scotland
55°50′56″N 4°35′06″W / 55.849°N 4.585°W / 55.849; -4.585
Ranfurly (Scottish Gaelic: Rann Feòirling) is a small settlement on the southern edge of the village of Bridge of Weir, which lies within the Gryffe Valley in the council area and historic county of Renfrewshire in the West-Central Lowlands of Scotland.
Ranfurly derives its name from the 15th century Ranfurly Castle situated there. The area became a dormitory settlement of residential housing in the Victorian Era. Today Ranfurly is a conservation area.
History
Ranfurly Castle
Ranfurly Castle was constructed around 1440 by the Knox family who, in the 19th century, took the title of Earl of Ranfurly in the Peerage of Ireland. The building was three stories high and the remains of the Castle are located in the grounds of the Old Course Ranfurly Golf Club. In 1665 it was sold to the Cochrane Earls of Dundonald, later it was sold to the Hamiltons of Holmhead, then to the Aitkenheads.
Victorian settlement
The settlement of Ranfurly originated primarily in the 1880s to 1910s, with quality stone-built houses and some fine villas in the higher land above the village following the expansion of the area and the arrival of the railway in Bridge of Weir in 1864.
Significant in the area was the Ranfurly Hotel which was built in 1882 in the Scots Baronial style, designed by architect Robert Raeburn for the Bonar family of Ranfurly estate and an extension designed by James Miller. It was closed as a hotel prior to the First World War and seen a number of uses since.
The Eastwing of Castle Terrace was severely damaged in a fire during the 1990’s and demolished in the mid 90’s.
The rest of Castle Terrace was refurbished, which included seven flats and seven shops.
The luxury flats were refurbished to a high standard, including designer kitchens, Jacuzzi baths, pine-lined sauna, mod cons and private parking.
Governance
Ranfurly is part of Bridge of Weir for local government purposes, which is in turn part of the council area of Renfrewshire, as well the historic county of Renfrewshire which has wider boundaries and retains some official functions, for example as a registration county and lieutenancy area.
For elections to Renfrewshire Council, Bridge of Weir is part of ward 10, named 'Bishopton, Bridge of Weir and Langbank', which elects three of Renfrewshire's forty three councillors. T
Bridge of Weir is also one of Renfrewshire's twenty-seven community council areas, which represents the Ranfurly area. Historically, Bridge of Weir was split between the civil parishes of Houston and Kilellan and Kilbarchan, with Ranfurly falling into the latter.
Religion
The former Ranfurly Church merged with St Machar's Church, also in the area, to form the Ranfurly St Machar Church in 1968 within the Church of Scotland. The latter church building, constructed in 1878 in the Gothic Revival style, is now used by the joint congregation. The former Ranfurly Church has been converted into private residences.
St Machar's, and later St Machar's Ranfurly, has been the historical parish church of Bridge of Weir since the area's elevation to a quoad sacra parish in 1887.
See also
Bridge of Weir
References
^ a b "Renfrewshire Council Website - Ranfurly Conservation Area". Renfrewshire Council. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ "Renfrewshire 2005 | Scottish Castles Association". www.scottishcastlesassociation.com.
^ "Bridge of Weir, Castle Terrace". British listed buildings.
^ "Renfrewshire Community Website - Ranfurly Hotel, Bridge of Weir". Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
^ "Renfrewshire Council Website - Wards". Renfrewshire Council. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ "Renfrewshire Community Website - Community Councils". Renfrewshire Council. Retrieved 30 July 2016.
^ "St Machars Ranfurly Church |". www.stmacharsranfurlychurch.org.uk.
^ "St Machar's Ranfurly". Archived from the original on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2010.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ranfurly, Renfrewshire. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Weir"},{"link_name":"Gryffe Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryffe_Valley"},{"link_name":"council area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"historic county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"dormitory settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitory_town"},{"link_name":"Victorian Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Era"},{"link_name":"conservation area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conservation-1"}],"text":"Human settlement in ScotlandRanfurly (Scottish Gaelic: Rann Feòirling) is a small settlement on the southern edge of the village of Bridge of Weir, which lies within the Gryffe Valley in the council area and historic county of Renfrewshire in the West-Central Lowlands of Scotland.Ranfurly derives its name from the 15th century Ranfurly Castle situated there. The area became a dormitory settlement of residential housing in the Victorian Era. Today Ranfurly is a conservation area.[1]","title":"Ranfurly, Renfrewshire"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ranfurly Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranfurly_Castle"},{"link_name":"Earl of Ranfurly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Ranfurly"},{"link_name":"Peerage of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Ranfurly Castle","text":"Ranfurly Castle was constructed around 1440 by the Knox family who, in the 19th century, took the title of Earl of Ranfurly in the Peerage of Ireland. The building was three stories high and the remains of the Castle are located in the grounds of the Old Course Ranfurly Golf Club. In 1665 it was sold to the Cochrane Earls of Dundonald, later it was sold to the Hamiltons of Holmhead, then to the Aitkenheads.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conservation-1"},{"link_name":"Scots Baronial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scots_Baronial"},{"link_name":"Robert Raeburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Reid_Raeburn"},{"link_name":"James Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Miller_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Victorian settlement","text":"The settlement of Ranfurly originated primarily in the 1880s to 1910s, with quality stone-built houses and some fine villas in the higher land above the village following the expansion of the area and the arrival of the railway in Bridge of Weir in 1864.[1]Significant in the area was the Ranfurly Hotel which was built in 1882 in the Scots Baronial style, designed by architect Robert Raeburn for the Bonar family of Ranfurly estate and an extension designed by James Miller.[3] It was closed as a hotel prior to the First World War and seen a number of uses since.[4]The Eastwing of Castle Terrace was severely damaged in a fire during the 1990’s and demolished in the mid 90’s. \nThe rest of Castle Terrace was refurbished, which included seven flats and seven shops. \nThe luxury flats were refurbished to a high standard, including designer kitchens, Jacuzzi baths, pine-lined sauna, mod cons and private parking.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"council area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_area"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counties_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"registration county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registration_county"},{"link_name":"lieutenancy area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenancy_area"},{"link_name":"ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Bishopton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishopton,_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"Langbank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langbank"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-councillors-5"},{"link_name":"community council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_council"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-communitycouncils-6"},{"link_name":"civil parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Houston and Kilellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_and_Kilellan"},{"link_name":"Kilbarchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbarchan"}],"text":"Ranfurly is part of Bridge of Weir for local government purposes, which is in turn part of the council area of Renfrewshire, as well the historic county of Renfrewshire which has wider boundaries and retains some official functions, for example as a registration county and lieutenancy area.For elections to Renfrewshire Council, Bridge of Weir is part of ward 10, named 'Bishopton, Bridge of Weir and Langbank', which elects three of Renfrewshire's forty three councillors.[5] TBridge of Weir is also one of Renfrewshire's twenty-seven community council areas, which represents the Ranfurly area.[6] Historically, Bridge of Weir was split between the civil parishes of Houston and Kilellan and Kilbarchan, with Ranfurly falling into the latter.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Gothic Revival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"parish church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"quoad sacra parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoad_sacra_parish"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The former Ranfurly Church merged with St Machar's Church, also in the area, to form the Ranfurly St Machar Church in 1968 within the Church of Scotland. The latter church building, constructed in 1878 in the Gothic Revival style, is now used by the joint congregation. The former Ranfurly Church has been converted into private residences.[7]St Machar's, and later St Machar's Ranfurly, has been the historical parish church of Bridge of Weir since the area's elevation to a quoad sacra parish in 1887.[8]","title":"Religion"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bridge of Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Weir"}] | [{"reference":"\"Renfrewshire Council Website - Ranfurly Conservation Area\". Renfrewshire Council. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/article/2493/Ranfurly-conservation-area","url_text":"\"Renfrewshire Council Website - Ranfurly Conservation Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renfrewshire 2005 | Scottish Castles Association\". www.scottishcastlesassociation.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottishcastlesassociation.com/events/castle-tours/renfrewshire-2005.htm","url_text":"\"Renfrewshire 2005 | Scottish Castles Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bridge of Weir, Castle Terrace\". British listed buildings.","urls":[{"url":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200345911-bridge-of-weir-castle-terrace-and-1-3-odd-nos-prieston-road-kilbarchan#.XXA-EC5KiHs","url_text":"\"Bridge of Weir, Castle Terrace\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renfrewshire Community Website - Ranfurly Hotel, Bridge of Weir\". Archived from the original on 10 March 2010. Retrieved 11 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310095550/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jh-HistoricBuildingsRanfurlyHotel","url_text":"\"Renfrewshire Community Website - Ranfurly Hotel, Bridge of Weir\""},{"url":"http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jh-HistoricBuildingsRanfurlyHotel","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Renfrewshire Council Website - Wards\". Renfrewshire Council. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/article/2670/Ward-10-Bishopton-Bridge-of-Weir-and-Langbank","url_text":"\"Renfrewshire Council Website - Wards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renfrewshire Community Website - Community Councils\". Renfrewshire Council. Retrieved 30 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/article/2404/Community-councils","url_text":"\"Renfrewshire Community Website - Community Councils\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Machars Ranfurly Church |\". www.stmacharsranfurlychurch.org.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stmacharsranfurlychurch.org.uk/html/history.html","url_text":"\"St Machars Ranfurly Church |\""}]},{"reference":"\"St Machar's Ranfurly\". Archived from the original on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090730054327/http://www.bridgeofweir.org/st_machars_ranfurly.html","url_text":"\"St Machar's Ranfurly\""},{"url":"http://www.bridgeofweir.org/st_machars_ranfurly.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ranfurly,_Renfrewshire¶ms=55.849_N_4.585_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"55°50′56″N 4°35′06″W / 55.849°N 4.585°W / 55.849; -4.585"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ranfurly,_Renfrewshire¶ms=55.848552_N_4.571632_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Ranfurly","external_links_name":"NS391647"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ranfurly,_Renfrewshire¶ms=55.849_N_4.585_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"55°50′56″N 4°35′06″W / 55.849°N 4.585°W / 55.849; -4.585"},{"Link":"http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/article/2493/Ranfurly-conservation-area","external_links_name":"\"Renfrewshire Council Website - Ranfurly Conservation Area\""},{"Link":"https://www.scottishcastlesassociation.com/events/castle-tours/renfrewshire-2005.htm","external_links_name":"\"Renfrewshire 2005 | Scottish Castles Association\""},{"Link":"https://britishlistedbuildings.co.uk/200345911-bridge-of-weir-castle-terrace-and-1-3-odd-nos-prieston-road-kilbarchan#.XXA-EC5KiHs","external_links_name":"\"Bridge of Weir, Castle Terrace\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100310095550/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jh-HistoricBuildingsRanfurlyHotel","external_links_name":"\"Renfrewshire Community Website - Ranfurly Hotel, Bridge of Weir\""},{"Link":"http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jh-HistoricBuildingsRanfurlyHotel","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/article/2670/Ward-10-Bishopton-Bridge-of-Weir-and-Langbank","external_links_name":"\"Renfrewshire Council Website - Wards\""},{"Link":"http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/article/2404/Community-councils","external_links_name":"\"Renfrewshire Community Website - Community Councils\""},{"Link":"https://www.stmacharsranfurlychurch.org.uk/html/history.html","external_links_name":"\"St Machars Ranfurly Church |\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090730054327/http://www.bridgeofweir.org/st_machars_ranfurly.html","external_links_name":"\"St Machar's Ranfurly\""},{"Link":"http://www.bridgeofweir.org/st_machars_ranfurly.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Street,_London | Northumberland Street, London | ["1 Location","2 History","2.1 The \"Frightful Encounter in Northumberland Street\"","3 Buildings","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°30′26.82″N 0°7′32.39″W / 51.5074500°N 0.1256639°W / 51.5074500; -0.1256639Not to be confused with Northumberland Street, Marylebone (now known as Luxborough Street).
The Sherlock Holmes pub in Northumberland Street
Northumberland Street is a street in the City of Westminster.
Location
The street runs from Strand in the north to Northumberland Avenue in the south. On its east side it is joined by Corner House Street and Craven Passage. It is part pedestrianised in the section leading off the Strand.
History
Northumberland Street was originally known as Hartshorn Lane. The buildings in that lane were demolished to make way for Northumberland Street in the 1760s.
Dramatist Ben Jonson (c. 1572–1637) spent his youth in Hartshorn Lane and may have been born there.
The "Frightful Encounter in Northumberland Street"
On 12 July 1861, workmen saw a terribly wounded man, Major Murray, emerging from 16 Northumberland Street, crying "murder". They went upstairs and found a solicitor's office covered in blood. Another severely wounded man, Mr. Roberts, was crouched on the floor surrounded by evidence of a terrible fight: pools of blood, broken wine bottles, pistols, and overturned furniture. Roberts died of his wounds; Murray survived. His version of events was that he had been lured into the rooms under false pretences, and that Roberts had tried to kill him, and they had fought. He claimed to have no idea why he was attacked. However, police established that Roberts had become obsessed with Murray's mistress, and had planned to kill him out of jealousy. At Murray’s trial, the jury deemed his crime "justifiable homicide" because it was self-defence.
Buildings
The Sherlock Holmes public house is located in the south of the street on the corner with Craven Passage.
The Royal Institution of Naval Architects is located at Nos. 8–9.
The offices of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers are at No. 7.
See also
Northumberland House
References
^ Wheatley, Henry B. (1891). London past and present: Its history, associations, and traditions. Vol. I. London: John Murray. Cambridge University Press reprint, 2011. p. 605. ISBN 9781108028066.
^ Williams, George G. Assisted by Marian and Geoffrey Williams. (1973) Guide to Literary London. London: Batsford, p. 76. ISBN 0713401419
^ Betteredge, Gabriel. "Northumberland Street". The Streets of London. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ "Major Murray, having been shot by Mr Roberts in the latter's rooms in London, retaliates by attacking Roberts with a beer bottle". Collections. Wellcome Collection. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
^ "The Royal Institution of Naval Architects -RINA".
^ "Home | NEU".
External links
Media related to Northumberland Street, London at Wikimedia Commons
51°30′26.82″N 0°7′32.39″W / 51.5074500°N 0.1256639°W / 51.5074500; -0.1256639
This London road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northumberland Street, Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Street,_Marylebone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Sherlock_Holmes_2014.jpg"},{"link_name":"City of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Northumberland Street, Marylebone (now known as Luxborough Street).The Sherlock Holmes pub in Northumberland StreetNorthumberland Street is a street in the City of Westminster.","title":"Northumberland Street, London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strand,_London"},{"link_name":"Northumberland Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Craven Passage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craven_Passage"}],"text":"The street runs from Strand in the north to Northumberland Avenue in the south. On its east side it is joined by Corner House Street and Craven Passage. It is part pedestrianised in the section leading off the Strand.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wheatley-1"},{"link_name":"Ben Jonson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Jonson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Will-2"}],"text":"Northumberland Street was originally known as Hartshorn Lane. The buildings in that lane were demolished to make way for Northumberland Street in the 1760s.[1]Dramatist Ben Jonson (c. 1572–1637) spent his youth in Hartshorn Lane and may have been born there.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"The \"Frightful Encounter in Northumberland Street\"","text":"On 12 July 1861, workmen saw a terribly wounded man, Major Murray, emerging from 16 Northumberland Street, crying \"murder\". They went upstairs and found a solicitor's office covered in blood. Another severely wounded man, Mr. Roberts, was crouched on the floor surrounded by evidence of a terrible fight: pools of blood, broken wine bottles, pistols, and overturned furniture. Roberts died of his wounds; Murray survived. His version of events was that he had been lured into the rooms under false pretences, and that Roberts had tried to kill him, and they had fought. He claimed to have no idea why he was attacked. However, police established that Roberts had become obsessed with Murray's mistress, and had planned to kill him out of jealousy. At Murray’s trial, the jury deemed his crime \"justifiable homicide\" because it was self-defence.[3][4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Sherlock Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sherlock_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Royal Institution of Naval Architects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Naval_Architects"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Association of Teachers and Lecturers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Teachers_and_Lecturers"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Sherlock Holmes public house is located in the south of the street on the corner with Craven Passage.The Royal Institution of Naval Architects is located at Nos. 8–9.[5]The offices of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers are at No. 7.[6]","title":"Buildings"}] | [{"image_text":"The Sherlock Holmes pub in Northumberland Street","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/The_Sherlock_Holmes_2014.jpg/220px-The_Sherlock_Holmes_2014.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Northumberland House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_House"}] | [{"reference":"Wheatley, Henry B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No,_Thank_You | No, Thank You | ["1 Synopsis","2 Cast","2.1 Main","2.2 Supporting","3 Episodes","4 Original soundtrack","4.1 Part 1","4.2 Part 2","4.3 Part 3","5 Reception","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | South Korean web series
For the 2022 Little Simz album, see No Thank You (album). For other uses, see No Thank You.
This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (September 2022)
No, Thank YouPromotional posterHangul며느라기
GenreDramaBased onMyeoneuragiby Soo Shin-jiDeveloped byKakao MScreenplay byLee Yoo-jung (season 1)You Song-yee (season 2)Directed byLee Kwang-youngStarringPark Ha-sunKwon YulMoon Hee-kyungNo. of episodes12ProductionExecutive producersMoon Sung-hoLee Young-seokRunning time19–25 minutesProduction companiesSBS MobidicTake 2 Media GroupOriginal releaseNetworkKakaoTVReleaseNovember 21, 2020 (2020-11-21) –February 6, 2021 (2021-02-06)
No, Thank You (Korean: 며느라기; RR: Myeoneuragi) is a South Korean streaming television series starring Park Ha-sun, Kwon Yul and Moon Hee-kyung. Based on the webtoon Myeoneuragi by Soo Shin-ji, it was released through KakaoTV from November 21, 2020 to February 6, 2021.
The second season was premiered on January 8, 2022.
Synopsis
No, Thank You tells the story of Min Sa-rin, a daughter-in-law who tries to live through South Korea's patriarchal society and do what is expected of her from her in-laws.
Cast
Main
Park Ha-sun as Min Sa-rin
Kwon Yul as Mu Gu-young
Moon Hee-kyung as Park Ki-dong
Supporting
Kim Jong-goo as Mu Nam-chun
Jo Wan-ki as Moo Gu-il
Baek Eun-hye as Jung Hye-rin
Choi Yoon-ra as Mu Mi-young
Choi Tae-hwan as Kim Chul-soo
Jin So-yeon as Yeon-soo
Yoon Seul as Hye-ri
Ha Seong-kwang as Mu Nam-hae
Episodes
No.TitleDirected byWritten byOriginal release date1"Would You Like to Receive Your Daughter-in-Law?"Transliteration: "Myeoneulagileul bad-eusigessseubnikka?" (Korean: 며느라기를 받으시겠습니까?)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungNovember 21, 2020 (2020-11-21)
2"Everyone Was Too"Transliteration: "Dadeul neomuhaessda" (Korean: 다들 너무했다)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungNovember 28, 2020 (2020-11-28)
3"A Daughter-in-Law Like a Daughter"Transliteration: "Ttal gat-eun myeoneuli" (Korean: 딸 같은 며느리)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungDecember 5, 2020 (2020-12-05)
4"Can You Help Me With Your Grandfather?"Transliteration: "Nine hal-abeoji jesande dowajundaguyo?" (Korean: 니네 할아버지 제산데 도와준다구요?)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungDecember 12, 2020 (2020-12-12)
5"Can't You Just Stay That Day?"Transliteration: "Geunalman geuleohge iss-eojumyeon an doelkka?" (Korean: 그날만 그렇게 있어주면 안 될까?)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungDecember 19, 2020 (2020-12-19)
6"That's Why I Hate Working with Guys"Transliteration: "Ilaeseo namjadeulhago ilhagiga silh-eo" (Korean: 이래서 남자들하고 일하기가 싫어)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungDecember 26, 2020 (2020-12-26)
7"Spinning Around Again"Transliteration: "Dasi dolgo dolgo dolgo" (Korean: 다시 돌고 돌고 돌고)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungJanuary 2, 2021 (2021-01-02)
8"What Is Chuseok?"Transliteration: "Chuseog-ilan mueos-inga?" (Korean: 추석이란 무엇인가?)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungJanuary 9, 2021 (2021-01-09)
9"People in the House, People Outside the House"Transliteration: "Jib an-ui salam, jib bakk-ui salam" (Korean: 집 안의 사람, 집 밖의 사람)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungJanuary 16, 2021 (2021-01-16)
10"The Sinner Has a Daughter"Transliteration: "Ttal gajin joein" (Korean: 딸 가진 죄인)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungJanuary 23, 2021 (2021-01-23)
11"How Did We Become So Different?"Transliteration: "Eojjeoda uli ileohge dallajyeoss-eulkka?" (Korean: 어쩌다 우리 이렇게 달라졌을까?)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungJanuary 30, 2021 (2021-01-30)
12"Would You Like to Receive Your Daughter-in-Law?"Transliteration: "Myeoneulagileul bad-eusigessseubnikka?" (Korean: 며느라기를 받으시겠습니까?)Lee Kwang-youngLee Yoo-jungFebruary 6, 2021 (2021-02-06)
Original soundtrack
Part 1
Released on December 19, 2020 (2020-12-19)No.TitleArtistLength1."Island" (섬)Sunwoo Jung-a4:362."Island" (Inst.) 4:36Total length:9:12
Part 2
Released on January 2, 2021 (2021-01-02)No.TitleArtistLength1."How Is It?" (어때요)Hello Ga-Young3:022."How Is It?" (Inst.) 3:02Total length:6:04
Part 3
Released on January 16, 2021 (2021-01-16)No.TitleArtistLength1."My Lonely Days" (이렇게 난 오늘을 살아)Yoo Hee3:322."My Lonely Days" (Inst.) 3:32Total length:7:04
Reception
No, Thank You is the first KakaoTV series to rank on Wavve's top-10 drama list.
Notes
^ The term was invented by the webtoon writer to describe the period when a daughter-in-law (myeoneuri) tries to impress her new family: her in-laws.
^ Original song by Vanilla Acoustic.
References
^ "Park Ha-sun, Kwon Yool, Moon Hee-kyung to Star in "The In-Laws"". HanCinema. August 26, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
^ Ahn Byung-gil (December 28, 2021). "하성광 '며느라기2…ing' 캐스팅 확정" . Sports Kyunghyang. Retrieved 28 December 2021.
^ Lim, Jang-won (January 26, 2021). "Kakao TV's 'No, Thank You' rank on Wavve top-10 drama list". The Korea Herald. Retrieved January 27, 2021.
External links
Official website (in Korean)
No, Thank You at HanCinema
vteKakao MArtistsSolo
IU
Zia
Group
Apink
Victon
The Boyz
Weeekly
Just B
ATBO
Labels
IST Entertainment
EDAM Entertainment
BLUEDOT Entertainment
Defunct
E&T Story Entertainment
Partners
AB Entertainment
AOMG
Brand New Music
Brave Entertainment
C-JeS Entertainment
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Kakao M | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No Thank You (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Thank_You_(album)"},{"link_name":"No Thank You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Thank_You_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"RR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"streaming television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streaming_television"},{"link_name":"Park Ha-sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Ha-sun"},{"link_name":"Kwon Yul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwon_Yul_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Moon Hee-kyung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Hee-kyung"},{"link_name":"KakaoTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KakaoTV"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"For the 2022 Little Simz album, see No Thank You (album). For other uses, see No Thank You.No, Thank You (Korean: 며느라기; RR: Myeoneuragi[a]) is a South Korean streaming television series starring Park Ha-sun, Kwon Yul and Moon Hee-kyung. 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HanCinema. August 26, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hancinema.net/park-ha-sun-kwon-yool-moon-hee-kyung-to-star-in-the-in-laws-144530.html","url_text":"\"Park Ha-sun, Kwon Yool, Moon Hee-kyung to Star in \"The In-Laws\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HanCinema","url_text":"HanCinema"}]},{"reference":"Ahn Byung-gil (December 28, 2021). \"하성광 '며느라기2…ing' 캐스팅 확정\" [Ha Seong-kwang's 'Sorryingly 2'... ing' casting confirmed]. Sports Kyunghyang. Retrieved 28 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000783613","url_text":"\"하성광 '며느라기2…ing' 캐스팅 확정\""}]},{"reference":"Lim, Jang-won (January 26, 2021). \"Kakao TV's 'No, Thank You' rank on Wavve top-10 drama list\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved January 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210126000894&np=1&mp=1","url_text":"\"Kakao TV's 'No, Thank You' rank on Wavve top-10 drama list\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hancinema.net/park-ha-sun-kwon-yool-moon-hee-kyung-to-star-in-the-in-laws-144530.html","external_links_name":"\"Park Ha-sun, Kwon Yool, Moon Hee-kyung to Star in \"The In-Laws\"\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=144&aid=0000783613","external_links_name":"\"하성광 '며느라기2…ing' 캐스팅 확정\""},{"Link":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210126000894&np=1&mp=1","external_links_name":"\"Kakao TV's 'No, Thank You' rank on Wavve top-10 drama list\""},{"Link":"http://tv.kakao.com/channel/3688542","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.hancinema.net/korean_drama_The_In-Laws.php","external_links_name":"No, Thank You"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Portal,_California | El Portal, California | ["1 History","2 Community","3 Geography","4 Demographics","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°40′29″N 119°47′03″W / 37.67472°N 119.78417°W / 37.67472; -119.78417
Census-designated place in California, United StatesEl PortalCensus-designated placeThe Old El Portal SchoolhouseLocation in Mariposa County, CaliforniaEl PortalCoordinates: 37°40′29″N 119°47′03″W / 37.67472°N 119.78417°W / 37.67472; -119.78417Country United StatesState CaliforniaCountyMariposaArea • Total1.910 sq mi (4.95 km2) • Land1.864 sq mi (4.83 km2) • Water0.046 sq mi (0.12 km2) 2.41%Elevation1,939 ft (591 m)Population (2020) • Total372 • Density199.6/sq mi (77.1/km2)Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)ZIP Code95318GNIS feature IDsU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: El Portal, CaliforniaU.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: El Portal, CaliforniaFIPS code06-22328
El Portal (Spanish for "The Gateway") is a census-designated place in Mariposa County, California, United States. It is located 11.5 miles (19 km) west-southwest of Yosemite Village, at an elevation of 1,939 feet (591 m). The population was 372 at the 2020 census, down from 474 at the 2010 census.
History
The first post office at El Portal opened in 1907.
Work on a four-story Hotel Del Portal began in the fall of 1907 and was completed in 1908 by a subsidiary corporation of the Yosemite Valley Railroad. The hotel was a four-hour ride from Merced via a railway coach. On October 27, 1917, a fire destroyed the hotel including the Desmond Company's records, which was started by a defective attic flue.
Community
El Portal lies along State Route 140 by the Merced River located on the western boundary of Yosemite National Park. It is partly under the administrative jurisdiction of Yosemite National Park. Community buildings include a post office, community center, and a small school. Town businesses include two hotels, a small general store, and a gas station.
El Portal plays host to a number of outdoor activities.
El Portal was the terminus of the Yosemite Valley Railroad at the entrance to the National Park, and in 1978 Hetch Hetchy Railroad no. 6 was brought to El Portal and added to the National Register of Historic Places. El Portal is Spanish for "the gateway" derived from this fact.
The National Park Service and several park partner organizations have offices in El Portal.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 1.91 square miles (4.9 km2), of which 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2), or 2.41%, are water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
U.S. Decennial Census
The 2010 United States Census reported that El Portal had a population of 474. The population density was 289.1 inhabitants per square mile (111.6/km2). The racial makeup of El Portal was 434 (91.6%) White, 1 (0.2%) African American, 9 (1.9%) Native American, 5 (1.1%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 5 (1.1%) from other races, and 20 (4.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28 persons (5.9%).
The Census reported that 474 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.
There were 230 households, out of which 41 (17.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 84 (36.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 14 (6.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 7 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12 (5.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 93 households (40.4%) were made up of individuals, and 13 (5.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06. There were 105 families (45.7% of all households); the average family size was 2.65.
The population was spread out, with 73 people (15.4%) under the age of 18, 29 people (6.1%) aged 18 to 24, 181 people (38.2%) aged 25 to 44, 156 people (32.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 35 people (7.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.
There were 276 housing units at an average density of 168.3 per square mile (65.0/km2), of which 88 (38.3%) were owner-occupied, and 142 (61.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.1%. 185 people (39.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 289 people (61.0%) lived in rental housing units.
References
^ a b "2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: California". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
^ a b c U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: El Portal, California
^ a b "P1. Race – El Portal CDP, California: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 15, 2022.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: El Portal, California
^ a b c d Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 770. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
^ "Yosemite Valley Road Making Improvements. Work on New Hotel at El Portal, Entrance to the Valley, Is to Be Rushed". The Fresno Morning Republican. Fresno, California. September 7, 1907. p. 3. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
^ "The New Way And The Old". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. June 7, 1908. p. 25. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
^ "Hotel at Yosemite Gateway Destroyed". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California. October 27, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
^ National Park Service (2009-03-13). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - El Portal CDP". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.
External links
El Portal travel guide from Wikivoyage
vteMunicipalities and communities of Mariposa County, California, United StatesCounty seat: MariposaCDPs
Bear Valley
Bootjack
Buck Meadows
Catheys Valley
Crane Creek
Coulterville
El Portal
Fish Camp
Greeley Hill
Hornitos
Lake Don Pedro
Mariposa
Midpines
Mt. Bullion
Wawona
Yosemite Valley
Yosemite West
Mariposa County mapUnincorporatedcommunities
Bagby
Ben Hur
Briceburg
Clearing House
Darrah
Foresta
Hites Cove
Incline
Indian Gulch
Jerseydale
Mormon Bar
Formersettlements
Agua Fria
Chinquapin
Dogtown
Hokokwito
Horseshoe Bend
Kumaini
Macheto
Mount Ophir
Newtown
Notomidula
Quartzburg
Ridleys Ferry
Sakaya
Wiskala
Yosemite Mill
California portal
United States portal
vteYosemite National ParkAttractions
Yosemite Valley
Yosemite Village
Hetch Hetchy
Glacier Point
Badger Pass
Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias
Tuolumne Meadows
Tioga Pass
Wawona Tree
Chilnualna Falls
Valleyattractions
Half Dome
Yosemite Falls
El Capitan
Films: El Capitan, The Dawn Wall, Free Solo, To the Limit
Bridalveil Fall
Happy Isles
Mirror Lake
North Dome
Vernal Fall
Nevada Fall
Little Yosemite Valley
LeConte Lodge
Bracebridge Dinner
Yosemite Firefall
Yosemite Valley Chapel
Hikingtrails
John Muir Trail
Mist Trail
Panorama Trail
McGurk Meadow
Ostrander Lake
Taft Point
Sentinel Dome
Alder Creek
Mariposa Grove
Wapama Falls
Lembert Dome
Rock climbs
Fairview Dome, North Face
Half Dome, Northwest Face
Lost Arrow Spire Chimney
Lost Arrow Spire Tip
Midnight Lightning
Royal Arches Route
Salathé Wall (El Capitan)
Steck-Salathé Route (Sentinel Rock)
Separate Reality
The Nose (El Capitan)
People
John Muir
Stephen T. Mather
Galen Clark
Shelton Johnson
Buffalo Soldiers
Chief Tenaya
Ahwahnechee people
Lodging& camping
Yosemite Lodge at the Falls
The Ahwahnee
Camp Curry
Wawona Hotel
Housekeeping Camp
High Sierra Camps
Camp 4
Natural disasters
1938 Yosemite TWA crash
1996 Yosemite Valley landslide
1997 Merced River flood
2013 Rim Wildfire
2022 Washburn Wildfire
Transportation
Nearby airports
FAT
MPI
MMH
YARTS
Route 140
Route 41
Route 120
Nearbymunicipalities
Foresta
El Portal & Arch Rock Entrance
Yosemite West & Chinquapin
Wawona
Bootjack
Mariposa
Briceburg
Oakhurst
Midpines
Lee Vining
Additionalinformation
History of the Yosemite area
Geology of the Yosemite area
National Register of Historic Places in Yosemite National Park
List of waterfalls
Yosemite Category
California Portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"census-designated place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census-designated_place"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Mariposa County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariposa_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"},{"link_name":"Yosemite Village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Village,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-2"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-3"}],"text":"Census-designated place in California, United StatesEl Portal (Spanish for \"The Gateway\") is a census-designated place[4] in Mariposa County, California, United States.[2] It is located 11.5 miles (19 km) west-southwest of Yosemite Village,[5] at an elevation of 1,939 feet (591 m).[2] The population was 372 at the 2020 census,[3] down from 474 at the 2010 census.","title":"El Portal, California"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-5"},{"link_name":"Hotel Del Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Del_Portal"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Yosemite Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"flue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The first post office at El Portal opened in 1907.[5]Work on a four-story Hotel Del Portal began in the fall of 1907[6] and was completed in 1908 by a subsidiary corporation of the Yosemite Valley Railroad. The hotel was a four-hour ride from Merced via a railway coach.[7] On October 27, 1917, a fire destroyed the hotel including the Desmond Company's records, which was started by a defective attic flue.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"State Route 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_140"},{"link_name":"Merced River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merced_River"},{"link_name":"Yosemite National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Yosemite Valley Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosemite_Valley_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-5"},{"link_name":"Hetch Hetchy Railroad no. 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hetch_Hetchy_Railroad_no._6&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CGN-5"}],"text":"El Portal lies along State Route 140 by the Merced River located on the western boundary of Yosemite National Park. It is partly under the administrative jurisdiction of Yosemite National Park. Community buildings include a post office, community center, and a small school. Town businesses include two hotels, a small general store, and a gas station.El Portal plays host to a number of outdoor activities.El Portal was the terminus of the Yosemite Valley Railroad at the entrance to the National Park,[5] and in 1978 Hetch Hetchy Railroad no. 6 was brought to El Portal and added to the National Register of Historic Places.[9] El Portal is Spanish for \"the gateway\" derived from this fact.[5]The National Park Service and several park partner organizations have offices in El Portal.","title":"Community"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2021-1"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP covers an area of 1.91 square miles (4.9 km2), of which 0.05 square miles (0.13 km2), or 2.41%, are water.[1]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010 United States Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"opposite-sex married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"unmarried opposite-sex partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSSLQ"},{"link_name":"same-sex married couples or partnerships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Same-sex_partnerships"},{"link_name":"families","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(U.S._Census)"}],"text":"The 2010 United States Census[11] reported that El Portal had a population of 474. The population density was 289.1 inhabitants per square mile (111.6/km2). The racial makeup of El Portal was 434 (91.6%) White, 1 (0.2%) African American, 9 (1.9%) Native American, 5 (1.1%) Asian, 0 (0.0%) Pacific Islander, 5 (1.1%) from other races, and 20 (4.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 28 persons (5.9%).The Census reported that 474 people (100% of the population) lived in households, 0 (0%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized.There were 230 households, out of which 41 (17.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 84 (36.5%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 14 (6.1%) had a female householder with no husband present, 7 (3.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12 (5.2%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1 (0.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 93 households (40.4%) were made up of individuals, and 13 (5.7%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06. There were 105 families (45.7% of all households); the average family size was 2.65.The population was spread out, with 73 people (15.4%) under the age of 18, 29 people (6.1%) aged 18 to 24, 181 people (38.2%) aged 25 to 44, 156 people (32.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 35 people (7.4%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39.4 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males.There were 276 housing units at an average density of 168.3 per square mile (65.0/km2), of which 88 (38.3%) were owner-occupied, and 142 (61.7%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.1%. 185 people (39.0% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 289 people (61.0%) lived in rental housing units.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_text":"Mariposa County map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Map_of_California_highlighting_Mariposa_County.svg/87px-Map_of_California_highlighting_Mariposa_County.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Halfdome_glacier_point_aug_2008.jpg/80px-Halfdome_glacier_point_aug_2008.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: California\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_06.txt","url_text":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: California\""}]},{"reference":"\"P1. Race – El Portal CDP, California: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". 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Work on New Hotel at El Portal, Entrance to the Valley, Is to Be Rushed\""}]},{"reference":"\"The New Way And The Old\". Oakland Tribune. Oakland, California. June 7, 1908. p. 25. Retrieved December 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91240620/yosemite-national-park/","url_text":"\"The New Way And The Old\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hotel at Yosemite Gateway Destroyed\". San Francisco Chronicle. San Francisco, California. October 27, 1917. p. 1. Retrieved December 27, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/91240082/hotel-del-portal/","url_text":"\"Hotel at Yosemite Gateway Destroyed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - El Portal CDP\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on July 15, 2014. Retrieved July 12, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20140715024656/http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0622328","url_text":"\"2010 Census Interactive Population Search: CA - El Portal CDP\""},{"url":"http://www.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=06:0622328","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Portal,_California¶ms=37_40_29_N_119_47_03_W_region:US-CA_type:city(372)","external_links_name":"37°40′29″N 119°47′03″W / 37.67472°N 119.78417°W / 37.67472; -119.78417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=El_Portal,_California¶ms=37_40_29_N_119_47_03_W_region:US-CA_type:city(372)","external_links_name":"37°40′29″N 119°47′03″W / 37.67472°N 119.78417°W / 37.67472; -119.78417"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/259813","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: El Portal, California"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2583008","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: El Portal, California"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2021_Gazetteer/2021_gaz_place_06.txt","external_links_name":"\"2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files: California\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/259813","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: El Portal, California"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US0622328&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"P1. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%B6ren,_Alada%C4%9F | Akören, Aladağ | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 37°27′14″N 35°26′45″E / 37.4538°N 35.4458°E / 37.4538; 35.4458Neighbourhood in Aladağ, Adana, TurkeyAkörenNeighbourhoodA view from Yenimahalle zone of AkörenAkörenLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 37°27′14″N 35°26′45″E / 37.4538°N 35.4458°E / 37.4538; 35.4458CountryTurkeyProvinceAdanaDistrictAladağGovernment • MuhtarMuafak YılmazoğluPopulation (2022)906Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Akören is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Aladağ, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 906 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde). Muafak Yılmazoğlu was its muhtar as of 2024.
History
The village is known to have existed in the ancient Roman times. The ruins of this ancient settlement still exists and the village is an officially classified as an archaeological site. The site hosts four surviving churches and avenues. The settlement consists of two separate neighbourhoods, one with around 30 houses called Akören 1 or Göveren, other with around 50 houses called Akören 2. Akören 1 encompasses a Byzantine church at the centre of the village, on which the date 572 is inscribed. This part hosts several historic stones, some of which were used in the extraction of oils. In the northwest of Akören 2 lies another church and a number of inscriptions and a Byzantine graveyard with burial chambers. On one inscription, the date of 170 AD is written.
In 1928, the village was known as "Akevren". By 1946, the name of the village had changed to "Akören".
Geography
The village is located 20 km away from Aladağ and 81 km from the city of Adana. It is located in the Taurus Mountains.
References
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
^ "Law No. 6360". Official Gazette (in Turkish). 6 December 2012.
^ "Classification tables of municipalities and their affiliates and local administrative units" (DOC). Official Gazette (in Turkish). 12 September 2010.
^ "Mahalli İdareler" (in Turkish). Aladağ Kaymakamlığı. Retrieved 23 January 2024.
^ a b c "Müzeler ve Ören Yerleri". Adana Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 16 May 2016. "...ören yerinde ayakta kalmış dört adet kilise, yapı kalıntıları ve caddeler saptanmıştır. Kazılardan elde edilen yazıtların incelenmesinden burasının Roma devrinden beri yayla olarak kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır" / "in the site, four surviving churches, ruins of buildings and avenues have been found. It has been revealed that the settlement has been used since the Roman times upon an examination of inscription found in excavations.
^ Ahmet Ünal, K. Serdar Girginer (2007). "Kilikya-Çukurova". Homer Kitabevi. p. 420.
^ "Akören Antik Kenti". Aladağ Municipality. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
^ Nişanyan, Sevan. "Akören - Index Anatolicus". Retrieved 13 October 2023.
External links
Media related to Akören, Aladağ at Wikimedia Commons
vteNeighbourhoods of Aladağ District
Akören
Akpınar
Başpınar
Boztahta
Büyüksofulu
Ceritler
Darılık
Dayılar
Dölekli
Ebrişim
Eğner
Gerdibi
Gireğiyeniköy
Gökçe
Kabasakal
Karahan
Kıcak
Kışlak
Kızıldam
Kökez
Köprücük
Küp
Madenli
Mansurlu
Mazılık
Posyağbasan
Sinanpaşa
Topallı
Uzunkuyu
Yetimli
Yüksekören | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aladağ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alada%C4%9F,_Adana"},{"link_name":"Adana Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana_Province"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2013 reorganisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Turkish_local_government_reorganisation"},{"link_name":"belde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belde"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"muhtar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhtar_(title)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Neighbourhood in Aladağ, Adana, TurkeyAkören is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Aladağ, Adana Province, Turkey.[1] Its population is 906 (2022).[2] Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).[3][4] Muafak Yılmazoğlu was its muhtar as of 2024.[5]","title":"Akören, Aladağ"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ancient Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kultur-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kultur-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The village is known to have existed in the ancient Roman times.[6][7] The ruins of this ancient settlement still exists and the village is an officially classified as an archaeological site. The site hosts four surviving churches and avenues.[6] The settlement consists of two separate neighbourhoods, one with around 30 houses called Akören 1 or Göveren, other with around 50 houses called Akören 2. Akören 1 encompasses a Byzantine church at the centre of the village, on which the date 572 is inscribed. This part hosts several historic stones, some of which were used in the extraction of oils. In the northwest of Akören 2 lies another church and a number of inscriptions and a Byzantine graveyard with burial chambers. On one inscription, the date of 170 AD is written.[8]In 1928, the village was known as \"Akevren\". By 1946, the name of the village had changed to \"Akören\".[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Adana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adana"},{"link_name":"Taurus Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taurus_Mountains"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kultur-6"}],"text":"The village is located 20 km away from Aladağ and 81 km from the city of Adana. It is located in the Taurus Mountains.[6]","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 22 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]},{"reference":"\"Law No. 6360\". 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Adana Directorate of Culture and Tourism. Retrieved 16 May 2016. \"...ören yerinde ayakta kalmış dört adet kilise, yapı kalıntıları ve caddeler saptanmıştır. Kazılardan elde edilen yazıtların incelenmesinden burasının Roma devrinden beri yayla olarak kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır\" / \"in the site, four surviving churches, ruins of buildings and avenues have been found. It has been revealed that the settlement has been used since the Roman times upon an examination of inscription found in excavations.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adanakultur.gov.tr/TR,60728/muzeler-ve-oren-yerleri.html","url_text":"\"Müzeler ve Ören Yerleri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Akören Antik Kenti\". Aladağ Municipality. Archived from the original on 24 November 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germantown,_Kentucky | Germantown, Kentucky | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Government","5 Notable people","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°39′21″N 83°57′51″W / 38.65583°N 83.96417°W / 38.65583; -83.96417
City in Kentucky, United StatesGermantown, KentuckyCityLocation in Bracken County, Kentucky.Coordinates: 38°39′21″N 83°57′51″W / 38.65583°N 83.96417°W / 38.65583; -83.96417CountryUnited StatesStateKentuckyCountiesBracken, MasonNamed forGerman immigrantsArea • Total0.12 sq mi (0.32 km2) • Land0.12 sq mi (0.32 km2) • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)Elevation948 ft (289 m)Population (2020) • Total146 • Density1,196.72/sq mi (460.41/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code41044Area code606FIPS code21-30718GNIS feature ID2403692
Germantown is a home rule-class city in Bracken and Mason counties in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The population was 146 at the 2020 census.
The Bracken County portion of Germantown is part of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky metropolitan area, while the Mason County portion is part of the Maysville micropolitan area.
History
Germantown was platted in 1794 and named after German immigrants. The city was incorporated by the Virginia state legislature in 1795. A post office called "Germantown" has been in operation since 1817.
Geography
Germantown is located primarily in eastern Bracken County and extends into western Mason County. Kentucky Route 10 passes through the center of town, leading east (via Kentucky Route 9) 13 miles (21 km) to Maysville on the Ohio River, and west 6 miles (10 km) to Brooksville, the Bracken County seat.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Germantown has a total area of 0.12 square miles (0.31 km2), all land. The city sits on a ridge that drains north to Bracken Creek, east to Pommel Creek, south to Two Lick Creek, and southwest to Camp Creek. Bracken Creek is a direct tributary of the Ohio River, joining it at Augusta, while the other three creeks are all tributaries of the North Fork of the Licking River, which flows northwest to join the Ohio River at Covington and Newport.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
180081—181036−55.6%1830118—1850125—186017036.0%187019112.4%1890229—190040777.7%1910287−29.5%1920237−17.4%193028319.4%19403047.4%1950260−14.5%1960251−3.5%197033232.3%19803474.5%1990213−38.6%2000190−10.8%2010154−18.9%2020146−5.2%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 190 people, 81 households, and 55 families residing in the city. The population density was 703.5 inhabitants per square mile (271.6/km2). There were 85 housing units at an average density of 314.7 per square mile (121.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.42% White and 1.58% African American.
There were 81 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.77.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $27,500, and the median income for a family was $32,500. Males had a median income of $20,833 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,973. About 9.7% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 20.4% of those 65 or over.
Government
The government of Germantown is composed of a mayor and four city council members. Council members are elected every two years on even numbered years and the mayor is elected every four years, also on even years. The council member receiving the most votes in the council elections is designated as the vice-mayor.
The city also contains the Germantown Volunteer Fire Department, established in 1927, that operates in Bracken and Mason counties as a fire, rescue, and EMS first responder service.
Notable people
Carl Bouldin, baseball player
Elle Smith, journalist and Miss USA 2021
References
^ a b "2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Kentucky". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Germantown, Kentucky
^ a b "P1. Race – Germantown city, Kentucky: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 5, 2023.
^ Toncray, Marla (March 9, 2012). "History, origins and towns of Bracken County". The Ledger Independent. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2016.
^ Rennick, Robert. Kentucky Place Names, p. 115. "Germantown". University Press of Kentucky (Lexington), 1987. Accessed 26 July 2013.
^ Collins, Lewis (1877). History of Kentucky. p. 547.
^ "Bracken County". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2015.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
External links
Historical Images and Texts of Germantown, Kentucky
History of Germantown
vteMunicipalities and communities of Bracken County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: BrooksvilleCities
Augusta
Brooksville
Germantown‡
Location of Bracken County, KentuckyUnincorporatedcommunities
Asbury
Berlin
Bladeston
Bradford
Bridgeville
Chatham
Cumminsville
Foster
Johnsville
Lenoxburg‡
Milford
Neave
Oakland
Petra
Powersville
Wellsburg
Willow Grove
Woolcott
Ghost towns
Belmont
Parina
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Kentucky portal
United States portal
vteMunicipalities and communities of Mason County, Kentucky, United StatesCounty seat: MaysvilleCities
Dover
Germantown‡
Maysville
Sardis‡
Location of Mason County, KentuckyCDP
Mays Lick
Othercommunities
Fernleaf
Helena
Minerva
Orangeburg
Shannon
Somo
Weedonia
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Kentucky portal
United States portal
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home rule-class city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Kentucky_cities"},{"link_name":"Bracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracken_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason_County,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2020-3"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati/Northern_Kentucky_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Maysville micropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysville_micropolitan_area"}],"text":"City in Kentucky, United StatesGermantown is a home rule-class city in Bracken and Mason counties in the U.S. state of Kentucky. The population was 146 at the 2020 census.[3]The Bracken County portion of Germantown is part of the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky metropolitan area, while the Mason County portion is part of the Maysville micropolitan area.","title":"Germantown, Kentucky"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Virginia state legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_state_legislature"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Germantown was platted in 1794 and named after German immigrants.[4] The city was incorporated by the Virginia state legislature in 1795.[5][6] A post office called \"Germantown\" has been in operation since 1817.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kentucky Route 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_10"},{"link_name":"Kentucky Route 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentucky_Route_9"},{"link_name":"Maysville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maysville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"Brooksville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooksville,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2022-1"},{"link_name":"Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusta,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Licking River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licking_River_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"Covington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covington,_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Newport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport,_Kentucky"}],"text":"Germantown is located primarily in eastern Bracken County and extends into western Mason County. Kentucky Route 10 passes through the center of town, leading east (via Kentucky Route 9) 13 miles (21 km) to Maysville on the Ohio River, and west 6 miles (10 km) to Brooksville, the Bracken County seat.According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Germantown has a total area of 0.12 square miles (0.31 km2), all land.[1] The city sits on a ridge that drains north to Bracken Creek, east to Pommel Creek, south to Two Lick Creek, and southwest to Camp Creek. Bracken Creek is a direct tributary of the Ohio River, joining it at Augusta, while the other three creeks are all tributaries of the North Fork of the Licking River, which flows northwest to join the Ohio River at Covington and Newport.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[9] of 2000, there were 190 people, 81 households, and 55 families residing in the city. The population density was 703.5 inhabitants per square mile (271.6/km2). There were 85 housing units at an average density of 314.7 per square mile (121.5/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 98.42% White and 1.58% African American.There were 81 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.5% were married couples living together, 6.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.9% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.77.In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.6% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 32.1% from 25 to 44, 17.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.1 males.The median income for a household in the city was $27,500, and the median income for a family was $32,500. Males had a median income of $20,833 versus $22,813 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,973. About 9.7% of families and 11.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.7% of those under the age of eighteen and 20.4% of those 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The government of Germantown is composed of a mayor and four city council members. Council members are elected every two years on even numbered years and the mayor is elected every four years, also on even years. The council member receiving the most votes in the council elections is designated as the vice-mayor.The city also contains the Germantown Volunteer Fire Department, established in 1927, that operates in Bracken and Mason counties as a fire, rescue, and EMS first responder service.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carl Bouldin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Bouldin"},{"link_name":"Elle Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Smith"},{"link_name":"Miss USA 2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_USA_2021"}],"text":"Carl Bouldin, baseball player\nElle Smith, journalist and Miss USA 2021","title":"Notable people"}] | [{"image_text":"Location of Bracken County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Bracken_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Bracken_County.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Location of Mason County, Kentucky","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Mason_County.svg/200px-Map_of_Kentucky_highlighting_Mason_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Kentucky\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2022_Gazetteer/2022_gaz_place_21.txt","url_text":"\"2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Kentucky\""}]},{"reference":"\"P1. Race – Germantown city, Kentucky: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 5, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US2130718&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","url_text":"\"P1. Race – Germantown city, Kentucky: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""}]},{"reference":"Toncray, Marla (March 9, 2012). \"History, origins and towns of Bracken County\". The Ledger Independent. Archived from the original on September 4, 2015. Retrieved January 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080603/http://www.maysville-online.com/lifestyles/history-origins-and-towns-of-bracken-county/article_0ab792b7-4097-5215-a839-cfd9348d9f10.html","url_text":"\"History, origins and towns of Bracken County\""},{"url":"http://www.maysville-online.com/lifestyles/history-origins-and-towns-of-bracken-county/article_0ab792b7-4097-5215-a839-cfd9348d9f10.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Lewis (1877). History of Kentucky. p. 547.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F5FQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA547","url_text":"History of Kentucky"}]},{"reference":"\"Bracken County\". Jim Forte Postal History. Archived from the original on July 3, 2011. Retrieved January 11, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110703130521/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=ky&county=Bracken&searchtext=&pagenum=2","url_text":"\"Bracken County\""},{"url":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=KY&county=Bracken&searchtext=&pagenum=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Germantown,_Kentucky¶ms=38_39_21_N_83_57_51_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°39′21″N 83°57′51″W / 38.65583°N 83.96417°W / 38.65583; -83.96417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Germantown,_Kentucky¶ms=38_39_21_N_83_57_51_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"38°39′21″N 83°57′51″W / 38.65583°N 83.96417°W / 38.65583; -83.96417"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2022_Gazetteer/2022_gaz_place_21.txt","external_links_name":"\"2022 U.S. Gazetteer Files: Kentucky\""},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/2403692","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Germantown, Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=&g=1600000US2130718&tid=DECENNIALPL2020.P1","external_links_name":"\"P1. Race – Germantown city, Kentucky: 2020 DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150904080603/http://www.maysville-online.com/lifestyles/history-origins-and-towns-of-bracken-county/article_0ab792b7-4097-5215-a839-cfd9348d9f10.html","external_links_name":"\"History, origins and towns of Bracken County\""},{"Link":"http://www.maysville-online.com/lifestyles/history-origins-and-towns-of-bracken-county/article_0ab792b7-4097-5215-a839-cfd9348d9f10.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"p. 115"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F5FQAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA547","external_links_name":"History of Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110703130521/http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=ky&county=Bracken&searchtext=&pagenum=2","external_links_name":"\"Bracken County\""},{"Link":"http://www.postalhistory.com/postoffices.asp?task=display&state=KY&county=Bracken&searchtext=&pagenum=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://www.nkyviews.com/bracken/bracken_county.htm","external_links_name":"Historical Images and Texts of Germantown, Kentucky"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3Lac2FUSj_oC&dq=cannon+ky&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"History of Germantown"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/139664535","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007565073205171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88187178","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northend,_Buckinghamshire | Northend, Buckinghamshire | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 51°37′35″N 0°56′22″W / 51.6265°N 0.9395°W / 51.6265; -0.9395Not to be confused with North End, Stewkley, Buckinghamshire.
Human settlement in EnglandNorthendNorthendLocation within BuckinghamshireOS grid referenceSU735925Civil parishTurvilleWatlingtonDistrictSouth OxfordshireUnitary authorityBuckinghamshireShire countyOxfordshireCeremonial countyBuckinghamshireRegionSouth EastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townHENLEY-ON-THAMESPostcode districtRG9PoliceThames ValleyFireBuckinghamshireAmbulanceSouth Central
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List of places
UK
England
Buckinghamshire
51°37′35″N 0°56′22″W / 51.6265°N 0.9395°W / 51.6265; -0.9395
Northend is a village that straddles the border of the two English counties of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. The eastern half is in the civil parish of Turville in Buckinghamshire, while the western half is across the border into Oxfordshire, in the Watlington parish.
References
^ "Residents in village that has run out of water furious as they can't flush toilets". The Independent. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
^ "Oxford village first in Britain without water: residents are now relying on bottled water deliveries". thisisoxfordshire. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
^ "'This is the future': the Oxfordshire village living without running water". the Guardian. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.
vteSouth Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire
County Council elections
District Council elections
Henley County Constituency
Wantage County Constituency
Towns
Didcot
Henley-on-Thames
Thame (Moreton)
Wallingford
Watlington (Christmas Common, Northend)
Large villages
Benson (Preston Crowmarsh)
Berinsfield
Brightwell-cum-Sotwell (Brightwell, Mackney, Sotwell)
Chalgrove
Chinnor (Emmington, Henton, Oakley)
Cholsey (Winterbrook)
Crowmarsh (Crowmarsh Gifford, North Stoke, Mongewell, Newnham Murren)
Ewelme
Garsington
Goring-on-Thames
Great Milton
Horspath (Bullingdon Green)
Sandford-on-Thames
Shiplake (Lower Shiplake)
Sonning Common
Wheatley (Littleworth)
Woodcote
Other civil parishes(component villagesand hamlets)
Adwell
Aston Rowant
Aston Tirrold
Aston Upthorpe
Beckley and Stowood (Beckley, Stowood)
Berrick Salome (Berrick Prior, Roke, Rokemarsh)
Binfield Heath
Bix and Assendon (Bix, Bix Bottom, Lower Assendon, Middle Assendon)
Brightwell Baldwin
Britwell Salome
Checkendon
Clifton Hampden (Burcot)
Crowell
Cuddesdon and Denton (Cuddesdon, Denton)
Culham
Cuxham with Easington (Cuxham, Easington)
Dorchester
Drayton St. Leonard
East Hagbourne (Coscote)
Elsfield
Eye and Dunsden (Sonning Eye, Dunsden Green, Playhatch)
Forest Hill with Shotover (Forest Hill, Shotover)
Goring Heath (Whitchurch Hill, Cray's Pond)
Great Haseley (Latchford, Little Haseley, North Weston, Rycote)
Harpsden
Highmoor (Satwell)
Holton
Ipsden
Kidmore End (Gallowstree Common)
Lewknor (Postcombe, South Weston)
Little Milton
Little Wittenham
Long Wittenham
Mapledurham (Trench Green, Chazey Heath)
Marsh Baldon (Little Baldon)
Moulsford
Nettlebed
Newington (Great Holcombe)
North Moreton
Nuffield
Nuneham Courtenay
Pishill with Stonor (Pishill, Stonor, Maidensgrove, Russell's Water)
Pyrton (Clare, Standhill)
Rotherfield Greys
Rotherfield Peppard
Shirburn
South Moreton (Fulscot)
South Stoke (Littlestoke)
Stadhampton (Chiselhampton, Ascott, Brookhampton)
Stanton St. John (Woodperry)
Stoke Row
Stoke Talmage
Swyncombe
Sydenham (Kingston Stert)
Tetsworth
Tiddington-with-Albury (Tiddington, Albury)
Toot Baldon (Baldon Row)
Towersey
Warborough (Shillingford)
Waterperry with Thomley (Waterperry, Thomley)
Waterstock
West Hagbourne
Wheatfield
Whitchurch-on-Thames
Wilcote
Woodeaton
Former districtsand boroughs
Bullingdon Rural District
Municipal Borough of Henley-on-Thames
Henley Rural District
Thame Urban District
Municipal Borough of Wallingford
Wallingford Rural District
Crowmarsh Rural District
Culham Rural District
Goring Rural District
Headington Rural District
Thame Rural District
Formerconstituencies
Oxfordshire County Constituency
Wallingford Borough Constituency
Abingdon Borough Constituency
Berkshire North or Abingdon County Constituency
Abingdon County Constituency
List of parliamentary constituencies in Oxfordshire
List of places in Oxfordshire
List of civil parishes in Oxfordshire
vteWycombe District
Buckinghamshire
Unitary Council elections
County Council elections
District Council elections
Aylesbury Constituency
Beaconsfield Constituency
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Towns(component areasand hamlets)
High Wycombe
Cressex
Micklefield
Sands
Terriers
Totteridge
Wycombe Marsh
Marlow
Forty Green
Princes Risborough
Alscot
Askett
Cadsden
Flowers Bottom
Loosley Row
Lower North Dean
Monks Risborough
North Dean
Redland End
Speen
Upper North Dean
Whiteleaf
Other civil parishes(component villagesand hamlets)
Bledlow-cum-Saunderton
Bledlow
Bledlow Ridge
Crownfield
Forty Green
Holly Green
Pitch Green
Rout's Green
Saunderton
Saunderton Lee
Skittle Green
Bradenham
Bradenham
Walters Ash
Chepping Wycombe
Flackwell Heath
Loudwater
Tylers Green
Downley
Ellesborough
Butlers Cross
Chalkshire
Coombe
Dunsmore
Ellesborough
Nash Lee
North Lee
Terrick
Fawley
Fawley
Fawley Bottom
Great and Little Hampden
Great Hampden
Green Hailey
Hampden Row
Little Hampden
Great and Little Kimble cum Marsh
Great Kimble
Kimble Wick
Little Kimble
Marsh
Smoky Row
Great Marlow
Bovingdon Green
Burroughs Grove
Chisbridge Cross
Danesfield
Marlow Common
Hambleden
Colstrope
Fingest
Frieth
Hambleden
Mill End
Parmoor
Pheasant's Hill
Skirmett
Hazlemere
Hedsor
Hedsor
Widmoor
Hughenden
Cryers Hill
Four Ashes
Great Kingshill
Hughenden Valley
Hunt's Hill
Naphill
Naphill Common
Widmer End
Ibstone
Lacey Green
Lacey Green
Parslow's Hillock
Wardrobes
Lane End
Cadmore
Ditchfield
Lane End
Moor Common
Moor End
Little Marlow
Coldmoorholme
Fern
Handy Cross
Little Marlow
Sheepridge
Well End
Winchbottom
Longwick-cum-Ilmer
Horsenden
Ilmer
Little Meadle
Longwick
Meadle
Owlswick
Marlow Bottom
Medmenham
Bockmer End
Lower Woodend
Medmenham
Rockwell End
Piddington and Wheeler End
Piddington
Wheeler End
Radnage
Bennett End
Radnage
The City
Stokenchurch
Beacon's Bottom
Bolter End
Horsleys Green
Stokenchurch
Studley Green
Waterend
Turville
Northend
Southend
Turville
Turville Heath
West Wycombe
Booker
West Wycombe
Wooburn
Berghers Hill
Bourne End
Cores End
Hawks Hill
Widmoor
Wooburn
Wooburn Green
Wooburn Moor
Former districtsand boroughs
Marlow Urban District
Wycombe Rural District
Formerconstituencies
Buckinghamshire County Constituency
Great Marlow Constituency
Parliamentary constituencies in Buckinghamshire
Places in Buckinghamshire
Civil parishes in Buckinghamshire | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stewkley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewkley"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Oxfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfordshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parish"},{"link_name":"Turville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turville"},{"link_name":"Watlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watlington,_Oxfordshire"}],"text":"Not to be confused with North End, Stewkley, Buckinghamshire.Human settlement in EnglandNorthend is a village that straddles the border of the two English counties of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire.[1][2][3] The eastern half is in the civil parish of Turville in Buckinghamshire, while the western half is across the border into Oxfordshire, in the Watlington parish.","title":"Northend, Buckinghamshire"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Residents in village that has run out of water furious as they can't flush toilets\". The Independent. 12 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/uk-weather-heatwave-water-northend-oxfordshire-b2143016.html","url_text":"\"Residents in village that has run out of water furious as they can't flush toilets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oxford village first in Britain without water: residents are now relying on bottled water deliveries\". thisisoxfordshire. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/news/20617006.northend-villagers-left-without-water-heatwave/","url_text":"\"Oxford village first in Britain without water: residents are now relying on bottled water deliveries\""}]},{"reference":"\"'This is the future': the Oxfordshire village living without running water\". the Guardian. 10 August 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/10/oxfordshire-village-living-without-running-water","url_text":"\"'This is the future': the Oxfordshire village living without running water\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northend,_Buckinghamshire¶ms=51.6265_N_0.9395_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°37′35″N 0°56′22″W / 51.6265°N 0.9395°W / 51.6265; -0.9395"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northend,_Buckinghamshire¶ms=51.626525_N_0.939587_W_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Northend","external_links_name":"SU735925"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Northend,_Buckinghamshire¶ms=51.6265_N_0.9395_W_region:GB_type:city","external_links_name":"51°37′35″N 0°56′22″W / 51.6265°N 0.9395°W / 51.6265; -0.9395"},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/uk-weather-heatwave-water-northend-oxfordshire-b2143016.html","external_links_name":"\"Residents in village that has run out of water furious as they can't flush toilets\""},{"Link":"https://www.thisisoxfordshire.co.uk/news/20617006.northend-villagers-left-without-water-heatwave/","external_links_name":"\"Oxford village first in Britain without water: residents are now relying on bottled water deliveries\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/aug/10/oxfordshire-village-living-without-running-water","external_links_name":"\"'This is the future': the Oxfordshire village living without running water\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Grant_County,_Indiana | National Register of Historic Places listings in Grant County, Indiana | [] | Location of Grant County in Indiana
This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Grant County, Indiana.
This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, Indiana, United States. Latitude and longitude coordinates are provided for many National Register properties and districts; these locations may be seen together in a map.
There are 20 properties and districts listed on the National Register in the county, including 1 National Historic Landmark.
Properties and districts located in incorporated areas display the name of the municipality, while properties and districts in unincorporated areas display the name of their civil township. Properties and districts split between multiple jurisdictions display the names of all jurisdictions.
This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted February 16, 2024.
Map all coordinates using: OpenStreetMap
Download coordinates as:
KML
GPX (all coordinates)
GPX (primary coordinates)
GPX (secondary coordinates)
Current listings
Name on the Register
Image
Date listed
Location
City or town
Description
1
Baldwin Addition Historic District
Baldwin Addition Historic District
September 9, 1999(#99001108)
Roughly along Main St., between 2nd and 4th Sts. 40°25′06″N 85°39′00″W / 40.418333°N 85.650000°W / 40.418333; -85.650000 (Baldwin Addition Historic District)
Fairmount
2
Cumberland Covered Bridge
Cumberland Covered Bridge More images
May 22, 1978(#78000032)
CR 1000 over the Mississinewa River 40°23′19″N 85°29′05″W / 40.388611°N 85.484722°W / 40.388611; -85.484722 (Cumberland Covered Bridge)
Jefferson Township and Matthews
3
Fairmount Commercial Historic District
Fairmount Commercial Historic District
March 12, 1999(#99000295)
205-101 and 124-102 S. Main, 102-124 and 101-123 N. Main, 107 W. 1st, and 119-117 W. Washington 40°24′57″N 85°39′02″W / 40.415833°N 85.650556°W / 40.415833; -85.650556 (Fairmount Commercial Historic District)
Fairmount
4
First Presbyterian Church
First Presbyterian Church
December 3, 2018(#100003184)
216 W. 6th St. 40°33′22″N 85°39′43″W / 40.556111°N 85.661833°W / 40.556111; -85.661833 (First Presbyterian Church)
Marion
5
Gas City High School
Gas City High School More images
March 5, 2004(#03001316)
400 E. South A St. 40°29′11″N 85°36′31″W / 40.486389°N 85.608611°W / 40.486389; -85.608611 (Gas City High School)
Gas City
6
Grant County Jail and Sheriff's Residence
Grant County Jail and Sheriff's Residence
November 19, 1990(#83004526)
215 E. 3rd St. 40°33′33″N 85°39′28″W / 40.559028°N 85.657778°W / 40.559028; -85.657778 (Grant County Jail and Sheriff's Residence)
Marion
7
Abijah C. Jay House
Abijah C. Jay House
March 27, 2003(#03000145)
118 W. 7th St. 40°33′19″N 85°39′39″W / 40.555278°N 85.660833°W / 40.555278; -85.660833 (Abijah C. Jay House)
Marion
8
Israel Jenkins House
Israel Jenkins House
March 26, 2003(#03000139)
7453 E400S, southeast of Marion 40°29′49″N 85°31′40″W / 40.496944°N 85.527778°W / 40.496944; -85.527778 (Israel Jenkins House)
Monroe Township
9
Marion Branch, National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers Historic District
Marion Branch, National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers Historic District
August 2, 1999(#99000833)
1700 E. 38th St. 40°31′12″N 85°38′02″W / 40.520000°N 85.633889°W / 40.520000; -85.633889 (Marion Branch, National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers Historic District)
Marion
10
Marion Downtown Commercial Historic District
Marion Downtown Commercial Historic District
March 17, 1994(#94000226)
Roughly bounded by 7th, 2nd, Branson, and Gallatin Sts. 40°33′27″N 85°39′35″W / 40.557500°N 85.659722°W / 40.557500; -85.659722 (Marion Downtown Commercial Historic District)
Marion
11
Marion PCC & St. Louis Railroad Depot
Upload image
September 4, 2018(#100002861)
1002 S. Washington St. 40°33′06″N 85°39′36″W / 40.551667°N 85.660000°W / 40.551667; -85.660000 (Marion PCC & St. Louis Railroad Depot)
Marion
12
Meshingomesia (Mihsiinkweemisa) Cemetery and Indian School Historic District
Meshingomesia (Mihsiinkweemisa) Cemetery and Indian School Historic District More images
January 9, 2013(#12001149)
3820 W600N, northeast of Jalapa 40°38′28″N 85°43′50″W / 40.641111°N 85.730556°W / 40.641111; -85.730556 (Meshingomesia (Mihsiinkweemisa) Cemetery and Indian School Historic District)
Pleasant Township
13
J.W. Patterson House
J.W. Patterson House
November 14, 1979(#79000016)
203 and 209 E. Washington St. 40°24′57″N 85°38′57″W / 40.415833°N 85.649167°W / 40.415833; -85.649167 (J.W. Patterson House)
Fairmount
209 Washington represents a boundary increase of January 18, 1985
14
Joseph W. and Edith M. Stephenson House
Upload image
August 26, 2021(#100006848)
917 South Adams St. 40°33′09″N 85°39′31″W / 40.5526°N 85.6585°W / 40.5526; -85.6585 (Joseph W. and Edith M. Stephenson House)
Marion
15
Aaron Swayzee House
Aaron Swayzee House
June 16, 1983(#83000124)
224 N. Washington St. 40°33′50″N 85°39′32″W / 40.563889°N 85.658889°W / 40.563889; -85.658889 (Aaron Swayzee House)
Marion
16
Thompson-Ray House
Thompson-Ray House
September 24, 2009(#09000756)
407 E. Main St. 40°29′18″N 85°36′31″W / 40.488333°N 85.608611°W / 40.488333; -85.608611 (Thompson-Ray House)
Gas City
17
George, Jr. and Marie Daugherty Webster House
George, Jr. and Marie Daugherty Webster House More images
June 17, 1992(#92000678)
926 S. Washington St. 40°33′09″N 85°39′37″W / 40.552500°N 85.660278°W / 40.552500; -85.660278 (George, Jr. and Marie Daugherty Webster House)
Marion
18
West Ward School
West Ward School
December 19, 1985(#85003226)
210 W. North A St. 40°29′21″N 85°37′02″W / 40.489167°N 85.617222°W / 40.489167; -85.617222 (West Ward School)
Gas City
19
J. Woodrow Wilson House
J. Woodrow Wilson House
August 11, 1988(#88001218)
723 W. 4th St. 40°33′27″N 85°40′04″W / 40.557500°N 85.667778°W / 40.557500; -85.667778 (J. Woodrow Wilson House)
Marion
20
Woodside
Woodside
December 24, 1997(#97001538)
1119 Overlook Rd., north of Marion 40°35′20″N 85°40′28″W / 40.588889°N 85.674444°W / 40.588889; -85.674444 (Woodside)
Washington Township
A Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Usonion home
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, Indiana.
List of National Historic Landmarks in Indiana
National Register of Historic Places listings in Indiana
Listings in neighboring counties: Blackford, Delaware, Howard, Huntington, Madison, Miami, Tipton, Wabash, Wells
List of Indiana state historical markers in Grant County
References
^ The latitude and longitude information provided in this table was derived originally from the National Register Information System, which has been found to be fairly accurate for about 99% of listings. Some locations in this table may have been corrected to current GPS standards.
^ National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, "National Register of Historic Places: Weekly List Actions", retrieved February 16, 2024.
^ Numbers represent an alphabetical ordering by significant words. Various colorings, defined here, differentiate National Historic Landmarks and historic districts from other NRHP buildings, structures, sites or objects.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ The eight-digit number below each date is the number assigned to each location in the National Register Information System database, which can be viewed by clicking the number.
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vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in IndianaTopics
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Listsby county
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Marion: Center Township
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vteMunicipalities and communities of Grant County, Indiana, United StatesCounty seat: MarionCities
Gas City
Jonesboro
Marion
Map of Indiana highlighting Grant CountyTowns
Converse‡
Fairmount
Fowlerton
Matthews
Swayzee
Sweetser
Upland
Van Buren
Townships
Center
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Washington
CDPs
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Landess
Mier
Point Isabel
Sims
Othercommunities
Arcana
Cole
Farrville
Fox
Hackleman
Hanfield
Jadden
Michaelsville
Normal
Radley
Rigdon‡
Roseburg
Shady Hills
Weaver
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Indiana portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Indiana_highlighting_Grant_County.svg"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Grant County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Historic Landmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark"},{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"NPS recent listings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list.htm"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Location of Grant County in IndianaThis is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Grant County, Indiana.This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Grant County, Indiana, United States. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morkoyun,_Ergani | Morkoyun, Ergani | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 38°13′N 39°54′E / 38.217°N 39.900°E / 38.217; 39.900Village in Turkey
Neighbourhood in Ergani, Diyarbakır, TurkeyMorkoyunNeighbourhoodMorkoyunLocation in TurkeyCoordinates: 38°13′N 39°54′E / 38.217°N 39.900°E / 38.217; 39.900CountryTurkeyProvinceDiyarbakırDistrictErganiPopulation (2022)842Time zoneTRT (UTC+3)
Morkoyun is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ergani, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. Its population is 842 (2022).
References
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
^ "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
vteNeighbourhoods of Ergani District
Adnan Menderes
Ahmetli
Akçakale
Akçoban
Alitaşı
Armutova
Aşağıbitikçi
Aşağıkuyulu
Azıklı
Aziziye
Bademli
Bagür
Bahçekaşı
Bereketli
Boğazköy
Boncuklu
Bozyer
Caferan
Çakartaş
Çakırfakır
Canveren
Çayırdere
Çayköy
Çimlihöyük
Cömert
Coşkun
Çukurdere
Dağarası
Dallıdağ
Değirmendere
Demirli
Dereboyu
Deringöze
Develi
Devletkuşu
Dibektaş
Doğanköy
Fatih
Fevzi Çakmak
Giraylar
Gökiçi
Gözekaya
Gözlü
Gülerce
Güneştepe
Güzelyurt
Hançerli
Hendekköy
Hilar
İncehıdır
İstasyon
Karaburçak
Karpuzlu
Karşıbağlar
Kavaklı
Kavurmaküpü
Kayan
Kemaliye
Kemertaş
Kesentaş
Kıralan
Kocaali
Kömürtaş
Kortaş
Koyunalan
Kumçi
Morkoyun
Namıkkemal
Olgun
Ortaağaç
Ortayazı
Otluca
Özbilek
Pınarkaya
Sabırlı
Salihli
Sallar
Sallıca
Sanayi
Saray
Savaş
Selmanköy
Şirinevler
Sökündüzü
Şölen
Tevekli
Üçkardeş
Usluca
Üzümlü
Yakacık
Yamaçlar
Yapraklı
Yayvantepe
Yeniköy
Yeşilköy
Yolbulan
Yolköprü
Yoncalı
Yukarıbitikçi
Yukarıkarpuzlu
Yukarıkuyulu
Ziyaret
This geographical article about a location in Ergani District, Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ergani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergani"},{"link_name":"Diyarbakır Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyarbak%C4%B1r_Province"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Village in TurkeyNeighbourhood in Ergani, Diyarbakır, TurkeyMorkoyun is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ergani, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey.[1] Its population is 842 (2022).[2]","title":"Morkoyun, Ergani"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 12 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","url_text":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%9C%C4%B0K","url_text":"TÜİK"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morkoyun,_Ergani¶ms=38_13_N_39_54_E_region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:100000","external_links_name":"38°13′N 39°54′E / 38.217°N 39.900°E / 38.217; 39.900"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Morkoyun,_Ergani¶ms=38_13_N_39_54_E_region:TR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki_dim:100000","external_links_name":"38°13′N 39°54′E / 38.217°N 39.900°E / 38.217; 39.900"},{"Link":"https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx","external_links_name":"Mahalle"},{"Link":"https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en","external_links_name":"\"Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morkoyun,_Ergani&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endla,_Rajasthan | Endla, Rajasthan | ["1 Landmarks","2 Economy","3 Demographics","4 Transport","5 Education","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 25°32′59″N 73°15′04″E / 25.549721°N 73.250999°E / 25.549721; 73.250999
Village in Rajasthan, IndiaEndla
Endlawas, Jooni EndlavillageEndlaEndlaLocation in Rajasthan, IndiaShow map of RajasthanEndlaEndla (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 25°32′59″N 73°15′04″E / 25.549721°N 73.250999°E / 25.549721; 73.250999Country IndiaStateRajasthanDistrictPaliTalukasPaliGovernment • BodyGram PanchayatLanguages • OfficialMarwari, HindiTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN306422Telephone code91 2932ISO 3166 codeRJ-INVehicle registrationRJ-22Lok Sabha constituencyPali (Lok Sabha constituency)Vidhan Sabha constituencySumerpurCivic agencyGram Panchayat
Endla is a small village in Pali district of Rajasthan in Northern India. It is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away from National Highway 62, near Guda Endla village. Endla village has divided into two revenue villages: Endlawas and Jooni Endla. Some of revenue documents consider Endla (Endlawas & Jooni Endla) as a Gura Endla - 2 revenue village.
Shri Mangilal Chimnoba Choudhary's Bera (Balawala) is midpoint of this village, which has divided this village into two revenue villages. So this village has three names: Endla, Endlawas and Jooni Endla, but most commonly preferred name is Endla . Some of official documents preferred name for this place is Endla. The village Endla has two sub localities Bhaton Ka Dhana (Bhaton ki Dhani) & Meghwalon Ki Dhani. This village is under Pali Lok Sabha and Sumerpur Vidhan Sabha constituencies respectively.
Landmarks
Endla DamMamaji MandirMamaji Maharaj
This village is known for the Endla Dam. It has the temple of Mamaji (lok devta).
Economy
Most of population of this village depends on agriculture for their livelihood.
Demographics
The village's population is dominated by Charan the jagirdar of village, रजपुत (not rajput) Choudhary , Meghwal (Rarbara & Goyal), Rabari , Bhat , Vaishnav castes.
Transport
Endla is well connected with National Highway 62 and there is transportation available to reach the district headquarter Pali and Krishi Anaaj mandi Sumerpur.
Education
School Building EndlaRevenue Office/Patwar OfficePrimary Health CentreAnganwadi Kendra Village House Endla.
Currently there are one school (Upper Primary School), one Revenue Office, one Primary Health Centre and one Anganwadi Kendra running to serve the society.
See also
Pali, Rajasthan
References
^ "Google Translate". translate.google.co.in. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013.
^ Maps of India
^ Google maps
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233743/http://waterresources.rajasthan.gov.in/bulletin/FNR6/Anx_C.htm
http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/rajasthan/districts/pali.htm
http://translate.google.co.in/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fpali.nic.in%2F&anno=2
vtePali districtCities and towns
Bali
Falna
Jaitaran
Marwar Junction
Pali (district headquarters}
Rani
Nimaj
Sadri
Sojat
Sojat Road
Sumerpur
Takhatgarh
Nadol
Villages
Anandpur Kalu
Arenpura
Auwa
Bagol
Bagrinagar
Bamnera
Barawal
Barwa
Bharunda
Chamunderi Ranawatan
Desuri
Dewair
Dhamli
Dhani-Sela
Endla
Gaguda
Ghanerao
Guda Endla
Gura Sonigara
Hemawas
Jaitpura
Jawali
Jojawar
Kherwa
Khimel
Khinwara
Khudala
Koliwara
Korta
Koselao
Kot Solankiyan
Kudki
Lambiya
Lunawa
Malari
Meena Vala
Mundara
Nadol
Nana
Narlai
Netra
Nimaj
Panchetiya
Panchpadriya
Panota
Phulad
Raipur
Ram Kumar Dwivedi
Ranakpur
Ranawas
Rohat
Roopawas
Sanderao
Sansari
Sewari
Sindarli
Siriyari
Somesar
Sonana Khetlaji
Velar | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pali district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali_district"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Northern India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"National Highway 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_62_(India)"},{"link_name":"Guda Endla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guda_Endla"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali,_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Lok Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabha"},{"link_name":"Sumerpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerpur"},{"link_name":"Vidhan Sabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Sabha"}],"text":"Village in Rajasthan, IndiaEndla is a small village in Pali district of Rajasthan in Northern India.[1][2][3] It is 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away from National Highway 62, near Guda Endla village. Endla village has divided into two revenue villages: Endlawas and Jooni Endla. Some of revenue documents consider Endla (Endlawas & Jooni Endla) as a Gura Endla - 2 revenue village.Shri Mangilal Chimnoba Choudhary's Bera (Balawala) is midpoint of this village[citation needed], which has divided this village into two revenue villages. So this village has three names: Endla, Endlawas and Jooni Endla, but most commonly preferred name is Endla . Some of official documents preferred name for this place is Endla. The village Endla has two sub localities Bhaton Ka Dhana (Bhaton ki Dhani) & Meghwalon Ki Dhani. This village is under Pali Lok Sabha and Sumerpur Vidhan Sabha constituencies respectively.","title":"Endla, Rajasthan"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Endla_Dam.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mamaji_Mandir_Building.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mamaji_Maharaj_Worship_place.JPG"},{"link_name":"Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Endla DamMamaji MandirMamaji MaharajThis village is known for the Endla Dam.[4] It has the temple of Mamaji (lok devta).","title":"Landmarks"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Most of population of this village depends on agriculture for their livelihood.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Choudhary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choudhary"},{"link_name":"Meghwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghwal"},{"link_name":"Rabari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabari"},{"link_name":"Bhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhat"},{"link_name":"Vaishnav","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnav"}],"text":"The village's population is dominated by Charan the jagirdar of village, रजपुत (not rajput) Choudhary , Meghwal (Rarbara & Goyal), Rabari , Bhat , Vaishnav castes.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Highway 62","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_62_pali_to_27km_(India)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali,_Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Sumerpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerpur"}],"text":"Endla is well connected with National Highway 62 and there is transportation available to reach the district headquarter Pali and Krishi Anaaj mandi Sumerpur.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Govt._Upper_Primary_School_-_Endla,_Pali,_Rajasthan..JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Patwar_Office.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Primary_Health_centre.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anganwadi_Kendra.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Village_House_Endla..jpg"}],"text":"School Building EndlaRevenue Office/Patwar OfficePrimary Health CentreAnganwadi KendraVillage House Endla.Currently there are one school (Upper Primary School), one Revenue Office, one Primary Health Centre and one Anganwadi Kendra running to serve the society.","title":"Education"}] | [{"image_text":"Endla Dam","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Endla_Dam.jpg/220px-Endla_Dam.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mamaji Mandir","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Mamaji_Mandir_Building.JPG/220px-Mamaji_Mandir_Building.JPG"},{"image_text":"Mamaji Maharaj","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Mamaji_Maharaj_Worship_place.JPG/220px-Mamaji_Maharaj_Worship_place.JPG"},{"image_text":"School Building Endla","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Govt._Upper_Primary_School_-_Endla%2C_Pali%2C_Rajasthan..JPG/220px-Govt._Upper_Primary_School_-_Endla%2C_Pali%2C_Rajasthan..JPG"},{"image_text":"Revenue Office/Patwar Office","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Patwar_Office.JPG/220px-Patwar_Office.JPG"},{"image_text":"Primary Health Centre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Primary_Health_centre.JPG/220px-Primary_Health_centre.JPG"},{"image_text":"Anganwadi Kendra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Anganwadi_Kendra.JPG/220px-Anganwadi_Kendra.JPG"},{"image_text":"Village House Endla.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Village_House_Endla..jpg/220px-Village_House_Endla..jpg"}] | [{"title":"Pali, Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali,_Rajasthan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Google Translate\". translate.google.co.in. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131228044904/http://translate.google.co.in/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fpali.nic.in%2F&anno=2","url_text":"\"Google Translate\""},{"url":"http://translate.google.co.in/translate?hl=en&sl=hi&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fpali.nic.in%2F&anno=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_James%27_Parish_Church,_Wetherby | St James' Parish Church, Wetherby | ["1 History","1.1 Church on the Corner","2 Architecture","2.1 Interior","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°55′47″N 1°23′11″W / 53.9298°N 1.3864°W / 53.9298; -1.3864
Church in West Yorkshire, EnglandSt James' Parish ChurchParish Church of St James53°55′47″N 1°23′11″W / 53.9298°N 1.3864°W / 53.9298; -1.3864LocationWetherby, Leeds, West YorkshireCountryEnglandDenominationChurch of EnglandWebsiteSt James WetherbyHistoryDedicationSt JamesAdministrationProvinceYorkDioceseLeedsArchdeaconryLeedsDeaneryWetherbyParishWetherby
St James' Parish Church is an Anglican parish church serving the parish of Wetherby with Linton in Wetherby, West Yorkshire, England.
History
An aerial view of the church
Wetherby was a chapelry in the ancient parish of Spofforth until its parish church was built in 1842. Before then the chapel of ease was served by clergy from the mother church in Spofforth. A chapel was mentioned in 1301 and again in 1546. A dilapidated thatched chapel in the Market Square was demolished in 1760. It was replaced by another in 1763 and that too was demolished in 1845.
Curate, William Raby of Spofforth came to Wetherby in 1833 and embarked on two building schemes, St James' Church and Wetherby Town Hall. On 3 April 1838 a meeting of civic and ecclesiastical figures agreed to build a church with a graveyard. The backers included two brewers, two surgeons, two solicitors, two innkeepers, the curate, a wine and spirit merchant, a farmer, a craftsman, a non provincial dealer, a postmaster and a 'gentleman who between them owned 21% of the land in Wetherby and leased another 25%'. Each subscribed at least £20.
The site for the church occupied three roods of barley field provided by Edwin Greenwood of Keighley, the principal non-resident purchaser at the great sale of Wetherby in 1824. An access road was provided from the market place and Great North Road on land provided by John F. Barlow of Aldfield House.
The first stones were laid on 1 April 1839 by Quentin Rhodes who contributed significantly towards the initial cost of £4000. The church was built from stone quarried at Collingham. The church was consecrated by Longley, Bishop of Ripon on 1 February 1842 and cost of £4,300. The 1877 the church was refurbished at a cost of £1000 raised by local subscriptions.
Not long after completion, 60 residents petitioned the Bishop of Ripon complaining about the curate, Raby, and his allocation of pews and other abuses by his 'masterful hand'.
Church on the Corner
Church on the Corner
Limited burial space in the churchyard resulted in the provision of a large cemetery on the corner of Hallfield Lane. It has two similar chapels, the east chapel is used for St James' Church on the Corner while the other is the cemetery chapel. The cemetery is managed by Wetherby Town Council.
Architecture
Royal Coat of Arms
The church is aligned east to west and has a west tower. The tower is tall and in two stages with blue clocks in west, north and south faced in deeply-chamfered recesses with hoodmoulds. There are three light louvred belfry openings with hoodmoulds. The nave and tower are constructed of sandstone and was completed in 1842 in the Gothic revival style. The chancel was added in 1877 and a porch was built in the 1990s. The north side has access to the crypt. The south side has the old and new entrances and a rose window. The chancel has a lean-to south vestry with exterior shouldered-headed door and a two light window with hood moulds. The east window is of five lights and of ornate stained glass, each light divided by shafts while the bays have stepped three-light windows with round-arched hoodmoulds.
Pinnacles on the tower were removed in 1939 after they became unsafe. They were replaced by cap-stones. A porch was added in the 1990s and a ramp providing wheelchair access.
A former Sunday School building on Church Street that opened in 1895 is rented to local organisations. This is stone built with a pitched welsh-slate roof.
Interior
Interior
The church has a treble-chamfered tower arch with stops to cover the nave windows. There is a tall moulded chancel arch. The chancel has a painted panel ceiling with crossing wooden beams running in a north-south direction. There are hanging pendant lamps in the nave. The church contains furniture by Robert Thompson.
See also
Listed buildings in Wetherby
References
Unwin, Robert (1987). Wetherby the History of a Yorkshire Market Town. Leeds University Press for Wetherby Historical Trust. ISBN 0-9511968-0-4.
Wetherby and District Historical Society (1995). Wetherby: The Archive Photographs Series. NPI Media Group. ISBN 0-7524-0328-1.
^ "The History of St James". St James' Church. Retrieved 2 April 2014.
^ Unwin 1987, p. 104
^ Unwin 1987, p. 140
^ Unwin 1987, p. 105
^ Unwin 1987, p. 105 106
^ Wetherby and District Historical Society 1995, p. 104
^ Unwin 1987, p. 106
^ Unwin 1987, p. 139
^ Unwin 1987, p. 106
^ a b "Church of St James". British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
^ Wetherby and District Historical Society 1995, p. 147
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to St James' church, Wetherby.
St James' Church Wetherby website
vteWetherbyWest YorkshireCulture
Tempo FM
Wetherby News
Wetherby Whaler
Areas
Ainsty
Hallfield
Micklethwaite
Buildings and structures
St James' Parish Church, Wetherby
St Joseph's Church, Wetherby
Wetherby Bridge
Wetherby Methodist Church
Wetherby Town Hall
Wetherby's Cinema
Curiosities
Wetherby (film)
Education
Wetherby High School
History
History of Wetherby
Barkston Ash (UK Parliament constituency)
Elmet (UK Parliament constituency)
Industry
Goldenfry
Teasdale and Metcalfe
Political divisions
Elmet and Rothwell (UK Parliament constituency)
Wetherby Rural District
Politicians
Spencer Batiste (Con)
Colin Burgon (Lab)
Alec Shelbrooke (Con)
Railway stations
Wetherby (Linton Road) railway station
Wetherby (York Road) railway station
Wetherby Racecourse railway station
Sport
Wetherby Racecourse
Grange Park, Wetherby
Nearby towns, villages & districts
Aberford
Bardsey
Bilton in Ainsty
Boston Spa
Bramham
Clifford
Collingham
Cowthorpe
East Keswick
Harewood
Hunsingore
Kirk Deighton
Linton
North Deighton
Scarcroft
Shadwell
Sicklinghall
Spofforth
Thorner
Thorp Arch
Tockwith
People
Seb Hines
Michael Jackson
Ginger Lacey
Other information
Wetherby Ings
Category listings | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican"},{"link_name":"Wetherby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherby"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"}],"text":"Church in West Yorkshire, EnglandSt James' Parish Church is an Anglican parish church serving the parish of Wetherby with Linton in Wetherby, West Yorkshire, England.","title":"St James' Parish Church, Wetherby"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aerial_photographs_of_Wetherby_(7th_May_2021)_021.jpg"},{"link_name":"chapelry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapelry"},{"link_name":"chapel of ease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel_of_ease"},{"link_name":"mother church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_church"},{"link_name":"Spofforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spofforth,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Wetherby Town Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherby_Town_Hall"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"roods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rood_(measurement)"},{"link_name":"Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keighley"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Great North Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Collingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collingham,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Ripon_(modern_diocese)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"An aerial view of the churchWetherby was a chapelry in the ancient parish of Spofforth until its parish church was built in 1842. Before then the chapel of ease was served by clergy from the mother church in Spofforth. A chapel was mentioned in 1301 and again in 1546. A dilapidated thatched chapel in the Market Square was demolished in 1760. It was replaced by another in 1763 and that too was demolished in 1845.[1]Curate, William Raby of Spofforth came to Wetherby in 1833 and embarked on two building schemes, St James' Church and Wetherby Town Hall. On 3 April 1838 a meeting of civic and ecclesiastical figures agreed to build a church with a graveyard.[2] The backers included two brewers, two surgeons, two solicitors, two innkeepers, the curate, a wine and spirit merchant, a farmer, a craftsman, a non provincial dealer, a postmaster and a 'gentleman who between them owned 21% of the land in Wetherby and leased another 25%'. Each subscribed at least £20.[3]The site for the church occupied three roods of barley field provided by Edwin Greenwood of Keighley, the principal non-resident purchaser at the great sale of Wetherby in 1824.[4] An access road was provided from the market place and Great North Road on land provided by John F. Barlow of Aldfield House.[5]The first stones were laid on 1 April 1839 by Quentin Rhodes who contributed significantly towards the initial cost of £4000. The church was built from stone quarried at Collingham.[6] The church was consecrated by Longley, Bishop of Ripon on 1 February 1842 and cost of £4,300.[7] The 1877 the church was refurbished at a cost of £1000 raised by local subscriptions.[8]Not long after completion, 60 residents petitioned the Bishop of Ripon complaining about the curate, Raby, and his allocation of pews and other abuses by his 'masterful hand'.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:St_James_Church_on_the_Corner_-_Hallfield_Lane_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1173954.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Church on the Corner","text":"Church on the CornerLimited burial space in the churchyard resulted in the provision of a large cemetery on the corner of Hallfield Lane. It has two similar chapels, the east chapel is used for St James' Church on the Corner while the other is the cemetery chapel. The cemetery is managed by Wetherby Town Council.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_-_1776_-_St_James%27_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_553317.jpg"},{"link_name":"Royal Coat of Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Gothic revival style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revival_style"},{"link_name":"chancel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-10"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"rose window","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_window"},{"link_name":"Pinnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnacle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Royal Coat of ArmsThe church is aligned east to west and has a west tower. The tower is tall and in two stages with blue clocks in west, north and south faced in deeply-chamfered recesses with hoodmoulds. There are three light louvred belfry openings with hoodmoulds. The nave and tower are constructed of sandstone and was completed in 1842 in the Gothic revival style. The chancel was added in 1877[10] and a porch was built in the 1990s. The north side has access to the crypt. The south side has the old and new entrances and a rose window. The chancel has a lean-to south vestry with exterior shouldered-headed door and a two light window with hood moulds. The east window is of five lights and of ornate stained glass, each light divided by shafts while the bays have stepped three-light windows with round-arched hoodmoulds.Pinnacles on the tower were removed in 1939 after they became unsafe. They were replaced by cap-stones.[11] A porch was added in the 1990s and a ramp providing wheelchair access.A former Sunday School building on Church Street that opened in 1895 is rented to local organisations. This is stone built with a pitched welsh-slate roof.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_St._James%27_Church,_Wetherby_(21st_September_2019)_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BLB-10"},{"link_name":"Robert Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Thompson_(designer)"}],"sub_title":"Interior","text":"InteriorThe church has a treble-chamfered tower arch with stops to cover the nave windows. There is a tall moulded chancel arch. The chancel has a painted panel ceiling with crossing wooden beams running in a north-south direction.[10] There are hanging pendant lamps in the nave. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffey_County,_Kansas | Coffey County, Kansas | ["1 History","1.1 Early history","1.2 19th century","2 Geography","2.1 Adjacent counties","2.2 Major highways","2.3 National protected area","3 Demographics","4 Government","4.1 Presidential elections","4.2 Laws","5 Education","5.1 Unified school districts","6 Communities","6.1 Cities","6.2 Unincorporated communities","6.3 Townships","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 38°14′N 95°44′W / 38.233°N 95.733°W / 38.233; -95.733County in Kansas, United States
Not to be confused with Coffeyville, Kansas.
County in KansasCoffey CountyCountyBurlington Carnegie Free Library (2016)Location within the U.S. state of KansasKansas's location within the U.S.Coordinates: 38°14′N 95°44′W / 38.233°N 95.733°W / 38.233; -95.733Country United StatesState KansasFoundedAugust 25, 1855Named forAsbury M. CoffeySeatBurlingtonLargest cityBurlingtonArea • Total654 sq mi (1,690 km2) • Land627 sq mi (1,620 km2) • Water27 sq mi (70 km2) 4.2%Population (2020) • Total8,360 • Density13.3/sq mi (5.1/km2)Time zoneUTC−6 (Central) • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)Area code620Congressional district2ndWebsiteCoffeyCountyKS.org
Coffey County is a county located in Eastern Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Burlington. As of the 2020 census, the county population was 8,360. It was named after A.M. Coffey, a territorial legislator and Free-Stater during Bleeding Kansas era.
History
Early history
See also: History of Kansas
For many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.
19th century
In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.
In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1855, Coffey County was established.
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 654 square miles (1,690 km2), of which 627 square miles (1,620 km2) is land and 27 square miles (70 km2) (4.2%) is water.
Adjacent counties
Osage County (north)
Franklin County (northeast)
Anderson County (east)
Allen County (southeast)
Woodson County (south)
Greenwood County (southwest)
Lyon County (northwest)
Major highways
Sources: National Atlas, U.S. Census Bureau
Interstate 35
U.S. Route 50
U.S. Route 75
K-31
K-58
National protected area
Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge (part)
Demographics
Population pyramid based on 2000 census age data
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18602,842—18706,201118.2%188011,43884.5%189015,85638.6%190016,6435.0%191015,205−8.6%192014,254−6.3%193013,653−4.2%194012,278−10.1%195010,408−15.2%19608,403−19.3%19707,397−12.0%19809,37026.7%19908,404−10.3%20008,8655.5%20108,601−3.0%20208,360−2.8%U.S. Decennial Census1790-1960 1900-19901990-2000 2010-2020
As of the 2000 census, there were 8,865 people, 3,489 households, and 2,477 families residing in the county. The population density was 14 people per square mile (5.4 people/km2). There were 3,876 housing units at an average density of 6 per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.95% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.55% of the population.
There were 3,489 households, out of which 33.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.70% were married couples living together, 6.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.00% were non-families. 26.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.80% under the age of 18, 6.50% from 18 to 24, 26.40% from 25 to 44, 24.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.50 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $37,839, and the median income for a family was $44,912. Males had a median income of $31,356 versus $20,666 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,337. About 5.00% of families and 6.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.00% of those under age 18 and 9.80% of those age 65 or over.
Government
Presidential elections
Presidential election results
United States presidential election results for Coffey County, Kansas
Year
Republican
Democratic
Third party
No.
%
No.
%
No.
%
2020
3,489
76.43%
964
21.12%
112
2.45%
2016
3,050
74.98%
727
17.87%
291
7.15%
2012
2,903
74.32%
898
22.99%
105
2.69%
2008
3,054
72.16%
1,121
26.49%
57
1.35%
2004
3,259
73.93%
1,093
24.80%
56
1.27%
2000
2,700
66.83%
1,196
29.60%
144
3.56%
1996
2,369
57.92%
1,118
27.33%
603
14.74%
1992
1,824
42.44%
1,021
23.76%
1,453
33.81%
1988
2,581
66.69%
1,246
32.20%
43
1.11%
1984
3,063
74.00%
1,037
25.05%
39
0.94%
1980
2,491
69.16%
938
26.04%
173
4.80%
1976
2,145
56.70%
1,549
40.95%
89
2.35%
1972
2,667
75.70%
782
22.20%
74
2.10%
1968
2,223
63.06%
933
26.47%
369
10.47%
1964
1,998
55.41%
1,594
44.20%
14
0.39%
1960
2,925
69.69%
1,263
30.09%
9
0.21%
1956
3,286
72.24%
1,247
27.41%
16
0.35%
1952
3,731
74.78%
1,239
24.83%
19
0.38%
1948
2,945
61.20%
1,796
37.32%
71
1.48%
1944
3,461
67.28%
1,660
32.27%
23
0.45%
1940
4,164
64.26%
2,272
35.06%
44
0.68%
1936
3,900
59.29%
2,662
40.47%
16
0.24%
1932
2,707
43.77%
3,389
54.80%
88
1.42%
1928
4,342
73.81%
1,514
25.74%
27
0.46%
1924
3,552
62.47%
1,631
28.68%
503
8.85%
1920
3,370
64.20%
1,785
34.01%
94
1.79%
1916
2,799
45.57%
3,121
50.81%
222
3.61%
1912
681
18.73%
1,581
43.48%
1,374
37.79%
1908
2,094
53.38%
1,729
44.07%
100
2.55%
1904
2,164
59.39%
1,280
35.13%
200
5.49%
1900
2,159
50.46%
2,066
48.28%
54
1.26%
1896
2,000
46.84%
2,194
51.38%
76
1.78%
1892
1,769
47.53%
0
0.00%
1,953
52.47%
1888
1,970
52.59%
1,227
32.75%
549
14.66%
Laws
Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, Coffey County remained a prohibition, or "dry", county until 2004, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30 percent food sales requirement.
Education
Unified school districts
Lebo–Waverly USD 243
Burlington USD 244
LeRoy–Gridley USD 245 (Southern Coffey County)
School district office in neighboring county
Southern Lyon County USD 252
Garnett USD 365
Communities
2005 KDOT Map of Coffey County (map legend)
Cities
Burlington (county seat)
Gridley
Lebo
LeRoy
New Strawn
Waverly
Unincorporated communities
Agricola
Aliceville
Halls Summit
Ottumwa
Sharpe
Townships
Coffey County is divided into fourteen townships. The city of Burlington is considered governmentally independent and is excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.
Township
FIPS
Populationcenter
Population
Populationdensity/km2 (/sq mi)
Land areakm2 (sq mi)
Water areakm2 (sq mi)
Water %
Geographic coordinates
Avon
03550
183
2 (6)
80 (31)
0 (0)
0.40%
38°10′1″N 95°35′16″W / 38.16694°N 95.58778°W / 38.16694; -95.58778
Burlington
09425
300
4 (10)
81 (31)
0 (0)
0.48%
38°10′40″N 95°45′18″W / 38.17778°N 95.75500°W / 38.17778; -95.75500
Hampden
29775
114
2 (5)
56 (22)
20 (8)
26.43%
38°12′14″N 95°42′10″W / 38.20389°N 95.70278°W / 38.20389; -95.70278
Key West
36650
237
2 (5)
123 (48)
1 (0)
0.68%
38°23′53″N 95°44′50″W / 38.39806°N 95.74722°W / 38.39806; -95.74722
Le Roy
39675
669
12 (32)
54 (21)
0 (0)
0.39%
38°5′2″N 95°38′5″W / 38.08389°N 95.63472°W / 38.08389; -95.63472
Liberty
39925
634
3 (9)
186 (72)
1 (0)
0.57%
38°6′0″N 95°53′7″W / 38.10000°N 95.88528°W / 38.10000; -95.88528
Lincoln
40550
1,268
7 (18)
181 (70)
3 (1)
1.60%
38°23′24″N 95°52′34″W / 38.39000°N 95.87611°W / 38.39000; -95.87611
Neosho
49750
140
1 (3)
124 (48)
0 (0)
0.34%
38°5′38″N 95°44′1″W / 38.09389°N 95.73361°W / 38.09389; -95.73361
Ottumwa
53700
740
6 (16)
122 (47)
15 (6)
11.06%
38°16′54″N 95°44′34″W / 38.28167°N 95.74278°W / 38.28167; -95.74278
Pleasant
56225
272
2 (4)
158 (61)
18 (7)
10.40%
38°13′57″N 95°53′38″W / 38.23250°N 95.89389°W / 38.23250; -95.89389
Pottawatomie
57200
217
2 (4)
140 (54)
1 (0)
0.87%
38°17′28″N 95°35′20″W / 38.29111°N 95.58889°W / 38.29111; -95.58889
Rock Creek
60500
1,025
7 (19)
140 (54)
1 (1)
1.00%
38°24′4″N 95°35′26″W / 38.40111°N 95.59056°W / 38.40111; -95.59056
Spring Creek
67375
118
1 (3)
90 (35)
1 (0)
0.76%
38°5′31″N 95°34′50″W / 38.09194°N 95.58056°W / 38.09194; -95.58056
Star
68000
158
2 (5)
90 (35)
1 (0)
1.15%
38°13′40″N 95°36′27″W / 38.22778°N 95.60750°W / 38.22778; -95.60750
Sources: "Census 2000 U.S. Gazetteer Files". U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division. Archived from the original on August 2, 2002.
Notable people
Alan L. Hart (1890–1962), transgender physician, radiologist, tuberculosis researcher, writer, and novelist
See also
Kansas portal
Community information for Kansas
Kansas locations by per capita income
List of counties in Kansas
List of townships in Kansas
List of cities in Kansas
List of unincorporated communities in Kansas
List of ghost towns in Kansas
References
^ a b c "QuickFacts; Coffey County, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.
^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ National Atlas Archived December 5, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
^ U.S. Census Bureau TIGER shape files
^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2014.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
^ "Map of Wet and Dry Counties". Alcoholic Beverage Control, Kansas Department of Revenue. November 2006. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. Retrieved December 26, 2007.
Further reading
See also: List of books about Kansas, including historical information about its counties and cities
Standard Atlas of Coffey County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 69 pages; 1919.
Plat Book of Coffey County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 40 pages; 1901.
An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Coffey County, Kansas; Edwards Brothers; 44 pages; 1878.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coffey County, Kansas.
County
Coffey County - Official
Coffey County - Directory of Public Officials
Maps
Coffey County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Highway Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Kansas Railroad Maps: Current, 1996, 1915, KDOT and Kansas Historical Society
Places adjacent to Coffey County, Kansas
Lyon County
Osage County
Franklin County
Coffey County, Kansas
Anderson County
Greenwood County
Woodson County
Allen County
vteMunicipalities and communities of Coffey County, Kansas, United StatesCounty seat: BurlingtonCities
Burlington
Gridley
Lebo
LeRoy
New Strawn
Waverly
Map of Kansas highlighting Coffey CountyUnincorporatedcommunities
Agricola
Aliceville
Halls Summit
Ottumwa
Sharpe
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Burlington
Hampden
Key West
Le Roy
Liberty
Lincoln
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Ottumwa
Pleasant
Pottawatomie
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NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coffeyville, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeyville,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East-Central_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"county seat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_seat"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR6-2"},{"link_name":"2020 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-QF-1"}],"text":"County in Kansas, United StatesNot to be confused with Coffeyville, Kansas.County in KansasCoffey County is a county located in Eastern Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Burlington.[2] As of the 2020 census, the county population was 8,360.[1] It was named after A.M. Coffey, a territorial legislator and Free-Stater during Bleeding Kansas era.","title":"Coffey County, Kansas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"millennia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennia"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"nomadic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomadic"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"French and Indian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_and_Indian_War"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)"}],"sub_title":"Early history","text":"See also: History of KansasFor many millennia, the Great Plains of North America was inhabited by nomadic Native Americans. From the 16th century to 18th century, the Kingdom of France claimed ownership of large parts of North America. In 1762, after the French and Indian War, France secretly ceded New France to Spain, per the Treaty of Fontainebleau.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"modern day Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Louisiana Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase"},{"link_name":"cents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)"},{"link_name":"acre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acre"},{"link_name":"Kansas Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Territory"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"}],"sub_title":"19th century","text":"In 1802, Spain returned most of the land to France, but keeping title to about 7,500 square miles. In 1803, most of the land for modern day Kansas was acquired by the United States from France as part of the 828,000 square mile Louisiana Purchase for 2.83 cents per acre.In 1854, the Kansas Territory was organized, then in 1861 Kansas became the 34th U.S. state. In 1855, Coffey County was established.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-3"}],"text":"According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 654 square miles (1,690 km2), of which 627 square miles (1,620 km2) is land and 27 square miles (70 km2) (4.2%) is water.[3]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Osage County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osage_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Franklin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Anderson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Allen County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Woodson County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodson_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Greenwood County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwood_County,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Lyon County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_County,_Kansas"}],"sub_title":"Adjacent counties","text":"Osage County (north)\nFranklin County (northeast)\nAnderson County (east)\nAllen County (southeast)\nWoodson County (south)\nGreenwood County (southwest)\nLyon County (northwest)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Interstate 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_35_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_50_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_75_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"K-31","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-31_(Kansas_highway)"},{"link_name":"K-58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-58_(Kansas_highway)"}],"sub_title":"Major highways","text":"Sources: National Atlas,[4] U.S. Census Bureau[5]Interstate 35\nU.S. Route 50\nU.S. Route 75\nK-31\nK-58","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Hills_National_Wildlife_Refuge"}],"sub_title":"National protected area","text":"Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge (part)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA_Coffey_County,_Kansas_age_pyramid.svg"},{"link_name":"Population pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid"},{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-10"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_American"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_American"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_American"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American"},{"link_name":"two or more races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic"},{"link_name":"median income for a household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Median_household_income"}],"text":"Population pyramid based on 2000 census age dataAs of the 2000 census,[10] there were 8,865 people, 3,489 households, and 2,477 families residing in the county. The population density was 14 people per square mile (5.4 people/km2). There were 3,876 housing units at an average density of 6 per square mile (2.3/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 96.95% White, 0.25% Black or African American, 0.52% Native American, 0.34% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.55% of the population.There were 3,489 households, out of which 33.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.70% were married couples living together, 6.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.00% were non-families. 26.00% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 2.99.In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.80% under the age of 18, 6.50% from 18 to 24, 26.40% from 25 to 44, 24.00% from 45 to 64, and 16.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 96.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.50 males.The median income for a household in the county was $37,839, and the median income for a family was $44,912. Males had a median income of $31,356 versus $20,666 for females. The per capita income for the county was $18,337. About 5.00% of families and 6.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.00% of those under age 18 and 9.80% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Third party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)"},{"link_name":"2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1892","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_Kansas"}],"sub_title":"Presidential elections","text":"Presidential election results\n\nUnited States presidential election results for Coffey County, Kansas[11]\n\n\nYear\n\nRepublican\n\nDemocratic\n\nThird party\n\n\nNo. \n%\nNo. \n%\nNo. \n%\n\n\n\n\n2020\n\n3,489\n\n76.43%\n\n964\n\n21.12%\n\n112\n\n2.45%\n\n\n\n\n2016\n\n3,050\n\n74.98%\n\n727\n\n17.87%\n\n291\n\n7.15%\n\n\n\n\n2012\n\n2,903\n\n74.32%\n\n898\n\n22.99%\n\n105\n\n2.69%\n\n\n\n\n2008\n\n3,054\n\n72.16%\n\n1,121\n\n26.49%\n\n57\n\n1.35%\n\n\n\n\n2004\n\n3,259\n\n73.93%\n\n1,093\n\n24.80%\n\n56\n\n1.27%\n\n\n\n\n2000\n\n2,700\n\n66.83%\n\n1,196\n\n29.60%\n\n144\n\n3.56%\n\n\n\n\n1996\n\n2,369\n\n57.92%\n\n1,118\n\n27.33%\n\n603\n\n14.74%\n\n\n\n\n1992\n\n1,824\n\n42.44%\n\n1,021\n\n23.76%\n\n1,453\n\n33.81%\n\n\n\n\n1988\n\n2,581\n\n66.69%\n\n1,246\n\n32.20%\n\n43\n\n1.11%\n\n\n\n\n1984\n\n3,063\n\n74.00%\n\n1,037\n\n25.05%\n\n39\n\n0.94%\n\n\n\n\n1980\n\n2,491\n\n69.16%\n\n938\n\n26.04%\n\n173\n\n4.80%\n\n\n\n\n1976\n\n2,145\n\n56.70%\n\n1,549\n\n40.95%\n\n89\n\n2.35%\n\n\n\n\n1972\n\n2,667\n\n75.70%\n\n782\n\n22.20%\n\n74\n\n2.10%\n\n\n\n\n1968\n\n2,223\n\n63.06%\n\n933\n\n26.47%\n\n369\n\n10.47%\n\n\n\n\n1964\n\n1,998\n\n55.41%\n\n1,594\n\n44.20%\n\n14\n\n0.39%\n\n\n\n\n1960\n\n2,925\n\n69.69%\n\n1,263\n\n30.09%\n\n9\n\n0.21%\n\n\n\n\n1956\n\n3,286\n\n72.24%\n\n1,247\n\n27.41%\n\n16\n\n0.35%\n\n\n\n\n1952\n\n3,731\n\n74.78%\n\n1,239\n\n24.83%\n\n19\n\n0.38%\n\n\n\n\n1948\n\n2,945\n\n61.20%\n\n1,796\n\n37.32%\n\n71\n\n1.48%\n\n\n\n\n1944\n\n3,461\n\n67.28%\n\n1,660\n\n32.27%\n\n23\n\n0.45%\n\n\n\n\n1940\n\n4,164\n\n64.26%\n\n2,272\n\n35.06%\n\n44\n\n0.68%\n\n\n\n\n1936\n\n3,900\n\n59.29%\n\n2,662\n\n40.47%\n\n16\n\n0.24%\n\n\n\n\n1932\n\n2,707\n\n43.77%\n\n3,389\n\n54.80%\n\n88\n\n1.42%\n\n\n\n\n1928\n\n4,342\n\n73.81%\n\n1,514\n\n25.74%\n\n27\n\n0.46%\n\n\n\n\n1924\n\n3,552\n\n62.47%\n\n1,631\n\n28.68%\n\n503\n\n8.85%\n\n\n\n\n1920\n\n3,370\n\n64.20%\n\n1,785\n\n34.01%\n\n94\n\n1.79%\n\n\n\n\n1916\n\n2,799\n\n45.57%\n\n3,121\n\n50.81%\n\n222\n\n3.61%\n\n\n\n\n1912\n\n681\n\n18.73%\n\n1,581\n\n43.48%\n\n1,374\n\n37.79%\n\n\n\n\n1908\n\n2,094\n\n53.38%\n\n1,729\n\n44.07%\n\n100\n\n2.55%\n\n\n\n\n1904\n\n2,164\n\n59.39%\n\n1,280\n\n35.13%\n\n200\n\n5.49%\n\n\n\n\n1900\n\n2,159\n\n50.46%\n\n2,066\n\n48.28%\n\n54\n\n1.26%\n\n\n\n\n1896\n\n2,000\n\n46.84%\n\n2,194\n\n51.38%\n\n76\n\n1.78%\n\n\n\n\n1892\n\n1,769\n\n47.53%\n\n0\n\n0.00%\n\n1,953\n\n52.47%\n\n\n\n\n\n1888\n\n1,970\n\n52.59%\n\n1,227\n\n32.75%\n\n549\n\n14.66%","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kansas Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Constitution"},{"link_name":"\"dry\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_county"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Laws","text":"Following amendment to the Kansas Constitution in 1986, Coffey County remained a prohibition, or \"dry\", county until 2004, when voters approved the sale of alcoholic liquor by the individual drink with a 30 percent food sales requirement.[12]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lebo–Waverly USD 243","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebo%E2%80%93Waverly_USD_243"},{"link_name":"Burlington USD 244","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_USD_244"},{"link_name":"LeRoy–Gridley USD 245","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy%E2%80%93Gridley_USD_245"},{"link_name":"Southern Lyon County USD 252","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lyon_County_USD_252"},{"link_name":"Garnett USD 365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garnett_USD_365"}],"sub_title":"Unified school districts","text":"Lebo–Waverly USD 243\nBurlington USD 244\nLeRoy–Gridley USD 245 (Southern Coffey County)School district office in neighboring countySouthern Lyon County USD 252\nGarnett USD 365","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Coffey_Co,_Ks,_USA.png"},{"link_name":"KDOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"map legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kansas_official_transportation_map_legend.png"}],"text":"2005 KDOT Map of Coffey County (map legend)","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Gridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gridley,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Lebo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebo,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"LeRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeRoy,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"New Strawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Strawn,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Waverly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waverly,_Kansas"}],"sub_title":"Cities","text":"Burlington (county seat)\nGridley\nLebo\nLeRoy\nNew Strawn\nWaverly","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricola,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Aliceville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliceville,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Halls Summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halls_Summit,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Ottumwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottumwa,_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Sharpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharpe,_Kansas"}],"sub_title":"Unincorporated communities","text":"Agricola\nAliceville\nHalls Summit\nOttumwa\nSharpe","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"townships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington,_Kansas"}],"sub_title":"Townships","text":"Coffey County is divided into fourteen townships. The city of Burlington is considered governmentally independent and is excluded from the census figures for the townships. In the following table, the population center is the largest city (or cities) included in that township's population total, if it is of a significant size.","title":"Communities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alan L. Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_L._Hart"},{"link_name":"transgender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgender"},{"link_name":"radiologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiologist"},{"link_name":"tuberculosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosis"}],"text":"Alan L. Hart (1890–1962), transgender physician, radiologist, tuberculosis researcher, writer, and novelist","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of books about Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas#Bibliography"},{"link_name":"Standard Atlas of Coffey County, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kansasmemory.org/item/223987/"},{"link_name":"Plat Book of Coffey County, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kansasmemory.org/item/209376/"},{"link_name":"An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Coffey County, Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kansasmemory.org/item/223986/"}],"text":"See also: List of books about Kansas, including historical information about its counties and citiesStandard Atlas of Coffey County, Kansas; Geo. A. Ogle & Co; 69 pages; 1919.\nPlat Book of Coffey County, Kansas; North West Publishing Co; 40 pages; 1901.\nAn Illustrated Historical Atlas of Coffey County, Kansas; Edwards Brothers; 44 pages; 1878.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Population pyramid based on 2000 census age data","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/USA_Coffey_County%2C_Kansas_age_pyramid.svg/175px-USA_Coffey_County%2C_Kansas_age_pyramid.svg.png"},{"image_text":"2005 KDOT Map of Coffey County (map legend)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_Coffey_Co%2C_Ks%2C_USA.png/300px-Map_of_Coffey_Co%2C_Ks%2C_USA.png"},{"image_text":"Map of Kansas highlighting Coffey County","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Coffey_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Kansas_highlighting_Coffey_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Kansas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kansas"},{"title":"Kansas locations by per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_locations_by_per_capita_income"},{"title":"List of counties in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Kansas"},{"title":"List of townships in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_townships_in_Kansas"},{"title":"List of cities in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Kansas"},{"title":"List of unincorporated communities in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unincorporated_communities_in_Kansas"},{"title":"List of ghost towns in Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ghost_towns_in_Kansas"}] | [{"reference":"\"QuickFacts; Coffey County, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010\". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 16, 2021. Retrieved August 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/coffeycountykansas/POP010220","url_text":"\"QuickFacts; Coffey County, Kansas; Population, Census, 2020 & 2010\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210816000951/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/coffeycountykansas/POP010220","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Find a County\". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved 2011-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"\"Find a County\""},{"url":"http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"U.S. Decennial Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historical Census Browser\". University of Virginia Library. Archived from the original on August 11, 2012. Retrieved July 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120811110448/http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"\"Historical Census Browser\""},{"url":"http://mapserver.lib.virginia.edu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/ks190090.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved July 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"\"Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100327165705/http://www.census.gov/population/www/cen2000/briefs/phc-t4/tables/tab02.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\".","urls":[{"url":"http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS","url_text":"\"Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Map of Wet and Dry Counties\". Alcoholic Beverage Control, Kansas Department of Revenue. November 2006. Archived from the original on October 8, 2007. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Township,_Shiawassee_County,_Michigan | Vernon Township, Shiawassee County, Michigan | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Highways","4 References"] | Coordinates: 42°55′21″N 83°59′33″W / 42.92250°N 83.99250°W / 42.92250; -83.99250
There is also Vernon Township, Isabella County, Michigan.
Civil township in Michigan, United StatesVernon Township, MichiganCivil townshipLocation within Shiawassee County (red) and the administered village of Vernon (pink)Vernon TownshipLocation within the state of MichiganShow map of MichiganVernon TownshipVernon Township (the United States)Show map of the United StatesCoordinates: 42°55′21″N 83°59′33″W / 42.92250°N 83.99250°W / 42.92250; -83.99250CountryUnited StatesStateMichiganCountyShiawasseeGovernment • SupervisorBert DeClerg • ClerkSusan BannisterArea • Total34.03 sq mi (88.1 km2) • Land33.69 sq mi (87.3 km2) • Water0.34 sq mi (0.9 km2)Elevation787 ft (240 m)Population (2010) • Total4,614 • Density146.9/sq mi (56.7/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code(s)48414 (Bancroft)48429 (Durand)48436 (Gaines)48476 (Vernon)Area code989FIPS code26-82040GNIS feature ID1627196WebsiteOfficial website
Vernon Township is a civil township of Shiawassee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 4,614 at the 2010 census. The village of Vernon is located within the township. The township also surrounds the city of Durand, but the two are administered autonomously.
Vernon Township was named after Mount Vernon, the estate of George Washington.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.03 square miles (88.1 km2), of which 33.69 square miles (87.3 km2) is land and 0.34 square miles (0.88 km2) (1.00%) is water.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 4,980 people, 1,881 households, and 1,470 families residing in the township. The population density was 146.9 inhabitants per square mile (56.7/km2). There were 2,782 housing units at an average density of 82.1 per square mile (31.7/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 97.45% White, 0.12% African American, 0.50% Native American, 0.18% Asian, 0.52% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.79% of the population.
There were 1,881 households, out of which 35.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.8% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.8% were non-families. 17.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the township the population was spread out, with 26.1% under the age of 18, 7.8% from 18 to 24, 28.4% from 25 to 44, 26.3% from 45 to 64, and 11.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.0 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $47,339, and the median income for a family was $53,068. Males had a median income of $43,600 versus $26,760 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,990. About 5.7% of families and 7.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.5% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.
Highways
I-69
M-71
References
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Vernon Township, Shiawassee County, Michigan
^ a b "Michigan: 2010 Population and Housing Unit Counts 2010 Census of Population and Housing" (PDF). 2010 United States Census. United States Census Bureau. September 2012. p. 42 Michigan. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
^ "Ghost towns and post offices of Shiawassee County visited". The Argus-Press. October 2, 2000. p. 3. Retrieved May 2, 2015.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Shiawassee County, Michigan, United StatesCounty seat: CorunnaCities
Corunna
Durand
Laingsburg
Ovid‡
Owosso
Perry
Map of Michigan highlighting Shiawassee CountyVillages
Bancroft
Byron
Lennon‡
Morrice
New Lothrop
Vernon
Charter townships
Caledonia
Owosso
Civil townships
Antrim
Bennington
Burns
Fairfield
Hazelton
Middlebury
New Haven
Perry
Rush
Sciota
Shiawassee
Venice
Vernon
Woodhull
CDPs
Henderson
Middletown
Shaftsburg
Othercommunities
Antrim Center
Bennington
Burton
Carland
Easton
Five Points
Five Points North
Forest Green Estates
Hoovers Corners
Juddville
Kerby
Newburg
New Haven
Nicholson‡
Olney Corners‡
Pittsburg
Shiawasseetown
Smith Crossing
Union Plains
Wolf Crossing
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county
Michigan portal
United States portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vernon Township, Isabella County, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Township,_Isabella_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"civil township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_township"},{"link_name":"Shiawassee County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiawassee_County,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"U.S. state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._state"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"2010 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CENS-3"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durand,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"There is also Vernon Township, Isabella County, Michigan.Civil township in Michigan, United StatesVernon Township is a civil township of Shiawassee County in the U.S. state of Michigan. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omotesand%C5%8D,_Tokyo | Omotesandō | ["1 History","2 Present","3 Gallery","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 35°39′54″N 139°42′45″E / 35.66513°N 139.71248°E / 35.66513; 139.71248Avenue in Tokyo
Omotesandō street as seen from an overpass
Omotesandō (表参道) is a zelkova tree-lined avenue located in Shibuya and Minato, Tokyo, stretching from the Meiji Shrine entrance to Aoyama-dōri (Aoyama Street), where Omotesandō Station can be found.
History
Omotesandō was originally created in the Taishō era as the frontal (表, Omote) approach (参道, Sandō) to Meiji Shrine, which is dedicated to the deified spirits of Emperor Meiji and his wife, Empress Shōken.
Present
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Omotesandō is known as one of the foremost 'architectural showcase' streets in the world, featuring a multitude of fashion flagship stores within a short distance of each other. These include the Louis Vuitton store (Jun Aoki, 2002), Tod's (Toyo Ito, 2004), Dior (SANAA, 2004), Omotesandō Hills (Tadao Ando, 2005) and Gyre (MVRDV, 2007), amongst others.
Omotesandō is the main vehicle and pedestrian thoroughfare for Harajuku and Aoyama. The area features many international brand boutiques, such as Louis Vuitton, Alexander McQueen and Gucci, as well as fast fashion retailers such as Gap, H&M and Zara. In his book Luxury Brand Management, luxury brand manager Michel Chevalier cites Omotesandō as one of the best locations in Tokyo for a luxury goods store. Omotesandō is also home to the Kiddyland toy store, Laforet, and the Oriental Bazaar. Omotesandō's side streets, known as Ura-Harajuku, feature a range of smaller cafes, bars, restaurants, and boutique stores.
Omotesandō is the venue for Tokyo's annual Saint Patrick's Day Parade.
Gallery
Prada Aoyama
Tod's Omotesandō building
Omotesando Hills
Dior Omotesandō
Designer retail complex "The Gyre"
References
^ "Meiji Shrine". Retrieved 22 March 2008.
^ "Introduction". Archived from the original on 11 March 2008. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
^ Chevalier, Michel (2012). Luxury Brand Management. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-17176-9.
^ "St. Patrick's Day 2015". Japan Times. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Omotesando.
Pictures of Tokyo, Omotesandō (and surroundings, Aoyama, Jingūmae)
Map of Harajuku, Omotesando
vteNeighborhoods of Tokyo
Akasaka
Akihabara
Aobadai
Aomi
Aoyama
Ariake
Asagaya
Asakusa
Asakusabashi
Azabu
Awajichō
Bakurochō
Daikanyama
Den-en-chōfu
Ebisu
Ebisuminami
Futako-tamagawa
Ginza
Gotanda
Hamamatsuchō
Harajuku
Hibiya
Higashi
Higashikanda
Hongō
Ichigaya
Iidabashi
Ikebukuro
Iwamotochō
Jiyūgaoka
Jinbōchō
Jūjō
Kabukichō
Kagurazaka
Kajichō
Kamata
Kamiikebukuro
Kanda
Kasumigaseki
Kichijōji
Komaba
Koishikawa
Kugayama
Kudankita
Kyōbashi
Kōenji
Kōjimachi
Marunouchi
Mejiro
Mita
Meguro-mita
Muromachi
Nagatachō
Nakameguro
Nishigotanda
Nishiogikubo
Nihonbashi
Nishiōizumi
Nishiōizumimachi
Nishishinjuku
Nishikichō
Ochanomizu
Odaiba
Ogawamachi
Ogikubo
Ōizumigakuenchō
Ōmori
Omotesandō
Ōsaki
Ōtemachi
Roppongi
Ryōgoku
San'ya
Sendagaya
Shiba
Shibaura
Shibuya
Shimokitazawa
Shinbashi
Shinjuku
Shinjuku Ni-chōme
Shinonome
Shiodome
Shirokane
Shirokanedai
Shōtō
Sudachō
Sugamo
Surugadai
Takadanobaba
Takanawa
Tamachi
Tateishi
Tatsumi
Toyosu
Tsukiji
Tsukishima
Uchikanda
Uchisaiwaichō
Ueno
Wakasu
Yaesu
Yanaka
Yayoi
Yōga
Yotsuya
Yoyogi
Yūrakuchō
Zōshigaya
vteShopping districts and streets in JapanKantoTokyo
Akihabara
Ameya-Yokochō
Ginza
Harajuku
Ikebukuro (Otome Road)
Omotesandō
Shibuya
Shinjuku Golden Gai
Yokohama
Isezakichō
Motomachi
Yokohama Chinatown
Kawagoe
Taisho-roman Street
Kashiya Yokocho
KansaiOsaka
Amerikamura
Dōtonbori
Ikuno Korea Town
Midōsuji
Namba
Nipponbashi
Shinsaibashi
Umeda
Rinku Town
Kobe
Harborland
Motomachi (Kobe)
Nankin-machi
Sannomiya
Shinkaichi
Kyoto
Nishikikōji Street
Shijō Street (Shijō Kawaramachi)
Others
Furumachi
Sakae
Shinmachi Street
Tenjin
Portal: Tokyo
35°39′54″N 139°42′45″E / 35.66513°N 139.71248°E / 35.66513; 139.71248 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omotesando_Tokyo_spring_2012.JPG"},{"link_name":"zelkova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelkova_serrata"},{"link_name":"Shibuya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibuya,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Minato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minato,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Meiji Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Omotesandō Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omotesand%C5%8D_Station"}],"text":"Avenue in TokyoOmotesandō street as seen from an overpassOmotesandō (表参道) is a zelkova tree-lined avenue located in Shibuya and Minato, Tokyo, stretching from the Meiji Shrine entrance to Aoyama-dōri (Aoyama Street), where Omotesandō Station can be found.","title":"Omotesandō"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taishō era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era"},{"link_name":"Sandō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sand%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Meiji Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Shrine"},{"link_name":"Emperor Meiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Meiji"},{"link_name":"Empress Shōken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_Sh%C5%8Dken"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-japanguide-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-officialsite-2"}],"text":"Omotesandō was originally created in the Taishō era as the frontal (表, Omote) approach (参道, Sandō) to Meiji Shrine, which is dedicated to the deified spirits of Emperor Meiji and his wife, Empress Shōken.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis Vuitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton"},{"link_name":"Tod's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tod%27s"},{"link_name":"Toyo Ito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyo_Ito"},{"link_name":"Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior"},{"link_name":"SANAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANAA"},{"link_name":"Omotesandō Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omotesando_Hills"},{"link_name":"Tadao Ando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadao_Ando"},{"link_name":"MVRDV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MVRDV"},{"link_name":"Harajuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harajuku"},{"link_name":"Aoyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoyama,_Minato,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Louis Vuitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Vuitton"},{"link_name":"Alexander McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McQueen"},{"link_name":"Gucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci"},{"link_name":"fast fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_fashion"},{"link_name":"Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_(clothing_retailer)"},{"link_name":"H&M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%26M"},{"link_name":"Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zara_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"luxury goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxury_goods"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luxury-3"},{"link_name":"Laforet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laforet"},{"link_name":"Ura-Harajuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ura-Harajuku"},{"link_name":"Saint Patrick's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JT2015-4"}],"text":"Omotesandō is known as one of the foremost 'architectural showcase' streets in the world, featuring a multitude of fashion flagship stores within a short distance of each other. These include the Louis Vuitton store (Jun Aoki, 2002), Tod's (Toyo Ito, 2004), Dior (SANAA, 2004), Omotesandō Hills (Tadao Ando, 2005) and Gyre (MVRDV, 2007), amongst others.Omotesandō is the main vehicle and pedestrian thoroughfare for Harajuku and Aoyama. The area features many international brand boutiques, such as Louis Vuitton, Alexander McQueen and Gucci, as well as fast fashion retailers such as Gap, H&M and Zara. In his book Luxury Brand Management, luxury brand manager Michel Chevalier cites Omotesandō as one of the best locations in Tokyo for a luxury goods store.[3] Omotesandō is also home to the Kiddyland toy store, Laforet, and the Oriental Bazaar. Omotesandō's side streets, known as Ura-Harajuku, feature a range of smaller cafes, bars, restaurants, and boutique stores.Omotesandō is the venue for Tokyo's annual Saint Patrick's Day Parade.[4]","title":"Present"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prada_Aoyama.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tod%27s_at_Omotesando.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Omotemall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Omotesando Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omotesando_Hills"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dior_Omotesando_2007.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gyre_Omotesando_2.jpg"}],"text":"Prada Aoyama\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTod's Omotesandō building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOmotesando Hills\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDior Omotesandō\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDesigner retail complex \"The Gyre\"","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Omotesandō street as seen from an overpass","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Omotesando_Tokyo_spring_2012.JPG/250px-Omotesando_Tokyo_spring_2012.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Meiji Shrine\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsville,_Kingston | Williamsville, Kingston | ["1 Events","2 Notable attractions","3 Notable people","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 44°14′20″N 76°30′00″W / 44.239°N 76.500°W / 44.239; -76.500Neighborhood in Canada
Williamsville is a neighbourhood located in downtown Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The neighbourhood is bounded by Concession Street to the north, Johnson Street to the south and Sir John A Macdonald Blvd to the west, and Division Street to the east. Williamsville is represented on the City Council by counsellor Jim Neill and is also home to the Williamsville Community Association, a local advocacy group committed to the interests of Williamsville's residents, businesses, and agencies.
As one of the original neighbourhoods of the City of Kingston, Williamsville is home to several good examples of local Limestone, Victorian, and Craftsman-Style architecture. The neighbourhood is also known for being the childhood home of Don Cherry. Following the completion of Ontario Highway 401 and declining usage of Ontario Highway 2, the main thoroughfare through Kingston, economic prosperity declined in Williamsville beginning in the 1960s. As a result, Williamsville has been the subject of several revitalisation efforts based on the Williamsville Main Street Study. These efforts have led to extensive renovations to the Kingston Memorial Centre, significant investment in infrastructure along Princess Street along the Williamsville corridor, new residential development projects, and the addition of Kingston's second Farmers' Market.
Events
Each year, Williamsville hosts several of Kingston's festivals, including the Kingston Fall Fair, the Kingston Ribfest & Craft Beer Show, and the Kingston Health & Fitness Expo.
Notable attractions
Kingston Memorial Centre
Memorial Centre Farmers' Market
Notable people
Don Cherry
References
^ "Neighbourhood Profiles - 2011 Census". City of Kingston. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ "District 9 - Jim Neill - City of Kingston". Retrieved 27 April 2017.
^ "Our Mission – Williamsville Neighbourhood". Retrieved 27 April 2017.
^ a b Williamsville Book Committee. Williansville Revisited: an Illustrated History of "Williamsville" at Kingston, Ontario. Kingston: Williamsville Book Committee. p. 274.
^ Kennedy, Patrick (21 August 2016). "Hockey and the Hip". Kingston Whig-Standard. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ "Williamsville Main Street Study". City of Kingston. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ Ste Marie Lacroix, Brianne (7 April 2014). "Construction starts on upper Princess Street". Kingston Whig-Standard. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ Hutchins, Bill (29 May 2014). "Developer unveils dual hi-rise condos on Williamsville's Princess Street". Kingston Heritage. Retrieved 6 October 2016.
^ "Memorial Centre Farmers' Market - where the farmers you meet grow the food you eat!". Retrieved 27 April 2017.
^ "Home". kingstonfair.com.
^ "Ribfest Kingston - Home - Kingston Ribfest & Craft Beer Show". Retrieved 27 April 2017.
^ "Kingston Health & Fitness Expo and Race - Kingstonist". Retrieved 27 April 2017.
External links
Official website
44°14′20″N 76°30′00″W / 44.239°N 76.500°W / 44.239; -76.500 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"Don Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_S._Cherry"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ontario Highway 401","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_401"},{"link_name":"Ontario Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Highway_2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kingston Memorial Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Memorial_Centre"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Neighborhood in CanadaWilliamsville is a neighbourhood located in downtown Kingston, Ontario, Canada. The neighbourhood is bounded by Concession Street to the north, Johnson Street to the south and Sir John A Macdonald Blvd to the west, and Division Street to the east.[1] Williamsville is represented on the City Council by counsellor Jim Neill [2] and is also home to the Williamsville Community Association, a local advocacy group committed to the interests of Williamsville's residents, businesses, and agencies.[3]As one of the original neighbourhoods of the City of Kingston, Williamsville is home to several good examples of local Limestone, Victorian, and Craftsman-Style architecture.[4] The neighbourhood is also known for being the childhood home of Don Cherry.[5] Following the completion of Ontario Highway 401 and declining usage of Ontario Highway 2, the main thoroughfare through Kingston, economic prosperity declined in Williamsville beginning in the 1960s.[4] As a result, Williamsville has been the subject of several revitalisation efforts based on the Williamsville Main Street Study.[6] These efforts have led to extensive renovations to the Kingston Memorial Centre, significant investment in infrastructure along Princess Street along the Williamsville corridor,[7] new residential development projects,[8] and the addition of Kingston's second Farmers' Market.[9]","title":"Williamsville, Kingston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Each year, Williamsville hosts several of Kingston's festivals, including the Kingston Fall Fair,[10] the Kingston Ribfest & Craft Beer Show,[11] and the Kingston Health & Fitness Expo.[12]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingston Memorial Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_Memorial_Centre"}],"text":"Kingston Memorial Centre\nMemorial Centre Farmers' Market","title":"Notable attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Don Cherry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_S._Cherry"}],"text":"Don Cherry","title":"Notable people"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Neighbourhood Profiles - 2011 Census\". City of Kingston.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"District 9 - Jim Neill - City of Kingston\". Retrieved 27 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/mayor-and-council/district9","url_text":"\"District 9 - Jim Neill - City of Kingston\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Mission – Williamsville Neighbourhood\". Retrieved 27 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://williamsville.ca/about/our-mission/","url_text":"\"Our Mission – Williamsville Neighbourhood\""}]},{"reference":"Williamsville Book Committee. Williansville Revisited: an Illustrated History of \"Williamsville\" at Kingston, Ontario. Kingston: Williamsville Book Committee. p. 274.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Patrick (21 August 2016). \"Hockey and the Hip\". Kingston Whig-Standard. Retrieved 6 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thewhig.com/2016/08/20/hockey-and-the-hip","url_text":"\"Hockey and the Hip\""}]},{"reference":"\"Williamsville Main Street Study\". City of Kingston. 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Retrieved 6 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kingstonregion.com/news-story/4545991-developer-unveils-dual-hi-rise-condos-on-williamsville-s-princess-street/","url_text":"\"Developer unveils dual hi-rise condos on Williamsville's Princess Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Memorial Centre Farmers' Market - where the farmers you meet grow the food you eat!\". Retrieved 27 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.memorialcentrefarmersmarket.com/","url_text":"\"Memorial Centre Farmers' Market - where the farmers you meet grow the food you eat!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". kingstonfair.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kingstonfair.com/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ribfest Kingston - Home - Kingston Ribfest & Craft Beer Show\". Retrieved 27 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kingstonribandbeerfest.com/","url_text":"\"Ribfest Kingston - Home - Kingston Ribfest & Craft Beer Show\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kingston Health & Fitness Expo and Race - Kingstonist\". Retrieved 27 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kingstonist.com/event/kingston-health-fitness-expo-race/","url_text":"\"Kingston Health & Fitness Expo and Race - Kingstonist\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Williamsville,_Kingston¶ms=44.239_N_76.5_W_type:city_region:CA-ON","external_links_name":"44°14′20″N 76°30′00″W / 44.239°N 76.500°W / 44.239; -76.500"},{"Link":"https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/mayor-and-council/district9","external_links_name":"\"District 9 - Jim Neill - City of Kingston\""},{"Link":"http://williamsville.ca/about/our-mission/","external_links_name":"\"Our Mission – Williamsville Neighbourhood\""},{"Link":"http://www.thewhig.com/2016/08/20/hockey-and-the-hip","external_links_name":"\"Hockey and the Hip\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/projects-construction/archived-projects/williamsville/williamsville-main-street-study","external_links_name":"\"Williamsville Main Street Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.thewhig.com/2014/04/07/construction-starts-on-upper-princess-street","external_links_name":"\"Construction starts on upper Princess Street\""},{"Link":"http://www.kingstonregion.com/news-story/4545991-developer-unveils-dual-hi-rise-condos-on-williamsville-s-princess-street/","external_links_name":"\"Developer unveils dual hi-rise condos on Williamsville's Princess Street\""},{"Link":"http://www.memorialcentrefarmersmarket.com/","external_links_name":"\"Memorial Centre Farmers' Market - where the farmers you meet grow the food you eat!\""},{"Link":"http://www.kingstonfair.com/","external_links_name":"\"Home\""},{"Link":"http://www.kingstonribandbeerfest.com/","external_links_name":"\"Ribfest Kingston - Home - Kingston Ribfest & Craft Beer Show\""},{"Link":"http://www.kingstonist.com/event/kingston-health-fitness-expo-race/","external_links_name":"\"Kingston Health & Fitness Expo and Race - Kingstonist\""},{"Link":"https://www.cityofkingston.ca/city-hall/projects-construction/archived-projects/williamsville","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Williamsville,_Kingston¶ms=44.239_N_76.5_W_type:city_region:CA-ON","external_links_name":"44°14′20″N 76°30′00″W / 44.239°N 76.500°W / 44.239; -76.500"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City,_Pennsylvania | Oil City, Pennsylvania | ["1 History","1.1 Cornplanter Tract and Oil Creek Furnace","1.2 Deserted Oil Creek Furnace","1.3 Laytonia, Cottage Hill, Imperial City, and Leetown","1.4 Founding of Oil City","1.5 Post-charter Oil City","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Tourism","5 Media","6 Sports","6.1 Notable alumni","7 Notable people","8 See also","9 References","10 Bibliography","11 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.42833°N 79.70722°W / 41.42833; -79.70722Not to be confused with Oil City, Cambria County, Pennsylvania.
City in Pennsylvania, United StatesOil City, PennsylvaniaCityMotto: "A Special Blend of People"Location of Oil City in Venango County, Pennsylvania (left) and of Venango County in Pennsylvania (right)Oil City, PennsylvaniaCoordinates: 41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.42833°N 79.70722°W / 41.42833; -79.70722CountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyVenangoSettled1824Incorporated (Borough)1862Incorporated (City)1871Government • TypeCouncil/Manager • MayorJohn Kluck • City ManagerMark G. SchroyerArea • Total4.84 sq mi (12.53 km2) • Land4.49 sq mi (11.64 km2) • Water0.34 sq mi (0.89 km2)Population (2020) • Total9,613 • Density2,139.55/sq mi (826.17/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP Code16301Area code(s)582; 814FIPS code42-56456Websitewww.oilcity.org
Oil City is the largest city in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. Known for its prominence in the initial exploration and development of the petroleum industry, it is located at a bend in the Allegheny River at the mouth of Oil Creek. The population was 9,608 at the 2020 census, and it is the principal city of the Oil City micropolitan area.
Initial settlement of Oil City was sporadic, and tied to the iron industry. After the first oil wells were drilled in 1861, it became central to the petroleum industry while hosting headquarters for the Pennzoil, Quaker State, and Wolf's Head motor oil companies. Tourism plays a prominent role in the region by promoting oil heritage sites, nature trails, and Victorian architecture.
History
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Fleet of Oil Boats at Oil City, 1864
Ice jam on Oil Creek near Oil City, during mid/late 1970s
Cornplanter Tract and Oil Creek Furnace
In 1796, the state of Pennsylvania gave Cornplanter, chief of the Wolf Band of the Seneca nation, 1,500 acres (6.1 km2) of land along the west bank of the Allegheny River in Warren County, Pennsylvania, as well as a small tract on both sides of the mouth of Oil Creek, in compensation for his services during the American Revolutionary War. The first white settler in what became Oil City was an unknown individual who cleared and farmed about 400 acres (1.6 km2) on the west side of Oil Creek upstream from Cornplanter's land. Francis Halyday (or Holliday) purchased this land in 1803, and settled there with his family. The first white child known to be born in what became Oil City was James Halyday, born January 13, 1809. Three or four other families soon settled on the east side of the creek above the "Cornplanter Tract".
Cornplanter sold the eastern half of his tract to two white settlers, William Connely and William Kinnear, in May 1818. Connely sold his quarter of the original tract back to Cornplanter in October 1818, but the land was seized by the county for nonpayment of taxes and sold at auction in November 1819 to Alexander McCalmont. McCalmont sold his land to Mathias Stockberger in the spring of 1824.
On June 25, 1824, Kinnear, Stockerberger, and settler Richard Noyes formed William Kinnear & Co., a company which swiftly erected an iron bloomery, foundry, gristmill, and several warehouses. A mill race provided water power for the furnace. Homes were built for workers, and a steamboat landing constructed on the Allegheny River. This settlement was called Oil Creek Furnace. Settler James Young opened the first general store in town, and operated it in the 1850s.
The original incorporators were bought out by brothers William and Frederick Crary in January 1825. The company was purchased in February 1835 by William Bell, who changed the corporate name to W. Bell & Son. He and his son, Samuel, operated the furnace until 1849, employing about 40 men. The poor quality of iron ore in the area made their operations unprofitable and the furnace closed in 1849. The settlement was soon deserted, except for two families (the Bannons and the Halydays).
Deserted Oil Creek Furnace
The bend in the Allegheny River at Oil City slowed the speed of the river's waters, providing a spot for barges and rafts to land easily. For many years, the Bannons and Halydays rented rooms in their homes and space in their barns to bargemen and rafters using the landing at Oil Creek Furnace. About 1852 or 1853, Thomas Moran settled in the area and built a large inn (Moran House) next to the Bannon home. It proved popular and soon expanded, and became a local landmark. Samuel Hopewell opened a second inn shortly after Moran, and in the fall 1852 his brother, John P. Hopewell, opened a third inn and a new general store on Main Street. Settler Hiram Gordon opened the Red Lion, the area's first saloon, about the same time Hopewell's store began operation. Located near the mouth of Oil Creek, the saloon provided live entertainment. In June 1856, 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of the property was sold by the Bell heirs to Graff, Hasson & Company. James Hasson, son William Hasson, and William's family took up residence on the tract and began farming.
Although the village of Oil Creek Furnace was largely deserted, settlement continued in the area. On August 6, 1840, Benjamin Thompson patented nearly all of what is now Oil City east of Oil Creek and north of the Allegheny. This land was quickly subdivided and sold to other settlers. With the death of his mother in 1844, James Halyday sold his land about 1846 to Dr. John Nevins and several other settlers. Nevins was a physician, the first to practice medicine in the area. James Hollis patented 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land on the south side of the Allegheny River in 1851, and purchased the remainder of Thompson's land on January 3, 1853. Hollis, in turn, sold all his land on April 25 to Henry Bastian.
Laytonia, Cottage Hill, Imperial City, and Leetown
Edwin L. Drake drilled the first commercially successful oil well in nearby Titusville on August 27, 1859. Oil was struck on the Downing farm south of the river by Phillips & Vanusdall in April 1861. Oil City had fewer than six families living there in 1859. The discovery of oil changed that. By 1868, a number of boomtowns had emerged in the region, including Oil City, Petroleum Center, Pithole, Rynd Farm, and Titusville. By 1860, the oil trade was far and away the dominant industry in the Oil City area. A machine shop (which constructed pipe fittings), warehouses, and other industrial structures were built on the west side of Oil Creek. Barges were used to transport oil down Oil Creek and into Oil City, where it was transferred to steamboats or bulk barges to continue on to Pittsburgh and other locations.
In 1859, Nevins sold his property to the Michigan Rock Oil Company, which built Main Avenue, platted an unnamed town around it, and erected a few buildings. On March 26, 1863, Henry Bastian sold his land to William L. Lay, who established a ferry near what is now the foot of Central Avenue. He platted a town of 80 lots near his ferry's landing on the south shore, and named the town Laytonia (sometimes referred to as "Laytona" or "Latona"). The same year, Charles Haines and Joseph Martin bought out the Hassons (who had continued to farm their land), and graded Grove Avenue. The two built a number of homes along the street, calling their settlement Cottage Hill. The United Petroleum Farms Association purchased part of Cottage Hill as well as an adjoining 300 acres (1.2 km2) in 1864. The company subdivided the land into lots and swiftly built homes here.
In 1865, Vandergrift, Forman & Company, a petroleum exploration firm, bought the property of a number of settlers around the north landing of Lay's Ferry and established a town the company called Imperial City. West of Laytonia, Charles Lee established a settlement called Leetown.
Founding of Oil City
In 1862, residents in the area obtained a charter from the state, uniting the area north of the river as a borough named Oil City. South of the river, in particular, growth continued to be haphazard. Streets there often did not match up, hindering transportation. Residents realized that there were too many names in use for this area, which was causing problems. In 1866, the citizens of the borough south of the river petitioned Judge William G. Trunkey to give their borough a common name. He selected Venango City. By 1866, Venango City had a population of more than 1,500, and more than 4,500 people lived in Oil City.
Oil City began platting extensive areas of land between 1869 and 1872. This included the upper and lower south side, Palace Hill, upper Cottage Hill and Clark's Summit. A 1,600-foot (490 m) long funicular ascended the 460-foot (140 m) high hill. Built in 1872, the Panic of 1873 devastated home sales on Clark's Summit. The funicular company went bankrupt, and the track was removed in 1879. In 1869, Thomas Martindale opened the first health food store in Oil City, thought to be the first natural foods store in the United States.
By 1870, residents of Oil City and Venango City desired unification of their joint, growing metropolis. They sought a town charter from the state, which was granted by the legislature on March 3, 1871. Oil City was the name of the unified boroughs. The first Oil City elections were held in April, and the first mayor, William M. Williams, and 12-member city council sworn in on April 11, completing the act of incorporation. Oil City replaced her charter with a new one in January 1881 after the state implemented a new township charter law. A city hall was erected later that year on Seneca Street.
Post-charter Oil City
The city was partially destroyed by flood in 1865 and by both flood and fire in 1866 and again in 1892; on this last occasion, several oil tanks that were struck by lightning gave way, and Oil Creek carried a mass of burning oil into the city, where some 60 people died and property valued at more than $1 million was destroyed. Oil City grew into a thriving community through the later half of the 19th century and into the 20th century. By the 1990s, Pennzoil, Quaker State, and Wolf's Head had all relocated their headquarters elsewhere. However, some oil wells continue to produce a steady supply of quality petroleum.
Regional governments and public organizations promote tourism by thoroughly educating the public about oil history. Oil City's location along the Allegheny River in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains provides excellent opportunities for exploring Northwestern Pennsylvania.
The Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District, Oil City North Side Historic District, Oil City South Side Historic District, National Transit Building, and Oil City Armory are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Geography
Oil City, Pennsylvania is located at the confluence of the Allegheny River and Oil Creek at 41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.428280°N 79.707327°W / 41.428280; -79.707327. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.7 square miles (12 km2), of which 4.5 square miles (12 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (4.65%) is water.
Many layers of rock and sedimentary material containing fossils can be seen on the bluffs in and around Oil City. Oil City is framed by the surrounding foothills with the Allegheny River winding through downtown.
The Allegheny River and Oil Creek freeze occasionally during the winter, sometimes causing ice jams; although remediation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has reduced ice formation via a floating ice control structure on the river and a fixed concrete weir on the banks of the creek. Flooding of the river flats is a possibility throughout the year due to ice jams, excessive snow melt, large volume storms and hurricane or tropical storm remnants.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18702,276—18807,315221.4%189010,93249.4%190013,26421.3%191015,65718.0%192021,27435.9%193022,0753.8%194020,379−7.7%195019,581−3.9%196017,692−9.6%197015,033−15.0%198013,881−7.7%199011,949−13.9%200011,504−3.7%201010,557−8.2%20209,608−9.0%2022 (est.)9,459−1.6%Sources:
As of the census of 2018, there were 9,749 people, 4,192 households, and 2,614 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,548.4 inhabitants per square mile (983.9/km2). There were 5,289 housing units at an average density of 1,168.8 per square mile (451.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.3% White, 0.9% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.63% of the population.
There were 4,192 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $29,060, and the median income for a family was $42,839. Males had a median income of $30,072 versus $19,697 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,696. About 16.2% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.3% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over.
Tourism
Oil Creek State Park
Indian God Rock
St. Joseph Church
Oil City Armory
Oil City Northside
Oil City Southside
Arlington Hotel
Media
WKQW 1120 AM and 96.3 FM are Venango County's only locally owned radios.
The Derrick Publishing Company, locally owned, produces a general interest newspaper six days a week.
Sports
The Oil City Oilers were a Minor League Baseball team located in Oil City, Pennsylvania between 1940 and 1951. The team played in the Pennsylvania State Association from 1940 to 1942, and later moved to the Middle Atlantic League after World War II ended. The team began in 1940 when the Pittsburgh Pirates relocated their affiliate, the McKeesport Little Braves, to Oil City. The team stayed affiliated with the Pirates until 1947, when it began an affiliation with the Chicago White Sox. That year, the team's name was changed to the Oil City Refiners. The team's name was changed one last time to the Oil City A's, when they merged with the Youngstown A's, in 1951. The team then folded, along with the league, at the end of that season.
The Oilers name originated from the Oil City Oilers earlier team that represented the city in the 1985 and 1898 Iron And Oil League and the Oil City Cubs, who played as members of the Interstate League from 1906 to 1908.
Notable alumni
Otto Denning
Mike Garbark
Al Gionfriddo
Elmer Klumpp
Junior Walsh
Hal Woodeshick
Rudy York
Notable people
Charles Almanzo Babcock – created Bird Day, first celebrated in Oil City schools in 1894
George Carpenter – fighter ace during World War II
William Holmes Crosby, Jr. – one of the founding fathers of hematology
Francis "Gabby" Gabreski – fighter ace during World War II and a jet fighter ace during the Korean War. Gabreski was one of seven US pilots who were aces in both World War II and Korea. Leading US ace in Europe with 28 confirmed kills.
Shauna Howe – 11-year-old murder victim in 1992, convictions 14 years later
Woody Jackson – composer and producer best known for his scores for successful video games
Joseph Levi – Pennsylvania state legislator and businessman
Ben Koyack – NFL player 2015–2019
Josephine McKim – 1932 Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer
Dusty Miller – MLB player in the 1890s
Major General George C. Rickards – Chief of the Militia Bureau (now National Guard Bureau) in the 1920s
W.S. Borland – sports coach
Virgil Tupper – football player
Ronald Black – politician
Scott Hutchinson –politician
See also
Pennsylvania portal
Oil Creek Library District
The Oil Region
References
Notes
^ "Rock oil" was an early term for crude oil.
^ Laytonia Street marked the western boundary of Lay's village. It is now called Reed Street.
^ Clusters of existing homes, one called Albion and the other Downington, were incorporated into Imperial City.
Citations
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.
^ a b Bureau, US Census. "City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
^ a b c Hauptman 2014, p. 14.
^ Bell 1890, p. 432.
^ a b c d e f g Bell 1890, p. 433.
^ a b Eaton 1876, p. 40.
^ a b c d e Eaton 1876, p. 41.
^ a b c d e f g h i Bell 1890, p. 434.
^ Bell 1890, pp. 433–434.
^ a b c d Bell 1890, p. 435.
^ a b c d Eaton 1876, p. 42.
^ Sherman 2002, p. 7.
^ Rynd Farm description, hmdb.org. Accessed June 26, 2023.
^ Sherman 2002, pp. 14–15.
^ Sherman 2002, p. 8.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Bell 1890, p. 436.
^ Eaton 1876, pp. 40–41.
^ a b c d Bell 1890, p. 437.
^ Bell 1890, pp. 436–437.
^ "Death of Thomas Martindale". Printers' Ink. Printers' Ink Publishing Company. June 9, 1916. p. 10 – via Google Books.
^ DeGrassa, Peg (August 23, 2021). "Martindale's Natural Market celebrates 150 years". Daily Times. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023.
^ Bell 1890, pp. 437–438.
^ Bell 1890, p. 440.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Pittsburgh District – Oil City, PA Ice Control Structure". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. December 9, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2009.
^ "Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ "Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ "Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
^ "Oil City, Pennsylvania Encyclopedia". Baseball-Reference.com.
^ The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball. Lloyd Johnson & Miles Wolff, editors (Third ed.). Baseball America. 2007. ISBN 978-1932391176.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Bibliography
Bell, Herbert C. (1890). History of Venango County, Pennsylvania: Its Past and Present. Chicago: Brown, Runk & Co.
Eaton, S.J.M. (1876). Centennial Discourse: A Sketch of the History of Venango County, Pennsylvania. Franklin, Pa.: Venango Spectator Job Office.
Hauptman, Laurence M. (2014). In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians Since World War II. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815633280.
Sherman, Jon (2002). Drake Well Museum and Park: Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811729604.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oil City, Pennsylvania.
City website
Venango Area Chamber of Commerce
Artist relocation and arts revitalization
vteMunicipalities and communities of Venango County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: FranklinCities
Franklin
Oil City
Boroughs
Barkeyville
Clintonville
Cooperstown
Emlenton‡
Pleasantville
Polk
Rouseville
Sugarcreek
Utica
Townships
Allegheny
Canal
Cherrytree
Clinton
Cornplanter
Cranberry
Frenchcreek
Irwin
Jackson
Mineral
Oakland
Oil Creek
Pinegrove
Plum
President
Richland
Rockland
Sandycreek
Scrubgrass
Victory
CDPs
Hannasville
Hasson Heights
Kennerdell
Seneca
Woodland Heights
Unincorporatedcommunities
Cranberry
Dempseytown
Petroleum Center
Pittsville
Toonerville
Venus‡
Ghost town
Pithole
Footnotes‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
Pennsylvania portal
United States portal
vteFeatures of Venango County, PennsylvaniaGeography
Allegheny River
Clear Creek State Forest
Cornplanter State Forest
East Sandy Creek
French Creek
Oil Creek
History
Drake's Well
Fort Le Boeuf
Fort Machault
Fort Venango
McClintocksville
Petroleum industry
Pithole
Pontiac's Rebellion
USS Venango
Wamsutta Oil Refinery
National Register of Historic Places
Industry
Joy Mining Machinery
Pennzoil
Quaker State
Attractions
Applefest
Custaloga Town
DeBence Antique Music World
Drake Well Museum
Oil Creek State Park
Oil Region Astronomical Observatory
Franklin Silver Cornet Band
Venango Regional Airport
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
United States
Geographic
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He and his son, Samuel, operated the furnace until 1849, employing about 40 men. The poor quality of iron ore in the area made their operations unprofitable and the furnace closed in 1849. The settlement was soon deserted, except for two families (the Bannons and the Halydays).[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"barges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"rafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890434-9"},{"link_name":"inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890435-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187641-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890435-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187641-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890435-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890433-6"},{"link_name":"patented","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_patent"},{"link_name":"subdivided","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivision_(land)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890434-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890434-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187640-7"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890435-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890434-9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187642-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890434-9"}],"sub_title":"Deserted Oil Creek Furnace","text":"The bend in the Allegheny River at Oil City slowed the speed of the river's waters, providing a spot for barges and rafts to land easily. For many years, the Bannons and Halydays rented rooms in their homes and space in their barns to bargemen and rafters using the landing at Oil Creek Furnace.[9] About 1852 or 1853, Thomas Moran settled in the area and built a large inn[11] (Moran House)[8] next to the Bannon home. It proved popular and soon expanded, and became a local landmark. Samuel Hopewell opened a second inn shortly after Moran, and in the fall 1852 his brother, John P. Hopewell, opened a third inn and a new general store on Main Street. Settler Hiram Gordon opened the Red Lion, the area's first saloon, about the same time Hopewell's store began operation.[11] Located near the mouth of Oil Creek,[8] the saloon provided live entertainment.[11] In June 1856, 1,000 acres (4.0 km2) of the property was sold by the Bell heirs to Graff, Hasson & Company. James Hasson, son William Hasson, and William's family took up residence on the tract and began farming.[6]Although the village of Oil Creek Furnace was largely deserted, settlement continued in the area. On August 6, 1840, Benjamin Thompson patented nearly all of what is now Oil City east of Oil Creek and north of the Allegheny. This land was quickly subdivided and sold to other settlers.[9] With the death of his mother in 1844, James Halyday sold his land about 1846 to Dr. John Nevins and several other settlers.[9] Nevins was a physician, the first to practice medicine in the area.[7][11] James Hollis patented 200 acres (0.81 km2) of land[9] on the south side of the Allegheny River[12] in 1851, and purchased the remainder of Thompson's land on January 3, 1853. Hollis, in turn, sold all his land on April 25 to Henry Bastian.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwin L. Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_L._Drake"},{"link_name":"Titusville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titusville,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman20027-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187642-12"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890434-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187641-8"},{"link_name":"boomtowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomtown"},{"link_name":"Petroleum Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_Center,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pithole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithole,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rynd Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rynd_Farm,_Pennsylvania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherman200214%E2%80%9315-15"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890434-9"},{"link_name":"machine shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_shop"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187642-12"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436-18"},{"link_name":"platted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187640%E2%80%9341-19"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890434-9"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436-18"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436-18"}],"sub_title":"Laytonia, Cottage Hill, Imperial City, and Leetown","text":"Edwin L. Drake drilled the first commercially successful oil well in nearby Titusville on August 27, 1859.[13] Oil was struck on the Downing farm south of the river[12] by Phillips & Vanusdall in April 1861.[9] Oil City had fewer than six families living there in 1859.[8] The discovery of oil changed that. By 1868, a number of boomtowns had emerged in the region, including Oil City, Petroleum Center, Pithole, Rynd Farm,[14] and Titusville.[15] By 1860, the oil trade was far and away the dominant industry in the Oil City area.[9] A machine shop (which constructed pipe fittings), warehouses, and other industrial structures were built on the west side of Oil Creek.[12] Barges were used to transport oil down Oil Creek and into Oil City, where it was transferred to steamboats or bulk barges to continue on to Pittsburgh and other locations.[citation needed]In 1859, Nevins sold his property to the Michigan Rock Oil Company,[a] which built Main Avenue,[17] platted an unnamed town around it, and erected a few buildings.[18] On March 26, 1863, Henry Bastian sold his land to William L. Lay, who established a ferry near what is now the foot of Central Avenue. He platted a town of 80 lots near his ferry's landing on the south shore, and named the town Laytonia (sometimes referred to as \"Laytona\" or \"Latona\").[9][b] The same year, Charles Haines and Joseph Martin bought out the Hassons (who had continued to farm their land), and graded Grove Avenue. The two built a number of homes along the street, calling their settlement Cottage Hill.[17] The United Petroleum Farms Association purchased part of Cottage Hill as well as an adjoining 300 acres (1.2 km2) in 1864. The company subdivided the land into lots and swiftly built homes here.[17]In 1865, Vandergrift, Forman & Company, a petroleum exploration firm, bought the property of a number of settlers around the north landing of Lay's Ferry and established a town the company called Imperial City.[17][c] West of Laytonia, Charles Lee established a settlement called Leetown.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890437-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890437-22"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436-18"},{"link_name":"funicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funicular"},{"link_name":"Panic of 1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1873"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890436%E2%80%93437-23"},{"link_name":"Thomas Martindale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Martindale"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bc-24"},{"link_name":"natural foods store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_food_store"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-25"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton187642-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890437-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890437%E2%80%93438-26"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890437-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1890440-27"}],"sub_title":"Founding of Oil City","text":"In 1862, residents in the area obtained a charter from the state, uniting the area north of the river as a borough named Oil City.[19] South of the river, in particular, growth continued to be haphazard. Streets there often did not match up, hindering transportation. Residents realized that there were too many names in use for this area, which was causing problems. In 1866, the citizens of the borough south of the river petitioned Judge William G. Trunkey to give their borough a common name. He selected Venango City.[17] By 1866, Venango City had a population of more than 1,500,[19] and more than 4,500 people lived in Oil City.[17]Oil City began platting extensive areas of land between 1869 and 1872. This included the upper and lower south side, Palace Hill, upper Cottage Hill and Clark's Summit.[17] A 1,600-foot (490 m) long funicular ascended the 460-foot (140 m) high hill. Built in 1872, the Panic of 1873 devastated home sales on Clark's Summit. The funicular company went bankrupt, and the track was removed in 1879.[20] In 1869, Thomas Martindale opened the first health food store in Oil City,[21] thought to be the first natural foods store in the United States.[22]By 1870, residents of Oil City and Venango City desired unification of their joint, growing metropolis. They sought a town charter from the state, which was granted by the legislature on March 3, 1871.[12][19] Oil City was the name of the unified boroughs. The first Oil City elections were held in April, and the first mayor, William M. Williams, and 12-member city council sworn in on April 11, completing the act of incorporation.[23] Oil City replaced her charter with a new one in January 1881 after the state implemented a new township charter law.[19] A city hall was erected later that year on Seneca Street.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Appalachian Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_Downtown_Commercial_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Oil City North Side Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_North_Side_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Oil City South Side Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_South_Side_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"National Transit Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Transit_Building"},{"link_name":"Oil City Armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_Armory"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-28"}],"sub_title":"Post-charter Oil City","text":"The city was partially destroyed by flood in 1865 and by both flood and fire in 1866 and again in 1892; on this last occasion, several oil tanks that were struck by lightning gave way, and Oil Creek carried a mass of burning oil into the city, where some 60 people died and property valued at more than $1 million was destroyed. Oil City grew into a thriving community through the later half of the 19th century and into the 20th century. By the 1990s, Pennzoil, Quaker State, and Wolf's Head had all relocated their headquarters elsewhere. However, some oil wells continue to produce a steady supply of quality petroleum.[citation needed]Regional governments and public organizations promote tourism by thoroughly educating the public about oil history. Oil City's location along the Allegheny River in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains provides excellent opportunities for exploring Northwestern Pennsylvania.The Oil City Downtown Commercial Historic District, Oil City North Side Historic District, Oil City South Side Historic District, National Transit Building, and Oil City Armory are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allegheny River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_River"},{"link_name":"Oil Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Creek_(Allegheny_River)"},{"link_name":"41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.428280°N 79.707327°W / 41.428280; -79.707327","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oil_City,_Pennsylvania¶ms=41.42828_N_79.707327_W_type:city_region:US"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-29"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"bluffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill"},{"link_name":"ice jams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_jam"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Army_Corps-30"}],"text":"Oil City, Pennsylvania is located at the confluence of the Allegheny River and Oil Creek at 41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.428280°N 79.707327°W / 41.428280; -79.707327.[26] According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.7 square miles (12 km2), of which 4.5 square miles (12 km2) is land and 0.2 square miles (0.52 km2) (4.65%) is water.Many layers of rock and sedimentary material containing fossils can be seen on the bluffs in and around Oil City. Oil City is framed by the surrounding foothills with the Allegheny River winding through downtown.The Allegheny River and Oil Creek freeze occasionally during the winter, sometimes causing ice jams; although remediation by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has reduced ice formation via a floating ice control structure on the river and a fixed concrete weir on the banks of the creek.[27] Flooding of the river flats is a possibility throughout the year due to ice jams, excessive snow melt, large volume storms and hurricane or tropical storm remnants.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-33"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Native American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[30] of 2018, there were 9,749 people, 4,192 households, and 2,614 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,548.4 inhabitants per square mile (983.9/km2). There were 5,289 housing units at an average density of 1,168.8 per square mile (451.3/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 94.3% White, 0.9% African American, 0.10% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.11% from other races, and 0.57% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.63% of the population.There were 4,192 households, out of which 30.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 32.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99.In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.8% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 21.6% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.8 males.The median income for a household in the city was $29,060, and the median income for a family was $42,839. Males had a median income of $30,072 versus $19,697 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,696. About 16.2% of families and 19.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.3% of those under age 18 and 12.4% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oil Creek State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Creek_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Indian God Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_God_Rock"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Joseph_Church_(Oil_City,_Pennsylvania)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oil City Armory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_Armory"},{"link_name":"Oil City Northside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_North_Side_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Oil City Southside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_South_Side_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Arlington Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arlington_Hotel_(Oil_City,_Pennsylvania)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Oil Creek State Park\nIndian God Rock\nSt. Joseph Church\nOil City Armory\nOil City Northside\nOil City Southside\nArlington Hotel","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"WKQW 1120 AM and 96.3 FM are Venango County's only locally owned radios.\nThe Derrick Publishing Company, locally owned, produces a general interest newspaper six days a week.","title":"Media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oil City Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania State Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_Association"},{"link_name":"Middle Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Atlantic_League"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"McKeesport Little Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKeesport_Little_Braves"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Youngstown A's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youngstown_A%27s"},{"link_name":"Oil City Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Iron And Oil League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_And_Oil_League"},{"link_name":"Oil City Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_City_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Interstate League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_League"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-encyc-36"}],"text":"The Oil City Oilers were a Minor League Baseball team located in Oil City, Pennsylvania between 1940 and 1951. The team played in the Pennsylvania State Association from 1940 to 1942, and later moved to the Middle Atlantic League after World War II ended. The team began in 1940 when the Pittsburgh Pirates relocated their affiliate, the McKeesport Little Braves, to Oil City. The team stayed affiliated with the Pirates until 1947, when it began an affiliation with the Chicago White Sox. That year, the team's name was changed to the Oil City Refiners. The team's name was changed one last time to the Oil City A's, when they merged with the Youngstown A's, in 1951. The team then folded, along with the league, at the end of that season.The Oilers name originated from the Oil City Oilers earlier team that represented the city in the 1985 and 1898 Iron And Oil League and the Oil City Cubs, who played as members of the Interstate League from 1906 to 1908.[32][33]","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto Denning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Denning"},{"link_name":"Mike Garbark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Garbark"},{"link_name":"Al Gionfriddo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Gionfriddo"},{"link_name":"Elmer Klumpp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Klumpp"},{"link_name":"Junior Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Walsh"},{"link_name":"Hal Woodeshick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Woodeshick"},{"link_name":"Rudy York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy_York"}],"sub_title":"Notable alumni","text":"Otto Denning\nMike Garbark\nAl Gionfriddo\nElmer Klumpp\nJunior Walsh\nHal Woodeshick\nRudy York","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Almanzo Babcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Almanzo_Babcock"},{"link_name":"Bird Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_Day"},{"link_name":"George Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Carpenter_(pilot)"},{"link_name":"fighter ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_ace"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"William Holmes Crosby, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Holmes_Crosby"},{"link_name":"hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"Francis \"Gabby\" Gabreski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabby_Gabreski"},{"link_name":"fighter ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fighter_ace"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Shauna Howe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shauna_Howe"},{"link_name":"Woody Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Joseph Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Levi"},{"link_name":"Ben Koyack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Koyack"},{"link_name":"Josephine McKim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephine_McKim"},{"link_name":"Dusty Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dusty_Miller_(1890s_outfielder)"},{"link_name":"Major General George C. Rickards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_C._Rickards"},{"link_name":"Chief of the Militia Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_National_Guard_Bureau"},{"link_name":"W.S. Borland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._S._Borland"},{"link_name":"Virgil Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil_Tupper"},{"link_name":"Ronald Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Black"},{"link_name":"Scott Hutchinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Hutchinson"}],"text":"Charles Almanzo Babcock – created Bird Day, first celebrated in Oil City schools in 1894\nGeorge Carpenter – fighter ace during World War II\nWilliam Holmes Crosby, Jr. – one of the founding fathers of hematology\nFrancis \"Gabby\" Gabreski – fighter ace during World War II and a jet fighter ace during the Korean War. Gabreski was one of seven US pilots who were aces in both World War II and Korea. Leading US ace in Europe with 28 confirmed kills.[citation needed]\nShauna Howe – 11-year-old murder victim in 1992, convictions 14 years later\nWoody Jackson – composer and producer best known for his scores for successful video games\nJoseph Levi – Pennsylvania state legislator and businessman\nBen Koyack – NFL player 2015–2019\nJosephine McKim – 1932 Olympic gold medal-winning swimmer\nDusty Miller – MLB player in the 1890s\nMajor General George C. Rickards – Chief of the Militia Bureau (now National Guard Bureau) in the 1920s\nW.S. Borland – sports coach\nVirgil Tupper – football player\nRonald Black – politician\nScott Hutchinson –politician","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Venango County, Pennsylvania: Its Past and Present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofvenango00bell_0"},{"link_name":"Centennial Discourse: A Sketch of the History of Venango County, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/centennialdisco00eatogoog"},{"link_name":"In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians Since World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=YYKiAgAAQBAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780815633280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815633280"},{"link_name":"Drake Well Museum and Park: Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uWQdn3U59Z0C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780811729604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811729604"}],"text":"Bell, Herbert C. (1890). History of Venango County, Pennsylvania: Its Past and Present. Chicago: Brown, Runk & Co.\nEaton, S.J.M. (1876). Centennial Discourse: A Sketch of the History of Venango County, Pennsylvania. Franklin, Pa.: Venango Spectator Job Office.\nHauptman, Laurence M. (2014). In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians Since World War II. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815633280.\nSherman, Jon (2002). Drake Well Museum and Park: Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811729604.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Fleet of Oil Boats at Oil City, 1864","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tarbell_1904_Fleet_of_Oil_Boats_at_Oil_City_1864.jpg/220px-Tarbell_1904_Fleet_of_Oil_Boats_at_Oil_City_1864.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ice jam on Oil Creek near Oil City, during mid/late 1970s","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Allegheny_River_Ice_Jam.jpg/220px-Allegheny_River_Ice_Jam.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Venango_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Venango_County.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Pennsylvania portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pennsylvania"},{"title":"Oil Creek Library District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_Creek_Library_District"},{"title":"The Oil Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oil_Region"}] | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer/5/query?where=STATE=%2742%27&outFields=NAME,STATE,PLACE,AREALAND,AREAWATER,LSADC,CENTLAT,CENTLON&orderByFields=PLACE&returnGeometry=false&returnTrueCurves=false&f=json","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census Population API\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://api.census.gov/data/2020/dec/pl?get=P1_001N,NAME&for=place:*&in=state:42&key=5ccd0821c15d9f4520e2dcc0f8d92b2ec9336108","url_text":"\"Census Population API\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, US Census. \"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\". Census.gov. US Census Bureau. Retrieved July 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html","url_text":"\"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Thomas Martindale\". Printers' Ink. Printers' Ink Publishing Company. June 9, 1916. p. 10 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gwv6fRImsqsC&dq=thomas.martindale+grocer&pg=RA3-PA10","url_text":"Printers' Ink"}]},{"reference":"DeGrassa, Peg (August 23, 2021). \"Martindale's Natural Market celebrates 150 years\". Daily Times. Archived from the original on October 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231009230312/https://www.delcotimes.com/2019/04/13/martindales-natural-market-celebrates-150-years/","url_text":"\"Martindale's Natural Market celebrates 150 years\""},{"url":"https://www.delcotimes.com/2019/04/13/martindales-natural-market-celebrates-150-years/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh District – Oil City, PA Ice Control Structure\". U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. December 9, 2005. Retrieved April 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lrp.usace.army.mil/fc/oilcity.htm","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh District – Oil City, PA Ice Control Structure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania\" (PDF). 18th Census of the United States. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/17216604v1p40ch02.pdf","url_text":"\"Number of Inhabitants: Pennsylvania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts\" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved November 22, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/prod/cen1990/cph2/cph-2-40.pdf","url_text":"\"Pennsylvania: Population and Housing Unit Counts\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130611010502/http://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"\"Incorporated Places and Minor Civil Divisions Datasets: Subcounty Population Estimates: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/popest/data/cities/totals/2012/SUB-EST2012.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Oil City, Pennsylvania Encyclopedia\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/team.cgi","url_text":"\"Oil City, Pennsylvania Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball. Lloyd Johnson & Miles Wolff, editors (Third ed.). Baseball America. 2007. ISBN 978-1932391176.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America","url_text":"Baseball America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1932391176","url_text":"978-1932391176"}]},{"reference":"Bell, Herbert C. (1890). History of Venango County, Pennsylvania: Its Past and Present. Chicago: Brown, Runk & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofvenango00bell_0","url_text":"History of Venango County, Pennsylvania: Its Past and Present"}]},{"reference":"Eaton, S.J.M. (1876). Centennial Discourse: A Sketch of the History of Venango County, Pennsylvania. Franklin, Pa.: Venango Spectator Job Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/centennialdisco00eatogoog","url_text":"Centennial Discourse: A Sketch of the History of Venango County, Pennsylvania"}]},{"reference":"Hauptman, Laurence M. (2014). In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians Since World War II. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815633280.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YYKiAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"In the Shadow of Kinzua: The Seneca Nation of Indians Since World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815633280","url_text":"9780815633280"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Jon (2002). Drake Well Museum and Park: Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books. ISBN 9780811729604.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uWQdn3U59Z0C","url_text":"Drake Well Museum and Park: Pennsylvania Trail of History Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780811729604","url_text":"9780811729604"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oil_City,_Pennsylvania¶ms=41_25_42_N_79_42_26_W_region:US-PA_type:city(9613)","external_links_name":"41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.42833°N 79.70722°W / 41.42833; -79.70722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oil_City,_Pennsylvania¶ms=41_25_42_N_79_42_26_W_region:US-PA_type:city(9613)","external_links_name":"41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.42833°N 79.70722°W / 41.42833; -79.70722"},{"Link":"http://www.oilcity.org/","external_links_name":"www.oilcity.org"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Oil+City%2C+Pennsylvania%22","external_links_name":"\"Oil City, Pennsylvania\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Oil+City%2C+Pennsylvania%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Oil+City%2C+Pennsylvania%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Oil+City%2C+Pennsylvania%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Oil+City%2C+Pennsylvania%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Oil+City%2C+Pennsylvania%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oil_City,_Pennsylvania¶ms=41.42828_N_79.707327_W_type:city_region:US","external_links_name":"41°25′42″N 79°42′26″W / 41.428280°N 79.707327°W / 41.428280; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Township,_Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania | Rush Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania | ["1 Geography","2 Demographics","3 Gallery","4 References"] | Coordinates: 40°55′00″N 76°34′59″W / 40.91667°N 76.58306°W / 40.91667; -76.58306For other Pennsylvania townships of the same name, see Rush Township, Pennsylvania.
Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesRush Township,Northumberland County, PennsylvaniaTownshipScenery in Rush TownshipMap of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania highlighting Rush TownshipMap of Northumberland County, PennsylvaniaCountryUnited StatesStatePennsylvaniaCountyNorthumberlandSettled1784Incorporated1819Government • TypeBoard of SupervisorsArea • Total27.27 sq mi (70.64 km2) • Land26.65 sq mi (69.01 km2) • Water0.63 sq mi (1.62 km2)Population (2010) • Total1,122 • Estimate (2016)1,110 • Density41.66/sq mi (16.08/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)Area code570FIPS code42-097-66752
Rush Township is a township that is located in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population at the time of the 2010 Census was 1,122, a decline from the figure of 1,189 that was tabulated in 2000.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 27.4 square miles (70.9 km2), of which 26.8 square miles (69.3 km2) is land and 0.6 square mile (1.6 km2) (2.23%) is water.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
20101,122—2016 (est.)1,110−1.1%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 1,189 people, 443 households, and 330 families residing in the township.
The population density was 44.4 inhabitants per square mile (17.1/km2). There were 469 housing units at an average density of 17.5/sq mi (6.8/km2).
The racial makeup of the township was 98.23% White, 0.25% African American, 0.67% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.
There were 443 households, out of which 30.2% had children who were under the age of eighteen living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was sixty-five years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.16.
Within the township, the population was spread out, with 26.4% of residents who were under the age of eighteen, 6.3% who were aged eighteen to twenty-four, 25.1% who were aged twenty-five to forty-four, 27.7% who were aged forty-five to sixty-five, and 14.5% who were sixty-five years of age or older. The median age was forty years.
For every one hundred females, there were 98.8 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 101.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $43,098, and the median income for a family was $48,542. Males had a median income of $30,074 compared with that of $23,077 for females.
The per capita income for the township was $21,055.
Approximately 2.2% of families and 5.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 7.9% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 3.1% of those who were aged sixty-five or older.
Gallery
Scenery of Rush Township
Rundown house in Rush Township
References
^ "2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 14, 2017.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Rush Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2016.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
vteMunicipalities and communities of Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United StatesCounty seat: SunburyCities
Shamokin
Sunbury
Boroughs
Herndon
Kulpmont
Marion Heights
McEwensville
Milton
Mount Carmel
Northumberland
Riverside
Snydertown
Turbotville
Watsontown
Townships
Coal
Delaware
East Cameron
East Chillisquaque
Jackson
Jordan
Lewis
Little Mahanoy
Lower Augusta
Lower Mahanoy
Mount Carmel
Point
Ralpho
Rockefeller
Rush
Shamokin
Turbot
Upper Augusta
Upper Mahanoy
Washington
West Cameron
West Chillisquaque
Zerbe
CDPs
Atlas
Dalmatia
Dewart
Edgewood
Elysburg
Fairview-Ferndale
Kapp Heights
Marshallton
Montandon
Paxinos
Ranshaw
Strong
Tharptown (Uniontown)
Trevorton
Unincorporatedcommunities
Bear Valley
Coal Run
Dornsife
Fishers Ferry
Leck Kill
Locust Gap
Malta
Mandata
Merrian
Natalie
Potts Grove
Rebuck
Urban
Pennsylvania portal
United States portal
40°55′00″N 76°34′59″W / 40.91667°N 76.58306°W / 40.91667; -76.58306 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rush Township, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush_Township,_Pennsylvania_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Township_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Northumberland County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"2010 Census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census,_2010"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"}],"text":"For other Pennsylvania townships of the same name, see Rush Township, Pennsylvania.Township in Pennsylvania, United StatesRush Township is a township that is located in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population at the time of the 2010 Census was 1,122,[3] a decline from the figure of 1,189 that was tabulated in 2000.","title":"Rush Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"}],"text":"According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 27.4 square miles (70.9 km2), of which 26.8 square miles (69.3 km2) is land and 0.6 square mile (1.6 km2) (2.23%) is water.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-5"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"African American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Pacific Islander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 1,189 people, 443 households, and 330 families residing in the township.The population density was 44.4 inhabitants per square mile (17.1/km2). There were 469 housing units at an average density of 17.5/sq mi (6.8/km2).The racial makeup of the township was 98.23% White, 0.25% African American, 0.67% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 0.17% from other races, and 0.59% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.25% of the population.There were 443 households, out of which 30.2% had children who were under the age of eighteen living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 5.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.5% were non-families. 22.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was sixty-five years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.16.Within the township, the population was spread out, with 26.4% of residents who were under the age of eighteen, 6.3% who were aged eighteen to twenty-four, 25.1% who were aged twenty-five to forty-four, 27.7% who were aged forty-five to sixty-five, and 14.5% who were sixty-five years of age or older. The median age was forty years.For every one hundred females, there were 98.8 males. For every one hundred females who were aged eighteen or older, there were 101.6 males.The median income for a household in the township was $43,098, and the median income for a family was $48,542. Males had a median income of $30,074 compared with that of $23,077 for females.The per capita income for the township was $21,055.Approximately 2.2% of families and 5.1% of the population were living below the poverty line, including 7.9% of those who were under the age of eighteen and 3.1% of those who were aged sixty-five or older.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scenery_of_Rush_Township,_Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania_1.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rundown_house_in_Rush_Township,_Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania.JPG"}],"text":"Scenery of Rush Township\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRundown house in Rush Township","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Northumberland_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Pennsylvania_highlighting_Northumberland_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt","url_text":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\". Retrieved June 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","url_text":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Rush Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania\". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20200212211026/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table","url_text":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Rush Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania\""},{"url":"http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rush_Township,_Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_55_00_N_76_34_59_W_type:city_region:US-PA_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"40°55′00″N 76°34′59″W / 40.91667°N 76.58306°W / 40.91667; -76.58306"},{"Link":"https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_gaz_place_42.txt","external_links_name":"\"2016 U.S. Gazetteer Files\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2016.html","external_links_name":"\"Population and Housing Unit Estimates\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20200212211026/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table","external_links_name":"\"Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Rush Township, Northumberland County, Pennsylvania\""},{"Link":"http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rush_Township,_Northumberland_County,_Pennsylvania¶ms=40_55_00_N_76_34_59_W_type:city_region:US-PA_source:GNIS-enwiki","external_links_name":"40°55′00″N 76°34′59″W / 40.91667°N 76.58306°W / 40.91667; -76.58306"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_52_(1933-1934) | Virginia State Route 32 | ["1 Route description","2 Major intersections","3 References","4 External links"] | Route map: State highway in eastern Virginia, US
State Route 32Route informationMaintained by VDOTLength38.89 mi (62.59 km)Existed1940–presentMajor junctionsSouth end NC 32 in SuffolkMajor intersections
SR 337 in Suffolk
US 13 / US 58 / US 460 in Suffolk
US 258 / SR 10 in Benns Church
US 17 in Bartlett
US 60 in Newport News
North end US 17 / US 258 / SR 143 in Newport News
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateVirginiaCountiesCity of Suffolk, Isle of Wight, City of Newport News
Highway system
Virginia Routes
Interstate
US
Primary
Secondary
Byways
History
HOT lanes
← SR 31→ US 33
State Route 32 (SR 32) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 38.89 miles (62.59 km) from the North Carolina state line in Suffolk north to U.S. Route 17 (US 17), US 258, and SR 143 in Newport News. The southernmost part of SR 32 connects Suffolk with the Albemarle Region of North Carolina via North Carolina Highway 32 (NC 32). The remainder of SR 32 runs concurrently with at least one other state or U.S. Highway between Suffolk and Newport News, including US 13, SR 10, US 258, and US 17. The last two highways run together with SR 32 on the James River Bridge.
Route description
View north near the south end of SR 32 at NC 32 at the North Carolina state line in Suffolk
SR 32 begins at the North Carolina state line in a rural portion of the city of Suffolk. The border crossing, from which the highway continues south as NC Hwy 32 in Gates County (Virginia Rd in Chowan County) , is a short distance west of Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge and much closer to the North Carolina community of Corapeake than the developed portion of Suffolk. SR 32 heads north as two-lane undivided Carolina Road, which the highway follows to its intersection with US 13 (Whaleyville Boulevard) next to Suffolk Municipal Airport. SR 32 and US 13 continue north along Carolina Road, now a four-lane divided highway, to a partial interchange with the southwestern end of the Suffolk Bypass. US 13 exits onto the bypass toward a junction with US 58 while US 13 Business joins SR 32 as Carolina Road reduces to a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The two highways reduce to a four-lane undivided highway as they intersect a Norfolk Southern Railway's Franklin District south of downtown Suffolk. SR 32 and US 13 Business cross over Norfolk Southern Railway's Norfolk District at the southern edge of downtown Suffolk.
At their intersection with SR 337 (Washington Street), SR 10 begins and joins SR 32 and US 13 Business north as Main Street through downtown Suffolk. The highways intersect CSX's Portsmouth Subdivision railroad line before reaching US 58 Business (Constance Road), where US 13 Business turns east and US 460 Business joins SR 32 and SR 10. The three highways cross the Nansemond River and pass through a commercial area as a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. In the community of Elephant Fork, US 460 Business splits northwest as Pruden Boulevard while SR 32 and SR 10 continue north on Godwin Boulevard. The state highways expand to a four-lane divided highway just south of their partial cloverleaf interchange with the Suffolk Bypass, which carries US 13, US 58, and US 460 around the north side of Suffolk. SR 32 and SR 10 pass Sentara Obici Memorial Hospital and through a commercial area before entering farmland. The two highways reduce to a two-lane undivided road just before crossing the Western Branch of the Nansemond River.
SR 32 and SR 10 intersect SR 125 (Kings Highway) in the community of Chuckatuck before leaving Suffolk and entering Isle of Wight County, where the highway expands to a four-lane divided highway named Benns Church Boulevard. The two state highways diverge at Benns Church, where SR 32 joins US 258 on Brewers Neck Boulevard. The two highways head east through Carrollton to an intersection with US 17 (Carrollton Boulevard). SR 32, US 17, and US 258 head northeast to cross the James River on the James River Bridge. Just after entering the city of Newport News, the three highways meet US 60 (Warwick Boulevard) at a partial cloverleaf interchange. Just east of there, the highways cross over CSX's Peninsula Subdivision and SR 32 reaches its eastern terminus at SR 143 (Jefferson Avenue). US 17 turns north onto Jefferson Avenue toward Yorktown while US 258 continues east on Mercury Boulevard toward Hampton.
Major intersections
CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes
City of Suffolk0.000.00 NC 32 south (Virginia Road) – EdentonNorth Carolina state line; southern terminus
9.4615.22 US 13 south (Whaleyville Boulevard) – Whaleyville, AhoskieSouthern end of US 13 concurrency
11.1017.86 US 13 north to US 58 – Norfolk, EmporiaNorthern end of US 13 concurrency; southern end of US 13 Bus. concurrency; interchange
13.1521.16Washington Street (SR 337)Southern end of SR 10 concurrency
see SR 10 (mile 93.58-78.28)
Isle of WightBenns Church28.4545.79 US 258 south / SR 10 west (Benns Church Boulevard) – Smithfield, Richmond, Smithfield Historic District, St. Luke's ChurchNorthern end of SR 10 concurrency; southern end of US 258 concurrency
Bartlett31.3050.37 US 17 south (Carrollton Boulevard) – PortsmouthSouthern end of US 17 concurrency
James River33.47–38.1153.86–61.33James River Bridge
City of Newport News38.3361.69 US 60 (Warwick Boulevard) – Fort Eustis, Downtown Newport NewsInterchange
38.8962.59 US 17 north / SR 143 (Jefferson Avenue) to US 258 north (Mercury Boulevard) / I-64 – Williamsburg, Hampton, Norfolk, Langley Field, Fort Monroe, Newport News Marine TerminalNorthern terminus; northern end of US 17 / US 258 concurrencies
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus
References
^ a b c d "Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Nansemond Maintenance Area" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
^ a b c "Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Isle of Wight County" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
^ a b c "Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Warwick Maintenance Area" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
^ a b c d Google (2011-07-23). "Virginia State Route 32" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2011-07-23.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Virginia State Route 32.
KML file (edit • help)
Template:Attached KML/Virginia State Route 32KML is from Wikidata
Virginia Highways Project: VA 32
< SR 102
Spurs of SR 101923–1928
SR 104 >
< SR 504
District 5 State Routes1928–1933
SR 506 > | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_17_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"US 258","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_258"},{"link_name":"SR 143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_143"},{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Albemarle Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albemarle_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"North Carolina Highway 32","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Highway_32"},{"link_name":"runs concurrently","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency_(road)"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"SR 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_10"},{"link_name":"James River Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_River_Bridge"}],"text":"State highway in eastern Virginia, USState Route 32 (SR 32) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. The state highway runs 38.89 miles (62.59 km) from the North Carolina state line in Suffolk north to U.S. Route 17 (US 17), US 258, and SR 143 in Newport News. The southernmost part of SR 32 connects Suffolk with the Albemarle Region of North Carolina via North Carolina Highway 32 (NC 32). The remainder of SR 32 runs concurrently with at least one other state or U.S. Highway between Suffolk and Newport News, including US 13, SR 10, US 258, and US 17. The last two highways run together with SR 32 on the James River Bridge.","title":"Virginia State Route 32"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2017-07-13_11_29_37_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_32_(Carolina_Road)_south_of_Deer_Forest_Road_(Virginia_State_Secondary_Route_678)_in_Suffolk,_Virginia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_National_Wildlife_Refuge"},{"link_name":"Corapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corapeake,_North_Carolina&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"divided highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divided_highway"},{"link_name":"US 58","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58"},{"link_name":"US 13 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_13_Business_(Suffolk,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"center left-turn lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_left-turn_lane"},{"link_name":"Norfolk Southern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk_Southern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Franklin District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Franklin_District_(Norfolk_Southern_Railway)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Norfolk District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norfolk_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nansemond_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_32-4"},{"link_name":"SR 337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_337"},{"link_name":"CSX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSX"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"US 58 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_58_Business_(Suffolk,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"US 460 Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_460_Business_(Suffolk,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Nansemond River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansemond_River"},{"link_name":"partial cloverleaf interchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_cloverleaf_interchange"},{"link_name":"US 460","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_460"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nansemond_Traffic_Data-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_32-4"},{"link_name":"SR 125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_125"},{"link_name":"Chuckatuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuckatuck,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Benns Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benns_Church,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Carrollton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrollton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Isle_of_Wight_Traffic_Data-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_32-4"},{"link_name":"US 60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Peninsula Subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsula_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warwick_Traffic_Data-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Google_Maps_VA_32-4"}],"text":"View north near the south end of SR 32 at NC 32 at the North Carolina state line in SuffolkSR 32 begins at the North Carolina state line in a rural portion of the city of Suffolk. The border crossing, from which the highway continues south as NC Hwy 32 in Gates County (Virginia Rd in Chowan County) , is a short distance west of Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge and much closer to the North Carolina community of Corapeake than the developed portion of Suffolk. SR 32 heads north as two-lane undivided Carolina Road, which the highway follows to its intersection with US 13 (Whaleyville Boulevard) next to Suffolk Municipal Airport. SR 32 and US 13 continue north along Carolina Road, now a four-lane divided highway, to a partial interchange with the southwestern end of the Suffolk Bypass. US 13 exits onto the bypass toward a junction with US 58 while US 13 Business joins SR 32 as Carolina Road reduces to a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. The two highways reduce to a four-lane undivided highway as they intersect a Norfolk Southern Railway's Franklin District south of downtown Suffolk. SR 32 and US 13 Business cross over Norfolk Southern Railway's Norfolk District at the southern edge of downtown Suffolk.[1][4]At their intersection with SR 337 (Washington Street), SR 10 begins and joins SR 32 and US 13 Business north as Main Street through downtown Suffolk. The highways intersect CSX's Portsmouth Subdivision railroad line before reaching US 58 Business (Constance Road), where US 13 Business turns east and US 460 Business joins SR 32 and SR 10. The three highways cross the Nansemond River and pass through a commercial area as a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane. In the community of Elephant Fork, US 460 Business splits northwest as Pruden Boulevard while SR 32 and SR 10 continue north on Godwin Boulevard. The state highways expand to a four-lane divided highway just south of their partial cloverleaf interchange with the Suffolk Bypass, which carries US 13, US 58, and US 460 around the north side of Suffolk. SR 32 and SR 10 pass Sentara Obici Memorial Hospital and through a commercial area before entering farmland. The two highways reduce to a two-lane undivided road just before crossing the Western Branch of the Nansemond River.[1][4]SR 32 and SR 10 intersect SR 125 (Kings Highway) in the community of Chuckatuck before leaving Suffolk and entering Isle of Wight County, where the highway expands to a four-lane divided highway named Benns Church Boulevard. The two state highways diverge at Benns Church, where SR 32 joins US 258 on Brewers Neck Boulevard. The two highways head east through Carrollton to an intersection with US 17 (Carrollton Boulevard). SR 32, US 17, and US 258 head northeast to cross the James River on the James River Bridge.[2][4] Just after entering the city of Newport News, the three highways meet US 60 (Warwick Boulevard) at a partial cloverleaf interchange. Just east of there, the highways cross over CSX's Peninsula Subdivision and SR 32 reaches its eastern terminus at SR 143 (Jefferson Avenue). US 17 turns north onto Jefferson Avenue toward Yorktown while US 258 continues east on Mercury Boulevard toward Hampton.[3][4]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major intersections"}] | [{"image_text":"View north near the south end of SR 32 at NC 32 at the North Carolina state line in Suffolk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/2017-07-13_11_29_37_View_north_along_Virginia_State_Route_32_%28Carolina_Road%29_south_of_Deer_Forest_Road_%28Virginia_State_Secondary_Route_678%29_in_Suffolk%2C_Virginia.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Nansemond Maintenance Area\" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_061_Nansemond_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Nansemond Maintenance Area\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Isle of Wight County\" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_046_IsleofWight_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Isle of Wight County\""}]},{"reference":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Warwick Maintenance Area\" (PDF). Virginia Department of Transportation. 2009. Retrieved 2011-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_094_Warwick_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Warwick Maintenance Area\""}]},{"reference":"Google (2011-07-23). \"Virginia State Route 32\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 2011-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Carolina+Rd&daddr=VA-10+E%2FVA-32+S%2FBenns+Church+Blvd+to:Mercury+Blvd&hl=en&ll=36.787291,-76.529388&spn=0.52021,1.234589&sll=36.925743,-76.576424&sspn=0.064909,0.154324&geocode=FUC4LQIdzIxv-w%3BFVSKMwId_Gtv-w%3BFU7fNAIdv4tx-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=10","url_text":"\"Virginia State Route 32\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_061_Nansemond_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Nansemond Maintenance Area\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_046_IsleofWight_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Isle of Wight County\""},{"Link":"http://www.virginiadot.org/info/resources/2009/AADT_094_Warwick_2009.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Daily Traffic Volume Estimates Jurisdiction Report: Warwick Maintenance Area\""},{"Link":"https://maps.google.com/maps?saddr=Carolina+Rd&daddr=VA-10+E%2FVA-32+S%2FBenns+Church+Blvd+to:Mercury+Blvd&hl=en&ll=36.787291,-76.529388&spn=0.52021,1.234589&sll=36.925743,-76.576424&sspn=0.064909,0.154324&geocode=FUC4LQIdzIxv-w%3BFVSKMwId_Gtv-w%3BFU7fNAIdv4tx-w&mra=ls&t=h&z=10","external_links_name":"\"Virginia State Route 32\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Virginia_State_Route_32&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Virginia_State_Route_32&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"http://www.vahighways.com/route-log/va032.htm","external_links_name":"Virginia Highways Project: VA 32"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulim | Kulim District | ["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Gallery","4 Administrative divisions","5 Demographics","6 Economy","7 Notable natives","8 Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats","9 International relations","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"] | Coordinates: 5°20′N 100°35′E / 5.333°N 100.583°E / 5.333; 100.583"Kulim" redirects here. For other uses, see Kulim (disambiguation).
District of Malaysia in KedahKulim District District of MalaysiaDaerah KulimOther transcription(s) • Jawiكوليم • Chinese居林县 • Tamilகூலிம்Location of Kulim District in KedahKulim DistrictLocation of Kulim District in MalaysiaCoordinates: 5°20′N 100°35′E / 5.333°N 100.583°E / 5.333; 100.583Country MalaysiaState KedahSeatKulimLocal area government(s)Kulim Municipal Council(Kulim town)Kulim Hi-Tech Industrial Park Local Authority(Kulim Hi-Tech Park)Government • District officerMohammad Zaini RamliArea • Total765 km2 (295 sq mi)Population (2010) • Total272,024 • Density360/km2 (920/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+8 (MST) • Summer (DST)UTC+8 (Not observed)Postcode09xxxCalling code+6-04Vehicle registration platesK
Town in MalaysiaKulimTown
SealKulimLocation of Kulim town in MalaysiaCoordinates: 5°21′36″N 100°32′59″E / 5.36000°N 100.54972°E / 5.36000; 100.54972Country MalaysiaDistrictKulim DistrictFoundedmid-18th centuryEstablishment of town council1957Establishment of town board1967Establishment of district council1 February 1978Municipality status30 Ogos 2001Government • TypeLocal government • BodyKulim Municipal Council • PresidentElmi YusofPopulation (2010) • Total281,260Postal code09xxxWebsitepbt.kedah.gov.my/index.php/majlis-perbandaran-kulim
The Kulim District is a district and town in the state of Kedah, Malaysia. It is located on the southeast of Kedah, bordering Penang. The town of Kulim, a mere 27 km (17 mi) east of Penang's capital city, George Town, also forms part of Greater Penang, Malaysia's second largest conurbation.
Etymology
The name of this district is taken after the name of the kulim tree or its scientific name Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc. which grew in many places in this district in the past.
History
Kulim is believed to have been opened and settled in since the 18th century by 100 Pattani Malay descent. A Chinese artisan known as Chin Ah Cheoh might have been the founder of Kulim. Around the mid-19th century, tin ore was discovered in Kulim. This led to Chinese tin miners starting operations in Kulim. Kulim had around 400 Chinese tin miners in 1890. The largest tin mines in Kulim were in Taman Tunku Putra, Kampung Bukit Besar, Karangan, Terap and Kelang Lama.
Gallery
Kulim welcome sign
Kulim Industrial Area
Kulim town in May 2022
Minat supermarket
Arulmigu Annai Karumariamman Temple in Paya Besar
Administrative divisions
Kulim District is divided into 15 mukims, which are:
Bagan Sena
Junjung
Karangan
Keladi
Kulim Town
Lunas
Mahang
Nagalilit
Padang China
Padang Meha
Sedim
Sidam Kanan
Sungai Seluang
Sungai Ular
Terap
Map of Kulim District
Demographics
Historical populationYearPop.±%1991 128,356— 2000 190,952+48.8%2010 281,260+47.3%2020 337,699+20.1%Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.Source:
Economy
Kulim District is currently most notable for its flagship high technology industrial park Kulim Hi-Tech Park.
In March 2019, Economic Affairs Minister Azmin Ali announced the Federal Government's approval to invest MYR 1.6 billion (~USD 380 million) to build the proposed Kulim International Airport. In August 2019, it was announced that the proposed 17 km2 airport will have two runways, which will be able to cater to 60 flight movements per hour, or one flight landing/take-off per minute. Around July 2023, the Federal Government halted construction for this airport due to lack of need.
Notable natives
Ismail Omar, Chairman of New Straits Times Press, former Inspector-General of Royal Malaysian Police, and former Malaysian Ambassador to France.
Gary Steven Robbat, professional football player for Johor Darul Takzim F.C.
Suppiah Chanturu, professional football player for Johor Darul Takzim F.C.
Muhammad Akram Mahinan, professional football player for PKNS F.C.
Abdul Halim Saari professional football player for Selangor FA and former player for Kedah FA.
Dr. Jegajeeva Rao Subba Rao, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, First recipient of the inaugural Prime Minister of Australia Asia Endeavour Award in 2010.
Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats
List of Kulim district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat)
Parliament
Seat Name
Member of Parliament
Party
P17
Padang Serai
Azman Nasrudin
Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
P18
Kulim-Bandar Baharu
Roslan Hashim
Perikatan Nasional (BERSATU)
List of Kulim district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri)
Parliament
State
Seat Name
State Assemblyman
Party
P17
N33
Merbau Pulas
Siti Ashah Ghazali
Perikatan Nasional (PAS)
P17
N34
Lunas
Khairul Anuar Ramli
Perikatan Nasional (PPBM)
P18
N35
Kulim
Wong Chia Zhen
Perikatan Nasional (GERAKAN)
International relations
Shamli, Saudi Arabia
Taliwang, Indonesia
See also
Butterworth–Kulim Expressway
Northern Corridor Economic Region
Penang
References
^ "Profil Daerah Kulim" (PDF) (in Malay). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-01. Retrieved 2017-11-26.
^ "Population Distribution and Basic Demographic Characteristics, 2010" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2012.
^ primuscoreadmin (30 December 2015). "Latar Belakang".
^ "TABURAN PENDUDUK MENGIKUT PBT & MUKIM 2010". Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
^ Samat, Narimah; Mahamud, Mohd Amirul; Abdul Rashid, Siti Masayu Rosliah; Elhadary, Yasin; Mohd Noor, Norzailawati (2019). "Urbanisation Beyond Its Core Boundary and Its Impact on the Communities in George Town Conurbation, Malaysia". Planning Malaysia Journal. 17 (2) (published 2019-09-04): 38–49. doi:10.21837/pm.v17i10.627 – via MyJurnal.
^ Thow, Eng Kee (1995). Kedah selepas Perang Kulim: Faktor British dan Siam dalam kajian perkembangan sosio-politik Kedah, 1888-1909 (in Malay). Alor Setar: Nealdy Publisher & Distributor. ISBN 9789839996104.
^ Mohd Bakri Jaffar (2007). .Untukmu Malaysia sempena 50 tahun merdeka : menjejaki warisan kita : himpunan gezet monumen dan bangunan bersejarah. Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia: Dr. Azmi Morsidi. Page 118. ISBN 978-983-43540-0-8
^ Kulim’s Background Archived 2010-04-08 at the Wayback Machine, Laman Web Rasmi Majlis Perbandaran Kulim (Official Website of Kulim Government). January 16, 2010.
^ Kulim’s City Centre Archived 2010-10-31 at the Wayback Machine, Kulim’s Municipal council website-Kulim’s Background October 31, 2010.
^ http://apps.water.gov.my/jpskomuniti/dokumen/KULIM_PROFIL_FEBRUARI_2011.pdf Archived 2016-11-06 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020" (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-2000-85-3.
^ Tee, Kenneth (19 March 2019). "Putrajaya announces RM1.6b for Kulim airport as part of 11MP review | Malay Mail". www.malaymail.com. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
^ "Kulim airport to have two runways". The Star Online. 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
^ Reporters, F. M. T. (2023-07-01). "Govt says no-go for Kulim airport for now". Free Malaysia Today (FMT). Retrieved 2024-02-08.
^ "Tan Sri Haji Ismail Bin Haji Omar" (in Malay). Royal Malaysian Police. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. Retrieved 5 May 2012.
^ "Australian High Commission in".
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kulim District.
Kulim travel guide from Wikivoyage
Kulim’s Municipal Council Website
Kulim 2035 Draft Plan
vteGeorge Town ConurbationCities and municipalitiesPenang
George Town
Seberang Perai
Kedah
Sungai Petani
Kulim
Bandar Baharu
Perak
Kerian
Local authoritiesPenang
Penang Island City Council
Seberang Perai City Council
Kedah
Sungai Petani Municipal Council
Kulim Municipal Council
Bandar Baharu District Council
Perak
Kerian District Council
InfrastructureAirports
Penang International Airport
Seaports
Port of Penang
Rail stations
Sungai Petani
Tasek Gelugor
Bukit Mertajam
Bukit Tengah
Butterworth
Simpang Ampat
Nibong Tebal
Parit Buntar
Bagan Serai
Intercity bus terminals
Penang Sentral
Sungai Nibong
UTC Sungai Petani
Bridges
Penang Bridge
Second Penang Bridge
Roads
North-South Expressway
Butterworth–Kulim Expressway
Butterworth Outer Ring Road
Butterworth–Seberang Jaya Toll Road
Federal Route 6
Gelugor Highway
George Town Inner Ring Road
Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway
EducationTertiary
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Wawasan Open University
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University College Dublin Malaysia Campus
SEGi College
Han Chiang College
Equator Academy of Arts
Lam Wah Ee Nursing College
Penang International Dental College
Penang Skills and Development Centre
Tunku Abdul Rahman University College
INTI International College
DISTED College
The One Academy
PTPL College
Cosmopoint College
AIMST University
Universiti Teknologi MARA
Open University Malaysia
Kolej Universiti Insaniah
International schools
Penang Japanese School
Chinese Taipei School Penang
Prince of Wales International School
St. Christopher's International Primary School
Uplands International School
Dalat International School
Tenby International School
Fairview International School
Straits International School
Pelita International School
XCL International School
ShoppingPenang
1st Avenue Mall
AEON Bukit Mertajam
Bukit Jambul Complex
City Junction
Design Village
GAMA
GEM Mall
Gurney Paragon
Gurney Plaza
ICT Digital Mall
IKEA Batu Kawan
Island 88
Klippa Shopping Centre
Megamal Pinang
Pearl City Mall
Penang Plaza
Penang Times Square
Prangin Mall
Queensbay Mall
Straits Quay
Sunshine Square
Sunshine Central
Sunway Carnival Mall
Kedah
Amanjaya Mall
Central Square
Kulim Landmark Central
Petani Parade
SP Plaza
Village Mall
Perak
Kerian Sentral Mall
italics indicates an ongoing construction project.
vteState of KedahCapital: Alor Setar, Royal town: Anak BukitTopics
Index
History
Constitution
Elections
Government
Executive
Sultan
Menteris Besar
Legislative
Geography
Judiciary
Law
Music
Kedahans
Symbols
Anthem
Flag and coats of arms
Tourist attractions
Society
Culture
Crime
Cuisine
Demographics
Economy
Education
Politics
Language
People
AdministrativedivisionsDistricts
Baling District
Bandar Baharu District
Kota Setar District
Kuala Muda District
Kubang Pasu District
Kulim District
Langkawi District
Padang Terap District
Pendang District
Pokok Sena District
Sik District
Yan District
Towns
Alor Tajar
Anak Bukit
Baling
Bedong
Bukit Kayu Hitam
Bukit Pinang
Bukit Selambau
Changlun
Durian Burung
Guar Chempedak
Gurun
Jeniang
Jitra
Kepala Batas
Kodiang
Kota Sarang Semut
Kuah
Kuala Kedah
Kuala Ketil
Kuala Nerang
Kuala Pegang
Kulim
Kupang, Kedah
Langgar
Lunas
Megat Dewa
Merbok
Padang Matsirat
Padang Serai
Pendang
Pokok Sena
Semeling
Serdang
Sik
Sintok
Sungai Lalang
Sungai Limau
Sungai Petani
Tanjung Dawai
Tokai
Yan
Townships
Bandar Laguna Merbok
Bandar Puteri Jaya
Bandar Darulaman
Lagenda Height
Bandar Baru Mergong
Tandop Baru
Bandar Amanjaya
Bandar Stargate
Bandar Starcity
Bandar Sejahtera
Bandar Ambangan
Commons
Wikisource
Category
vteDistricts of Malaysia
★ Municipal-status districts
☆ City-status districts
Johor
★Batu Pahat
☆Johor Bahru
★Kluang
★Kota Tinggi
★Kulai
Mersing
★Muar
★Pontian
★Segamat
Tangkak
Kedah
Baling
Bandar Baharu
☆Kota Setar
★Kuala Muda
★Kubang Pasu
★Kulim
★Langkawi
Padang Terap
Pendang
☆Pokok Sena
Sik
Yan
Kelantan
Bachok
Gua Musang
Jeli
★Kota Bharu
Kuala Krai
Lojing Autonomous (Sub-District)
Machang
Pasir Mas
Pasir Puteh
Tanah Merah
Tumpat
Malacca
★Alor Gajah
★Jasin
☆★Melaka Tengah
Negeri Sembilan
Jelebu
★Jempol
Kuala Pilah
★Port Dickson
Rembau
☆Seremban
Tampin
Pahang
★Bentong
Bera
Cameron Highlands
Jerantut
☆Kuantan
Lipis
Maran
Pekan
Raub
Rompin
★Temerloh
Penang
☆Central Seberang Perai
☆North Seberang Perai
☆Northeast Penang Island
☆South Seberang Perai
☆Southwest Penang Island
Perak
★Bagan Datuk
Batang Padang
★Hilir Perak
Hulu Perak
Kampar
Kerian
☆Kinta
★Kuala Kangsar
★Larut, Matang and Selama (Sub-District)
★Manjung
Muallim
Perak Tengah
PerlisNot Available (★Kangar)Sabah
Beaufort
Beluran
Kalabakan
Keningau
Kinabatangan
Kota Belud
☆Kota Kinabalu
Kota Marudu
Kuala Penyu
Kudat
Kunak
Lahad Datu
Membakut
Nabawan
Papar
Penampang
Putatan
Pitas
Ranau
★Sandakan
Semporna
Sipitang
Tambunan
★Tawau
Telupid
Tenom
Tongod
Tuaran
Sarawak
★Asajaya
Bau
Belaga
Beluru
Betong
★Bintulu
Bukit Mabong
Dalat
Daro
Gedong
Julau
Kabong
Kanowit
Kapit
☆Kuching
Lawas
Limbang
Lingga
Lubok Antu
Lundu
Marudi
Matu
Meradong
☆Miri
Mukah
Pakan
Pantu
Pusa
★Samarahan
Saratok
Sarikei
Sebauh
Sebuyau
Selangau
Serian
★Sibu
Siburan
Simunjan
Song
Sri Aman
Subis
Tanjung Manis
Tatau
Tebedu
Telang Usan
Selangor
★Gombak
★Hulu Langat
★Hulu Selangor
★☆Klang
★Kuala Langat
★Kuala Selangor
☆Petaling
Sabak Bernam
★Sepang
Terengganu
Besut
★Dungun
Hulu Terengganu
★Kemaman
☆Kuala Nerus
☆Kuala Terengganu
Marang
Setiu
☆Kuala Lumpur, Labuan, and Putrajaya are Federal Territories and thus do not have districts.italics are districts gazetted and officially established after 2020.
vteNorthern Corridor Economic RegionNCER Perlis
Kangar
Padang Besar
Perlis Seed Centre
NCER Kedah
Alor Setar
Anak Bukit
Langkawi
Bukit Kayu Hitam
Universiti Utara Malaysia
Sultan Abdul Halim Airport
Alor Setar Tower
Trans Eastern Kedah Interland Highway
Paddy Museum
Gurun
Sungai Petani Halal Hub
Kulim Hi-Tech Park
South Kedah Expressway
NCER Penang
Bayan Lepas LRT
Butterworth
Butterworth Outer Ring Road
George Town
Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway
Jelutong Expressway
KOMTAR
Penang Bridge
Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge (Penang Second Bridge)
Penang Sentral
Penang International Airport
Penang Global City Centre
Penang Outer Ring Road
Penang Undersea Tunnel
Port of Penang
Rapid Ferry
Rapid Penang
Universiti Sains Malaysia
NCER Perak
Belum-Temengor (Temenggor Lake, Temenggor Dam, Banding Island, Lake Temenggor Bridge)
East-West Highway
Gerik
Pengkalan Hulu
Lenggong
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
Jelas Expressway
West Coast Expressway
vteLocal governments in MalaysiaFederal Territories
Kuala Lumpur H
Labuan P
Putrajaya P
Johor
Batu Pahat M
Iskandar Puteri C
Johor Bahru C
Kluang M
Kota Tinggi D
Kulai M
Labis D
Mersing D
Muar M
Pasir Gudang C
Pengerang M
Pontian M
Segamat M
Simpang Renggam D
Tangkak D
Yong Peng D
Kedah
Alor Setar C
Baling D
Bandar Baharu D
Sungai Petani M
Kubang Pasu M
Kulim M
Kulim Hi-Tech Park LA
Langkawi M
Padang Terap D
Pendang D
Sik D
Yan D
Kelantan
Bachok D
Dabong D
Gua Musang D
Jeli D
Ketereh D
Kota Bharu M
Kuala Krai D
Machang D
Pasir Mas D
Pasir Puteh D
Tanah Merah D
Tumpat D
Malacca
Alor Gajah M
Hang Tuah Jaya M
Jasin M
Malacca C
Negeri Sembilan
Jelebu D
Jempol M
Kuala Pilah D
Port Dickson M
Rembau D
Seremban C
Tampin D
Pahang
Bera D
Bentong M
Cameron Highlands D
Jerantut D
Kuantan C
Lipis D
Maran D
Pekan M
Raub D
Rompin D
Temerloh M
Penang
Penang Island C
Seberang Perai C
Perak
Batu Gajah D
Gerik D
Ipoh C
Kampar D
Kerian D
Kuala Kangsar M
Lenggong D
Manjung M
Pengkalan Hulu D
Perak Tengah D
Selama D
Taiping M
Tanjung Malim D
Tapah D
Teluk Intan M
Perlis
Kangar M
Sabah
Beaufort D
Beluran D
Keningau D
Kinabatangan D
Kota Belud D
Kota Kinabalu H
Kota Marudu D
Kuala Penyu D
Kudat D
Kunak D
Lahat Datu D
Nabawan D
Papar D
Penampang D
Putatan D
Pitas D
Ranau D
Sandakan M
Semporna D
Sipitang D
Tambunan D
Tawau M
Telupid D
Tenom D
Tuaran D
Sarawak
Bau D
Betong D
Bintulu M
Dalat & Mukah D
Kanowit D
Kapit D
Kota Samarahan M
Kuching North H
Kuching South C
Lawas D
Limbang D
Lubok Antu D
Lundu D
Maradong & Julau D
Marudi D
Matu & Daro D
Miri C
Padawan M
Saratok D
Sarikei D
Serian D
Sibu M
Sibu Rural D
Simunjan D
Sri Aman D
Subis D
Selangor
Ampang Jaya M
Hulu Selangor M
Kajang M
Klang C
Kuala Langat M
Kuala Selangor M
Petaling Jaya C
Sabak Bernam D
Selayang M
Sepang M
Shah Alam C
Subang Jaya C
Terengganu
Besut D
Dungun M
Hulu Terengganu D
Kemaman M
Kuala Terengganu C
Marang D
Setiu D
C=City council, H=City Hall, M=Municipal council, D=District council, P=Corporation, LA=Local authority | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kulim (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulim_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Kedah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penang"},{"link_name":"George Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang"},{"link_name":"Greater Penang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Penang_Conurbation"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Kulim\" redirects here. For other uses, see Kulim (disambiguation).District of Malaysia in KedahTown in MalaysiaThe Kulim District is a district and town in the state of Kedah, Malaysia. It is located on the southeast of Kedah, bordering Penang. The town of Kulim, a mere 27 km (17 mi) east of Penang's capital city, George Town, also forms part of Greater Penang, Malaysia's second largest conurbation.[5]","title":"Kulim District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorodocarpus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The name of this district is taken after the name of the kulim tree or its scientific name Scorodocarpus borneensis Becc. which grew in many places in this district in the past.[6]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pattani Malay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattani_Malay"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"tin ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_ore"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Kulim is believed to have been opened and settled in since the 18th century by 100 Pattani Malay descent. A Chinese artisan known as Chin Ah Cheoh might have been the founder of Kulim.[7] Around the mid-19th century, tin ore was discovered in Kulim. This led to Chinese tin miners starting operations in Kulim. Kulim had around 400 Chinese tin miners in 1890. The largest tin mines in Kulim were in Taman Tunku Putra, Kampung Bukit Besar, Karangan, Terap and Kelang Lama.[8][9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kulim_Bandar_Teknologi_Tinggi_(220702).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kawasan_Perindustrian_Kulim_(220702).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cmglee_Kulim_Jalan_Tengku_Mohd_Assad.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minatkulim.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arulmigu_Annai_Karumariamman_Temple_in_Paya_Besar.jpg"},{"link_name":"Paya Besar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paya_Besar,_Kedah"}],"text":"Kulim welcome sign\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKulim Industrial Area\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKulim town in May 2022\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMinat supermarket\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArulmigu Annai Karumariamman Temple in Paya Besar","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mukims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukim"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kulim District is divided into 15 mukims, which are:[10]","title":"Administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kulim Hi-Tech Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulim_Hi-Tech_Park"},{"link_name":"Economic Affairs Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Affairs_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Azmin Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_Azmin_Ali"},{"link_name":"Federal Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"MYR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Kulim District is currently most notable for its flagship high technology industrial park Kulim Hi-Tech Park.In March 2019, Economic Affairs Minister Azmin Ali announced the Federal Government's approval to invest MYR 1.6 billion (~USD 380 million) to build the proposed Kulim International Airport.[12] In August 2019, it was announced that the proposed 17 km2 airport will have two runways, which will be able to cater to 60 flight movements per hour, or one flight landing/take-off per minute.[13] Around July 2023, the Federal Government halted construction for this airport due to lack of need.[14]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ismail Omar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismail_Omar"},{"link_name":"New Straits Times Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times_Press"},{"link_name":"Inspector-General of Royal Malaysian Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspector-General_of_Police_(Malaysia)"},{"link_name":"Malaysian Ambassador to France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Malaysia_to_France"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Gary Steven Robbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Steven_Robbat"},{"link_name":"Johor Darul Takzim F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Takzim_F.C."},{"link_name":"Suppiah Chanturu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppiah_Chanturu"},{"link_name":"Johor Darul Takzim F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johor_Darul_Takzim_F.C."},{"link_name":"Muhammad Akram Mahinan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Akram_Mahinan"},{"link_name":"PKNS F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKNS_F.C."},{"link_name":"Abdul Halim Saari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Halim_Saari"},{"link_name":"Selangor FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor_FA"},{"link_name":"Kedah FA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedah_FA"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Ismail Omar, Chairman of New Straits Times Press, former Inspector-General of Royal Malaysian Police, and former Malaysian Ambassador to France.[15]\nGary Steven Robbat, professional football player for Johor Darul Takzim F.C.\nSuppiah Chanturu, professional football player for Johor Darul Takzim F.C.\nMuhammad Akram Mahinan, professional football player for PKNS F.C.\nAbdul Halim Saari professional football player for Selangor FA and former player for Kedah FA.\nDr. Jegajeeva Rao Subba Rao, Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist, First recipient of the inaugural Prime Minister of Australia Asia Endeavour Award in 2010.[16]","title":"Notable natives"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"List of Kulim district representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat)List of Kulim district representatives in the State Legislative Assembly (Dewan Undangan Negeri)","title":"Federal Parliament and State Assembly Seats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Taliwang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliwang"}],"text":"Shamli, Saudi Arabia\n Taliwang, Indonesia","title":"International relations"}] | [{"image_text":"Map of Kulim District","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Map_of_Kulim_District%2C_Kedah.svg/220px-Map_of_Kulim_District%2C_Kedah.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Butterworth–Kulim 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Planning Malaysia Journal. 17 (2) (published 2019-09-04): 38–49. doi:10.21837/pm.v17i10.627 – via MyJurnal.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v17i10.627","url_text":"\"Urbanisation Beyond Its Core Boundary and Its Impact on the Communities in George Town Conurbation, Malaysia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21837%2Fpm.v17i10.627","url_text":"10.21837/pm.v17i10.627"}]},{"reference":"Thow, Eng Kee (1995). Kedah selepas Perang Kulim: Faktor British dan Siam dalam kajian perkembangan sosio-politik Kedah, 1888-1909 [Kedah after the Kulim War: British and Siamese factors in the study of Kedah's socio-political development, 1888-1909] (in Malay). Alor Setar: Nealdy Publisher & Distributor. 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Retrieved 2019-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/03/19/putrajaya-announces-rm1.6b-for-kulim-airport-as-part-of-11mp-review/1734200","url_text":"\"Putrajaya announces RM1.6b for Kulim airport as part of 11MP review | Malay Mail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kulim airport to have two runways\". The Star Online. 2019-08-28. Retrieved 2019-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/08/28/kulim-airport-to-have-two-runways","url_text":"\"Kulim airport to have two runways\""}]},{"reference":"Reporters, F. M. T. (2023-07-01). \"Govt says no-go for Kulim airport for now\". Free Malaysia Today (FMT). Retrieved 2024-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/07/01/govt-says-no-go-for-kulim-airport-for-now/","url_text":"\"Govt says no-go for Kulim airport for now\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tan Sri Haji Ismail Bin Haji Omar\" (in Malay). Royal Malaysian Police. Archived from the original on 24 January 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._O._McIntyre | O. O. McIntyre | ["1 Early career","2 Syndication","3 New York Day by Day","4 Small-town life","5 Books","6 Death","7 Legacy","8 Archives","9 Fellowship","10 Bibliography","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"] | American journalist (1884–1938)
O. O. McIntyrePortrait of McIntyre by Jim McDermott.Born(1884-02-18)February 18, 1884Plattsburg, MissouriDiedFebruary 14, 1938(1938-02-14) (aged 53)Manhattan, New York City, New YorkOccupationNewspaper columnistSpouse
Maybelle Hope Small (m. 1902)Signature
Oscar Odd McIntyre (February 18, 1884 – February 14, 1938) was a New York newspaper columnist of the 1920s and 1930s. The Washington Post once described his column as "the letter from New York read by millions because it never lost the human, homefolk flavor of a letter from a friend." For a quarter of a century, his daily column, “New York Day by Day,” was published in more than 500 newspapers.
Early career
Born in Plattsburg, Missouri, McIntyre began his newspaper career in 1902 on the Gallipolis Journal in Gallipolis, Ohio, where he married Maybelle Hope Small. He moved on to East Liverpool, Ohio, to become a feature writer on the East Liverpool Morning Tribune. After a period as managing editor of the Dayton Herald (Dayton, Ohio), McIntyre worked as assistant managing editor at the Cincinnati Post. He was 28 years old when he arrived in New York in 1912 as an associate editor at Hampton’s Magazine, which folded shortly after he took the job.
Syndication
While freelancing and doing public relations work in 1912, he started writing a daily column about New York City life for "the home folks." He circulated these mimeographed columns through the mail, and the Bridgeport Post was the first newspaper to run the column at an annual fee of $8. With his wife handling his business affairs, he soon had syndication contracts with Scripps-Howard and McNaught. Within two years, 26 papers had signed on at an annual fee of $600. In New York, his column appeared in the Journal-American. Back in Gallipolis, the Gallipolis Tribune ran the column on its front page.
New York Day by Day
His publicity work for the Hotel Majestic gave him free room and board, and syndication made him one of the highest-paid newspaper writers, with an income of more than $200,000 each year. He lived in style, and his many celebrity friends included Irvin S. Cobb, Gene Fowler, Major Bowes and top talents of Broadway. He was the publicist for Flo Ziegfeld and various comedians and actors.
His column required him to write approximately 800 words daily, or about 292,000 words a year. He usually worked right after breakfast, keeping the blinds closed and the lights on because he disliked sunlight, and by 5:30pm he had completed another installment. The column ran in 508 newspapers in every state, Mexico and Canada, for a combined circulation of 15,000,000. McIntyre received 3,000 letters a week from his readers. He also wrote a monthly essay for Cosmopolitan for over 15 years.
McIntyre turned down offers to become a radio personality because he thought it would lower the high standard he had for the writing in his column. However, the characters profiled in his columns gave Fred Allen the inspiration to create in 1942 the hugely popular "Allen's Alley" segment of his radio show.
Small-town life
In 1929, McIntyre described his approach in the preface to Twenty-five Selected Stories, a collection of his articles from Cosmopolitan: "I write from a country town angle of a city's glamour, and the metropolis has never lost its thrill for me. Things the ordinary New Yorker accepts casually are my dish—the telescope man on the curb, the Bowery lodging houses and drifters... speakeasies...." He often wrote with affection about small-town life, as in "That Was Happy New Year" (1932):
Children scrubbed clean, fathers in frock coats and mothers in rustling silks moved from one home to another.
In the late afternoon, if the weather permitted, those who were not enjoying late afternoon naps would go to the public square to hear a band concert or perhaps an address by Colonel John L. Vance.
It was a gathering that would seem incongruous in this jazz age; Pappy Pitrat, the old French scholar, with his heavy cane and cape; Miss Eliza Sanns, a delicate bit of lavender and old lace; Colonel Creuzet with his snow white shock of hair; Mr. Hutchinson, the hardware merchant, who wore stiff white shirts on week-days; C. D. Kerr, the druggist, whom Editor Sibley called the best dressed man in town.
Most of these people today are “sleeping, sleeping on the hill.” It has been nearly twenty years now since I have seen Gallipolis. They tell me of a new high school building that occupies two blocks.
Back Street has been paved. A new bridge spans the Chicamaugua. The Park Central has a mosaic floor. There are concrete walks in the public square and Billy Schartz’s cigar store is now “The Smoke Shop.”
I want to go back again, but I hope there have not been too many changes. I like to think of the tolling evening church bells, the cows being driven home from pasture, the shrill whistle of the Hocking Valley train at six-fifteen as she rounded the curve at Fox’s dairy.
I hope the older men are still sitting out front on the big scales at Neal’s Mill at twilight and that the motor age has not forever stilled that doleful “ting-tang-ting-gg!” floating out from the anvils of the blacksmith shops.
I hope to go over at noon and join the little crowd that used to gather around the iron pump in the lower end of the public square. And I cherish a hope that the rusty old tin cup is there on the same brass chain.
I hope “Banty” Merriman still has a place for me to loaf in the back room of his jewelry store and that Harry Maddy will join me in one of our old walks up through Maple Shade past the fair grounds.
I want to keep always my memories of those dead and gone days when my world was young—when Karl Hall and I dug a cave under the river bank; when Alfie Resener and I smoked our first corn silk cigaret; when Harry Maxon and I set fire to McCormack’s haymow; when Ned Deletombe and I were taken to the Justice of Peace by Constable Jack Dufour for swimming naked in the creek.
Books
After McIntyre traveled to London and Paris, he also wrote about those cities. His books include the 1935 bestseller The Big Town.
Death
He died on Valentine's Day, February 14, 1938, of a heart attack at 2 A.M. at his apartment, 290 Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. He left an estate of $72,456 (approximately $1,568,000 today). He was buried in Gallipolis on a high bluff overlooking the Ohio River. where a marble bench bears the tribute "Beloved of a Nation." Maybelle Hope Small McIntyre, who lived to the age of 101, died in a nursing home in Point Pleasant, West Virginia on April 28, 1985.
Legacy
After McIntyre's death, the newspaper column was continued by editor Charles Benedict Driscoll until 1951. When Driscoll's biography, The Life of O. O. McIntyre (Greystone Press, 1938), was published seven months after McIntyre's death, it made The New York Times bestseller list.
The O. O. McIntyre Park District in Gallipolis is named in his honor. A Gallia County film production about McIntyre was made in 1994 by Edna Pierce Whiteley. The O. O. McIntyre Story: Chronicle of a Journalist of Note is narrated by Whiteley with Earl Tope as the voice of McIntyre. The film is available as a 30-minute videocassette.
Archives
The Gallia County Historical/Genealogical Society has more than a dozen three-inch binders on McIntyre.
Fellowship
The annual O. O. McIntyre Postgraduate Writing Fellowship was established in 1986 by the Missouri School of Journalism to help aspiring writers further their careers.
Bibliography
White Light Nights. New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corporation, 1924.
Twenty-five Selected Stories of O. O. McIntyre, introduction by Ray Long. Cosmopolitan magazine, 1929.
Another Odd Book: Twenty-five Selected Stories of O. O. McIntyre, Second series. New York: Cosmopolitan magazine, 1932.
Ed Wynn "Cosmopolitan" Magazine March 1933
The Big Town: New York Day by Day. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1935.
The More I Admire Dogs: True Tales about Man's Best Friend by Robert H. Davis, foreword by O. O. McIntyre. New York: Appleton-Century Company, 1936.
The "Odd" Book: Selected short stories and columns of O. O. McIntyre. Jackson Publishing Company, 1989.
Irvin S. Cobb: His Life and Letters by Fred G. Neuman, introduction by O. O. McIntyre. Kessinger Publishing, 2007. (Reprint of The Story of Irvin S. Cobb. Paducah, Kentucky: Young Printing, 1926.)
See also
Edgar Guest
Franklyn MacCormack
Franklin Pierce Adams
Nick Kenny
References
^ a b "O. O. McIntyre Dead. Columnist was 54. Writer of 'New York Day By Day' Is Victim of a Heart Stroke in Home Here". New York Times. February 15, 1938.
^ Cullen, Frank, Florence Hackman, Donald McNeilly. Vaudeville, Old and New, Routledge, 2007.
^ McIntyre, O. O., "That Was Happy New Year": Another Odd Book: Twenty-Five Selected Stories of O. O. McIntyre, Cosmopolitan, 1932
^ "O. O. M'intyre Left Estate Of $72,456". New York Times. December 14, 1938.
^ "Rites for. O. O. McIntyre". New York Times. February 18, 1938.
^ "Widow of Columnist Dies". New York Times. April 29, 1985.
^ "Obituary". Time. 1951-01-29. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved 2008-09-04.
^ MU Libraries, University of Missouri-Columbia: Frank Lee Martin Journalism Library
External links
Gallia County Historical Museum: O. O. McIntyre Collection
"My First Vacation" by O. O. McIntyre (full text)
"That Glee-or-ious Fourth" by O. O. McIntyre (full text)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Netherlands
Other
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Kerr, the druggist, whom Editor Sibley called the best dressed man in town.Most of these people today are “sleeping, sleeping on the hill.” It has been nearly twenty years now since I have seen Gallipolis. They tell me of a new high school building that occupies two blocks.Back Street has been paved. A new bridge spans the Chicamaugua. The Park Central has a mosaic floor. There are concrete walks in the public square and Billy Schartz’s cigar store is now “The Smoke Shop.”I want to go back again, but I hope there have not been too many changes. I like to think of the tolling evening church bells, the cows being driven home from pasture, the shrill whistle of the Hocking Valley train at six-fifteen as she rounded the curve at Fox’s dairy.I hope the older men are still sitting out front on the big scales at Neal’s Mill at twilight and that the motor age has not forever stilled that doleful “ting-tang-ting-gg!” floating out from the anvils of the blacksmith shops.I hope to go over at noon and join the little crowd that used to gather around the iron pump in the lower end of the public square. And I cherish a hope that the rusty old tin cup is there on the same brass chain.I hope “Banty” Merriman still has a place for me to loaf in the back room of his jewelry store and that Harry Maddy will join me in one of our old walks up through Maple Shade past the fair grounds.I want to keep always my memories of those dead and gone days when my world was young—when Karl Hall and I dug a cave under the river bank; when Alfie Resener and I smoked our first corn silk cigaret; when Harry Maxon and I set fire to McCormack’s haymow; when Ned Deletombe and I were taken to the Justice of Peace by Constable Jack Dufour for swimming naked in the creek.[3]","title":"Small-town life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"After McIntyre traveled to London and Paris, he also wrote about those cities. His books include the 1935 bestseller The Big Town.","title":"Books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valentine's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"Park Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"Manhattan, New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan,_New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ohio River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Point Pleasant, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Pleasant,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"He died on Valentine's Day, February 14, 1938, of a heart attack at 2 A.M. at his apartment, 290 Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York City.[1] He left an estate of $72,456 (approximately $1,568,000 today).[4] He was buried in Gallipolis on a high bluff overlooking the Ohio River. where a marble bench bears the tribute \"Beloved of a Nation.\"[5] Maybelle Hope Small McIntyre, who lived to the age of 101, died in a nursing home in Point Pleasant, West Virginia on April 28, 1985.[6]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Driscoll-7"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"After McIntyre's death, the newspaper column was continued by editor Charles Benedict Driscoll until 1951.[7] When Driscoll's biography, The Life of O. O. McIntyre (Greystone Press, 1938), was published seven months after McIntyre's death, it made The New York Times bestseller list.The O. O. McIntyre Park District in Gallipolis is named in his honor. A Gallia County film production about McIntyre was made in 1994 by Edna Pierce Whiteley. The O. O. McIntyre Story: Chronicle of a Journalist of Note is narrated by Whiteley with Earl Tope as the voice of McIntyre. The film is available as a 30-minute videocassette.[8]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Gallia County Historical/Genealogical Society has more than a dozen three-inch binders on McIntyre.","title":"Archives"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The annual O. O. McIntyre Postgraduate Writing Fellowship was established in 1986 by the Missouri School of Journalism to help aspiring writers further their careers.","title":"Fellowship"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"White Light Nights. New York: Cosmopolitan Book Corporation, 1924.\nTwenty-five Selected Stories of O. O. McIntyre, introduction by Ray Long. Cosmopolitan magazine, 1929.\nAnother Odd Book: Twenty-five Selected Stories of O. O. McIntyre, Second series. New York: Cosmopolitan magazine, 1932.\nEd Wynn \"Cosmopolitan\" Magazine March 1933\nThe Big Town: New York Day by Day. New York: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1935.\nThe More I Admire Dogs: True Tales about Man's Best Friend by Robert H. Davis, foreword by O. O. McIntyre. New York: Appleton-Century Company, 1936.\nThe \"Odd\" Book: Selected short stories and columns of O. O. McIntyre. Jackson Publishing Company, 1989.\nIrvin S. Cobb: His Life and Letters by Fred G. Neuman, introduction by O. O. McIntyre. Kessinger Publishing, 2007. (Reprint of The Story of Irvin S. Cobb. Paducah, Kentucky: Young Printing, 1926.)","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6b/Oonyday.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Edgar Guest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Guest"},{"title":"Franklyn MacCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklyn_MacCormack"},{"title":"Franklin Pierce Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_Adams"},{"title":"Nick Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kenny_(poet)"}] | [{"reference":"\"O. O. McIntyre Dead. Columnist was 54. Writer of 'New York Day By Day' Is Victim of a Heart Stroke in Home Here\". New York Times. February 15, 1938.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/15/archives/o-o-mintyre-dead-columnist-was-54-writer-of-new-york-day-by-day-is.html","url_text":"\"O. O. McIntyre Dead. Columnist was 54. Writer of 'New York Day By Day' Is Victim of a Heart Stroke in Home Here\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"O. O. M'intyre Left Estate Of $72,456\". New York Times. December 14, 1938.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/14/archives/o-o-mintyre-left-estate-of-72456-large-insurance-policies-not.html","url_text":"\"O. O. M'intyre Left Estate Of $72,456\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Rites for. O. O. McIntyre\". New York Times. February 18, 1938.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/18/archives/rites-for-o-o-mcintyre.html","url_text":"\"Rites for. O. O. McIntyre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Widow of Columnist Dies\". New York Times. April 29, 1985.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/29/nyregion/widow-of-columnist-dies.html","url_text":"\"Widow of Columnist Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Obituary\". Time. 1951-01-29. Archived from the original on November 23, 2010. Retrieved 2008-09-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123151821/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821490,00.html","url_text":"\"Obituary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time"},{"url":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821490,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/15/archives/o-o-mintyre-dead-columnist-was-54-writer-of-new-york-day-by-day-is.html","external_links_name":"\"O. O. McIntyre Dead. Columnist was 54. Writer of 'New York Day By Day' Is Victim of a Heart Stroke in Home Here\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XFnfnKg6BcAC&dq=alley+radio+%22peter+donald%22&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"Cullen, Frank, Florence Hackman, Donald McNeilly. Vaudeville, Old and New, Routledge, 2007."},{"Link":"http://www.galliagenealogy.org/History/McIntyre/newyear.htm","external_links_name":"McIntyre, O. O., \"That Was Happy New Year\": Another Odd Book: Twenty-Five Selected Stories of O. O. McIntyre, Cosmopolitan, 1932"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/12/14/archives/o-o-mintyre-left-estate-of-72456-large-insurance-policies-not.html","external_links_name":"\"O. O. M'intyre Left Estate Of $72,456\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1938/02/18/archives/rites-for-o-o-mcintyre.html","external_links_name":"\"Rites for. O. O. McIntyre\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/29/nyregion/widow-of-columnist-dies.html","external_links_name":"\"Widow of Columnist Dies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101123151821/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821490,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Obituary\""},{"Link":"http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,821490,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://laurel.lso.missouri.edu/search~S1?/to.o./to+o/1%2C14%2C16%2CB/frameset&FF=to+o+mcintyre+story+chronicle+of+a+journalist+of+note&1%2C1%2C","external_links_name":"MU Libraries, University of Missouri-Columbia: Frank Lee Martin Journalism Library"},{"Link":"https://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/OHGALLIA/2006-06/1151719981","external_links_name":"Gallia County Historical Museum: O. O. McIntyre Collection"},{"Link":"http://www.galliagenealogy.org/McIntyre/vacation.htm","external_links_name":"\"My First Vacation\" by O. O. McIntyre (full text)"},{"Link":"http://www.galliagenealogy.org/McIntyre/fourthofjluly.htm","external_links_name":"\"That Glee-or-ious Fourth\" by O. O. McIntyre (full text)"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1638877/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000044549936","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/63759287","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdcvqWdf9BhQfXWvBJv73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2006030975","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p303051329","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6cz41hj","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaldo_Zardini_Palaeontology_Museum | Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum | ["1 References"] | Italian palaeontological museum
Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum (Italian, Museo Paleontologico "Rinaldo Zardini") is a palaeontological museum in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. It is one of three museums administered by Le Regole d'Ampezzo, the other two being the Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum and the Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum. It is also a member of "DOMUS, the Network of Science Museums of the Veneto Dolomites". The paleontology museum opened in August 1975, exhibits Dolomite fossils. The museum bears the name of Rinaldo Zardini, a local researcher, who collected the materials and catalogued them. Thousands of his findings are part of the collections, though he collected over 1,000,000 articles in his lifetime.
References
^ "Palaeontological Museum". dolomiti.org. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ "Museo Paleontologico "Rinaldo Zardini"". Cortina d'Ampezzo: Regole d'Ampezzo. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ "Musei delle Regole d'Ampezzo". Cortina d'Ampezzo: Regole d'Ampezzo. Retrieved 19 April 2015.
^ Raffaeli, Mauro (2009). Il museo di storia naturale dell'Università di Firenze. Ediz. italiana e inglese. Firenze University Press. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-88-8453-955-7.
vteComune of Cortina d'AmpezzoGeography
Antelao
Becco di Mezzodì
Cinque Torri
Cristallo
Croda da Lago
Faloria
Falzarego Pass
Lagazuoi
Pocol
Pomagagnon
Sorapiss
Tofane
Val d'Ansiei
Architecture
Basilica Minore dei Santi Filippo e Giacomo
Cappella della Beata Vergine di Lourdes
Castello de Zanna
Castello di Botestagno
Cortina Airport
Forte Tre Sassi
Sacrario militare di Pocol
Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum
Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum
Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum
Sport
SG Cortina
Stadio olimpico del ghiaccio
1944 Winter Olympics
1956 Winter Olympics
1963 World Figure Skating Championships
2009 World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship
2010 World Men's Curling Championship
FIBT World Championships:
1937
1939
1950
1954
1960
1966
1981
1989
1999
FIS Alpine World Ski Championships:
1932
1941
FIS Nordic World Ski Championships:
1927
1941
People
See Category:People from Cortina d'Ampezzo
This article about a museum in Italy is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"palaeontological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology"},{"link_name":"Cortina d'Ampezzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cortina_d%27Ampezzo"},{"link_name":"Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Rimoldi_Modern_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regole_of_Ampezzo_Ethnographic_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dolomiti.org-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MuseoPaleontologico-2"},{"link_name":"Dolomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-regole.it-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Raffaeli2009-4"}],"text":"Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum (Italian, Museo Paleontologico \"Rinaldo Zardini\") is a palaeontological museum in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy. It is one of three museums administered by Le Regole d'Ampezzo, the other two being the Mario Rimoldi Modern Art Museum and the Regole of Ampezzo Ethnographic Museum. It is also a member of \"DOMUS, the Network of Science Museums of the Veneto Dolomites\".[1] The paleontology museum opened in August 1975,[2] exhibits Dolomite fossils.[3] The museum bears the name of Rinaldo Zardini, a local researcher, who collected the materials and catalogued them. Thousands of his findings are part of the collections, though he collected over 1,000,000 articles in his lifetime.[4]","title":"Rinaldo Zardini Palaeontology Museum"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Palaeontological Museum\". dolomiti.org. Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://cortina.dolomiti.org/index.cfm/See-and-do/Palaeontological-Museum/","url_text":"\"Palaeontological Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Museo Paleontologico \"Rinaldo Zardini\"\". Cortina d'Ampezzo: Regole d'Ampezzo. Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regole.it/musei/Ing/Paleo/index.php","url_text":"\"Museo Paleontologico \"Rinaldo Zardini\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Musei delle Regole d'Ampezzo\". Cortina d'Ampezzo: Regole d'Ampezzo. Retrieved 19 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.regole.it/musei/indexUK.php","url_text":"\"Musei delle Regole d'Ampezzo\""}]},{"reference":"Raffaeli, Mauro (2009). Il museo di storia naturale dell'Università di Firenze. Ediz. italiana e inglese. Firenze University Press. pp. 280–. ISBN 978-88-8453-955-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wSYtBML-1hcC&pg=PA280","url_text":"Il museo di storia naturale dell'Università di Firenze. Ediz. italiana e inglese"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8453-955-7","url_text":"978-88-8453-955-7"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://cortina.dolomiti.org/index.cfm/See-and-do/Palaeontological-Museum/","external_links_name":"\"Palaeontological Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.regole.it/musei/Ing/Paleo/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Museo Paleontologico \"Rinaldo Zardini\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.regole.it/musei/indexUK.php","external_links_name":"\"Musei delle Regole d'Ampezzo\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wSYtBML-1hcC&pg=PA280","external_links_name":"Il museo di storia naturale dell'Università di Firenze. Ediz. italiana e inglese"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rinaldo_Zardini_Palaeontology_Museum&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptol | Eucalyptol | ["1 Uses","1.1 Other","2 Toxicology","3 Biosynthesis","4 Plants containing eucalyptol","5 See also","6 References"] | Eucalyptol
Names
IUPAC name
1,3,3-Trimethyl-2-oxabicyclooctane
Other names
1,8-Cineole1,8-Epoxy-p-menthanecajeputol1,8-epoxy-p-menthane, 1,8-oxido-p-menthane eucalyptole1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclooctanecineolcineole.
Identifiers
CAS Number
470-82-6 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
Beilstein Reference
105109 5239941
ChEBI
CHEBI:27961
ChEMBL
ChEMBL485259 Y
ChemSpider
2656 Y
DrugBank
DB03852 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.006.757
EC Number
207-431-5
Gmelin Reference
131076
IUPHAR/BPS
2464
KEGG
D04115 Y
PubChem CID
2758
UNII
RV6J6604TK Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID4020616
InChI
InChI=1S/C10H18O/c1-9(2)8-4-6-10(3,11-9)7-5-8/h8H,4-7H2,1-3H3 YKey: WEEGYLXZBRQIMU-UHFFFAOYSA-N YInChI=1/C10H18O/c1-9(2)8-4-6-10(3,11-9)7-5-8/h8H,4-7H2,1-3H3Key: WEEGYLXZBRQIMU-UHFFFAOYAY
SMILES
O2C1(CCC(CC1)C2(C)C)C
Properties
Chemical formula
C10H18O
Molar mass
154.249 g/mol
Density
0.9225 g/cm3
Melting point
2.9 °C (37.2 °F; 276.0 K)
Boiling point
176–177 °C (349–351 °F; 449–450 K)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
−116.3×10−6 cm3/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code
R05CA13 (WHO)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
H226, H304, H315, H317, H319, H411
Precautionary statements
P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P272, P273, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P321, P331, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, P405, P501
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Eucalyptol (also called cineole) is a monoterpenoid colorless liquid, and a bicyclic ether. It has a fresh camphor-like odor and a spicy, cooling taste. It is insoluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. Eucalyptol makes up about 70–90% of eucalyptus oil. Eucalyptol forms crystalline adducts with hydrohalic acids, o-cresol, resorcinol, and phosphoric acid. Formation of these adducts is useful for purification.
In 1870, F. S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name "eucalyptol" to the dominant portion of Eucalyptus globulus oil.
Uses
Because of its pleasant, spicy aroma and taste, eucalyptol is used in flavorings, fragrances, and cosmetics. Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as a flavoring at low levels (0.002%) in various products, including baked goods, confectionery, meat products, and beverages. In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, eucalyptol was listed as one of the 599 additives to cigarettes. It is claimed to be added to improve the flavor.
Eucalyptol is an ingredient in commercial mouthwashes, and has been used in traditional medicine as a cough suppressant.
Other
Eucalyptol exhibits insecticidal and insect repellent properties.
In contrast, eucalyptol is one of many compounds that are attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, which gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study. One such study with Euglossa imperialis, a nonsocial orchid bee species, has shown that the presence of cineole (also eucalyptol) elevates territorial behavior and specifically attracts the male bees. It was even observed that these males would periodically leave their territories to forage for chemicals such as cineole, thought to be important for attracting and mating with females, to synthesize pheromones.
Toxicology
Eucalyptol has a toxicity (LD50) of 2.48 grams per kg (rat). Ingestion in significant quantities is likely to cause headache and gastric distress, such as nausea and vomiting. Because of its low viscosity, it may directly enter the lungs if swallowed, or if subsequently vomited. Once in the lungs, it is difficult to remove and can cause delirium, convulsions, severe injury or death.
Biosynthesis
Eucalyptol is generated from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) which isomerizes to (S)-linalyl diphosphate (LPP). Ionization of the pyrophosphate, catalyzed by cineole synthase, produces eucalyptol. The process involves the intermediacy of alpha-terpinyl cation.
Plants containing eucalyptol
Aframomum corrorima
Artemisia tridentata
Cannabis
Cinnamomum camphora, camphor laurel (50%)
Eucalyptus globulus
Eucalyptus largiflorens
Eucalyptus salmonophloia
Eucalyptus staigeriana
Eucalyptus wandoo
Hedychium coronarium, butterfly lily
Helichrysum gymnocephalum
Kaempferia galanga, galangal, (5.7%)
S. officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia (syn. S. lavandulifolia), Spanish sage (13%)
Turnera diffusa, damiana
Umbellularia californica, pepperwood (22.0%)
Zingiber officinale, ginger
See also
Camphor
Citral
Eucalyptus oil
Lavandula
Menthol
Mouthwash
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "Eucalyptol". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 22 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^ a b Boland, D. J.; Brophy, J. J.; House, A. P. N. (1991). Eucalyptus Leaf Oils: Use, Chemistry, Distillation and Marketing. Melbourne: Inkata Press. p. 6. doi:10.1002/ffj.2730070209. ISBN 0-909605-69-6.
^ "GCMS – Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Analysis" (PDF). New Direction Aromatics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 October 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
^ Eggersdorfer, Manfred (2000). "Terpenes". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a26_205. ISBN 978-3527306732.
^ Harborne, J. B.; Baxter, H. (30 August 2001). Chemical Dictionary of Economic Plants. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-49226-4.
^ "Cigarette Ingredients – Chemicals in Cigarettes". New York State Department of Health. Retrieved 28 July 2014.
^ "Tea tree oil". Drugs.com. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2019.
^ Klocke, J. A.; Darlington, M. V.; Balandrin, M. F. (December 1987). "8-Cineole (Eucalyptol), a Mosquito Feeding and Ovipositional Repellent from Volatile Oil of Hemizonia fitchii (Asteraceae)". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 13 (12): 2131–41. doi:10.1007/BF01012562. PMID 24301652. S2CID 23271137.
^ Sfara, V.; Zerba, E. N.; Alzogaray, R. A. (May 2009). "Fumigant Insecticidal Activity and Repellent Effect of Five Essential Oils and Seven Monoterpenes on First-Instar Nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus". Journal of Medical Entomology. 46 (3): 511–515. doi:10.1603/033.046.0315. hdl:11336/82775. PMID 19496421. S2CID 23452066.
^ Schiestl, F. P.; Roubik, D. W. (2004). "Odor Compound Detection in Male Euglossine Bees". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 29 (1): 253–257. doi:10.1023/A:1021932131526. hdl:20.500.11850/57276. PMID 12647866. S2CID 2845587.
^ Schemske, Douglas W.; Lande, Russell (1984). "Fragrance collection and territorial display by male orchid bees". Animal Behaviour. 32 (3): 935–937. doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(84)80184-0. S2CID 54411184.
^ Rinkel, Jan; Rabe, Patrick; zur Horst, Laura; Dickschat, Jeroen S (4 November 2016). "A Detailed View on 1,8-Cineol Biosynthesis by Streptomyces clavuligerus". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 12: 2317–2324. doi:10.3762/bjoc.12.225. ISSN 1860-5397. PMC 5238540. PMID 28144299.
^ Wise, Mitchell L.; Savage, Thomas J.; Katahira, Eva; Croteau, Rodney (12 June 1998). "Monoterpene Synthases From Common Sage (Salvia Officinalis): cDNA Isolation, Characterization, and Functional Expression of (+)-Aabinene Synthase, 1,8-Cineole Synthase, and (+)-Bo..." Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (24): 14891–14899. doi:10.1074/jbc.273.24.14891. ISSN 0021-9258.
^ Croteau, R.; Alonso, W. R.; Koepp, A. E.; Johnson, M. A. (1 February 1994). "Biosynthesis of Monoterpenes: Partial Purification, Characterization, and Mechanism of Action of 1,8-Cineole Synthase". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 309 (1): 184–192. doi:10.1006/abbi.1994.1101. ISSN 0003-9861.
^ Sebsebe Demissew (1993). "A description of some essential oil bearing plants in Ethiopia and their indigenous uses". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 5 (5). Taylor & Francis: 465–479. doi:10.1080/10412905.1993.9698266. The chemical composition of … Aframomum corrorima (l, 8-cineole 41.9%) … is also presented.
^ Crowell, M.M.; et al. (2018). "Dietary partitioning of toxic leaves and fibrous stems differs between sympatric specialist and generalist mammalian herbivores". Journal of Mammalogy. 99 (3): 565–577. doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyy018.
^ McPartland, J. M.; Russo, E. B. (2001). "Cannabis and cannabis extracts: greater than the sum of their parts?". Journal of Cannabis Therapeutics. 1 (3–4): 103–132. doi:10.1300/J175v01n03_08. Retrieved 20 September 2013.
^ Stubbs, B. J.; Brushett, D. (2001). "Leaf oil of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Nees and Eberm. From Eastern Australia". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 13 (1): 51–54. doi:10.1080/10412905.2001.9699604. S2CID 85418932.
^ Maciel, M. V.; Morais, S. M.; Bevilaqua, C. M.; Silva, R. A.; Barros, R. S.; Sousa, R. N.; Sousa, L. C.; Brito, E. S.; Souza Neto, M. A. (2010). "Chemical composition of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils and their insecticidal effects on Lutzomyia longipalpis" (PDF). Veterinary Parasitology. 167 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.053. PMID 19896276. S2CID 7665066.
^ Zhang J, An M, Wu H, Stanton R, Lemerle D (2010). "Chemistry and bioactivity of Eucalyptus essential oils" (PDF). Allelopathy Journal. 25 (2): 313–330.
^ Charles Austin Gardner (1 August 1952). "Trees of Western Australia - salmon gum and scarlet pear gum". Journal of the Department of Agriculture Western Australia Series 3. 1 (4). Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
^ Gilles, M.; Zhao, J.; An, M.; Agboola, S. (2010). "Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial Properties of Essential Oils of three Australian Eucalyptus Species". Food Chemistry. 119 (2): 731–737. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.07.021.
^ Ameur, Elaissi; Sarra, Moumni; Yosra, Derbali; Mariem, Kouja; Nabil, Abid; Lynen, Frederic; Larbi, Khouja Mohamed (2021). "Chemical composition of essential oils of eight Tunisian Eucalyptus species and their antibacterial activity against strains responsible for otitis". BMC Complement Med Ther. 21 (1): 209. doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03379-y. PMC 8359536. PMID 34384412.
^ Ali, S.; Sotheeswaran, S.; Tuiwawa, M.; Smith, R. (2002). "Comparison of the Composition of the Essential Oils of Alpinia and Hedychium Species—Essential Oils of Fijian Plants, Part 1". Journal of Essential Oil Research. 14 (6): 409–411. doi:10.1080/10412905.2002.9699904. S2CID 95463805.
^ Joy, B.; Rajan, A.; Abraham, E. (2007). "Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Hedychium coronarium". Phytotherapy Research. 21 (5): 439–443. doi:10.1002/ptr.2091. PMID 17245683. S2CID 27756399.
^ Möllenbeck, S.; König, T.; Schreier, P.; Schwab, W.; Rajaonarivony, J.; Ranarivelo, L. (1997). "Chemical Composition and Analyses of Enantiomers of Essential Oils from Madagascar". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 12 (2): 63. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199703)12:2<63::AID-FFJ614>3.0.CO;2-Z.
^ Wong, K. C.; Ong, K. S.; Lim, C. L. (2006). "Composition of the Essential Oil of Rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L.". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 7 (5): 263–266. doi:10.1002/ffj.2730070506.
^ Perry, N. S.; Houghton, P. J.; Theobald, A.; Jenner, P.; Perry, E. K. (2000). "In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes". J Pharm Pharmacol. 52 (7): 895–902. doi:10.1211/0022357001774598. PMID 10933142. S2CID 34457692.
^ Balch, P. A. (2002). Prescription for Nutritional Healing: the A to Z Guide to Supplements. Penguin. p. 233. ISBN 978-1-58333-143-9.
^ Kelsey, R. G.; McCuistion, O.; Karchesy, J. (2007). "Bark and Leaf Essential Oil of Umbellularia californica, California Bay Laurel, from Oregon". Natural Product Communications. 2 (7): 779–780. doi:10.1177/1934578X0700200715.
^ Gupta S, Pandotra P, Ram G, Anand R, Gupta AP, Husain K, Bedi YS, Mallavarapu GR (January 2011). "Composition of a monoterpenoid-rich essential oil from the rhizome of Zingiber officinale from north western Himalayas". Natural Product Communications. 6 (1): 93–6. doi:10.1177/1934578X1100600122. PMID 21366054. S2CID 20981360.
vteNon-timber forest productsAnimal products
Furs
Honey
pine
Wild game
Berries / tree fruit
Banana
Bilberry
Binukaw
Blackberry
Blueberry
Breadfruit
Cocoa bean
Coconut
Durian
Gambooge
Huckleberry
Jackfruit
Juniper berry
Lingonberry
Raspberry
Strawberry
Tamarind
Woodland strawberry
Edible plants / roots
Betel
Fiddlehead ferns
Heart of palm
Mahuwa flowers
Sago palm
queen
Sassafras
filé powder
root beer
Saw palmetto
Wild ginseng
Wild onions
Bear garlic
Canada onion
Crow garlic
Twincrest onion
Pacific mountain onion
Ramps
Mushrooms
Bare-toothed russula
Bay bolete
Birch bolete
Cep
Chanterelle
Honey mushroom
Lingzhi (reishi)
Matsutake
Meadow mushroom
Morel
Oyster mushroom
Parasol mushroom
Red cap
Saffron milk cap
Slippery jack
Truffle
Yellow knight
Nutsspices
Allspice
Areca nut
Bay leaf
Black pepper
Brazil nut
Cinnamon
Clove
Hazelnut
Malva nut
Nutmeg
Pine nut
Vanilla
Oilwaxes
Allanblackia
Babassu
Bacuri
Candlenut
Capuacu
Carnauba
Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus wightiana)
Cocoa butter
Eucalyptol
Eucalyptus
Illipe
Japan wax
Kokum
Kombo
Kpangnan
Kusum
Mafura
Mahua
Mango butter
Murumuru
Nagkesar
Palm (kernel)
Phulwara
Pilu
Pongamia
Sal-seed (Shorea robusta)
Sandalwood
Shea butter
Tamanu
Tea-seed
Tea-tree
Tucuma
Ucuuba
Vateria indica
Resins
Benzoin
Birch tar
Camphor
Creosote
Frankincense
Gamboge
Kauri
Lacquer
Mastic
Myrrh
Pine tar
Pitch
Rosin
Turpentine
Varnish
Sap / gum / etc.
Birch syrup
Chicle
chewing gum
Coconut sugar
Date sugar
Fruit syrup
Gum arabic
Gutta-percha
Kino
Latex
Maple sugar
Maple syrup
Palm sugar
Palm wine
akpeteshie
ogogoro
Rubber
Spruce gum
Other
Amadou
Bamboo
edible
musical instruments
textiles
Birch bark
Birch beer
Cork
Ferns
Forage
Gambier
Moss
Natural dyes
henna
Peat
Quinine
Rattan
Shellac
Tanbark
tannin
Tendu leaves
Thatching
Vegetable ivory
Willow bark
Related
Dehesa (Iberian agroforestry)
Forest farming / gardening
Honey hunting
Indian forest produce
Mushroom hunting
Naval stores
Resin extraction
Rubber tapping
Wildcrafting
Category
Commons
vteTRP channel modulatorsTRPAActivators
4-Hydroxynonenal
4-Oxo-2-nonenal
4,5-EET
12S-HpETE
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2
α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Acrolein
Allicin (garlic)
Allyl isothiocyanate (mustard, radish, horseradish, wasabi)
AM404
ASP-7663
Bradykinin
Cannabichromene (cannabis)
Cannabidiol (cannabis)
Cannabigerol (cannabis)
Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon)
CR gas (dibenzoxazepine; DBO)
CS gas (2-chlorobenzal malononitrile)
Cuminaldehyde (cumin)
Curcumin (turmeric)
Dehydroligustilide (celery)
Diallyl disulfide
Dicentrine (Lindera spp.)
Farnesyl thiosalicylic acid
Formalin
Gingerols (ginger)
Hepoxilin A3
Hepoxilin B3
Hydrogen peroxide
Icilin
Isothiocyanate
JT-010
Ligustilide (celery, Angelica acutiloba)
Linalool (Sichuan pepper, thyme)
Methylglyoxal
Methyl salicylate (wintergreen)
N-Methylmaleimide
Nicotine (tobacco)
Oleocanthal (olive oil)
Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
PF-4840154
Phenacyl chloride
Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Tear gases
Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol
Thiopropanal S-oxide (onion)
Umbellulone (Umbellularia californica)
WIN 55,212-2
Blockers
A-967079
AM-0902
Dehydroligustilide (celery)
HC-030031
Nicotine (tobacco)
PF-04745637
Ruthenium red
TRPCActivators
Adhyperforin (St John's wort)
Diacyl glycerol
GSK1702934A
Hyperforin (St John's wort)
Substance P
Blockers
DCDPC
DHEA-S
Flufenamic acid
GSK417651A
GSK2293017A
Meclofenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
Niflumic acid
Pregnenolone sulfate
Progesterone
Pyr3
Tolfenamic acid
TRPMActivators
ADP-ribose
BCTC
Calcium (intracellular)
CIM-0216
Cold
Coolact P
Cooling Agent 10
Eucalyptol (eucalyptus)
Frescolat MGA
Frescolat ML
Geraniol
Hydroxycitronellal
Icilin
Linalool
Menthol (mint)
PMD 38
Pregnenolone sulfate
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Steviol glycosides (e.g., stevioside) (Stevia rebaudiana)
Sweet tastants (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose; indirectly)
Thio-BCTC
WS-12
Blockers
AMG-333
Capsazepine
Clotrimazole
DCDPC
Elismetrep
Flufenamic acid
Meclofenamic acid
Mefenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
Nicotine (tobacco)
Niflumic acid
Ononetin
PF-05105679
RQ-00203078
Ruthenium red
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Tolfenamic acid
TPPO
TRPM4-IN-5
TRPMLActivators
EVP21
MK6-83
ML-SA1
ML2-SA1
PI(3,5)P2
SF-22
SN-2
Blockers
ML-SI3
PI(4,5)P2
TRPPActivators
Triptolide (Tripterygium wilfordii)
Blockers
Ruthenium red
TRPVActivators
2-APB
5',6'-EET
9-HODE
9-oxoODE
12S-HETE
12S-HpETE
13-HODE
13-oxoODE
20-HETE
α-Sanshool (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Allicin (garlic)
AM404
Anandamide
Bisandrographolide (Andrographis paniculata)
Camphor (camphor laurel, rosemary, camphorweed, African blue basil, camphor basil)
Cannabidiol (cannabis)
Cannabidivarin (cannabis)
Capsaicin (chili pepper)
Carvacrol (oregano, thyme, pepperwort, wild bergamot, others)
DHEA
Diacyl glycerol
Dihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Estradiol
Eugenol (basil, clove)
Evodiamine (Euodia ruticarpa)
Gingerols (ginger)
GSK1016790A
Heat
Hepoxilin A3
Hepoxilin B3
Homocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Homodihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Incensole (incense)
Lysophosphatidic acid
Low pH (acidic conditions)
Menthol (mint)
N-Arachidonoyl dopamine
N-Oleoyldopamine
N-Oleoylethanolamide
Nonivamide (PAVA) (PAVA spray)
Nordihydrocapsaicin (chili pepper)
Paclitaxel (Pacific yew)
Paracetamol (acetaminophen)
Phenylacetylrinvanil
Phorbol esters (e.g., 4α-PDD)
Piperine (black pepper, long pepper)
Polygodial (Dorrigo pepper)
Probenecid
Protons
RhTx
Rutamarin (Ruta graveolens)
Resiniferatoxin (RTX) (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
Shogaols (ginger, Sichuan and melegueta peppers)
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (cannabis)
Thymol (thyme, oregano)
Tinyatoxin (Euphorbia resinifera/pooissonii)
Tramadol
Vanillin (vanilla)
Zucapsaicin
Blockers
α-Spinasterol (Vernonia tweediana)
AMG-517
AMG-9810
Asivatrep
BCTC
Cannabigerol (cannabis)
Cannabigerolic acid (cannabis)
Cannabigerovarin (cannabis)
Cannabinol (cannabis)
Capsazepine
DCDPC
DHEA
DHEA-S
Flufenamic acid
GRC-6211
HC-067047
Lanthanum
Mavatrep
Meclofenamic acid
N-(p-Amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid
NGD-8243
Niflumic acid
Pregnenolone sulfate
RN-1734
RN-9893
Ruthenium red
SB-366791
SB-705498
Tivanisiran
Tolfenamic acid
TRPV3-74a
See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Ion channel modulators | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"monoterpenoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoterpenoid"},{"link_name":"bicyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicyclic"},{"link_name":"ether","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ether"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"miscible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miscible"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiener-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"adducts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adduct"},{"link_name":"hydrohalic acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_halide"},{"link_name":"o-cresol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-Cresol"},{"link_name":"resorcinol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resorcinol"},{"link_name":"phosphoric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"F. S. Cloez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Stanislas_Cloez"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus globulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_globulus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wiener-2"}],"text":"Chemical compoundEucalyptol (also called cineole) is a monoterpenoid colorless liquid, and a bicyclic ether.[1] It has a fresh camphor-like odor and a spicy, cooling taste.[1] It is insoluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. Eucalyptol makes up about 70–90% of eucalyptus oil.[2][3] Eucalyptol forms crystalline adducts with hydrohalic acids, o-cresol, resorcinol, and phosphoric acid. Formation of these adducts is useful for purification.[4]In 1870, F. S. Cloez identified and ascribed the name \"eucalyptol\" to the dominant portion of Eucalyptus globulus oil.[2]","title":"Eucalyptol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"baked goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baked_goods"},{"link_name":"confectionery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confectionery"},{"link_name":"meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat"},{"link_name":"beverages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverages"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"mouthwashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"traditional medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_medicine"},{"link_name":"cough suppressant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cough_suppressant"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-drugs-7"}],"text":"Because of its pleasant, spicy aroma and taste, eucalyptol is used in flavorings, fragrances, and cosmetics.[1] Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as a flavoring at low levels (0.002%) in various products, including baked goods, confectionery, meat products, and beverages.[1][5] In a 1994 report released by five top cigarette companies, eucalyptol was listed as one of the 599 additives to cigarettes.[6] It is claimed to be added to improve the flavor.[1]Eucalyptol is an ingredient in commercial mouthwashes,[1] and has been used in traditional medicine as a cough suppressant.[7]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insecticidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticide"},{"link_name":"insect repellent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_repellent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"orchid bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid_bee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Euglossa imperialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euglossa_imperialis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Eucalyptol exhibits insecticidal and insect repellent properties.[8][9]In contrast, eucalyptol is one of many compounds that are attractive to males of various species of orchid bees, which gather the chemical to synthesize pheromones; it is commonly used as bait to attract and collect these bees for study.[10] One such study with Euglossa imperialis, a nonsocial orchid bee species, has shown that the presence of cineole (also eucalyptol) elevates territorial behavior and specifically attracts the male bees. It was even observed that these males would periodically leave their territories to forage for chemicals such as cineole, thought to be important for attracting and mating with females, to synthesize pheromones.[11]","title":"Uses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LD50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LD50"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"},{"link_name":"viscosity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viscosity"},{"link_name":"delirium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delirium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pubchem-1"}],"text":"Eucalyptol has a toxicity (LD50) of 2.48 grams per kg (rat).[1] Ingestion in significant quantities is likely to cause headache and gastric distress, such as nausea and vomiting.[1] Because of its low viscosity, it may directly enter the lungs if swallowed, or if subsequently vomited. Once in the lungs, it is difficult to remove and can cause delirium, convulsions, severe injury or death.[1]","title":"Toxicology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geranyl pyrophosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geranyl_pyrophosphate"},{"link_name":"(S)-linalyl diphosphate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linalool"},{"link_name":"cineole synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1,8-cineole_synthase"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eucalyptol_synthesis.svg"}],"text":"Eucalyptol is generated from geranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) which isomerizes to (S)-linalyl diphosphate (LPP). Ionization of the pyrophosphate, catalyzed by cineole synthase, produces eucalyptol. The process involves the intermediacy of alpha-terpinyl cation.[12][13][14]","title":"Biosynthesis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aframomum corrorima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sibsebe-15"},{"link_name":"Artemisia tridentata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_tridentata"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crowell2018-16"},{"link_name":"Cannabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannabis"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcpartland2001-17"},{"link_name":"Cinnamomum camphora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus globulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_globulus"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus largiflorens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_largiflorens"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus salmonophloia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_salmonophloia"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardner-21"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus staigeriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_staigeriana"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus wandoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_wandoo"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021study-23"},{"link_name":"Hedychium coronarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedychium_coronarium"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Helichrysum gymnocephalum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helichrysum_gymnocephalum"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Kaempferia galanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ceor-27"},{"link_name":"S. officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_officinalis_subsp._lavandulifolia"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perry2000-28"},{"link_name":"Turnera diffusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnera_diffusa"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Umbellularia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbellularia_californica"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Zingiber officinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zingiber_officinale"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid21366054-31"}],"text":"Aframomum corrorima[15]\nArtemisia tridentata[16]\nCannabis[17]\nCinnamomum camphora, camphor laurel (50%)[18]\nEucalyptus globulus[19]\nEucalyptus largiflorens[20]\nEucalyptus salmonophloia[21]\nEucalyptus staigeriana[22]\nEucalyptus wandoo[23]\nHedychium coronarium, butterfly lily[24][25]\nHelichrysum gymnocephalum[26]\nKaempferia galanga, galangal, (5.7%)[27]\nS. officinalis subsp. lavandulifolia (syn. S. lavandulifolia), Spanish sage (13%)[28]\nTurnera diffusa, damiana[29]\nUmbellularia californica, pepperwood (22.0%)[30]\nZingiber officinale, ginger[31]","title":"Plants containing eucalyptol"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Eucalyptol3D-3.png/110px-Eucalyptol3D-3.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Eucalyptol3D-4.png/110px-Eucalyptol3D-4.png"}] | [{"title":"Camphor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camphor"},{"title":"Citral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citral"},{"title":"Eucalyptus oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil"},{"title":"Lavandula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavandula"},{"title":"Menthol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menthol"},{"title":"Mouthwash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouthwash"}] | [{"reference":"\"Eucalyptol\". PubChem, US National Library of Medicine. 22 April 2023. 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Journal of Essential Oil Research. 14 (6): 409–411. doi:10.1080/10412905.2002.9699904. S2CID 95463805.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10412905.2002.9699904","url_text":"10.1080/10412905.2002.9699904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:95463805","url_text":"95463805"}]},{"reference":"Joy, B.; Rajan, A.; Abraham, E. (2007). \"Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oil from Hedychium coronarium\". Phytotherapy Research. 21 (5): 439–443. doi:10.1002/ptr.2091. PMID 17245683. S2CID 27756399.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fptr.2091","url_text":"10.1002/ptr.2091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17245683","url_text":"17245683"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27756399","url_text":"27756399"}]},{"reference":"Möllenbeck, S.; König, T.; Schreier, P.; Schwab, W.; Rajaonarivony, J.; Ranarivelo, L. (1997). \"Chemical Composition and Analyses of Enantiomers of Essential Oils from Madagascar\". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 12 (2): 63. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199703)12:2<63::AID-FFJ614>3.0.CO;2-Z.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291099-1026%28199703%2912%3A2%3C63%3A%3AAID-FFJ614%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Z","url_text":"10.1002/(SICI)1099-1026(199703)12:2<63::AID-FFJ614>3.0.CO;2-Z"}]},{"reference":"Wong, K. C.; Ong, K. S.; Lim, C. L. (2006). \"Composition of the Essential Oil of Rhizomes of Kaempferia galanga L.\". Flavour and Fragrance Journal. 7 (5): 263–266. doi:10.1002/ffj.2730070506.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fffj.2730070506","url_text":"10.1002/ffj.2730070506"}]},{"reference":"Perry, N. S.; Houghton, P. J.; Theobald, A.; Jenner, P.; Perry, E. K. (2000). \"In-vitro inhibition of human erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase by Salvia lavandulaefolia essential oil and constituent terpenes\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winze | Winze | ["1 References"] | Minor shaft between mine levels
A winze is a minor connection between different levels in a mine. When worked upwards from a lower level it is usually called a raise; when sunk downward from a higher level it may be called a sump. The top of a winze is located underground and it is not equipped with winding gear. Rather, the access up and down between levels is usually via ladder. This is in contrast to a shaft, which is a deeper connection between levels and does have winding gear, whether the top of the excavation is located on the surface or underground.
References
^ Bruce, Thompson (2002). "Australian Handbook for the Conservation of Bats in Mines and Artificial Cave-Bat Habitats" (PDF). Australian Centre for Mining Environmental Research. p. 4. Retrieved 2009-04-02.
Look up winze in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
This article about mining is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining"},{"link_name":"raise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raise_(mining)"},{"link_name":"shaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaft_mining"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bats-1"}],"text":"A winze is a minor connection between different levels in a mine. When worked upwards from a lower level it is usually called a raise; when sunk downward from a higher level it may be called a sump. The top of a winze is located underground and it is not equipped with winding gear. Rather, the access up and down between levels is usually via ladder. This is in contrast to a shaft, which is a deeper connection between levels and does have winding gear, whether the top of the excavation is located on the surface or underground.[1]","title":"Winze"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bruce, Thompson (2002). \"Australian Handbook for the Conservation of Bats in Mines and Artificial Cave-Bat Habitats\" (PDF). Australian Centre for Mining Environmental Research. p. 4. Retrieved 2009-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.acmer.uq.edu.au/publications/attachments/BatReportAmeef15.pdf","url_text":"\"Australian Handbook for the Conservation of Bats in Mines and Artificial Cave-Bat Habitats\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.acmer.uq.edu.au/publications/attachments/BatReportAmeef15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Australian Handbook for the Conservation of Bats in Mines and Artificial Cave-Bat Habitats\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winze&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_McCray | Susan McCray | ["1 Background","2 Career","2.1 Singer","2.2 Casting","2.3 Perfumer","3 References","4 External links"] | American film producer
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Susan Sukman McCray is an American entrepreneur, film producer, and casting director.
Background
McCray is the daughter of composer Harry Sukman and artist Francesca Paley Sukman. She attended University High School and then attended UCLA. majoring in both art history and psychology. She began her career as a singer, and then went on to be a casting director for several hit television series. She is now an entrepreneur.
Career
Singer
McCray as a singer was "discovered" by Fred Foster, President of Monument Records. Foster nicknamed her "Susan Sands" and signed her to a contract to record four sides for the company. Her early recording of "Say A Prayer for Michael" appeared on the charts nationwide.
Casting
After touring for Monument, McCray returned to California and found employment as a secretary/receptionist at Paramount Studios for the NBC shows Bonanza and The High Chaparral. After a few years of experience working for the two show's casting director, McCray left Paramount and joined Warner Brothers as casting director for such shows as Kung Fu, The New Land and other network productions.
After a short stint at Warners, McCray returned to Paramount to work in their casting department, working for such series as Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Manix, and The Odd Couple. After her return to Paramount, she received a call of a lifetime from Michael Landon offering her the position of casting director for his new NBC series, Little House on the Prairie. During the nine years Susan spent casting for Little House, her additional casting assignments included the series Hawaii 5-0, Father Murphy, Freestyle and television movies such as Diary of Anne Frank, The Five of Me, Rodeo Girl, The Loneliest Runner and Mark Twain: Beneath the Laughter for PBS. McCray also cast the feature film Sam's Son, a semi-biographical story about Michael Landon, and was in charge of casting the NBC series Highway To Heaven.
McCray cast Art Carney in the film Where Pigeons Go to Die, for which role Carney received an Emmy nomination.
After Michael Landon's death Susan and producer Kent McCray produced the television movie Memories with Laughter and Love as a tribute to Landon.
Perfumer
From the age of eight, McCray had created fragrances with her mother, musician, painter, and fashion designer Francesca Paley. In 2010 she launched her first fragrance, Nightfall by Susan McCray.
References
^ See Google news and Brazilian Retro TV Archived July 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed October 6, 2010.
External links
Official website
This biographical article related to cinema of the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"casting director","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_director"}],"text":"Susan Sukman McCray is an American entrepreneur, film producer, and casting director.","title":"Susan McCray"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Harry Sukman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Sukman"},{"link_name":"University High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_High_School_(Los_Angeles,_California)"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA"},{"link_name":"art history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"}],"text":"McCray is the daughter of composer Harry Sukman and artist Francesca Paley Sukman. She attended University High School and then attended UCLA. majoring in both art history and psychology. She began her career as a singer, and then went on to be a casting director for several hit television series. She is now an entrepreneur.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fred Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Foster"},{"link_name":"Monument Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Records"}],"sub_title":"Singer","text":"McCray as a singer was \"discovered\" by Fred Foster, President of Monument Records. Foster nicknamed her \"Susan Sands\" and signed her to a contract to record four sides for the company. Her early recording of \"Say A Prayer for Michael\" appeared on the charts nationwide.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paramount Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Studios"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"Bonanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonanza"},{"link_name":"The High Chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_High_Chaparral"},{"link_name":"Warner Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Kung Fu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kung_Fu_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The New Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Land_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Studios"},{"link_name":"Happy Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Days"},{"link_name":"Laverne & Shirley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laverne_%26_Shirley"},{"link_name":"Manix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manix"},{"link_name":"The Odd Couple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Odd_Couple_(1970_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Michael Landon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Landon"},{"link_name":"Little House on the Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_House_on_the_Prairie_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Hawaii 5-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Five-O_(1968_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Father Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Freestyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freestyle_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Diary of Anne Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Diary_of_Anne_Frank_(1980_film)"},{"link_name":"The Five of Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Five_of_Me"},{"link_name":"The Loneliest Runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Loneliest_Runner"},{"link_name":"Mark Twain: Beneath the Laughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Twain:_Beneath_the_Laughter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"PBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service"},{"link_name":"Sam's Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%27s_Son"},{"link_name":"Highway To Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highway_To_Heaven"},{"link_name":"Art Carney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Carney"},{"link_name":"Where Pigeons Go to Die","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Where_Pigeons_Go_to_Die"},{"link_name":"Memories with Laughter and Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Memories_with_Laughter_and_Love&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Casting","text":"After touring for Monument, McCray returned to California and found employment as a secretary/receptionist at Paramount Studios for the NBC shows Bonanza and The High Chaparral. After a few years of experience working for the two show's casting director, McCray left Paramount and joined Warner Brothers as casting director for such shows as Kung Fu, The New Land and other network productions.[1]After a short stint at Warners, McCray returned to Paramount to work in their casting department, working for such series as Happy Days, Laverne & Shirley, Manix, and The Odd Couple. After her return to Paramount, she received a call of a lifetime from Michael Landon offering her the position of casting director for his new NBC series, Little House on the Prairie. During the nine years Susan spent casting for Little House, her additional casting assignments included the series Hawaii 5-0, Father Murphy, Freestyle and television movies such as Diary of Anne Frank, The Five of Me, Rodeo Girl, The Loneliest Runner and Mark Twain: Beneath the Laughter for PBS. McCray also cast the feature film Sam's Son, a semi-biographical story about Michael Landon, and was in charge of casting the NBC series Highway To Heaven.McCray cast Art Carney in the film Where Pigeons Go to Die, for which role Carney received an Emmy nomination.After Michael Landon's death Susan and producer Kent McCray produced the television movie Memories with Laughter and Love as a tribute to Landon.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nightfall by Susan McCray.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20100907031606/http://www.nightfallbysusanmccray.com/"}],"sub_title":"Perfumer","text":"From the age of eight, McCray had created fragrances with her mother, musician, painter, and fashion designer Francesca Paley. In 2010 she launched her first fragrance, Nightfall by Susan McCray.","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Susan+McCray%22","external_links_name":"\"Susan McCray\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Susan+McCray%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Susan+McCray%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Susan+McCray%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Susan+McCray%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Susan+McCray%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100907031606/http://www.nightfallbysusanmccray.com/","external_links_name":"Nightfall by Susan McCray."},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tAUvAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GaIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4475,5166259&dq=susan-mccray&hl=en","external_links_name":"Google news"},{"Link":"http://retrotv.uol.com.br/noticias/2008/0917.html","external_links_name":"Brazilian Retro TV"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110706155329/http://retrotv.uol.com.br/noticias/2008/0917.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.susanmccray.com/About.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Susan_McCray&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_fin | Cephalopod fin | ["1 Tail and secondary fins","2 Fin morphology and placement","3 References"] | Standard measurements for squid, showing the location of the fins and tail in different configurations
Measurement of fin angle in a squid with sagittate fins
Cephalopod fins, sometimes known as wings, are paired flap-like locomotory appendages. They are found in ten-limbed cephalopods (including squid, bobtail squid, cuttlefish, and Spirula) as well as in the eight-limbed cirrate octopuses and vampire squid. Many extinct cephalopod groups also possessed fins. Nautiluses and the more familiar incirrate octopuses lack swimming fins. An extreme development of the cephalopod fin is seen in the bigfin squid of the family Magnapinnidae.
Fins project from the mantle and are often positioned dorsally. In most cephalopods, the fins are restricted to the posterior end of the mantle, but in cuttlefish and some squid they span the mantle's entire length.
Fin attachment varies greatly among cephalopods, though in all cases it involves specialised fin cartilage (which reaches its greatest development in Octopodiformes). A fin may be attached to the internal shell or shell remnant (such as the gladius), to the opposite fin, to the mantle, or a combination of these.
Time series showing up-and-down fin movement in an individual of the cirrate octopod Cirroteuthis muelleri
Tail and secondary fins
Certain squid species possess a tail, which is an extension of the body past the fins. The tail may be said to start at "the point where a hypothetical line, continuous with the broad posterior edge of the fin, crosses the midline of the body". This tail may be lost with age (as in most paralarval chiroteuthids) or remain through sexual maturity (as in Grimalditeuthis). Grimalditeuthis and larval Chiroteuthis are unusual in that they possess a pair of flotation devices or "secondary fins" attached to the tail. The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) also has two pairs of fins during a brief period of its ontogeny, and secondary fins have been reported in the extinct Trachyteuthis.
Adult Grimalditeuthis bonplandi with "secondary fins" supported on a well-developed tail
Fin morphology and placement
Cephalopod fin morphology is highly variable. The fins may be large and muscular, extending for the entire length of the mantle, or greatly reduced (sometimes less than 10% ML) and restricted to the mantle's posterior end. Fin placement in cephalopods is often termed normal, terminal, or subterminal, depending on their position with respect to the muscular mantle.
Eight major fin shapes can be distinguished among the Decapodiformes: sagittate (the most common shape in squid), rhomboid, circular/elliptical, lanceolate, ear-shaped, ribbed, lobate, and skirt-like.
Ventral (left) and dorsal aspects of Onychoteuthis banksii, showing classic sagittate fins
The diamondback squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus, has full-length rhomboid fins
Mastigoteuthis magna has very large circular fins, characteristic of its family, Mastigoteuthidae
Galiteuthis phyllura in dorsal (top) and ventral views, showing its lanceolate fins
Spirula spirula has small ear-shaped fins on either side of a terminal photophore
The highly distinctive ribbed fins of Chtenopteryx sicula
Skirt-like fins spanning the length of the mantle are characteristic of sepiids, such as this Sepia officinalis
References
^ a b Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (1999). Cephalopoda Glossary. Tree of Life Web Project.
^ Vecchione, M. & R.E. Young (1998). The Magnapinnidae, a newly discovered family of oceanic squid (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida). South African Journal of Marine Science 20(1): 429–437. doi:10.2989/025776198784126340
^ Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (2000). Cephalopoda Fin Cartilage. Tree of Life Web Project.
^ Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (2001). Cephalopod Fin Attachment. Tree of Life Web Project.
^ a b Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (2001). Cephalopod Fin Position. Tree of Life Web Project.
^ Vecchione, M., B.H. Robison & C.F.E. Roper (1992). "A tale of two species: tail morphology in paralarval Chiroteuthis" (PDF). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 105(4): 683–692.
^ Donovan, D.T., L.A. Doguzhaeva & H. Mutvei (2003). "Two pairs of fins in the late Jurassic coleoid Trachyteuthis from southern Germany" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-12. Retrieved 2012-12-22. Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen 3: 91–99.
^ Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (2001). Cephalopod Fin Length. Tree of Life Web Project.
^ Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & K.M. Mangold (2001). Decapodiform Fin Shapes. Tree of Life Web Project.
vteCephalopod anatomyShellTypesExternal
Ammonoid shell
Argonautid eggcase
Nautiloid shell
Orthocone
Internal
Belemnoid guard
Cirrate shell
Cuttlebone
Gladius (pen)
Spirula shell
Stylet
FeaturesExternal
Aperture
Apex
Callus
Lirae
Periostracum
Sculpture
Spire
Sutures
Umbilicus
Internal
Body chamber
Camerae
Nacre
Phragmocone
Septa
Siphuncle
Whorls
Mantle & funnelExternal anatomy
Dermal structures
Fins (wings)
Flotation devices ("secondary fins")
Funnel–mantle locking apparatus
Tail
Internal anatomy
Branchial hearts
Ctenidia (gills)
Hepatopancreas (digestive gland)
Ink sac and ink
Needham's sac
Nephridia ("kidneys")
Nidamental glands
Osphradium
Pericardial glands
Head & limbsBrachial crown
Arms
Hectocotylus
Tentacles
Carpus
Dactylus
Manus
Suckers and hooks
Buccal region
Aptychus
Beak
Odontophore
Radula
Spadix and antispadix
Occipital region
Nuchal crest (occipital crest)
Nuchal folds (occipital folds)
Occipital membrane
Olfactory organ
Nuchal organ
Other parts
Eyes
Statocysts
General
Chromatophores
Photophores
Nervous system
Squid giant axon
Squid giant synapse
Developmental stages: Spawn → Paralarva (Doratopsis stage) → Juvenile → Subadult → Adult • Egg fossils • Protoconch (embryonic shell) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mantle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)"},{"link_name":"dorsally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartilage"},{"link_name":"Octopodiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octopodiformes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"gladius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladius_(cephalopod)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cirroteuthis_muelleri_NOAA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cirroteuthis muelleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirroteuthis_muelleri"}],"text":"Fins project from the mantle and are often positioned dorsally. 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The vampire squid (Vampyroteuthis infernalis) also has two pairs of fins during a brief period of its ontogeny, and secondary fins have been reported in the extinct Trachyteuthis.[7]Adult Grimalditeuthis bonplandi with \"secondary fins\" supported on a well-developed tail","title":"Tail and secondary fins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-position-5"},{"link_name":"Decapodiformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapodiformes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Onychoteuthis_banksii1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Onychoteuthis banksii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychoteuthis_banksii"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thysanoteuthis_rhombus_(Naef).jpg"},{"link_name":"Thysanoteuthis rhombus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thysanoteuthis_rhombus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mastigoteuthis_magna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mastigoteuthis magna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastigoteuthis_magna"},{"link_name":"Mastigoteuthidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whip-lash_squid"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galiteuthis_phyllura.jpg"},{"link_name":"Galiteuthis phyllura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galiteuthis_phyllura"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spirula_spirula1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spirula spirula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirula_spirula"},{"link_name":"photophore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chtenopteryx_sicula_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chtenopteryx sicula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chtenopteryx_sicula"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sepia_officinalis1.jpg"},{"link_name":"sepiids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepiidae"},{"link_name":"Sepia officinalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepia_officinalis"}],"text":"Cephalopod fin morphology is highly variable. The fins may be large and muscular, extending for the entire length of the mantle, or greatly reduced (sometimes less than 10% ML) and restricted to the mantle's posterior end.[8] Fin placement in cephalopods is often termed normal, terminal, or subterminal, depending on their position with respect to the muscular mantle.[5]Eight major fin shapes can be distinguished among the Decapodiformes: sagittate (the most common shape in squid), rhomboid, circular/elliptical, lanceolate, ear-shaped, ribbed, lobate, and skirt-like.[9]Ventral (left) and dorsal aspects of Onychoteuthis banksii, showing classic sagittate fins\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe diamondback squid, Thysanoteuthis rhombus, has full-length rhomboid fins\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMastigoteuthis magna has very large circular fins, characteristic of its family, Mastigoteuthidae\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGaliteuthis phyllura in dorsal (top) and ventral views, showing its lanceolate finsSpirula spirula has small ear-shaped fins on either side of a terminal photophore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe highly distinctive ribbed fins of Chtenopteryx sicula\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSkirt-like fins spanning the length of the mantle are characteristic of sepiids, such as this Sepia officinalis","title":"Fin morphology and placement"}] | [{"image_text":"Standard measurements for squid, showing the location of the fins and tail in different configurations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Standard_measurements_for_squid.jpg/180px-Standard_measurements_for_squid.jpg"},{"image_text":"Measurement of fin angle in a squid with sagittate fins","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Measurement_of_fin_angle_in_squid.jpg/240px-Measurement_of_fin_angle_in_squid.jpg"},{"image_text":"Time series showing up-and-down fin movement in an individual of the cirrate octopod Cirroteuthis muelleri","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Cirroteuthis_muelleri_NOAA.jpg"},{"image_text":"Adult Grimalditeuthis bonplandi with \"secondary fins\" supported on a well-developed tail","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Grimalditeuthis_bonplandi_%28rotated%29.jpg/600px-Grimalditeuthis_bonplandi_%28rotated%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"A tale of two species: tail morphology in paralarval Chiroteuthis\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"http://si-pddr.si.edu/jspui/bitstream/10088/11044/1/iz_Vecchione-1992.pdf","url_text":"\"A tale of two species: tail morphology in paralarval Chiroteuthis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Two pairs of fins in the late Jurassic coleoid Trachyteuthis from southern Germany\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dance_style_categories | List of dance styles | ["1 American","2 Belly dance","3 Ceremonial dance","4 Disco / Soul dance","5 Free and improvised dance","6 Historical dance","7 Latin dance / Rhythm","8 Novelty and fad dances","9 Social dance","10 Street dance / Electronic dance","11 Swing dance","12 Other","13 References","14 Further reading"] | This is a list of dance categories, different types, styles, or genres of dance.
For older and more region-oriented vernacular dance styles, see List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin.
American
Most popular styles: tap, lyrical, and jazz
fella shake
tap dancing
fella fella fella I'm 100% fella
Stepping
Jazz
Big Men Thug Shaker
Moonwalk
Belly dance
Belly dance
Raqs Sharqi
Turkish belly dance
Oriental fusion
Tribal belly dance
American tribal fusion
Saidi
Kawleeya
Khaleeji
Baladi
Dabkeh
Romani dance
Bharat Natyam
Odissi
Ceremonial dance
Haka
Kagura
Ritual dances of China
Sacred dance
Cham dance
Drametse Ngacham
Prophetic dance
Rejang dance
Sanghyang
Sufi whirling
Worship dance
Disco / Soul dance
Bird
Boogaloo and Electric boogaloo (Electric boogie)
The moses boogie
Boomerang
Broadway
Bump
Bus stop
Chicken
Duck
Waacking
Fly
Free step
Hitch hike
Horse
Hurry Gurry
Hustle
Jerk off
Mashed Potato
Monkey
Penguin
Philly dog
Pony
Popcorn
Robot
The Shake
Shimmy
Spank
Watergate
Watusi
Free and improvised dance
Bogo lelo dance
Contact improvisation
Dance improvisation
Ecstatic dance
Free dance
Fusion dance
Interpretive dance
Modern dance
Historical dance
Ballet
Baroque dance
Medieval dance
Regency dance
Renaissance dance
Ultapulta dance
Latin dance / Rhythm
American Rhythm
Bolero willy
East Coast Swing
Mambo
Rumba
Bachata
Cha Cha
Corridos
Cumbia
Duranguense
Forró
International Latin
Argentine tango
Capoeira
Maculelê
Danza
Jive
Merengue
Milonga
Reggaeton
Rumba
Rueda
Salsa
Samba (ballroom dance)
Samba (Brazilian dance)
Samba de Gafieira
Zouk
Lambada
Pasodoble
Quebradita
Samba de roda
Samba enredo
Tejano dance
Zapateado:
Zapateado (Mexico)
Zapateado (Spain)
Novelty and fad dances
Animal dance
Bossa Nova
Bunny hop
Conga line
Freddie
Frug
Go-go
Hitch hike
Jitterbug
Lambada
Madison
Mule
Pony
The Shake
Swim
Turkey trot
Twist
Watusi
Social dance
Country dance, Contra dance
Participation dance
Solo dance
Partner dance
Circle dance
Line dance
Round dance
Square dance
Slow dance
Street dance / Electronic dance
Hip-hop dance
Breakdancing
Cabbage patch dance
Cat Daddy
Dougie
Electric boogaloo
Gangsta Walking
Harlem shake
Jerkin'
Locking
Popping
Turfing
Uprock
Tutting
House dance
Footwork
Vogue
Electro dance
Flexing
Jumpstyle
Krumping
Litefeet
Lyrical hip-hop
Robot dance
Jaywalk
majorette
Swing dance
Balboa
Big Apple
Black Bottom
Blues dance
Boogie-woogie
Breakaway
Bugg
Carolina Shag
Charleston
Collegiate Shag
East Coast Swing
Hand dancing
Hand Jive
Jitterbug
Jive
Jumpin' Joe
Leroc
Lindy Hop
Modern Jive
Rock and Roll
Single Swing
Skip jive
St. Louis Shag
West Coast Swing
Robert R Dance
Western Swing
Other
Rhythmic Gymnastics
Acrobatic dance
Bhangra
Bollywood dance
Calypso
Concert dance
Contemporary dance
Fire dance
Flamenco
Flying Men Dance
Ice Dance/Rhythm Dance
KPOP
Liturgical dance
Lyrical dance
Pole dance
Vintage dance
References
^ Retrieved 26 April 2023
^ Popcorn Retrieved 4 May 2023
Further reading
Carter, A. (1998) The Routledge Dance Studies Reader. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16447-8
Sharp, C. J. (1924) The dance; an historical survey of dancing in Europe. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-87471-105-3
Thomas, H. (2003) The Body, Dance and Cultural Theory. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-72432-1
Feliksdal, B (2003) Modern Tap Dance, ISBN 90-807699-2-4 Bekebooks
Feliksdal, B (2004) Jazz Dance Syllabus Jazz, Rhythm, Body and Soul. ISBN 90-807699-4-0 Bekebooks. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Flamenco
Feliksdal, B (2009) Urban Dance-Jazzdans, ISBN 978-90-807699-6-0 Bekebooks. Amsterdam, Netherlands
Shipter Fan, B (2009) "Urban Dance-Jazzdans", Bekebooks. Amsterdam, Netherlands
vteDance
Index
Outline
List of dances
List of dancers
Participation
Solo
Partner
close embrace
closed position
open position
slow dance
circle
contra
line
round
square
Social
Ceremonial
Competitive
Concert
Ecstatic
Erotic
Go go dance
Grinding
Hoochie coochie
Lap dance
Neo-Burlesque
Pole dance
Striptease
Table dance
Twerking
Folk
Novelty and fad
Sacred
Street
War
Styles
Acro
Ballet
Ballroom
formation
waltz
Belly
Boogaloo
Breaking
Contemporary
Country–western
Flamenco
Hip-hop
Historical
Jazz
Latin
Lyrical
Modern
Polka
Postmodern
Swing
Tap
Two-step
Technique
Ballet
Choreography
Connection
Dance theory
Graham
Lead and follow
Moves
glossary
Musicality
Pointe
Pole
Sequence
Spotting
Turnout
Turns
Regional(nationaldances)
Africa
Albania
Arab
Armenia
Assyrian
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Bulgaria
Burma (Myanmar)
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
China
Croatia
Cuba
Denmark
Europe
Faroe Islands
Georgia
Greece
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Kiribati
Korea
Kurdish
Malaysia
Mexico
Middle East
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Pontic Greek
Romani
Russia
Serbia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
African-American
Uzbekistan
Venezuela
Vietnam
Wallis and Futuna
Zimbabwe
Related
Dance and disability
Dance and health
Dance awards
Dance costume
Dance etiquette
Dance notation
Dance in film
Dance in mythology and religion
Dance occupations
Dance on television
Dance research
Dance science
Dance technology
Dance troupe
Dancing mania
History of dance
Women in dance | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre"},{"link_name":"dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance"},{"link_name":"vernacular dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_dance"},{"link_name":"List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin"}],"text":"This is a list of dance categories, different types, styles, or genres of dance.For older and more region-oriented vernacular dance styles, see List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin.","title":"List of dance styles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fella shake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fella_shake&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tap dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dancing"},{"link_name":"fella fella fella I'm 100% fella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fella_fella_fella_I%27m_100%25_fella&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stepping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertie_loves_BBC(African-American)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Big Men Thug Shaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Men_Thug_Shaker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Moonwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertie_loves_BBC&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Most popular styles: tap, lyrical, and jazzfella shake\ntap dancing\nfella fella fella I'm 100% fella\nStepping\nJazz\nBig Men Thug Shaker[1]\nMoonwalk","title":"American"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belly dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance"},{"link_name":"Raqs Sharqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raqs_Sharqi"},{"link_name":"belly dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance"},{"link_name":"Oriental fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oriental_fusion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"belly dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance"},{"link_name":"American tribal fusion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_tribal_fusion&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saidi"},{"link_name":"Kawleeya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kawleeya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khaleeji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khaleeji_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baladi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baladi"},{"link_name":"Dabkeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabkeh"},{"link_name":"Romani dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_dance"},{"link_name":"Bharat Natyam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Natyam"},{"link_name":"Odissi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odissi"}],"text":"Belly dance\nRaqs Sharqi\nTurkish belly dance\nOriental fusion\nTribal belly dance\nAmerican tribal fusion\nSaidi\nKawleeya\nKhaleeji\nBaladi\nDabkeh\nRomani dance\nBharat Natyam\nOdissi","title":"Belly dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haka"},{"link_name":"Kagura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagura"},{"link_name":"Ritual dances of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_China#Ritual_dance"},{"link_name":"Sacred dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_dance"},{"link_name":"Cham dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham_dance"},{"link_name":"Drametse Ngacham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drametse_Ngacham"},{"link_name":"Prophetic dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophetic_dance"},{"link_name":"Rejang dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejang_dance"},{"link_name":"Sanghyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanghyang"},{"link_name":"Sufi whirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_whirling"},{"link_name":"Worship dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship_dance"}],"text":"Haka\nKagura\nRitual dances of China\nSacred dance\nCham dance\nDrametse Ngacham\nProphetic dance\nRejang dance\nSanghyang\nSufi whirling\nWorship dance","title":"Ceremonial dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boogaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogaloo_(funk_dance)"},{"link_name":"Electric boogaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_boogaloo_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Bump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Waacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waacking"},{"link_name":"Free step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_step&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hitch hike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitch_hike_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Hustle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hustle_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_(dance)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_(dance)"},{"link_name":"The Shake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shake_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Watusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watusi_(dance)"}],"text":"Bird\nBoogaloo and Electric boogaloo (Electric boogie)\nThe moses boogie\nBoomerang\nBroadway\nBump\nBus stop\nChicken\nDuck\nWaacking\nFly\nFree step\nHitch hike\nHorse\nHurry Gurry\nHustle\nJerk off\nMashed Potato\nMonkey\nPenguin\nPhilly dog\nPony\nPopcorn[2]\nRobot\nThe Shake\nShimmy\nSpank\nWatergate\nWatusi","title":"Disco / Soul dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogo lelo dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bogo_lelo_dance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Contact improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_improvisation"},{"link_name":"Dance improvisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_improvisation"},{"link_name":"Ecstatic dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstatic_dance"},{"link_name":"Free dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_dance"},{"link_name":"Fusion dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusion_dance"},{"link_name":"Interpretive dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretive_dance"},{"link_name":"Modern dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_dance"}],"text":"Bogo lelo dance\nContact improvisation\nDance improvisation\nEcstatic dance\nFree dance\nFusion dance\nInterpretive dance\nModern dance","title":"Free and improvised dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"Baroque dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_dance"},{"link_name":"Medieval dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_dance"},{"link_name":"Regency dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_dance"},{"link_name":"Renaissance dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_dance"},{"link_name":"Ultapulta dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultapulta_dance&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ballet\nBaroque dance\nMedieval dance\nRegency dance\nRenaissance dance\nUltapulta dance","title":"Historical dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Rhythm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Rhythm"},{"link_name":"Bolero willy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bolero_willy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"East Coast Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Swing"},{"link_name":"Mambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mambo_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Rumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumba"},{"link_name":"Bachata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachata_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Cha Cha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cha-cha-cha_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Corridos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corrido"},{"link_name":"Cumbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumbia"},{"link_name":"Duranguense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duranguense"},{"link_name":"Forró","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"International Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Latin"},{"link_name":"Argentine tango","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_tango"},{"link_name":"Capoeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capoeira"},{"link_name":"Maculelê","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maculel%C3%AA_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Danza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danza"},{"link_name":"Jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Merengue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merengue_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Milonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milonga_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Reggaeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reggaeton_dance"},{"link_name":"Rumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhumba"},{"link_name":"Rueda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rueda_de_Casino"},{"link_name":"Salsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salsa_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Samba (ballroom dance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(ballroom_dance)"},{"link_name":"Samba (Brazilian dance)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_(Brazilian_dance)"},{"link_name":"Samba de Gafieira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_de_Gafieira"},{"link_name":"Zouk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zouk"},{"link_name":"Lambada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambada"},{"link_name":"Pasodoble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasodoble"},{"link_name":"Quebradita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebradita"},{"link_name":"Samba de roda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_de_roda"},{"link_name":"Samba enredo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samba_enredo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tejano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejano"},{"link_name":"Zapateado (Mexico)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapateado_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"Zapateado (Spain)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapateado_(Spain)"}],"text":"American Rhythm\nBolero willy\nEast Coast Swing\nMambo\nRumba\nBachata\nCha Cha\nCorridos\nCumbia\nDuranguense\nForró\nInternational Latin\nArgentine tango\nCapoeira\nMaculelê\nDanza\nJive\nMerengue\nMilonga\nReggaeton\nRumba\nRueda\nSalsa\nSamba (ballroom dance)\nSamba (Brazilian dance)\nSamba de Gafieira\nZouk\nLambada\nPasodoble\nQuebradita\nSamba de roda\nSamba enredo\nTejano dance\nZapateado:\nZapateado (Mexico)\nZapateado (Spain)","title":"Latin dance / Rhythm"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_dance"},{"link_name":"Bossa Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bossa_Nova_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Bunny hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunny_hop_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Conga line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conga_line"},{"link_name":"Freddie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Frug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frug_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Go-go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-go_dancing"},{"link_name":"Hitch hike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitch_hike_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Jitterbug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitterbug"},{"link_name":"Lambada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambada"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Mule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mule_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Pony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_(dance)"},{"link_name":"The Shake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shake_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Turkey trot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey_trot_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Watusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watusi_(dance)"}],"text":"Animal dance\nBossa Nova\nBunny hop\nConga line\nFreddie\nFrug\nGo-go\nHitch hike\nJitterbug\nLambada\nMadison\nMule\nPony\nThe Shake\nSwim\nTurkey trot\nTwist\nWatusi","title":"Novelty and fad dances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Country dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_dance"},{"link_name":"Contra dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_dance"},{"link_name":"Participation dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Participation_dance"},{"link_name":"Solo dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_dance"},{"link_name":"Partner dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partner_dance"},{"link_name":"Circle dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_dance"},{"link_name":"Line dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_dance"},{"link_name":"Round dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_dance"},{"link_name":"Square dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_dance"},{"link_name":"Slow dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_dance"}],"text":"Country dance, Contra dance\nParticipation dance\nSolo dance\nPartner dance\nCircle dance\nLine dance\nRound dance\nSquare dance\nSlow dance","title":"Social dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hip-hop dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_dance"},{"link_name":"Breakdancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdancing"},{"link_name":"Cabbage patch dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbage_patch_dance"},{"link_name":"Cat Daddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Daddy"},{"link_name":"Dougie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougie"},{"link_name":"Electric boogaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_boogaloo_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Gangsta Walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangsta_Walking"},{"link_name":"Harlem shake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_shake_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Jerkin'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerkin%27"},{"link_name":"Locking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locking_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Popping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popping"},{"link_name":"Turfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turfing"},{"link_name":"Uprock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprock"},{"link_name":"Tutting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutting_(dance)"},{"link_name":"House dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_dance"},{"link_name":"Footwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwork_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Electro dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro_dance"},{"link_name":"Flexing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexing_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Jumpstyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpstyle"},{"link_name":"Krumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krumping"},{"link_name":"Litefeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litefeet_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Lyrical hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabitha_and_Napoleon_D%27umo#Lyrical_hip-hop"},{"link_name":"Robot dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot_dance"},{"link_name":"Jaywalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaywalk"},{"link_name":"majorette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majorette"}],"text":"Hip-hop dance\nBreakdancing\nCabbage patch dance\nCat Daddy\nDougie\nElectric boogaloo\nGangsta Walking\nHarlem shake\nJerkin'\nLocking\nPopping\nTurfing\nUprock\nTutting\nHouse dance\nFootwork\nVogue\nElectro dance\nFlexing\nJumpstyle\nKrumping\nLitefeet\nLyrical hip-hop\nRobot dance\nJaywalk\nmajorette","title":"Street dance / Electronic dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Balboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balboa_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Big Apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Apple_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Black Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bottom_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Blues dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_dance"},{"link_name":"Boogie-woogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie-woogie_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Breakaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakaway_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Bugg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugg"},{"link_name":"Carolina Shag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Shag"},{"link_name":"Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Shag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Shag"},{"link_name":"East Coast Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Coast_Swing"},{"link_name":"Hand dancing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_dancing"},{"link_name":"Hand Jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_Jive"},{"link_name":"Jitterbug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jitterbug"},{"link_name":"Jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jive_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Jumpin' Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jumpin%27_Joe&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leroc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leroc"},{"link_name":"Lindy Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindy_Hop"},{"link_name":"Modern Jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Jive"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Single Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Swing"},{"link_name":"Skip jive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_jive"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Shag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Shag"},{"link_name":"West Coast Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Coast_Swing"},{"link_name":"Robert R Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_R_Dance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Western Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Swing"}],"text":"Balboa\nBig Apple\nBlack Bottom\nBlues dance\nBoogie-woogie\nBreakaway\nBugg\nCarolina Shag\nCharleston\nCollegiate Shag\nEast Coast Swing\nHand dancing\nHand Jive\nJitterbug\nJive\nJumpin' Joe\nLeroc\nLindy Hop\nModern Jive\nRock and Roll\nSingle Swing\nSkip jive\nSt. Louis Shag\nWest Coast Swing\nRobert R Dance\nWestern Swing","title":"Swing dance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhythmic Gymnastics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythmic_Gymnastics"},{"link_name":"Acrobatic dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrobatic_dance"},{"link_name":"Bhangra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhangra_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Bollywood dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_dance"},{"link_name":"Calypso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calypso_music"},{"link_name":"Concert dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_dance"},{"link_name":"Contemporary dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_dance"},{"link_name":"Fire dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_dance"},{"link_name":"Flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"Flying Men Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Men_Dance"},{"link_name":"Ice Dance/Rhythm Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ice_Dance/Rhythm_Dance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"KPOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPOP"},{"link_name":"Liturgical dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgical_dance"},{"link_name":"Lyrical dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_dance"},{"link_name":"Pole dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_dance"},{"link_name":"Vintage dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_dance"}],"text":"Rhythmic Gymnastics\nAcrobatic dance\nBhangra\nBollywood dance\nCalypso\nConcert dance\nContemporary dance\nFire dance\nFlamenco\nFlying Men Dance\nIce Dance/Rhythm Dance\nKPOP\nLiturgical dance\nLyrical dance\nPole dance\nVintage dance","title":"Other"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-415-16447-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16447-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87471-105-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87471-105-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-333-72432-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-72432-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-807699-2-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-807699-2-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-807699-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-807699-4-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-807699-6-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-807699-6-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Dance"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Dance"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance"},{"link_name":"Dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_dance_articles"},{"link_name":"Outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_dance"},{"link_name":"List of dances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dances"},{"link_name":"List of dancers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dancers"},{"link_name":"Solo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_dance"},{"link_name":"Partner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partner_dance"},{"link_name":"close embrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_embrace"},{"link_name":"closed position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_position"},{"link_name":"open position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_position"},{"link_name":"slow dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_dance"},{"link_name":"circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_dance"},{"link_name":"contra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra_dance"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_dance"},{"link_name":"round","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_dance"},{"link_name":"square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_dance"},{"link_name":"Social","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_dance"},{"link_name":"Ceremonial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_dance"},{"link_name":"Competitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competitive_dance"},{"link_name":"Concert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_dance"},{"link_name":"Ecstatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstatic_dance"},{"link_name":"Erotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_dance"},{"link_name":"Go go dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go_go_dance"},{"link_name":"Grinding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinding_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Hoochie coochie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoochie_coochie"},{"link_name":"Lap dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap_dance"},{"link_name":"Neo-Burlesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Burlesque"},{"link_name":"Pole dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_dance"},{"link_name":"Striptease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striptease"},{"link_name":"Table dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_dance"},{"link_name":"Twerking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twerking"},{"link_name":"Folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Novelty and fad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances"},{"link_name":"Sacred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_dance"},{"link_name":"Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_dance"},{"link_name":"War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_dance"},{"link_name":"Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Acro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acro_dance"},{"link_name":"Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom_dance"},{"link_name":"formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formation_dance"},{"link_name":"waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz"},{"link_name":"Belly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_dance"},{"link_name":"Boogaloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogaloo_(funk_dance)"},{"link_name":"Breaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakdancing"},{"link_name":"Contemporary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_dance"},{"link_name":"Country–western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country%E2%80%93western_dance"},{"link_name":"Flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"Hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip-hop_dance"},{"link_name":"Historical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_dance"},{"link_name":"Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_dance"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_dance"},{"link_name":"Lyrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrical_dance"},{"link_name":"Modern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_dance"},{"link_name":"Polka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polka"},{"link_name":"Postmodern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_dance"},{"link_name":"Swing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_dance"},{"link_name":"Two-step","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)"},{"link_name":"Technique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dance_technique"},{"link_name":"Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet_technique"},{"link_name":"Choreography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreography_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Connection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connection_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Dance theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_theory"},{"link_name":"Graham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_technique"},{"link_name":"Lead and follow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_and_follow"},{"link_name":"Moves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_move"},{"link_name":"glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dance_moves"},{"link_name":"Musicality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musicality"},{"link_name":"Pointe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointe_technique"},{"link_name":"Pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_dance"},{"link_name":"Sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_dance"},{"link_name":"Spotting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spotting_(dance_technique)"},{"link_name":"Turnout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Turns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_(dance_and_gymnastics)"},{"link_name":"Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin"},{"link_name":"nationaldances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_dances"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_dance"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances"},{"link_name":"Arab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_folk_dances"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_dance"},{"link_name":"Assyrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_traditional_dance"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_dances"},{"link_name":"Burma (Myanmar)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_dance"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_China"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_dances"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_dances"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faroese_chain_dance"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_dance"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_dances"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_dance"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dances_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_dance"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_dance"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_dance"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_dances"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_dance"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_folk_dances"},{"link_name":"Pontic Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_dance"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_folk_dance"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_dances"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_dance"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_dance"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"African-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American_dance"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance"},{"link_name":"Wallis and Futuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_of_Wallis_and_Futuna"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe"},{"link_name":"Related","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dance"},{"link_name":"Dance and disability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physically_integrated_dance"},{"link_name":"Dance and health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_and_health"},{"link_name":"Dance awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dance_awards"},{"link_name":"Dance costume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_costume"},{"link_name":"Dance etiquette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_etiquette"},{"link_name":"Dance notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_notation"},{"link_name":"Dance in film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_film"},{"link_name":"Dance in mythology and religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_in_mythology_and_religion"},{"link_name":"Dance occupations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dance_occupations"},{"link_name":"Dance on television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_on_television"},{"link_name":"Dance research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_research"},{"link_name":"Dance science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_science"},{"link_name":"Dance technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_technology"},{"link_name":"Dance troupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_troupe"},{"link_name":"Dancing mania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancing_mania"},{"link_name":"History of dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_dance"},{"link_name":"Women in dance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_dance"}],"text":"Carter, A. (1998) The Routledge Dance Studies Reader. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-16447-8\nSharp, C. J. (1924) The dance; an historical survey of dancing in Europe. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 0-87471-105-3\nThomas, H. (2003) The Body, Dance and Cultural Theory. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-72432-1\nFeliksdal, B (2003) Modern Tap Dance, ISBN 90-807699-2-4 Bekebooks\nFeliksdal, B (2004) Jazz Dance Syllabus Jazz, Rhythm, Body and Soul. ISBN 90-807699-4-0 Bekebooks. Amsterdam, the Netherlands, Flamenco\nFeliksdal, B (2009) Urban Dance-Jazzdans, ISBN 978-90-807699-6-0 Bekebooks. Amsterdam, Netherlands\nShipter Fan, B (2009) \"Urban Dance-Jazzdans\", Bekebooks. Amsterdam, NetherlandsvteDance\nIndex\nOutline\nList of dances\nList of dancers\nParticipation\nSolo\nPartner\nclose embrace\nclosed position\nopen position\nslow dance\ncircle\ncontra\nline\nround\nsquare\nSocial\nCeremonial\nCompetitive\nConcert\nEcstatic\nErotic\nGo go dance\nGrinding\nHoochie coochie\nLap dance\nNeo-Burlesque\nPole dance\nStriptease\nTable dance\nTwerking\nFolk\nNovelty and fad\nSacred\nStreet\nWar\nStyles\nAcro\nBallet\nBallroom\nformation\nwaltz\nBelly\nBoogaloo\nBreaking\nContemporary\nCountry–western\nFlamenco\nHip-hop\nHistorical\nJazz\nLatin\nLyrical\nModern\nPolka\nPostmodern\nSwing\nTap\nTwo-step\nTechnique\nBallet\nChoreography\nConnection\nDance theory\nGraham\nLead and follow\nMoves\nglossary\nMusicality\nPointe\nPole\nSequence\nSpotting\nTurnout\nTurns\nRegional(nationaldances)\nAfrica\nAlbania\nArab\nArmenia\nAssyrian\nAustralia\nAustria\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus\nBulgaria\nBurma (Myanmar)\nCambodia\nCameroon\nCanada\nChina\nCroatia\nCuba\nDenmark\nEurope\nFaroe Islands\nGeorgia\nGreece\nHungary\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIreland\nIsrael\nItaly\nJapan\nKiribati\nKorea\nKurdish\nMalaysia\nMexico\nMiddle East\nNepal\nNetherlands\nNicaragua\nPeru\nPhilippines\nPoland\nPontic Greek\nRomani\nRussia\nSerbia\nSingapore\nSri Lanka\nThailand\nTurkey\nUkraine\nUnited States\nAfrican-American\nUzbekistan\nVenezuela\nVietnam\nWallis and Futuna\nZimbabwe\nRelated\nDance and disability\nDance and health\nDance awards\nDance costume\nDance etiquette\nDance notation\nDance in film\nDance in mythology and religion\nDance occupations\nDance on television\nDance research\nDance science\nDance technology\nDance troupe\nDancing mania\nHistory of dance\nWomen in dance","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U_LlX4t0A9I","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-popcorn-mw0000849731","external_links_name":"Popcorn"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisz_Pomorski | Kalisz Pomorski | ["1 History","2 Gallery","3 Notable residents","4 International relations","4.1 Twin towns — Sister cities","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°17′N 15°54′E / 53.283°N 15.900°E / 53.283; 15.900Place in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandKalisz PomorskiOur Lady Queen of Poland church
FlagCoat of armsKalisz PomorskiCoordinates: 53°17′N 15°54′E / 53.283°N 15.900°E / 53.283; 15.900Country PolandVoivodeshipWest PomeranianCountyDrawskoGminaKalisz PomorskiArea • Total11.89 km2 (4.59 sq mi)Population (2006) • Total3,989 • Density340/km2 (870/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code78-540Websitehttp://www.kaliszpom.pl
Kalisz Pomorski (Latin: Nova Calisia; German: Kallies) is a small town in Drawsko County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland with about 4,500 inhabitants.
History
In the 8th century a Slavic gród existed in present-day Kalisz Pomorski. In the Middle Ages it was part of Poland, located in northern Greater Poland. The town's name derives from the city of Kalisz in southern Greater Poland. In order to develop this sparsely populated area, duke Przemysł I brought settlers from Kalisz to the settlement, which was newly named in Latin Nova Calisia (meaning New Kalisz).
It was part of the Kingdom of Prussia from the 18th century and between 1871 and 1945 it was part of Germany. During World War II, in 1944–1945, the Germans operated a subcamp of the Ravensbrück concentration camp in the town, in which they imprisoned around 500–1,000 people at a time. After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the town became part of Poland again.
Gallery
Młyńskie Lake
Palace in Kalisz Pomorski
High school
Forest office building
Notable residents
Paul Sydow (1851 – 1925), German mycologist and lichenologist
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland
Twin towns — Sister cities
Kalisz Pomorski is twinned with:
Kaltenkirchen, Germany
Torgelow, Germany
Putlitz, Germany
References
^ a b c "Historia miasta, Miasto i gmina Kalisz Pomorski" (in Polish). Retrieved July 14, 2019.
^ Der Ort des Terrors: Geschichte der nationalsozialistischen Konzentrationslager, Vol. IV, 2006, p. 559 (in German)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kalisz Pomorski.
http://www.kaliszpom.pl/
vteGmina Kalisz PomorskiTown and seat
Kalisz Pomorski
Villages
Biały Zdrój
Borowo
Bralin
Cybowo
Dębsko
Giżyno
Głębokie
Jasnopole
Jaworze
Karwiagać
Krężno
Lipinki
Łowno
Pepłówek
Pniewy
Pomierzyn
Poźrzadło Małe
Poźrzadło Wielkie
Prostynia
Pruszcz
Siekiercze
Sienica
Skotniki
Ślizno
Smugi
Stara Korytnica
Stara Studnica
Suchowo
Tarnice
Wierzchucin
vteGeography of PomeraniaRegionsCurrent
Western Pomerania
Farther Pomerania
Pomerelia
Gdańsk Pomerania
Kashubia
Kociewie
Tuchola Forest
Chełmno Land
Michałów Land
Lubawa Land
Former
Circipania
Lauenburg and Bütow Land
Lands of Schlawe and Stolp
Administration
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Brandenburg
West Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomeranian Voivodeship
Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship
Pomerania Euroregion
Cities and towns
Anklam
Barth
Demmin
Gartz
Greifswald
Grudziądz
Heringsdorf
Kołobrzeg
Koszalin
Ribnitz-Damgarten
Sagard
Sassnitz
Słupsk
Stargard
Starogard Gdański
Stralsund
Świnoujście
Szczecin
Tczew
Toruń
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This West Pomeranian Voivodeship location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈkalʲiʂ pɔˈmɔrskʲi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"Drawsko County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawsko_County"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"}],"text":"Place in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandKalisz Pomorski [ˈkalʲiʂ pɔˈmɔrskʲi] (Latin: Nova Calisia; German: Kallies) is a small town in Drawsko County in West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland with about 4,500 inhabitants.","title":"Kalisz Pomorski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"gród","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAL-1"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1025-1385)"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland"},{"link_name":"Kalisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAL-1"},{"link_name":"Przemysł I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KAL-1"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"subcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_subcamps_of_Ravensbr%C3%BCck"},{"link_name":"Ravensbrück concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}],"text":"In the 8th century a Slavic gród existed in present-day Kalisz Pomorski.[1] In the Middle Ages it was part of Poland, located in northern Greater Poland. The town's name derives from the city of Kalisz in southern Greater Poland.[1] In order to develop this sparsely populated area, duke Przemysł I brought settlers from Kalisz to the settlement, which was newly named in Latin Nova Calisia (meaning New Kalisz).[1]It was part of the Kingdom of Prussia from the 18th century and between 1871 and 1945 it was part of Germany. During World War II, in 1944–1945, the Germans operated a subcamp of the Ravensbrück concentration camp in the town, in which they imprisoned around 500–1,000 people at a time.[2] After the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the town became part of Poland again.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mlynskie_(Ogorkowe)_Lake_in_Kalisz_Pomorski.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalisz_Pomorski_palac_Wedlow_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kalisz_Pomorski_LO.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PL_KaliszPom_Nadlesnictwo.JPG"}],"text":"Młyńskie Lake\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPalace in Kalisz Pomorski\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHigh school\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tForest office building","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paul Sydow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sydow"}],"text":"Paul Sydow (1851 – 1925), German mycologist and lichenologist","title":"Notable residents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Poland"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Kaltenkirchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltenkirchen"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Torgelow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torgelow"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Putlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putlitz"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns — Sister cities","text":"Kalisz Pomorski is twinned with:Kaltenkirchen, Germany\n Torgelow, Germany\n Putlitz, Germany","title":"International relations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Historia miasta, Miasto i gmina Kalisz Pomorski\" (in Polish). Retrieved July 14, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://kaliszpom.pl/o-gminie/historia-miasta/","url_text":"\"Historia miasta, Miasto i gmina Kalisz Pomorski\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalisz_Pomorski¶ms=53_17_N_15_54_E_region:PL_type:city(3989)","external_links_name":"53°17′N 15°54′E / 53.283°N 15.900°E / 53.283; 15.900"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kalisz_Pomorski¶ms=53_17_N_15_54_E_region:PL_type:city(3989)","external_links_name":"53°17′N 15°54′E / 53.283°N 15.900°E / 53.283; 15.900"},{"Link":"http://www.kaliszpom.pl/","external_links_name":"http://www.kaliszpom.pl"},{"Link":"http://kaliszpom.pl/o-gminie/historia-miasta/","external_links_name":"\"Historia miasta, Miasto i gmina Kalisz Pomorski\""},{"Link":"http://www.kaliszpom.pl/","external_links_name":"http://www.kaliszpom.pl/"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/247409218","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4810515-6","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge763737&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalisz_Pomorski&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastland_v._United_States_Servicemen%27s_Fund | Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund | ["1 Background","2 Consequences","3 References","4 External links"] | 1975 United States Supreme Court case limiting judicial power to oversee a Congressional inquiry
1975 United States Supreme Court caseEastland v. United States Servicemen's FundSupreme Court of the United StatesArgued January 22, 1975Decided May 27, 1975Full case nameJames Eastland v. United States Servicemen's FundCitations421 U.S. 491 (more)95 S. Ct. 1813; 44 L. Ed. 2d 324ArgumentOral argumentDecisionOpinionHoldingThe activities of the Senate Subcommittee, the individual Senators, and the Chief Counsel fall within the "legitimate legislative sphere," and those activities are protected by the absolute prohibition of the Speech or Debate Clause of the Constitution against being "questioned in any other Place," and hence are immune from judicial interference.Court membership
Chief Justice
Warren E. Burger
Associate Justices
William O. Douglas · William J. Brennan Jr.Potter Stewart · Byron WhiteThurgood Marshall · Harry BlackmunLewis F. Powell Jr. · William Rehnquist
Case opinionsMajorityBurger, joined by White, Blackmun, Powell, RehnquistConcurrenceMarshall, Brennan, StewartDissentDouglasLaws appliedSpeech or Debate Clause, U.S. Const. Amend. I
Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491 (1975), was a United States Supreme Court case that defined the limits of Congress's authority to issues subpoenas. In an 8–1 decision, the court found that Congress was within its constitutional authority to issue a subpoena for the banking records of the United States Servicemen's Fund. The U.S. Constitution's Speech or Debate Clause barred the court from questioning the good faith of the committee's investigation.
Background
James Eastland
James Eastland was a Democratic senator from Mississippi, who supported American involvement in the Vietnam War and chaired the Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security. The United States Servicemen's Fund (USSF) was a non-profit organization that was outspoken in its opposition to the war.
Eastland's committee subpoenaed the USSF's banking records.
Consequences
Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund was cited in court cases involving the Tax returns of Donald Trump. Trump claimed that Congress had exceeded its authority in subpoenaing the returns.
References
^ Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491 (1975).
^ French, David (April 22, 2019). "Donald Trump Will Need to Hand Over His Tax Returns". Retrieved January 25, 2020.
External links
Text of Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491 (1975) is available from: CourtListener Google Scholar Justia Library of Congress Oyez (oral argument audio) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"Congress's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"subpoenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpoena"},{"link_name":"United States Servicemen's Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Servicemen%27s_Fund"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"U.S. Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Constitution"},{"link_name":"Speech or Debate Clause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause"}],"text":"1975 United States Supreme Court caseEastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund, 421 U.S. 491 (1975), was a United States Supreme Court case that defined the limits of Congress's authority to issues subpoenas. In an 8–1 decision, the court found that Congress was within its constitutional authority to issue a subpoena for the banking records of the United States Servicemen's Fund.[1] The U.S. Constitution's Speech or Debate Clause barred the court from questioning the good faith of the committee's investigation.","title":"Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_O_Eastland.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Eastland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Eastland"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Subcommittee_on_Internal_Security"}],"text":"James EastlandJames Eastland was a Democratic senator from Mississippi, who supported American involvement in the Vietnam War and chaired the Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security. The United States Servicemen's Fund (USSF) was a non-profit organization that was outspoken in its opposition to the war.Eastland's committee subpoenaed the USSF's banking records.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tax returns of Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_returns_of_Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Eastland v. United States Servicemen's Fund was cited in court cases involving the Tax returns of Donald Trump. Trump claimed that Congress had exceeded its authority in subpoenaing the returns.[2]","title":"Consequences"}] | [{"image_text":"James Eastland","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/James_O_Eastland.jpg/150px-James_O_Eastland.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"French, David (April 22, 2019). \"Donald Trump Will Need to Hand Over His Tax Returns\". Retrieved January 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/04/donald-trump-will-need-to-hand-over-his-tax-returns/","url_text":"\"Donald Trump Will Need to Hand Over His Tax Returns\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/us/421/491/case.html","external_links_name":"491"},{"Link":"https://www.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-1923/argument/","external_links_name":"Oral argument"},{"Link":"http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep421/usrep421491/usrep421491.pdf","external_links_name":"Opinion"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/421/491/","external_links_name":"491"},{"Link":"https://www.nationalreview.com/2019/04/donald-trump-will-need-to-hand-over-his-tax-returns/","external_links_name":"\"Donald Trump Will Need to Hand Over His Tax Returns\""},{"Link":"https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/109257/eastland-v-united-states-servicemens-fund/","external_links_name":"CourtListener"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12402957965624160260","external_links_name":"Google Scholar"},{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/421/491/","external_links_name":"Justia"},{"Link":"http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep421/usrep421491/usrep421491.pdf","external_links_name":"Library of Congress"},{"Link":"https://www.oyez.org/cases/1974/73-1923","external_links_name":"Oyez (oral argument audio)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Things_We_Can%27t_Stop | The Things We Can't Stop | ["1 Release and promotion","2 Critical reception","2.1 Accolades","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 Charts","6 References"] | 2019 studio album by ColdThe Things We Can't StopStudio album by ColdReleasedSeptember 13, 2019Recorded2017–2019Genre
Alternative rock
post-grunge
Length45:50LabelNapalmProducerJeremy ParkerCold chronology
Superfiction(2011)
The Things We Can't Stop(2019)
Singles from The Things We Can't Stop
"Shine"Released: June 27, 2019
"Without You"Released: July 19, 2019
"The Devil We Know"Released: August 22, 2019
"Run"Released: September 12, 2019
"We All Love"Released: December 31, 2019
"Quiet Now"Released: April 2, 2020
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicCryptic Rock
The Things We Can't Stop is the sixth album by American rock band Cold. It was released on September 13, 2019 in the US through Napalm Records. The album was produced by Jeremy Parker, who produced the previous album. This is Cold's first album since 2011's Superfiction. This is Cold's only album to include guitarist Nick Coyle, the first to feature bassist Lindsay Manfredi, and their first album not to feature bassist Jeremy Marshall and drummer Sam McCandless. Aaron Fulton was credited as the drummer.
The first single "Shine" was released on June 27, 2019, along with an accompanying lyric video on the same date.
Release and promotion
The album was released on September 13, 2019 on CD, vinyl and digital platforms. To promote the album, the band began the Broken Human tour in selected areas in the United States in fall 2019.
The music video for "Without You" was released on September 18, 2019
Critical reception
James Christopher Monger of AllMusic called the album "commercial-grade active rock angst made with great care and sincerity" that "resonates, but on a mostly superficial/ripped-from-the-headlines level".
Accolades
Publication
Accolade
Rank
Ref.
Loudwire
50 Best Rock Albums of 2019
—
Track listing
All songs written by Scooter Ward, except where noted.
No.TitleLength1."Intro"0:512."Shine"4:403."Snowblind"5:114."The Devil We Know" (Ward / Coyle)2:585."Run" (Snow Patrol cover)4:216."Better Human" (Ward / Manfredi)4:217."Without You"3:168."Quiet Now"4:149."The One That Got Away" (Ward / Gilbert)3:1310."Systems Fail"4:2411."Beautiful Life"4:4312."We All Love" (Ward / Coyle)3:36Total length:45:50
Personnel
Credits adapted from album liner notes, Discogs and Allmusic.
Cold
Scooter Ward – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano
Nick Coyle – lead guitar, backing vocals (tracks 1-11), lead vocals (track 12)
Lindsay Manfredi – bass
Additional musicians
Aaron Fulton – drums (tracks 1-4, 6-9, 11)
Josh Karis – drums (track 5)
Ethan York – drums (track 10)
Jonny Nova – rhythm guitar (track 10)
Jane Jensen – backing vocals (track 11)
Brian Thompson – piano (track 11)
Additional personnel
Tom York – executive production
Jeremy Parker – production
Andy VanDette – mastering
Joe Torres – cover layout, design
Dave Johnson – cover art, photo editing
Britney Lee Betterman – cover art, cover photo
Charts
Chart (2019)
Peakposition
US Digital Albums (Billboard)
20
US Independent Albums (Billboard)
11
US Top Album Sales (Billboard)
34
US Top Alternative Albums (Billboard)
11
US Top Hard Rock Albums (Billboard)
7
US Top Rock Albums (Billboard)
15
References
^ The Things We Can't Stop review by AllMusic. AllMusic
^ The Things We Can't Stop review by Cryptic Rock. Cryptic Rock
^ "COLD - Shine (Official Lyric Video) | Napalm Records" – via YouTube.
^ "Cold Release New Bullying-Themed Song 'Shine' From First Studio Album in Eight Years: Premiere". Billboard.
^ "COLD Announces First U.S. Tour In Over Eight Years". Blabbermouth.net. July 17, 2019.
^ "COLD - Without You (Official Video) | Napalm Records" – via YouTube.
^ "Cold Premiere "Without You" Music Video". Theprp.com. September 18, 2019.
^ "Allmusic: Cold The Things We Can't Stop review". AllMusic. September 25, 2020.
^ "THE 50 BEST ROCK ALBUMS OF 2019". Loudwire. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2020.
^ "Cold - the Things We Can't Stop Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ "Cold Chart History (Digital Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^ "Cold Chart History (Independent Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^ "Cold Chart History (Top Album Sales)". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^ "Cold Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^ "Cold Chart History (Top Hard Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
^ "Cold Chart History (Top Rock Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved February 22, 2021.
vteCold
Scooter Ward
Lindsay Manfredi
Tony Kruszka
Ed Cuozzo
Angelo Maruzzelli
Nick Coyle
Jonny Nova
Sam McCandless
Ethan York
Terry Balsamo
Zach Gilbert
Drew Molleur
Kelly Hayes
Jeremy Marshall
Matt Loughran
Eddie Rendini
Mike Booth
Joe Bennett
Sean Lay
Pat Lally
Michael Harris
Studio albums
Cold
13 Ways to Bleed on Stage
Year of the Spider
A Different Kind of Pain
Superfiction
The Things We Can't Stop
EPs
Oddity EP
Project 13
Something Wicked This Way Comes
Singles
"Go Away"
"Give"
"Stupid Girl"
"Wicked World"
Related articles
Discography
The Killer and the Star
Evanescence | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Cold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_(band)"},{"link_name":"Napalm Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_Records"},{"link_name":"Superfiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfiction_(album)"},{"link_name":"Sam McCandless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_McCandless"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Things We Can't Stop is the sixth album by American rock band Cold. It was released on September 13, 2019 in the US through Napalm Records. The album was produced by Jeremy Parker, who produced the previous album. This is Cold's first album since 2011's Superfiction. This is Cold's only album to include guitarist Nick Coyle, the first to feature bassist Lindsay Manfredi, and their first album not to feature bassist Jeremy Marshall and drummer Sam McCandless. Aaron Fulton was credited as the drummer.The first single \"Shine\" was released on June 27, 2019, along with an accompanying lyric video on the same date.[3][4]","title":"The Things We Can't Stop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The album was released on September 13, 2019 on CD, vinyl and digital platforms. To promote the album, the band began the Broken Human tour in selected areas in the United States in fall 2019.[5]The music video for \"Without You\" was released on September 18, 2019 [6][7]","title":"Release and promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"James Christopher Monger of AllMusic called the album \"commercial-grade active rock angst made with great care and sincerity\" that \"resonates, but on a mostly superficial/ripped-from-the-headlines level\".[8]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_(Snow_Patrol_song)"},{"link_name":"Snow Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Patrol"}],"text":"All songs written by Scooter Ward, except where noted.No.TitleLength1.\"Intro\"0:512.\"Shine\"4:403.\"Snowblind\"5:114.\"The Devil We Know\" (Ward / Coyle)2:585.\"Run\" (Snow Patrol cover)4:216.\"Better Human\" (Ward / Manfredi)4:217.\"Without You\"3:168.\"Quiet Now\"4:149.\"The One That Got Away\" (Ward / Gilbert)3:1310.\"Systems Fail\"4:2411.\"Beautiful Life\"4:4312.\"We All Love\" (Ward / Coyle)3:36Total length:45:50","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Scooter Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_Ward"},{"link_name":"Jane Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jensen_(musician)"}],"text":"Credits adapted from album liner notes, Discogs and Allmusic. [10]ColdScooter Ward – lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano\nNick Coyle – lead guitar, backing vocals (tracks 1-11), lead vocals (track 12)\nLindsay Manfredi – bassAdditional musiciansAaron Fulton – drums (tracks 1-4, 6-9, 11)\nJosh Karis – drums (track 5)\nEthan York – drums (track 10)\nJonny Nova – rhythm guitar (track 10)\nJane Jensen – backing vocals (track 11)\nBrian Thompson – piano (track 11)Additional personnelTom York – executive production\nJeremy Parker – production\nAndy VanDette – mastering\nJoe Torres\t– cover layout, design\nDave Johnson – cover art, photo editing\nBritney Lee Betterman – cover art, cover photo","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"COLD - Shine (Official Lyric Video) | Napalm Records\" – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ty0-7mkWqHw","url_text":"\"COLD - Shine (Official Lyric Video) | Napalm Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cold Release New Bullying-Themed Song 'Shine' From First Studio Album in Eight Years: Premiere\". 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September 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theprp.com/2019/09/18/news/cold-premiere-without-you-music-video/","url_text":"\"Cold Premiere \"Without You\" Music Video\""}]},{"reference":"\"Allmusic: Cold The Things We Can't Stop review\". AllMusic. September 25, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-things-we-cant-stop-mw0003291385","url_text":"\"Allmusic: Cold The Things We Can't Stop review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"THE 50 BEST ROCK ALBUMS OF 2019\". Loudwire. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://loudwire.com/best-rock-albums-of-2019/","url_text":"\"THE 50 BEST ROCK ALBUMS OF 2019\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudwire","url_text":"Loudwire"}]},{"reference":"\"Cold - the Things We Can't Stop Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic\". AllMusic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-things-we-cant-stop-mw0003291385","url_text":"\"Cold - the Things We Can't Stop Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-things-we-cant-stop-mw0003291385","external_links_name":"The Things We Can't Stop review by AllMusic"},{"Link":"https://crypticrock.com/cold-the-things-we-cant-stop-album-review/","external_links_name":"The Things We Can't Stop review by Cryptic Rock"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ty0-7mkWqHw","external_links_name":"\"COLD - Shine (Official Lyric Video) | Napalm Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8517717/cold-shine-new-song","external_links_name":"\"Cold Release New Bullying-Themed Song 'Shine' From First Studio Album in Eight Years: Premiere\""},{"Link":"https://www.blabbermouth.net/news/cold-announces-first-u-s-tour-in-over-eight-years/","external_links_name":"\"COLD Announces First U.S. Tour In Over Eight Years\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_gT_4DRQmA","external_links_name":"\"COLD - Without You (Official Video) | Napalm Records\""},{"Link":"https://www.theprp.com/2019/09/18/news/cold-premiere-without-you-music-video/","external_links_name":"\"Cold Premiere \"Without You\" Music Video\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-things-we-cant-stop-mw0003291385","external_links_name":"\"Allmusic: Cold The Things We Can't Stop review\""},{"Link":"http://loudwire.com/best-rock-albums-of-2019/","external_links_name":"\"THE 50 BEST ROCK ALBUMS OF 2019\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/the-things-we-cant-stop-mw0003291385","external_links_name":"\"Cold - the Things We Can't Stop Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Cold/chart-history/digital-albums","external_links_name":"\"Cold Chart History (Digital Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Cold/chart-history/IND","external_links_name":"\"Cold Chart History (Independent Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Cold/chart-history/TSL","external_links_name":"\"Cold Chart History (Top Album Sales)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Cold/chart-history/ALT","external_links_name":"\"Cold Chart History (Top Alternative Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Cold/chart-history/MTL","external_links_name":"\"Cold Chart History (Top Hard Rock Albums)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Cold/chart-history/RCK","external_links_name":"\"Cold Chart History (Top Rock Albums)\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Material_Command | Office of Naval Material | ["1 See also","2 References","2.1 Notes","2.2 Sources"] | In January 1942 the Director of Material and Procurement was appointed to coordinate all material procurement activities of the US Navy. The office would be supervised by the War Production Board until late 1945.
In 1948 the office title was changed to Chief of Division of Material, and in 1984 to Chief of the Office of Naval Material. In 1983 title was changed to Naval Material Command. On 6 May 1985, the SECNAV secretary John Lehman disestablished the Command. Acquisition functions were passed onto the following Commands: Naval Air Systems Command, Naval Sea Systems Command, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Naval Supply Systems Command, and the Strategic Systems Program Office. The Office of Naval Acquisition Support was established to create acquisition support for functions that span across Commands, and that require a degree of independence in their operations.
Chief of Naval Material
Tenure
1
RADM (ADM) Samuel M. Robinson
1942-1945
2
VADM (ADM) Ben Moreell
1946
3
VADM Edward L. Cochrane
1947
4
VADM Arthur C. Miles
1948-1949
5
VADM Edwin D. Foster
1950
6
VADM Albert G. Noble
1951
7
VADM Charles W. Fox
1952-1953
8
VADM John Gingrich
1954
9
VADM Murrey L. Royar
1955
10
VADM Edward W. Clexton
February 1956 - 1960
11
VADM George F. Beardsley
July 1960 - 1963
12
VADM William A. Schoech
July 1963 - 1965
13
VADM (ADM) Ignatius J. Galantin
March 1965 - 1970
14
VADM (ADM) Jackson D. Arnold
June 1970 - 1971
15
ADM Isaac C. Kidd Jr.
December 1971 - 1975
16
ADM Frederick H. Michaelis
April 1975 - 1978
17
ADM Alfred J. Whittle Jr.
August 1978 - 1981
18
ADM John G. Williams Jr.
July 1981 - 1983
19
ADM Steve A. White
August 1983 - 1985
See also
Ship Characteristics Board
United States Navy bureau system
United States Army Services of Supply
Army Service Forces
References
Notes
^ Norris, John G. (February 8, 1942), "Vice Admiral Robinson, Navy's New Production Boss, Already Holds Shipbuilding Record, Aims for Another", Washington Post, p. B5
^ Truman Library - John H. Tolan, Jr. Oral History Interview, pp. 61–62, 131–138
^ DTIC ADA487974: Overview of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Organization During the Cold War Era. Defense Technical Information Center. August 12, 2008. p. 25. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
Sources
This article incorporates public domain material from Office of Naval Material - Lists of Commanding Officers and Senior Officials of the U.S. Navy. United States Navy. Archived from the original on 2011-06-24. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"SECNAV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SECNAV"},{"link_name":"John Lehman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lehman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Naval Air Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Air_Systems_Command"},{"link_name":"Naval Sea Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Sea_Systems_Command"},{"link_name":"Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_and_Naval_Warfare_Systems_Command"},{"link_name":"Naval Facilities Engineering Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Facilities_Engineering_Command"},{"link_name":"Naval Supply Systems Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Supply_Systems_Command"},{"link_name":"Strategic Systems Program Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategic_Systems_Program_Office&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"In 1948 the office title was changed to Chief of Division of Material, and in 1984 to Chief of the Office of Naval Material. In 1983 title was changed to Naval Material Command. On 6 May 1985, the SECNAV secretary John Lehman disestablished the Command.[3] Acquisition functions were passed onto the following Commands: Naval Air Systems Command, Naval Sea Systems Command, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Command, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Naval Supply Systems Command, and the Strategic Systems Program Office. The Office of Naval Acquisition Support was established to create acquisition support for functions that span across Commands, and that require a degree of independence in their operations.","title":"Office of Naval Material"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ship Characteristics Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_Characteristics_Board"},{"title":"United States Navy bureau system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy_bureau_system"},{"title":"United States Army Services of Supply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Services_of_Supply"},{"title":"Army Service Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_Service_Forces"}] | [{"reference":"Norris, John G. (February 8, 1942), \"Vice Admiral Robinson, Navy's New Production Boss, Already Holds Shipbuilding Record, Aims for Another\", Washington Post, p. B5","urls":[]},{"reference":"Truman Library - John H. Tolan, Jr. Oral History Interview, pp. 61–62, 131–138","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/tolanj.htm","url_text":"Truman Library - John H. Tolan, Jr. Oral History Interview"}]},{"reference":"DTIC ADA487974: Overview of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Organization During the Cold War Era. Defense Technical Information Center. August 12, 2008. p. 25. Archived from the original on July 18, 2021 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA487974/page/n29/mode/2up","url_text":"DTIC ADA487974: Overview of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Organization During the Cold War Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Technical_Information_Center","url_text":"Defense Technical Information Center"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20210718085220/https://archive.org/stream/DTIC_ADA487974/DTIC_ADA487974_djvu.txt","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/tolanj.htm","external_links_name":"Truman Library - John H. Tolan, Jr. Oral History Interview"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA487974/page/n29/mode/2up","external_links_name":"DTIC ADA487974: Overview of U.S. Navy Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) Organization During the Cold War Era"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20210718085220/https://archive.org/stream/DTIC_ADA487974/DTIC_ADA487974_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110624092712/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/rosters/naval%20material.htm","external_links_name":"Office of Naval Material - Lists of Commanding Officers and Senior Officials of the U.S. Navy"},{"Link":"http://www.history.navy.mil/library/guides/rosters/naval%20material.htm","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapova_Cave | Shulgan-Tash Cave | ["1 Description","2 The Hall of the Drawings","3 Discovery and excavation","4 Bashkort legends and traditions","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°2′39.9″N 57°3′50″E / 53.044417°N 57.06389°E / 53.044417; 57.06389Cave and archaeological site in Russia
Shulgan-Tash CaveШүлгәнташEntrance to Shulgan-Tash CaveLocation in RussiaAlternative nameRussian: Капова пещера/Kapova CaveLocationBurzyansky DistrictRegionBashkortostan, RussiaCoordinates53°2′39.9″N 57°3′50″E / 53.044417°N 57.06389°E / 53.044417; 57.06389Typelimestone caveHistoryPeriodsPaleolithic
Portal to the Kapova Cave
Shulgan-Tash Cave (Bashkir: Шүлгәнташ, romanized: Shylgəntash), also known as Kapova Cave (Russian: Капова пещера, romanized: Kopova peshchera), is a limestone karst cave in the Burzyansky District of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southern Ural Mountains, approximately 200 km (120 mi) south-east of Ufa. Located on the Belaya River in the natural reserve Shulgan-Tash, the cave is best known for the 16,000 years old Upper Paleolithic rock paintings and drawings. It contains the northernmost known ancient paintings.
Description
Today, this area of wild dense forest and high white rocks is home to deer, bear, and the Bashkort bee. Around 10-20 thousand years ago the climate and the landscape were different. Summer was short, while winter months were very long and cold, and the landscape was tundra. Humans sought shelter in clefts and caves among the rocks.
The entrance to the cave is situated on the southern slope of the Sarykuskan (Russian: Сарыкускан) mountain. The entrance forms a huge arch 30 m (98 ft) in height. To the left of the cave entrance is a lake from which the river Shul'gan (Russian: Шульган) originates. The underground Shul'gan (Russian: Подземный Шульган) river, which created the cave, flows through it. This three-story cave system is about 3 km (1.9 mi) long, with a depth of 165 m (541 ft) including siphon underwater cavities, large halls, galleries, underground lakes and the river
The mouth of Shulgan-Tash Cave is called the Portal. Deep in the Portal lies the source of the Shul'gan, emerging from underground and forming a pool named Blue Lake. The lake is bottomless: below 33 Meters in depth it joins a gigantic underground water cavity.
A passageway leads from the Portal to a succession of ground level halls. First comes the Main Gallery, followed by the Stalagmite Hall. Continuing northwards, one enters the Dome Hall and the Hall of the Signs. At the far end lies the Hall of Chaos. The halls differ in size and shape: the Main gallery and the Hall of Chaos are oblong, while the Stalagmite and the Dome Halls are circular, whereas the Hall of the Signs is rectangular. Their length reaches 90, width 20-30 and the height 7–20 metres. The halls are connected by tunnels of various length and shape, somewhere occur clumply blockages. Air from the outside reaches the Main Gallery and, to an extent, the Stalagmitic Hall. However, in the Dome Hall and onwards, the air is stagnant both in the winter and summer. Stalactites and stalagmites become more common as one advances deeper into the cave. The walls are covered with calcareous sinter, which can be as much as half a metre thick. Some of the calcite stones are intricately shaped.
Vestigial traces of prehistoric man's life can be found in the ground level halls. On the walls of the Middle Dome hall one can plainly discern spots of spread red paint as well as some geometrical figures - the signs. In the neighbouring Hall of the Signs the number of such figures considerably increases. On the cave floor in the corner of the Hall of Chaos, the archaeologist Shchelinsky discovered remnants of a fire and vestigial traces of ancient people`s activity.
Scheme of the first floor of the cave
Underground lake in the cave
Due to the density of drawings, the Hall of Chaos may be called the "museum" of the ground level part of the cave. On its walls one can see a two-coloured picture of long-haired horses, along with a trapezoidal geometric figure; and a little further a group of geometrical signs are present.
The picture of an human-like creature, the only one in Shulgan-Tash Cave, is also to be found in the Hall of Chaos. For many centuries, all the drawings have been covered with a semi-transparent calcite crust. The expedition headed by the prominent archaeologist O.N.Bader cleaned the pictures of the horses in 1976.
In order to ascend to the upper tier of the cave, one has to return to the Stalagmite Hall, where there is a hole in the roof leading upwards.
A steel ladder has been installed to reach the hole in the roof; it is followed by a sloped path, leading to another ladder, this one 16 meters long, which takes visitors to the upper level.
Having climbed the ladder, visitors find themselves in a long and high hall, which is called the First Gallery, the first of a succession of upper level halls. Moving further northwards, one then crosses the small Antechamber Hall in order to enter the most famous hall of the Shulgantash- the Hall of the Drawings.
Beyond the Hall of the Drawings, there are 14 more large and small halls accessible to visitors: the Second Gallery, the Acoustic Hall, the Oval Hall, the Hall Temple, the Upper and Diamond Halls, the Hall of Upper Lake (with a large lake in it), the Rainbow and the Crystal halls, the Hall of the Mountain King, the Gallery Hall, the Hall of the Abyss, the Transsyphon Hall and the Far Hall.
The way to the more remote halls is rather complicated, with many dangerous sections and pools blocking the trail. In the Transsyphon Hall one can see an underground section of the River Shulgan. Beyond the Far Hall there is a cavity filled with water: a siphon. The speleologist and scuba diver Vladimir Kiselyov once traveled as far as 317 meters northwards inside the siphon before returning, having found no end to it.
The highlight of the Crystal Hall is the silvery fringe of calcite icicles hanging from the ceiling. Among the sublime decorations of the cave are "milky rivers" composed of tiny calcite crystals, fragile and crisp, which haven't become solid yet.
Streams in the cave sometimes make small funnels in the halls on the floor revealing grains of cave pearl, whereas on the walls there is a crust of marble onyx, in some places half a metre deep. Marble onyx is a type of marble frequently found in limestone caves.
The Hall of the Drawings
The most ancient drawings are in the upper tier. They were painted in the Late Paleolithic era., when Cro-Magnons lived on the planet. The lower tier of the Kapova cave hosts later images from the end of the last ice age. Their size varies between 44 and 112 centimeters. Uranium-thorium dating suggests that the oldest drawings in Kapova Cave were made 36,400 years ago.
In January 1959, Alexander Ryumin, a senior researcher at the Pribelsky branch of the Bashkiriya Nature Reserve, made a sensational discovery. He discovered drawings made by ancient people on the walls of Shulgan-Tash Cave. Alexander Ryumin, having gone down underground in search of bats, found colorful wall pictures of various animals - horses, rhinos and mammoths. This became a real world sensation. Scientists of that time believed that drawings of fossil animals of the Paleolithic era were characteristic only of Western Europe - such an ancient cave painting is found in the world only in France and Spain. From that moment on, the Kapova cave acquired the status of an important historical and cultural complex, which is unrivaled in Eastern Europe.
The best composition is on the right half of eastern wall. In the centre of the composition, within the reach of the ancient painter`s hand, is a drawing of an animal, "Ryumin`s horse", the first picture discovered in Shulgantash Cave. Next are the pictures of several mammoths and a rhinoceros. All the animals are shown walking from right to left, with one small mammoth standing or going in the opposite direction. On the opposite wall there is a bison or a bull, and mammoths with a calf. In this hall one can also see a trapezoidal shape painted with strange lines and signs inside the figure, and unusual ears at the top. Such geometrical signs repeatedly occur in the drawings of Shulgan-Tash Cave.
The Ignatievka Cave is located some 120 km (75 mi) from the Kapova cave.
Rock paintings in the cave
Paintings in the cave (replica)
Discovery and excavation
Local people were afraid to visit the cave.
The first written information on Shulgan-Tash Cave appeared in January 1760.During a visit to Bashkiria, the first corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, P.I. Rychkov, was told about the cave. He provided a detailed description of the cave, or rather, its ground level part in his article "Description of a cave located in the Orenburg province near the Belaya River, which of all the caves in Bashkiria are the most glorious and revered" (in his book Compositions and translations for the benefit and amusement of employees- «Сочинения и переводы к пользе и увеселению служащих», 1760) .
Ten years later (1770), the cave was explored by Ivan Lepyokhin, who studied the upper level and gave a vivid picture of it in his travel diary.
According to Ivan Lepyokhin, the "Kapova" name comes from the dripping water within the cave ("kapova" translates as "dripping") (Russian: капающая вода).
In the middle and later half of the 19th century, Shulgan-Tash Cave was studied by a number of travelers and explorers (including by geologists of the South Urals N.G. Myaglitsky and A.I. Antipov in 1858). The local forester Fyodor Simon organized occasional excursions to the cave.
In 1896, the lower floor of the cave was examined by members of the Orenburg branch of the Russian Geographical Society D. Sokolov, I. Zanevsky and F. Simon, who mapped a plan of the entrance part of the lower level and compiled a protocol for its inspection and measurement. Researchers noted that the description of P.I. Rychkova is in full agreement "with the actual state of the cave: in all the indicated places everything that he noted was found".
In 1923 the geologist and scientist G.V.Vakhrushev explored the cave up to the Upper Lake. He made a roughly sketched map of the interior and issued a small book "The Enigmas of Kapova Cave".
In 1931 G.V. Vakhrushev came to the cave again, clarified information about the cave, and described the surroundings of the cave. He also wrote about various legends of the ShulganTash cave.
In 1960 a group of Moscow archaeologists headed by O.N.Bader started working in the cave.
Over his entire work, he uncovered more than 30 drawings, including mammoths, horses, rhinos, bison and geometric shapes. The drawings were cleaned from the calcite crust and mud, photographed and thoroughly examined. They were judged to date back to late Paleolithic period (25-10 thousand years B.C.). The main result of this long research was his book Kapova Cave: Paleolithic Painting published in 1965. Bader believed that all the drawings represent a single complex and are relatively contemporaneous.
During this period, the study of Shulgan-Tash Cave itself was carried out by employees of Bashkir State University, under the direction of E.D. Bogdanovich and I.I. Kudryasheva. They compiled a detailed map of the cave. The first microclimatic observations were carried out, and distant, generally inaccessible areas were examined.
After the death of Otto Bader in 1979, research in the cave stopped. There were problems preservations of the prehistoric paintings, and so it was decided to completely close the cave. Work in the cave was resumed only in 1982 by Leningrad archaeologist V.E. Shchelinsky. At that time, he led a comprehensive Paleolithic expedition that conducted archaeological research in the Southern Urals annually.
When were the drawings applied to the walls of the cave? V.E. Shchelinsky suggested an answer this question. He discovered various artifacts left behind by ancient humans under the ancient drawings. He believed that they belong to the Paleolithic era. V.E. Schelinsky believes that a significant part of the cave's drawings are combined into compositions reflecting the mythological beliefs of the ancient artists. For the first time, a well-defined cultural layer of the Upper Paleolithic era was identified, dated by the time about 14,000 BC. Traced focal spots indicate the use of open fire by the ancient inhabitants. Various artifacts were identified, including a clay fat lamp, stone, mostly flint tools, pieces of ochre, jewelry in the form of beads and pendants made of stone and small shells of fossil mollusks, and bones of animals of the ice age - mammoth, cave bear, fox, hare, marmot, pika, and jerboa were found.
Archaeologist V.N. Shirokov from Yekaterinburg believes that Shulgan-Tash Cave was a sanctuary.
I. V. Kiselev executed a comprehensive study of Shulgan-Tash Cave In 1991. He made dives on the underground river Shulgan.
V.G. Kotov explored the cave, and he believes that Shulgan-Tash Cave was a cult center for the peoples of the Southern Urals, where rites of initiation and rebirth of nature were performed. V.G. Kotov and V.N. Shirokov believe that the activity in the cave at that time were associated with initiation rituals.
Yuri Sergeyevich Lyakhnitsky made a detailed and accurate map of the Shulgan-Tash Cave massif. In 2002, he identified new drawings - the "pale mammoth", alongside a drawing of a man and the silhouette of another mammoth.
In 2023, the Bashkir historian Airat Maratovich Bagautdinov, in his book Deciphering the signs of the Kapova Cave. Birth. Death. The Cult of Motherhood, substantiated the concept of pregnancy calendars for women and animals on the walls of the Kapova Cave, and also put forward a hypothesis about the deciphering of the signs of life and death of the Paleolithic era.
Today, Shulgan-Tash Cave is considered a thoroughly studied and documented cave.
Bashkort legends and traditions
The heart of the South Urals with Lake Shulgan and the sources of legendary rivers Aghidel, Yaiyk, Hakmar and Nogosh is associated with the life and deeds of the immortal heroes of the eposes Ural Batyr and Аkbuthat (Akbuzat) which belong to the world art treasures. For ancient Bashkorts the area was the centre of the earth, where celestial, natural and underwater worlds could interact and interpenetrate.
There exists a significant amount of folklore related to the cave Shulgan-Tash. The most striking thing is that the main actions in many ancient tales and other folklore works are tied to Shulgan-Tash Cave or the Shulgan lake as soon as possible. And it is no coincidence that both the cave and the lake in them carry the name of the owner of the underworld (underwater king) Shulgen.
Shulgen is one of the major negative characters of Bashkir epic poetry (such as Ural-Batyr, Akbuzat, Kara-Yurga, Akhak Kola and others). According to legend, Lake Shulgen from the remnants of the Flood Sea, arranged by the Div (Giant) and Shulgen after being hit by the staff of the earth. One such account is found in Akbuzat, which states: "When the water padishah (King) lost the battle, he found a bottomless pool and dived into this lake. The lake became known as SHULGEN."
The epics Akbuzat and the Ural-Batyr describe sacrifice of a human to Lake Shulgan. A beautiful girl was presented to the padishah of the underwater (underground) world (Rychkov found a "dry human head" while visiting the cave in 1760).
In many legends and traditions of the Bashkirs, Lake Shulgan plays a prominent role. For instance, all events in Akbuzat are developed exactly around this lake. On the surface of the lake at full moon appears the girl Narcas in the image of the gold duck. A young hunter, Haoban, receives a gift from her: the horse Akbuzat (Toolpar with wings) and countless herds of livestock. The only condition for Haoban is that he is forbidden from turning back to look at the lake after receiving his gifts. However, afraid of the storm caused by the animals' emergence from Lake Toolpar, Haoban looked back and the animals all disappeared into the lake again.
The action of another legend, Kungyr Buga, also occurs by Lake Shulgan. In this tale, the hero Batyr finds Minei, the missing daughter of an old couple, in Lake Shulgan. Minei had been kidnapped by an aquatic being that ruled the lake. Batyr descends into the underwater kingdom, cuts down all seven heads of the monster and takes the girls, people, and cattle to the ground.
The motives for horses and cattle living on the lake, and their partial disappearance in this same lake, are distributed in numerous Bashkir legends.
A legend about Yelkysykkan-kul lake, from which horses have come out, is widely known in the Burzyan district. This legend (by M.V. Lossievsky) tells about the hero Bishlak, who met a wanderer while hunting in the surroundings of Lake Shulgan. The wanderer asked Bishlak to give him his dog, offering a herd of horses in return. Byshlak was supposed to drive forward without looking back. But out of curiosity, he looked around and the halfway the herd returned to the lake.
The hunter became a rich man and his descendants (tribe) from his time is called Bayulins (rich). From this herd came the breed of gray horses.
And the lake got the name Yelkysykkan - lake where the horses went out. By the text of description this lake complies with the lake of karst origin near the Shulgan-Tash cave (named the lake Shulgan).
In folk traditions, Lake Shulgan is frequently the birthplace of miraculous horses. For instance, in one version of the legend Akhak Kola, the appearance of the leader of the herd Akhak Kola is described as follows: "Shulgan came to the lake. But he managed to catch only the foal – the mare dived back into the lake, but this foal became lame (from here and her name: "Akhak Kola" – the lame light yellow horse with a black tail).
Legends related to the cave personalize an external force. The cave environment is more severe and incomprehensible than most other natural environments. Vladimir Dal, who visited the Orenburg province as an official, collected works of oral culture, particularly Bashkir folklore. He characterized Shulgan-Tash Cave according to Bashkir tales and legends. There are genies, dives (дивы, fantastic creatures), and a stone dog. It is wonderful that the dog is afraid of whips.
If you hit it a hundred times with a whip, it will rain.
According to P.I. Rychkov, Bashkirs (Bashkorts) usually hid here their families and horses during wars and their uprisings. The cattle naturally stayed in the lower floor of the cave, and women, children and old men went upstairs. Food was always stored here.
References
^ Whitaker, Alex. "Prehistoric Cave art". ancient-wisdom.com. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
^ Ольга Червяцова "Археологические исследования". Archived from the original on 2010-07-07. Официальный сайт государственного природного заповедника «Шульган-Таш»
^ Соколов Ю. В. "Перечень подземных полостей Республики Башкортостан длиннее 50м". Сайт Уфимского спелеоклуба им. В. Нассонова. Retrieved 2011-04-13.
^ "В. С. Житенёв. Капова пещера — многослойный памятник археологии: предварительное сообщение // Первобытные древности Евразии. К 60-летию Алексея Николаевича Сорокина, 2012". Archived from the original on 2016-07-12.
^ Жегалло В.И и др. (2002). "Об ископаемых носорогах эласмотериях" (9) (Новости из Геологического музея им. В. И. Вернадского ed.). Archived from the original on 2008-03-03. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Башкирия: новые исследования «состарили» наскальные рисунки Каповой пещеры в два раза
^ А. Д. Столяр. Происхождение изобразительного искусства. — М.: Искусство, 1985. — С. 35.
^ Э. П. Позднякова, А. В. Лоскутов, Н. Н. Скокова. Башкирский заповедник // Заповедники европейской части РСФСР. II / Под ред. В. В. Соколова, Е. Е. Сыроечковского. — М.: Мысль, 1989. — С. 241.
^ "Пещера Шульган-Таш (Капова)". Archived from the original on 2015-09-29.. Официальный сайт государственного природного заповедника «Шульган-Таш»
^ Бадер О. Н. Каповая пещера-La caverne Kapovaia: Палеолитическая живопись М., 1965.
^ "Щелинский В. Е." Официальный сайт государственного природного заповедника «Шульган-Таш»
Lawson, Andrew J. (2012). Painted Caves. Palaeolithic Rock Art in Western Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-19-969822-6.
Silberman, Neil Asher, ed. (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-973578-5.
Ю.С.Ляхницкий.Шульганташ..-Уфа:Китап.2002.с.192-194. ФП- 2001 ISBN 5-295-03088-1 (in Russian)
Bagautdinov Airat Maratovich, Bagautdinov Aidar Maratovich. Decoding the signs of the Kapova Cave. Birth. Death. The cult of motherhood: monograph. Ufa. 2023. - 53 p. ISBN 978-5-00177-640-6
External links
The real story of Russia Kapova Cave
Official website of the Shulgan-Tash Natural Reserve
Kapova Cave section of the official website of the Shulgan-Tash Natural Reserve
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Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kapova_Cave_(Portal).jpg"},{"link_name":"Bashkir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Bashkir"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"Burzyansky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burzyansky_District"},{"link_name":"Bashkortostan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkortostan"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ural Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Ufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufa"},{"link_name":"Belaya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaya_River_(Kama)"},{"link_name":"Upper Paleolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic"},{"link_name":"rock paintings and drawings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ancient-wisdom-1"}],"text":"Cave and archaeological site in RussiaPortal to the Kapova CaveShulgan-Tash Cave (Bashkir: Шүлгәнташ, romanized: Shylgəntash), also known as Kapova Cave (Russian: Капова пещера, romanized: Kopova peshchera), is a limestone karst cave in the Burzyansky District of Bashkortostan, Russia. It is located in the southern Ural Mountains, approximately 200 km (120 mi) south-east of Ufa. Located on the Belaya River in the natural reserve Shulgan-Tash, the cave is best known for the 16,000 years old Upper Paleolithic rock paintings and drawings. It contains the northernmost known ancient paintings.[1]","title":"Shulgan-Tash Cave"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer"},{"link_name":"bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear"},{"link_name":"bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-perechen-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"calcareous sinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcareous_sinter"},{"link_name":"prehistoric man's life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prehistory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Shulgan_River.jpg"}],"text":"Today, this area of wild dense forest and high white rocks is home to deer, bear, and the Bashkort bee.[2] Around 10-20 thousand years ago the climate and the landscape were different. Summer was short, while winter months were very long and cold, and the landscape was tundra. Humans sought shelter in clefts and caves among the rocks.The entrance to the cave is situated on the southern slope of the Sarykuskan (Russian: Сарыкускан) mountain. The entrance forms a huge arch 30 m (98 ft) in height. To the left of the cave entrance is a lake from which the river Shul'gan (Russian: Шульган) originates. The underground Shul'gan (Russian: Подземный Шульган) river, which created the cave, flows through it. This three-story cave system is about 3 km (1.9 mi) long, with a depth of 165 m (541 ft) including siphon underwater cavities, large halls, galleries, underground lakes and the river[3]The mouth of Shulgan-Tash Cave is called the Portal. Deep in the Portal lies the source of the Shul'gan, emerging from underground and forming a pool named Blue Lake. The lake is bottomless: below 33 Meters in depth it joins a gigantic underground water cavity.[4]A passageway leads from the Portal to a succession of ground level halls. First comes the Main Gallery, followed by the Stalagmite Hall. Continuing northwards, one enters the Dome Hall and the Hall of the Signs. At the far end lies the Hall of Chaos. The halls differ in size and shape: the Main gallery and the Hall of Chaos are oblong, while the Stalagmite and the Dome Halls are circular, whereas the Hall of the Signs is rectangular. Their length reaches 90, width 20-30 and the height 7–20 metres. The halls are connected by tunnels of various length and shape, somewhere occur clumply blockages. Air from the outside reaches the Main Gallery and, to an extent, the Stalagmitic Hall. However, in the Dome Hall and onwards, the air is stagnant both in the winter and summer. Stalactites and stalagmites become more common as one advances deeper into the cave. The walls are covered with calcareous sinter, which can be as much as half a metre thick. Some of the calcite stones are intricately shaped.Vestigial traces of prehistoric man's life can be found in the ground level halls. On the walls of the Middle Dome hall one can plainly discern spots of spread red paint as well as some geometrical figures - the signs. In the neighbouring Hall of the Signs the number of such figures considerably increases. On the cave floor in the corner of the Hall of Chaos, the archaeologist Shchelinsky discovered remnants of a fire and vestigial traces of ancient people`s activity.Scheme of the first floor of the caveUnderground lake in the caveDue to the density of drawings, the Hall of Chaos may be called the \"museum\" of the ground level part of the cave. On its walls one can see a two-coloured picture of long-haired horses, along with a trapezoidal geometric figure; and a little further a group of geometrical signs are present.The picture of an human-like creature, the only one in Shulgan-Tash Cave, is also to be found in the Hall of Chaos. For many centuries, all the drawings have been covered with a semi-transparent calcite crust. The expedition headed by the prominent archaeologist O.N.Bader cleaned the pictures of the horses in 1976. \nIn order to ascend to the upper tier of the cave, one has to return to the Stalagmite Hall, where there is a hole in the roof leading upwards.\nA steel ladder has been installed to reach the hole in the roof; it is followed by a sloped path, leading to another ladder, this one 16 meters long, which takes visitors to the upper level.Having climbed the ladder, visitors find themselves in a long and high hall, which is called the First Gallery, the first of a succession of upper level halls. Moving further northwards, one then crosses the small Antechamber Hall in order to enter the most famous hall of the Shulgantash- the Hall of the Drawings.Beyond the Hall of the Drawings, there are 14 more large and small halls accessible to visitors: the Second Gallery, the Acoustic Hall, the Oval Hall, the Hall Temple, the Upper and Diamond Halls, the Hall of Upper Lake (with a large lake in it), the Rainbow and the Crystal halls, the Hall of the Mountain King, the Gallery Hall, the Hall of the Abyss, the Transsyphon Hall and the Far Hall.The way to the more remote halls is rather complicated, with many dangerous sections and pools blocking the trail. In the Transsyphon Hall one can see an underground section of the River Shulgan. Beyond the Far Hall there is a cavity filled with water: a siphon. The speleologist and scuba diver Vladimir Kiselyov once traveled as far as 317 meters northwards inside the siphon before returning, having found no end to it.The highlight of the Crystal Hall is the silvery fringe of calcite icicles hanging from the ceiling. Among the sublime decorations of the cave are \"milky rivers\" composed of tiny calcite crystals, fragile and crisp, which haven't become solid yet.Streams in the cave sometimes make small funnels in the halls on the floor revealing grains of cave pearl, whereas on the walls there is a crust of marble onyx, in some places half a metre deep. Marble onyx is a type of marble frequently found in limestone caves.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Late Paleolithic era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Cro-Magnons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cro-Magnon"},{"link_name":"last ice age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period"},{"link_name":"Uranium-thorium dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-thorium_dating"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bashkiriya Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkiriya_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"mammoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoths"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Ignatievka Cave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatievka_Cave"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kapova_cave,_replica.JPG"}],"text":"The most ancient drawings are in the upper tier. They were painted in the Late Paleolithic era.,[5] when Cro-Magnons lived on the planet. The lower tier of the Kapova cave hosts later images from the end of the last ice age. Their size varies between 44 and 112 centimeters. Uranium-thorium dating suggests that the oldest drawings in Kapova Cave were made 36,400 years ago.[6]In January 1959, Alexander Ryumin,[7][8][9] a senior researcher at the Pribelsky branch of the Bashkiriya Nature Reserve, made a sensational discovery. He discovered drawings made by ancient people on the walls of Shulgan-Tash Cave. Alexander Ryumin, having gone down underground in search of bats, found colorful wall pictures of various animals - horses, rhinos and mammoths. This became a real world sensation. Scientists of that time believed that drawings of fossil animals of the Paleolithic era were characteristic only of Western Europe - such an ancient cave painting is found in the world only in France and Spain. From that moment on, the Kapova cave acquired the status of an important historical and cultural complex, which is unrivaled in Eastern Europe.The best composition is on the right half of eastern wall. In the centre of the composition, within the reach of the ancient painter`s hand, is a drawing of an animal, \"Ryumin`s horse\", the first picture discovered in Shulgantash Cave. Next are the pictures of several mammoths and a rhinoceros. All the animals are shown walking from right to left, with one small mammoth standing or going in the opposite direction. On the opposite wall there is a bison or a bull, and mammoths with a calf. In this hall one can also see a trapezoidal shape painted with strange lines and signs inside the figure, and unusual ears at the top. Such geometrical signs repeatedly occur in the drawings of Shulgan-Tash Cave.The Ignatievka Cave is located some 120 km (75 mi) from the Kapova cave.Rock paintings in the cave\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPaintings in the cave (replica)","title":"The Hall of the Drawings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orenburg province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orenburg_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Belaya River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaya_River_(Kama)"},{"link_name":"Ivan Lepyokhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Lepyokhin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Russian Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Bashkir State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkir_State_University"},{"link_name":"mammoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoth"},{"link_name":"cave bear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_bear"},{"link_name":"pika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pika"},{"link_name":"jerboa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerboa"},{"link_name":"initiation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation"}],"text":"Local people were afraid to visit the cave.\nThe first written information on Shulgan-Tash Cave appeared in January 1760.During a visit to Bashkiria, the first corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences, P.I. Rychkov, was told about the cave. He provided a detailed description of the cave, or rather, its ground level part in his article \"Description of a cave located in the Orenburg province near the Belaya River, which of all the caves in Bashkiria are the most glorious and revered\" (in his book Compositions and translations for the benefit and amusement of employees- «Сочинения и переводы к пользе и увеселению служащих», 1760) .Ten years later (1770), the cave was explored by Ivan Lepyokhin, who studied the upper level and gave a vivid picture of it in his travel diary.[citation needed]According to Ivan Lepyokhin, the \"Kapova\" name comes from the dripping water within the cave (\"kapova\" translates as \"dripping\") (Russian: капающая вода).In the middle and later half of the 19th century, Shulgan-Tash Cave was studied by a number of travelers and explorers (including by geologists of the South Urals N.G. Myaglitsky and A.I. Antipov in 1858). The local forester Fyodor Simon organized occasional excursions to the cave.In 1896, the lower floor of the cave was examined by members of the Orenburg branch of the Russian Geographical Society D. Sokolov, I. Zanevsky and F. Simon, who mapped a plan of the entrance part of the lower level and compiled a protocol for its inspection and measurement. Researchers noted that the description of P.I. Rychkova is in full agreement \"with the actual state of the cave: in all the indicated places everything that he noted was found\".In 1923 the geologist and scientist G.V.Vakhrushev explored the cave up to the Upper Lake. He made a roughly sketched map of the interior and issued a small book \"The Enigmas of Kapova Cave\". \nIn 1931 G.V. Vakhrushev came to the cave again, clarified information about the cave, and described the surroundings of the cave. He also wrote about various legends of the ShulganTash cave.In 1960 a group of Moscow archaeologists headed by O.N.Bader started working in the cave.[10][11] \nOver his entire work, he uncovered more than 30 drawings, including mammoths, horses, rhinos, bison and geometric shapes. The drawings were cleaned from the calcite crust and mud, photographed and thoroughly examined. They were judged to date back to late Paleolithic period (25-10 thousand years B.C.). The main result of this long research was his book Kapova Cave: Paleolithic Painting published in 1965. Bader believed that all the drawings represent a single complex and are relatively contemporaneous.During this period, the study of Shulgan-Tash Cave itself was carried out by employees of Bashkir State University, under the direction of E.D. Bogdanovich and I.I. Kudryasheva. They compiled a detailed map of the cave. The first microclimatic observations were carried out, and distant, generally inaccessible areas were examined.After the death of Otto Bader in 1979, research in the cave stopped. There were problems preservations of the prehistoric paintings, and so it was decided to completely close the cave. Work in the cave was resumed only in 1982 by Leningrad archaeologist V.E. Shchelinsky. At that time, he led a comprehensive Paleolithic expedition that conducted archaeological research in the Southern Urals annually.When were the drawings applied to the walls of the cave? V.E. Shchelinsky suggested an answer this question. He discovered various artifacts left behind by ancient humans under the ancient drawings. He believed that they belong to the Paleolithic era. V.E. Schelinsky believes that a significant part of the cave's drawings are combined into compositions reflecting the mythological beliefs of the ancient artists. For the first time, a well-defined cultural layer of the Upper Paleolithic era was identified, dated by the time about 14,000 BC. Traced focal spots indicate the use of open fire by the ancient inhabitants. Various artifacts were identified, including a clay fat lamp, stone, mostly flint tools, pieces of ochre, jewelry in the form of beads and pendants made of stone and small shells of fossil mollusks, and bones of animals of the ice age - mammoth, cave bear, fox, hare, marmot, pika, and jerboa were found.Archaeologist V.N. Shirokov from Yekaterinburg believes that Shulgan-Tash Cave was a sanctuary.I. V. Kiselev executed a comprehensive study of Shulgan-Tash Cave In 1991. He made dives on the underground river Shulgan.\nV.G. Kotov explored the cave, and he believes that Shulgan-Tash Cave was a cult center for the peoples of the Southern Urals, where rites of initiation and rebirth of nature were performed. V.G. Kotov and V.N. Shirokov believe that the activity in the cave at that time were associated with initiation rituals.Yuri Sergeyevich Lyakhnitsky made a detailed and accurate map of the Shulgan-Tash Cave massif. In 2002, he identified new drawings - the \"pale mammoth\", alongside a drawing of a man and the silhouette of another mammoth.\nIn 2023, the Bashkir historian Airat Maratovich Bagautdinov, in his book Deciphering the signs of the Kapova Cave. Birth. Death. The Cult of Motherhood, substantiated the concept of pregnancy calendars for women and animals on the walls of the Kapova Cave, and also put forward a hypothesis about the deciphering of the signs of life and death of the Paleolithic era.Today, Shulgan-Tash Cave is considered a thoroughly studied and documented cave.","title":"Discovery and excavation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Urals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ural"},{"link_name":"Aghidel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaya_River_(Kama)"},{"link_name":"Yaiyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_River"},{"link_name":"Hakmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakmara_River"},{"link_name":"Nogosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nugush_River"},{"link_name":"Ural Batyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural-batyr"},{"link_name":"Аkbuthat (Akbuzat)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbuzat"},{"link_name":"Akbuzat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akbuzat"}],"text":"The heart of the South Urals with Lake Shulgan and the sources of legendary rivers Aghidel, Yaiyk, Hakmar and Nogosh is associated with the life and deeds of the immortal heroes of the eposes Ural Batyr and Аkbuthat (Akbuzat) which belong to the world art treasures. For ancient Bashkorts the area was the centre of the earth, where celestial, natural and underwater worlds could interact and interpenetrate.There exists a significant amount of folklore related to the cave Shulgan-Tash. The most striking thing is that the main actions in many ancient tales and other folklore works are tied to Shulgan-Tash Cave or the Shulgan lake as soon as possible. And it is no coincidence that both the cave and the lake in them carry the name of the owner of the underworld (underwater king) Shulgen.Shulgen is one of the major negative characters of Bashkir epic poetry (such as Ural-Batyr, Akbuzat, Kara-Yurga, Akhak Kola and others). According to legend, Lake Shulgen from the remnants of the Flood Sea, arranged by the Div (Giant) and Shulgen after being hit by the staff of the earth. One such account is found in Akbuzat, which states: \"When the water padishah (King) lost the battle, he found a bottomless pool and dived into this lake. The lake became known as SHULGEN.\"The epics Akbuzat and the Ural-Batyr describe sacrifice of a human to Lake Shulgan. A beautiful girl was presented to the padishah of the underwater (underground) world (Rychkov found a \"dry human head\" while visiting the cave in 1760).In many legends and traditions of the Bashkirs, Lake Shulgan plays a prominent role. For instance, all events in Akbuzat are developed exactly around this lake. On the surface of the lake at full moon appears the girl Narcas in the image of the gold duck. A young hunter, Haoban, receives a gift from her: the horse Akbuzat (Toolpar with wings) and countless herds of livestock. The only condition for Haoban is that he is forbidden from turning back to look at the lake after receiving his gifts. However, afraid of the storm caused by the animals' emergence from Lake Toolpar, Haoban looked back and the animals all disappeared into the lake again.The action of another legend, Kungyr Buga, also occurs by Lake Shulgan. In this tale, the hero Batyr finds Minei, the missing daughter of an old couple, in Lake Shulgan. Minei had been kidnapped by an aquatic being that ruled the lake. Batyr descends into the underwater kingdom, cuts down all seven heads of the monster and takes the girls, people, and cattle to the ground.The motives for horses and cattle living on the lake, and their partial disappearance in this same lake, are distributed in numerous Bashkir legends.A legend about Yelkysykkan-kul lake, from which horses have come out, is widely known in the Burzyan district. This legend (by M.V. Lossievsky) tells about the hero Bishlak, who met a wanderer while hunting in the surroundings of Lake Shulgan. The wanderer asked Bishlak to give him his dog, offering a herd of horses in return. Byshlak was supposed to drive forward without looking back. But out of curiosity, he looked around and the halfway the herd returned to the lake.The hunter became a rich man and his descendants (tribe) from his time is called Bayulins (rich). From this herd came the breed of gray horses.And the lake got the name Yelkysykkan - lake where the horses went out. By the text of description this lake complies with the lake of karst origin near the Shulgan-Tash cave (named the lake Shulgan).In folk traditions, Lake Shulgan is frequently the birthplace of miraculous horses. For instance, in one version of the legend Akhak Kola, the appearance of the leader of the herd Akhak Kola is described as follows: \"Shulgan came to the lake. But he managed to catch only the foal – the mare dived back into the lake, but this foal became lame (from here and her name: \"Akhak Kola\" – the lame light yellow horse with a black tail).Legends related to the cave personalize an external force. The cave environment is more severe and incomprehensible than most other natural environments. Vladimir Dal, who visited the Orenburg province as an official, collected works of oral culture, particularly Bashkir folklore. He characterized Shulgan-Tash Cave according to Bashkir tales and legends. There are genies, dives (дивы, fantastic creatures), and a stone dog. It is wonderful that the dog is afraid of whips. \nIf you hit it a hundred times with a whip, it will rain.According to P.I. Rychkov, Bashkirs (Bashkorts) usually hid here their families and horses during wars and their uprisings. The cattle naturally stayed in the lower floor of the cave, and women, children and old men went upstairs. Food was always stored here.","title":"Bashkort legends and traditions"}] | [{"image_text":"Portal to the Kapova Cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kapova_Cave_%28Portal%29.jpg/261px-Kapova_Cave_%28Portal%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Scheme of the first floor of the cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B.jpg"},{"image_text":"Underground lake in the cave","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/The_Shulgan_River.jpg/220px-The_Shulgan_River.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Whitaker, Alex. \"Prehistoric Cave art\". ancient-wisdom.com. Retrieved 2017-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/caveart.htm","url_text":"\"Prehistoric Cave art\""}]},{"reference":"\"Археологические исследования\". Archived from the original on 2010-07-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707095744/http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/2009-12-08-08-26-17/archaeologicalresearches","url_text":"\"Археологические исследования\""},{"url":"http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/2009-12-08-08-26-17/archaeologicalresearches","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Соколов Ю. В. \"Перечень подземных полостей Республики Башкортостан длиннее 50м\". Сайт Уфимского спелеоклуба им. В. Нассонова. Retrieved 2011-04-13.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.speleo-ufa.ru/bibl/literature/metod_ychebn_materials/spisok_cave2011_02.htm","url_text":"\"Перечень подземных полостей Республики Башкортостан длиннее 50м\""}]},{"reference":"\"В. С. Житенёв. Капова пещера — многослойный памятник археологии: предварительное сообщение // Первобытные древности Евразии. К 60-летию Алексея Николаевича Сорокина, 2012\". Archived from the original on 2016-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160712033720/http://www.academia.edu/9304055/Prehistoric_Eurasia","url_text":"\"В. С. Житенёв. Капова пещера — многослойный памятник археологии: предварительное сообщение // Первобытные древности Евразии. К 60-летию Алексея Николаевича Сорокина, 2012\""},{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/9304055","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Жегалло В.И и др. (2002). \"Об ископаемых носорогах эласмотериях\" (9) (Новости из Геологического музея им. В. И. Вернадского ed.). Archived from the original on 2008-03-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080303114802/http://macroevolution.narod.ru/elasm.htm","url_text":"\"Об ископаемых носорогах эласмотериях\""},{"url":"http://macroevolution.narod.ru/elasm.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Пещера Шульган-Таш (Капова)\". Archived from the original on 2015-09-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929043446/http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/cave-shulgan-tash-kapova/","url_text":"\"Пещера Шульган-Таш (Капова)\""},{"url":"http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/cave-shulgan-tash-kapova/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Щелинский В. Е.\"","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/2009-12-01-08-15-39/2009-12-14-23-27-09","url_text":"\"Щелинский В. Е.\""}]},{"reference":"Lawson, Andrew J. (2012). Painted Caves. Palaeolithic Rock Art in Western Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-19-969822-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969822-6","url_text":"978-0-19-969822-6"}]},{"reference":"Silberman, Neil Asher, ed. (2012). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-973578-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973578-5","url_text":"978-0-19-973578-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shulgan-Tash_Cave¶ms=53_2_39.9_N_57_3_50_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°2′39.9″N 57°3′50″E / 53.044417°N 57.06389°E / 53.044417; 57.06389"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shulgan-Tash_Cave¶ms=53_2_39.9_N_57_3_50_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"53°2′39.9″N 57°3′50″E / 53.044417°N 57.06389°E / 53.044417; 57.06389"},{"Link":"http://www.ancient-wisdom.com/caveart.htm","external_links_name":"\"Prehistoric Cave art\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100707095744/http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/2009-12-08-08-26-17/archaeologicalresearches","external_links_name":"\"Археологические исследования\""},{"Link":"http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/2009-12-08-08-26-17/archaeologicalresearches","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.speleo-ufa.ru/bibl/literature/metod_ychebn_materials/spisok_cave2011_02.htm","external_links_name":"\"Перечень подземных полостей Республики Башкортостан длиннее 50м\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160712033720/http://www.academia.edu/9304055/Prehistoric_Eurasia","external_links_name":"\"В. С. Житенёв. Капова пещера — многослойный памятник археологии: предварительное сообщение // Первобытные древности Евразии. К 60-летию Алексея Николаевича Сорокина, 2012\""},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/9304055","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080303114802/http://macroevolution.narod.ru/elasm.htm","external_links_name":"\"Об ископаемых носорогах эласмотериях\""},{"Link":"http://macroevolution.narod.ru/elasm.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://u7a.ru/articles/society/11854","external_links_name":"Башкирия: новые исследования «состарили» наскальные рисунки Каповой пещеры в два раза"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929043446/http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/cave-shulgan-tash-kapova/","external_links_name":"\"Пещера Шульган-Таш (Капова)\""},{"Link":"http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/cave-shulgan-tash-kapova/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/2009-12-01-08-15-39/2009-12-14-23-27-09","external_links_name":"\"Щелинский В. Е.\""},{"Link":"http://www.proza.ru/2010/12/22/1360","external_links_name":"The real story of Russia Kapova Cave"},{"Link":"http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/","external_links_name":"Official website of the Shulgan-Tash Natural Reserve"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150929043446/http://www.shulgan-tash.ru/cave-shulgan-tash-kapova/","external_links_name":"Kapova Cave section of the official website of the Shulgan-Tash Natural Reserve"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315139831","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007291973005171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9mina_Sport | Fémina Sport | ["1 History","2 References"] | French football club
Fémina Sport is a football club based in Paris, France.
History
Fémina Sport was founded in 1912. In 1917, Fémina Sport competed in the first women's football match. The club were known for their early success, winning many league titles during the 1910s to 1930s.
References
^ a b "Fémina sport: aux sources du foot des femmes en France". liberation.fr.
^ a b "Aux origines du Fémina Sport". lecorner.org.
^ "5 dates clefs sur l'histoire du football féminin". cosmopolitan.fr.
This article about sports in France is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-le-2"}],"text":"Fémina Sport is a football club based in Paris, France.[1][2]","title":"Fémina Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-le-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fr-1"}],"text":"Fémina Sport was founded in 1912.[2] In 1917, Fémina Sport competed in the first women's football match.[3] The club were known for their early success, winning many league titles during the 1910s to 1930s.[1]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Fémina sport: aux sources du foot des femmes en France\". liberation.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.liberation.fr/sports/2019/06/10/femina-sport-aux-sources-du-foot-des-femmes-en-france_1732338/","url_text":"\"Fémina sport: aux sources du foot des femmes en France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Aux origines du Fémina Sport\". lecorner.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://lecorner.org/aux-origines-du-femina-sport/","url_text":"\"Aux origines du Fémina Sport\""}]},{"reference":"\"5 dates clefs sur l'histoire du football féminin\". cosmopolitan.fr.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cosmopolitan.fr/histoire-du-football-feminin,2057854.asp","url_text":"\"5 dates clefs sur l'histoire du football féminin\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.liberation.fr/sports/2019/06/10/femina-sport-aux-sources-du-foot-des-femmes-en-france_1732338/","external_links_name":"\"Fémina sport: aux sources du foot des femmes en France\""},{"Link":"https://lecorner.org/aux-origines-du-femina-sport/","external_links_name":"\"Aux origines du Fémina Sport\""},{"Link":"https://www.cosmopolitan.fr/histoire-du-football-feminin,2057854.asp","external_links_name":"\"5 dates clefs sur l'histoire du football féminin\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A9mina_Sport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BP_Fallon | BP Fallon | ["1 Life","2 References","3 External links"] | Irish DJ (born 1946)
Alan McGee, Kate Moss, and BP Fallon DJing at Death Disco NY in 2004
Bernard Patrick Fallon (born 24 August 1946), also known as BP Fallon, is an Irish DJ, author, actor, photographer, and musician. He lives in Rathfarnham, Dublin.
Life
At a young age, BP Fallon became a personality and broadcaster in Ireland, later moving on to music journalism and photography.
In the late 1960s, Fallon moved to London to pursue his journalism career. In March 1969 he scored a coup - an interview with John Lennon at the 'bed-in' in Amsterdam - which was published in the Melody Maker. This led to a further Lennon interview and a job at Apple Records working with publicist Derek Taylor. In 1970 he appeared on Top of the Pops miming the tambourine in John Lennon's performance of "Instant Karma!". In an alternate clip, Fallon was shown miming the bass guitar.
Fallon then became publicist for Thin Lizzy and T. Rex - for whom he coined the term "T.Rextasy". He worked and toured with Led Zeppelin during the band's heyday in the 1970s. During the punk rock years he represented Ian Dury.
Fallon returned to Irish radio in the 80s and, in 1986, Fallon won a Jacob's Award for his RTÉ 2fm show, The BP Fallon Orchestra.
In the early 1990s, Fallon toured with and DJ'd for U2 on their Zoo TV Tour and wrote a book/journal about his experiences called U2 Faraway So Close. He then started up a multinational club "Death Disco" with Alan McGee, which was variously located in Dublin, London, New York, and sundry other locations. Later in the 2000s he DJ'd on the road with the groups My Bloody Valentine and The Kills.
In December 2009 he released a solo record "Fame#9" - a collaboration with Jack White on his label Third Man Records. The 7" single is notable for being "3-sided" - the b-side has separate tracks recorded on the left and right stereo channels.
Fallon performed on stage with varying lineups before forming BP Fallon & The Bandits with Aaron Lee Tasjan (guitar), plus Nigel Harrison (bass) and Clem Burke (drums) both from Blondie. In 2013 the band released their debut album Still Legal on their own Vibrosonic Records. The album included additional playing by Ian McLagan of the Small Faces.
In March 2014 he appeared at SXSW with the group Ghost Wolves, as well as The Strypes performing the song Vicious at a Lou Reed memorial concert produced by Richard Barone and Alejandro Escovedo.
In August 2016 a second album 'Hot Tongue' was released. Fallon performed the title song on Irish television, backed by Emma Lou and the Agenda.
References
^ a b Jones, Allan. "'Blame it on Jack White...' Introducing BP Fallon & The Bandits". Uncut. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
^ Blaney, John (2005). John Lennon: Listen to This Book (illustrated ed.). : Paper Jukebox. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-9544528-1-0.
^ Fallon, BP. "About BP". Archived from the original on 13 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-09.
^ Instant Karma - John Lennon - TOP OF THE POPS, retrieved 30 July 2021
^ Instant Karma - John Lennon - TOP OF THE POPS, retrieved 30 July 2021
^ Searcey, Dionne (9 January 2006). "Behind the Music: Sleuths Seek Messages In Lyrical Backspin". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
^ "Books by BP Fallon". www.bpfallon.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2010.
^ "BP FALLON - Fame #9". Instructional. Third Man Records. Archived from the original on 7 December 2009. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
^ Steagall, Tim (8 November 2013). "BP Fallon & the Bandits - Still Legal". Austin Chronicle. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
^ "B P Fallon Hot Tongue review". Hot Press. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
^ "BP Fallon with Emma Lou and The Agenda 'Hot Tongue' - The Late Late Show - RTÉ One". The Late Late Show. RTÉ One. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2017.
External links
BP Fallon – official site
BP Fallon discography at Discogs
BP Fallon at IMDb
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Photographers' Identities | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mcgee_moss_fallon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alan McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_McGee"},{"link_name":"Kate Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Moss"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people"},{"link_name":"DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disc_jockey"},{"link_name":"Rathfarnham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rathfarnham,_Dublin&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Alan McGee, Kate Moss, and BP Fallon DJing at Death Disco NY in 2004Bernard Patrick Fallon (born 24 August 1946), also known as BP Fallon, is an Irish DJ, author, actor, photographer, and musician. 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In March 1969 he scored a coup - an interview with John Lennon at the 'bed-in' in Amsterdam - which was published in the Melody Maker.[1] This led to a further Lennon interview[2] and a job at Apple Records working with publicist Derek Taylor.[3] In 1970 he appeared on Top of the Pops miming the tambourine in John Lennon's performance of \"Instant Karma!\".[4] In an alternate clip, Fallon was shown miming the bass guitar.[5]Fallon then became publicist for Thin Lizzy and T. Rex - for whom he coined the term \"T.Rextasy\". He worked and toured with Led Zeppelin during the band's heyday in the 1970s.[6] During the punk rock years he represented Ian Dury.Fallon returned to Irish radio in the 80s and, in 1986, Fallon won a Jacob's Award for his RTÉ 2fm show, The BP Fallon Orchestra.In the early 1990s, Fallon toured with and DJ'd for U2 on their Zoo TV Tour and wrote a book/journal about his experiences called U2 Faraway So Close.[7] He then started up a multinational club \"Death Disco\" with Alan McGee, which was variously located in Dublin, London, New York, and sundry other locations. Later in the 2000s he DJ'd on the road with the groups My Bloody Valentine and The Kills.In December 2009 he released a solo record \"Fame#9\" - a collaboration with Jack White on his label Third Man Records. The 7\" single is notable for being \"3-sided\" - the b-side has separate tracks recorded on the left and right stereo channels.[8]Fallon performed on stage with varying lineups before forming BP Fallon & The Bandits with Aaron Lee Tasjan (guitar), plus Nigel Harrison (bass) and Clem Burke (drums) both from Blondie. In 2013 the band released their debut album Still Legal on their own Vibrosonic Records.[1] The album included additional playing by Ian McLagan of the Small Faces.[9]\nIn March 2014 he appeared at SXSW with the group Ghost Wolves, as well as The Strypes performing the song Vicious at a Lou Reed memorial concert produced by Richard Barone and Alejandro Escovedo.In August 2016 a second album 'Hot Tongue' was released.[10] Fallon performed the title song on Irish television, backed by Emma Lou and the Agenda.[11]","title":"Life"}] | [{"image_text":"Alan McGee, Kate Moss, and BP Fallon DJing at Death Disco NY in 2004","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Mcgee_moss_fallon.jpg/220px-Mcgee_moss_fallon.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Jones, Allan. \"'Blame it on Jack White...' Introducing BP Fallon & The Bandits\". Uncut. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption_Original_Soundtrack | Music of Red Dead Redemption | ["1 Background and recording","2 Albums","2.1 Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack","2.2 Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack","3 Legacy","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | The music for the 2010 action-adventure western video game Red Dead Redemption, developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games, was composed by musicians Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. Recorded at Jackson's studio in Los Angeles, the soundtracks were produced by David Holmes. The music was intended to imitate soundtracks of 1960s Western films, such as Ennio Morricone's work on the Dollars Trilogy. In collaboration with each other, Elm and Jackson produced over fourteen hours of music across fifteen months. The composers used unconventional instruments to create unique sounds, and worked with artists such as Tommy Morgan during production. Four supplementary vocal recordings were also produced for the game.
The soundtrack album for Red Dead Redemption was released on iTunes in May 2010. Additional compositions, composed for the game's standalone expansion pack Undead Nightmare, were released on a second soundtrack in November 2010. Critical reception to the soundtracks was positive, as reviewers felt that the music connected appropriately with the gameplay and genre. The game's music was nominated for numerous awards. Several tracks became popular and begot cover versions and live performances.
Background and recording
Woody Jackson composed the score for Red Dead Redemption, in collaboration with Bill Elm.
Red Dead Redemption is one of the first games by Rockstar to use an original score. Music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich has cited the large scale of the game as one of the largest difficulties when producing the score. He said that, in order to achieve an effective gaming experience, the game could not solely feature licensed music, like previous Rockstar games. "We figured we'd need to write an original score," Pavlovich said. To work on the score, Rockstar engaged Bill Elm and Woody Jackson, member and former member of Friends of Dean Martinez, respectively. In collaboration with each other, the duo composed over fourteen hours of music, which scores the game's missions, across fifteen months. The original score and subsequent album were both recorded and mixed at Jackson's personal recording studio in Los Angeles, and mastered at Capitol Studios. Following the recording, Irish producer and composer David Holmes listened to the original score, and subsequently spent three weeks compiling fifteen instrumental tracks that could be used as standalone songs for the game's official soundtrack. Holmes attempted to make the soundtrack representative of the variety of sounds and moods in the game. Four vocal performances were also recorded for use in the soundtrack.
"(Theme From) Red Dead Redemption"
"(Theme From) Red Dead Redemption", the game's main theme, was composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. The duo collaborated to produce original music for the game.
Problems playing this file? See media help.
Recorded at 130 beats per minute in A minor, most of songs featured are constructed from motifs in the game's dynamic soundtrack. A mix of modern instruments and those featured in traditional Western films, such as the jaw harp, were used. Creative uses of instruments were used to bring unique sounds, such as playing a trumpet onto the surface of a timpani drum. Rockstar also consulted musicians who played traditional Western instruments; harmonica player Tommy Morgan, who had been featured on several films over his 60-year career, provided traditional harmonica segments for the game. Beyond trumpets, nylon guitars and accordions, the composers incorporated other instruments, such as flutes and ocarinas. When researching music for inspiration, Jackson found that there was no "Western sound" in 1911; he felt that the soundtracks of 1960s Western films, such as Ennio Morricone's work on the Dollars Trilogy, was more representative of Western music. In appropriating the score to the game's setting, Elm commented that the process was initially "daunting", taking a long time to discover how the music was to work in an interactive way.
Albums
Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack
Red Dead Redemption Original SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Bill Elm and Woody JacksonReleasedMay 18, 2010StudioVox Recording Studios(Los Angeles, CA)GenreSoundtrackLength75:18LabelRockstar GamesProducerDavid Holmes
Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack comprises songs from the game, composed and produced by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. The soundtrack spans twenty tracks, covering a duration of 75 minutes, and features four additional vocal songs. Rockstar Games first published the album digitally via iTunes on May 18, 2010, and physically on August 23, 2010. A limited vinyl record of the soundtrack was also released on November 18, 2010, as a collaboration between Rockstar and Wax Poetics.
In the context of the game, Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack was well received. Simon Parkin of Eurogamer named it "standout", praising the use of multiple instruments. GamePro's Will Herring echoed these opinions, comparing the soundtrack to Ennio Morricone's Dollars Trilogy. Justin Calvert of GameSpot called the soundtrack "superb", and IGN's Erik Brudvig named it "exceptional" and "wonderful". Game Music Online praised the soundtrack as an individual piece, stating that it has the ability to accompany "any Hollywood film". Gideon Dabi of Original Sound Version felt divided about the soundtrack; though heaping praise, he wrote that it was "a little too slow on the draw".
All music is composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson, except where notedNo.TitleLength1."Born Unto Trouble"3:122."The Shootist"4:173."Dead End Alley"2:064."Horseplay"3:155."Luz y Sombra"5:196."El Club De Los Cuerpos"6:247."Estancia"2:028."(Theme From) Red Dead Redemption"5:389."Triggernometry"5:2410."Gunplay"1:2811."Redemption in Dub"2:1012."Muertos Rojos (aka The Gunslinger's Lament)"5:5113."The Outlaw's Return"6:5414."Exodus in America"4:5915."Already Dead"1:3116."Far Away" (José González)4:4017."Compass (Red Dead On Arrival Version)" (Jamie Lidell)2:5918."Deadman's Gun" (Ashtar Command)4:1519."Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie" (William Elliott Whitmore)2:2420."Old Friends, New Problems" (Vinyl edition only) Total length:75:18
Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack
Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original SoundtrackSoundtrack album by Bill Elm and Woody JacksonReleasedNovember 23, 2010StudioVox Recording Studios(Los Angeles, CA)GenreSoundtrackLength48:57LabelRockstar GamesProducerDavid Holmes
Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack, the soundtrack for the downloadable content Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare, features compositions from the game, composed and produced by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. It also features works from bands Kreeps and Misterio. The soundtrack spans eighteen tracks, covering a duration of 49 minutes. Rockstar Games first published the album digitally via iTunes and Amazon Music on November 23, 2010, simultaneous with the release of Undead Nightmare, and physically on November 26, 2010.
In the context of the game, the soundtrack was generally well received. Harris Iqbal of Game Music Online praised its ability to incorporate horror and western music, stating that the soundtrack is "sometimes gimmicky and narrow in its scope, but there is still a decent amount of variety". Michael McWhertor of Kotaku called the soundtrack "gorgeous".
All music is composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson, except where notedNo.TitleLength1."Undead Nightmare"1:072."Zombie Corpseplay"2:533."Get Back In That Hole, Partner"2:364."Army of the Undead"2:235."Chupacabra"3:196."Zombie Peyote"1:417."Ojo Muerto"1:498."Blunderbuss Blues"1:589."Four Horses of the Apocalypse"5:0310."Blackwater, USA"5:2111."Undead Redemption"1:4212."Missing Souls"1:3213."A Man Ready for Anything"1:5714."Showdown in Escalera"2:4315."Bad Voodoo" (Kreeps)3:4116."Dead Man Walking" (Kreeps)3:5217."Dead Sled" (Kreeps)2:0918."Stinkin' Zombies" (Misterio)3:11Total length:48:57
Legacy
Red Dead Redemption won the award for Best Original Music from GameSpot, Music of the Year and Best Interactive Score at the Game Audio Network Guild Awards, and Best Original Score at the Spike Video Game Awards; the latter also awarded "Far Away" by José González with Best Song in a Game. Gonzalez performed the song on Zane Lowe's show on BBC Radio 1 in June 2010, at the Rockstar offices in New York in July 2010, and at the Spike Video Game Awards in December 2010. The performance at the Spike Video Game Awards was accompanied by a music video for the song, which Rockstar published a few weeks later. Ashtar Command also performed a live version of the song "Deadman's Gun" in August 2010. The popularity of the game has led to numerous cover versions of the music being released by various artists, such as musician Ben "Squid Physics" Morfitt, and artist María Katt.
Notes
^ a b Four vocal performances were recorded for the soundtrack: "Far Away" by José González, "Compass (Red Dead on Arrival Version)" by Jamie Lidell, "Deadman's Gun" by Ashtar Command, and "Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie" by William Elliott Whitmore.
References
^ Stuart, Keith (May 26, 2010). "Redemption songs: the making of the Red Dead Redemption soundtrack". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 8, 2014. Retrieved August 17, 2014.
^ a b "Features: Soundtrack" (PDF). Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on August 12, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2022.
^ R* Q (July 28, 2010). "Behind the Scenes of the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
^ Jeriaska (November 4, 2011). "Myths, Mavericks, And Music Of Red Dead Redemption". Gamasutra. UBM TechWeb. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved September 25, 2014.
^ a b Sound Tracker. "Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack". Game Music Online. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ R* Q (August 23, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack CD Now Available at the Rockstar Warehouse". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ R* Q (November 18, 2010). "Collectors' Item Red Vinyl LP of the Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack Now Available at the Rockstar Warehouse". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ Parkin, Simon (May 17, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. p. 3. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ Herring, Will (May 7, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption review from GamePro". GamePro. International Data Group. Archived from the original on May 22, 2010. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
^ Calvert, Justin (May 18, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 25, 2015. Retrieved June 19, 2012.
^ Brudvig, Erik (May 17, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved May 17, 2010.
^ Dabi, Gideon (May 24, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption OST: Good, Bad, or Ugly? (Review)". Original Sound Version. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2014.
^ R* Q (November 17, 2010). "The Undead Nightmare Soundtrack Is Coming Next Week". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ Iqbal, Harris (November 23, 2010). "Red Dead Redemption -Undead Nightmare- Original Soundtrack". Game Music Online. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ McWhertor, Michael (October 19, 2010). "Review: Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare". Kotaku. Gawker Media. Archived from the original on September 3, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ "Best Original Music – The Best Games of 2010". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 20, 2010. Retrieved April 9, 2013.
^ Brown, Nathan (March 7, 2011). "GDC 2011: Red Dead Redemption Wins 4 GANG Awards". Edge. Future plc. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^ VGA (October 27, 2011). "Video Game Awards 2010 Winners". Spike. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2013.
^ R* Q (June 8, 2010). "Jose Gonzalez 'Far Away' from the Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack Featured on the Zane Lowe Show on BBC Radio 1". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ R* Q (July 22, 2010). "Live Performance of "Far Away" by Jose Gonzalez from the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ R* Q (December 11, 2010). "Update: Red Dead Redemption Wins Game of the Year and Jose Gonzalez Performs "Far Away" Live at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ R* A (December 22, 2010). ""Far Away" Music Video (Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack)". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ R* Q (August 16, 2010). "Live Performance of "Deadman's Gun" by Ashtar Command from the Red Dead Redemption Soundtrack". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 27, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ R* Y (January 8, 2014). "Fan Videos: Street and Sky Stunt Montages, Niko's Yoga Session and A Very GTA Christmas". Rockstar Newswire. Rockstar Games. Archived from the original on September 6, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
^ Zapruder Pictures (July 25, 2015). ""Far Away" – María Katt para Red Dead Redemption: Seth's Gold". Facebook. Archived from the original on December 3, 2015. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
External links
Red Dead Redemption official website
Official website music page
vteRed Dead seriesVideo gamesRed Dead Revolver Red Dead Redemption
Development
Music
Undead Nightmare
Red Dead Redemption 2
Accolades
Characters
Development
Music
"Unshaken"
Red Dead Online
Characters
John Marston
Arthur Morgan
Related articles
Gun.Smoke
Rockstar San Diego
Yoshiki Okamoto
"Time to Get Cereal" / "Nobody Got Cereal?" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Red Dead Redemption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption"},{"link_name":"Rockstar San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_San_Diego"},{"link_name":"Rockstar Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockstar_Games"},{"link_name":"Woody Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Ennio Morricone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ennio_Morricone"},{"link_name":"Dollars Trilogy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollars_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"Tommy Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Morgan"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"expansion pack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_pack"},{"link_name":"Undead Nightmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undead_Nightmare"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"}],"text":"The music for the 2010 action-adventure western video game Red Dead Redemption, developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games, was composed by musicians Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. 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Music supervisor Ivan Pavlovich has cited the large scale of the game as one of the largest difficulties when producing the score. He said that, in order to achieve an effective gaming experience, the game could not solely feature licensed music, like previous Rockstar games. \"We figured we'd need to write an original score,\" Pavlovich said. To work on the score, Rockstar engaged Bill Elm and Woody Jackson, member and former member of Friends of Dean Martinez, respectively. In collaboration with each other, the duo composed over fourteen hours of music, which scores the game's missions, across fifteen months. The original score and subsequent album were both recorded and mixed at Jackson's personal recording studio in Los Angeles, and mastered at Capitol Studios.[1] Following the recording, Irish producer and composer David Holmes listened to the original score, and subsequently spent three weeks compiling fifteen instrumental tracks that could be used as standalone songs for the game's official soundtrack. Holmes attempted to make the soundtrack representative of the variety of sounds and moods in the game. Four vocal performances were also recorded for use in the soundtrack.[2][a]\"(Theme From) Red Dead Redemption\"\n\n\"(Theme From) Red Dead Redemption\", the game's main theme, was composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. The duo collaborated to produce original music for the game.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Recorded at 130 beats per minute in A minor, most of songs featured are constructed from motifs in the game's dynamic soundtrack. A mix of modern instruments and those featured in traditional Western films, such as the jaw harp, were used. Creative uses of instruments were used to bring unique sounds, such as playing a trumpet onto the surface of a timpani drum. Rockstar also consulted musicians who played traditional Western instruments; harmonica player Tommy Morgan, who had been featured on several films over his 60-year career, provided traditional harmonica segments for the game.[3] Beyond trumpets, nylon guitars and accordions, the composers incorporated other instruments, such as flutes and ocarinas. When researching music for inspiration, Jackson found that there was no \"Western sound\" in 1911; he felt that the soundtracks of 1960s Western films, such as Ennio Morricone's work on the Dollars Trilogy, was more representative of Western music. In appropriating the score to the game's setting, Elm commented that the process was initially \"daunting\", taking a long time to discover how the music was to work in an interactive way.[4]","title":"Background and recording"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vocal-3"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGMO-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"vinyl record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_record"},{"link_name":"Wax Poetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wax_Poetics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Eurogamer_Review-9"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamepro_review-10"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GSpotReview-11"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign_review-12"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGMO-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OSV-13"},{"link_name":"José González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Compass (Red Dead On Arrival Version)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compass_(Jamie_Lidell_album)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Lidell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Lidell"},{"link_name":"Ashtar Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtar_Command"},{"link_name":"Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_Me_Not_on_the_Lone_Prairie"},{"link_name":"William Elliott Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Elliott_Whitmore"}],"sub_title":"Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack","text":"Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack comprises songs from the game, composed and produced by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. The soundtrack spans twenty tracks, covering a duration of 75 minutes, and features four additional vocal songs.[a] Rockstar Games first published the album digitally via iTunes on May 18, 2010,[5] and physically on August 23, 2010.[6] A limited vinyl record of the soundtrack was also released on November 18, 2010, as a collaboration between Rockstar and Wax Poetics.[7]In the context of the game, Red Dead Redemption Original Soundtrack was well received. Simon Parkin of Eurogamer named it \"standout\", praising the use of multiple instruments.[8] GamePro's Will Herring echoed these opinions, comparing the soundtrack to Ennio Morricone's Dollars Trilogy.[9] Justin Calvert of GameSpot called the soundtrack \"superb\",[10] and IGN's Erik Brudvig named it \"exceptional\" and \"wonderful\".[11] Game Music Online praised the soundtrack as an individual piece, stating that it has the ability to accompany \"any Hollywood film\".[5] Gideon Dabi of Original Sound Version felt divided about the soundtrack; though heaping praise, he wrote that it was \"a little too slow on the draw\".[12]All music is composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson, except where notedNo.TitleLength1.\"Born Unto Trouble\"3:122.\"The Shootist\"4:173.\"Dead End Alley\"2:064.\"Horseplay\"3:155.\"Luz y Sombra\"5:196.\"El Club De Los Cuerpos\"6:247.\"Estancia\"2:028.\"(Theme From) Red Dead Redemption\"5:389.\"Triggernometry\"5:2410.\"Gunplay\"1:2811.\"Redemption in Dub\"2:1012.\"Muertos Rojos (aka The Gunslinger's Lament)\"5:5113.\"The Outlaw's Return\"6:5414.\"Exodus in America\"4:5915.\"Already Dead\"1:3116.\"Far Away\" (José González)4:4017.\"Compass (Red Dead On Arrival Version)\" (Jamie Lidell)2:5918.\"Deadman's Gun\" (Ashtar Command)4:1519.\"Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie\" (William Elliott Whitmore)2:2420.\"Old Friends, New Problems\" (Vinyl edition only) Total length:75:18","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Dead_Redemption:_Undead_Nightmare"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VGMO_UD-15"},{"link_name":"Kotaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotaku"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kotaku_Review-16"}],"sub_title":"Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack","text":"Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare Original Soundtrack, the soundtrack for the downloadable content Red Dead Redemption: Undead Nightmare, features compositions from the game, composed and produced by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson. It also features works from bands Kreeps and Misterio. The soundtrack spans eighteen tracks, covering a duration of 49 minutes. Rockstar Games first published the album digitally via iTunes and Amazon Music on November 23, 2010, simultaneous with the release of Undead Nightmare, and physically on November 26, 2010.[13]In the context of the game, the soundtrack was generally well received. Harris Iqbal of Game Music Online praised its ability to incorporate horror and western music, stating that the soundtrack is \"sometimes gimmicky and narrow in its scope, but there is still a decent amount of variety\".[14] Michael McWhertor of Kotaku called the soundtrack \"gorgeous\".[15]All music is composed by Bill Elm and Woody Jackson, except where notedNo.TitleLength1.\"Undead Nightmare\"1:072.\"Zombie Corpseplay\"2:533.\"Get Back In That Hole, Partner\"2:364.\"Army of the Undead\"2:235.\"Chupacabra\"3:196.\"Zombie Peyote\"1:417.\"Ojo Muerto\"1:498.\"Blunderbuss Blues\"1:589.\"Four Horses of the Apocalypse\"5:0310.\"Blackwater, USA\"5:2111.\"Undead Redemption\"1:4212.\"Missing Souls\"1:3213.\"A Man Ready for Anything\"1:5714.\"Showdown in Escalera\"2:4315.\"Bad Voodoo\" (Kreeps)3:4116.\"Dead Man Walking\" (Kreeps)3:5217.\"Dead Sled\" (Kreeps)2:0918.\"Stinkin' Zombies\" (Misterio)3:11Total length:48:57","title":"Albums"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BOM-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GANG-18"},{"link_name":"Spike Video Game Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_Video_Game_Awards"},{"link_name":"José González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spike_vgas-19"},{"link_name":"Zane Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zane_Lowe"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lowe-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez_Rockstar-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gonzalez_VGA-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Far_Away_Video-23"},{"link_name":"Ashtar Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtar_Command"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashtar_live-24"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SquidPhysics-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"text":"Red Dead Redemption won the award for Best Original Music from GameSpot,[16] Music of the Year and Best Interactive Score at the Game Audio Network Guild Awards,[17] and Best Original Score at the Spike Video Game Awards; the latter also awarded \"Far Away\" by José González with Best Song in a Game.[18] Gonzalez performed the song on Zane Lowe's show on BBC Radio 1 in June 2010,[19] at the Rockstar offices in New York in July 2010,[20] and at the Spike Video Game Awards in December 2010.[21] The performance at the Spike Video Game Awards was accompanied by a music video for the song, which Rockstar published a few weeks later.[22] Ashtar Command also performed a live version of the song \"Deadman's Gun\" in August 2010.[23] The popularity of the game has led to numerous cover versions of the music being released by various artists, such as musician Ben \"Squid Physics\" Morfitt,[24] and artist María Katt.[25]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vocal_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vocal_3-1"},{"link_name":"José González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Jamie Lidell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Lidell"},{"link_name":"Ashtar Command","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtar_Command_(band)"},{"link_name":"William Elliott Whitmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Elliott_Whitmore"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soundtrack-2"}],"text":"^ a b Four vocal performances were recorded for the soundtrack: \"Far Away\" by José González, \"Compass (Red Dead on Arrival Version)\" by Jamie Lidell, \"Deadman's Gun\" by Ashtar Command, and \"Bury Me Not on the Lone Prairie\" by William Elliott Whitmore.[2]","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Woody Jackson composed the score for Red Dead Redemption, in collaboration with Bill Elm.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Woody_Jackson%2C_IndieCade_2012.jpg/260px-Woody_Jackson%2C_IndieCade_2012.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Stuart, Keith (May 26, 2010). \"Redemption songs: the making of the Red Dead Redemption soundtrack\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale_International_Foundation | International Council of Nurses | ["1 History and organization","2 Governance","3 Conferences and projects","4 Presidents of ICN","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Federation of national nurses associations
ICNInternational Council of NursesFounded1899HeadquartersGeneva, SwitzerlandLocationInternationalMembers 135Key peopleDr Pamela Cipriano, PresidentWebsitewww.icn.ch
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a federation of more than 130 national nurses associations. It was founded in 1899 and was the first international organization for health care professionals. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
The organization's goals are to bring nurses' organizations together in a worldwide body, ic status of nurses and the profession of nursing worldwide, and to influence global and domestic health policy.
Membership is limited to one nursing organization per nation. In most cases, this is the national nurses' association (such as the American Nurses Association, the Slovak Chamber of Nurses and Midwives or the Nursing Association of Nepal). In 2001, ICN permitted its members to adopt alliance or collaborative structures to be more inclusive of other domestic nursing groups. However, few member organizations have adopted the new structures.
History and organization
The ICN was first proposed in 1899 at the Congress of the International Council of Women by Mrs Bedford Fenwick at a day devoted to consideration of nursing questions. The aim was to create a network of national nursing associations, with the objective of raising the standards of nurse education and professional ethics for the public good. A provisional committee was formed of nurses from Great Britain, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, the Netherlands and Denmark. The first constitution and officials were elected in 1900: Mrs Bedford Fenwick (Great Britain) president, Miss Lavinia Dock (United States) honorary treasurer and Miss M Agnes Snively (Canada) honorary treasurer. In 1901, at the International Congress of Nurses (held at the Pan-American Exposition ) the ICN adopted a resolution in favor of nurse registration. The ICN first quinquennial meeting was held in 1904 in Berlin by which time Great Britain, the United States and Germany had national nursing organizations affiliated to the ICN.
Interim Conferences of the International Council of Nurses were held in Paris (1907) and Geneva (1927). There was an International Council of Nurses Congress in London in 1937. In 1947 it was in Atlantic City and it was in Rome in 1957.
Daisy Bridges was the General Secretary of the ICN until she retired in 1961. She later published A history of the International Council of Nurses 1899-1964 : the first 65 years in 1967 which she compiled during her retirement.
Governance
ICN is governed by a Council of National Representatives (CNR). The CNR is the governing body of the ICN and sets policy, admits members, selects a board of directors, and sets dues. As of 2013, there were 135 National Representatives (one for each member organization). National Representatives are selected by each member association. The CNR meets every two years.
Between meetings of the CNR, ICN is governed by a 16-member board of directors. Members of the board include ICN president and 13 directors elected on the basis of proportional representation from ICN's seven geographic areas. Directors are term-limited to two consecutive four-year terms of office. The board meets at least once a year, although it usually meets three to four times a year.
ICN has four officers. They include a president and three vice presidents. The officers function as an executive committee for the board, and as the board's budget and finance committee. The president is elected by the CNR. The president serves a four-year term of office, and is limited to one term in office. The vice presidents are elected from among the board members. The highest vote-getter is the First Vice President, the second-highest vote-getter the Second Vice President and the third-highest vote-getter the Third Vice President.
Day-to-day operations of ICN are overseen by a chief executive officer (CEO) who works in close collaboration with the ICN President.
Conferences and projects
ICN hosts a Congress every two years in conjunction with the meeting of the CNR. The congress hosts a large number of professional practice workshops, poster sessions, luncheons, speaking events and plenary sessions.
ICN hosts other conferences on an as-needed basis. Recent conferences have covered topics such as regulation of the profession of nurses, socio-economic welfare issues, leadership issues and advanced practice issues.
ICN sponsors International Nurses' Day every May 12 (the anniversary of Florence Nightingale's birthday).
Official Journal of ICN: International Nursing Review (INR).
This is a highly respected, scientific journal with an impact factor and a readership in around 135 countries. It has been published since 1953, when it replaced an earlier ICN publication. The journal's Editor in Chief is Dr Sue Turale, who is supported by two Associate Editors, Dr Pamela Mitchell from Seattle, Washington USA, and Dr Tracey McDonald from Sydney, Australia. INR is a major voice of ICN, and a peer-reviewed journal that focuses predominantly on nursing policy and health policy issues of relevance to nursing. It is published online and in hard copy 4 times a year in English, and also translated into Spanish and Chinese. INR was admitted in to the prestigious Nursing Journal Hall of Fame in 2016 by the International Academy of Nurse Editors (INANE).
Presidents of ICN
Annette Kennedy
Country represented in brackets.
1899 - 1904 Ethel Bedford Fenwick (UK)
1904 - 1909 Susan McGahey (Australia)
1909 - 1912 Agnes Karll (Germany)
1912 - 1915 Annie Warburton Goodrich (USA)
1915 - 1922 Henny Tscherning (Denmark)
1922 - 1925 Sophie Mannerheim (Finland)
1925 - 1929 Nina Gage (China)
1929 - 1933 Leonie Chaptal (France)
1933 - 1937 Alicia Still (UK)
1937 - 1947 Effie J. Taylor (USA)
1947 - 1953 Gerda Höjer (Sweden)
1953 - 1957 Marie Bihet (Belgium)
1957 - 1961 Agnes Ohlson (USA)
1961 - 1965 Alice Clamageran (France)
1965 - 1969 Alice Girard (Canada)
1969 - 1973 Margarethe Kruse (Denmark)
1973 - 1977 Dorothy Cornelius (USA)
1977 - 1981 Olive Anstey (Australia)
1981 - 1985 Eunice Muringo Kiereini (Kenya)
1985 - 1989 Nelly Garzón Alarcón (Colombia)
1989 - 1993 Mo-Im Kim (South Korea)
1993 - 1997 Margretta Styles (USA)
1997 - 2001 Kirsten Stallknecht (Denmark)
2001 - 2005 Christine Hancock (UK)
2005 - 2009 Hiroko Minami (Japan)
2009 - 2013 Rosemary Bryant (Australia)
2013 - 2017 Judith Shamian (Canada)
2017 - 2021 Annette Kennedy (Ireland)
See also
Organized labour portal
List of nursing organizations
References
^ The ICN has been criticized for this restriction, as some ICN members are too financially insecure or organizationally immature to be effective participants. Other organizations may be unrepresentative of nurses in their home country, by virtue of membership size, or the nature of the membership (e.g., the American Nurses Association is dominated by managers rather than frontline nurses).
^ International Council of Nurses. From Vision to Action: ICN in the 21st Century. Geneva, Switzerland: ICN, 2003.
^ For the ICN's history before World War I see: Aeleah Soine: „The Relation of the Nurse to the Working World.“ Professionalization, Citizenship, and Class in Germany, Great Britain, and the United States before World War I. In: Nursing History Review 18 (2010), p. 51–80.
^ a b c d Seymour, L. R. (1949). A General History of Nursing (2nd ed.). Londdon: Faber and Faber Ltd. pp. 272–273.
^ "The International Council of Nurses". The Nursing Record & Hospital World. 25 (640): 7. 7 July 1900 – via Women's Studies Archive/RCN historical nursing journals.
^ Own correspondent (1 Dec 1901). "Report of the International Congress of Nurses, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo". Nursing Notes. 14 (168): 159 – via Women's Studies Archive & Royal College of Nursing Historical Nursing Journals.
^ "The Passing Bell". The Nursing Record. 78 (1940): 78. 1930.
^ Capper, Betty, "Irene Slater Hall (1888–1961)", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2023-10-22
^ Quinn, D. S. (1989). "ICN--past and present". International Nursing Review. 36 (6): 174–175. ISSN 0020-8132. PMID 2613461.
^ C., Bridges, D. A history of the International Council of Nurses 1899-1964 : the first 65 years. Pitman Medical. OCLC 1169853353.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23). "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/61368. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/61368. Retrieved 2023-04-26. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ "". International Nursing Review. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1466-7657.
^ "Jayne Elliott, One Hundred Years of Service, CNA 2008, pp192-4" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2016-09-15.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
2
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Catalonia
Germany
Israel
Finland
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Portugal
Academics
CiNii
People
Trove
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation"},{"link_name":"nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurses"},{"link_name":"health care professionals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Health_care_occupations"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"American Nurses Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Nurses_Association"},{"link_name":"Slovak Chamber of Nurses and Midwives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slovak_Chamber_of_Nurses_and_Midwives&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nursing Association of Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_Association_of_Nepal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The International Council of Nurses (ICN) is a federation of more than 130 national nurses associations. It was founded in 1899 and was the first international organization for health care professionals. It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.The organization's goals are to bring nurses' organizations together in a worldwide body, ic status of nurses and the profession of nursing worldwide, and to influence global and domestic health policy.Membership is limited to one nursing organization per nation. In most cases, this is the national nurses' association (such as the American Nurses Association, the Slovak Chamber of Nurses and Midwives or the Nursing Association of Nepal).[1] In 2001, ICN permitted its members to adopt alliance or collaborative structures to be more inclusive of other domestic nursing groups.[2] However, few member organizations have adopted the new structures.","title":"International Council of Nurses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Congress of the International Council of Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Council_of_Women"},{"link_name":"Mrs Bedford Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Bedford_Fenwick"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Lavinia Dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavinia_Dock"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pan-American Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-American_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Daisy Bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Bridges"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book67-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dorb-11"}],"text":"The ICN was first proposed in 1899[3] at the Congress of the International Council of Women by Mrs Bedford Fenwick at a day devoted to consideration of nursing questions.[4] The aim was to create a network of national nursing associations, with the objective of raising the standards of nurse education and professional ethics for the public good.[4] A provisional committee was formed of nurses from Great Britain, the United States, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, South Africa, the Netherlands and Denmark.[4] The first constitution and officials were elected in 1900: Mrs Bedford Fenwick (Great Britain) president, Miss Lavinia Dock (United States) honorary treasurer and Miss M Agnes Snively (Canada) honorary treasurer.[5] In 1901, at the International Congress of Nurses (held at the Pan-American Exposition ) the ICN adopted a resolution in favor of nurse registration.[6] The ICN first quinquennial meeting was held in 1904 in Berlin by which time Great Britain, the United States and Germany had national nursing organizations affiliated to the ICN.[4]Interim Conferences of the International Council of Nurses were held in Paris (1907) and Geneva (1927).[7] There was an International Council of Nurses Congress in London in 1937. In 1947 it was in Atlantic City and it was in Rome in 1957.[8]Daisy Bridges was the General Secretary of the ICN until she retired in 1961.[9] She later published A history of the International Council of Nurses 1899-1964 : the first 65 years in 1967[10] which she compiled during her retirement.[11]","title":"History and organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"ICN is governed by a Council of National Representatives (CNR). The CNR is the governing body of the ICN and sets policy, admits members, selects a board of directors, and sets dues. As of 2013, there were 135 National Representatives (one for each member organization). National Representatives are selected by each member association. The CNR meets every two years.[citation needed]Between meetings of the CNR, ICN is governed by a 16-member board of directors. Members of the board include ICN president and 13 directors elected on the basis of proportional representation from ICN's seven geographic areas. Directors are term-limited to two consecutive four-year terms of office. The board meets at least once a year, although it usually meets three to four times a year.ICN has four officers. They include a president and three vice presidents. The officers function as an executive committee for the board, and as the board's budget and finance committee. The president is elected by the CNR. The president serves a four-year term of office, and is limited to one term in office. The vice presidents are elected from among the board members. The highest vote-getter is the First Vice President, the second-highest vote-getter the Second Vice President and the third-highest vote-getter the Third Vice President.Day-to-day operations of ICN are overseen by a chief executive officer (CEO) who works in close collaboration with the ICN President.","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"International Nurses' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Nurses%27_Day"},{"link_name":"Florence Nightingale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Nightingale"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"ICN hosts a Congress every two years in conjunction with the meeting of the CNR. The congress hosts a large number of professional practice workshops, poster sessions, luncheons, speaking events and plenary sessions.ICN hosts other conferences on an as-needed basis. Recent conferences have covered topics such as regulation of the profession of nurses, socio-economic welfare issues, leadership issues and advanced practice issues.ICN sponsors International Nurses' Day every May 12 (the anniversary of Florence Nightingale's birthday).Official Journal of ICN: International Nursing Review (INR).\nThis is a highly respected, scientific journal with an impact factor and a readership in around 135 countries. It has been published since 1953, when it replaced an earlier ICN publication. The journal's Editor in Chief is Dr Sue Turale, who is supported by two Associate Editors, Dr Pamela Mitchell from Seattle, Washington USA, and Dr Tracey McDonald from Sydney, Australia. INR is a major voice of ICN, and a peer-reviewed journal that focuses predominantly on nursing policy and health policy issues of relevance to nursing. It is published online and in hard copy 4 times a year in English, and also translated into Spanish and Chinese. INR was admitted in to the prestigious Nursing Journal Hall of Fame in 2016 by the International Academy of Nurse Editors (INANE). [12]","title":"Conferences and projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Annette_Kennedy_20171024.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ethel Bedford Fenwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Bedford_Fenwick"},{"link_name":"Susan McGahey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_McGahey"},{"link_name":"Agnes Karll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Karll"},{"link_name":"Annie Warburton Goodrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Warburton_Goodrich"},{"link_name":"Henny Tscherning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henny_Tscherning"},{"link_name":"Sophie Mannerheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Mannerheim"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Nina Gage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Gage"},{"link_name":"Leonie Chaptal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonie_Chaptal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alicia Still","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Still"},{"link_name":"Effie J. Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effie_J._Taylor"},{"link_name":"Gerda Höjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerda_H%C3%B6jer"},{"link_name":"Marie Bihet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Bihet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agnes Ohlson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnes_Ohlson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alice Clamageran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_Clamageran&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alice Girard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Girard"},{"link_name":"Margarethe Kruse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margarethe_Kruse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Cornelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Cornelius"},{"link_name":"Olive Anstey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Anstey"},{"link_name":"Eunice Muringo Kiereini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eunice_Muringo_Kiereini"},{"link_name":"Nelly Garzón Alarcón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Garz%C3%B3n_Alarc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Mo-Im Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mo-Im_Kim&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Margretta Styles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margretta_Styles"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Stallknecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Stallknecht"},{"link_name":"Christine Hancock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christine_Hancock"},{"link_name":"Hiroko Minami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiroko_Minami"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Judith Shamian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Shamian"},{"link_name":"Annette Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Kennedy"}],"text":"Annette KennedyCountry represented in brackets.1899 - 1904 Ethel Bedford Fenwick (UK)\n1904 - 1909 Susan McGahey (Australia)\n1909 - 1912 Agnes Karll (Germany)\n1912 - 1915 Annie Warburton Goodrich (USA)\n1915 - 1922 Henny Tscherning (Denmark)\n1922 - 1925 Sophie Mannerheim (Finland)\n1925 - 1929 Nina Gage (China)\n1929 - 1933 Leonie Chaptal (France)\n1933 - 1937 Alicia Still (UK)\n1937 - 1947 Effie J. Taylor (USA)\n1947 - 1953 Gerda Höjer (Sweden)\n1953 - 1957 Marie Bihet (Belgium)\n1957 - 1961 Agnes Ohlson (USA)\n1961 - 1965 Alice Clamageran (France)\n1965 - 1969 Alice Girard (Canada)\n1969 - 1973 Margarethe Kruse (Denmark)\n1973 - 1977 Dorothy Cornelius (USA)\n1977 - 1981 Olive Anstey (Australia)\n1981 - 1985 Eunice Muringo Kiereini (Kenya)\n1985 - 1989 Nelly Garzón Alarcón (Colombia)\n1989 - 1993 Mo-Im Kim (South Korea)\n1993 - 1997 Margretta Styles (USA)\n1997 - 2001 Kirsten Stallknecht (Denmark)\n2001 - 2005 Christine Hancock (UK)\n2005 - 2009 Hiroko Minami (Japan)\n2009 - 2013 Rosemary Bryant (Australia)[13]\n2013 - 2017 Judith Shamian (Canada)\n2017 - 2021 Annette Kennedy (Ireland)","title":"Presidents of ICN"}] | [{"image_text":"Annette Kennedy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Annette_Kennedy_20171024.jpg/220px-Annette_Kennedy_20171024.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syndicalism.svg"},{"title":"Organized labour portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Organized_labour"},{"title":"List of nursing organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nursing_organizations"}] | [{"reference":"Seymour, L. R. (1949). A General History of Nursing (2nd ed.). Londdon: Faber and Faber Ltd. pp. 272–273.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The International Council of Nurses\". The Nursing Record & Hospital World. 25 (640): 7. 7 July 1900 – via Women's Studies Archive/RCN historical nursing journals.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gale.com/apps/doc/DGZKIW348984932/WMNS","url_text":"\"The International Council of Nurses\""}]},{"reference":"Own correspondent (1 Dec 1901). \"Report of the International Congress of Nurses, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo\". Nursing Notes. 14 (168): 159 – via Women's Studies Archive & Royal College of Nursing Historical Nursing Journals.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gale.com/apps/doc/BDFMSI297746886/WMNS","url_text":"\"Report of the International Congress of Nurses, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Passing Bell\". The Nursing Record. 78 (1940): 78. 1930.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Capper, Betty, \"Irene Slater Hall (1888–1961)\", Australian Dictionary of Biography, Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, retrieved 2023-10-22","urls":[{"url":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hall-irene-slater-10395","url_text":"\"Irene Slater Hall (1888–1961)\""}]},{"reference":"Quinn, D. S. (1989). \"ICN--past and present\". International Nursing Review. 36 (6): 174–175. ISSN 0020-8132. PMID 2613461.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2613461/","url_text":"\"ICN--past and present\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8132","url_text":"0020-8132"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2613461","url_text":"2613461"}]},{"reference":"C., Bridges, D. A history of the International Council of Nurses 1899-1964 : the first 65 years. Pitman Medical. OCLC 1169853353.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1169853353","url_text":"A history of the International Council of Nurses 1899-1964 : the first 65 years"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1169853353","url_text":"1169853353"}]},{"reference":"Matthew, H. C. G.; Harrison, B., eds. (2004-09-23). \"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. ref:odnb/61368. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/61368. Retrieved 2023-04-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/61368","url_text":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F61368","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/61368"}]},{"reference":"\"[No title found]\". International Nursing Review. doi:10.1111/(ISSN)1466-7657.","urls":[{"url":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1466-7657","url_text":"\"[No title found]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F%28ISSN%291466-7657","url_text":"10.1111/(ISSN)1466-7657"}]},{"reference":"\"Jayne Elliott, One Hundred Years of Service, CNA 2008, pp192-4\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-04. Retrieved 2016-09-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404154918/http://cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/cna_history_book_e.pdf?la=en","url_text":"\"Jayne Elliott, One Hundred Years of Service, CNA 2008, pp192-4\""},{"url":"https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/cna_history_book_e.pdf?la=en","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.icn.ch/","external_links_name":"www.icn.ch"},{"Link":"http://www.icn.ch/membership_structure.pdf","external_links_name":"International Council of Nurses. From Vision to Action: ICN in the 21st Century. Geneva, Switzerland: ICN, 2003."},{"Link":"https://www.gale.com/apps/doc/DGZKIW348984932/WMNS","external_links_name":"\"The International Council of Nurses\""},{"Link":"http://www.gale.com/apps/doc/BDFMSI297746886/WMNS","external_links_name":"\"Report of the International Congress of Nurses, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo\""},{"Link":"https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hall-irene-slater-10395","external_links_name":"\"Irene Slater Hall (1888–1961)\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2613461/","external_links_name":"\"ICN--past and present\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-8132","external_links_name":"0020-8132"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2613461","external_links_name":"2613461"},{"Link":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1169853353","external_links_name":"A history of the International Council of Nurses 1899-1964 : the first 65 years"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1169853353","external_links_name":"1169853353"},{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/61368","external_links_name":"\"The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F61368","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/61368"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1466-7657","external_links_name":"\"[No title found]\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2F%28ISSN%291466-7657","external_links_name":"10.1111/(ISSN)1466-7657"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150404154918/http://cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/cna_history_book_e.pdf?la=en","external_links_name":"\"Jayne Elliott, One Hundred Years of Service, CNA 2008, pp192-4\""},{"Link":"https://www.cna-aiic.ca/~/media/cna/page-content/pdf-en/cna_history_book_e.pdf?la=en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.icn.ch/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121516346","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000405119713","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/125282653","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122598784","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122598784","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516629106706","external_links_name":"Catalonia"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1013211-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007585520005171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000015355","external_links_name":"Finland"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85083501","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20031205012&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35229830","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1444342","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01696374?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/873995","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/031370993","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Raul | Fred Raul | ["1 Selected filmography","2 References"] | Austrian actor
Fred Raul (March 20, 1913 – August 25, 1985), born Alois Greschitz, was an Austrian actor of Hungarian ethnicity. He was best known for his marriage in 1968 to actress Marika Rökk, to whom he remained married until his death in 1985.
Raul was born in Allersdorf, Styria, then part of Austria-Hungary and now in Austria, and died in Baden bei Wien, Austria. He was buried at the Helenenfriedhof cemetery in Baden.
Selected filmography
We've Just Got Married (1949)
At the Green Cockatoo by Night (1957)
Doctor Crippen Lives (1958)
The Night Before the Premiere (1959)
Heute gehn wir bummeln (1961)
References
^ Wer ist wer?: Das Deutsche who's who (in German). 1998. p. 1167. ISBN 3795020247.
^ Laura Cremonini (2017). Attrici e Cinema del Terzo Reich (in Italian). p. 1966.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
This article about an Austrian actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Marika Rökk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marika_R%C3%B6kk"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Allersdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allersdorf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styria"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Baden bei Wien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baden_bei_Wien"}],"text":"Fred Raul (March 20, 1913 – August 25, 1985), born Alois Greschitz,[citation needed] was an Austrian actor of Hungarian ethnicity. He was best known for his marriage in 1968 to actress Marika Rökk,[1] to whom he remained married until his death in 1985.[2]Raul was born in Allersdorf, Styria, then part of Austria-Hungary and now in Austria, and died in Baden bei Wien, Austria. He was buried at the Helenenfriedhof cemetery in Baden.","title":"Fred Raul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"We've Just Got Married","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We%27ve_Just_Got_Married"},{"link_name":"At the Green Cockatoo by Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Green_Cockatoo_by_Night"},{"link_name":"Doctor Crippen Lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_Crippen_Lives"},{"link_name":"The Night Before the Premiere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Night_Before_the_Premiere"}],"text":"We've Just Got Married (1949)\nAt the Green Cockatoo by Night (1957)\nDoctor Crippen Lives (1958)\nThe Night Before the Premiere (1959)\nHeute gehn wir bummeln (1961)","title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Wer ist wer?: Das Deutsche who's who (in German). 1998. p. 1167. ISBN 3795020247.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3795020247","url_text":"Wer ist wer?: Das Deutsche who's who"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3795020247","url_text":"3795020247"}]},{"reference":"Laura Cremonini (2017). Attrici e Cinema del Terzo Reich (in Italian). p. 1966.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iOaZDgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Attrici e Cinema del Terzo Reich"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?isbn=3795020247","external_links_name":"Wer ist wer?: Das Deutsche who's who"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=iOaZDgAAQBAJ","external_links_name":"Attrici e Cinema del Terzo Reich"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/312620215","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbM6cppC4kJYfYMDmxRrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/106134116X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd106134116X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fred_Raul&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Smart_Sr. | Billy Smart Sr. | ["1 Biography","2 Family","3 References","4 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Billy Smart Sr." – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Billy Smart Sr.Statue of Billy Smart at Littlehampton, SussexBornWilliam George Smart(1894-04-25)25 April 1894London, EnglandDied25 September 1966(1966-09-25) (aged 72)Ipswich, Suffolk, EnglandNationalityBritishOccupation(s)Showman, fairground proprietor, circus proprietor, safari park pioneer, philanthropistYears active1920-1966Known forBilly Smart's Circus
William George Smart Sr. (25 April 1894 – 25 September 1966) was a British showman, fairground proprietor and circus proprietor, the founder and owner of Billy Smart's Circus.
Biography
Grave of Billy Smart Sr. at St Peter's Church, Cranbourne, Berkshire
Born in London, Billy Smart was one of 23 children in a family that worked on fairgrounds in London and South East England. After marrying in 1925, he and his brothers set up their own fair, which became a regular attraction in the region. Billy Smart's Fun Fair featured alongside Bertram Mills' Circus at Olympia in 1939 and, during the Second World War, Smart ran several Holiday at Home Fairs, to boost morale.
In 1946, he purchased the big top of Cody's Circus, and opened his own New World Circus. Its first show was in Southall on 5 April 1946. At first, the circus ran in conjunction with the existing funfair, but the latter was phased out by 1952, and Smart's circus toured with a full menagerie of animals. In 1954, the existing big top was replaced by one with a capacity of 6,000 seats, a hippodrome track around the ring, and a grand entrance hall allowing spectacular parades to take place. Smart pioneered centrally-heated dark blue rather than light coloured tents, which had compromised lighting effects.
Smart arranged for the televising of his circus from 1947, as the first BBC location live TV show. This led to regular Christmas shows on the BBC, including the 1977 Royal Jubilee Big Top Show, organised by his son David Smart, which was attended by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, and raised several million pounds for charity. In the 1960s, the Billy Smart's TV show was the first UK TV programme to attract more than 20 million viewers in the UK. Between 1979 and 1982, the circus was broadcast on ITV.
The circus grew to become one of the largest in the world. It was the world's largest travelling circus under canvas in the 1960s, according to King Pole magazine, with a permanent base at Winkfield, Berkshire. Smart himself took part in his shows, and led many stunts to publicise the circus.
Around 1961, Smart offered £1 million to buy Blackpool Tower, and also headed a consortium hoping to involve Disney in what would have become the first Disney amusement park in Europe; however, the venture did not proceed. Smart then decided upon a novel concept, a safari park, and, after years of searching for a suitable site, bought a property near Windsor for this purpose. The Windsor Safari Park was brought to fruition by his sons, Ronald, David and Stanley (known as Billy Jr), after his death, and grew to attract up to 2.5 million visitors per year.
He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1956 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the King's Theatre, Hammersmith, London.
Billy Smart died in 1966, in his caravan shortly after conducting a band in front of his circus tent at Ipswich. His friend Sir Billy Butlin described him as "the greatest showman of our time and probably the last of the great showmen."
Family
Peggy Smart
Ena Smart
Ronnie Smart
Hazel Smart
Pyllis Smart
Dolly Smart
David Smart, son, circus performer and circus director
Billy Smart Jr., son, circus performer and circus director*Hazel Smart
Rosie Smart
References
^ a b c d "Billy Smart: The Guv'nor", National Fairground and Circus Archive. Retrieved 14 February 2017
^ Gary S. Cross, John K. Walton, The Playful Crowd: Pleasure Places in the Twentieth Century, Columbia University Press, 2005
David Jamieson, Billy Smart's Circus, A Pictorial History. Buntingford, Aardvark Publishing, 2004. (ISBN 1-872904-26-2)
"Spinners of the Big Top" by Pamela Macgregor-Morris
External links
Kate Dodd, "50 years since final curtain came down on legendary showman Billy Smart’s life", Ipswich Star, 27 September 2016
Billy Smart's Circus in Glasgow, 1954, British Pathé | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"showman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showman"},{"link_name":"fairground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funfair"},{"link_name":"circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circus"}],"text":"William George Smart Sr. (25 April 1894 – 25 September 1966) was a British showman, fairground proprietor and circus proprietor, the founder and owner of Billy Smart's Circus.","title":"Billy Smart Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Billy_Smart_Senior_Grave.jpg"},{"link_name":"Cranbourne, Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranbourne,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"Bertram Mills' Circus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertram_Mills%27_Circus"},{"link_name":"Olympia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia,_London"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheffield-1"},{"link_name":"big top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_top_(circus)"},{"link_name":"Southall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southall"},{"link_name":"menagerie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menagerie"},{"link_name":"hippodrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippodrome"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheffield-1"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Christmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas"},{"link_name":"David Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smart_(circus_proprietor)"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Duke of Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Winkfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winkfield"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheffield-1"},{"link_name":"Blackpool Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool_Tower"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"safari park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safari_park"},{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Windsor Safari Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Safari_Park"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"This Is Your Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(British_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Eamonn Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eamonn_Andrews"},{"link_name":"King's Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Theatre,_Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"Hammersmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammersmith"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Billy Butlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Butlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sheffield-1"}],"text":"Grave of Billy Smart Sr. at St Peter's Church, Cranbourne, BerkshireBorn in London, Billy Smart was one of 23 children in a family that worked on fairgrounds in London and South East England. After marrying in 1925, he and his brothers set up their own fair, which became a regular attraction in the region. Billy Smart's Fun Fair featured alongside Bertram Mills' Circus at Olympia in 1939 and, during the Second World War, Smart ran several Holiday at Home Fairs, to boost morale.[1]In 1946, he purchased the big top of Cody's Circus, and opened his own New World Circus. Its first show was in Southall on 5 April 1946. At first, the circus ran in conjunction with the existing funfair, but the latter was phased out by 1952, and Smart's circus toured with a full menagerie of animals. In 1954, the existing big top was replaced by one with a capacity of 6,000 seats, a hippodrome track around the ring, and a grand entrance hall allowing spectacular parades to take place.[1] Smart pioneered centrally-heated dark blue rather than light coloured tents, which had compromised lighting effects.Smart arranged for the televising of his circus from 1947, as the first BBC location live TV show. This led to regular Christmas shows on the BBC, including the 1977 Royal Jubilee Big Top Show, organised by his son David Smart, which was attended by Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, and raised several million pounds for charity. In the 1960s, the Billy Smart's TV show was the first UK TV programme to attract more than 20 million viewers in the UK. Between 1979 and 1982, the circus was broadcast on ITV.The circus grew to become one of the largest in the world. It was the world's largest travelling circus under canvas in the 1960s, according to King Pole magazine, with a permanent base at Winkfield, Berkshire. Smart himself took part in his shows, and led many stunts to publicise the circus.[1]Around 1961, Smart offered £1 million to buy Blackpool Tower, and also headed a consortium hoping to involve Disney in what would have become the first Disney amusement park in Europe; however, the venture did not proceed.[2] Smart then decided upon a novel concept, a safari park, and, after years of searching for a suitable site, bought a property near Windsor for this purpose. The Windsor Safari Park was brought to fruition by his sons, Ronald, David and Stanley (known as Billy Jr), after his death, and grew to attract up to 2.5 million visitors per year.[citation needed]He was the subject of This Is Your Life in 1956 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the King's Theatre, Hammersmith, London.[citation needed]Billy Smart died in 1966, in his caravan shortly after conducting a band in front of his circus tent at Ipswich. His friend Sir Billy Butlin described him as \"the greatest showman of our time and probably the last of the great showmen.\"[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peggy Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peggy_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ena Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ena_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronnie_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hazel Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazel_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pyllis Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyllis_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dolly Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dolly_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Smart_(circus_proprietor)"},{"link_name":"Billy Smart Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Smart_Jr."},{"link_name":"Hazel Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hazel_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosie Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rosie_Smart&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Peggy Smart\nEna Smart\nRonnie Smart\nHazel Smart\nPyllis Smart\nDolly Smart\nDavid Smart, son, circus performer and circus director\nBilly Smart Jr., son, circus performer and circus director*Hazel Smart\nRosie Smart","title":"Family"}] | [{"image_text":"Grave of Billy Smart Sr. at St Peter's Church, Cranbourne, Berkshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Billy_Smart_Senior_Grave.jpg/220px-Billy_Smart_Senior_Grave.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Billy+Smart+Sr.%22","external_links_name":"\"Billy Smart Sr.\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Billy+Smart+Sr.%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Billy+Smart+Sr.%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Billy+Smart+Sr.%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Billy+Smart+Sr.%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Billy+Smart+Sr.%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.sheffield.ac.uk/nfca/researchandarticles/smart","external_links_name":"\"Billy Smart: The Guv'nor\", National Fairground and Circus Archive"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Ak-sAgAAQBAJ&q=%22Billy+Smart%22+theme+park+Blackpool","external_links_name":"Gary S. Cross, John K. Walton, The Playful Crowd: Pleasure Places in the Twentieth Century, Columbia University Press, 2005"},{"Link":"http://www.ipswichstar.co.uk/news/50_years_since_final_curtain_came_down_on_legendary_showman_billy_smart_s_life_1_4713307","external_links_name":"Kate Dodd, \"50 years since final curtain came down on legendary showman Billy Smart’s life\", Ipswich Star, 27 September 2016"},{"Link":"http://www.britishpathe.com/video/round-britain-at-whitsun-billy-smarts-circus/query/Smart","external_links_name":"Billy Smart's Circus in Glasgow, 1954"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FluffOS | LPMud | ["1 Development","2 LPMud talkers","3 TMI Mudlib","4 Server software","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | MUD server software
LPMud, abbreviated LP, is a family of multi-user dungeon (MUD) server software. Its first instance, the original LPMud game driver, was developed in 1989 by Lars Pensjö (the LP in LPMud). LPMud was innovative in its separation of the MUD infrastructure into a virtual machine (termed the driver) and a development framework written in the programming language LPC (termed the mudlib).
Development
The login screen from Genesis since May 2011
Lars Pensjö had been an avid player of TinyMUD and AberMUD. He had wanted to create a world with the flexibility of TinyMUD and the style of AberMUD but did not want to have sole responsibility for creating and maintaining the game world. He once said, "I didn't think I would be able to design a good adventure. By allowing wizards coding rights, I thought others could help me with this." The result was the creation of a new, C-based, object-oriented programming language, LPC, that made it simple for people with minimal programming skills to add elements like rooms, weapons, and monsters to a virtual world.
To accomplish his goal, Lennart Augustsson convinced Pensjö to write what today would be called a virtual machine, the LPMud driver. The driver managed the interpretation of LPC code as well as providing basic operating system services to the LPC code. By virtue of this design, Pensjö made it more difficult for common programming errors like infinite loops and infinite recursion made by content builders to harm the overall stability of the server. His choice of an OO approach made it easy for new programmers to concentrate on the task of "building a room" rather than programming logic.
Pensjö created Genesis in April 1989 as the first implementation of the LPC language, and therefore the first LPMud, in which the developer (commonly known as a wizard within the MUD) could code their own objects.
Pensjö's work has been extended or reverse engineered in a number of projects:
LPMud 3.2, better known as the Amylaar driver, after its lead developer, Jörn "Amylaar" Rennecke
MudOS
DGD, Dworkin's Game Driver, a conceptual rather than code derivative of LPMud developed by Felix "Dworkin" Croes
SWLPC, Shattered World's fork of LPMud 2.4.5
Though an LPMud server can be used to implement nearly any style of game, LPMuds are often thought of as having certain common characteristics as a genre, such as a mixture of hack and slash with role-playing, quests as an element of advancement, and "guilds" as an alternative to character classes.
LPMud talkers
LPMud was used as the basis for the first Internet talker, Cat Chat, which opened in 1990.
TMI Mudlib
The TMI Mudlib from The Mud Institute was an attempt to create a framework driven mudlib for the MudOS LPMud driver. It consisted of many contributors to MudOS as well as people who became influential in the LPMud community. When TMI began work in 1992, a mudlib was generally packaged with both an LPMud driver and a complete world built on top of the mudlib. As a framework-driven mudlib, the goal of the TMI mudlib was to provide only examples for world objects and place the burden of building a working world on the game developers using TMI.
TMI implemented the first InterMUD communications network, when MudOS added network socket support in 1992.
In 1992, MIRE, a multi-user information system producing customised newspapers was built based on a modified TMI driver.
In 1993, the TMI-2 mudlib was used to create PangaeaMud, an academic research project designed as an interactive geologic database tool.
Notable MUDs based on TMI-derived mudlibs include The Two Towers set in Tolkien’s universe and Threshold.
Server software
MudOS is a major family of LPMud server software, implementing its own variant of the LPC (programming language). It first came into being on February 18, 1992. It pioneered important technical innovations in MUDs, including the network socket support that made InterMUD communications possible and LPC-to-C compilation.
FluffOS started as a collection of patches of last unreleased version of MudOS, FluffOS has evolved into an independent and enhanced project, providing a powerful platform for crafting interactive and immersive virtual worlds, it is the best choice of running LPMUD lib now, as well as creating new ones. For more information, you can visit the main website at FluffOS Official Website at.
Genocide was an important development testbed for MudOS from 1992 to 1994, but switched back to the main LPMud branch, citing speed concerns.
References
^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. LPMUD was named after its author, Lars Pensjö of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
^ Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 158. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. ... the original Mudlib distributed by LP, Lars Pensjö, and his team.
^ a b "The History of Pike". Pike. Archived from the original on 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2009-09-09. In the beginning, there was Adventure. Then a bunch of people decided to make multi-player adventure games. One of those people was Lars Pensjö at the Chalmers university in Gothenburg, Sweden. For his game he needed a simple, memory-efficient language, and thus LPC (Lars Pensjö C) was born. About a year later Fredrik Hübinette started playing one of these games and found that the language was the most easy-to-use language he had ever encountered.
^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 43. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. Above this layer is what (for historical reasons) is known as the mudlib58. 58For "mud library". MUD1 had a mudlib, but it was an adaptation of the BCPL input/output library and therefore was at a lower level than today's mudlibs. The modern usage of the term was coined independently by LPMUD.
^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. Having played both AberMUD and TinyMUD, he decided he wanted to write his own game with the adventure of the former and the user-extensibility of the latter.
^ a b c d Mulligan, Jessica; Patrovsky, Bridgette (2003). Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide. New Riders. p. 451. ISBN 1-59273-000-0. 1989 Lars Penjske creates LPMud and opens Genesis. "Having fun playing TinyMUD and AberMUD, Lars Penjske decides to write a server to combine the extensibility of TinyMUD with the adventures of AberMUD. Out of this inspiration, he designed LPC as a special MUD language to make extending the game simple. Lars says, '...I didn't think I would be able to design a good adventure. By allowing wizards coding rights, I thought others could help me with this.' The first running code was developed in a week on Unix System V using IPC, not BSD sockets. Early object-oriented features only existed accidentally by way of the nature of MUDs manipulating objects. As Lars learned C++, he gradually extended those features. The result is that the whole LPMud was developed from a small prototype, gradually extended with features." —George Reese's LPMud Timeline
^ Giuliano, Luca (1997). I padroni della menzogna. Il gioco delle identità e dei mondi virtuali (in Italian). Meltemi Editore. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-88-86479-35-6. È stato creato nel 1990 da Lars Pensjö presso la Chalmers Academic Computing Society in Svezia. Pensjö proveniva dall'esperienza dell'AberMUD e il suo sistema è sostanzialmente il frutto di un compromesso tra la rigidità di AberMUD e l'egualitarismo del TinyMUD. Il server LPMUD è diverso dagli altri perché non è un gioco prefabricato ma un linguaggio, chiamato LPC, che gli utenti possono utilizzare per interagire, modificare il loro ambiente e costruire un gioco. Un DikuMUD è molto più efficiente come programma ma non può essere modificato senza avere un alto livello di conoscenza nella programmatazione. Invece un LPMUD è molto più flessible ed è possibile costruire anche oggetti molto complessi con un livello di conoscenza inferiore. Grazie a questa flessibilita, che si adatta all'immaginazione dei giocatori, LPMUD si è diffuso rapidamente. Il livello di programmazione degli oggetti però non è esteso a tutti, ma è limitato ai giocatori che hanno raggiunto un livello elevato di competenza all'interno del MUD stesso e delle sue regole. Grazie a questo maggior controllo del mondo, un LPMUD tende ad essere più organico e coerente nella construzione del mondo, diversamente dal TinyMUD che tende invece a diventare un po' caotico. Translation: It was created in 1990 by Lars Pensjö of the Chalmers Academic Computing Society in Sweden. Pensjö's experience was with AberMUD, and its system is basically the result of a compromise between the rigidity of AberMUD and the egalitarianism of TinyMUD. The LPMUD server is different from others because it is not a game but a prefabricated language called LPC, which users can use to interact, change their environment and build a game. A DikuMUD is much more efficient as a program but cannot be changed without having a high level of programming knowledge. On the other hand, LPMUD is much more flexible, and you can build very complex objects with a lower level of knowledge. Thanks to this flexibility, which adapts to players' imagination, LPMUD has spread rapidly. The level of programming objects is not for everyone, but is limited to players who have reached a high level of competence within the MUD itself and with its rules. Thanks to this greater control of the world, a LPMUD tends toward more comprehensive and coherent construction of the world, unlike TinyMUD, which tends to get a little chaotic.
^ Maloni, Kelly; Baker, Derek; Wice, Nathaniel (1994). Net Games. Random House / Michael Wolff & Company, Inc. pp. 78. ISBN 0-679-75592-6. Genesis lays claim to being the first LPMUD.
^ Reese, George (1996-03-11). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-18. April 1989 ¶ Lars starts the first public LPMud, _Genesis_.
^ Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. To this end, he developed an in-game programming language called LPC that allowed players of sufficient experience to add not only objects, but also powerful functionality to the game as it ran.
^ a b Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. MudOS and Amylaar:: There are a couple versions of LPmuds that you might run into. More are being developed as coders and wizards improve their games. Both MudOS and Amylaar are descendants of LPmuds, and Amylaar is an especially popular version.
^ Reese, George (1998-09-15). "LPMud FAQ". Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Amylaar is a person, not an LPMud. He is the primary author and torch bearer of the LPMud name. Given the generic sound of the term "LPMud" these days, people often refer to LPMud 3.2 as the Amylaar driver.
^ Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 164. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. DGD, created by Dworkin aka Felix Croes, is a complete rewrite of the LPmud game.
^ Reese, George (1998-09-15). "LPMud FAQ". Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Shattered Worlds, on the otherhand, derives from LPMud 2.4.5.
^ Hahn, Harley (1996). The Internet Complete Reference (2nd ed.). Osborne McGraw-Hill. p. 557. ISBN 0-07-882138-X. The original LPC language was designed to create hack-n-slash muds. If you heard that a particular mud was an LPMud, you could guess what type of mud it was. In recent years, though, LPC has been redesigned into a general-purpose mud-creation language and, nowadays, virtually any type of mud might be an LPMud.
^ Ito, Mizuko (1997). "Virtually Embodied: The Reality of Fantasy in a Multi-User Dungeon". In Porter, David (ed.). Internet Culture (pbk. ed.). Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 0-415-91684-4. The MUDs that I study are LPMUDs, which are "traditional" and "mainstream" MUDs in the sense that they are combat and role-playing game oriented, and tend to use medieval images.
^ Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. LPmuds: When you play LPmuds, you'll probably be faced with more of a bent toward socialization and an attempt to get characters to role-play more. Quests, where you have to complete a predetermined set of actions, tend to be used to try to move people away from relying simply on combat to gain experience. When you first enter the game, your character has no profession until you join a guild, which you usually need to search around for. It is normally against the rules for seasoned characters to help you with your quests or finding a guild, but some LPmuds do not enforce this.
^ "Talker History". NetLingo the Internet Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-04-13. Single-server talkers on the internet first appeared in 1990, with the talker Cat Chat. This was a hack of the LPMud source code, put together by Chris Thompson (aka 'Cat') at Warwick University, in England.
^ a b Takacs, Mark (August 17, 1993). "Prolix A Text-based Participant System for VR". Washington: 13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.53.5993. 2.3.7 MIRE Kay has taken a TMI LPMud driver (a popular alternative driver developed by The Mud Institute) and used it as the basis for a multi-user news and information retrieval system {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Electronic Publishing Group at the MIT Media Lab. 25+ Years of the Electronic Publishing Group "MIRE--news in a MUD"
^ Boring, Erich (1993-12-03). PangaeaMud: An Online, Object-oriented Multiple User Interactive Geologic Database Tool (PDF) (Master's thesis). Miami University. Retrieved 2010-05-03.
^ a b English, Katharine, ed. (1996). Most Popular Web Sites: The Best of the Net from A 2 Z. Lycos Press / Macmillan Publishers. p. 315. ISBN 0-7897-0792-6. Two Towers Multi-User Dungeon http://www.angband.com/towers This page serves as an entrance to the Two Towers Multi-User Dungeon, allowing game players to step into the world of fantasy writer J.R.R. Tolkien. Intrepid visitors can learn about the game or link to Tolkien sites dotting the net.
^ Smith, Bud; Bebak, Arthur (1997). Creating Web Pages for Dummies (2nd ed.). IDG. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-7645-0114-3.
^ Jones, Nimrod (April 1997). "nEt.SPeAk". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-07-20. The MUD referred to in this work is The Two Towers LpMUD based upon J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. It claims to be the most faithful MUD to his Middle-Earth and boasts players in their hundreds gathered from 50 countries world-wide.
^ "Tolkien Gaming - Gaming Havens - Game Reviews - Two Tower MUD". theonering.net. 2000-05-23. Retrieved 2010-10-15. The experience system was very simple, you kill things and complete missions, you get more attributes.
^ Ekman, Fredrik (1995-05-09). "LP mud's". rec.arts.books.tolkien. Retrieved 2010-07-05.
^ "The MUD Connector: The Two Towers". The MUD Connector. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-06. Highly customized TMI-2 1.1.1 mudlib on MudOS v22 (May 4, 2007)
^ Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. MudOS and Amylaar:: There are a couple versions of LPmuds that you might run into. More are being developed as coders and wizards improve their games. Both MudOS and Amylaar are descendants of LPmuds, and Amylaar is an especially popular version.
^ Busey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 0-672-30723-5. For example, the MudOS server is based on the LPMUD server, but has been developed along different lines than the current LPMUD server.
^ Reese, George (1995-08-01). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. February 18, 1992 The LPMud 3.1.2-A project is renamed MudOS.
^ Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 164. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. MudOS is a much enhanced version that was a major rewrite that is not compatible with the old 2.4.5 LPmud version. It is one of the most feature-rich Mud systems available, making the game seem almost like a high-level operating system of its own. You can create objects within the Mud that can directly access the Internet Protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP);
^ Reese, George (1995-08-01). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. BeekOS is basically a MudOS core with dynamic compilation of LPC->C, linking the compiled machine code to the running server dynamically. These enhancements are later merged into MudOS once Beeks takes over MudOS development.
^ "FluffOS website".
^ Reese, George (1996-03-11). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-14. June 1992 ¶ After having taken over as admin of Genocide in April, Blackthorn decides to move Genocide over to the new MudOS driver. At this time, the driver was filled with new features, but equally filled with bugs. Genocide spent most of the summer as a testbed for MudOS development, with MudOS developers Truilka, Jacques, and Wayfarer working along on the driver over on Portals.
^ Reese, George (1996-03-11). "LPMud Timeline". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-14. Early 1994 ¶ Genocides converts over to LPMud in order to get the unusual speed demands made of it by its theme and its old machine. As a result, Blackthorn stops with the trickle of bug-fixes which had been the whole of MudOS development at the time.
Further reading
Shah, Rawn (1995). "Part 2: LPmuds". In Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (eds.). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 155–231. ISBN 0-471-11633-5.
Busey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. ISBN 0-672-30723-5.
External links
LPMud FAQ
LPMud Timeline
LDMud Website
LPMuds.net - A resource for MUDs that use LPC.
MUDseek - A Google custom search engine for MUDs.
The LPmuds.net downloads page has a driver-bundled version of TMI-2 that's "easy-ish" to install.
LPMuds at Curlie
The main website for FluffOS, the best place to start with running old LPMUD or creating new ones.
vteMulti-user dungeons (MUDs)Major branches
AberMUD
DikuMUD
LPMud
MU*
Minor branches,codebases, libraries
DGD
GodWars
MOO
MUSH
Talker
TinyMUCK
Concepts,terminology
Alternate character
Avatar
Bartle taxonomy of player types
Cybersex
God
Griefer
Grinding
Hack and slash
Healer
Immortal
Kill stealing
Loot
Mob, Monster
Non-player character
Online wedding
Persistent world
Player character
Player versus environment
Player versus player, Playerkilling
Quest
Spawning
Tank
Twinking
Virtual goods
Video game bot
Wizard
Zone, Area
Publications
Designing Virtual Worlds
"A Rape in Cyberspace"
Terra Nova
Companies,organizations
Areae
Iron Realms Entertainment
Jagex
Lysator
Kesmai
The Mud Connector
Mythic Entertainment
Plaintext Players
Simutronics
List Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"multi-user dungeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartle-lars-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shahromine-mudlib-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pike-3"},{"link_name":"virtual machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine"},{"link_name":"programming language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language"},{"link_name":"mudlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudlib"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartle-mudlib-4"}],"text":"LPMud, abbreviated LP, is a family of multi-user dungeon (MUD) server software. Its first instance, the original LPMud game driver, was developed in 1989 by Lars Pensjö (the LP in LPMud).[1][2][3] LPMud was innovative in its separation of the MUD infrastructure into a virtual machine (termed the driver) and a development framework written in the programming language LPC (termed the mudlib).[4]","title":"LPMud"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LoginScreen.jpg"},{"link_name":"TinyMUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TinyMUD"},{"link_name":"AberMUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AberMUD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartle-lpmud-5"},{"link_name":"wizards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(MUD)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-6"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"object-oriented programming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-giuliano-7"},{"link_name":"Lennart Augustsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Augustsson"},{"link_name":"operating system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system"},{"link_name":"infinite loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_loop"},{"link_name":"infinite recursion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_recursion"},{"link_name":"OO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pike-3"},{"link_name":"wizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_(MUD)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netgames1-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-6"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-genesis-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bartle-genesis-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ywwr2-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-amylaar-12"},{"link_name":"MudOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MudOS"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ywwr2-11"},{"link_name":"DGD, Dworkin's Game Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dworkin%27s_Game_Driver"},{"link_name":"Felix \"Dworkin\" Croes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Croes"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shahromine-dgd-13"},{"link_name":"SWLPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SWLPC_(programming_language)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shattered World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shattered_World&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fork_(software_development)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-sw-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hahn-15"},{"link_name":"hack and slash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_and_slash"},{"link_name":"role-playing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_game"},{"link_name":"quests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quest_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"character classes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_class"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internetculture-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ywwr1-17"}],"text":"The login screen from Genesis since May 2011Lars Pensjö had been an avid player of TinyMUD and AberMUD. He had wanted to create a world with the flexibility of TinyMUD and the style of AberMUD[5] but did not want to have sole responsibility for creating and maintaining the game world. He once said, \"I didn't think I would be able to design a good adventure. By allowing wizards coding rights, I thought others could help me with this.\"[6] The result was the creation of a new, C-based, object-oriented programming language, LPC, that made it simple for people with minimal programming skills to add elements like rooms, weapons, and monsters to a virtual world.[7]To accomplish his goal, Lennart Augustsson convinced Pensjö to write what today would be called a virtual machine, the LPMud driver. The driver managed the interpretation of LPC code as well as providing basic operating system services to the LPC code. By virtue of this design, Pensjö made it more difficult for common programming errors like infinite loops and infinite recursion made by content builders to harm the overall stability of the server. His choice of an OO approach made it easy for new programmers to concentrate on the task of \"building a room\" rather than programming logic.[3]Pensjö created Genesis in April 1989 as the first implementation of the LPC language, and therefore the first LPMud, in which the developer (commonly known as a wizard within the MUD) could code their own objects.[8][6][9][10]Pensjö's work has been extended or reverse engineered in a number of projects:LPMud 3.2, better known as the Amylaar driver, after its lead developer, Jörn \"Amylaar\" Rennecke[11][12]\nMudOS[11]\nDGD, Dworkin's Game Driver, a conceptual rather than code derivative of LPMud developed by Felix \"Dworkin\" Croes[13]\nSWLPC, Shattered World's fork of LPMud 2.4.5[14]Though an LPMud server can be used to implement nearly any style of game,[15] LPMuds are often thought of as having certain common characteristics as a genre, such as a mixture of hack and slash with role-playing, quests as an element of advancement, and \"guilds\" as an alternative to character classes.[16][17]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Internet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet"},{"link_name":"talker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talker"},{"link_name":"Cat Chat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_Chat"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netlingo-18"}],"text":"LPMud was used as the basis for the first Internet talker, Cat Chat, which opened in 1990[18].","title":"LPMud talkers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Mud Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mud_Institute&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takacs-19"},{"link_name":"mudlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudlib"},{"link_name":"MudOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MudOS"},{"link_name":"InterMUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterMUD"},{"link_name":"MudOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MudOS"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-6"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Takacs-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"The Two Towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Two_Towers_(MUD)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smith-bebak-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jones-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ber-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ekman-ttt-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolkien"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-english-22"}],"text":"The TMI Mudlib from The Mud Institute[19] was an attempt to create a framework driven mudlib for the MudOS LPMud driver. It consisted of many contributors to MudOS as well as people who became influential in the LPMud community. When TMI began work in 1992, a mudlib was generally packaged with both an LPMud driver and a complete world built on top of the mudlib. As a framework-driven mudlib, the goal of the TMI mudlib was to provide only examples for world objects and place the burden of building a working world on the game developers using TMI.TMI implemented the first InterMUD communications network, when MudOS added network socket support in 1992.[6]In 1992, MIRE, a multi-user information system producing customised newspapers[20] was built based on a modified TMI driver.[19]In 1993, the TMI-2 mudlib was used to create PangaeaMud, an academic research project designed as an interactive geologic database tool.[21]Notable MUDs based on TMI-derived mudlibs include The Two Towers[22][23][24][25][26][27] set in Tolkien’s universe[22] and Threshold.","title":"TMI Mudlib"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ywwr-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-busey-mudos-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-mudos-30"},{"link_name":"InterMUD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InterMUD"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dog-6"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shahromine-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-beek-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fluffos-33"},{"link_name":"Genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide_(MUD)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-geno-mudos-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-reese-geno-lpmud-35"}],"text":"MudOS is a major family of LPMud server software, implementing its own variant of the LPC (programming language).[28][29] It first came into being on February 18, 1992.[30] It pioneered important technical innovations in MUDs, including the network socket support that made InterMUD communications possible[6][31] and LPC-to-C compilation.[32]FluffOS started as a collection of patches of last unreleased version of MudOS, FluffOS has evolved into an independent and enhanced project, providing a powerful platform for crafting interactive and immersive virtual worlds, it is the best choice of running LPMUD lib now, as well as creating new ones. For more information, you can visit the main website at FluffOS Official Website at.[33]Genocide was an important development testbed for MudOS from 1992 to 1994, but switched back to the main LPMud branch, citing speed concerns.[34][35]","title":"Server software"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-471-11633-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5"},{"link_name":"SAMS Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMS_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-672-30723-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-30723-5"}],"text":"Shah, Rawn (1995). \"Part 2: LPmuds\". In Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (eds.). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 155–231. ISBN 0-471-11633-5.\nBusey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. ISBN 0-672-30723-5.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The login screen from Genesis since May 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/LoginScreen.jpg/220px-LoginScreen.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. LPMUD was named after its author, Lars Pensjö of the University of Gothenburg, Sweden.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle","url_text":"Bartle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds","url_text":"Designing Virtual Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-101816-7","url_text":"0-13-101816-7"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 158. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. ... the original Mudlib distributed by LP, Lars Pensjö, and his team.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5","url_text":"0-471-11633-5"}]},{"reference":"\"The History of Pike\". Pike. Archived from the original on 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2009-09-09. In the beginning, there was Adventure. Then a bunch of people decided to make multi-player adventure games. One of those people was Lars Pensjö at the Chalmers university in Gothenburg, Sweden. For his game he needed a simple, memory-efficient language, and thus LPC (Lars Pensjö C) was born. About a year later Fredrik Hübinette started playing one of these games and found that the language was the most easy-to-use language he had ever encountered.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100204062426/http://pike.ida.liu.se/about/pike/history.xml","url_text":"\"The History of Pike\""},{"url":"http://pike.ida.liu.se/about/pike/history.xml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 43. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. Above this layer is what (for historical reasons) is known as the mudlib58. [...] 58For \"mud library\". MUD1 had a mudlib, but it was an adaptation of the BCPL input/output library and therefore was at a lower level than today's mudlibs. The modern usage of the term was coined independently by LPMUD.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle","url_text":"Bartle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds","url_text":"Designing Virtual Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-101816-7","url_text":"0-13-101816-7"}]},{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. Having played both AberMUD and TinyMUD, he decided he wanted to write his own game with the adventure of the former and the user-extensibility of the latter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle","url_text":"Bartle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds","url_text":"Designing Virtual Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-101816-7","url_text":"0-13-101816-7"}]},{"reference":"Mulligan, Jessica; Patrovsky, Bridgette (2003). Developing Online Games: An Insider's Guide. New Riders. p. 451. ISBN 1-59273-000-0. 1989 [...] Lars Penjske creates LPMud and opens Genesis. \"Having fun playing TinyMUD and AberMUD, Lars Penjske decides to write a server to combine the extensibility of TinyMUD with the adventures of AberMUD. Out of this inspiration, he designed LPC as a special MUD language to make extending the game simple. Lars says, '...I didn't think I would be able to design a good adventure. By allowing wizards coding rights, I thought others could help me with this.' The first running code was developed in a week on Unix System V using IPC, not BSD sockets. Early object-oriented features only existed accidentally by way of the nature of MUDs manipulating objects. As Lars learned C++, he gradually extended those features. The result is that the whole LPMud was developed from a small prototype, gradually extended with features.\" —George Reese's LPMud Timeline","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59273-000-0","url_text":"1-59273-000-0"}]},{"reference":"Giuliano, Luca [in Italian] (1997). I padroni della menzogna. Il gioco delle identità e dei mondi virtuali [The masters of the lie: the play of identity and virtual worlds] (in Italian). Meltemi Editore. pp. 101–102. ISBN 978-88-86479-35-6. È stato creato nel 1990 da Lars Pensjö presso la Chalmers Academic Computing Society in Svezia. Pensjö proveniva dall'esperienza dell'AberMUD e il suo sistema è sostanzialmente il frutto di un compromesso tra la rigidità di AberMUD e l'egualitarismo del TinyMUD. Il server LPMUD è diverso dagli altri perché non è un gioco prefabricato ma un linguaggio, chiamato LPC, che gli utenti possono utilizzare per interagire, modificare il loro ambiente e costruire un gioco. Un DikuMUD è molto più efficiente come programma ma non può essere modificato senza avere un alto livello di conoscenza nella programmatazione. Invece un LPMUD è molto più flessible ed è possibile costruire anche oggetti molto complessi con un livello di conoscenza inferiore. Grazie a questa flessibilita, che si adatta all'immaginazione dei giocatori, LPMUD si è diffuso rapidamente. Il livello di programmazione degli oggetti però non è esteso a tutti, ma è limitato ai giocatori che hanno raggiunto un livello elevato di competenza all'interno del MUD stesso e delle sue regole. Grazie a questo maggior controllo del mondo, un LPMUD tende ad essere più organico e coerente nella construzione del mondo, diversamente dal TinyMUD che tende invece a diventare un po' caotico. Translation: It was created in 1990 by Lars Pensjö of the Chalmers Academic Computing Society in Sweden. Pensjö's experience was with AberMUD, and its system is basically the result of a compromise between the rigidity of AberMUD and the egalitarianism of TinyMUD. The LPMUD server is different from others because it is not a game but a prefabricated language called LPC, which users can use to interact, change their environment and build a game. A DikuMUD is much more efficient as a program but cannot be changed without having a high level of programming knowledge. On the other hand, LPMUD is much more flexible, and you can build very complex objects with a lower level of knowledge. Thanks to this flexibility, which adapts to players' imagination, LPMUD has spread rapidly. The level of programming objects is not for everyone, but is limited to players who have reached a high level of competence within the MUD itself and with its rules. Thanks to this greater control of the world, a LPMUD tends toward more comprehensive and coherent construction of the world, unlike TinyMUD, which tends to get a little chaotic.","urls":[{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Giuliano","url_text":"Giuliano, Luca"},{"url":"https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltemi_Editore","url_text":"Meltemi Editore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-86479-35-6","url_text":"978-88-86479-35-6"}]},{"reference":"Maloni, Kelly; Baker, Derek; Wice, Nathaniel (1994). Net Games. Random House / Michael Wolff & Company, Inc. pp. 78. ISBN 0-679-75592-6. Genesis lays claim to being the first LPMUD.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/netgamesyourguid00malo/page/78","url_text":"Net Games"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/netgamesyourguid00malo/page/78","url_text":"78"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75592-6","url_text":"0-679-75592-6"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1996-03-11). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-18. April 1989 ¶ Lars starts the first public LPMud, _Genesis_.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bartle, Richard (2003). Designing Virtual Worlds. New Riders. p. 10. ISBN 0-13-101816-7. To this end, he developed an in-game programming language called LPC that allowed players of sufficient experience to add not only objects, but also powerful functionality to the game as it ran.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bartle","url_text":"Bartle, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designing_Virtual_Worlds","url_text":"Designing Virtual Worlds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-101816-7","url_text":"0-13-101816-7"}]},{"reference":"Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. MudOS and Amylaar:: There are a couple versions of LPmuds that you might run into. More are being developed as coders and wizards improve their games. Both MudOS and Amylaar are descendants of LPmuds, and Amylaar is an especially popular version.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-7003-X","url_text":"0-7645-7003-X"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1998-09-15). \"LPMud FAQ\". Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Amylaar is a person, not an LPMud. He is the primary author and torch bearer of the LPMud name. Given the generic sound of the term \"LPMud\" these days, people often refer to LPMud 3.2 as the Amylaar driver.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","url_text":"\"LPMud FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 164. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. DGD, created by Dworkin aka Felix Croes, is a complete rewrite of the LPmud game.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5","url_text":"0-471-11633-5"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1998-09-15). \"LPMud FAQ\". Internet FAQ Archives. Retrieved 2009-06-25. Shattered Worlds, on the otherhand, derives from LPMud 2.4.5.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","url_text":"\"LPMud FAQ\""}]},{"reference":"Hahn, Harley (1996). The Internet Complete Reference (2nd ed.). Osborne McGraw-Hill. p. 557. ISBN 0-07-882138-X. The original LPC language was designed to create hack-n-slash muds. If you heard that a particular mud was an LPMud, you could guess what type of mud it was. In recent years, though, LPC has been redesigned into a general-purpose mud-creation language and, nowadays, virtually any type of mud might be an LPMud.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harleyhahnsinter00hahn/page/557","url_text":"The Internet Complete Reference"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/harleyhahnsinter00hahn/page/557","url_text":"557"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-882138-X","url_text":"0-07-882138-X"}]},{"reference":"Ito, Mizuko (1997). \"Virtually Embodied: The Reality of Fantasy in a Multi-User Dungeon\". In Porter, David (ed.). Internet Culture (pbk. ed.). Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 0-415-91684-4. The MUDs that I study are LPMUDs, which are \"traditional\" and \"mainstream\" MUDs in the sense that they are combat and role-playing game oriented, and tend to use medieval images.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizuko_Ito","url_text":"Ito, Mizuko"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-91684-4","url_text":"0-415-91684-4"}]},{"reference":"Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. LPmuds: When you play LPmuds, you'll probably be faced with more of a bent toward socialization and an attempt to get characters to role-play more. Quests, where you have to complete a predetermined set of actions, tend to be used to try to move people away from relying simply on combat to gain experience. When you first enter the game, your character has no profession until you join a guild, which you usually need to search around for. It is normally against the rules for seasoned characters to help you with your quests or finding a guild, but some LPmuds do not enforce this.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-7003-X","url_text":"0-7645-7003-X"}]},{"reference":"\"Talker History\". NetLingo the Internet Dictionary. Retrieved 2010-04-13. Single-server talkers on the internet first appeared in 1990, with the talker Cat Chat. This was a hack of the LPMud source code, put together by Chris Thompson (aka 'Cat') at Warwick University, in England.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.netlingo.com/more/talker.php","url_text":"\"Talker History\""}]},{"reference":"Takacs, Mark (August 17, 1993). \"Prolix A Text-based Participant System for VR\". Washington: 13. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.53.5993. 2.3.7 MIRE Kay has taken a TMI LPMud driver (a popular alternative driver developed by The Mud Institute) and used it as the basis for a multi-user news and information retrieval system","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.53.5993","url_text":"10.1.1.53.5993"}]},{"reference":"Boring, Erich (1993-12-03). PangaeaMud: An Online, Object-oriented Multiple User Interactive Geologic Database Tool (PDF) (Master's thesis). Miami University. Retrieved 2010-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://sc.lib.muohio.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.MIA/248/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1","url_text":"PangaeaMud: An Online, Object-oriented Multiple User Interactive Geologic Database Tool"}]},{"reference":"English, Katharine, ed. (1996). Most Popular Web Sites: The Best of the Net from A 2 Z. Lycos Press / Macmillan Publishers. p. 315. ISBN 0-7897-0792-6. Two Towers Multi-User Dungeon http://www.angband.com/towers This page serves as an entrance to the Two Towers Multi-User Dungeon, allowing game players to step into the world of fantasy writer J.R.R. Tolkien. Intrepid visitors can learn about the game or link to Tolkien sites dotting the net.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers","url_text":"Macmillan Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7897-0792-6","url_text":"0-7897-0792-6"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Bud; Bebak, Arthur (1997). Creating Web Pages for Dummies (2nd ed.). IDG. pp. 40–41. ISBN 0-7645-0114-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/creatingwebpages00smit_0/page/40","url_text":"Creating Web Pages for Dummies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/creatingwebpages00smit_0/page/40","url_text":"40–41"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-0114-3","url_text":"0-7645-0114-3"}]},{"reference":"Jones, Nimrod (April 1997). \"nEt.SPeAk\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2010-07-20. The MUD referred to in this work is The Two Towers LpMUD based upon J. R. R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings. It claims to be the most faithful MUD to his Middle-Earth and boasts players in their hundreds gathered from 50 countries world-wide.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722012643/http://zencadet.info/net.speak/chapter1.html","url_text":"\"nEt.SPeAk\""},{"url":"http://zencadet.info/net.speak/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tolkien Gaming - Gaming Havens - Game Reviews - Two Tower MUD\". theonering.net. 2000-05-23. Retrieved 2010-10-15. The experience system was very simple, you kill things and complete missions, you get more attributes.","urls":[{"url":"http://haven.theonering.net/reviews/games/twotowersmud.html","url_text":"\"Tolkien Gaming - Gaming Havens - Game Reviews - Two Tower MUD\""}]},{"reference":"Ekman, Fredrik (1995-05-09). \"LP mud's\". rec.arts.books.tolkien. Retrieved 2010-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.books.tolkien/msg/e73f9160aa34df11","url_text":"\"LP mud's\""}]},{"reference":"\"The MUD Connector: The Two Towers\". The MUD Connector. Archived from the original on 2012-07-17. Retrieved 2010-07-06. Highly customized TMI-2 1.1.1 mudlib on MudOS v22 (May 4, 2007)","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717014932/http://www.mudconnect.com/mud-bin/adv_search.cgi?Mode=MUD&mud=The+Two+Towers","url_text":"\"The MUD Connector: The Two Towers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_MUD_Connector&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"The MUD Connector"},{"url":"http://www.mudconnect.com/mud-bin/adv_search.cgi?Mode=MUD&mud=The+Two+Towers","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Towers, J. Tarin; Badertscher, Ken; Cunningham, Wayne; Buskirk, Laura (1996). Yahoo! Wild Web Rides. IDG Books Worldwide Inc. p. 141. ISBN 0-7645-7003-X. MudOS and Amylaar:: There are a couple versions of LPmuds that you might run into. More are being developed as coders and wizards improve their games. Both MudOS and Amylaar are descendants of LPmuds, and Amylaar is an especially popular version.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-7003-X","url_text":"0-7645-7003-X"}]},{"reference":"Busey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. p. 216. ISBN 0-672-30723-5. For example, the MudOS server is based on the LPMUD server, but has been developed along different lines than the current LPMUD server.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMS_Publishing","url_text":"SAMS Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-30723-5","url_text":"0-672-30723-5"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1995-08-01). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. February 18, 1992 The LPMud 3.1.2-A project is renamed MudOS.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (1995). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 164. ISBN 0-471-11633-5. MudOS is a much enhanced version that was a major rewrite that is not compatible with the old 2.4.5 LPmud version. It is one of the most feature-rich Mud systems available, making the game seem almost like a high-level operating system of its own. You can create objects within the Mud that can directly access the Internet Protocols, such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP); [...]","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5","url_text":"0-471-11633-5"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1995-08-01). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. BeekOS is basically a MudOS core with dynamic compilation of LPC->C, linking the compiled machine code to the running server dynamically. These enhancements are later merged into MudOS once Beeks takes over MudOS development.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FluffOS website\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fluffos.info/","url_text":"\"FluffOS website\""}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1996-03-11). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-14. June 1992 ¶ After having taken over as admin of Genocide in April, Blackthorn decides to move Genocide over to the new MudOS driver. At this time, the driver was filled with new features, but equally filled with bugs. Genocide spent most of the summer as a testbed for MudOS development, with MudOS developers Truilka, Jacques, and Wayfarer working along on the driver over on Portals.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Reese, George (1996-03-11). \"LPMud Timeline\". Archived from the original on 2012-02-26. Retrieved 2010-04-14. Early 1994 ¶ Genocides [sic] converts over to LPMud in order to get the unusual speed demands made of it by its theme and its old machine. As a result, Blackthorn stops with the trickle of bug-fixes which had been the whole of MudOS development at the time.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"url":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","url_text":"the original"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic","url_text":"sic"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Rawn (1995). \"Part 2: LPmuds\". In Shah, Rawn; Romine, James (eds.). Playing MUDs on the Internet. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 155–231. ISBN 0-471-11633-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-11633-5","url_text":"0-471-11633-5"}]},{"reference":"Busey, Andrew (1995). Secrets of the MUD Wizards. SAMS Publishing. ISBN 0-672-30723-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMS_Publishing","url_text":"SAMS Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-672-30723-5","url_text":"0-672-30723-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100204062426/http://pike.ida.liu.se/about/pike/history.xml","external_links_name":"\"The History of Pike\""},{"Link":"http://pike.ida.liu.se/about/pike/history.xml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/netgamesyourguid00malo/page/78","external_links_name":"Net Games"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/netgamesyourguid00malo/page/78","external_links_name":"78"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","external_links_name":"\"LPMud FAQ\""},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","external_links_name":"\"LPMud FAQ\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harleyhahnsinter00hahn/page/557","external_links_name":"The Internet Complete Reference"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/harleyhahnsinter00hahn/page/557","external_links_name":"557"},{"Link":"http://www.netlingo.com/more/talker.php","external_links_name":"\"Talker History\""},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.53.5993","external_links_name":"10.1.1.53.5993"},{"Link":"http://web.media.mit.edu/~walter/ep.html","external_links_name":"25+ Years of the Electronic Publishing Group"},{"Link":"http://sc.lib.muohio.edu/bitstream/handle/2374.MIA/248/fulltext.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"PangaeaMud: An Online, Object-oriented Multiple User Interactive Geologic Database Tool"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/creatingwebpages00smit_0/page/40","external_links_name":"Creating Web Pages for Dummies"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/creatingwebpages00smit_0/page/40","external_links_name":"40–41"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722012643/http://zencadet.info/net.speak/chapter1.html","external_links_name":"\"nEt.SPeAk\""},{"Link":"http://zencadet.info/net.speak/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://haven.theonering.net/reviews/games/twotowersmud.html","external_links_name":"\"Tolkien Gaming - Gaming Havens - Game Reviews - Two Tower MUD\""},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/group/rec.arts.books.tolkien/msg/e73f9160aa34df11","external_links_name":"\"LP mud's\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717014932/http://www.mudconnect.com/mud-bin/adv_search.cgi?Mode=MUD&mud=The+Two+Towers","external_links_name":"\"The MUD Connector: The Two Towers\""},{"Link":"http://www.mudconnect.com/mud-bin/adv_search.cgi?Mode=MUD&mud=The+Two+Towers","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fluffos.info/","external_links_name":"\"FluffOS website\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"\"LPMud Timeline\""},{"Link":"http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.faqs.org/faqs/games/mud-faq/lp/","external_links_name":"LPMud FAQ"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226122409/http://www.rpgmud.com/lpmud_timeline.htm","external_links_name":"LPMud Timeline"},{"Link":"http://ldmud.eu/","external_links_name":"LDMud Website"},{"Link":"http://lpmuds.net/","external_links_name":"LPMuds.net"},{"Link":"http://mudseek.com/","external_links_name":"MUDseek"},{"Link":"http://lpmuds.net/downloads.html","external_links_name":"The LPmuds.net downloads page"},{"Link":"https://curlie.org/Games/Online/MUDs/By_Codebase/LP/","external_links_name":"LPMuds"},{"Link":"https://www.fluffos.info/","external_links_name":"The main website for FluffOS"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachele_Gilmore | Rachele Gilmore | ["1 Career","2 Notes","3 External links"] | American opera singer
Rachele GilmoreGilmore bows after making her Metropolitan Opera debut in The Tales of Hoffmann, December 23, 2009Background informationOriginAtlanta, GeorgiaGenresOperaOccupation(s)Singer (Soprano coloratura)Years active2009-presentWebsitehttps://www.rachelegilmore.com/Musical artist
Rachele Gilmore is an American coloratura soprano, originally from Atlanta, Georgia.
She earned her bachelor of music from Indiana University School of Music and continued with graduate studies at Boston University. After her unscheduled major debut, she was compared to Mado Robin.
Career
She made her debut performing in the Metropolitan Opera on 23 December 2009 as cover for Kathleen Kim in the role of Olympia in the opera The Tales of Hoffmann. She had less than four hours' notice that she would sing that night, and the curtain was even briefly held past 20:00 to allow her to walk the stage. She interpolated a high A-flat (A♭6) into Olympia's aria, which, at the time, was conjectured to be the highest note to have ever been sung on the stage of the Met.
Notes
^ "Rising Stars – An Interview with Rachele Gilmore". Opera Warhorses (Interview). Interviewed by William Burnett. 2014-08-04.
^ a b "Rachele Gilmore Makes Remarkable Met Debut - Neil Kurtzman". medicine-opera.com.
^ Dimopoulou, Kassandra (2012-06-10). "Santa della Lirica". Archived from the original on 2014-04-20. Retrieved 2014-04-19.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coloratura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloratura"},{"link_name":"soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soprano"},{"link_name":"Indiana University School of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_School_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mado Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mado_Robin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Musical artistRachele Gilmore is an American coloratura soprano, originally from Atlanta, Georgia.She earned her bachelor of music from Indiana University School of Music and continued with graduate studies at Boston University.[1] After her unscheduled major debut, she was compared to Mado Robin.[2]","title":"Rachele Gilmore"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"cover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understudy"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Kim"},{"link_name":"The Tales of Hoffmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tales_of_Hoffmann"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"A♭6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_pitch_notation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"She made her debut performing in the Metropolitan Opera on 23 December 2009 as cover for Kathleen Kim in the role of Olympia in the opera The Tales of Hoffmann. She had less than four hours' notice that she would sing that night, and the curtain was even briefly held past 20:00 to allow her to walk the stage.[3] She interpolated a high A-flat (A♭6) into Olympia's aria, which, at the time, was conjectured to be the highest note to have ever been sung on the stage of the Met.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Rising Stars – An Interview with Rachele Gilmore\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//operawarhorses.com/2014/08/04/rising-stars-an-interview-with-rachele-gilmore/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Rachele Gilmore Makes Remarkable Met Debut - Neil Kurtzman\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//medicine-opera.com/2009/12/rachel-gilmore-makes-remarkable-met-debut/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Santa della Lirica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140420111246/http://santadellalirica.blogspot.com/2012/06/interview-rachel-gilmore-opera-singer.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//santadellalirica.blogspot.com/2012/06/interview-rachel-gilmore-opera-singer.html"}],"text":"^ \"Rising Stars – An Interview with Rachele Gilmore\". Opera Warhorses (Interview). Interviewed by William Burnett. 2014-08-04.\n\n^ a b \"Rachele Gilmore Makes Remarkable Met Debut - Neil Kurtzman\". medicine-opera.com.\n\n^ Dimopoulou, Kassandra (2012-06-10). \"Santa della Lirica\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-20. Retrieved 2014-04-19.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rising Stars – An Interview with Rachele Gilmore\". Opera Warhorses (Interview). Interviewed by William Burnett. 2014-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://operawarhorses.com/2014/08/04/rising-stars-an-interview-with-rachele-gilmore/","url_text":"\"Rising Stars – An Interview with Rachele Gilmore\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachele Gilmore Makes Remarkable Met Debut - Neil Kurtzman\". medicine-opera.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://medicine-opera.com/2009/12/rachel-gilmore-makes-remarkable-met-debut/","url_text":"\"Rachele Gilmore Makes Remarkable Met Debut - Neil Kurtzman\""}]},{"reference":"Dimopoulou, Kassandra (2012-06-10). \"Santa della Lirica\". Archived from the original on 2014-04-20. Retrieved 2014-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140420111246/http://santadellalirica.blogspot.com/2012/06/interview-rachel-gilmore-opera-singer.html","url_text":"\"Santa della Lirica\""},{"url":"http://santadellalirica.blogspot.com/2012/06/interview-rachel-gilmore-opera-singer.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.rachelegilmore.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.rachelegilmore.com/"},{"Link":"https://operawarhorses.com/2014/08/04/rising-stars-an-interview-with-rachele-gilmore/","external_links_name":"\"Rising Stars – An Interview with Rachele Gilmore\""},{"Link":"http://medicine-opera.com/2009/12/rachel-gilmore-makes-remarkable-met-debut/","external_links_name":"\"Rachele Gilmore Makes Remarkable Met Debut - Neil Kurtzman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140420111246/http://santadellalirica.blogspot.com/2012/06/interview-rachel-gilmore-opera-singer.html","external_links_name":"\"Santa della Lirica\""},{"Link":"http://santadellalirica.blogspot.com/2012/06/interview-rachel-gilmore-opera-singer.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.rachelegilmore.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30150030589010961457","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwX8dvHM4hfW3T78XdxXd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2017090139","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7c5fb606-5850-4df1-afc8-e7ccd3988bea","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Pergolizzi | Rosario Pergolizzi | ["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Honours","3.1 Player","3.2 Managerial","4 References"] | Italian football coach and former player (born 1968)
Rosario PergolizziPersonal informationDate of birth
(1968-10-07) 7 October 1968 (age 55)Place of birth
Palermo, ItalyHeight
1.72 m (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in)Position(s)
defenderTeam informationCurrent team
LFA Reggio Calabria (head coach)Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1986–1987
Olbia
32
(1)1987–1988
Napoli
1
(0)1988–1990
Reggina
49
(4)1990–1993
Ascoli
99
(7)1993–1996
Bologna
91
(4)1996–1997
Brescia
33
(1)1997–1998
Padova
30
(0)1998–2000
Ravenna
72
(0)2000–2001
Padova
2
(0)2001–2002
Olbia
1
(0)Managerial career2002–2003
Ascoli (assistant coach)2003–2004
Bari (assistant coach)2004–2005
Olbia2007
Palermo (joint caretaker)2011–2011
Portogruaro2011
Pavia2013
Ascoli2014–2016
Marsala2019–2020
Palermo2023–2024
Campobasso2024–
LFA Reggio Calabria
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Rosario Pergolizzi (born 7 October 1968) is an Italian football coach and former player. He is the head coach of Serie D club LFA Reggio Calabria.
Playing career
Pergolizzi, a defender, made his professional debut with Sardinian team Olbia Calcio; he then moved to Napoli, where he made a single appearance in the Serie A 1987-88. Pergolizzi then played for several minor Serie A and B clubs, including Ascoli, Bologna, Brescia, Padova and Ravenna. He retired in 2001–2002, after a single appearance with Olbia, then in Serie D.
Coaching career
Pergolizzi started his coaching career in 2002 as Giuseppe Pillon's assistant coach at Ascoli of Serie C1. The same year, the club immediately gained promotion to Serie B. In 2003–2004, he followed Pillon at Bari.
From 2004 to 2005, he coached Serie C2 club Olbia, the same team in which he started and ended his playing career. In 2005, he was appointed to coach Palermo's youth squad. In his first season, he reached the semifinals of both the Campionato Nazionale Primavera and the Coppa Italia Primavera. In 2006–2007, he reached again the Coppa Italia Primavera semifinals, where his team was defeated by Juventus.
On 23 April 2007, following the firing of head coach Francesco Guidolin, Pergolizzi was appointed alongside first-team assistant manager Renzo Gobbo to coach Palermo for the five remaining Serie A league matches. He served for only three matches before being sacked and replaced by his predecessor, Guidolin.
After a year without a job, in the summer of 2008, Pergolizzi took back his previous role as Palermo youth team coach. In his first season back with the Palermo youngsters, he guided the under-19 team to win the Campionato Nazionale Primavera for a historical first time after defeating tipped favourites Juventus in the quarter-finals, Chievo in the semi-final, and Siena in the league final. He left Palermo in June 2010 to get back into first-team coaching.
In June 2011 he was unveiled as new head coach of Portogruaro, who will take part to the 2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione after being relegated from Serie B. On 18 July 2011 he was forced, in agreement with the company, to leave his post due to serious family problems.
On 26 October 2011, he was named head coach of Pavia. He resigned a few weeks later, on 5 December, due to poor results.
On 20 March 2013, he was named new manager of Ascoli, but he was relieved of his duties again on 13 April 2013.
He was successively reappointed at the helm of Ascoli in July 2013 after the club's relegation to Lega Pro, but resigned on 27 October 2013 after a 2–5 home loss to Lecce.
On 27 November 2014, he was named new head coach of Eccellenza Sicily amateurs Marsala. guiding them to promotion to Serie D by the end of the season. However, on the following 2015–16 Serie D season, he suffered immediate relegation on the final matchday of the season.
On 30 July 2018, he was named new Under-17 coach of Empoli for the 2018–19 season.
On 3 August 2019, he was unveiled as the new head coach of the refounded Palermo, that played Serie D in 2019–20. Palermo was promoted to Serie C at the end of the season as Pergolizzi left the club.
Between 2021 and 2022, Pergolizzi returned to Ascoli, this time as a youth coach in charge of the Under-19 team.
On 11 October 2023, Pergolizzi was appointed new head coach of Serie D club Campobasso. On 28 April 2024, Pergolizzi won the league title with Campobasso with a game in hand. On 17 May 2024, Campobasso announced to have mutually parted ways with Pergolizzi with immediate effect.
On 13 June 2024, he was hired as the new head coach of Serie D club LFA Reggio Calabria.
Honours
Player
Bologna
Serie B: 1995–96
Serie C1: 1994–95 (Group A)
Brescia
Serie B: 1996–97
Olbia
Serie D: 2001–02 (Group B)
Managerial
Palermo
Campionato Nazionale Primavera: 2008–09
Serie D: 2019–20 (Group I)
Campobasso
Serie D: 2023–24 (Group F)
Marsala
Eccellenza Sicily: 2014–15 (Group A)
Coppa Italia Dilettanti Sicilia: 2014–15
References
^ (in Italian) StadioNews
^ "Palermo, notte magica Primo scudetto Primavera" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-06-09.
^ "UFFICIALE: Portogruaro, Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2011.
^ "PortogruaroSummaga, News". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-07-20.
^ "Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore del Pavia" (in Italian). AC Pavia. 26 October 2011. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^ "Pergolizzi rassegna le dimissioni" (in Italian). AC Pavia. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
^ "Ascoli:esonerato Pergolizzi, torna Silva" (in Italian). Gazzetta dello Sport. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.
^ "Rosario Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore dell'Ascoli" (in Italian). Il Resto del Carlino. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "Ascoli, il tecnico Pergolizzi si è dimesso" (in Italian). Il Resto del Carlino. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "Marsala, Pergolizzi nuovo tecnico Prende il posto di Sandri" (in Italian). LiveSicilia Sport. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "Dalla promozione del Marsala a Calciopoli. Due sentenze così diverse..." (in Italian). TP24.it. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "L'ennesima umiliazione del Marsala Calcio. Perde in casa e retrocede in Eccellenza" (in Italian). TP24.it. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "Under 17, ricomincia l'avventura. Alla guida c'è Pergolizzi" (in Italian). Empoli Channel. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "Nuovo Palermo: Pergolizzi firma, in società anche Rinaudo e Paparesta" (in Italian). Giornale di Sicilia. 3 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
^ "Calcio: Rosario Pergolizzi nuovo mister del Campobasso" (in Italian). ANSA.it. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "Calcio, il Campobasso promosso in Lega Pro" (in Italian). ANSA.it. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.
^ "Dopo la promozione, si separano le strade del Campobasso e di mister Pergolizzi" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 17 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
^ "LFA Reggio Calabria, Pergolizzi nuovo tecnico. In carica a partire dal 1° luglio" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
vtePalermo FC – managers
Cargnelli (1930–31)
Feldmann (1931–34)
Csapkay (1935–35)
Lelovich (1935–36)
Benincasa (1936)
Csapkay (1936–37)
Hajós (1937–38)
Halmos (1938–39)
Negri (1939–40)
Krappan (1941–42)
Nigiotti (1942–43)
Faotto (1945–47)
Rosetta (1947–48)
Varglien (1948–49)
Viani (1949–51)
Galli (1951–52)
Masetti (1952)
Bonizzoni (1952–53)
Bánás (1953)
Varglien (1953)
Hiden (1953–54)
Baloncieri (1954–55)
Sperone (1955)
Rigotti (1955–56)
Puricelli (1956–57)
Kossovel (1957–58)
Rava (1958)
Rigotti (1958)
Vycpálek (1958–60)
Baldi (1960–61)
Remondini (1961–62)
Baldi (1962–63)
Montez (1963)
Székely (1963–65)
Facchini (1965–66)
Achilli (1966–67)
Di Bella (1967–71)
De Grandi (1971–72)
Pinardi (1972–73)
Biagini (1973)
Viciani (1973–75)
De Grandi (1975)
De Bellis (1975–77)
Grassotti (1977)
Veneranda (1977–79)
Cadè (1979–80)
Veneranda (1980–81)
Urbani (1981)
Di Bella (1981)
Renna (1981–83)
Del Noce (1983)
Giagnoni (1983–84)
Landoni (1984)
Rosati (1984–85)
Angelillo (1985–86)
Veneranda (1986)
Caramanno (1987–88)
Rumignani (1988–89)
Liguori (1989–90)
Ferrari (1990–92)
Di Marzio (1992)
Orazi (1992–93)
Nicolini (1993–94)
Salvemini (1994–95)
Vitali (1995)
Arcoleo (1995–97)
Vitali (1997)
Rumignani (1997–98)
Arcoleo (1998)
Morgia (1998–2000)
Sonzogni (2000–01)
Sella (2001)
Mutti (2001–02)
Pruzzo (2002)
Glerean (2002)
Arrigoni (2002–03)
Sonetti (2003)
Baldini (2003–04)
Guidolin (2004–05)
Delneri (2005–06)
Papadopulo (2006)
Guidolin (2006–07)
Gobbo–Pergolizzi (2007)
Guidolin (2007)
Colantuono (2007)
Guidolin (2007–08)
Colantuono (2008)
Ballardini (2008–09)
Zenga (2009)
Rossi (2009–11)
Cosmi (2011)
Rossi (2011)
Pioli (2011)
Mangia (2011)
Mutti (2011–12)
Sannino (2012)
Gasperini (2012–13)
Malesani (2013)
Gasperini (2013)
Sannino (2013)
Gattuso (2013)
Iachini (2013–15)
Ballardini (2015–16)
Vivianic (2016)
Tedescoc (2016)
Bosi (2016)
Iachini (2016)
Novellino (2016)
Ballardini (2016)
De Zerbi (2016)
Corini (2016–17)
López (2017)
Bortoluzzi (2017)
Tedino (2017–18)
Stellone (2018)
Tedino (2018)
Stellone (2018–19)
Rossi (2019)
Marino (2019)
Pergolizzi (2019–20)
Boscaglia (2020–21)
Filippi (2021)
Baldini (2021–22)
Corini (2022–24)
Mignani (2024)
Dionisi (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"LFA Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFA_Reggio_Calabria"}],"text":"Rosario Pergolizzi (born 7 October 1968) is an Italian football coach and former player. He is the head coach of Serie D club LFA Reggio Calabria.","title":"Rosario Pergolizzi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defender_(football)"},{"link_name":"Sardinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Olbia Calcio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.C._Napoli"},{"link_name":"Serie A 1987-88","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A_1987-88"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Ascoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_F.C._1909"},{"link_name":"Brescia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brescia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Padova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Padova"},{"link_name":"Ravenna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenna_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"}],"text":"Pergolizzi, a defender, made his professional debut with Sardinian team Olbia Calcio; he then moved to Napoli, where he made a single appearance in the Serie A 1987-88. Pergolizzi then played for several minor Serie A and B clubs, including Ascoli, Bologna, Brescia, Padova and Ravenna. He retired in 2001–2002, after a single appearance with Olbia, then in Serie D.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Giuseppe Pillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pillon"},{"link_name":"Ascoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Bari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSC_Bari"},{"link_name":"Serie C2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C2"},{"link_name":"Olbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olbia_Calcio"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_FC"},{"link_name":"Campionato Nazionale Primavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campionato_Nazionale_Primavera"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Primavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Primavera"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Francesco Guidolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Guidolin"},{"link_name":"Renzo Gobbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renzo_Gobbo"},{"link_name":"Serie A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_A"},{"link_name":"Campionato Nazionale Primavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campionato_Nazionale_Primavera"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"Chievo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._ChievoVerona"},{"link_name":"Siena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Siena"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Portogruaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcio_Portogruaro_Summaga"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro Prima Divisione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro_Prima_Divisione"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.C._Pavia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ascoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Calcio_1898"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lega Pro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_Pro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Lecce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Lecce"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Marsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.S.D._Marsala_Calcio"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"2015–16 Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Empoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empoli_F.C."},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Palermo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palermo_FC"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Serie C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C"},{"link_name":"Campobasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASD_Campobasso_1919"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"LFA Reggio Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LFA_Reggio_Calabria"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Pergolizzi started his coaching career in 2002 as Giuseppe Pillon's assistant coach at Ascoli of Serie C1. The same year, the club immediately gained promotion to Serie B. In 2003–2004, he followed Pillon at Bari.From 2004 to 2005, he coached Serie C2 club Olbia, the same team in which he started and ended his playing career. In 2005, he was appointed to coach Palermo's youth squad. In his first season, he reached the semifinals of both the Campionato Nazionale Primavera and the Coppa Italia Primavera. In 2006–2007, he reached again the Coppa Italia Primavera semifinals, where his team was defeated by Juventus.[1]On 23 April 2007, following the firing of head coach Francesco Guidolin, Pergolizzi was appointed alongside first-team assistant manager Renzo Gobbo to coach Palermo for the five remaining Serie A league matches. He served for only three matches before being sacked and replaced by his predecessor, Guidolin.After a year without a job, in the summer of 2008, Pergolizzi took back his previous role as Palermo youth team coach. In his first season back with the Palermo youngsters, he guided the under-19 team to win the Campionato Nazionale Primavera for a historical first time after defeating tipped favourites Juventus in the quarter-finals, Chievo in the semi-final, and Siena in the league final.[2] He left Palermo in June 2010 to get back into first-team coaching.In June 2011 he was unveiled as new head coach of Portogruaro, who will take part to the 2011–12 Lega Pro Prima Divisione after being relegated from Serie B.[3] On 18 July 2011 he was forced, in agreement with the company, to leave his post due to serious family problems.[4]On 26 October 2011, he was named head coach of Pavia.[5] He resigned a few weeks later, on 5 December, due to poor results.[6]On 20 March 2013, he was named new manager of Ascoli, but he was relieved of his duties again on 13 April 2013.[7]He was successively reappointed at the helm of Ascoli in July 2013 after the club's relegation to Lega Pro,[8] but resigned on 27 October 2013 after a 2–5 home loss to Lecce.[9]On 27 November 2014, he was named new head coach of Eccellenza Sicily amateurs Marsala.[10] guiding them to promotion to Serie D by the end of the season.[11] However, on the following 2015–16 Serie D season, he suffered immediate relegation on the final matchday of the season.[12]On 30 July 2018, he was named new Under-17 coach of Empoli for the 2018–19 season.[13]On 3 August 2019, he was unveiled as the new head coach of the refounded Palermo, that played Serie D in 2019–20.[14] Palermo was promoted to Serie C at the end of the season as Pergolizzi left the club.Between 2021 and 2022, Pergolizzi returned to Ascoli, this time as a youth coach in charge of the Under-19 team.On 11 October 2023, Pergolizzi was appointed new head coach of Serie D club Campobasso.[15] On 28 April 2024, Pergolizzi won the league title with Campobasso with a game in hand.[16] On 17 May 2024, Campobasso announced to have mutually parted ways with Pergolizzi with immediate effect.[17]On 13 June 2024, he was hired as the new head coach of Serie D club LFA Reggio Calabria.[18]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Serie C1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_C1"},{"link_name":"1994–95","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1994%E2%80%9395_Serie_C1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Serie B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_B"},{"link_name":"1996–97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996%E2%80%9397_Serie_B"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2001%E2%80%9302_Serie_D&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Player","text":"BolognaSerie B: 1995–96\nSerie C1: 1994–95 (Group A)BresciaSerie B: 1996–97OlbiaSerie D: 2001–02 (Group B)","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campionato Nazionale Primavera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campionato_Nazionale_Primavera"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2019–20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Serie D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serie_D"},{"link_name":"2023–24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023%E2%80%9324_Serie_D"},{"link_name":"Eccellenza Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eccellenza_Sicily"},{"link_name":"Coppa Italia Dilettanti Sicilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppa_Italia_Dilettanti"}],"sub_title":"Managerial","text":"PalermoCampionato Nazionale Primavera: 2008–09\nSerie D: 2019–20 (Group I)CampobassoSerie D: 2023–24 (Group F)MarsalaEccellenza Sicily: 2014–15 (Group A)\nCoppa Italia Dilettanti Sicilia: 2014–15","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Palermo, notte magica Primo scudetto Primavera\" (in Italian). La Gazzetta dello Sport. 2009-06-08. Retrieved 2009-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Giovani/Campionato_Primavera/08-06-2009/palermo-notte-magica-50506704715.shtml","url_text":"\"Palermo, notte magica Primo scudetto Primavera\""}]},{"reference":"\"UFFICIALE: Portogruaro, Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore\" [OFFICIAL: Portugruaro, Pergolizzi new head coach] (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 5 July 2011. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 6 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001092447/http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/legapro/?action=read&idnet=dHV0dG9sZWdhcHJvLmNvbS0zMDkyMA","url_text":"\"UFFICIALE: Portogruaro, Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore\""},{"url":"http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/legapro/?action=read&idnet=dHV0dG9sZWdhcHJvLmNvbS0zMDkyMA","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"PortogruaroSummaga, News\". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015334/http://www.portogruarosummaga.it/news/la-societa-portogruaro-continua-a-rimanere-vicina-alla-difficile-situazione-che-vive-in-questi-giorn","url_text":"\"PortogruaroSummaga, News\""},{"url":"http://www.portogruarosummaga.it/news/la-societa-portogruaro-continua-a-rimanere-vicina-alla-difficile-situazione-che-vive-in-questi-giorn","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore del Pavia\" (in Italian). AC Pavia. 26 October 2011. Archived from the original on 28 November 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111128041752/http://www.paviacalcio.it/news/tutte-le-news/1791-pergolizzi-e-il-nuovo-allenatore-del-pavia","url_text":"\"Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore del Pavia\""},{"url":"http://www.paviacalcio.it/news/tutte-le-news/1791-pergolizzi-e-il-nuovo-allenatore-del-pavia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Pergolizzi rassegna le dimissioni\" (in Italian). AC Pavia. 5 December 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.paviacalcio.it/news/tutte-le-news/1864-pergolizzi-rassegna-le-dimissioni","url_text":"\"Pergolizzi rassegna le dimissioni\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ascoli:esonerato Pergolizzi, torna Silva\" (in Italian). Gazzetta dello Sport. 13 April 2013. Retrieved 13 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzetta.it/notizie-ultima-ora/Calcio/Ascoli-esonerato-Pergolizzi-torna-Silva/13-04-2013/2-A_005898729.shtml","url_text":"\"Ascoli:esonerato Pergolizzi, torna Silva\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rosario Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore dell'Ascoli\" (in Italian). Il Resto del Carlino. 12 July 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/ascoli/sport/calcio/2013/07/12/918802-rosario-pergolizzi-nuovo-allenatore-ascoli.shtml","url_text":"\"Rosario Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore dell'Ascoli\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ascoli, il tecnico Pergolizzi si è dimesso\" (in Italian). Il Resto del Carlino. 27 October 2013. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/ascoli/sport/calcio/2013/07/12/918802-rosario-pergolizzi-nuovo-allenatore-ascoli.shtml","url_text":"\"Ascoli, il tecnico Pergolizzi si è dimesso\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marsala, Pergolizzi nuovo tecnico Prende il posto di Sandri\" (in Italian). LiveSicilia Sport. 27 November 2014. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://sport.livesicilia.it/2014/11/27/marsala-pergolizzi-nuovo-tecnico-prende-il-posto-dellesonerato-sandri_541300/","url_text":"\"Marsala, Pergolizzi nuovo tecnico Prende il posto di Sandri\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dalla promozione del Marsala a Calciopoli. Due sentenze così diverse...\" (in Italian). TP24.it. 27 March 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tp24.it/2015/03/27/sport/dalla-promozione-del-marsala-a-calciopoli-due-sentenze-cosi-diverse/90237","url_text":"\"Dalla promozione del Marsala a Calciopoli. Due sentenze così diverse...\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'ennesima umiliazione del Marsala Calcio. Perde in casa e retrocede in Eccellenza\" (in Italian). TP24.it. 23 May 2016. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tp24.it/2016/05/23/sport/serie-d-playout-umiliazione-marsala-e-eccellenza-palmese-salva/100499","url_text":"\"L'ennesima umiliazione del Marsala Calcio. Perde in casa e retrocede in Eccellenza\""}]},{"reference":"\"Under 17, ricomincia l'avventura. Alla guida c'è Pergolizzi\" (in Italian). Empoli Channel. 30 July 2018. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.empolichannel.it/under-17-ricomincia-lavventura-alla-guida-ce-pergolizzi/","url_text":"\"Under 17, ricomincia l'avventura. Alla guida c'è Pergolizzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nuovo Palermo: Pergolizzi firma, in società anche Rinaudo e Paparesta\" (in Italian). Giornale di Sicilia. 3 August 2019. Retrieved 3 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://palermo.gds.it/articoli/calcio/2019/08/03/il-nuovo-palermo-si-presenta-pergolizzi-firma-castagnini-responsabile-area-tecnica-c8be608f-d1d7-451a-867d-5abcdc2d94ea/","url_text":"\"Nuovo Palermo: Pergolizzi firma, in società anche Rinaudo e Paparesta\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio: Rosario Pergolizzi nuovo mister del Campobasso\" (in Italian). ANSA.it. 11 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ansa.it/molise/notizie/2023/10/11/calcio-rosario-pergolizzi-nuovo-mister-del-campobasso_5b9a371a-6dd2-488d-a90a-bf98f1f3f6fa.html","url_text":"\"Calcio: Rosario Pergolizzi nuovo mister del Campobasso\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calcio, il Campobasso promosso in Lega Pro\" (in Italian). ANSA.it. 29 April 2024. Retrieved 29 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ansa.it/molise/notizie/2024/04/29/calcio-il-campobasso-promosso-in-lega-pro_78ee78c1-5ccd-42fc-85f5-bf500a72dd62.html","url_text":"\"Calcio, il Campobasso promosso in Lega Pro\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dopo la promozione, si separano le strade del Campobasso e di mister Pergolizzi\" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 17 May 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-d/dopo-la-promozione-si-separano-le-strade-del-campobasso-e-di-mister-pergolizzi-1969098","url_text":"\"Dopo la promozione, si separano le strade del Campobasso e di mister Pergolizzi\""}]},{"reference":"\"LFA Reggio Calabria, Pergolizzi nuovo tecnico. In carica a partire dal 1° luglio\" (in Italian). TuttoMercatoWeb. 13 June 2024. Retrieved 13 June 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-d/lfa-reggio-calabria-pergolizzi-nuovo-tecnico-in-carica-a-partire-dal-1-luglio-1978805","url_text":"\"LFA Reggio Calabria, Pergolizzi nuovo tecnico. In carica a partire dal 1° luglio\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.stadionews.it/brevi.asp?ID=19168","external_links_name":"StadioNews"},{"Link":"http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Giovani/Campionato_Primavera/08-06-2009/palermo-notte-magica-50506704715.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Palermo, notte magica Primo scudetto Primavera\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121001092447/http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/legapro/?action=read&idnet=dHV0dG9sZWdhcHJvLmNvbS0zMDkyMA","external_links_name":"\"UFFICIALE: Portogruaro, Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore\""},{"Link":"http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/legapro/?action=read&idnet=dHV0dG9sZWdhcHJvLmNvbS0zMDkyMA","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110720015334/http://www.portogruarosummaga.it/news/la-societa-portogruaro-continua-a-rimanere-vicina-alla-difficile-situazione-che-vive-in-questi-giorn","external_links_name":"\"PortogruaroSummaga, News\""},{"Link":"http://www.portogruarosummaga.it/news/la-societa-portogruaro-continua-a-rimanere-vicina-alla-difficile-situazione-che-vive-in-questi-giorn","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111128041752/http://www.paviacalcio.it/news/tutte-le-news/1791-pergolizzi-e-il-nuovo-allenatore-del-pavia","external_links_name":"\"Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore del Pavia\""},{"Link":"http://www.paviacalcio.it/news/tutte-le-news/1791-pergolizzi-e-il-nuovo-allenatore-del-pavia","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.paviacalcio.it/news/tutte-le-news/1864-pergolizzi-rassegna-le-dimissioni","external_links_name":"\"Pergolizzi rassegna le dimissioni\""},{"Link":"http://www.gazzetta.it/notizie-ultima-ora/Calcio/Ascoli-esonerato-Pergolizzi-torna-Silva/13-04-2013/2-A_005898729.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ascoli:esonerato Pergolizzi, torna Silva\""},{"Link":"https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/ascoli/sport/calcio/2013/07/12/918802-rosario-pergolizzi-nuovo-allenatore-ascoli.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Rosario Pergolizzi è il nuovo allenatore dell'Ascoli\""},{"Link":"https://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/ascoli/sport/calcio/2013/07/12/918802-rosario-pergolizzi-nuovo-allenatore-ascoli.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ascoli, il tecnico Pergolizzi si è dimesso\""},{"Link":"https://sport.livesicilia.it/2014/11/27/marsala-pergolizzi-nuovo-tecnico-prende-il-posto-dellesonerato-sandri_541300/","external_links_name":"\"Marsala, Pergolizzi nuovo tecnico Prende il posto di Sandri\""},{"Link":"https://www.tp24.it/2015/03/27/sport/dalla-promozione-del-marsala-a-calciopoli-due-sentenze-cosi-diverse/90237","external_links_name":"\"Dalla promozione del Marsala a Calciopoli. Due sentenze così diverse...\""},{"Link":"https://www.tp24.it/2016/05/23/sport/serie-d-playout-umiliazione-marsala-e-eccellenza-palmese-salva/100499","external_links_name":"\"L'ennesima umiliazione del Marsala Calcio. Perde in casa e retrocede in Eccellenza\""},{"Link":"https://www.empolichannel.it/under-17-ricomincia-lavventura-alla-guida-ce-pergolizzi/","external_links_name":"\"Under 17, ricomincia l'avventura. Alla guida c'è Pergolizzi\""},{"Link":"https://palermo.gds.it/articoli/calcio/2019/08/03/il-nuovo-palermo-si-presenta-pergolizzi-firma-castagnini-responsabile-area-tecnica-c8be608f-d1d7-451a-867d-5abcdc2d94ea/","external_links_name":"\"Nuovo Palermo: Pergolizzi firma, in società anche Rinaudo e Paparesta\""},{"Link":"https://www.ansa.it/molise/notizie/2023/10/11/calcio-rosario-pergolizzi-nuovo-mister-del-campobasso_5b9a371a-6dd2-488d-a90a-bf98f1f3f6fa.html","external_links_name":"\"Calcio: Rosario Pergolizzi nuovo mister del Campobasso\""},{"Link":"https://www.ansa.it/molise/notizie/2024/04/29/calcio-il-campobasso-promosso-in-lega-pro_78ee78c1-5ccd-42fc-85f5-bf500a72dd62.html","external_links_name":"\"Calcio, il Campobasso promosso in Lega Pro\""},{"Link":"https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-d/dopo-la-promozione-si-separano-le-strade-del-campobasso-e-di-mister-pergolizzi-1969098","external_links_name":"\"Dopo la promozione, si separano le strade del Campobasso e di mister Pergolizzi\""},{"Link":"https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-d/lfa-reggio-calabria-pergolizzi-nuovo-tecnico-in-carica-a-partire-dal-1-luglio-1978805","external_links_name":"\"LFA Reggio Calabria, Pergolizzi nuovo tecnico. In carica a partire dal 1° luglio\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasia_and_Tatiana_Dogaru | Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru | ["1 Notes","2 External links"] | Romanian conjoined twins
Anastasia and Tatiana DogaruBorn (2004-01-13) 13 January 2004 (age 20)Rome, ItalyNationalityRomanian-ItalianKnown forConjoined twinsParentAlin & Claudia DogaruRelativesMihail Dogaru (elder brother)Theodor Dogaru(younger brother)
Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru (born 13 January 2004) are craniopagus conjoined twins. They were scheduled to begin the first of several surgeries to separate them at Rainbow Babies and Children's Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio. However, in August 2007 the surgery was called off as too dangerous.
The twins were born in Rome, Italy to Romanian parents, Alin Dogaru, a Byzantine Catholic priest, and Claudia Dogaru, a nurse. Their mother heard about the successful separation of Egyptian-born twins who were also joined at the head and hoped her children could also be successfully separated. The Dogaru family, including the twins' other siblings, were brought to north Texas by the World Craniofacial Foundation to have Anastasia and Tatiana evaluated for possible separation.
The girls are currently developing normally for their age and speak both Romanian and English. They get around with Anastasia leading the way and Tatiana following. The top of Tatiana's head is attached to the back of Anastasia's. Anastasia, whose kidneys do not function, relies on her sister's kidneys, and Tatiana on her sister's circulatory system. The girls also share blood flow to the back of the brain and some brain matter. Doctors estimated the twins had only a 50 percent chance of surviving the surgery. There were also risks of complications, such as brain damage, but the girls also risk early death if they remain conjoined. Their parents believed separation would give them their best chance at living a normal life.
In May 2007, doctors used a catheter to insert wire coils into the veins of the two girls, successfully redirecting their blood flow. It was the first time the procedure was attempted in conjoined twins. Doctors pushed back the first of the planned separation surgeries to June 2007 while studying the complex circulatory system of the twins, but, in August of that year, decided it was too risky.
Notes
^ a b "Conjoined Twins Fast Facts". CNN. June 21, 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
^ "Hopes of ever separating conjoined girls dashed - Health - Kids and parenting - NBC News". NBC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
^ "Seven-Year-Old Conjoined Twins Face Life Or Death Surgery Decision". Huffington Post. October 19, 2011.
^ "Conjoined twins to be separated in Cleveland". www.wkyc.com. March 25–29, 2007.
^ "Conjoined Twins Prepare for Separation Surgery". www.abcnews.go.com. 2007-03-30.
^ "Conjoined Twins Say Goodbye to Dallas". www.wkyc.com. 2007-03-30.
^ "Doctors postpone surgery on twins". Akron Beacon Journal. 2007-05-04.
External links
World Craniofacial Foundation | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnlibrary-1"},{"link_name":"craniopagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craniopagus_twins"},{"link_name":"conjoined twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjoined_twins"},{"link_name":"Cleveland, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Rome, Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome,_Italy"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Catholic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnnlibrary-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru (born 13 January 2004[1]) are craniopagus conjoined twins. They were scheduled to begin the first of several surgeries to separate them at Rainbow Babies and Children's Medical Center in Cleveland, Ohio. However, in August 2007 the surgery was called off as too dangerous.[2]The twins were born in Rome, Italy to Romanian parents, Alin Dogaru, a Byzantine Catholic priest, and Claudia Dogaru, a nurse. Their mother heard about the successful separation of Egyptian-born twins who were also joined at the head and hoped her children could also be successfully separated. The Dogaru family, including the twins' other siblings,[3] were brought to north Texas by the World Craniofacial Foundation to have Anastasia and Tatiana evaluated for possible separation.The girls are currently developing normally for their age and speak both Romanian and English. They get around with Anastasia leading the way and Tatiana following. The top of Tatiana's head is attached to the back of Anastasia's. Anastasia, whose kidneys do not function, relies on her sister's kidneys, and Tatiana on her sister's circulatory system. The girls also share blood flow to the back of the brain and some brain matter. Doctors estimated the twins had only a 50 percent chance of surviving the surgery. There were also risks of complications, such as brain damage, but the girls also risk early death if they remain conjoined. Their parents believed separation would give them their best chance at living a normal life.[4][5][6]In May 2007, doctors used a catheter to insert wire coils into the veins of the two girls, successfully redirecting their blood flow. It was the first time the procedure was attempted in conjoined twins. Doctors pushed back the first of the planned separation surgeries to June 2007 while studying the complex circulatory system of the twins, but, in August of that year, decided it was too risky.[1][7]","title":"Anastasia and Tatiana Dogaru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cnnlibrary_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cnnlibrary_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Conjoined Twins Fast Facts\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cnn.com/2013/07/11/world/conjoined-twins-fast-facts/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Hopes of ever separating conjoined girls dashed - Health - Kids and parenting - NBC News\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130307074647/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27958468"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nbcnews.com/id/27958468"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Seven-Year-Old Conjoined Twins Face Life Or Death Surgery Decision\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/19/seven-year-old-conjoined-twins-face-life-or-death-surgery-decision_n_7384132.html"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Conjoined twins to be separated in Cleveland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wkyc.com/news/health/health_article.aspx?storyid=64898"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Conjoined Twins Prepare for Separation Surgery\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2994617&page=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Conjoined Twins Say Goodbye to Dallas\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wkyc.com/news/health/health_article.aspx?storyid=65184"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Doctors postpone surgery on twins\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ohio.com/mld/ohio/news/17177714.htm"},{"link_name":"dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"}],"text":"^ a b \"Conjoined Twins Fast Facts\". CNN. June 21, 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2023.\n\n^ \"Hopes of ever separating conjoined girls dashed - Health - Kids and parenting - NBC News\". NBC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2010.\n\n^ \"Seven-Year-Old Conjoined Twins Face Life Or Death Surgery Decision\". Huffington Post. October 19, 2011.\n\n^ \"Conjoined twins to be separated in Cleveland\". www.wkyc.com. March 25–29, 2007. [dead link]\n\n^ \"Conjoined Twins Prepare for Separation Surgery\". www.abcnews.go.com. 2007-03-30.\n\n^ \"Conjoined Twins Say Goodbye to Dallas\". www.wkyc.com. 2007-03-30. [dead link]\n\n^ \"Doctors postpone surgery on twins\". Akron Beacon Journal. 2007-05-04. [dead link]","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Conjoined Twins Fast Facts\". CNN. June 21, 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/11/world/conjoined-twins-fast-facts/","url_text":"\"Conjoined Twins Fast Facts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hopes of ever separating conjoined girls dashed - Health - Kids and parenting - NBC News\". NBC News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130307074647/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27958468","url_text":"\"Hopes of ever separating conjoined girls dashed - Health - Kids and parenting - NBC News\""},{"url":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27958468","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Seven-Year-Old Conjoined Twins Face Life Or Death Surgery Decision\". Huffington Post. October 19, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/19/seven-year-old-conjoined-twins-face-life-or-death-surgery-decision_n_7384132.html","url_text":"\"Seven-Year-Old Conjoined Twins Face Life Or Death Surgery Decision\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post","url_text":"Huffington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Conjoined twins to be separated in Cleveland\". www.wkyc.com. March 25–29, 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/health/health_article.aspx?storyid=64898","url_text":"\"Conjoined twins to be separated in Cleveland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conjoined Twins Prepare for Separation Surgery\". www.abcnews.go.com. 2007-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2994617&page=1","url_text":"\"Conjoined Twins Prepare for Separation Surgery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Conjoined Twins Say Goodbye to Dallas\". www.wkyc.com. 2007-03-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/health/health_article.aspx?storyid=65184","url_text":"\"Conjoined Twins Say Goodbye to Dallas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Doctors postpone surgery on twins\". Akron Beacon Journal. 2007-05-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ohio.com/mld/ohio/news/17177714.htm","url_text":"\"Doctors postpone surgery on twins\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/11/world/conjoined-twins-fast-facts/","external_links_name":"\"Conjoined Twins Fast Facts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130307074647/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27958468","external_links_name":"\"Hopes of ever separating conjoined girls dashed - Health - Kids and parenting - NBC News\""},{"Link":"http://www.nbcnews.com/id/27958468","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2011/10/19/seven-year-old-conjoined-twins-face-life-or-death-surgery-decision_n_7384132.html","external_links_name":"\"Seven-Year-Old Conjoined Twins Face Life Or Death Surgery Decision\""},{"Link":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/health/health_article.aspx?storyid=64898","external_links_name":"\"Conjoined twins to be separated in Cleveland\""},{"Link":"http://www.abcnews.go.com/GMA/story?id=2994617&page=1","external_links_name":"\"Conjoined Twins Prepare for Separation Surgery\""},{"Link":"http://www.wkyc.com/news/health/health_article.aspx?storyid=65184","external_links_name":"\"Conjoined Twins Say Goodbye to Dallas\""},{"Link":"http://www.ohio.com/mld/ohio/news/17177714.htm","external_links_name":"\"Doctors postpone surgery on twins\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldcf.org/","external_links_name":"World Craniofacial Foundation"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Dean | William the Dean | ["1 References"] | William the Dean was a 13th-century bishop of Dunkeld. He had been a dean of the diocese of Dunkeld, and was elected to the bishopric when news of the death of bishop-elect Hugo de Strivelin arrived from Rome. William soon travelled to Continental Europe for his consecration, and on the orders of the pope, was consecrated by Cardinal Ordonius, bishop of Tusculum. All of this happened by 13 December 1283, when it is related in a letter of Pope Martin IV. Unusually for bishops of Dunkeld, very little is known of his episcopate. The only thing that is known that he did after consecration was visit the shrine of Saint Cuthbert at Durham in 1285. As his successor Matthew de Crambeth is confirmed as bishop of Dunkeld in April 1288, it can be presumed that Bishop William died in either late 1287 or early 1288.
References
Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
Religious titles
Preceded byHugo de Strivelin (unconsecrated)Robert de Stuteville
Bishop of Dunkeld 1283–1287X1288
Succeeded byMatthew de Crambeth
vteBishops of DunkeldSecular Abbot-Bishops
Túathal
Flaithbertach
Dúnchad
Crínán
Ethelred
Pre-Reformation Bishops
Cormac
John of Atholl
Gregoir
Richard
Walter de Bidun
John Scotus
Richard de Prebenda
John de Leicester
Hugh de Sigillo
Matthew the Scot
Gilbert
Geoffrey de Liberatione
Richard de Inverkeithing
Robert de Stuteville
Hugh de Stirling
William the Dean
Matthew de Crambeth
John de Leche
William Sinclair
Maol Choluim de Innerpeffray
Richard de Pilmuir
Robert de Den
Donnchadh de Strathearn
John Luce
John de Carrick
Michael de Monymusk
Andrew Umfray
John de Peebles
Robert Sinclair
Robert de Cardeny
Domhnall MacNeachdainn
James Kennedy
Alexander Lauder
Thomas Livingston
James Bruce
William Turnbull
John de Ralston
Thomas Lauder
James Livingston
Alexander Inglis
George Brown
Andrew Stewart
Gavin Douglas
Robert Cockburn
George Crichton
John Hamilton
Donald Campbell
Robert Crichton
Post-Reformation BishopsChurch of Scotland
James Paton
Peter Rollock
James Nicolson
Alexander Lindsay of Evelick
George Haliburton
Henry Guthrie
William Lindsay of Dovehill
Andrew Bruce
John Hamilton
Scottish Episcopal
John Hamilton
Thomas Rattray
John Alexander
Charles Rose
Jonathan Watson
Patrick Torry
Roman Catholic
George Rigg
James Smith
Angus MacFarlane
Robert Fraser
John Toner
James Scanlan
William Hart
Vincent Logan
Stephen Robson
Italics indicate non consecrated, titular or doubtful bishops
This article about a Catholic bishop from Europe is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"William the Dean"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_the_Dean&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Former_Mattia_Pascal | The Former Mattia Pascal | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | 1937 Italian filmThe Former Mattia PascalDirected byPierre ChenalWritten byPierre ChenalLuigi Pirandello (story)Armand Salacrou Christian Stengel StarringPierre BlancharIsa MirandaIrma GramaticaCinematographyFrancesco IzzarelliMusic byLuigi Ferrari Trecate Jacques Ibert ProductioncompaniesAla FilmColosseum FilmDistributed byColosseum FilmRelease date
8 April 1937 (1937-04-08)
Running time93 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalian
The Former Mattia Pascal (Italian: Il fu Mattia Pascal) is a 1937 Italian drama film directed by Pierre Chenal and starring Pierre Blanchar, Isa Miranda and Irma Gramatica. It is based on the 1904 novel Il fu Mattia Pascal by Luigi Pirandello. The film was shot at the Cines Studios in Rome. A separate French-language version was also made, under the title The Man from Nowhere.
The film's art direction was by Guido Fiorini.
Cast
Pierre Blanchar as Mattia Pascal
Isa Miranda as Luisa Paleari
Irma Gramatica as La vedova Pescatore
Nella Maria Bonora as Romilda Pescatore Pascal
Olga Solbelli as Silvia Caporale
Enrico Glori as Il conte Papiano
Adele Garavaglia as Angelica Bonafede Pascal
Silvio Bagolini as Il portiere dell'hotel Luxor
Pina Gallini as Zia Scolastica
Luigi Pralavorio as Pomino
Giuseppe Pierozzi as Il bibliotecario anziano
Luigi Zerbinati as L'idiota della pensione
Cesare Zoppetti as Paleari
Alberto Angelini
Guido Barbarisi
Ornella Da Vasto
Fernando De Crucciati
Nino Eller
Claudio Ermelli as Il becchino
Enzo Gainotti
Mario Gallina
Luisa Garella
Fausto Guerzoni as Un cameriere
Rita Livesi
Achille Majeroni
Nicola Maldacea
Cesare Polacco as Un ospite della pensione
Giovanna Scotto
Edda Soligo as Una signora al tavolo da giocco
Gino Viotti
References
^ Landy p.155
Bibliography
Landy, Marcia. Fascism in Film: The Italian Commercial Cinema, 1931-1943. Princeton University Press, 2014.
External links
The Former Mattia Pascal at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Pierre Chenal
Street Without a Name (1934)
The Mutiny of the Elsinore (1936)
The Former Mattia Pascal (1937)
The Man from Nowhere (1937)
The Alibi (1937)
The Lafarge Case (1938)
The Last Turning (1939)
Todo un hombre (1943)
The Corpse Breaks a Date (1944)
The Abyss Opens (1945)
Viaje sin regreso (1946)
Devil and the Angel (1946)
Clochemerle (1948)
Native Son (1951)
The Idol (1952)
Confession at Dawn (1954)
The Night They Killed Rasputin (1960)
vteLuigi Pirandello's The Late Mattia Pascal (1904)Film
Feu Mathias Pascal (1925)
The Man from Nowhere (1937 French)/The Former Mattia Pascal (1937 Italian)
The Two Lives of Mattia Pascal (1985)
This article related to an Italian film of the 1930s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drama film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_film"},{"link_name":"Pierre Chenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Chenal"},{"link_name":"Pierre Blanchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Blanchar"},{"link_name":"Isa Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Irma Gramatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Gramatica"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Il fu Mattia Pascal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Late_Mattia_Pascal"},{"link_name":"Luigi Pirandello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello"},{"link_name":"Cines Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cines_Studios"},{"link_name":"The Man from Nowhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_from_Nowhere_(1937_film)"},{"link_name":"art direction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_direction"},{"link_name":"Guido Fiorini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Fiorini"}],"text":"The Former Mattia Pascal (Italian: Il fu Mattia Pascal) is a 1937 Italian drama film directed by Pierre Chenal and starring Pierre Blanchar, Isa Miranda and Irma Gramatica.[1] It is based on the 1904 novel Il fu Mattia Pascal by Luigi Pirandello. The film was shot at the Cines Studios in Rome. A separate French-language version was also made, under the title The Man from Nowhere.The film's art direction was by Guido Fiorini.","title":"The Former Mattia Pascal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pierre Blanchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Blanchar"},{"link_name":"Isa Miranda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa_Miranda"},{"link_name":"Irma Gramatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irma_Gramatica"},{"link_name":"Nella Maria Bonora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nella_Maria_Bonora"},{"link_name":"Olga Solbelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olga_Solbelli"},{"link_name":"Enrico Glori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Glori"},{"link_name":"Adele Garavaglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adele_Garavaglia"},{"link_name":"Silvio Bagolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Bagolini"},{"link_name":"Pina Gallini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pina_Gallini"},{"link_name":"Luigi Pralavorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Pralavorio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Pierozzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Pierozzi"},{"link_name":"Luigi Zerbinati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luigi_Zerbinati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cesare Zoppetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Zoppetti"},{"link_name":"Alberto Angelini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alberto_Angelini_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guido Barbarisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guido_Barbarisi"},{"link_name":"Ornella Da Vasto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ornella_Da_Vasto&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Fernando De Crucciati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fernando_De_Crucciati&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nino Eller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nino_Eller"},{"link_name":"Claudio Ermelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Ermelli"},{"link_name":"Enzo Gainotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enzo_Gainotti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mario Gallina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Gallina"},{"link_name":"Luisa Garella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Garella"},{"link_name":"Fausto Guerzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fausto_Guerzoni"},{"link_name":"Rita Livesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Livesi"},{"link_name":"Achille Majeroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Majeroni"},{"link_name":"Nicola Maldacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicola_Maldacea"},{"link_name":"Cesare Polacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Polacco"},{"link_name":"Giovanna Scotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanna_Scotto"},{"link_name":"Edda Soligo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda_Soligo"},{"link_name":"Gino Viotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gino_Viotti"}],"text":"Pierre Blanchar as Mattia Pascal\nIsa Miranda as Luisa Paleari\nIrma Gramatica as La vedova Pescatore\nNella Maria Bonora as Romilda Pescatore Pascal\nOlga Solbelli as Silvia Caporale\nEnrico Glori as Il conte Papiano\nAdele Garavaglia as Angelica Bonafede Pascal\nSilvio Bagolini as Il portiere dell'hotel Luxor\nPina Gallini as Zia Scolastica\nLuigi Pralavorio as Pomino\nGiuseppe Pierozzi as Il bibliotecario anziano\nLuigi Zerbinati as L'idiota della pensione\nCesare Zoppetti as Paleari\nAlberto Angelini\nGuido Barbarisi\nOrnella Da Vasto\nFernando De Crucciati\nNino Eller\nClaudio Ermelli as Il becchino\nEnzo Gainotti\nMario Gallina\nLuisa Garella\nFausto Guerzoni as Un cameriere\nRita Livesi\nAchille Majeroni\nNicola Maldacea\nCesare Polacco as Un ospite della pensione\nGiovanna Scotto\nEdda Soligo as Una signora al tavolo da giocco\nGino Viotti","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Landy, Marcia. Fascism in Film: The Italian Commercial Cinema, 1931-1943. Princeton University Press, 2014.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1639392/","external_links_name":"The Former Mattia Pascal"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Former_Mattia_Pascal&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Mead_Weed | Smith Mead Weed | ["1 Early life","2 Political career","3 Death and burial","4 Family","5 Legacy","6 See also","7 References","8 Sources","8.1 Books","8.2 Newspapers","8.3 Internet"] | American politician
Smith Mead WeedWeed in 1899's Notable New Yorkers of 1896-1899Member of the New York State Assembly from Clinton CountyIn officeJanuary 1, 1873 – December 31, 1874Preceded byEdmund Kingsland 2ndSucceeded byShepard P. BowenIn officeJanuary 1, 1871 – December 31, 1871Preceded byDaniel G. DodgeSucceeded byEdmund Kingsland 2ndIn officeJanuary 1, 1865 – December 31, 1867Preceded byGeorge HallockSucceeded byWilliam F. Cook
Personal detailsBorn(1833-07-26)July 26, 1833Bellmont, New York, U.S.DiedJune 7, 1920(1920-06-07) (aged 86)Valcour Island, Plattsburgh, New York, U.S.Resting placeRiverside Cemetery,Plattsburgh, New York, U.S.Political partyDemocraticSpouseCatherine L. Standish (m. 1859-1885, her death)Children5Alma materHarvard Law SchoolOccupationAttorneySignature
Smith Mead Weed (July 26, 1833 – June 7, 1920) was a Democratic lawyer and businessman from Plattsburgh, New York, who served as a member of the New York State Assembly from 1865 to 1867, in 1871, and again in 1873 and 1874.
A native of Bellmont, New York, Weed was an 1857 graduate of Harvard Law School. After attaining admission to the bar, he settled in the village of Plattsburgh, where he practiced law and became involved in businesses including lumber, mines, and railroads. He served in the New York State Assembly in 1865, 1866, 1867, 1871, 1873 and 1874. In 1871, Weed's opposition to the Tammany Hall Democratic organization caused a pro-Tammany Assembly member to assault him; the member resigned rather than face expulsion.
Weed attended several Democratic National Conventions as a delegate and was a supporter of Samuel J. Tilden for president in 1876 and 1880. During the controversy that followed the disputed 1876 election, Weed was accused of attempting to bribe election officials in contested states in order to procure their support for Tilden.
Weed was a candidate for U.S. Senate three times; when Republicans held state legislative majorities in 1887 and 1905, Weed was nominated by Democrats as an honor, and lost to the Republican nominees. When Democrats held a legislative majority in 1891, Weed expected to be the nominee and win election to the Senate, but deferred to incumbent Governor David B. Hill, who went on to win the seat.
Weed died on Valcour Island on June 7, 1920, and was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Plattsburgh.
Early life
Smith M. Weed was born in Bellmont, New York, on July 26, 1833, the son of Roswell Alcott Weed and Sarah A. Mead. He was educated in Franklin County, New York, studied law with Judge George Mather Beckwith, and attended Harvard Law School, from which he graduated in 1857. He was admitted to the bar and practiced in the village of Plattsburgh. In addition, he became active in local politics and government, including several terms as village president. Weed was also active in numerous business ventures, including lumber, mining, and railroads.
Political career
Weed was a member of the New York State Assembly from Clinton County in 1865, 1866, 1867, 1871, 1873 and 1874 (the 88th, 89th, and 90th legislatures, and 94th, 96th and 97th legislatures). In 1867, he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention. In 1871, Weed's opposition to the Tammany Hall Democratic organization led to an assault on Weed by James Irving, a pro-Tammany member of the Assembly; Irving chose to resign in order to prevent being expelled.
A supporter of Samuel J. Tilden, Weed was a delegate to the 1876 Democratic National Convention. In the dispute that followed the 1876 election, Weed was accused of attempting to bribe election officials in the disputed states to award their electoral votes to Tilden. Weed was also a delegate to the 1880 convention and the one in 1884.
He was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in the January 1887 election. Republicans controlled the state legislature, and he lost to Republican Frank Hiscock. In 1890, Weed was a prominent organizer and financial supporter of his party's effort to take control of the state legislature. With a narrow minority in the State Senate but a small majority in the Assembly, the Democrats were positioned to elect on a joint ballot one of their own to the US Senate in 1891 as the successor to William M. Evarts. Weed expected to be his party's candidate, but agreed to withdraw if Governor David B. Hill desired the nomination. Hill decided to run; Weed withdrew as a candidate, and Hill won the Senate seat. Weed was the Democratic US Senate nominee again in 1905; Republicans controlled the legislature, and reelected Chauncey Depew.
Death and burial
He died on Valcour Island on June 7, 1920 and was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Plattsburgh.
Family
In 1859, Weed married Catherine L. Standish (1836-1885), a descendant of Myles Standish. They were the parents of five children - Roswell Alcott, George Standish, Margaret Celeste, Caroline, Katherine Miller, and Standish Kellogg.
Legacy
Plattsburgh's Smith Weed Bridge is named for Weed, as are the city's Weed Street and Weed Street Extension. Weed's former home at the corner of Sailly Avenue and City Hall Place still stands. It is privately owned, and is the location of a local law firm's offices.
See also
1887 United States Senate election in New York
1891 United States Senate election in New York
1905 United States Senate election in New York
References
^ a b c d e Life Sketches, p. 322.
^ Life Sketches, p. 323.
^ Life Sketches, pp. 323–324.
^ "The St. Louis Convention", p. 1.
^ "Political Notes", p. 2.
^ "The Bourbons Begin Work", p. 1.
^ "The Unit Rule", p. 2.
^ a b c Electing the Senate, p. 89.
^ a b c "Hill and Weed", p. 4.
^ "Smith M. Weed Tricked", p. 1.
^ a b "Smith M. Weed Dies in Plattsburg", p. 10.
^ "Riverside Cemetery".
^ The Standishes of America, p. 50.
^ a b c "Lost in History".
New York State Assembly
Preceded byGeorge Hallock
New York State Assembly Clinton County 1865–1867
Succeeded byWilliam F. Cook
Preceded byDaniel G. Dodge
New York State Assembly Clinton County 1871
Succeeded byEdmund Kingsland 2nd
Preceded byEdmund Kingsland 2nd
New York State Assembly Clinton County 1873–1874
Succeeded byShepard P. Bowen
Sources
Books
McElroy, William H.; McBride, Alex. (1873). Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York. Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons and Company. p. 322.
Schiller, Wendy J.; Stewart, Charles III (2015). Electing the Senate: Indirect Democracy before the Seventeenth Amendment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16317-8.
Standish, Myles, M.D. (1895). The Standishes of America. Boston, MA: Samuel Usher.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Newspapers
"The St. Louis Convention: The First Day". Burlington Weekly Free Press. Burlington, VT. July 14, 1876 – via Newspapers.com.
"Political Notes: Smith M. Weed". Burlington Weekly Free Press. Burlington, VT. November 15, 1876 – via Newspapers.com.
"The Bourbons Begin Work". The New York Times. New York, NY. June 23, 1880 – via Newspapers.com.
"The Unit Rule". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. July 8, 1884 – via Newspapers.com.
"Hill and Weed and the United States Senatorship". New York Herald. New York, NY. January 10, 1891 – via Library of Congress.
"Smith M. Weed Tricked: How He Was Swindled Out of the Senatorship; The Story of Gov. Hill's Sly Game". The New York Times. New York, NY. April 9, 1891.
"Smith M. Weed Dies in Plattsburg". The New York Times. June 8, 1920.
Ovalle, Nathan (December 14, 2014). "Lost in History: Smith Weed's legacy fading with time". Press-Republican. Plattsburgh, NY.
Internet
"Riverside Cemetery, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, New York". Northern New York Tombstone Project. Joyce M. Ranieri. 2005.
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Plattsburgh, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Bellmont, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellmont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"village of Plattsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York#Split_from_the_Town_of_Plattsburgh"},{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Tammany Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden"},{"link_name":"David B. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Hill"},{"link_name":"Valcour Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valcour_Island"}],"text":"Smith Mead Weed (July 26, 1833 – June 7, 1920) was a Democratic lawyer and businessman from Plattsburgh, New York, who served as a member of the New York State Assembly from 1865 to 1867, in 1871, and again in 1873 and 1874.A native of Bellmont, New York, Weed was an 1857 graduate of Harvard Law School. After attaining admission to the bar, he settled in the village of Plattsburgh, where he practiced law and became involved in businesses including lumber, mines, and railroads. He served in the New York State Assembly in 1865, 1866, 1867, 1871, 1873 and 1874. In 1871, Weed's opposition to the Tammany Hall Democratic organization caused a pro-Tammany Assembly member to assault him; the member resigned rather than face expulsion.Weed attended several Democratic National Conventions as a delegate and was a supporter of Samuel J. Tilden for president in 1876 and 1880. During the controversy that followed the disputed 1876 election, Weed was accused of attempting to bribe election officials in contested states in order to procure their support for Tilden.Weed was a candidate for U.S. Senate three times; when Republicans held state legislative majorities in 1887 and 1905, Weed was nominated by Democrats as an honor, and lost to the Republican nominees. When Democrats held a legislative majority in 1891, Weed expected to be the nominee and win election to the Senate, but deferred to incumbent Governor David B. Hill, who went on to win the seat.Weed died on Valcour Island on June 7, 1920, and was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Plattsburgh.","title":"Smith Mead Weed"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bellmont, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellmont,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life_Sketches''322-1"},{"link_name":"Franklin County, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"studied law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_law"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life_Sketches''322-1"},{"link_name":"admitted to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"village of Plattsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattsburgh_(city),_New_York#Split_from_the_Town_of_Plattsburgh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life_Sketches''322-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life_Sketches''323-2"}],"text":"Smith M. Weed was born in Bellmont, New York, on July 26, 1833, the son of Roswell Alcott Weed and Sarah A. Mead.[1] He was educated in Franklin County, New York, studied law with Judge George Mather Beckwith, and attended Harvard Law School, from which he graduated in 1857.[1] He was admitted to the bar and practiced in the village of Plattsburgh.[1] In addition, he became active in local politics and government, including several terms as village president. Weed was also active in numerous business ventures, including lumber, mining, and railroads.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Clinton County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"88th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/88th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"89th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/89th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"90th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/90th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"94th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/94th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"96th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/96th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"97th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/97th_New_York_State_Legislature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life_Sketches''322-1"},{"link_name":"state constitutional convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Constitution#Constitutional_Convention_of_1867%E2%80%931868"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life_Sketches''322-1"},{"link_name":"Tammany Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Life_Sketches''323%E2%80%93324-3"},{"link_name":"Samuel J. Tilden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden"},{"link_name":"1876 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_St._Louis_Convention%221-4"},{"link_name":"the 1876 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Political_Notes%222-5"},{"link_name":"1880 convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_Bourbons_Begin_Work%221-6"},{"link_name":"in 1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22The_Unit_Rule%222-7"},{"link_name":"January 1887 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Electing_the_Senate''89-8"},{"link_name":"Frank Hiscock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Hiscock"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Electing_the_Senate''89-8"},{"link_name":"In 1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890_New_York_state_election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Hill_and_Weed%224-9"},{"link_name":"William M. Evarts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M._Evarts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Hill_and_Weed%224-9"},{"link_name":"David B. Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_B._Hill"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Hill_and_Weed%224-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Smith_M._Weed_Tricked%221-10"},{"link_name":"in 1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"Chauncey Depew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chauncey_Depew"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Electing_the_Senate''89-8"}],"text":"Weed was a member of the New York State Assembly from Clinton County in 1865, 1866, 1867, 1871, 1873 and 1874 (the 88th, 89th, and 90th legislatures, and 94th, 96th and 97th legislatures).[1] In 1867, he was a delegate to the state constitutional convention.[1] In 1871, Weed's opposition to the Tammany Hall Democratic organization led to an assault on Weed by James Irving, a pro-Tammany member of the Assembly; Irving chose to resign in order to prevent being expelled.[3]A supporter of Samuel J. Tilden, Weed was a delegate to the 1876 Democratic National Convention.[4] In the dispute that followed the 1876 election, Weed was accused of attempting to bribe election officials in the disputed states to award their electoral votes to Tilden.[5] Weed was also a delegate to the 1880 convention[6] and the one in 1884.[7]He was the Democratic nominee for U.S. Senate in the January 1887 election.[8] Republicans controlled the state legislature, and he lost to Republican Frank Hiscock.[8] In 1890, Weed was a prominent organizer and financial supporter of his party's effort to take control of the state legislature.[9] With a narrow minority in the State Senate but a small majority in the Assembly, the Democrats were positioned to elect on a joint ballot one of their own to the US Senate in 1891 as the successor to William M. Evarts.[9] Weed expected to be his party's candidate, but agreed to withdraw if Governor David B. Hill desired the nomination.[9] Hill decided to run; Weed withdrew as a candidate, and Hill won the Senate seat.[10] Weed was the Democratic US Senate nominee again in 1905; Republicans controlled the legislature, and reelected Chauncey Depew.[8]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valcour Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valcour_Island"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Smith_M._Weed_Dies_in_Plattsburg%2210-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Riverside_Cemetery%22-12"}],"text":"He died on Valcour Island on June 7, 1920[11] and was buried at Riverside Cemetery in Plattsburgh.[12]","title":"Death and burial"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Myles Standish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myles_Standish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Smith_M._Weed_Dies_in_Plattsburg%2210-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Standishes_of_America''50-13"}],"text":"In 1859, Weed married Catherine L. Standish (1836-1885), a descendant of Myles Standish.[11] They were the parents of five children - Roswell Alcott, George Standish, Margaret Celeste, Caroline, Katherine Miller, and Standish Kellogg.[13]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Lost_in_History%22-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Lost_in_History%22-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE%22Lost_in_History%22-14"}],"text":"Plattsburgh's Smith Weed Bridge is named for Weed, as are the city's Weed Street and Weed Street Extension.[14] Weed's former home at the corner of Sailly Avenue and City Hall Place still stands.[14] It is privately owned, and is the location of a local law firm's offices.[14]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifesketchesgov02unkngoog"},{"link_name":"322","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lifesketchesgov02unkngoog/page/n341"},{"link_name":"Electing the Senate: Indirect Democracy before the Seventeenth Amendment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=MEp-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-691-16317-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16317-8"},{"link_name":"The Standishes of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/standishesofamer00stanuoft/page/50"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"McElroy, William H.; McBride, Alex. (1873). Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York. Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons and Company. p. 322.\nSchiller, Wendy J.; Stewart, Charles III (2015). Electing the Senate: Indirect Democracy before the Seventeenth Amendment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16317-8.\nStandish, Myles, M.D. (1895). The Standishes of America. Boston, MA: Samuel Usher.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The St. Louis Convention: The First Day\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/95785147/st-louis-convention/"},{"link_name":"Burlington Weekly Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"link_name":"\"Political Notes: Smith M. Weed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/95785792/political-notes/"},{"link_name":"Burlington Weekly Free Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"link_name":"\"The Bourbons Begin Work\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/95786320/bourbons-work/"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"link_name":"\"The Unit Rule\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/95786768/unit-rule/"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"link_name":"\"Hill and Weed and the United States Senatorship\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1891-01-10/ed-1/?q=new+york+herald&sp=4&st=text&r=0.319,0.852,0.22,0.281,0"},{"link_name":"New York Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald"},{"link_name":"\"Smith M. Weed Tricked: How He Was Swindled Out of the Senatorship; The Story of Gov. Hill's Sly Game\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1891/04/09/archives/smith-m-weed-tricked-how-he-was-swindled-out-of-the-senatorship-the.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"Smith M. Weed Dies in Plattsburg\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nyti.ms/2bTyymm"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"Lost in History: Smith Weed's legacy fading with time\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pressrepublican.com/news/local_news/lost-in-history-smith-weed-s-legacy-fading-with-time/article_407a4e90-b524-5b93-9bc1-6ed12dbc6c18.html"},{"link_name":"Press-Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press-Republican"}],"sub_title":"Newspapers","text":"\"The St. Louis Convention: The First Day\". Burlington Weekly Free Press. Burlington, VT. July 14, 1876 – via Newspapers.com.\n\"Political Notes: Smith M. Weed\". Burlington Weekly Free Press. Burlington, VT. November 15, 1876 – via Newspapers.com.\n\"The Bourbons Begin Work\". The New York Times. New York, NY. June 23, 1880 – via Newspapers.com.\n\"The Unit Rule\". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, IL. July 8, 1884 – via Newspapers.com.\n\"Hill and Weed and the United States Senatorship\". New York Herald. New York, NY. January 10, 1891 – via Library of Congress.\n\"Smith M. Weed Tricked: How He Was Swindled Out of the Senatorship; The Story of Gov. Hill's Sly Game\". The New York Times. New York, NY. April 9, 1891.\n\"Smith M. Weed Dies in Plattsburg\". The New York Times. June 8, 1920.\nOvalle, Nathan (December 14, 2014). \"Lost in History: Smith Weed's legacy fading with time\". Press-Republican. Plattsburgh, NY.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Riverside Cemetery, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, New York\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nnytombstoneproject.net/clinton/plattsburgh/riverside_l_z.htm"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26838556#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000089600862"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/130596548"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8Vb3WKywyqF3dHfX68C"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010107814"}],"sub_title":"Internet","text":"\"Riverside Cemetery, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, New York\". Northern New York Tombstone Project. Joyce M. Ranieri. 2005.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nUnited States","title":"Sources"}] | [] | [{"title":"1887 United States Senate election in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1887_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York"},{"title":"1891 United States Senate election in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York"},{"title":"1905 United States Senate election in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York"}] | [{"reference":"McElroy, William H.; McBride, Alex. (1873). Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York. Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons and Company. p. 322.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifesketchesgov02unkngoog","url_text":"Life Sketches of Executive Officers and Members of the Legislature of the State of New York"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/lifesketchesgov02unkngoog/page/n341","url_text":"322"}]},{"reference":"Schiller, Wendy J.; Stewart, Charles III (2015). Electing the Senate: Indirect Democracy before the Seventeenth Amendment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-16317-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MEp-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89","url_text":"Electing the Senate: Indirect Democracy before the Seventeenth Amendment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-16317-8","url_text":"978-0-691-16317-8"}]},{"reference":"Standish, Myles, M.D. (1895). The Standishes of America. Boston, MA: Samuel Usher.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/standishesofamer00stanuoft/page/50","url_text":"The Standishes of America"}]},{"reference":"\"The St. Louis Convention: The First Day\". Burlington Weekly Free Press. Burlington, VT. July 14, 1876 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95785147/st-louis-convention/","url_text":"\"The St. Louis Convention: The First Day\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Burlington_Free_Press","url_text":"Burlington Weekly Free Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Political Notes: Smith M. Weed\". Burlington Weekly Free Press. Burlington, VT. November 15, 1876 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95785792/political-notes/","url_text":"\"Political Notes: Smith M. 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April 9, 1891.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1891/04/09/archives/smith-m-weed-tricked-how-he-was-swindled-out-of-the-senatorship-the.html","url_text":"\"Smith M. Weed Tricked: How He Was Swindled Out of the Senatorship; The Story of Gov. Hill's Sly Game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Smith M. Weed Dies in Plattsburg\". The New York Times. June 8, 1920.","urls":[{"url":"http://nyti.ms/2bTyymm","url_text":"\"Smith M. Weed Dies in Plattsburg\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ovalle, Nathan (December 14, 2014). \"Lost in History: Smith Weed's legacy fading with time\". Press-Republican. Plattsburgh, NY.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pressrepublican.com/news/local_news/lost-in-history-smith-weed-s-legacy-fading-with-time/article_407a4e90-b524-5b93-9bc1-6ed12dbc6c18.html","url_text":"\"Lost in History: Smith Weed's legacy fading with time\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press-Republican","url_text":"Press-Republican"}]},{"reference":"\"Riverside Cemetery, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, New York\". Northern New York Tombstone Project. Joyce M. 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Weed\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95786320/bourbons-work/","external_links_name":"\"The Bourbons Begin Work\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/95786768/unit-rule/","external_links_name":"\"The Unit Rule\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83030313/1891-01-10/ed-1/?q=new+york+herald&sp=4&st=text&r=0.319,0.852,0.22,0.281,0","external_links_name":"\"Hill and Weed and the United States Senatorship\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1891/04/09/archives/smith-m-weed-tricked-how-he-was-swindled-out-of-the-senatorship-the.html","external_links_name":"\"Smith M. Weed Tricked: How He Was Swindled Out of the Senatorship; The Story of Gov. Hill's Sly Game\""},{"Link":"http://nyti.ms/2bTyymm","external_links_name":"\"Smith M. Weed Dies in Plattsburg\""},{"Link":"https://www.pressrepublican.com/news/local_news/lost-in-history-smith-weed-s-legacy-fading-with-time/article_407a4e90-b524-5b93-9bc1-6ed12dbc6c18.html","external_links_name":"\"Lost in History: Smith Weed's legacy fading with time\""},{"Link":"http://www.nnytombstoneproject.net/clinton/plattsburgh/riverside_l_z.htm","external_links_name":"\"Riverside Cemetery, Plattsburgh, Clinton County, New York\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000089600862","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/130596548","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8Vb3WKywyqF3dHfX68C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2010107814","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_October | October 16 | ["1 Events","1.1 Pre-1600","1.2 1601–1900","1.3 1901–present","2 Births","2.1 Pre-1600","2.2 1601–1900","2.3 1901–present","3 Deaths","3.1 Pre-1600","3.2 1601–1900","3.3 1901–present","4 Holidays and observances","5 References","6 External links"] | <<
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October 16 in recent years
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2018 (Tuesday)
2017 (Monday)
2016 (Sunday)
2015 (Friday)
2014 (Thursday)
Day of the yearOctober 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 76 days remain until the end of the year.
Events
Pre-1600
456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire.
690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire.
912 – Abd ar-Rahman III becomes the eighth Emir of Córdoba.
955 – King Otto I defeats a Slavic revolt in what is now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern.
1311 – The Council of Vienne convenes for the first time.
1384 – Jadwiga is crowned King of Poland, although she is a woman.
1590 – Prince Gesualdo of Venosa murders his wife and her lover.
1601–1900
1736 – Mathematician William Whiston's predicted comet fails to strike the Earth.
1780 – American Revolutionary War: The British-led Royalton raid is the last Native American raid on New England.
1780 – The Great Hurricane of 1780 finishes after its sixth day, killing between 20,000 and 24,000 residents of the Lesser Antilles.
1793 – French Revolution: Queen Marie Antoinette is executed.
1793 – War of the First Coalition: French victory at the Battle of Wattignies forces Austria to raise the siege of Maubeuge.
1805 – War of the Third Coalition: Napoleon surrounds the Austrian army at Ulm.
1813 – The Sixth Coalition attacks Napoleon in the three-day Battle of Leipzig.
1817 – Italian explorer and archaeologist Giovanni Belzoni, uncovered the Tomb of Seti I in the Valley of the Kings.
1817 – Simón Bolívar sentences Manuel Piar to death for challenging the racial-caste in Venezuela.
1834 – Much of the ancient structure of the Palace of Westminster in London burns to the ground.
1836 – Great Trek: Afrikaner voortrekkers repulse a Matabele attack, but lose their livestock.
1841 – Queen's University is founded in the Province of Canada.
1843 – William Rowan Hamilton invents quaternions, a three-dimensional system of complex numbers.
1846 – William T. G. Morton administers ether anesthesia during a surgical operation.
1847 – The novel Jane Eyre is published in London.
1859 – John Brown leads a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia.
1869 – The Cardiff Giant, one of the most famous American hoaxes, is "discovered".
1869 – Girton College, Cambridge is founded, becoming England's first residential college for women.
1875 – Brigham Young University is founded in Provo, Utah.
1882 – The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.
1901–present
1905 – The Partition of Bengal in India takes place.
1909 – William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz hold the first summit between a U.S. and a Mexican president. They narrowly escape assassination.
1916 – Margaret Sanger opens the first family planning clinic in the United States.
1919 – Adolf Hitler delivers his first public address at a meeting of the German Workers' Party.
1923 – Walt Disney and his brother, Roy, found the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, today known as The Walt Disney Company.
1934 – Chinese Communists begin the Long March to escape Nationalist encirclement.
1939 – World War II: No. 603 Squadron RAF intercepts the first Luftwaffe raid on Britain.
1940 – Holocaust in Poland: The Warsaw Ghetto is established.
1943 – Holocaust in Italy: Raid on the Roman Ghetto.
1946 – Nuremberg trials: Ten defendants found guilty by the International Military Tribunal are executed by hanging.
1947 – The Philippines takes over the administration of the Turtle Islands and the Mangsee Islands from the United Kingdom.
1949 – The Greek Communist Party announces a "temporary cease-fire", thus ending the Greek Civil War.
1951 – The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, is assassinated in Rawalpindi.
1953 – Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro delivers his "History Will Absolve Me" speech, and is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment by the Fulgencio Batista government for leading an attack on the Moncada Barracks.
1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis begins: U.S. President John F. Kennedy is informed of photos taken on October 14 by a U-2 showing nuclear missiles (the crisis will last for 13 days starting from this point).
1964 – China detonates its first nuclear weapon.
1964 – Leonid Brezhnev becomes leader of the Soviet Communist Party, while Alexei Kosygin becomes the head of government.
1968 – Tommie Smith and John Carlos are ejected from the US Olympic team for participating in the Olympics Black Power salute.
1968 – Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney riots, inspired by the barring of Walter Rodney from the country.
1968 – Yasunari Kawabata becomes the first Japanese person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.
1970 – Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act during the October Crisis.
1973 – Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
1975 – Indonesian troops kill the Balibo Five, a group of Australian journalists, in Portuguese Timor.
1975 – Three-year-old Rahima Banu, from Bangladesh, is the last known case of naturally occurring smallpox.
1975 – The Australian Coalition sparks a constitutional crisis when they vote to defer funding for the government's annual budget.
1978 – Cardinal Karol Wojtyła is elected to the papacy as Pope John Paul II, he becomes the first non-Italian pontiff since 1523.
1984 – Desmond Tutu is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
1991 – George Hennard runs amok in Killeen, Texas, killing 23 and wounding 20.
1995 – The Million Man March takes place in Washington, D.C. About 837,000 attend.
1995 – The Skye Bridge in Scotland is opened.
1996 – Eighty-four football fans die and 180 are injured in a massive crush at a match in Guatemala City.
1998 – Former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet is arrested in London on a murder extradition warrant.
1999 – The magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake strikes Southern California
2002 – The Bibliotheca Alexandrina opens in Egypt, commemorating the ancient library of Alexandria.
2013 – Lao Airlines Flight 301 crashes on approach to Pakse International Airport in Laos, killing 49 people.
2017 – Storm Ophelia strikes the U.K. and Ireland causing major damage and power loss.
Births
Pre-1600
1351 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (d. 1402)
1396 – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English admiral (d. 1450)
1430 – James II of Scotland (d. 1460)
1483 – Gasparo Contarini, Italian cardinal and diplomat (d. 1542)
1535 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese samurai (d. 1585)
1588 – Luke Wadding, Irish Franciscan friar and historian (d. 1657)
1601–1900
1605 – Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy, French writer and composer (d. 1677)
1620 – Pierre Paul Puget, French painter and sculptor (d. 1694)
1678 – Anna Waser, Swiss painter (d. 1714)
1679 – Jan Dismas Zelenka, Czech viol player and composer (d. 1745)
1710 – András Hadik, Austrian-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1790)
1714 – Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist and academic (d. 1795)
1726 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish-German painter and educator (d. 1801)
1729 – Pierre van Maldere, Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1768)
1752 – Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, German theologian and academic (d. 1827)
1754 – Morgan Lewis, American general, lawyer, and politician, 3rd Governor of New York (d. 1844)
1758 – Noah Webster, American lexicographer (d. 1843)
1762 – Paul Hamilton, American soldier and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1816)
1789 – William Burton, American physician and politician, 39th Governor of Delaware (d. 1866)
1795 – William Buell Sprague, American minister, historian, and author (d. 1876)
1802 – Isaac Murphy, American educator and politician, 8th Governor of Arkansas (d. 1882)
1803 – Robert Stephenson, English railway and civil engineer (d. 1859)
1804 – Benjamin Russell, American painter and educator (d. 1885)
1806 – William P. Fessenden, American lawyer and politician, 26th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1869)
1815 – Francis Lubbock, American colonel and politician, 9th Governor of Texas (d. 1905)
1818 – William Forster, Indian-Australian politician, 4th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1882)
1819 – Austin F. Pike, American lawyer and politician (d. 1886)
1831 – Lucy Stanton, American activist (d. 1910)
1832 – Vicente Riva Palacio, Mexican liberal intellectual, novelist (d. 1896)
1840 – Kuroda Kiyotaka, Japanese general and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1900)
1841 – Itō Hirobumi, Japanese lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1909)
1847 – Maria Pia of Savoy (d. 1911)
1852 – Carl von In der Maur, Governor of Liechtenstein (d. 1913)
1854 – Karl Kautsky, Czech-German journalist, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1938)
1854 – Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright, novelist, and poet (d. 1900)
1855 – Samad bey Mehmandarov, Azerbaijani general and politician, 3rd Azerbaijani Minister of Defense (d. 1931)
1861 – J. B. Bury, Irish historian and scholar (d. 1927)
1861 – Richard Sears, American tennis player (d. 1943)
1863 – Austen Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937)
1867 – Mario Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa (d. 1963)
1869 – Claude H. Van Tyne, American historian and author (d. 1930)
1872 – Walter Buckmaster, English polo player and businessman, co-founded Buckmaster & Moore (d. 1942)
1876 – Jimmy Sinclair, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 1913)
1881 – William Orthwein, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1955)
1884 – Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (d. 1916)
1886 – David Ben-Gurion, Polish-Israeli soldier and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1973)
1888 – Eugene O'Neill, American playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)
1888 – Paul Popenoe, American founder of relationship counseling (d. 1979)
1890 – Michael Collins, Irish general and politician, 2nd Irish Minister for Finance (d. 1922)
1890 – Maria Goretti, Italian martyr and saint (d. 1902)
1890 – Paul Strand, American photographer and director (d. 1975)
1897 – Louis de Cazenave, French soldier (d. 2008)
1898 – William O. Douglas, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1980)
1900 – Edward Ardizzone, Vietnamese-English author and illustrator (d. 1979)
1900 – Primo Conti, Italian painter and poet (d. 1988)
1900 – Goose Goslin, American baseball player and manager (d. 1971)
1901–present
1903 – Cecile de Brunhoff, French author and pianist (d. 2003)
1903 – Big Joe Williams, American Delta blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1982)
1904 – Björn Berglund, Swedish actor (d. 1968)
1905 – Ernst Kuzorra, German footballer and manager (d. 1990)
1906 – León Klimovsky, Argentinian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1996)
1907 – Richard Titmuss, English sociologist and academic (d. 1973)
1908 – Olivia Coolidge, English-American author and educator (d. 2006)
1908 – Enver Hoxha, Albanian general and politician, Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1985)
1911 – Otto von Bülow, German commander (d. 2006)
1912 – Clifford Hansen, American rancher and politician, 26th Governor of Wyoming (d. 2009)
1918 – Louis Althusser, Algerian-French philosopher and academic (d. 1990)
1918 – Abraham Nemeth, American mathematician and academic (d. 2013)
1918 – Tony Rolt, English race car driver and engineer (d. 2008)
1919 – Kathleen Winsor, American journalist and author (d. 2003)
1920 – Paddy Finucane, Irish fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 1942)
1921 – Matt Batts, American baseball player and coach (d. 2013)
1921 – Sita Ram Goel, Indian historian, publisher and writer (d. 2003)
1921 – MacKenzie Miller, American horse trainer and breeder (d. 2010)
1922 – Max Bygraves, English-Australian actor and singer (d. 2012)
1922 – Leon Sullivan, American minister and activist (d. 2001)
1923 – Linda Darnell, American actress (d. 1965)
1923 – Bert Kaempfert, German conductor and composer (d. 1980)
1923 – Bill McLaren, Scottish rugby player and sportscaster (d. 2010)
1924 – Gerard Parkes, Irish-Canadian actor (d. 2014)
1925 – Daniel J. Evans, American politician, 16th Governor of Washington
1925 – Angela Lansbury, English-American actress, singer, and producer (d. 2022)
1926 – Charles Dolan, American businessman, founded Cablevision and HBO
1926 – Ed Valigursky, American illustrator (d. 2009)
1927 – Günter Grass, German novelist, poet, playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
1928 – Mary Daly, American philosopher and theologian (d. 2010)
1928 – Ann Morgan Guilbert, American actress (d. 2016)
1929 – Fernanda Montenegro, Brazilian actress
1930 – John Polkinghorne, English physicist, theologian and priest (d. 2021)
1930 – Carmen Sevilla, Spanish actress (d. 2023)
1931 – Charles Colson, American lawyer and politician (d. 2012)
1931 – Valery Klimov, Ukrainian-Russian violinist and educator (d. 2022)
1931 – Rosa Rosal, Filipino actress
1931 – P. W. Underwood, American football player and coach (d. 2013)
1932 – John Grant, English journalist and politician (d. 2000)
1932 – Henry Lewis, American bassist and conductor (d. 1996)
1932 – Lucien Paiement, Canadian physician and politician (d. 2013)
1933 – Nobuyo Ōyama, Japanese voice actress
1934 – Peter Ashdown, English race car driver
1936 – Peter Bowles, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2022)
1936 – Andrei Chikatilo, Ukrainian-Russian serial killer (d. 1994)
1936 – Mladen Koščak, Croatian footballer (d. 1997)
1936 – Akira Machida, Japanese lawyer and judge, 15th Chief Justice of Japan (d. 2015)
1938 – Carl Gunter, Jr., American politician (d. 1999)
1938 – Nico, German singer-songwriter, model, and actress (d. 1988)
1940 – Barry Corbin, American actor and producer
1940 – Dave DeBusschere, American basketball player and coach (d. 2003)
1940 – Ivan Della Mea, Italian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and journalist (d. 2009)
1941 – Mel Counts, American basketball player
1941 – Tim McCarver, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2023)
1941 – Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne, English computer programmer and politician
1943 – Fred Turner, Canadian singer-songwriter and bass player
1944 – Kaizer Motaung, South African footballer and manager
1944 – Elizabeth Loftus, American psychologist
1945 – Stefan Buczacki, English horticulturalist, botanist, and television host
1945 – Roger Hawkins, American session drummer (d. 2021)
1945 – Paul Monette, American author and poet (d. 1995)
1946 – Geoff Barnett, English footballer (d. 2021)
1946 – Suzanne Somers, American actress and producer (d. 2023)
1947 – Nicholas Day, English actor
1947 – Terry Griffiths, Welsh snooker player and coach
1947 – Bob Weir, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1947 – David Zucker, American director, producer, and screenwriter
1948 – Alison Chitty, English production designer and costume designer
1948 – Bruce Fleisher, American golfer (d. 2021)
1948 – Hema Malini, Indian actress, director, producer, and politician
1948 – Leo Mazzone, American baseball player and coach
1950 – Angry Grandpa, American internet personality (d. 2017)
1950 – Károly Horváth, Romanian-Hungarian cellist, flute player, and composer (d. 2015)
1952 – Christopher Cox, American lawyer and politician
1952 – Cordell Mosson, American bass player (d. 2013)
1952 – Crazy Mohan, Indian actor, screenwriter, and playwright (d. 2019)
1952 – Glenys Thornton, Baroness Thornton, English politician
1953 – Tony Carey, American keyboard player, songwriter, and producer
1953 – Paulo Roberto Falcão, Brazilian footballer and manager
1954 – Lorenzo Carcaterra, American author and blogger
1954 – Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean, Scottish politician, Secretary of State for Scotland
1954 – Serafino Ghizzoni, Italian rugby player
1954 – Corinna Harfouch, German actress
1955 – Kieran Doherty, Irish Republican hunger striker and politician (d. 1981)
1955 – Ellen Dolan, American actress
1956 – Marin Alsop, American violinist and conductor
1956 – John Chavis, American football player and coach
1956 – Meg Rosoff, American-English author
1956 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet, author, and playwright (d. 1992)
1957 – Priidu Beier, Estonian poet and educator
1958 – Roy McDonough, English footballer and manager
1958 – Tim Robbins, American actor, director, and screenwriter
1959 – Kevin Brennan, Welsh journalist and politician
1959 – Brian Harper, American baseball player
1959 – Gary Kemp, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor
1959 – Philip Maini, Northern Irish mathematician at the University of Oxford
1959 – Tessa Munt, English lawyer and politician
1959 – Jamie Salmon, English-New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster
1959 – Erkki-Sven Tüür, Estonian flute player and composer
1959 – John Whittingdale, English politician
1960 – Guy LeBlanc, Canadian keyboard player and songwriter (d. 2015)
1960 – Bob Mould, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1961 – Chris Doleman, American football player (d. 2020)
1961 – Marc Levy, French author
1961 – Scott O'Hara, American pornographic performer, author, poet, editor and publisher (d. 1998)
1961 – Randy Vasquez, American actor, director, and producer
1962 – Manute Bol, Sudanese-American basketball player and activist (d. 2010)
1962 – Flea, Australian-American bass player, songwriter, and actor
1962 – Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Russian opera singer (d. 2017)
1962 – Nico Lazaridis, German footballer
1962 – Tamara McKinney, American skier
1963 – Brendan Kibble, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist
1963 – Timothy Leighton, English physicist and academic
1964 – Shawn Little, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2012)
1964 – James Thompson, American-Finnish author (d. 2014)
1965 – Kang Kyung-ok, South Korean illustrator
1965 – German Titov, Russian ice hockey player and coach
1965 – Tom Tolbert, American basketball player and sportscaster
1966 – Olof Lundh, Swedish journalist
1966 – Mary Elizabeth McGlynn, American voice actress, singer, and director
1967 – Michael Laffy, Australian footballer
1967 – Davina McCall, English television host and actress
1968 – Randall Batinkoff, American actor and producer
1968 – Mark Lee, Singaporean actor and singer
1968 – Francesco Libetta, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor
1968 – Todd Stashwick, American actor and writer
1968 – Elsa Zylberstein, French actress
1969 – Roy Hargrove, American trumpet player and composer (d. 2018)
1969 – Takao Omori, Japanese wrestler
1969 – Terri J. Vaughn, American actress and producer
1969 – Wendy Wilson, American singer-songwriter
1970 – Kazuyuki Fujita, Japanese wrestler and mixed martial artist
1970 – Mehmet Scholl, German footballer and manager
1971 – Frank Cuesta, Spanish television presenter
1971 – Chad Gray, American singer-songwriter and guitarist
1971 – Paul Sparks, American actor
1972 – Adrianne Frost, American comedian, actress, and author
1972 – Darius Kasparaitis, Lithuanian-American ice hockey player and coach
1972 – Kordell Stewart, American football player and radio host
1973 – Justin Credible, American wrestler
1973 – David Unsworth, English footballer and manager
1974 – Aurela Gaçe, Albanian singer
1974 – Paul Kariya, Canadian ice hockey player
1975 – Ernesto Noel Aquino, Honduran footballer
1975 – Brynjar Gunnarsson, Icelandic footballer
1975 – Jacques Kallis, South African cricketer
1975 – Kellie Martin, American actress, director, and producer
1977 – John Mayer, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
1980 – Sue Bird, Israeli-American basketball player
1980 – Jeremy Jackson, American actor and singer
1980 – Caterina Scorsone, Canadian-American actress
1980 – Timana Tahu, Australian rugby league player
1981 – Brea Grant, American actress and writer
1981 – Martin Halle, Danish footballer
1981 – Boyd Melson, American boxer
1981 – Anthony Reyes, American baseball player
1982 – Alan Anderson, American basketball player
1982 – Frédéric Michalak, French rugby player
1982 – Cristian Riveros, Paraguayan footballer
1982 – Prithviraj Sukumaran, Indian actor, singer, and producer
1983 – Philipp Kohlschreiber, German tennis player
1983 – Loreen, Swedish singer
1983 – Kenny Omega, Canadian wrestler
1984 – François Pervis, French track cyclist
1984 – Rachel Reilly, American talk show host and actress
1985 – Jay Beagle, Canadian ice hockey player
1985 – Alexis Hornbuckle, American basketball player
1985 – Verena Sailer, German sprinter
1985 – Casey Stoner, Australian motorcycle racer
1985 – Peter Wallace, Australian rugby league player
1986 – Nicky Adams, English-Welsh footballer
1986 – Derk Boerrigter, Dutch footballer
1986 – Inna, Romanian singer
1988 – Zoltán Stieber, Hungarian footballer
1989 – Dan Biggar, Welsh rugby player
1991 – Jonathan Schoop, Curaçaoan baseball player
1991 – Shardul Thakur, Indian cricketer
1992 – Kostas Fortounis, Greek footballer
1992 – Viktorija Golubic, Swiss tennis player
1992 – Bryce Harper, American baseball player
1992 – Stuart Lightbody, Irish badminton player
1993 – Jovit Baldivino, Filipino singer and actor (d. 2022)
1993 – Caroline Garcia, French tennis player
1994 – Adam Elliott, Australian rugby league player
1994 – Halimah Nakaayi, Ugandan middle-distance runner
1997 – Charles Leclerc, Monégasque Formula One driver
1997 – Naomi Osaka, Japanese tennis player
1997 – Aliou Dieng, Malian footballer
1999 – Aaron Nesmith, American basketball player
Deaths
Pre-1600
385 – Fú Jiān, Chinese emperor (b. 337)
786 – Lullus, archbishop of Mainz (b. 710)
976 – Al-Hakam II, Umayyad caliph (b. 915)
1027 – Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese empress (b. 994)
1130 – Pedro González de Lara, Castilian magnate
1284 – Shams al-Din Juvayni, Persian statesman, vizier and minister of finance of the Ilkhanate
1323 – Amadeus V, count of Savoy (b. 1249)
1333 – Nicholas V, antipope of Rome (b. 1260)
1438 – Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (b. 1383)
1355 – Louis the Child, king of Sicily (b. 1338)
1523 – Luca Signorelli, Italian painter (b. c.1450)
1553 – Lucas Cranach the Elder, German painter and engraver (b. 1472)
1555 – Hugh Latimer, English bishop and saint (b. 1487)
1555 – Nicholas Ridley, English bishop and martyr (b. 1500)
1591 – Gregory XIV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1535)
1594 – William Allen, English cardinal (b. 1532)
1601–1900
1621 – Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch organist and composer (b. 1562)
1628 – François de Malherbe, French poet and critic (b. 1555)
1637 – Johann Rudolf Stadler, Swiss clock-maker (b. 1605)
1649 – Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter and illustrator (b. 1621)
1655 – Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician, and theorist (b. 1591)
1660 – John Cook, English politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales (b. 1608)
1679 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Irish-English soldier and politician (b. 1621)
1680 – Raimondo Montecuccoli, Italian-Austrian field marshal (b. 1609)
1730 – Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, French-American explorer and politician, 3rd French Governor of Louisiana (b. 1658)
1730 – Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Greek politician, 139th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1666)
1750 – Sylvius Leopold Weiss, German lute player and composer (b. 1687)
1755 – Gerard Majella, Italian saint (b. 1725)
1774 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (b. 1750)
1791 – Grigory Potemkin, Russian general and politician (b. 1739)
1793 – Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born queen consort of Louis XVI of France (b. 1755)
1793 – John Hunter, Scottish-English surgeon and philosopher (b. 1728)
1796 – Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (b. 1726)
1799 – Veerapandiya Kattabomman Indian activist (b. 1760)
1810 – Nachman of Breslov, Ukrainian religious leader, founded the Breslov Hasidic group (b. 1772)
1822 – Eva Marie Veigel, Austrian-English dancer (b. 1724)
1877 – Théodore Barrière, French playwright (b. 1823)
1888 – John Wentworth, American journalist and politician, 19th Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815)
1901–present
1904 – Haritina Korotkevich, Russian heroine (b. 1882)
1908 – Joseph Leycester Lyne, English monk (b. 1837)
1909 – Jakub Bart-Ćišinski, German poet and playwright (b. 1856)
1913 – Ralph Rose, American shot putter, discus, and hammer thrower (b. 1885)
1936 – Effie Adelaide Rowlands, British writer (b. 1859)
1937 – Jean de Brunhoff, French poet and playwright (b. 1899)
1946 – Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial:
Hans Frank, German lawyer, politician and war criminal (b. 1900)
Wilhelm Frick, German lawyer and politician, German Minister of the Interior (b. 1877)
Alfred Jodl, German general (b. 1890)
Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Austrian SS officer (b. 1903)
Wilhelm Keitel, German field marshal (b. 1882)
Alfred Rosenberg, Estonian architect and politician (b. 1893)
Fritz Sauckel, German sailor and politician (b. 1894)
Arthur Seyss-Inquart, Austrian lawyer and politician, 16th Federal Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)
Julius Streicher, German journalist and politician (b. 1887)
Joachim von Ribbentrop, German lieutenant and politician, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Germany (b. 1893)
1947 – Anna B. Eckstein, German peace activist (b. 1868)
1951 – Liaquat Ali Khan, Indian-Pakistani lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1895)
1956 – Jules Rimet, French businessman (b. 1873)
1957 – John Anthony Sydney Ritson, English rugby player, mines inspector, engineer and educator (b. 1887)
1958 – Robert Redfield, American anthropologist of Mexico (b. 1897)
1959 – Minor Hall, American drummer (b. 1897)
1959 – George Marshall, American general and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Defense, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1880)
1962 – Gaston Bachelard, French poet and philosopher (b. 1884)
1964 – Patsy Callighen, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1906)
1966 – George O'Hara, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1899)
1968 – Ellis Kinder, American baseball player (b. 1914)
1971 – Robin Boyd, Australian architect and educator, designed the Domain Park Flats (b. 1919)
1972 – Nick Begich, American lawyer and politician (b. 1932)
1972 – Hale Boggs, American lawyer and politician (b. 1914)
1972 – Leo G. Carroll, English-American actor (b. 1886)
1973 – Gene Krupa, American drummer, composer, and actor (b. 1909)
1975 – Vittorio Gui, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1885)
1978 – Dan Dailey, American actor, singer, dancer, and director (b. 1913)
1979 – Johan Borgen, Norwegian author and critic (b. 1903)
1981 – Moshe Dayan, Israeli general and politician, 5th Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (b. 1915)
1981 – Eugene Eisenmann, Panamanian-American lawyer and ornithologist (b. 1906)
1982 – Mario Del Monaco, Italian tenor (b. 1915)
1983 – Jakov Gotovac, Croatian composer and conductor (b. 1895)
1986 – Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist and pianist (b. 1921)
1989 – Walter Farley, American author and educator (b. 1915)
1989 – Scott O'Dell, American journalist and author (b. 1898)
1989 – Cornel Wilde, American actor (b. 1912)
1990 – Art Blakey, American drummer and bandleader (b. 1919)
1990 – Jorge Bolet, Cuban-American pianist and educator (b. 1914)
1992 – Shirley Booth, American actress and singer (b. 1898)
1996 – Jason Bernard, American actor (b. 1938)
1996 – Eric Malpass, English author (b. 1910)
1997 – Audra Lindley, American actress (b. 1918)
1997 – James A. Michener, American author and philanthropist (b. 1907)
1998 – Jon Postel, American computer scientist and academic (b. 1943)
1999 – Jean Shepherd, American radio host, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1921)
2000 – Mel Carnahan, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 51st Governor of Missouri (b. 1934)
2000 – Rick Jason, American actor (b. 1923)
2001 – Etta Jones, American singer-songwriter (b. 1928)
2003 – Avni Arbaş, Turkish painter (b. 1919)
2003 – Stu Hart, Canadian wrestler and trainer (b. 1915)
2003 – László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926)
2004 – Pierre Salinger, American journalist and politician, 11th White House Press Secretary (b. 1925)
2006 – John Victor Murra, Ukrainian-American anthropologist and academic (b. 1916)
2006 – Valentín Paniagua, Peruvian lawyer and politician, 91st President of Peru (b. 1936)
2007 – Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress (b. 1921)
2007 – Toše Proeski, Macedonian singer-songwriter (b. 1981)
2008 – Dagmar Normet, Estonian author and translator (b. 1921)
2010 – Eyedea, American rapper and producer (b. 1981)
2010 – Barbara Billingsley, American actress (b. 1915)
2011 – Dan Wheldon, English race car driver (b. 1978)
2012 – Frank Moore Cross, American scholar and academic (b. 1921)
2012 – John A. Durkin, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936)
2012 – Mario Gallegos, Jr., American firefighter and politician (b. 1950)
2012 – Bódog Török, Hungarian handball player and coach (b. 1923)
2012 – Eddie Yost, American baseball player and coach (b. 1926)
2013 – Govind Purushottam Deshpande, Indian playwright and academic (b. 1938)
2013 – George Hourmouziadis, Greek archaeologist and academic (b. 1932)
2013 – Ed Lauter, American actor (b. 1938)
2013 – Laurel Martyn, Australian ballerina and choreographer (b. 1916)
2013 – Robert B. Rheault, American colonel (b. 1925)
2013 – Saggy Tahir, Pakistani-American lawyer and politician (b. 1944)
2014 – Ioannis Charalambopoulos, Greek colonel and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1919)
2014 – Allen Forte, American musicologist and theorist (b. 1926)
2014 – Seppo Kuusela, Finnish basketball player and coach (b. 1934)
2014 – John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, English businessman (b. 1926)
2015 – Richard J. Cardamone, American lawyer and judge (b. 1925)
2015 – James W. Fowler, American psychologist and academic (b. 1940)
2015 – William James, Australian general and physician (b. 1930)
2015 – Vera Williams, American author and illustrator (b. 1927)
2015 – Memduh Ün, Turkish film producer, director, actor and screenwriter (b. 1920)
2016 – Calvin Carl "Kelly" Gotlieb, Canadian professor and computer scientist (b. 1921)
2017 – Daphne Caruana Galizia, Maltese journalist and blogger (b. 1964)
2017 – Roy Dotrice, British actor (b. 1923)
2017 – John Dunsworth, Canadian actor (b. 1946)
2017 – Sean Hughes, British-born Irish stand-up comedian (b. 1965)
2023 – Martti Ahtisaari, former President of Finland and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1937)
Holidays and observances
Air Force Day (Bulgaria)
Boss's Day (United States)
Christian feast day:
Balderic (Baudry) of Monfaucon
Bercharius
Bertrand of Comminges
Colmán of Kilroot (Colman mac Cathbaid)
Eliphius
Fortunatus of Casei
Gall
Gerard Majella
Hedwig of Silesia
Hugh Latimer (Anglicanism)
Junian (of Saint-Junien)
Marguerite Marie Alacoque
Marie-Marguerite d'Youville
Nicholas Ridley (Anglicanism)
Silvanus of Ahun
Blessed Thevarparampil Kunjachan (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church / Catholic Church)
Pope Victor III
October 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
Pope John Paul II Day (Poland)
Death anniversary of Liaquat Ali Khan (Pakistan)
Teachers' Day (Chile)
World Food Day (International)
Bu-Ma Democratic Protests Commemoration Day (South Korea)
References
^ John of Antioch, fragment 202; translated by C.D. Gordon, Age of Attila, p. 116
^ "'Abd ar-Rahman III". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Council of Vienne (1311-12)". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
^ Frost, Robert I. (2015). The Oxford history of Poland-Lithuania (1st ed.). Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-0-19-820869-3. OCLC 880557774.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Ober, W. B. (1973). "Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa: murder, madrigals, and masochism". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 49 (7): 634–645. ISSN 0028-7091. PMC 1807043. PMID 4575970.
^ "This Month in Physics History". Retrieved 2018-10-16.
^ "The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
^ "Battle of Ulm | German history". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
^ "1813 and the lead up to the Battle of Leipzig". napoleon.org. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
^ "KV17 (Tomb of Seti I)". Madain Project – Abrahamic History and Archaeology. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
^ "Piar, Manuel Carlos (1782-1817) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed". blackpast.org. 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2018-10-16.
^ "British Library". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
^ Faust, Drew Gilpin (13 November 2023). "The Men Who Started the War". The Atlantic. Vol. 332, no. 5. pp. 83–89. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
^ Carletta, David M.; Harris, Charles H. (2010). "Review of The Secret War in EI Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906-1920, Charles H. Harris III". International Social Science Review. 85 (3/4): 153–155. JSTOR 41887460.
^ BARNES, JAMES J.; BARNES, PATIENCE P.; CAREY, ARTHUR E. (1986). "An English Translation of Hitler's "Mein Kampf" Printed in Germany, ca. 1940". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 80 (3): 374–377. doi:10.1086/pbsa.80.3.24303851. JSTOR 24303851. S2CID 192972565.
^ "Disney History". The Walt Disney Company.
^ Plato, Alexander von; Leh, Almut; Thonfeld, Christoph (1 October 2010). Hitler's Slaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-Occupied Europe. Berghahn Books. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-84545-990-1.
^ Skierka, Volker (2004). Fidel Castro: A Biography. Polity Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-7456-3006-5.
^ "Million Man March » Center for Remote Sensing » Boston University". Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
^ "M 7.1 - The 1999 Hector Mine, California Earthquake". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
^ Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelp, Shirelle (1996). Notable Black American Women Book 2. New York: Gale Research. p. 589. ISBN 978-0-81034-749-6.
^ "Oscar Wilde". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 12 November 2022.
^ Cullinan, Bernice E.; Person, Diane Goetz (2005). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. London: Continuum. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8264-1778-7.
^ Vinson, James; Kirkpatrick, Daniel Lane (1982). Twentieth-Century Romance and Gothic Writers. London: Macmillan. p. 706. ISBN 978-0-3333-2138-6.
^ Congressional Biography, accessed online August 13, 2007.
^ Larkin, Colin (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Stage and Film Musicals. London: Virgin with Muse. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-7535-0375-1.
^ Lewis, Daniel (October 11, 2022). "Angela Lansbury, Star of Film, Stage and 'Murder, She Wrote,' Dies at 96". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
^ "Valigursky, Ed". Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. September 12, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2024.
^ Korte, Anne-Marie (2014). "Mary Daly". In Oppy, Graham; Trakakis, Nick N. (eds.). Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Religion. London: Routledge. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-3157-2959-6.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Rose, Mike (16 October 2022). "Today's famous birthdays list for October 16, 2022 includes celebrities Flea, Tim Robbins". The Plain Dealer. Associated Press. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ "Mel Counts". National Basketball Association. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ Zagorski, N. (2005). "Profile of Elizabeth F. Loftus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (39): 13721–13723. Bibcode:2005PNAS..10213721Z. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506223102. PMC 1236565. PMID 16172386.
^ "Kieran Doherty,Died August 2nd, 1981". www.bobbysandstrust.com.
^ "Chris Doleman". Pro Football Hall of Fame. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ "Dmitri Hvorostovsky obituary". the Guardian. 22 November 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
^ "German Titov". National Hockey League. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ a b "Famous birthdays for Oct. 16: Flea, Naomi Osaka". UPI. 16 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ Grant, Brea (October 16, 2019). "It's my birthday..." (Tweet). Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019 – via Twitter.
^ "Alan Anderson". National Basketball Association. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ "Who is Loreen? Meet Sweden's Eurovision 2023 entry". Radio Times. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ "Alexis Hornbuckle". WNBA. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ "Subiect – Inna". Libertatea (in Romanian). Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
^ "Jonathan Schoop". Major League Baseball. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/475281.html ESPNcricinfo
^ "Women's Tennis Association - Official Website". Women's Tennis Association. Retrieved 17 October 2022.
^ "Players: Stuart Lightbody". bwfbadminton.com. Badminton World Federation. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
^ Dumaual, Mario (9 December 2022). "Singer Jovit Baldivino passes away". ABS-CBN News (in English and Filipino). Retrieved 12 December 2022. Jovit Baldivino, who rose to fame as the first grand winner of ABS-CBN's nationwide talent-reality show "Pilipinas Got Talent" in 2010, died Friday in Batangas City... He just turned 29 last October 16 .
^ "Halimah Nakaayi". olympedia.org. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
^ "FIFA Club World Cup Morocco 2022™: List of Players: Al Ahly SC" (PDF). FIFA. 7 February 2023. p. 1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
^ "Aaron Nesmith". National Basketball Association. Retrieved 15 October 2023.
^ "Gregory XIV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 February 2020.
^ "François de Malherbe | French poet | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 4 June 2022.
^ Lassner, Martin (18 July 2011). "Johann Rudolf Stadler". Dictionnaire historique de la Suisse (DHS) (in French). Retrieved 13 April 2020.
^ "Marie-Antoinette | Facts, Biography, & French Revolution". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
^ Smetanin, Alexander Ivanovich (1991). Оборона Порт-Артура (in Russian). Moscow: Voennoe Izd-vo. p. 103. ISBN 978-5-2030-0488-8.
^ Lammel, Wolfgang (30 June 2018). "Vision Weltfrieden: Die Pazifistin Anna B. Eckstein". Sonntagsblatt (in German). Munich. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
^ McLellan, Dennis (October 16, 2010). "Barbara Billingsley, Mother on 'Leave It to Beaver', Dies at 94". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2021.
^ "Veteran character actor Ed Lauter dies at age 74". The San Francisco Chronicle. October 17, 2013. Archived from the original on 2013-10-20. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
^ Dessau, Bruce (16 October 2017). "Sean Hughes obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
^ Anne Kauranen (16 October 2023). "Finnish Nobel Peace laureate and former president Ahtisaari dies at 86". Reuters. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
^ "Boss's Day in the United States". www.timeanddate.com. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
^ "International Days". www.un.org. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
^ "국경일·기념일". 행정안전부 (in Korean). Retrieved 16 October 2022.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to October 16.
"On This Day". BBC.
The New York Times: On This Day
"Historical Events on October 16". OnThisDay.com.
vteMonths and days of the yearToday: June 19, 2024 January
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Related: List of non-standard dates | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leap years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"}],"text":"Day of the yearOctober 16 is the 289th day of the year (290th in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar; 76 days remain until the end of the year.","title":"October 16"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"456","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/456"},{"link_name":"Ricimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricimer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"690","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/690"},{"link_name":"Wu Zetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Zetian"},{"link_name":"912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/912"},{"link_name":"Abd ar-Rahman 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Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"quaternions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion"},{"link_name":"1846","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1846"},{"link_name":"William T. G. Morton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_T._G._Morton"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847"},{"link_name":"Jane Eyre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Eyre"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"1859","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1859"},{"link_name":"leads a raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869"},{"link_name":"Cardiff Giant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiff_Giant"},{"link_name":"Girton College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girton_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"1875","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875"},{"link_name":"Brigham Young University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Young_University"},{"link_name":"1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882"},{"link_name":"Nickel Plate Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_Chicago_and_St._Louis_Railroad"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1736 – Mathematician William Whiston's predicted comet fails to strike the Earth.[6]\n1780 – American Revolutionary War: The British-led Royalton raid is the last Native American raid on New England.\n1780 – The Great Hurricane of 1780 finishes after its sixth day, killing between 20,000 and 24,000 residents of the Lesser Antilles.[7]\n1793 – French Revolution: Queen Marie Antoinette is executed.\n1793 – War of the First Coalition: French victory at the Battle of Wattignies forces Austria to raise the siege of Maubeuge.\n1805 – War of the Third Coalition: Napoleon surrounds the Austrian army at Ulm.[8]\n1813 – The Sixth Coalition attacks Napoleon in the three-day Battle of Leipzig.[9]\n1817 – Italian explorer and archaeologist Giovanni Belzoni, uncovered the Tomb of Seti I in the Valley of the Kings.[10]\n1817 – Simón Bolívar sentences Manuel Piar to death for challenging the racial-caste in Venezuela.[11]\n1834 – Much of the ancient structure of the Palace of Westminster in London burns to the ground.\n1836 – Great Trek: Afrikaner voortrekkers repulse a Matabele attack, but lose their livestock.\n1841 – Queen's University is founded in the Province of Canada.\n1843 – William Rowan Hamilton invents quaternions, a three-dimensional system of complex numbers.\n1846 – William T. G. Morton administers ether anesthesia during a surgical operation.\n1847 – The novel Jane Eyre is published in London.[12]\n1859 – John Brown leads a raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia.[13]\n1869 – The Cardiff Giant, one of the most famous American hoaxes, is \"discovered\".\n1869 – Girton College, Cambridge is founded, becoming England's first residential college for women.\n1875 – Brigham Young University is founded in Provo, Utah.\n1882 – The Nickel Plate Railroad opens for business.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"},{"link_name":"Partition of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)"},{"link_name":"1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"Porfirio Díaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porfirio_D%C3%ADaz"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"1916","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1916"},{"link_name":"Margaret Sanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sanger"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919"},{"link_name":"German Workers' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_O._Disney"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934"},{"link_name":"Long March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_March"},{"link_name":"1939","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"No. 603 Squadron RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._603_Squadron_RAF"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940"},{"link_name":"Warsaw Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943"},{"link_name":"Raid on the Roman Ghetto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_the_Roman_Ghetto"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trials"},{"link_name":"are executed by hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_executions"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947"},{"link_name":"Turtle Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_Islands,_Tawi-Tawi"},{"link_name":"Mangsee Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangsee_Islands"},{"link_name":"1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1949"},{"link_name":"Greek Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Fidel Castro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidel_Castro"},{"link_name":"History Will Absolve Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_Will_Absolve_Me"},{"link_name":"Fulgencio Batista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulgencio_Batista"},{"link_name":"attack on the Moncada Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack_on_the_Moncada_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964"},{"link_name":"first nuclear weapon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_596"},{"link_name":"Leonid Brezhnev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev"},{"link_name":"Alexei Kosygin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968"},{"link_name":"Olympics Black Power salute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute"},{"link_name":"Rodney riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_riots"},{"link_name":"Walter Rodney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rodney"},{"link_name":"Yasunari Kawabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970"},{"link_name":"War Measures Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Measures_Act"},{"link_name":"October Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_Crisis"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973"},{"link_name":"Henry Kissinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissinger"},{"link_name":"Lê Đức Thọ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975"},{"link_name":"Balibo Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balibo_Five"},{"link_name":"Rahima Banu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahima_Banu"},{"link_name":"constitutional crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_Australian_constitutional_crisis"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978"},{"link_name":"elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_1978_papal_conclave"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984"},{"link_name":"Desmond Tutu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmond_Tutu"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991"},{"link_name":"runs amok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luby%27s_shooting"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995"},{"link_name":"Million Man March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Million_Man_March"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Skye Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skye_Bridge"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"},{"link_name":"crush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Doroteo_Guamuch_Flores_disaster"},{"link_name":"a match","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estadio_Mateo_Flores#The_October_16_disaster"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998"},{"link_name":"Augusto Pinochet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"arrested","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment_and_arrest_of_Augusto_Pinochet"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999"},{"link_name":"Hector Mine earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Hector_Mine_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca Alexandrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013"},{"link_name":"Lao Airlines Flight 301","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_Airlines_Flight_301"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017"},{"link_name":"Storm Ophelia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Ophelia_(2017)"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1905 – The Partition of Bengal in India takes place.\n1909 – William Howard Taft and Porfirio Díaz hold the first summit between a U.S. and a Mexican president. They narrowly escape assassination.[14]\n1916 – Margaret Sanger opens the first family planning clinic in the United States.\n1919 – Adolf Hitler delivers his first public address at a meeting of the German Workers' Party.[15]\n1923 – Walt Disney and his brother, Roy, found the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio, today known as The Walt Disney Company.[16]\n1934 – Chinese Communists begin the Long March to escape Nationalist encirclement.\n1939 – World War II: No. 603 Squadron RAF intercepts the first Luftwaffe raid on Britain.\n1940 – Holocaust in Poland: The Warsaw Ghetto is established.\n1943 – Holocaust in Italy: Raid on the Roman Ghetto.[17]\n1946 – Nuremberg trials: Ten defendants found guilty by the International Military Tribunal are executed by hanging.\n1947 – The Philippines takes over the administration of the Turtle Islands and the Mangsee Islands from the United Kingdom.\n1949 – The Greek Communist Party announces a \"temporary cease-fire\", thus ending the Greek Civil War.\n1951 – The first Prime Minister of Pakistan, Liaquat Ali Khan, is assassinated in Rawalpindi.\n1953 – Cuban revolutionary Fidel Castro delivers his \"History Will Absolve Me\" speech, and is sentenced to 15 years' imprisonment by the Fulgencio Batista government for leading an attack on the Moncada Barracks.[18]\n1962 – Cuban Missile Crisis begins: U.S. President John F. Kennedy is informed of photos taken on October 14 by a U-2 showing nuclear missiles (the crisis will last for 13 days starting from this point).\n1964 – China detonates its first nuclear weapon.\n1964 – Leonid Brezhnev becomes leader of the Soviet Communist Party, while Alexei Kosygin becomes the head of government.\n1968 – Tommie Smith and John Carlos are ejected from the US Olympic team for participating in the Olympics Black Power salute.\n1968 – Kingston, Jamaica is rocked by the Rodney riots, inspired by the barring of Walter Rodney from the country.\n1968 – Yasunari Kawabata becomes the first Japanese person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.\n1970 – Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act during the October Crisis.\n1973 – Henry Kissinger and Lê Đức Thọ are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.\n1975 – Indonesian troops kill the Balibo Five, a group of Australian journalists, in Portuguese Timor.\n1975 – Three-year-old Rahima Banu, from Bangladesh, is the last known case of naturally occurring smallpox.\n1975 – The Australian Coalition sparks a constitutional crisis when they vote to defer funding for the government's annual budget.\n1978 – Cardinal Karol Wojtyła is elected to the papacy as Pope John Paul II, he becomes the first non-Italian pontiff since 1523.\n1984 – Desmond Tutu is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.\n1991 – George Hennard runs amok in Killeen, Texas, killing 23 and wounding 20.\n1995 – The Million Man March takes place in Washington, D.C. About 837,000 attend.[19]\n1995 – The Skye Bridge in Scotland is opened.\n1996 – Eighty-four football fans die and 180 are injured in a massive crush at a match in Guatemala City.\n1998 – Former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet is arrested in London on a murder extradition warrant.\n1999 – The magnitude 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake strikes Southern California[20]\n2002 – The Bibliotheca Alexandrina opens in Egypt, commemorating the ancient library of Alexandria.\n2013 – Lao Airlines Flight 301 crashes on approach to Pakse International Airport in Laos, killing 49 people.\n2017 – Storm Ophelia strikes the U.K. and Ireland causing major damage and power loss.","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1351","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1351"},{"link_name":"Gian Galeazzo Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Galeazzo_Visconti"},{"link_name":"1396","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1396"},{"link_name":"William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_la_Pole,_1st_Duke_of_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"1430","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1430"},{"link_name":"James II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"1483","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1483"},{"link_name":"Gasparo Contarini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasparo_Contarini"},{"link_name":"1535","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1535"},{"link_name":"Niwa Nagahide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niwa_Nagahide"},{"link_name":"1588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1588"},{"link_name":"Luke Wadding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Wadding"}],"sub_title":"Pre-1600","text":"1351 – Gian Galeazzo Visconti, first Duke of Milan (d. 1402)\n1396 – William de la Pole, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English admiral (d. 1450)\n1430 – James II of Scotland (d. 1460)\n1483 – Gasparo Contarini, Italian cardinal and diplomat (d. 1542)\n1535 – Niwa Nagahide, Japanese samurai (d. 1585)\n1588 – Luke Wadding, Irish Franciscan friar and historian (d. 1657)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1605"},{"link_name":"Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Coypeau_d%27Assoucy"},{"link_name":"1620","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1620"},{"link_name":"Pierre Paul Puget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Puget"},{"link_name":"1678","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1678"},{"link_name":"Anna Waser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Waser"},{"link_name":"1679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1679"},{"link_name":"Jan Dismas Zelenka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Dismas_Zelenka"},{"link_name":"viol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol"},{"link_name":"1710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1710"},{"link_name":"András Hadik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Hadik"},{"link_name":"1714","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1714"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Arduino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Arduino_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"1726","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1726"},{"link_name":"Daniel Chodowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Chodowiecki"},{"link_name":"1729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1729"},{"link_name":"Pierre van Maldere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_van_Maldere"},{"link_name":"1752","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1752"},{"link_name":"Johann Gottfried Eichhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Eichhorn"},{"link_name":"1754","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1754"},{"link_name":"Morgan Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Lewis_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"1758","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1758"},{"link_name":"Noah Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Webster"},{"link_name":"1762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1762"},{"link_name":"Paul Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1789"},{"link_name":"William Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burton_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Delaware"},{"link_name":"1795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1795"},{"link_name":"William Buell Sprague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Buell_Sprague"},{"link_name":"1802","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1802"},{"link_name":"Isaac Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Governor of Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"1803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1803"},{"link_name":"Robert Stephenson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephenson"},{"link_name":"1804","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1804"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Russell_(artist)"},{"link_name":"1806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1806"},{"link_name":"William P. Fessenden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Fessenden"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"1815","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1815"},{"link_name":"Francis Lubbock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lubbock"},{"link_name":"Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"1818","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1818"},{"link_name":"William Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Forster_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Premier of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"1819","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1819"},{"link_name":"Austin F. Pike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin_F._Pike"},{"link_name":"1831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1831"},{"link_name":"Lucy Stanton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucy_Stanton_(abolitionist)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"1832","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1832"},{"link_name":"Vicente Riva Palacio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Riva_Palacio"},{"link_name":"1840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840"},{"link_name":"Kuroda Kiyotaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroda_Kiyotaka"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"1841","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1841"},{"link_name":"Itō Hirobumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847"},{"link_name":"Maria Pia of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Pia_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"1852","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852"},{"link_name":"Carl von In der Maur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_von_In_der_Maur"},{"link_name":"1854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1854"},{"link_name":"Karl Kautsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Kautsky"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"1855","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1855"},{"link_name":"Samad bey Mehmandarov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samad_bey_Mehmandarov"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijani Minister of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Azerbaijan)"},{"link_name":"1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1861"},{"link_name":"J. B. Bury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._B._Bury"},{"link_name":"Richard Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sears_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"1863","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1863"},{"link_name":"Austen Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"Chancellor of the Exchequer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"1867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1867"},{"link_name":"Mario Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Ruspoli,_2nd_Prince_of_Poggio_Suasa"},{"link_name":"1869","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1869"},{"link_name":"Claude H. Van Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_H._Van_Tyne"},{"link_name":"1872","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872"},{"link_name":"Walter Buckmaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Buckmaster"},{"link_name":"Buckmaster & Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckmaster_%26_Moore"},{"link_name":"1876","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1876"},{"link_name":"Jimmy Sinclair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Sinclair"},{"link_name":"1881","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881"},{"link_name":"William Orthwein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_R._Orthwein"},{"link_name":"1884","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1884"},{"link_name":"Rembrandt Bugatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rembrandt_Bugatti"},{"link_name":"1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1886"},{"link_name":"David Ben-Gurion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888"},{"link_name":"Eugene O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Paul Popenoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Popenoe"},{"link_name":"relationship counseling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relationship_counseling"},{"link_name":"1890","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890"},{"link_name":"Michael Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(Irish_leader)"},{"link_name":"Irish Minister for Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Finance_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Maria Goretti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Goretti"},{"link_name":"Paul Strand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Strand"},{"link_name":"1897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1897"},{"link_name":"Louis de Cazenave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Cazenave"},{"link_name":"1898","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1898"},{"link_name":"William O. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_O._Douglas"},{"link_name":"1900","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900"},{"link_name":"Edward Ardizzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ardizzone"},{"link_name":"Primo Conti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primo_Conti"},{"link_name":"Goose Goslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose_Goslin"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1605 – Charles Coypeau d'Assoucy, French writer and composer (d. 1677)\n1620 – Pierre Paul Puget, French painter and sculptor (d. 1694)\n1678 – Anna Waser, Swiss painter (d. 1714)\n1679 – Jan Dismas Zelenka, Czech viol player and composer (d. 1745)\n1710 – András Hadik, Austrian-Hungarian field marshal (d. 1790)\n1714 – Giovanni Arduino, Italian geologist and academic (d. 1795)\n1726 – Daniel Chodowiecki, Polish-German painter and educator (d. 1801)\n1729 – Pierre van Maldere, Belgian violinist and composer (d. 1768)\n1752 – Johann Gottfried Eichhorn, German theologian and academic (d. 1827)\n1754 – Morgan Lewis, American general, lawyer, and politician, 3rd Governor of New York (d. 1844)\n1758 – Noah Webster, American lexicographer (d. 1843)\n1762 – Paul Hamilton, American soldier and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1816)\n1789 – William Burton, American physician and politician, 39th Governor of Delaware (d. 1866)\n1795 – William Buell Sprague, American minister, historian, and author (d. 1876)\n1802 – Isaac Murphy, American educator and politician, 8th Governor of Arkansas (d. 1882)\n1803 – Robert Stephenson, English railway and civil engineer (d. 1859)\n1804 – Benjamin Russell, American painter and educator (d. 1885)\n1806 – William P. Fessenden, American lawyer and politician, 26th United States Secretary of the Treasury (d. 1869)\n1815 – Francis Lubbock, American colonel and politician, 9th Governor of Texas (d. 1905)\n1818 – William Forster, Indian-Australian politician, 4th Premier of New South Wales (d. 1882)\n1819 – Austin F. Pike, American lawyer and politician (d. 1886)\n1831 – Lucy Stanton, American activist (d. 1910)[21]\n1832 – Vicente Riva Palacio, Mexican liberal intellectual, novelist (d. 1896)\n1840 – Kuroda Kiyotaka, Japanese general and politician, 2nd Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1900)\n1841 – Itō Hirobumi, Japanese lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1909)\n1847 – Maria Pia of Savoy (d. 1911)\n1852 – Carl von In der Maur, Governor of Liechtenstein (d. 1913)\n1854 – Karl Kautsky, Czech-German journalist, philosopher, and theologian (d. 1938)\n1854 – Oscar Wilde, Irish playwright, novelist, and poet (d. 1900)[22]\n1855 – Samad bey Mehmandarov, Azerbaijani general and politician, 3rd Azerbaijani Minister of Defense (d. 1931)\n1861 – J. B. Bury, Irish historian and scholar (d. 1927)\n1861 – Richard Sears, American tennis player (d. 1943)\n1863 – Austen Chamberlain, English businessman and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1937)\n1867 – Mario Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Poggio Suasa (d. 1963)\n1869 – Claude H. Van Tyne, American historian and author (d. 1930)\n1872 – Walter Buckmaster, English polo player and businessman, co-founded Buckmaster & Moore (d. 1942)\n1876 – Jimmy Sinclair, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 1913)\n1881 – William Orthwein, American swimmer and water polo player (d. 1955)\n1884 – Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (d. 1916)\n1886 – David Ben-Gurion, Polish-Israeli soldier and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Israel (d. 1973)\n1888 – Eugene O'Neill, American playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1953)\n1888 – Paul Popenoe, American founder of relationship counseling (d. 1979)\n1890 – Michael Collins, Irish general and politician, 2nd Irish Minister for Finance (d. 1922)\n1890 – Maria Goretti, Italian martyr and saint (d. 1902)\n1890 – Paul Strand, American photographer and director (d. 1975)\n1897 – Louis de Cazenave, French soldier (d. 2008)\n1898 – William O. Douglas, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1980)\n1900 – Edward Ardizzone, Vietnamese-English author and illustrator (d. 1979)\n1900 – Primo Conti, Italian painter and poet (d. 1988)\n1900 – Goose Goslin, American baseball player and manager (d. 1971)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1903","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903"},{"link_name":"Cecile de Brunhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecile_de_Brunhoff"},{"link_name":"Big Joe Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Joe_Williams"},{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904"},{"link_name":"Björn Berglund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_Berglund"},{"link_name":"1905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905"},{"link_name":"Ernst Kuzorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kuzorra"},{"link_name":"1906","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906"},{"link_name":"León Klimovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_Klimovsky"},{"link_name":"1907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907"},{"link_name":"Richard Titmuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Titmuss"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908"},{"link_name":"Olivia Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivia_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Enver Hoxha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enver_Hoxha"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_B%C3%BClow"},{"link_name":"1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912"},{"link_name":"Clifford Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clifford_Hansen"},{"link_name":"Governor of Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"1918","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918"},{"link_name":"Louis Althusser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Althusser"},{"link_name":"Abraham Nemeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Nemeth"},{"link_name":"Tony Rolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Rolt"},{"link_name":"1919","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Winsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Winsor"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"1920","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920"},{"link_name":"Paddy Finucane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_Finucane"},{"link_name":"1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921"},{"link_name":"Matt Batts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Batts"},{"link_name":"Sita Ram Goel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel"},{"link_name":"MacKenzie Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacKenzie_Miller"},{"link_name":"1922","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1922"},{"link_name":"Max Bygraves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bygraves"},{"link_name":"Leon Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"1923","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1923"},{"link_name":"Linda Darnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Darnell"},{"link_name":"Bert Kaempfert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Kaempfert"},{"link_name":"Bill McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_McLaren"},{"link_name":"1924","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924"},{"link_name":"Gerard Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Parkes"},{"link_name":"1925","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925"},{"link_name":"Daniel J. Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Evans"},{"link_name":"Governor of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cong-bio-25"},{"link_name":"Angela Lansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Lansbury"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"1926","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926"},{"link_name":"Charles Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dolan"},{"link_name":"Cablevision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cablevision"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"Ed Valigursky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Valigursky"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"1927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927"},{"link_name":"Günter Grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"1928","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928"},{"link_name":"Mary Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Daly"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ann Morgan Guilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Morgan_Guilbert"},{"link_name":"1929","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1929"},{"link_name":"Fernanda Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930"},{"link_name":"John Polkinghorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Polkinghorne"},{"link_name":"Carmen Sevilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Sevilla"},{"link_name":"1931","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931"},{"link_name":"Charles Colson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colson"},{"link_name":"Valery Klimov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valery_Klimov_(violinist)"},{"link_name":"Rosa Rosal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Rosal"},{"link_name":"P. W. Underwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._W._Underwood"},{"link_name":"1932","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932"},{"link_name":"John Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grant_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Henry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lewis_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Lucien Paiement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Paiement"},{"link_name":"1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933"},{"link_name":"Nobuyo Ōyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobuyo_%C5%8Cyama"},{"link_name":"1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934"},{"link_name":"Peter Ashdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ashdown"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936"},{"link_name":"Peter Bowles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bowles"},{"link_name":"Andrei Chikatilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Chikatilo"},{"link_name":"Mladen Koščak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mladen_Ko%C5%A1%C4%8Dak"},{"link_name":"Akira Machida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Machida"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chief_Justices_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938"},{"link_name":"Carl Gunter, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gunter,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Nico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico"},{"link_name":"1940","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1940"},{"link_name":"Barry Corbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Corbin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"Dave DeBusschere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_DeBusschere"},{"link_name":"Ivan Della Mea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Della_Mea"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941"},{"link_name":"Mel Counts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Counts"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Tim McCarver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McCarver"},{"link_name":"Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Nicholson,_Baroness_Nicholson_of_Winterbourne"},{"link_name":"1943","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943"},{"link_name":"Fred Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Turner_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944"},{"link_name":"Kaizer Motaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaizer_Motaung"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Loftus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Loftus"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zagorski-32"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945"},{"link_name":"Stefan Buczacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_Buczacki"},{"link_name":"Roger Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Hawkins_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"Paul Monette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Monette"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"},{"link_name":"Geoff Barnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Barnett_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Suzanne Somers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Somers"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Day_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Terry Griffiths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Griffiths"},{"link_name":"Bob Weir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Weir"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"David Zucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Zucker_(filmmaker)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948"},{"link_name":"Alison Chitty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alison_Chitty"},{"link_name":"Bruce Fleisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Fleisher"},{"link_name":"Hema Malini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hema_Malini"},{"link_name":"Leo Mazzone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Mazzone"},{"link_name":"1950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1950"},{"link_name":"Angry Grandpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angry_Grandpa"},{"link_name":"Károly Horváth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Horv%C3%A1th"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952"},{"link_name":"Christopher Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Cox"},{"link_name":"Cordell Mosson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordell_Mosson"},{"link_name":"Crazy Mohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy_Mohan"},{"link_name":"Glenys Thornton, Baroness Thornton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenys_Thornton,_Baroness_Thornton"},{"link_name":"1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953"},{"link_name":"Tony Carey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Carey"},{"link_name":"Paulo Roberto Falcão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Roberto_Falc%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"1954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1954"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Carcaterra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenzo_Carcaterra"},{"link_name":"Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Forsyth,_Baron_Forsyth_of_Drumlean"},{"link_name":"Secretary of State for Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Serafino Ghizzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serafino_Ghizzoni"},{"link_name":"Corinna Harfouch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corinna_Harfouch"},{"link_name":"1955","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955"},{"link_name":"Kieran Doherty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran_Doherty_(hunger_striker)"},{"link_name":"Irish Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Republican"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Ellen Dolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Dolan"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956"},{"link_name":"Marin Alsop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Alsop"},{"link_name":"John Chavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chavis_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Meg Rosoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg_Rosoff"},{"link_name":"Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudra_Mohammad_Shahidullah"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957"},{"link_name":"Priidu Beier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priidu_Beier"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958"},{"link_name":"Roy McDonough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_McDonough"},{"link_name":"Tim Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Robbins"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959"},{"link_name":"Kevin Brennan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Brennan_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Brian Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Harper"},{"link_name":"Gary Kemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Kemp"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"Philip Maini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Maini"},{"link_name":"Tessa Munt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessa_Munt"},{"link_name":"Jamie Salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_Salmon"},{"link_name":"Erkki-Sven Tüür","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erkki-Sven_T%C3%BC%C3%BCr"},{"link_name":"John Whittingdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Whittingdale"},{"link_name":"1960","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960"},{"link_name":"Guy LeBlanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_LeBlanc"},{"link_name":"Bob Mould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Mould"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1961"},{"link_name":"Chris Doleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Doleman"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Marc Levy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Levy"},{"link_name":"Scott O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"Randy Vasquez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Vasquez"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962"},{"link_name":"Manute Bol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manute_Bol"},{"link_name":"Flea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flea_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"Dmitri Hvorostovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Hvorostovsky"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Nico Lazaridis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Lazaridis"},{"link_name":"Tamara McKinney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamara_McKinney"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963"},{"link_name":"Brendan Kibble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Kibble"},{"link_name":"Timothy Leighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Leighton"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964"},{"link_name":"Shawn Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawn_Little"},{"link_name":"James Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thompson_(author)"},{"link_name":"1965","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965"},{"link_name":"Kang Kyung-ok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Kyung-ok"},{"link_name":"German Titov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Titov_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Tom Tolbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Tolbert"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966"},{"link_name":"Olof Lundh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olof_Lundh"},{"link_name":"Mary Elizabeth McGlynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_McGlynn"},{"link_name":"1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967"},{"link_name":"Michael Laffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Laffy"},{"link_name":"Davina McCall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davina_McCall"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968"},{"link_name":"Randall Batinkoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Batinkoff"},{"link_name":"Mark Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Lee_(Singaporean_actor)"},{"link_name":"Francesco Libetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Libetta"},{"link_name":"Todd Stashwick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Stashwick"},{"link_name":"Elsa Zylberstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsa_Zylberstein"},{"link_name":"1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969"},{"link_name":"Roy Hargrove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Hargrove"},{"link_name":"Takao Omori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takao_Omori"},{"link_name":"Terri J. Vaughn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_J._Vaughn"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"Wendy Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1970","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970"},{"link_name":"Kazuyuki Fujita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuyuki_Fujita"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Scholl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehmet_Scholl"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971"},{"link_name":"Frank Cuesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cuesta"},{"link_name":"Chad Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_Gray"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"Paul Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sparks"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972"},{"link_name":"Adrianne Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrianne_Frost"},{"link_name":"Darius Kasparaitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darius_Kasparaitis"},{"link_name":"Kordell Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kordell_Stewart"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973"},{"link_name":"Justin Credible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Credible"},{"link_name":"David Unsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Unsworth"},{"link_name":"1974","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974"},{"link_name":"Aurela Gaçe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurela_Ga%C3%A7e"},{"link_name":"Paul Kariya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kariya"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975"},{"link_name":"Ernesto Noel Aquino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Noel_Aquino"},{"link_name":"Brynjar Gunnarsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brynjar_Gunnarsson"},{"link_name":"Jacques Kallis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Kallis"},{"link_name":"Kellie Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellie_Martin"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977"},{"link_name":"John Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mayer"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"1980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980"},{"link_name":"Sue Bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue_Bird"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-37"},{"link_name":"Jeremy Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"Caterina Scorsone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterina_Scorsone"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP-30"},{"link_name":"Timana Tahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timana_Tahu"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981"},{"link_name":"Brea Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brea_Grant"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Martin Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Halle"},{"link_name":"Boyd Melson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyd_Melson"},{"link_name":"Anthony Reyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Reyes"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"Alan Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Anderson_(basketball)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Michalak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Michalak"},{"link_name":"Cristian Riveros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian_Riveros"},{"link_name":"Prithviraj Sukumaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithviraj_Sukumaran"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983"},{"link_name":"Philipp Kohlschreiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Kohlschreiber"},{"link_name":"Loreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loreen"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Kenny Omega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Omega"},{"link_name":"1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984"},{"link_name":"François Pervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Pervis"},{"link_name":"Rachel Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Reilly"},{"link_name":"1985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985"},{"link_name":"Jay Beagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Beagle"},{"link_name":"Alexis Hornbuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexis_Hornbuckle"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Verena Sailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verena_Sailer"},{"link_name":"Casey Stoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Stoner"},{"link_name":"Peter Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wallace_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986"},{"link_name":"Nicky Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicky_Adams"},{"link_name":"Derk Boerrigter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derk_Boerrigter"},{"link_name":"Inna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inna"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-libertatea-42"},{"link_name":"1988","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Stieber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Stieber"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989"},{"link_name":"Dan Biggar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Biggar"},{"link_name":"1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991"},{"link_name":"Jonathan Schoop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Schoop"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Shardul Thakur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shardul_Thakur"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992"},{"link_name":"Kostas Fortounis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostas_Fortounis"},{"link_name":"Viktorija Golubic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktorija_Golubic"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Bryce Harper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryce_Harper"},{"link_name":"Stuart Lightbody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Lightbody"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"1993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993"},{"link_name":"Jovit Baldivino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jovit_Baldivino"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Caroline Garcia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caroline_Garcia"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994"},{"link_name":"Adam Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Elliott"},{"link_name":"Halimah Nakaayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halimah_Nakaayi"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997"},{"link_name":"Charles Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Naomi Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naomi_Osaka"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UPI-37"},{"link_name":"Aliou Dieng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliou_Dieng"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999"},{"link_name":"Aaron Nesmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Nesmith"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1903 – Cecile de Brunhoff, French author and pianist (d. 2003)\n1903 – Big Joe Williams, American Delta blues singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 1982)\n1904 – Björn Berglund, Swedish actor (d. 1968)\n1905 – Ernst Kuzorra, German footballer and manager (d. 1990)\n1906 – León Klimovsky, Argentinian actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 1996)\n1907 – Richard Titmuss, English sociologist and academic (d. 1973)\n1908 – Olivia Coolidge, English-American author and educator (d. 2006)[23]\n1908 – Enver Hoxha, Albanian general and politician, Prime Minister of Albania (d. 1985)\n1911 – Otto von Bülow, German commander (d. 2006)\n1912 – Clifford Hansen, American rancher and politician, 26th Governor of Wyoming (d. 2009)\n1918 – Louis Althusser, Algerian-French philosopher and academic (d. 1990)\n1918 – Abraham Nemeth, American mathematician and academic (d. 2013)\n1918 – Tony Rolt, English race car driver and engineer (d. 2008)\n1919 – Kathleen Winsor, American journalist and author (d. 2003)[24]\n1920 – Paddy Finucane, Irish fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 1942)\n1921 – Matt Batts, American baseball player and coach (d. 2013)\n1921 – Sita Ram Goel, Indian historian, publisher and writer (d. 2003)\n1921 – MacKenzie Miller, American horse trainer and breeder (d. 2010)\n1922 – Max Bygraves, English-Australian actor and singer (d. 2012)\n1922 – Leon Sullivan, American minister and activist (d. 2001)\n1923 – Linda Darnell, American actress (d. 1965)\n1923 – Bert Kaempfert, German conductor and composer (d. 1980)\n1923 – Bill McLaren, Scottish rugby player and sportscaster (d. 2010)\n1924 – Gerard Parkes, Irish-Canadian actor (d. 2014)\n1925 – Daniel J. Evans, American politician, 16th Governor of Washington[25]\n1925 – Angela Lansbury, English-American actress, singer, and producer (d. 2022)[26][27]\n1926 – Charles Dolan, American businessman, founded Cablevision and HBO\n1926 – Ed Valigursky, American illustrator (d. 2009)[28]\n1927 – Günter Grass, German novelist, poet, playwright, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)\n1928 – Mary Daly, American philosopher and theologian (d. 2010)[29]\n1928 – Ann Morgan Guilbert, American actress (d. 2016)\n1929 – Fernanda Montenegro, Brazilian actress\n1930 – John Polkinghorne, English physicist, theologian and priest (d. 2021)\n1930 – Carmen Sevilla, Spanish actress (d. 2023)\n1931 – Charles Colson, American lawyer and politician (d. 2012)\n1931 – Valery Klimov, Ukrainian-Russian violinist and educator (d. 2022)\n1931 – Rosa Rosal, Filipino actress\n1931 – P. W. Underwood, American football player and coach (d. 2013)\n1932 – John Grant, English journalist and politician (d. 2000)\n1932 – Henry Lewis, American bassist and conductor (d. 1996)\n1932 – Lucien Paiement, Canadian physician and politician (d. 2013)\n1933 – Nobuyo Ōyama, Japanese voice actress\n1934 – Peter Ashdown, English race car driver\n1936 – Peter Bowles, English actor and screenwriter (d. 2022)\n1936 – Andrei Chikatilo, Ukrainian-Russian serial killer (d. 1994)\n1936 – Mladen Koščak, Croatian footballer (d. 1997)\n1936 – Akira Machida, Japanese lawyer and judge, 15th Chief Justice of Japan (d. 2015)\n1938 – Carl Gunter, Jr., American politician (d. 1999)\n1938 – Nico, German singer-songwriter, model, and actress (d. 1988)\n1940 – Barry Corbin, American actor and producer[30]\n1940 – Dave DeBusschere, American basketball player and coach (d. 2003)\n1940 – Ivan Della Mea, Italian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and journalist (d. 2009)\n1941 – Mel Counts, American basketball player[31]\n1941 – Tim McCarver, American baseball player and sportscaster (d. 2023)\n1941 – Emma Nicholson, Baroness Nicholson of Winterbourne, English computer programmer and politician\n1943 – Fred Turner, Canadian singer-songwriter and bass player[30]\n1944 – Kaizer Motaung, South African footballer and manager\n1944 – Elizabeth Loftus, American psychologist[32]\n1945 – Stefan Buczacki, English horticulturalist, botanist, and television host\n1945 – Roger Hawkins, American session drummer (d. 2021)\n1945 – Paul Monette, American author and poet (d. 1995)\n1946 – Geoff Barnett, English footballer (d. 2021)\n1946 – Suzanne Somers, American actress and producer (d. 2023)[30]\n1947 – Nicholas Day, English actor\n1947 – Terry Griffiths, Welsh snooker player and coach\n1947 – Bob Weir, American singer-songwriter and guitarist[30]\n1947 – David Zucker, American director, producer, and screenwriter[30]\n1948 – Alison Chitty, English production designer and costume designer\n1948 – Bruce Fleisher, American golfer (d. 2021)\n1948 – Hema Malini, Indian actress, director, producer, and politician\n1948 – Leo Mazzone, American baseball player and coach\n1950 – Angry Grandpa, American internet personality (d. 2017)\n1950 – Károly Horváth, Romanian-Hungarian cellist, flute player, and composer (d. 2015)\n1952 – Christopher Cox, American lawyer and politician\n1952 – Cordell Mosson, American bass player (d. 2013)\n1952 – Crazy Mohan, Indian actor, screenwriter, and playwright (d. 2019)\n1952 – Glenys Thornton, Baroness Thornton, English politician\n1953 – Tony Carey, American keyboard player, songwriter, and producer\n1953 – Paulo Roberto Falcão, Brazilian footballer and manager\n1954 – Lorenzo Carcaterra, American author and blogger\n1954 – Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean, Scottish politician, Secretary of State for Scotland\n1954 – Serafino Ghizzoni, Italian rugby player\n1954 – Corinna Harfouch, German actress\n1955 – Kieran Doherty, Irish Republican hunger striker and politician (d. 1981)[33]\n1955 – Ellen Dolan, American actress\n1956 – Marin Alsop, American violinist and conductor\n1956 – John Chavis, American football player and coach\n1956 – Meg Rosoff, American-English author\n1956 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet, author, and playwright (d. 1992)\n1957 – Priidu Beier, Estonian poet and educator\n1958 – Roy McDonough, English footballer and manager\n1958 – Tim Robbins, American actor, director, and screenwriter[30]\n1959 – Kevin Brennan, Welsh journalist and politician\n1959 – Brian Harper, American baseball player\n1959 – Gary Kemp, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and actor[30]\n1959 – Philip Maini, Northern Irish mathematician at the University of Oxford\n1959 – Tessa Munt, English lawyer and politician\n1959 – Jamie Salmon, English-New Zealand rugby player and sportscaster\n1959 – Erkki-Sven Tüür, Estonian flute player and composer\n1959 – John Whittingdale, English politician\n1960 – Guy LeBlanc, Canadian keyboard player and songwriter (d. 2015)\n1960 – Bob Mould, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer[30]\n1961 – Chris Doleman, American football player (d. 2020)[34]\n1961 – Marc Levy, French author\n1961 – Scott O'Hara, American pornographic performer, author, poet, editor and publisher (d. 1998)\n1961 – Randy Vasquez, American actor, director, and producer[30]\n1962 – Manute Bol, Sudanese-American basketball player and activist (d. 2010)\n1962 – Flea, Australian-American bass player, songwriter, and actor[30]\n1962 – Dmitri Hvorostovsky, Russian opera singer (d. 2017)[35]\n1962 – Nico Lazaridis, German footballer\n1962 – Tamara McKinney, American skier\n1963 – Brendan Kibble, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist\n1963 – Timothy Leighton, English physicist and academic\n1964 – Shawn Little, Canadian lawyer and politician (d. 2012)\n1964 – James Thompson, American-Finnish author (d. 2014)\n1965 – Kang Kyung-ok, South Korean illustrator\n1965 – German Titov, Russian ice hockey player and coach[36]\n1965 – Tom Tolbert, American basketball player and sportscaster\n1966 – Olof Lundh, Swedish journalist\n1966 – Mary Elizabeth McGlynn, American voice actress, singer, and director\n1967 – Michael Laffy, Australian footballer\n1967 – Davina McCall, English television host and actress\n1968 – Randall Batinkoff, American actor and producer\n1968 – Mark Lee, Singaporean actor and singer\n1968 – Francesco Libetta, Italian pianist, composer, and conductor\n1968 – Todd Stashwick, American actor and writer\n1968 – Elsa Zylberstein, French actress\n1969 – Roy Hargrove, American trumpet player and composer (d. 2018)\n1969 – Takao Omori, Japanese wrestler\n1969 – Terri J. Vaughn, American actress and producer[30]\n1969 – Wendy Wilson, American singer-songwriter[30]\n1970 – Kazuyuki Fujita, Japanese wrestler and mixed martial artist\n1970 – Mehmet Scholl, German footballer and manager\n1971 – Frank Cuesta, Spanish television presenter\n1971 – Chad Gray, American singer-songwriter and guitarist[30]\n1971 – Paul Sparks, American actor[30]\n1972 – Adrianne Frost, American comedian, actress, and author\n1972 – Darius Kasparaitis, Lithuanian-American ice hockey player and coach\n1972 – Kordell Stewart, American football player and radio host\n1973 – Justin Credible, American wrestler\n1973 – David Unsworth, English footballer and manager\n1974 – Aurela Gaçe, Albanian singer\n1974 – Paul Kariya, Canadian ice hockey player\n1975 – Ernesto Noel Aquino, Honduran footballer\n1975 – Brynjar Gunnarsson, Icelandic footballer\n1975 – Jacques Kallis, South African cricketer\n1975 – Kellie Martin, American actress, director, and producer[30]\n1977 – John Mayer, American singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer[30]\n1980 – Sue Bird, Israeli-American basketball player[37]\n1980 – Jeremy Jackson, American actor and singer[30]\n1980 – Caterina Scorsone, Canadian-American actress[30]\n1980 – Timana Tahu, Australian rugby league player\n1981 – Brea Grant, American actress and writer[38]\n1981 – Martin Halle, Danish footballer\n1981 – Boyd Melson, American boxer\n1981 – Anthony Reyes, American baseball player\n1982 – Alan Anderson, American basketball player[39]\n1982 – Frédéric Michalak, French rugby player\n1982 – Cristian Riveros, Paraguayan footballer\n1982 – Prithviraj Sukumaran, Indian actor, singer, and producer\n1983 – Philipp Kohlschreiber, German tennis player\n1983 – Loreen, Swedish singer[40]\n1983 – Kenny Omega, Canadian wrestler\n1984 – François Pervis, French track cyclist\n1984 – Rachel Reilly, American talk show host and actress\n1985 – Jay Beagle, Canadian ice hockey player\n1985 – Alexis Hornbuckle, American basketball player[41]\n1985 – Verena Sailer, German sprinter\n1985 – Casey Stoner, Australian motorcycle racer\n1985 – Peter Wallace, Australian rugby league player\n1986 – Nicky Adams, English-Welsh footballer\n1986 – Derk Boerrigter, Dutch footballer\n1986 – Inna, Romanian singer[42]\n1988 – Zoltán Stieber, Hungarian footballer\n1989 – Dan Biggar, Welsh rugby player\n1991 – Jonathan Schoop, Curaçaoan baseball player[43]\n1991 – Shardul Thakur, Indian cricketer[44]\n1992 – Kostas Fortounis, Greek footballer\n1992 – Viktorija Golubic, Swiss tennis player[45]\n1992 – Bryce Harper, American baseball player\n1992 – Stuart Lightbody, Irish badminton player[46]\n1993 – Jovit Baldivino, Filipino singer and actor (d. 2022)[47]\n1993 – Caroline Garcia, French tennis player\n1994 – Adam Elliott, Australian rugby league player\n1994 – Halimah Nakaayi, Ugandan middle-distance runner[48]\n1997 – Charles Leclerc, Monégasque Formula One driver\n1997 – Naomi Osaka, Japanese tennis player[37]\n1997 – Aliou Dieng, Malian footballer[49]\n1999 – Aaron Nesmith, American basketball player[50]","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"385","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/385"},{"link_name":"Fú Jiān","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BA_Ji%C4%81n"},{"link_name":"786","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/786"},{"link_name":"Lullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lullus"},{"link_name":"976","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/976"},{"link_name":"Al-Hakam II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Hakam_II"},{"link_name":"1027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1027"},{"link_name":"Fujiwara no Kenshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara_no_Kenshi_(Sanj%C5%8D)"},{"link_name":"1130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1130"},{"link_name":"Pedro González de Lara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Lara"},{"link_name":"1284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1284"},{"link_name":"Shams al-Din Juvayni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shams_al-Din_Juvayni"},{"link_name":"vizier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizier"},{"link_name":"minister of finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_finance"},{"link_name":"Ilkhanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate"},{"link_name":"1323","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1323"},{"link_name":"Amadeus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadeus_V,_Count_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"1333","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1333"},{"link_name":"Nicholas V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Nicholas_V"},{"link_name":"1438","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1438"},{"link_name":"Anne of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"1355","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1355"},{"link_name":"Louis the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis,_King_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"1523","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1523"},{"link_name":"Luca Signorelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Signorelli"},{"link_name":"1553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1553"},{"link_name":"Lucas Cranach the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"1555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1555"},{"link_name":"Hugh Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Latimer"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)"},{"link_name":"1591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1591"},{"link_name":"Gregory XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIV"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"1594","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1594"},{"link_name":"William Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_(cardinal)"}],"sub_title":"Pre-1600","text":"385 – Fú Jiān, Chinese emperor (b. 337)\n786 – Lullus, archbishop of Mainz (b. 710)\n976 – Al-Hakam II, Umayyad caliph (b. 915)\n1027 – Fujiwara no Kenshi, Japanese empress (b. 994)\n1130 – Pedro González de Lara, Castilian magnate\n1284 – Shams al-Din Juvayni, Persian statesman, vizier and minister of finance of the Ilkhanate\n1323 – Amadeus V, count of Savoy (b. 1249)\n1333 – Nicholas V, antipope of Rome (b. 1260)\n1438 – Anne of Gloucester, English noblewoman (b. 1383)\n1355 – Louis the Child, king of Sicily (b. 1338)\n1523 – Luca Signorelli, Italian painter (b. c.1450)\n1553 – Lucas Cranach the Elder, German painter and engraver (b. 1472)\n1555 – Hugh Latimer, English bishop and saint (b. 1487)\n1555 – Nicholas Ridley, English bishop and martyr (b. 1500)\n1591 – Gregory XIV, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1535)[51]\n1594 – William Allen, English cardinal (b. 1532)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1621","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1621"},{"link_name":"Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Sweelinck"},{"link_name":"1628","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1628"},{"link_name":"François de Malherbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Malherbe"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"1637","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1637"},{"link_name":"Johann Rudolf Stadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Stadler"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"1649","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1649"},{"link_name":"Isaac van Ostade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_van_Ostade"},{"link_name":"1655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1655"},{"link_name":"Joseph Solomon Delmedigo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Solomon_Delmedigo"},{"link_name":"1660","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1660"},{"link_name":"John Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cook_(regicide)"},{"link_name":"Solicitor General for England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solicitor_General_for_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"1679","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1679"},{"link_name":"Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Boyle,_1st_Earl_of_Orrery"},{"link_name":"1680","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1680"},{"link_name":"Raimondo Montecuccoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raimondo_Montecuccoli"},{"link_name":"1730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1730"},{"link_name":"Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laumet_de_La_Mothe,_sieur_de_Cadillac"},{"link_name":"French Governor of Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehirli_Damat_Ibrahim_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_Grand_Viziers"},{"link_name":"1750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1750"},{"link_name":"Sylvius Leopold Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvius_Leopold_Weiss"},{"link_name":"1755","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1755"},{"link_name":"Gerard Majella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Majella"},{"link_name":"1774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774"},{"link_name":"Robert Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"1791","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1791"},{"link_name":"Grigory Potemkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Potemkin"},{"link_name":"1793","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1793"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"John Hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hunter_(surgeon)"},{"link_name":"1796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1796"},{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_III_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"1799","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1799"},{"link_name":"Veerapandiya Kattabomman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veerapandiya_Kattabomman"},{"link_name":"1810","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810"},{"link_name":"Nachman of Breslov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nachman_of_Breslov"},{"link_name":"Breslov Hasidic group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breslov_(Hasidic_group)"},{"link_name":"1822","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1822"},{"link_name":"Eva Marie Veigel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Marie_Veigel"},{"link_name":"1877","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877"},{"link_name":"Théodore Barrière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odore_Barri%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1888"},{"link_name":"John Wentworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wentworth_(Illinois_politician)"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Chicago"}],"sub_title":"1601–1900","text":"1621 – Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck, Dutch organist and composer (b. 1562)\n1628 – François de Malherbe, French poet and critic (b. 1555)[52]\n1637 – Johann Rudolf Stadler, Swiss clock-maker (b. 1605)[53]\n1649 – Isaac van Ostade, Dutch painter and illustrator (b. 1621)\n1655 – Joseph Solomon Delmedigo, Italian physician, mathematician, and theorist (b. 1591)\n1660 – John Cook, English politician, Solicitor General for England and Wales (b. 1608)\n1679 – Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, Irish-English soldier and politician (b. 1621)\n1680 – Raimondo Montecuccoli, Italian-Austrian field marshal (b. 1609)\n1730 – Antoine Laumet de La Mothe, sieur de Cadillac, French-American explorer and politician, 3rd French Governor of Louisiana (b. 1658)\n1730 – Nevşehirli Damat Ibrahim Pasha, Greek politician, 139th Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (b. 1666)\n1750 – Sylvius Leopold Weiss, German lute player and composer (b. 1687)\n1755 – Gerard Majella, Italian saint (b. 1725)\n1774 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (b. 1750)\n1791 – Grigory Potemkin, Russian general and politician (b. 1739)\n1793 – Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born queen consort of Louis XVI of France (b. 1755)[54]\n1793 – John Hunter, Scottish-English surgeon and philosopher (b. 1728)\n1796 – Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (b. 1726)\n1799 – Veerapandiya Kattabomman Indian activist (b. 1760)\n1810 – Nachman of Breslov, Ukrainian religious leader, founded the Breslov Hasidic group (b. 1772)\n1822 – Eva Marie Veigel, Austrian-English dancer (b. 1724)\n1877 – Théodore Barrière, French playwright (b. 1823)\n1888 – John Wentworth, American journalist and politician, 19th Mayor of Chicago (b. 1815)","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1904"},{"link_name":"Haritina Korotkevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haritina_Korotkevich"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"1908","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1908"},{"link_name":"Joseph Leycester Lyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Leycester_Lyne"},{"link_name":"1909","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909"},{"link_name":"Jakub Bart-Ćišinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Bart-%C4%86i%C5%A1inski"},{"link_name":"1913","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913"},{"link_name":"Ralph Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Rose"},{"link_name":"1936","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936"},{"link_name":"Effie Adelaide Rowlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effie_Adelaide_Rowlands"},{"link_name":"1937","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937"},{"link_name":"Jean de Brunhoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_de_Brunhoff"},{"link_name":"1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_trial"},{"link_name":"Hans Frank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Frank"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick"},{"link_name":"German Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_interior_ministers"},{"link_name":"Alfred Jodl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Jodl"},{"link_name":"Ernst Kaltenbrunner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Keitel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Keitel"},{"link_name":"Alfred Rosenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg"},{"link_name":"Fritz Sauckel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel"},{"link_name":"Arthur Seyss-Inquart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart"},{"link_name":"Federal Chancellor of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Chancellors_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Julius Streicher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Streicher"},{"link_name":"Joachim von Ribbentrop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop"},{"link_name":"Minister for Foreign Affairs of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1947"},{"link_name":"Anna B. Eckstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_B._Eckstein"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"1951","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1951"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956"},{"link_name":"Jules Rimet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Rimet"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957"},{"link_name":"John Anthony Sydney Ritson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Anthony_Sydney_Ritson"},{"link_name":"1958","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958"},{"link_name":"Robert Redfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redfield"},{"link_name":"1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959"},{"link_name":"Minor Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Hall"},{"link_name":"George Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Marshall"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize"},{"link_name":"1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962"},{"link_name":"Gaston Bachelard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964"},{"link_name":"Patsy Callighen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patsy_Callighen"},{"link_name":"1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966"},{"link_name":"George O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_O%27Hara_(actor)"},{"link_name":"1968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968"},{"link_name":"Ellis Kinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Kinder"},{"link_name":"1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971"},{"link_name":"Robin Boyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Boyd_(architect)"},{"link_name":"Domain Park Flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Park_Flats"},{"link_name":"1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972"},{"link_name":"Nick Begich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Begich"},{"link_name":"Hale Boggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hale_Boggs"},{"link_name":"Leo G. Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_G._Carroll"},{"link_name":"1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973"},{"link_name":"Gene Krupa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Krupa"},{"link_name":"1975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Gui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Gui"},{"link_name":"1978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978"},{"link_name":"Dan Dailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Dailey"},{"link_name":"1979","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979"},{"link_name":"Johan Borgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Borgen"},{"link_name":"1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981"},{"link_name":"Moshe Dayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Dayan"},{"link_name":"Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_Minister_of_Israel"},{"link_name":"Eugene Eisenmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Eisenmann"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982"},{"link_name":"Mario Del Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Del_Monaco"},{"link_name":"1983","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983"},{"link_name":"Jakov Gotovac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Gotovac"},{"link_name":"1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986"},{"link_name":"Arthur Grumiaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Grumiaux"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989"},{"link_name":"Walter Farley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Farley"},{"link_name":"Scott O'Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_O%27Dell"},{"link_name":"Cornel Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornel_Wilde"},{"link_name":"1990","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990"},{"link_name":"Art Blakey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Blakey"},{"link_name":"Jorge Bolet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Bolet"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992"},{"link_name":"Shirley Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Booth"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996"},{"link_name":"Jason Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Bernard"},{"link_name":"Eric Malpass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Malpass"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997"},{"link_name":"Audra Lindley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audra_Lindley"},{"link_name":"James A. Michener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Michener"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998"},{"link_name":"Jon Postel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Postel"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999"},{"link_name":"Jean Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000"},{"link_name":"Mel Carnahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Carnahan"},{"link_name":"Governor of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Rick Jason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Jason"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001"},{"link_name":"Etta Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etta_Jones"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003"},{"link_name":"Avni Arbaş","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avni_Arba%C5%9F"},{"link_name":"Stu Hart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Hart"},{"link_name":"László Papp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Papp"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004"},{"link_name":"Pierre Salinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Salinger"},{"link_name":"White House Press Secretary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_House_Press_Secretary"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006"},{"link_name":"John Victor Murra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Victor_Murra"},{"link_name":"Valentín Paniagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%ADn_Paniagua"},{"link_name":"President of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007"},{"link_name":"Deborah Kerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deborah_Kerr"},{"link_name":"Toše Proeski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C5%A1e_Proeski"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008"},{"link_name":"Dagmar Normet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagmar_Normet"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010"},{"link_name":"Eyedea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyedea"},{"link_name":"Barbara Billingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Billingsley"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011"},{"link_name":"Dan Wheldon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Wheldon"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012"},{"link_name":"Frank Moore Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross"},{"link_name":"John A. Durkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Durkin"},{"link_name":"Mario Gallegos, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Gallegos,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Bódog Török","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3dog_T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"Eddie Yost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Yost"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013"},{"link_name":"Govind Purushottam Deshpande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Purushottam_Deshpande"},{"link_name":"George Hourmouziadis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hourmouziadis"},{"link_name":"Ed Lauter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Lauter"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Laurel Martyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurel_Martyn"},{"link_name":"Robert B. Rheault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Rheault"},{"link_name":"Saggy Tahir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saggy_Tahir"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014"},{"link_name":"Ioannis Charalambopoulos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannis_Charalambopoulos"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister of Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Greece"},{"link_name":"Allen Forte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Forte"},{"link_name":"Seppo Kuusela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seppo_Kuusela"},{"link_name":"John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Spencer-Churchill,_11th_Duke_of_Marlborough"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015"},{"link_name":"Richard J. Cardamone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_J._Cardamone"},{"link_name":"James W. Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Fowler"},{"link_name":"William James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James_(Australian_general)"},{"link_name":"Vera Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vera_Williams"},{"link_name":"Memduh Ün","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memduh_%C3%9Cn"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016"},{"link_name":"Calvin Carl \"Kelly\" Gotlieb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Gotlieb"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017"},{"link_name":"Daphne Caruana Galizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_Caruana_Galizia"},{"link_name":"Roy Dotrice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Dotrice"},{"link_name":"John Dunsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dunsworth"},{"link_name":"Sean Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Hughes_(comedian)"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023"},{"link_name":"Martti Ahtisaari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari"},{"link_name":"President of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"sub_title":"1901–present","text":"1904 – Haritina Korotkevich, Russian heroine (b. 1882)[55]\n1908 – Joseph Leycester Lyne, English monk (b. 1837)\n1909 – Jakub Bart-Ćišinski, German poet and playwright (b. 1856)\n1913 – Ralph Rose, American shot putter, discus, and hammer thrower (b. 1885)\n1936 – Effie Adelaide Rowlands, British writer (b. 1859)\n1937 – Jean de Brunhoff, French poet and playwright (b. 1899)\n1946 – Nuremberg trial executions of the Main Trial:\nHans Frank, German lawyer, politician and war criminal (b. 1900)\nWilhelm Frick, German lawyer and politician, German Minister of the Interior (b. 1877)\nAlfred Jodl, German general (b. 1890)\nErnst Kaltenbrunner, Austrian SS officer (b. 1903)\nWilhelm Keitel, German field marshal (b. 1882)\nAlfred Rosenberg, Estonian architect and politician (b. 1893)\nFritz Sauckel, German sailor and politician (b. 1894)\nArthur Seyss-Inquart, Austrian lawyer and politician, 16th Federal Chancellor of Austria (b. 1892)\nJulius Streicher, German journalist and politician (b. 1887)\nJoachim von Ribbentrop, German lieutenant and politician, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Germany (b. 1893)\n1947 – Anna B. Eckstein, German peace activist (b. 1868)[56]\n1951 – Liaquat Ali Khan, Indian-Pakistani lawyer and politician, 1st Prime Minister of Pakistan (b. 1895)\n1956 – Jules Rimet, French businessman (b. 1873)\n1957 – John Anthony Sydney Ritson, English rugby player, mines inspector, engineer and educator (b. 1887)\n1958 – Robert Redfield, American anthropologist of Mexico (b. 1897)\n1959 – Minor Hall, American drummer (b. 1897)\n1959 – George Marshall, American general and politician, 3rd United States Secretary of Defense, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1880)\n1962 – Gaston Bachelard, French poet and philosopher (b. 1884)\n1964 – Patsy Callighen, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1906)\n1966 – George O'Hara, American actor and screenwriter (b. 1899)\n1968 – Ellis Kinder, American baseball player (b. 1914)\n1971 – Robin Boyd, Australian architect and educator, designed the Domain Park Flats (b. 1919)\n1972 – Nick Begich, American lawyer and politician (b. 1932)\n1972 – Hale Boggs, American lawyer and politician (b. 1914)\n1972 – Leo G. Carroll, English-American actor (b. 1886)\n1973 – Gene Krupa, American drummer, composer, and actor (b. 1909)\n1975 – Vittorio Gui, Italian conductor and composer (b. 1885)\n1978 – Dan Dailey, American actor, singer, dancer, and director (b. 1913)\n1979 – Johan Borgen, Norwegian author and critic (b. 1903)\n1981 – Moshe Dayan, Israeli general and politician, 5th Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (b. 1915)\n1981 – Eugene Eisenmann, Panamanian-American lawyer and ornithologist (b. 1906)\n1982 – Mario Del Monaco, Italian tenor (b. 1915)\n1983 – Jakov Gotovac, Croatian composer and conductor (b. 1895)\n1986 – Arthur Grumiaux, Belgian violinist and pianist (b. 1921)\n1989 – Walter Farley, American author and educator (b. 1915)\n1989 – Scott O'Dell, American journalist and author (b. 1898)\n1989 – Cornel Wilde, American actor (b. 1912)\n1990 – Art Blakey, American drummer and bandleader (b. 1919)\n1990 – Jorge Bolet, Cuban-American pianist and educator (b. 1914)\n1992 – Shirley Booth, American actress and singer (b. 1898)\n1996 – Jason Bernard, American actor (b. 1938)\n1996 – Eric Malpass, English author (b. 1910)\n1997 – Audra Lindley, American actress (b. 1918)\n1997 – James A. Michener, American author and philanthropist (b. 1907)\n1998 – Jon Postel, American computer scientist and academic (b. 1943)\n1999 – Jean Shepherd, American radio host, actor, and screenwriter (b. 1921)\n2000 – Mel Carnahan, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician, 51st Governor of Missouri (b. 1934)\n2000 – Rick Jason, American actor (b. 1923)\n2001 – Etta Jones, American singer-songwriter (b. 1928)\n2003 – Avni Arbaş, Turkish painter (b. 1919)\n2003 – Stu Hart, Canadian wrestler and trainer (b. 1915)\n2003 – László Papp, Hungarian boxer (b. 1926)\n2004 – Pierre Salinger, American journalist and politician, 11th White House Press Secretary (b. 1925)\n2006 – John Victor Murra, Ukrainian-American anthropologist and academic (b. 1916)\n2006 – Valentín Paniagua, Peruvian lawyer and politician, 91st President of Peru (b. 1936)\n2007 – Deborah Kerr, Scottish actress (b. 1921)\n2007 – Toše Proeski, Macedonian singer-songwriter (b. 1981)\n2008 – Dagmar Normet, Estonian author and translator (b. 1921)\n2010 – Eyedea, American rapper and producer (b. 1981)\n2010 – Barbara Billingsley, American actress (b. 1915)[57]\n2011 – Dan Wheldon, English race car driver (b. 1978)\n2012 – Frank Moore Cross, American scholar and academic (b. 1921)\n2012 – John A. Durkin, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936)\n2012 – Mario Gallegos, Jr., American firefighter and politician (b. 1950)\n2012 – Bódog Török, Hungarian handball player and coach (b. 1923)\n2012 – Eddie Yost, American baseball player and coach (b. 1926)\n2013 – Govind Purushottam Deshpande, Indian playwright and academic (b. 1938)\n2013 – George Hourmouziadis, Greek archaeologist and academic (b. 1932)\n2013 – Ed Lauter, American actor (b. 1938)[58]\n2013 – Laurel Martyn, Australian ballerina and choreographer (b. 1916)\n2013 – Robert B. Rheault, American colonel (b. 1925)\n2013 – Saggy Tahir, Pakistani-American lawyer and politician (b. 1944)\n2014 – Ioannis Charalambopoulos, Greek colonel and politician, Deputy Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1919)\n2014 – Allen Forte, American musicologist and theorist (b. 1926)\n2014 – Seppo Kuusela, Finnish basketball player and coach (b. 1934)\n2014 – John Spencer-Churchill, 11th Duke of Marlborough, English businessman (b. 1926)\n2015 – Richard J. Cardamone, American lawyer and judge (b. 1925)\n2015 – James W. Fowler, American psychologist and academic (b. 1940)\n2015 – William James, Australian general and physician (b. 1930)\n2015 – Vera Williams, American author and illustrator (b. 1927)\n2015 – Memduh Ün, Turkish film producer, director, actor and screenwriter (b. 1920)\n2016 – Calvin Carl \"Kelly\" Gotlieb, Canadian professor and computer scientist (b. 1921)\n2017 – Daphne Caruana Galizia, Maltese journalist and blogger (b. 1964)\n2017 – Roy Dotrice, British actor (b. 1923)\n2017 – John Dunsworth, Canadian actor (b. 1946)\n2017 – Sean Hughes, British-born Irish stand-up comedian (b. 1965)[59]\n2023 – Martti Ahtisaari, former President of Finland and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1937)[60]","title":"Deaths"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Air Force Day (Bulgaria)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Day_(Bulgaria)"},{"link_name":"Boss's Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boss%27s_Day"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"Balderic (Baudry) of Monfaucon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balderic,_Abbot_of_Montfaucon"},{"link_name":"Bercharius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bercharius_of_Hautvillers"},{"link_name":"Bertrand of Comminges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_of_Comminges"},{"link_name":"Colmán of Kilroot (Colman mac Cathbaid)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colm%C3%A1n_of_Kilroot"},{"link_name":"Eliphius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliphius"},{"link_name":"Fortunatus of Casei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortunatus_of_Casei"},{"link_name":"Gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Gall"},{"link_name":"Gerard Majella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Majella"},{"link_name":"Hedwig of Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwig_of_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Hugh Latimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Latimer"},{"link_name":"Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Junian (of Saint-Junien)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junian_of_Saint-Junien"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Marie Alacoque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Marie_Alacoque"},{"link_name":"Marie-Marguerite d'Youville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Marguerite_d%27Youville"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Ridley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Ridley_(martyr)"},{"link_name":"Anglicanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"Silvanus of Ahun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvanus_of_Ahun"},{"link_name":"Blessed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Thevarparampil Kunjachan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thevarparampil_Kunjachan"},{"link_name":"Syro-Malabar Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Pope Victor III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Victor_III"},{"link_name":"October 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_16_(Eastern_Orthodox_liturgics)"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II_Day"},{"link_name":"Death anniversary of Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_anniversary_of_Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Teachers' Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachers%27_Day"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"World Food Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Food_Day"},{"link_name":"International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_observance"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Bu-Ma Democratic Protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu-Ma_Democratic_Protests"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"Air Force Day (Bulgaria)\nBoss's Day (United States)[61]\nChristian feast day:\nBalderic (Baudry) of Monfaucon\nBercharius\nBertrand of Comminges\nColmán of Kilroot (Colman mac Cathbaid)\nEliphius\nFortunatus of Casei\nGall\nGerard Majella\nHedwig of Silesia\nHugh Latimer (Anglicanism)\nJunian (of Saint-Junien)\nMarguerite Marie Alacoque\nMarie-Marguerite d'Youville\nNicholas Ridley (Anglicanism)\nSilvanus of Ahun\nBlessed Thevarparampil Kunjachan (Syro-Malabar Catholic Church / Catholic Church)\nPope Victor III\nOctober 16 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)\nPope John Paul II Day (Poland)\nDeath anniversary of Liaquat Ali Khan (Pakistan)\nTeachers' Day (Chile)\nWorld Food Day (International)[62]\nBu-Ma Democratic Protests Commemoration Day (South Korea)[63]","title":"Holidays and observances"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"'Abd ar-Rahman III\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-Ak - Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2010. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/17","url_text":"\"'Abd ar-Rahman III\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/17","url_text":"17–18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8","url_text":"978-1-59339-837-8"}]},{"reference":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Council of Vienne (1311-12)\". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2018-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15423a.htm","url_text":"\"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Council of Vienne (1311-12)\""}]},{"reference":"Frost, Robert I. (2015). The Oxford history of Poland-Lithuania (1st ed.). Oxford, UK. ISBN 978-0-19-820869-3. OCLC 880557774.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880557774","url_text":"The Oxford history of Poland-Lithuania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820869-3","url_text":"978-0-19-820869-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/880557774","url_text":"880557774"}]},{"reference":"Ober, W. B. (1973). \"Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa: murder, madrigals, and masochism\". Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine. 49 (7): 634–645. ISSN 0028-7091. PMC 1807043. PMID 4575970.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1807043","url_text":"\"Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa: murder, madrigals, and masochism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7091","url_text":"0028-7091"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1807043","url_text":"1807043"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4575970","url_text":"4575970"}]},{"reference":"\"This Month in Physics History\". Retrieved 2018-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/201511/physicshistory.cfm","url_text":"\"This Month in Physics History\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996\". www.nhc.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2018-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastdeadlyapp1.shtml?","url_text":"\"The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492-1996\""}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Ulm | German history\". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2018-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Ulm","url_text":"\"Battle of Ulm | German history\""}]},{"reference":"\"1813 and the lead up to the Battle of Leipzig\". napoleon.org. Retrieved 2022-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.napoleon.org/en/history-of-the-two-empires/timelines/1813-and-the-lead-up-to-the-battle-of-leipzig/","url_text":"\"1813 and the lead up to the Battle of Leipzig\""}]},{"reference":"\"KV17 (Tomb of Seti I)\". Madain Project – Abrahamic History and Archaeology. Retrieved 10 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://madainproject.com/kv17_(tomb_of_seti_i)","url_text":"\"KV17 (Tomb of Seti I)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Piar, Manuel Carlos (1782-1817) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed\". blackpast.org. 2009-08-18. Retrieved 2018-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://blackpast.org/gah/piar-manuel-carlos-1782-1817","url_text":"\"Piar, Manuel Carlos (1782-1817) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Library\". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 2022-10-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bl.uk/works/jane-eyre","url_text":"\"British Library\""}]},{"reference":"Faust, Drew Gilpin (13 November 2023). \"The Men Who Started the War\". The Atlantic. Vol. 332, no. 5. pp. 83–89. Retrieved 1 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/12/harpers-ferry-raid-john-brown-abolition/675814/","url_text":"\"The Men Who Started the War\""}]},{"reference":"Carletta, David M.; Harris, Charles H. (2010). \"Review of The Secret War in EI Paso: Mexican Revolutionary Intrigue, 1906-1920, Charles H. Harris III\". International Social Science Review. 85 (3/4): 153–155. JSTOR 41887460.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/41887460","url_text":"41887460"}]},{"reference":"BARNES, JAMES J.; BARNES, PATIENCE P.; CAREY, ARTHUR E. (1986). \"An English Translation of Hitler's \"Mein Kampf\" Printed in Germany, ca. 1940\". The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. 80 (3): 374–377. doi:10.1086/pbsa.80.3.24303851. JSTOR 24303851. S2CID 192972565.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fpbsa.80.3.24303851","url_text":"10.1086/pbsa.80.3.24303851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/24303851","url_text":"24303851"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192972565","url_text":"192972565"}]},{"reference":"\"Disney History\". The Walt Disney Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://d23.com/disney-history/","url_text":"\"Disney History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company","url_text":"The Walt Disney Company"}]},{"reference":"Plato, Alexander von; Leh, Almut; Thonfeld, Christoph (1 October 2010). Hitler's Slaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-Occupied Europe. Berghahn Books. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-84545-990-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FUjRhscAaToC&pg=PA312","url_text":"Hitler's Slaves: Life Stories of Forced Labourers in Nazi-Occupied Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-990-1","url_text":"978-1-84545-990-1"}]},{"reference":"Skierka, Volker (2004). Fidel Castro: A Biography. Polity Press. p. 36. ISBN 0-7456-3006-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3006-5","url_text":"0-7456-3006-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Million Man March » Center for Remote Sensing » Boston University\". Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-10-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171012211519/http://www.bu.edu/remotesensing/research/completed/million-man-march/","url_text":"\"Million Man March » Center for Remote Sensing » Boston University\""},{"url":"http://www.bu.edu/remotesensing/research/completed/million-man-march/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"M 7.1 - The 1999 Hector Mine, California Earthquake\". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2024-05-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/ci9108652/origin/detail","url_text":"\"M 7.1 - The 1999 Hector Mine, California Earthquake\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Jessie Carney; Phelp, Shirelle (1996). Notable Black American Women Book 2. New York: Gale Research. p. 589. ISBN 978-0-81034-749-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81034-749-6","url_text":"978-0-81034-749-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Oscar Wilde\". www.bl.uk. Retrieved 12 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bl.uk/people/oscar-wilde","url_text":"\"Oscar Wilde\""}]},{"reference":"Cullinan, Bernice E.; Person, Diane Goetz (2005). The Continuum Encyclopedia of Children's Literature. London: Continuum. p. 193. ISBN 978-0-8264-1778-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1778-7","url_text":"978-0-8264-1778-7"}]},{"reference":"Vinson, James; Kirkpatrick, Daniel Lane (1982). Twentieth-Century Romance and Gothic Writers. London: Macmillan. p. 706. ISBN 978-0-3333-2138-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3333-2138-6","url_text":"978-0-3333-2138-6"}]},{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2000). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Stage and Film Musicals. London: Virgin with Muse. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-7535-0375-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0081unse/page/358","url_text":"The Virgin Encyclopedia of Stage and Film Musicals"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0081unse/page/358","url_text":"358"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7535-0375-1","url_text":"978-0-7535-0375-1"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Daniel (October 11, 2022). \"Angela Lansbury, Star of Film, Stage and 'Murder, She Wrote,' Dies at 96\". The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/11/arts/angela-lansbury-dead.html","url_text":"\"Angela Lansbury, Star of Film, Stage and 'Murder, She Wrote,' Dies at 96\""}]},{"reference":"\"Valigursky, Ed\". Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. September 12, 2022. Retrieved January 27, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/valigursky_ed","url_text":"\"Valigursky, Ed\""}]},{"reference":"Korte, Anne-Marie (2014). \"Mary Daly\". In Oppy, Graham; Trakakis, Nick N. (eds.). Twentieth-Century Philosophy of Religion. London: Routledge. p. 245. ISBN 978-1-3157-2959-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-3157-2959-6","url_text":"978-1-3157-2959-6"}]},{"reference":"Rose, Mike (16 October 2022). \"Today's famous birthdays list for October 16, 2022 includes celebrities Flea, Tim Robbins\". The Plain Dealer. Associated Press. 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PMID 16172386.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1236565","url_text":"\"Profile of Elizabeth F. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird_Creek_(Delaware) | Blackbird Creek (Delaware) | ["1 Course","2 Watershed","3 River Modifications","4 Natural History","5 Geology","6 See also","7 Maps","8 References","9 External links"] | River in northern Delaware, United States
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Blackbird CreekTributary to Delaware BayBlackbird Creek at Blackbird ReserveShow map of DelawareShow map of the United StatesLocationCountryUnited StatesStateDelawareCountyNew CastleCityTownsendPhysical characteristicsSourceOn the watershed divide between Blackbird Creek and the Chester River • locationDexter Corners, Delaware • coordinates39°19′25″N 075°41′46″W / 39.32361°N 75.69611°W / 39.32361; -75.69611 • elevation75 ft (23 m)
Mouth2 miles north of Taylors Bridge, Delaware • locationTaylors Bridge, Delaware • coordinates39°26′19″N 075°34′27″W / 39.43861°N 75.57417°W / 39.43861; -75.57417 • elevation0 ft (0 m)Length16.28 mi (26.20 km)Basin size8,022 haBasin featuresProgressionDelaware Bay → Atlantic OceanRiver systemDelaware RiverTributaries • leftBarlow BranchHerring RunBeaver Branch • rightSandom BranchFishing CreekMill CreekGravel GutWaterbodiesBlackbird PondBridgesGreenspring RoadOliver Guessford RoadRailroad CrossingBlackbird Station RoadUS 13Blackbird Landing RoadDE 9
Blackbird Creek is a 16.9-mile-long (27.2 km) river in northern Delaware in the United States.
Course
Blackbird Creek rises in two branches both north and south of Dexter Corners in southern New Castle County, Delaware and flows generally northeast in a meandering course. The northerly branch is contained within Blackbird State Forest, while the southerly branch arises in a swampy wooded buffer in farmland. Both branches join just upstream of Blackbird Pond, which is southwest of the village of Blackbird, Delaware. Just downstream of Blackbird Pond and upstream of US 13, Barlow Branch enters from the left (north). Downstream of US 13, Sandom Branch enters from the right (south) and a little further downstream, Blackbird Creek becomes subject to tidal influence and widens considerably.
Upstream of Blackbird Landing Road, Herring Run enters from the left (north) in an area of freshwater tidal marsh. Downstream of Blackbird Landing Road, another tributary, Beaver Branch, enters from the left (north). Near the mouth of Blackbird Creek, three tidal tributaries enter from the right (south) and include Fishing Creek, Mill Creek, and Gravel Gut. The mouth of Blackbird Creek is located at the north end of Delaware Bay approximately 0.25 miles (0.40 km) south of the mouth of the Appoquinimink River and approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Taylors Bridge.
Watershed
Blackbird Creek watershed is largely forested and rural. Near its mouth, it is surrounded by extensive salt marshes, with extensive populations of saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and common reed (Phragmites australis). The lower river upstream from Delaware State Highway 9 is protected as part of the Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve, along with portions of the lower Appoquinimink. Blackbird State Forest covers large areas of the headwaters. One small village, Blackbird, is located totally within the watershed, while the city of Townsend is on the northern edge.
River Modifications
Blackbird Pond, a former millpond, is the only dam present on Blackbird Creek.
The damming of this creek was the subject of the 1829 Supreme Court case that gave rise to the theory of the Dormant Commerce Clause.
Natural History
The Blackbird Creek watershed is a focus area in Delaware for “Delmarva Bays”, which are undrained depression deposits that may or may not have a sandy rim. These “bays” have fluctuating hydrology that provide breeding sites for amphibians and habitat for a number of rare plants. Larger versions are generally called “Carolina Bays.”
Geology
Blackbird Creek is located in the High Coastal Plain that originates from glacial outwash of continental deposits (Columbia Formation). The headwaters of Blackbird Creek are located in an area of undrained depression deposits of the Columbia Formation. The northeasterly course of Blackbird Creek takes it through the Lynch Heights Formation, Scotts Corners Formation, and into marsh deposits forming steep valleys along the way.
See also
List of Delaware rivers
Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.: U.S. Supreme Court case on navigating the creek
Maps
Course of Blackbird Creek (Delaware Bay tributary) in New Castle County, Delaware
Watershed of Blackbird Creek (Delaware Bay tributary) in New Castle County, Delaware
References
^ a b "GNIS Detail - Blackbird Creek". geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
^ a b "Blackbird Creek Topo Map, New Castle County DE (Taylors Bridge Area)". TopoZone. Locality, LLC. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "ArcGIS Web Application". epa.maps.arcgis.com. US EPA. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
^ "Blackbird Creek Watershed Proposed TMDLs" (PDF). Hydroqual Environmental Engineers & Scientists. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map Archived 2012-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, accessed April 1, 2011
^ "Blackbird Creek Topo Map, New Castle County DE (Taylors Bridge Area)". TopoZone. Locality, LLC. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ "Blackbird State Forest Map" (PDF). Blackbird State Forest. Delaware Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ Scharf, John Thomas. "History of Delaware : 1609-1888: Local history". Google Books. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ Dugan, Bailey L.; Neimeister, Mark P.; Andres, A. Scott. "Open File Report No. 49--Hydrogeological Framework of Southern New Castle County" (PDF). Delaware Geological Survey Open File Reports. Delaware Geological Survey. Retrieved 22 May 2019.
^ "Archaeological Investigations at the Blackbird Creek Site" (PDF). Delaware DOT Archaeology. Delaware Department of Transportation. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ Ramsey, Kelvin W. "Geologic Map of New Castle County, Delaware" (PDF). Delaware Geological Survey. Delaware Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ Ramsey, Kelvin W. "Geologic Map of New Castle County, Delaware" (PDF). Delaware Geological Survey. Delaware Geological Survey. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
External links
NOAA: Delaware NERR
Blackbird State Forest
Delaware Watersheds: Blackbird Creek Archived 2019-09-25 at the Wayback Machine
Blackbird-Millington Corridor Conservation Area Plan
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Delaware portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHD-5"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"}],"text":"Blackbird Creek is a 16.9-mile-long (27.2 km)[5] river in northern Delaware in the United States.","title":"Blackbird Creek (Delaware)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Castle County, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle_County,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"meandering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meander"},{"link_name":"Blackbird State Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird_State_Forest"},{"link_name":"Blackbird, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbird,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Barlow Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barlow_Branch_(Blackbird_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"US 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_13"},{"link_name":"Sandom Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandom_Branch_(Blackbird_Creek_tributary)"},{"link_name":"Delaware Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Bay"},{"link_name":"Appoquinimink River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appoquinimink_River"},{"link_name":"Taylors Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylors_Bridge,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Blackbird Creek rises in two branches both north and south of Dexter Corners in southern New Castle County, Delaware and flows generally northeast in a meandering course. The northerly branch is contained within Blackbird State Forest, while the southerly branch arises in a swampy wooded buffer in farmland. Both branches join just upstream of Blackbird Pond, which is southwest of the village of Blackbird, Delaware. Just downstream of Blackbird Pond and upstream of US 13, Barlow Branch enters from the left (north). Downstream of US 13, Sandom Branch enters from the right (south) and a little further downstream, Blackbird Creek becomes subject to tidal influence and widens considerably.Upstream of Blackbird Landing Road, Herring Run enters from the left (north) in an area of freshwater tidal marsh. Downstream of Blackbird Landing Road, another tributary, Beaver Branch, enters from the left (north). Near the mouth of Blackbird Creek, three tidal tributaries enter from the right (south) and include Fishing Creek, Mill Creek, and Gravel Gut. The mouth of Blackbird Creek is located at the north end of Delaware Bay approximately 0.25 miles (0.40 km) south of the mouth of the Appoquinimink River and approximately 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Taylors Bridge.[6]","title":"Course"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"salt marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"saltmarsh cordgrass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltmarsh_cordgrass"},{"link_name":"common reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_reed"},{"link_name":"Delaware State Highway 9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_State_Highway_9"},{"link_name":"Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Blackbird Creek watershed is largely forested and rural. Near its mouth, it is surrounded by extensive salt marshes, with extensive populations of saltmarsh cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and common reed (Phragmites australis). The lower river upstream from Delaware State Highway 9 is protected as part of the Delaware National Estuarine Research Reserve, along with portions of the lower Appoquinimink. 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Larger versions are generally called “Carolina Bays.”","title":"Natural History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Blackbird Creek is located in the High Coastal Plain that originates from glacial outwash of continental deposits (Columbia Formation).[10] The headwaters of Blackbird Creek are located in an area of undrained depression deposits of the Columbia Formation.[11] The northeasterly course of Blackbird Creek takes it through the Lynch Heights Formation, Scotts Corners Formation, and into marsh deposits forming steep valleys along the way.[12]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Course_of_Blackbird_Creek_(Delaware_Bay_tributary).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Watershed_of_Blackbird_Creek_(Delaware_Bay_tributary).jpg"}],"text":"Course of Blackbird Creek (Delaware Bay tributary) in New Castle County, DelawareWatershed of Blackbird Creek (Delaware Bay tributary) in New Castle County, Delaware","title":"Maps"}] | [{"image_text":"Course of Blackbird Creek (Delaware Bay tributary) in New Castle County, Delaware","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Course_of_Blackbird_Creek_%28Delaware_Bay_tributary%29.jpg/220px-Course_of_Blackbird_Creek_%28Delaware_Bay_tributary%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Watershed of Blackbird Creek (Delaware Bay tributary) in New Castle County, Delaware","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Watershed_of_Blackbird_Creek_%28Delaware_Bay_tributary%29.jpg/220px-Watershed_of_Blackbird_Creek_%28Delaware_Bay_tributary%29.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Delaware rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Delaware_rivers"},{"title":"Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willson_v._Black-Bird_Creek_Marsh_Co."}] | [{"reference":"\"GNIS Detail - Blackbird Creek\". geonames.usgs.gov. Retrieved 19 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=138:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:213674,Blackbird%20Creek","url_text":"\"GNIS Detail - Blackbird Creek\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackbird Creek Topo Map, New Castle County DE (Taylors Bridge Area)\". TopoZone. Locality, LLC. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.topozone.com/delaware/new-castle-de/stream/blackbird-creek/","url_text":"\"Blackbird Creek Topo Map, New Castle County DE (Taylors Bridge Area)\""}]},{"reference":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\". epa.maps.arcgis.com. US EPA. Retrieved 30 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://epa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ada349b90c26496ea52aab66a092593b","url_text":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""}]},{"reference":"\"Blackbird Creek Watershed Proposed TMDLs\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave_of_Istria | March of Istria | ["1 History","1.1 Carolingian march","1.2 Imperial march","1.3 Habsburg Margraviate","2 Margraves","2.1 Carolingian March of Istria","2.2 Margraviate re-established (held by the Counts of Weimar)","2.3 House of Sponheim","2.4 Counts of Weimar-Orlamünde","2.5 House of Sponheim","2.6 House of Andechs","3 See also","4 Sources"] | Historical Carolingian border march
This article is about the Istrian march in the early and high Middle Ages. For the later Habsburg crownland, see Margraviate of Istria.
The Istrian march (Mark Istrien) of the Holy Roman Empire about 1000 AD, alongside the marches of Verona and Carniola (Krain), Croatia and the Republic of Venice
The March of Istria (or Margraviate of Istria /ˈɪstriə/) was originally a Carolingian frontier march covering the Istrian peninsula and surrounding territory conquered by Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy in 789. After 1364, it was the Istrian province of the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary.
History
The settlement area of the ancient Histri tribes had been conquered by the Roman Empire in 178 BC and was incorporated into the northeastern Venetia et Histria region under Emperor Augustus. Upon the Decline of the Roman Empire and the Migration Period, the Lombards under King Alboin from 568 onwards conquered Venetia, where they established the Duchy of Friuli, part of their Kingdom of Italy. The Istrian peninsula remained under Byzantine (Eastern Roman) influence, while South Slavic tribes (Croatians and Slovenes) settled in the east and north.
Aistulf, King of the Lombards from 749, attacked the remaining Byzantine territories in Italy and even threatened the Byzantine Papacy in Rome. As Pope Zachary expected no help from Constantinople, he forged an alliance with Pepin the Short, the powerful Mayor of the Palace of the Frankish kingdom north of the Alps, whom he legitimized as King of the Franks. In 755, Pepin invaded Italy and forced Aistulf under Frankish suzerainty. Pepin's son Charlemagne in 773/774 finally incorporated the Italian kingdom into the Carolingian Empire.
Carolingian march
Charlemagne at first attached the Istrian peninsula to the Lombard Duchy of Friuli, part of the Carolingian Kingdom of Italy under his son Pepin. Though officially a duchy, Friuli de facto was a march with a merely titular ducal dignity, from 776 ruled by Frankish appointees.
An Istrian margraviate itself first emerged following the death of Duke Eric of Friuli in the 799 Siege of Trsat on the Frankish border with Littoral Croatia. Istria was enfeoffed to the Frankish count Hunfrid, who also bore the title of a dux Foroiulanus. The original Carolingian march stretched from the Julian Alps and the Karst Plateau down to the Gulf of Kvarner. It was one of three marches, along with Friuli and Carantania, guarding Italy from the Avars, Slavs, and Magyars successively. In the first decade of the 9th century, Istria was ruled by one Duke John, nominally according to its ancient Byzantine customs, but in fact as a Frankish vassal. The region then had nine cities, Trieste foremost among them.
After King Pepin had made several attempts to conquer Venice on the Adriatic coast, his father Emperor Charlemagne under the 812 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle finally recognised the formal Byzantine control over the city along with Istria, at least its western coast. After this, it falls into obscurity, but perhaps the Byzantines never succeeded in re-establishing their government in the returned territories, if they were actually handed over. The remaining parts of Istria were probably eventually just re-integrated into the Carolingian duchy of Friuli.
When after the deposition of the last Friulian duke Baldric, Emperor Louis the Pious at the 829 Reichstag in Worms divided his vast duchy into four marches. Istria with the March of Friuli was ruled from Aquileia by Margrave Eberhard and his Unruoching descendants. It became part of Middle Francia after the 843 Treaty of Verdun, and was allotted to Emperor Louis II's Italian kingdom in 855. The Unruoching margrave Berengar of Friuli even succeeded Charles the Fat as King of Italy in 888.
Imperial march
After the German king Otto I had campaigned northern Italy under Berengar's grandson King Berengar II, in 952 he merged Friuli into the vast March of Verona, which he granted to his brother Duke Henry I of Bavaria, who already controlled the adjacent Carinthian and Carniolan marches. After the deposition of Henry's son and successor Duke Henry the Wrangler in 976, Emperor Otto II separated Carinthia from the Bavaria as a duchy in its own right, ruled by Duke Henry the Younger who was also given suzerainty over the southeastern Bavarian marches, including Verona, Istria, Carniola and Styria.
There appear counts of Istria late in the 10th century, but Istria together with the March of Carniola was separated from the Carinthian duchy in 1040, when both were bestowed on the Thuringian Count Poppo of Weimar, heir by marriage to the last known Friulian margrave Weriand (Werigand (Friaul)). The Carniolan margraves gradually acquired the northeastern territories of the peninsula, while the western and southern coast was gradually occupied by the Republic of Venice. The German king Henry IV nominally assigned the remaining march to the Patriarchate of Aquileia, the margravial title and the Istrian territories were however retained by Carniola. In 1173 the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick Barbarossa enfeoffed the Bavarian noble House of Andechs, who attached Istria to their Duchy of Merania. Aquileia regained Istria in 1209, when the Andechs margraves were banned due to alleged entanglement in the assassination of the German king, Frederick Barbarossa's son Philip of Swabia.
By mid-century most of the Istrian coast had been conquered by Venice. The patriarchs had ceased appointing margraves and had given the remaining interior of the peninsula into the direct control of their Vogt officials, the Counts of Görz. The Görz territories were finally acquired by the Habsburg archdukes of Austria in 1374, who since 1335 had held the Carniolan march. In 1382 they also gained control over the City of Trieste.
Habsburg Margraviate
After the secular territory of the patriarchs of Aquileia had been completely conquered by Venice in 1420, most of Istria belonged to La Serenissima. The Austrian House of Habsburg only held a small territory in the interior of the peninsula around Pazin (Mitterburg), which it administered from its Carniolan duchy. The Habsburg rulers nevertheless added the title of a "Margrave of Istria" to their other titles, persisting until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918.
Venetian Istria fell to the Habsburg monarchy (the Austrian Empire after 1804) according to the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio but was subsequently seized by Napoleon in the 1805 Peace of Pressburg, forming part of the Kingdom of Italy. It was then incorporated into the French Empire as part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1809. In 1815, after Napoleon had been defeated, the territory was returned to Austria as part of the Kingdom of Illyria by the 1815 Congress of Vienna.
After the partition of the Illyrian kingdom in 1849, the Margravate of Istria became a subdivision of the Austrian Littoral crown land. It received considerable autonomy as a crown land in its own right with the establishment of the Diet of Istria at Parenzo by the 1861 February Patent.
Margraves
Carolingian March of Istria
Hunfrid (c. 799), also Duke of Friuli
John (c. 804), Duke
Margraviate re-established (held by the Counts of Weimar)
Poppo I (1012–1044), also Margrave of Carniola from 1040
Ulric I (1060–1070), son of Margrave Poppo I, also Margrave of Carniola
Henry I (1077–1090)
House of Sponheim
Engelbert I (1090–1093)
Burchard (1093–1096)
Counts of Weimar-Orlamünde
Poppo II (1096–1098), son of Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola since 1070
Ulric II (1098–1107), brother, also Margrave of Carniola
House of Sponheim
Engelbert II (1107–1124), son of Engelbert I, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Carinthia from 1124
Engelbert III 1124–1173, son, also Margrave of Carniola
House of Andechs
Berthold I (1173–1188), also Margrave of Carniola
Berthold II (1188–1204), son, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Merania (as Berthold IV) since 1183
Henry II (1204–1228), son, also Margrave of Carniola
Otto I (1228–1234), brother, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Merania since 1204, Count Palatine of Burgundy since 1211 (as Otto II)
Otto II (1234–1248), also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Merania and Count Palatine of Burgundy (as Otto III)
The title was held afterwards by the Habsburg monarch and the "Margrave of Istria" was included in the grand title of the Emperor of Austria.
See also
Croatia portal
Istria
History of Istria
History of Croatia
Sources
Semple, Ellen Churchill (1915). "The Barrier Boundary of the Mediterranean Basin and Its Northern Breaches as Factors in History". Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 5: 27–59. doi:10.1080/00045601509357037. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2c825k1f.
vte Crown lands of the Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Bohemia
Kingdom of Croatia
Kingdom of Dalmatia
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Illyria
Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
Kingdom of Slavonia
Archduchy of Austria
Duchy of Bukovina
Duchy of Carinthia
Duchy of Carniola
Duchy of Styria
Duchy of Salzburg
Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
Grand Principality of Transylvania
Margraviate of Istria
Margraviate of Moravia
Princely County of Tyrol
Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca
Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar
Imperial Free City of Trieste
Military Frontier
vteSubdivisions of Austria-HungaryCisleithania
Archduchy of Austria
Kingdom of Bohemia
Duchy of Bukovina
Duchy of Carinthia
Duchy of Carniola
Kingdom of Dalmatia
Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria
Austrian Littoral
Gorizia and Gradisca
Istria
Trieste
Margraviate of Moravia
Duchy of Salzburg
Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia
Duchy of Styria
County of Tyrol
County of Vorarlberg
Transleithania
Kingdom of Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Fiume and its surroundings
Military Frontier (1867–1882)
Condominiums
Bosnia and Herzegovina (de jure 1908–1918; de facto 1878–1918)
Sanjak of Novi Pazar (de facto 1878–1908)
Carpathian passes (1918)
Concession zone in Tianjin (1901–1917) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Margraviate of Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Habsburg_Margraviate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Republik_Venedig.png"},{"link_name":"/ˈɪstriə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Carolingian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian"},{"link_name":"march","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_(territory)"},{"link_name":"Istrian peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Pepin of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"}],"text":"This article is about the Istrian march in the early and high Middle Ages. For the later Habsburg crownland, see Margraviate of Istria.The Istrian march (Mark Istrien) of the Holy Roman Empire about 1000 AD, alongside the marches of Verona and Carniola (Krain), Croatia and the Republic of VeniceThe March of Istria (or Margraviate of Istria /ˈɪstriə/) was originally a Carolingian frontier march covering the Istrian peninsula and surrounding territory conquered by Charlemagne's son Pepin of Italy in 789. After 1364, it was the Istrian province of the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary.","title":"March of Istria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Histri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histri"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Augustus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Decline of the Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Migration Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_Period"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"Alboin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alboin"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"South Slavic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Slavs"},{"link_name":"Croatians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatians"},{"link_name":"Slovenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenes"},{"link_name":"Aistulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aistulf"},{"link_name":"Byzantine Papacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Papacy"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Pope Zachary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Zachary"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Pepin the Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short"},{"link_name":"Mayor of the Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palace"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia"},{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"King of the Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings"},{"link_name":"Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"}],"text":"The settlement area of the ancient Histri tribes had been conquered by the Roman Empire in 178 BC and was incorporated into the northeastern Venetia et Histria region under Emperor Augustus. Upon the Decline of the Roman Empire and the Migration Period, the Lombards under King Alboin from 568 onwards conquered Venetia, where they established the Duchy of Friuli, part of their Kingdom of Italy. The Istrian peninsula remained under Byzantine (Eastern Roman) influence, while South Slavic tribes (Croatians and Slovenes) settled in the east and north.Aistulf, King of the Lombards from 749, attacked the remaining Byzantine territories in Italy and even threatened the Byzantine Papacy in Rome. As Pope Zachary expected no help from Constantinople, he forged an alliance with Pepin the Short, the powerful Mayor of the Palace of the Frankish kingdom north of the Alps, whom he legitimized as King of the Franks. In 755, Pepin invaded Italy and forced Aistulf under Frankish suzerainty. Pepin's son Charlemagne in 773/774 finally incorporated the Italian kingdom into the Carolingian Empire.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(medieval)"},{"link_name":"Pepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Eric of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Siege of Trsat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Trsat"},{"link_name":"Littoral Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Littoral_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Hunfrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunfrid,_Margrave_of_Istria"},{"link_name":"Julian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alps"},{"link_name":"Karst Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Kvarner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Kvarner"},{"link_name":"Carantania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carantania"},{"link_name":"Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"Slavs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavs"},{"link_name":"Magyars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magyars"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Istria"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pax_Nicephori"},{"link_name":"Baldric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldric_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"Reichstag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany"},{"link_name":"March of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquileia"},{"link_name":"Eberhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eberhard_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"Unruoching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unruochings"},{"link_name":"Middle Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"Louis II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Berengar of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengar_I_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Charles the Fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Fat"}],"sub_title":"Carolingian march","text":"Charlemagne at first attached the Istrian peninsula to the Lombard Duchy of Friuli, part of the Carolingian Kingdom of Italy under his son Pepin. Though officially a duchy, Friuli de facto was a march with a merely titular ducal dignity, from 776 ruled by Frankish appointees.An Istrian margraviate itself first emerged following the death of Duke Eric of Friuli in the 799 Siege of Trsat on the Frankish border with Littoral Croatia. Istria was enfeoffed to the Frankish count Hunfrid, who also bore the title of a dux Foroiulanus. The original Carolingian march stretched from the Julian Alps and the Karst Plateau down to the Gulf of Kvarner. It was one of three marches, along with Friuli and Carantania, guarding Italy from the Avars, Slavs, and Magyars successively. In the first decade of the 9th century, Istria was ruled by one Duke John, nominally according to its ancient Byzantine customs, but in fact as a Frankish vassal. The region then had nine cities, Trieste foremost among them.After King Pepin had made several attempts to conquer Venice on the Adriatic coast, his father Emperor Charlemagne under the 812 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle finally recognised the formal Byzantine control over the city along with Istria, at least its western coast. After this, it falls into obscurity, but perhaps the Byzantines never succeeded in re-establishing their government in the returned territories, if they were actually handed over. The remaining parts of Istria were probably eventually just re-integrated into the Carolingian duchy of Friuli.When after the deposition of the last Friulian duke Baldric, Emperor Louis the Pious at the 829 Reichstag in Worms divided his vast duchy into four marches. Istria with the March of Friuli was ruled from Aquileia by Margrave Eberhard and his Unruoching descendants. It became part of Middle Francia after the 843 Treaty of Verdun, and was allotted to Emperor Louis II's Italian kingdom in 855. The Unruoching margrave Berengar of Friuli even succeeded Charles the Fat as King of Italy in 888.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Berengar II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"March of Verona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Verona"},{"link_name":"Henry I of Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Carinthian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Carniolan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Henry the Wrangler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Otto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Henry the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Styria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Styria"},{"link_name":"March of Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Poppo of Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppo_I,_Margrave_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Weriand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weriand,_Count_of_Friuli&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Werigand (Friaul)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werigand_(Friaul)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Aquileia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Aquileia_(state)"},{"link_name":"Hohenstaufen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Hohenstaufen"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"House of Andechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Andechs"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Merania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania"},{"link_name":"Philip of Swabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Swabia"},{"link_name":"Vogt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogt"},{"link_name":"Counts of Görz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meinhardiner"},{"link_name":"Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trieste"}],"sub_title":"Imperial march","text":"After the German king Otto I had campaigned northern Italy under Berengar's grandson King Berengar II, in 952 he merged Friuli into the vast March of Verona, which he granted to his brother Duke Henry I of Bavaria, who already controlled the adjacent Carinthian and Carniolan marches. After the deposition of Henry's son and successor Duke Henry the Wrangler in 976, Emperor Otto II separated Carinthia from the Bavaria as a duchy in its own right, ruled by Duke Henry the Younger who was also given suzerainty over the southeastern Bavarian marches, including Verona, Istria, Carniola and Styria.There appear counts of Istria late in the 10th century, but Istria together with the March of Carniola was separated from the Carinthian duchy in 1040, when both were bestowed on the Thuringian Count Poppo of Weimar, heir by marriage to the last known Friulian margrave Weriand (Werigand (Friaul)). The Carniolan margraves gradually acquired the northeastern territories of the peninsula, while the western and southern coast was gradually occupied by the Republic of Venice. The German king Henry IV nominally assigned the remaining march to the Patriarchate of Aquileia, the margravial title and the Istrian territories were however retained by Carniola. In 1173 the Hohenstaufen Emperor Frederick Barbarossa enfeoffed the Bavarian noble House of Andechs, who attached Istria to their Duchy of Merania. Aquileia regained Istria in 1209, when the Andechs margraves were banned due to alleged entanglement in the assassination of the German king, Frederick Barbarossa's son Philip of Swabia.By mid-century most of the Istrian coast had been conquered by Venice. The patriarchs had ceased appointing margraves and had given the remaining interior of the peninsula into the direct control of their Vogt officials, the Counts of Görz. The Görz territories were finally acquired by the Habsburg archdukes of Austria in 1374, who since 1335 had held the Carniolan march. In 1382 they also gained control over the City of Trieste.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"Pazin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazin"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Austrian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Campo Formio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"Peace of Pressburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)"},{"link_name":"French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Illyrian Provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Illyria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria_(1816%E2%80%931849)"},{"link_name":"Congress of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"Austrian Littoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Littoral"},{"link_name":"crown land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_land"},{"link_name":"Diet of Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_of_Istria"},{"link_name":"Parenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pore%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"February Patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_Patent"}],"sub_title":"Habsburg Margraviate","text":"After the secular territory of the patriarchs of Aquileia had been completely conquered by Venice in 1420, most of Istria belonged to La Serenissima. The Austrian House of Habsburg only held a small territory in the interior of the peninsula around Pazin (Mitterburg), which it administered from its Carniolan duchy. The Habsburg rulers nevertheless added the title of a \"Margrave of Istria\" to their other titles, persisting until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1918.Venetian Istria fell to the Habsburg monarchy (the Austrian Empire after 1804) according to the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio but was subsequently seized by Napoleon in the 1805 Peace of Pressburg, forming part of the Kingdom of Italy. It was then incorporated into the French Empire as part of the Illyrian Provinces in 1809. In 1815, after Napoleon had been defeated, the territory was returned to Austria as part of the Kingdom of Illyria by the 1815 Congress of Vienna.After the partition of the Illyrian kingdom in 1849, the Margravate of Istria became a subdivision of the Austrian Littoral crown land. It received considerable autonomy as a crown land in its own right with the establishment of the Diet of Istria at Parenzo by the 1861 February Patent.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Margraves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hunfrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunfrid_I"},{"link_name":"Duke of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes_and_margraves_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_Duke_of_Istria"}],"sub_title":"Carolingian March of Istria","text":"Hunfrid (c. 799), also Duke of Friuli\nJohn (c. 804), Duke","title":"Margraves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poppo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppo_I,_Margrave_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Carniola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Ulric I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulric_I,_Margrave_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Henry I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Margrave_of_Istria"}],"sub_title":"Margraviate re-established (held by the Counts of Weimar)","text":"Poppo I (1012–1044), also Margrave of Carniola from 1040\nUlric I (1060–1070), son of Margrave Poppo I, also Margrave of Carniola\nHenry I (1077–1090)","title":"Margraves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engelbert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_I,_Margrave_of_Istria"},{"link_name":"Burchard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchard,_Margrave_of_Istria"}],"sub_title":"House of Sponheim","text":"Engelbert I (1090–1093)\nBurchard (1093–1096)","title":"Margraves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Poppo II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppo_II,_Margrave_of_Carniola"},{"link_name":"Ulric II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulric_II,_Margrave_of_Carniola"}],"sub_title":"Counts of Weimar-Orlamünde","text":"Poppo II (1096–1098), son of Ulric I, Margrave of Carniola since 1070\nUlric II (1098–1107), brother, also Margrave of Carniola","title":"Margraves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Engelbert II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert,_Duke_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Carinthia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia"},{"link_name":"Engelbert III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelbert_III,_Margrave_of_Istria"}],"sub_title":"House of Sponheim","text":"Engelbert II (1107–1124), son of Engelbert I, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Carinthia from 1124\nEngelbert III 1124–1173, son, also Margrave of Carniola","title":"Margraves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berthold I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_I_of_Istria"},{"link_name":"Berthold II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berthold_IV,_Duke_of_Merania"},{"link_name":"Merania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Merania"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Margrave_of_Istria"},{"link_name":"Otto I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_I,_Duke_of_Merania"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Otto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_III,_Count_Palatine_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"grand title of the Emperor of Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_title_of_the_Emperor_of_Austria"}],"sub_title":"House of Andechs","text":"Berthold I (1173–1188), also Margrave of Carniola\nBerthold II (1188–1204), son, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Merania (as Berthold IV) since 1183\nHenry II (1204–1228), son, also Margrave of Carniola\nOtto I (1228–1234), brother, also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Merania since 1204, Count Palatine of Burgundy since 1211 (as Otto II)\nOtto II (1234–1248), also Margrave of Carniola, Duke of Merania and Count Palatine of Burgundy (as Otto III)The title was held afterwards by the Habsburg monarch and the \"Margrave of Istria\" was included in the grand title of the Emperor of Austria.","title":"Margraves"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Semple, Ellen Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Churchill_Semple"},{"link_name":"\"The Barrier Boundary of the Mediterranean Basin and Its Northern Breaches as Factors in 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Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 5: 27–59. doi:10.1080/00045601509357037. hdl:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t2c825k1f.vte Crown lands of the Austrian Empire \nKingdom of Bohemia\nKingdom of Croatia\nKingdom of Dalmatia\nKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria\nKingdom of Hungary\nKingdom of Illyria\nKingdom of Lombardy-Venetia\nKingdom of Slavonia\nArchduchy of Austria\nDuchy of Bukovina\nDuchy of Carinthia\nDuchy of Carniola\nDuchy of Styria\nDuchy of Salzburg\nDuchy of Upper and Lower Silesia\nGrand Principality of Transylvania\nMargraviate of Istria\nMargraviate of Moravia\nPrincely County of Tyrol\nPrincely County of Gorizia and Gradisca\nVoivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar\nImperial Free City of Trieste\nMilitary FrontiervteSubdivisions of Austria-HungaryCisleithania\nArchduchy of Austria\nKingdom of Bohemia\nDuchy of Bukovina\nDuchy of Carinthia\nDuchy of Carniola\nKingdom of Dalmatia\nKingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria\nAustrian Littoral\nGorizia and Gradisca\nIstria\nTrieste\nMargraviate of Moravia\nDuchy of Salzburg\nDuchy of Upper and Lower Silesia\nDuchy of Styria\nCounty of Tyrol\nCounty of Vorarlberg\nTransleithania\nKingdom of Hungary\nKingdom of Croatia-Slavonia\nFiume and its surroundings\nMilitary Frontier (1867–1882)\nCondominiums\nBosnia and Herzegovina (de jure 1908–1918; de facto 1878–1918)\nSanjak of Novi Pazar (de facto 1878–1908)\nCarpathian passes (1918)\nConcession zone in Tianjin (1901–1917)","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"The Istrian march (Mark Istrien) of the Holy Roman Empire about 1000 AD, alongside the marches of Verona and Carniola (Krain), Croatia and the Republic of Venice","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Republik_Venedig.png/400px-Republik_Venedig.png"}] | [{"title":"Croatia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Croatia"},{"title":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"title":"History of Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Istria"},{"title":"History of Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Croatia"}] | [{"reference":"Semple, Ellen Churchill (1915). \"The Barrier Boundary of the Mediterranean Basin and Its Northern Breaches as Factors in History\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_DJ_class | New Zealand DJ class locomotive | ["1 Introduction","2 In service","2.1 Southerner Blue","2.2 New engines","2.3 Renumbering","2.4 Replacement","3 Withdrawals","4 Preservation","5 References","5.1 Footnotes","5.2 Citations","5.3 Bibliography","6 External links"] | New Zealand DJ class locomotiveDJ3107 "Otago Daily Times" on the Taieri Gorge Railway in March 2007Type and originPower typeDiesel-electricBuilderMitsubishi Heavy Industries, JapanBuild date1968–1969SpecificationsConfiguration: • UICBo-Bo-BoGauge3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm)Length14.1 metres (46 ft 3 in)Axle load10.66 tonnes (10.49 long tons; 11.75 short tons)Adhesive weight64.0 tonnes (63.0 long tons; 70.5 short tons)Loco weight64.0 tonnes (63.0 long tons; 70.5 short tons)Prime moverCaterpillar D398RPM range1300 rpmEngine typeV12 Diesel engineTraction motorsSixCylinders12Cylinder size159 mm × 203 mm (6.3 in × 8.0 in)Performance figuresMaximum speed97 km/h (60 mph)Power output672 kW (901 hp)Tractive effort128 kN (29,000 lbf)CareerNumber in class64Numbers1200 - 1263 (original) 3009 - 3689 (TMS)LocaleSouth IslandFirst run1968–1969Retired1986–1991Current ownerDunedin Railways (8) Mainline Steam Heritage Trust (2)Disposition55 scrapped 9 preserved
The New Zealand DJ class locomotive is a type of diesel-electric locomotive in service on the New Zealand rail network. The class were built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and introduced from 1968 to 1969 for the New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) with a modernisation loan from the World Bank to replace steam locomotives in the South Island, where all of the class members worked most of their lives. Nine of the locomotives remain in use, mainly with Dunedin Railways.
They are the second class of locomotive in New Zealand to utilise the Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement, the other classes being the EW class and the EF class. In both cases, this wheel arrangement was used to provide a lower axle-load due to track conditions as well, particularly in the case of the DJs, a shorter wheelbase more suited to sharp curvature on secondary or tertiary routes.
Introduction
Two DJ class locomotives in service for Dunedin Railways
With the ongoing introduction of diesel locomotives to the New Zealand railway network, various options to replace steam traction in the South Island were investigated. The new locomotives would need to be capable of both mainline running and also be light enough to work on secondary main lines, the West Coast system, west of Otira and the Main North Line, which would not be upgraded before 1979 to support the 13-14 ton axle load of modern diesel locomotive classes and on weight-restricted branch lines, particularly in Otago and Southland. The locomotives were specified to have a top speed of 62 miles (100 km) and max axle load of 10.7 tons were specified.
A World Bank modernisation loan was obtained in December 1965 for a four-year term to December 1969, allowing the Cabinet Works Committee in February 1966 to call tenders for 55 1,000-1,200 horsepower diesel locomotives for the South Island, and 34 locomotives of 1400-1600 horsepower to complete North Island dieselisation. The expectation was that the General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD) offering would win the tender - either the EMD G8 (NZR DB class) or EMD G12 (NZR DA class) locomotives already in use by NZR for both islands or the newer EMD G18 model, which was recommended. In addition, five of the English Electric DI class locomotives were already in service with NZR at the time and were the prototype for the tender specifications.
On 1 August 1966 the order was placed with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan for 55 Bo-Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives. Mitsubishi offered tenders 25-35% lower in cost than its main rivals, at a unit cost of £44,000, compared with General Motors £72,000, English Electric £70,000 and Associated Electrical Industries £58,000. Both General Motors and English Electric were shocked to lose the South Island locomotive contract. The World Bank, the pressure to accept one of the low Japanese tenders, was not out of any preference for a specific manufacturer, but out of growing dissatisfaction in Washington by the administrations of Lyndon B. Johnson and later Richard Nixon for the use of the World Bank development loans for infrastructure projects in advanced nations. The Minister of Finance, Robert Muldoon, clashed with United States' officials regarding New Zealand's use of the World Bank, the World Bank, therefore, financed only low tenders which delivered locomotives quickly to complete conversion of NZR to diesel traction at the earliest date possible.
The final cost of the DJ locomotives did not offer the cost advantage expected, and this was only partly due to inflation and differences in exchange rates. After delivery of all the DJ class, the cost of 69 DJ and DI was $10.204 million compared with $10.251 million for the 54 DA class locomotives delivered on average 18 months earlier.
The second delayed order of nine was placed on 1 November 1967. The cost of these additional locomotives was met by the balance of the World Bank loan.
In service
The DJ class locomotives were designed as a versatile mixed-traffic diesel-electric locomotive capable of being used in mainline service or on branch lines where their light axle loading of 10.66 tonnes gave them an advantage on lightly laid lines over heavier types such as the DG class A1A-A1A and DI class Co-Co locomotives, which had been built for similar purposes. When working in multiple with these classes, it was common practice to have the DJ as the lead locomotive due to its superior cab conditions and visibility.
Following the arrival of the full order of the DJ class locomotives, steam traction on freight ended on the East Coast in March 1969 and the West Coast in July 1969. When the DJ class were ordered, no provision was made for train heating, which prevented the class from being used on the overnight expresses. Eventually, steam heat vans were transferred from the North Island Night Limited when the Silver Star was delivered a year late in November 1971.
The DJ class were the first locomotives in New Zealand to employ an AC/DC transmission; all previous diesel locomotive types had DC/DC transmissions. AC current was rectified to DC using silicon rectifiers feeding the traction motors.
They were also turbocharged with a 1,050 horsepower (780 kW) rating, but were only safe for five minutes an hour at that rating, with operation at 975 horsepower (727 kW) for an hour on, and 835 horsepower (623 kW) for the next hour. The locomotives were not reliable for the entire length of their first passenger use on the 11-hour run, summer South Island Limited in 1968–69 with two DJ locomotives, or one DJ and one DG locomotive pulling up to 14 carriages on the service.
Southerner Blue
DJ3228 (DJ 1222) preserved in "Southerner Blue" livery at Dunedin in 2017
Following the introduction of the Southerner passenger train between Christchurch and Invercargill in 1970, the DJ class were chosen as the preferred locomotive for this train. Three locomotives were specifically repainted in a new blue livery dubbed "Southerner Blue" to match the train, although it was not unusual to see a red DJ locomotive hauling the Southerner on occasion. With fewer stops, the DJ class hauling the lighter, 200 ton eight carriage Southerner offered a slightly higher stop-to-start average speed than the steam-hauled South Island Limited, with 47 miles (76 km) average speed between Ashburton and Timaru and between Ashburton and Christchurch. On the Picton Express the DJ class cut running times by more than an hour, on the steep route with three 1/35 grades in 1976-8 and hauling loads of up to 250 passengers. Other passenger duties included the Christchurch - Greymouth passenger train (rebranded as the TranzAlpine from 1987) following the end of railcar services in 1976.
The greatest improvement offered by the DJ over the JA class steam locomotives was in hill climbing particularly on the Greymouth-Otira section of the Midland line and in moving heavy slow freight.
New engines
Although soundly built, the locomotives were plagued initially by reliability issues. The NZR Chief Mechanical Engineer concluded the correct rating of the DJ class engines at 797 horsepower (594 kW). The locomotives suffered from overheating problems and turbocharger blowouts. Unavailability and maintenance cost excesses meant NZR management viewed the class poorly compared with the well-tested DA class.
NZR did not want to re-engine the DJ class with new Caterpillar engines and gained Labour Government approval in 1973 to re-engine the DJ class with 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) English Electric Paxman Ventura engines. This was not financed and in November 1977 it was announced that the DJ class would receive new Caterpillar D398 engines, the same type used in the Silver Fern railcars and later DH class locomotives. The new engines were rated at 900 horsepower (670 kW) but downrated to 840 horsepower (630 kW), with additional modifications fitting rectangular header tanks to the locomotives' roofs above the radiator and fitting additional air intakes, nicknamed "flyswatters" due to their shape. At the same time, the locomotives were repainted in a variation of the "International Orange" livery, with blue in place of orange and large white numbers on the long hoods. These new engines and modifications made the DJ class more reliable.
Renumbering
The introduction of the Traffic Monitoring System (TMS) in 1979 saw the locomotives renumbered.
Replacement
Following the arrival of more powerful locomotives in the South Island such as the General Motors DF class and General Electric DX class locomotives in 1979 and 1988 respectively, the DJ class were cascaded to lesser duties on branch lines or as freight locomotives. Due to their multiple-unit capabilities, the DJ class were regularly seen operating in multiple with members of the DG class, or less frequently with members of the DF, DI and DX classes. The class were also used in banker service on the West Coast, with at two locomotives at any time used to assist trains out of Reefton across the Reefton Saddle.
DJ3303 on the Cobden Bridge on the Rapahoe Branch in 1987.
Although largely obsolete by this time, the DJ class received a stay of execution on the West Coast in the late 1980s following the introduction of the DC class locomotives from the North Island. The West Coast branch lines to Rapahoe and Ngakawau had not been upgraded with heavier rail to carry larger trains and the DC class hauling heavy coal trains were damaging the track. Due to their light axle loading, no major track upgrades had been required to allow the DJ class to enter service in 1968. Their use on West Coast coal trains allowed the track upgrades to be deferred.
Withdrawals
DJ 3044 in a decrepit state, stored at Mainline Steam Parnell, Auckland, before it was dismantled for spare parts in May 2011
The first DJ class locomotive to be withdrawn from service were DJs 1205 and 1220, which were withdrawn in April 1973 after both were involved in a collision at Balclutha on 20 December 1972. The first mainstream withdrawals of the DJ class took place in September 1986 when DJs 3073, 3165, 3263, 3355, 3361, 3447, 3453 and 3608 were withdrawn from service; five of the locomotives were placed in storage in Invercargill.
In March 1988 the Railways Corporation began progressively introducing single-manning of trains. The DJ class, along with the DA class, were deemed to be not suitable for single-manning due to their cab configuration. Withdrawals continued until the penultimate locomotive, DJ3159, was withdrawn in July 1992. The last remaining locomotive, DJ3096, was retained initially in storage and later as a working locomotive as part of the New Zealand Rail Heritage Fleet.
In order to prolong the service life of the remaining locomotives as they were prepared for withdrawal, most of the DJ class locomotives had their top power notch made inoperable with the exception of DJs 3009, 3015, 3021, 3038 and 3044, which were at the time being used to haul the Southerner. The last DJ-worked Southerner service took place in June 1990 although one final instance was recorded in February 1991 when a DJ hauled the train from Invercargill to Dunedin.
One locomotive, DJ3303 (DJ 1229) was given a reprieve on withdrawal in March 1988 after it was sold to the Ohai Railway Board (ORB) for use on their line between Wairio and Ohai. At the time the DJ was the largest industrial locomotive in New Zealand and was repainted in the ORB's yellow livery as their No. 3.
After New Zealand Rail Limited took over running of the ORB line in 1991, DJ3303 was placed in storage before being sold for preservation to Mainline Steam. Ten of the class were also moved to Hutt Workshops in 1990 for storage as a back-up in case of traffic increases or failures of other locomotives, or possible sale to other buyers. Most were later scrapped, apart from three moved to Upper Hutt.
The last DJ locomotive in service was DJ3096 (DJ 1209), retained by New Zealand Rail as part of its Heritage Fleet in the 1990s. The locomotive hauled a few special excursions for the Railway Enthusiasts Society in the South Island. In 1995, the locomotive was transferred to Hutt Workshops in the North Island. Following a repaint at Hutt Workshops, DJ3096 was transferred to Kawerau to work as a heavy shunter. In 2000, the locomotive was allocated to Whangarei, for use in Northland, including working the Dargaville Branch, and the Portland-Port Whangarei wood chips circuit. In 2008 the locomotive was sold to the Dunedin Railways by the then national rail operator Toll Rail after forty years of service.
Preservation
DJ 1209 at Dunedin Railway station, preserved by Dunedin Railways.
Eleven DJ class locomotives survived into preservation, with two being subsequently scrapped. Five were purchased by the then Taieri Gorge Railway (now Dunedin Railways) for use in tourist train service, while another four were purchased by Mainline Steam Heritage Trust. One unit each was kept by New Zealand Railways (later New Zealand Rail Limited) as heritage locomotives or made available as a display locomotive.
Taieri Gorge Railway (now Dunedin Railways) purchased five DJ class locomotives in 1992 from New Zealand Rail Limited in order to operate their trains to Pukerangi and Middlemarch. DJs 3107, 3211, 3228, 3286, and 3424 (DJs 1210, 1221, 1222, 1227, and 1240) were purchased in operational condition and are used to haul both the Taieri Gorge Limited and Seasider trips from Dunedin to Pukerangi or Middlemarch and Palmerston respectively. All carry a modified blue scheme with two exceptions; DJ3424 was repainted in NZR Carnation Red as DJ 1240 for the Dunedin Railway Station centenary in 2006, while DJ 3286 was repainted in the "Southerner Blue" livery in 2010 as DJ 1227. DJ 1240 was repainted into the Southerner blue livery in 2006.
DJ3096 was also sold to Dunedin Railways in 2008 after being withdrawn by Toll Rail, and was overhauled and repainted in the "Southerner Blue" livery as DJ 1209, reentering service in 2009. Following a major engine fire in August 2010, the locomotive was again withdrawn from service and was overhauled again including the fitting of a new D398 engine block to replace the damaged original, before returning to service in 2011.
Mainline Steam Heritage Trust purchased four DJs in 1990–91. DJs 3044 and 3580 (DJs 1204 and 1254) were purchased as spare parts donors and were stored at MLST's Parnell depot, while DJ3292 and 3303 (DJs 1228 and 1229) were purchased by Richard Head and Ian Welch respectively with the intention of having them returned to working order. With no intended use for the two Parnell locomotives, DJ 3580 was scrapped in the 1990s; DJ 3044 was removed from storage in May 2011 and was sold to Dunedin Railways after it was dismantled for spare parts.
DJ3021 (DJ 1202) was withdrawn in April 1990 but was not scrapped. Instead, the locomotive's engine and electric equipment were removed and the locomotive was placed on static display at Ranfurly station on the former Otago Central Railway. It was later purchased by Dunedin Railways and road-hauled to storage in the Middlemarch goods shed, where it has been stored pending restoration. Despite missing the engine, electrical equipment, and other parts, 3021 is the last DJ in the former New Zealand Railways Corporation blue livery as applied to the class in the 1980s. DJ3021 now sits outside at Sutton, across from the station. It sits on wooden blocks next to three AO class passenger carriages, with all of the bogies sitting on temporary track sets and covered by tarpaulins. The DJ class locomotive and three carriages are surrounded by a vandal-proof fence, all stock has suffered from various amounts of graffiti.
References
Footnotes
^ Following the introduction of TMS in 1979, the class classification was capitalised, whereas previously the second letter was a smaller capital letter, that is DJ
Citations
^ Tony Hurst (April–May 2018). "The North line". New Zealand Railway Observer. 75 (1): 9.
^ R.E Brace, General Motors (Agent) Upper Hutt, NZ correspondence with NZR General Manager, 24 May 1966 and 9 September 1966
^ "New DJ Diesel Electric Locomotives From Japan". New Zealand Railway Observer. 23 (4 #110). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 130. Summer 1966–67. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ NZR General Manager Gardner to Minister of Finance 16-August 1966
^ Modern Rail in December 1966
^ G. Alecock (February 2018). "Early Diesel Electric Development and the origins of the DI and DJ". New Zealand Railway Observer. 74 (6): 226–8. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ Gustafson 2000, p. 95-6.
^ The World Bank in Historical Perspective in American Economic Review, May 1995, p329-334
^ 24 April 1969 Amendment(3) to December 1965 loan agreement between NZR and World Bank. Robert Muldoon and H. Lang. NZ Treasury Sec & NZ Railways loan agreement with World Bank Dec 1965. NZ Government Printer. Wellington (1966).
^ T. A. McGavin (Summer 1967–68). "DJ Locomotive Order Increased". New Zealand Railway Observer. 24 (4 #114). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 144. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ McClare 1980, p. 22.
^ ""South Island Limited" Goes Diesel". New Zealand Railway Observer. 25 (4 #118). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 155. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ J. Small GM NZR 4 April 1974
^ W.Watkins NZR, CME, 11 Nov 1969. National Archives,(DJ 1968-74) Wgtn
^ NZR CME 24-8-1971,DJ Files. NZ National Archives
^ J.Small, NZR GM Manager 4 April 1974, NZ National Archives. Wgtn
^ a b "New Engines for DJ Locomotives". Rails. 7 (4). Southern Press Ltd: 12. November 1977. ISSN 0110-6155.
^ "Class "DJ" Diesel-Electric Locomotives". New Zealand Railway Observer. 34 (4 #152). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 172. Summer 1977–78. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ "Class "DJ" Diesel-Electric Locomotives". New Zealand Railway Observer. 35 (4 #156). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 139. Summer 1978–79. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ Robert McGavin. "Coal Trains in the Mist". New Zealand Railway Observer. 46 (2 #198). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ "Locomotive Notes". New Zealand Railway Observer. 30 (2 #134). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 87. Winter 1973. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ a b "Class "DJ" Locomotives". New Zealand Railway Observer. 46 (3 #199): 118. Spring 1989. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ "Single-manning of Locomotives". New Zealand Railway Observer. 45 (1 #193). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 37. Autumn 1988. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ Cowan, Bill (2020). "The Ohai Railway Board - as Graham Aitken remembered it". New Zealand Railway Observer. 77 (364). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 191. ISSN 0028-8624.
^ "NZR's locomotive fleet - where to from here?". Rails: 257. July 1990. ISSN 0110-6155.
^ a b Ken Devlin (June 1997). "Mainland Movements". New Zealand Model Railway Journal. New Zealand Model Railway Guild: 31. ISSN 0028-8470.
^ Ken Devlin (February 1996). "Nineties NZ Rail". New Zealand Model Railway Journal. New Zealand Model Railway Guild: 16. ISSN 0028-8470.
^ Peter Hodge (February 1998). "Hodge's Choice". New Zealand Model Railway Journal. New Zealand Model Railway Guild: 27. ISSN 0028-8470.
^ Parsons 2002, p. 43.
^ Roger Darsley (2004). "DJ3096 at Port Whangarei docks".
^ a b Steve Hepburn (22 February 2008). "Dj3096 back on familiar tracks". Otago Daily Times.
^ Hamish McNeilly (30 August 2022). "Train crew praised for quick action in fire drama". Otago Daily Times.
Bibliography
Barry, Colin; Brouwer, John; Dash, Colin; Dickenson, Peter; Shalders, Bruce (1988). Cavalcade 125. Ferrymead 125 Committee. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
Gustafson, Barry (2000). His Way: A Biography of Robert Muldoon. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1-86940-236-7.
Berry, David (February 2018), "Some Memories of the New DJ Locomotives", The New Zealand Railway Observer (347): 230–232
McClare, E J (1980). New Zealand Railway Diesels. Wellington, New Zealand: Southern Press. ISBN 9780907769286.
McGavin, T A (1983). NZR Locomotives and Railcars 1983. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society.
Parsons, David (2002). New Zealand Railway Motive Power 2002. New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-908573-78-3.
KiwiRail Locomotive and Rolling Stock Register - 2011. Mosgiel, New Zealand: Triple M Productions. 2011. ISBN 978-0-9582072-2-5.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to NZR DJ class.
External links
New Zealand Railways Rolling Stock Lists - DJ - Mitsubishi Bo-Bo-Bo of 1968
Preserved Ex-NZ Railways Diesel & Diesel-Electric Locomotives
vteRail vehicles of New Zealand Diesel locomotivesMainline
DA (inc. DAA, DAR)
DB (inc. DBR)
DC (inc. DCP)
DF (English Electric)
DF (General Motors) inc. DFT, DFB, DFM
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DL
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DE
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DS
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Electric locomotives1500 V DC
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EC
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EB
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"Matangi" FP (inc. FT trailers)
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88 seater (also known as Fiats or twinsets)
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AA
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C of 1930
D of 1874
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E of 1872 & 1875
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F
FA (inc. FB)
G of 1874
G Garratt of 1928 (inc. Pacific rebuild)
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J of 1874
J of 1939
JA
JB
K of 1877
K of 1932
KA
KB
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LA
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N
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NC
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OA
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OC
P of 1876
P of 1885
Q of 1878
Q of 1901
R
S
T
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UA
UB
UC
UD
V
W
WA
WAB
WB
WD
WE
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WH
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WS
WW
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Y
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50-foot carriage
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ex-British Rail Mark 2 carriage
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Track evaluation, cranes, and maintenance
ETM class track evaluation car
EL class rail cranes
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Locomotives of New Zealand
Rail transport in New Zealand
Railway preservation in New Zealand. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[nb 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DJ-1"},{"link_name":"diesel-electric locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diesel_engine"},{"link_name":"New Zealand rail network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_transport_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Railways Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railways_Department"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"South Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Railways"},{"link_name":"Bo-Bo-Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo-Bo-Bo"},{"link_name":"wheel arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_arrangement"},{"link_name":"EW class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_EW_class_locomotive"},{"link_name":"EF class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_EF_class_locomotive"}],"text":"The New Zealand DJ class locomotive[nb 1] is a type of diesel-electric locomotive in service on the New Zealand rail network. The class were built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and introduced from 1968 to 1969 for the New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) with a modernisation loan from the World Bank to replace steam locomotives in the South Island, where all of the class members worked most of their lives. Nine of the locomotives remain in use, mainly with Dunedin Railways.They are the second class of locomotive in New Zealand to utilise the Bo-Bo-Bo wheel arrangement, the other classes being the EW class and the EF class. In both cases, this wheel arrangement was used to provide a lower axle-load due to track conditions as well, particularly in the case of the DJs, a shorter wheelbase more suited to sharp curvature on secondary or tertiary routes.","title":"New Zealand DJ class locomotive"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DJ_class_TGR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Railways"},{"link_name":"Main North Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_North_Line,_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"General Motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors"},{"link_name":"Electro-Motive Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-Motive_Division"},{"link_name":"EMD G8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_G8"},{"link_name":"EMD G12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_G12"},{"link_name":"EMD G18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMD_G18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"DI class locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_DI_class_locomotive"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Heavy_Industries"},{"link_name":"Bo-Bo-Bo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo-Bo-Bo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro_summer_1966-4"},{"link_name":"Associated Electrical Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Electrical_Industries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Lyndon B. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson"},{"link_name":"Richard Nixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nixon"},{"link_name":"Robert Muldoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Muldoon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGustafson200095-6-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro114-11"}],"text":"Two DJ class locomotives in service for Dunedin RailwaysWith the ongoing introduction of diesel locomotives to the New Zealand railway network, various options to replace steam traction in the South Island were investigated. The new locomotives would need to be capable of both mainline running and also be light enough to work on secondary main lines, the West Coast system, west of Otira and the Main North Line, which would not be upgraded before 1979 to support the 13-14 ton axle load of modern diesel locomotive classes[1] and on weight-restricted branch lines, particularly in Otago and Southland. The locomotives were specified to have a top speed of 62 miles (100 km) and max axle load of 10.7 tons were specified.A World Bank modernisation loan was obtained in December 1965 for a four-year term to December 1969, allowing the Cabinet Works Committee in February 1966 to call tenders for 55 1,000-1,200 horsepower diesel locomotives for the South Island, and 34 locomotives of 1400-1600 horsepower to complete North Island dieselisation. The expectation was that the General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD) offering would win the tender - either the EMD G8 (NZR DB class) or EMD G12 (NZR DA class) locomotives already in use by NZR for both islands or the newer EMD G18 model, which was recommended.[2] In addition, five of the English Electric DI class locomotives were already in service with NZR at the time and were the prototype for the tender specifications.On 1 August 1966 the order was placed with Mitsubishi Heavy Industries of Japan for 55 Bo-Bo-Bo diesel-electric locomotives.[3] Mitsubishi offered tenders 25-35% lower in cost than its main rivals, at a unit cost of £44,000, compared with General Motors £72,000, English Electric £70,000 and Associated Electrical Industries £58,000.[4] Both General Motors and English Electric were shocked to lose the South Island locomotive contract.[5] The World Bank, the pressure to accept one of the low Japanese tenders,[6] was not out of any preference for a specific manufacturer, but out of growing dissatisfaction in Washington by the administrations of Lyndon B. Johnson and later Richard Nixon for the use of the World Bank development loans for infrastructure projects in advanced nations. The Minister of Finance, Robert Muldoon, clashed with United States' officials regarding New Zealand's use of the World Bank,[7][8] the World Bank, therefore, financed only low tenders which delivered locomotives quickly to complete conversion of NZR to diesel traction at the earliest date possible.The final cost of the DJ locomotives did not offer the cost advantage expected, and this was only partly due to inflation and differences in exchange rates. After delivery of all the DJ class, the cost of 69 DJ and DI was $10.204 million compared with $10.251 million for the 54 DA class locomotives delivered on average 18 months earlier.[9]The second delayed order of nine was placed on 1 November 1967. The cost of these additional locomotives was met by the balance of the World Bank loan.[10]","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DG class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_DG_and_DH_class_locomotive"},{"link_name":"A1A-A1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1A-A1A"},{"link_name":"DI class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_DI_class"},{"link_name":"Co-Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-Co_locomotives"},{"link_name":"Night Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_Limited"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"silicon rectifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_rectifier"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcClare198022-12"},{"link_name":"South Island Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Island_Limited"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro_summer_1968-13"}],"text":"The DJ class locomotives were designed as a versatile mixed-traffic diesel-electric locomotive capable of being used in mainline service or on branch lines where their light axle loading of 10.66 tonnes gave them an advantage on lightly laid lines over heavier types such as the DG class A1A-A1A and DI class Co-Co locomotives, which had been built for similar purposes. When working in multiple with these classes, it was common practice to have the DJ as the lead locomotive due to its superior cab conditions and visibility.Following the arrival of the full order of the DJ class locomotives, steam traction on freight ended on the East Coast in March 1969 and the West Coast in July 1969. When the DJ class were ordered, no provision was made for train heating, which prevented the class from being used on the overnight expresses. Eventually, steam heat vans were transferred from the North Island Night Limited when the Silver Star was delivered a year late in November 1971.The DJ class were the first locomotives in New Zealand to employ an AC/DC transmission; all previous diesel locomotive types had DC/DC transmissions. AC current was rectified to DC using silicon rectifiers feeding the traction motors.[11]They were also turbocharged with a 1,050 horsepower (780 kW) rating, but were only safe for five minutes an hour at that rating, with operation at 975 horsepower (727 kW) for an hour on, and 835 horsepower (623 kW) for the next hour. The locomotives were not reliable for the entire length of their first passenger use on the 11-hour run, summer South Island Limited in 1968–69 with two DJ locomotives, or one DJ and one DG locomotive pulling up to 14 carriages on the service.[12]","title":"In service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Locomotive_Dunedin_(30682890153).jpg"},{"link_name":"Southerner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southerner_(New_Zealand_train)"},{"link_name":"Picton Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picton_Express"},{"link_name":"TranzAlpine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TranzAlpine"},{"link_name":"Midland line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Line,_New_Zealand"}],"sub_title":"Southerner Blue","text":"DJ3228 (DJ 1222) preserved in \"Southerner Blue\" livery at Dunedin in 2017Following the introduction of the Southerner passenger train between Christchurch and Invercargill in 1970, the DJ class were chosen as the preferred locomotive for this train. Three locomotives were specifically repainted in a new blue livery dubbed \"Southerner Blue\" to match the train, although it was not unusual to see a red DJ locomotive hauling the Southerner on occasion. With fewer stops, the DJ class hauling the lighter, 200 ton eight carriage Southerner offered a slightly higher stop-to-start average speed than the steam-hauled South Island Limited, with 47 miles (76 km) average speed between Ashburton and Timaru and between Ashburton and Christchurch. On the Picton Express the DJ class cut running times by more than an hour, on the steep route with three 1/35 grades in 1976-8 and hauling loads of up to 250 passengers. Other passenger duties included the Christchurch - Greymouth passenger train (rebranded as the TranzAlpine from 1987) following the end of railcar services in 1976.The greatest improvement offered by the DJ over the JA class steam locomotives was in hill climbing particularly on the Greymouth-Otira section of the Midland line and in moving heavy slow freight.","title":"In service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Labour Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Labour_Government_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"English Electric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Electric"},{"link_name":"Paxman Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxman_Ventura"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Silver Fern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NZR_RM_class_(Silver_Fern)"},{"link_name":"DH class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_DH_class_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rails_november_1977-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro_summer_1977-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rails_november_1977-18"},{"link_name":"long hoods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_hood"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro_summer_1978-20"}],"sub_title":"New engines","text":"Although soundly built, the locomotives were plagued initially by reliability issues.[13] The NZR Chief Mechanical Engineer concluded the correct rating of the DJ class engines at 797 horsepower (594 kW).[14] The locomotives suffered from overheating problems and turbocharger blowouts.[15] Unavailability and maintenance cost excesses meant NZR management viewed the class poorly compared with the well-tested DA class.NZR did not want to re-engine the DJ class with new Caterpillar engines and gained Labour Government approval in 1973 to re-engine the DJ class with 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) English Electric Paxman Ventura engines.[16] This was not financed and in November 1977 it was announced that the DJ class would receive new Caterpillar D398 engines, the same type used in the Silver Fern railcars and later DH class locomotives.[17] The new engines were rated at 900 horsepower (670 kW) but downrated to 840 horsepower (630 kW),[18] with additional modifications fitting rectangular header tanks to the locomotives' roofs above the radiator and fitting additional air intakes,[17] nicknamed \"flyswatters\" due to their shape. At the same time, the locomotives were repainted in a variation of the \"International Orange\" livery, with blue in place of orange and large white numbers on the long hoods.[19] These new engines and modifications made the DJ class more reliable.","title":"In service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Traffic Monitoring System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotives_of_New_Zealand#Traffic_Monitoring_System"}],"sub_title":"Renumbering","text":"The introduction of the Traffic Monitoring System (TMS) in 1979 saw the locomotives renumbered.","title":"In service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DF class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_DF_class_locomotive_(1979)"},{"link_name":"DX class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_DX_class_locomotive"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coal_Train_crosses_the_Rail_Bridge_into_Greymouth,_1987._CC133.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rapahoe Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapahoe_Branch"},{"link_name":"DC class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_DC_class_locomotive"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Replacement","text":"Following the arrival of more powerful locomotives in the South Island such as the General Motors DF class and General Electric DX class locomotives in 1979 and 1988 respectively, the DJ class were cascaded to lesser duties on branch lines or as freight locomotives. Due to their multiple-unit capabilities, the DJ class were regularly seen operating in multiple with members of the DG class, or less frequently with members of the DF, DI and DX classes. The class were also used in banker service on the West Coast, with at two locomotives at any time used to assist trains out of Reefton across the Reefton Saddle.DJ3303 on the Cobden Bridge on the Rapahoe Branch in 1987.Although largely obsolete by this time, the DJ class received a stay of execution on the West Coast in the late 1980s following the introduction of the DC class locomotives from the North Island. The West Coast branch lines to Rapahoe and Ngakawau had not been upgraded with heavier rail to carry larger trains and the DC class hauling heavy coal trains were damaging the track. Due to their light axle loading, no major track upgrades had been required to allow the DJ class to enter service in 1968. Their use on West Coast coal trains allowed the track upgrades to be deferred.[20]","title":"In service"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wrecked_Diesel_Locomotive_Auckland.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mainline Steam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainline_Steam"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro_winter_1973-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro_spring_1989-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro_autumn_1988-24"},{"link_name":"Ohai Railway Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohai_Railway_Board"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nzro_spring_1989-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagefleet-27"},{"link_name":"Railway Enthusiasts Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_Enthusiasts_Society"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heritagefleet-27"},{"link_name":"Hutt Workshops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutt_Workshops"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Whangarei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whangarei"},{"link_name":"Dargaville Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dargaville_Branch"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParsons200243-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Railways"},{"link_name":"Toll Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_Rail"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj3096-32"}],"text":"DJ 3044 in a decrepit state, stored at Mainline Steam Parnell, Auckland, before it was dismantled for spare parts in May 2011The first DJ class locomotive to be withdrawn from service were DJs 1205 and 1220, which were withdrawn in April 1973 after both were involved in a collision at Balclutha on 20 December 1972.[21] The first mainstream withdrawals of the DJ class took place in September 1986 when DJs 3073, 3165, 3263, 3355, 3361, 3447, 3453 and 3608 were withdrawn from service; five of the locomotives were placed in storage in Invercargill.[22]In March 1988 the Railways Corporation began progressively introducing single-manning of trains. The DJ class, along with the DA class, were deemed to be not suitable for single-manning due to their cab configuration.[23] Withdrawals continued until the penultimate locomotive, DJ3159, was withdrawn in July 1992. The last remaining locomotive, DJ3096, was retained initially in storage and later as a working locomotive as part of the New Zealand Rail Heritage Fleet.In order to prolong the service life of the remaining locomotives as they were prepared for withdrawal, most of the DJ class locomotives had their top power notch made inoperable with the exception of DJs 3009, 3015, 3021, 3038 and 3044, which were at the time being used to haul the Southerner. The last DJ-worked Southerner service took place in June 1990 although one final instance was recorded in February 1991 when a DJ hauled the train from Invercargill to Dunedin.One locomotive, DJ3303 (DJ 1229) was given a reprieve on withdrawal in March 1988 after it was sold to the Ohai Railway Board (ORB) for use on their line between Wairio and Ohai.[22] At the time the DJ was the largest industrial locomotive in New Zealand and was repainted in the ORB's yellow livery as their No. 3.[24]After New Zealand Rail Limited took over running of the ORB line in 1991, DJ3303 was placed in storage before being sold for preservation to Mainline Steam. Ten of the class were also moved to Hutt Workshops in 1990 for storage as a back-up in case of traffic increases or failures of other locomotives, or possible sale to other buyers.[25] Most were later scrapped, apart from three moved to Upper Hutt.The last DJ locomotive in service was DJ3096 (DJ 1209), retained by New Zealand Rail as part of its Heritage Fleet in the 1990s.[26] The locomotive hauled a few special excursions for the Railway Enthusiasts Society in the South Island.[26] In 1995, the locomotive was transferred to Hutt Workshops in the North Island.[27] Following a repaint at Hutt Workshops, DJ3096 was transferred to Kawerau to work as a heavy shunter.[28] In 2000, the locomotive was allocated to Whangarei, for use in Northland, including working the Dargaville Branch,[29] and the Portland-Port Whangarei wood chips circuit.[30] In 2008 the locomotive was sold to the Dunedin Railways by the then national rail operator Toll Rail after forty years of service.[31]","title":"Withdrawals"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DJ_Class_1209.NZ_(9496707593).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Railways"},{"link_name":"Mainline Steam Heritage Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainline_Steam_Heritage_Trust"},{"link_name":"Dunedin Railway Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dj3096-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Otago Central Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Central_Railway"}],"text":"DJ 1209 at Dunedin Railway station, preserved by Dunedin Railways.Eleven DJ class locomotives survived into preservation, with two being subsequently scrapped. Five were purchased by the then Taieri Gorge Railway (now Dunedin Railways) for use in tourist train service, while another four were purchased by Mainline Steam Heritage Trust. One unit each was kept by New Zealand Railways (later New Zealand Rail Limited) as heritage locomotives or made available as a display locomotive.Taieri Gorge Railway (now Dunedin Railways) purchased five DJ class locomotives in 1992 from New Zealand Rail Limited in order to operate their trains to Pukerangi and Middlemarch. DJs 3107, 3211, 3228, 3286, and 3424 (DJs 1210, 1221, 1222, 1227, and 1240) were purchased in operational condition and are used to haul both the Taieri Gorge Limited and Seasider trips from Dunedin to Pukerangi or Middlemarch and Palmerston respectively. All carry a modified blue scheme with two exceptions; DJ3424 was repainted in NZR Carnation Red as DJ 1240 for the Dunedin Railway Station centenary in 2006, while DJ 3286 was repainted in the \"Southerner Blue\" livery in 2010 as DJ 1227. DJ 1240 was repainted into the Southerner blue livery in 2006.\nDJ3096 was also sold to Dunedin Railways in 2008 after being withdrawn by Toll Rail,[31] and was overhauled and repainted in the \"Southerner Blue\" livery as DJ 1209, reentering service in 2009. Following a major engine fire in August 2010,[32] the locomotive was again withdrawn from service and was overhauled again including the fitting of a new D398 engine block to replace the damaged original, before returning to service in 2011.\nMainline Steam Heritage Trust purchased four DJs in 1990–91. DJs 3044 and 3580 (DJs 1204 and 1254) were purchased as spare parts donors and were stored at MLST's Parnell depot, while DJ3292 and 3303 (DJs 1228 and 1229) were purchased by Richard Head and Ian Welch respectively with the intention of having them returned to working order. With no intended use for the two Parnell locomotives, DJ 3580 was scrapped in the 1990s; DJ 3044 was removed from storage in May 2011 and was sold to Dunedin Railways after it was dismantled for spare parts.\nDJ3021 (DJ 1202) was withdrawn in April 1990 but was not scrapped. Instead, the locomotive's engine and electric equipment were removed and the locomotive was placed on static display at Ranfurly station on the former Otago Central Railway. It was later purchased by Dunedin Railways and road-hauled to storage in the Middlemarch goods shed, where it has been stored pending restoration. Despite missing the engine, electrical equipment, and other parts, 3021 is the last DJ in the former New Zealand Railways Corporation blue livery as applied to the class in the 1980s. DJ3021 now sits outside at Sutton, across from the station. It sits on wooden blocks next to three AO class passenger carriages, with all of the bogies sitting on temporary track sets and covered by tarpaulins. The DJ class locomotive and three carriages are surrounded by a vandal-proof fence, all stock has suffered from various amounts of graffiti.","title":"Preservation"}] | [{"image_text":"Two DJ class locomotives in service for Dunedin Railways","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/DJ_class_TGR.jpg/250px-DJ_class_TGR.jpg"},{"image_text":"DJ3228 (DJ 1222) preserved in \"Southerner Blue\" livery at Dunedin in 2017","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Locomotive_Dunedin_%2830682890153%29.jpg/220px-Locomotive_Dunedin_%2830682890153%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"DJ3303 on the Cobden Bridge on the Rapahoe Branch in 1987.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coal_Train_crosses_the_Rail_Bridge_into_Greymouth%2C_1987._CC133.jpg/220px-Coal_Train_crosses_the_Rail_Bridge_into_Greymouth%2C_1987._CC133.jpg"},{"image_text":"DJ 3044 in a decrepit state, stored at Mainline Steam Parnell, Auckland, before it was dismantled for spare parts in May 2011","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Wrecked_Diesel_Locomotive_Auckland.jpg/220px-Wrecked_Diesel_Locomotive_Auckland.jpg"},{"image_text":"DJ 1209 at Dunedin Railway station, preserved by Dunedin Railways.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/DJ_Class_1209.NZ_%289496707593%29.jpg/220px-DJ_Class_1209.NZ_%289496707593%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Tony Hurst (April–May 2018). \"The North line\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 75 (1): 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New DJ Diesel Electric Locomotives From Japan\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 23 (4 #110). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 130. Summer 1966–67. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"G. Alecock (February 2018). \"Early Diesel Electric Development and the origins of the DI and DJ\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 74 (6): 226–8. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"T. A. McGavin (Summer 1967–68). \"DJ Locomotive Order Increased\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 24 (4 #114). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 144. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"\"\"South Island Limited\" Goes Diesel\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 25 (4 #118). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 155. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"\"New Engines for DJ Locomotives\". Rails. 7 (4). Southern Press Ltd: 12. November 1977. ISSN 0110-6155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rails_(magazine)","url_text":"Rails"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0110-6155","url_text":"0110-6155"}]},{"reference":"\"Class \"DJ\" Diesel-Electric Locomotives\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 34 (4 #152). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 172. Summer 1977–78. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"\"Class \"DJ\" Diesel-Electric Locomotives\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 35 (4 #156). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 139. Summer 1978–79. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"Robert McGavin. \"Coal Trains in the Mist\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 46 (2 #198). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"\"Locomotive Notes\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 30 (2 #134). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 87. Winter 1973. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"\"Class \"DJ\" Locomotives\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 46 (3 #199): 118. Spring 1989. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"\"Single-manning of Locomotives\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 45 (1 #193). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 37. Autumn 1988. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"Cowan, Bill (2020). \"The Ohai Railway Board - as Graham Aitken remembered it\". New Zealand Railway Observer. 77 (364). New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society: 191. ISSN 0028-8624.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","url_text":"0028-8624"}]},{"reference":"\"NZR's locomotive fleet - where to from here?\". Rails: 257. July 1990. ISSN 0110-6155.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rails_(magazine)","url_text":"Rails"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0110-6155","url_text":"0110-6155"}]},{"reference":"Ken Devlin (June 1997). \"Mainland Movements\". New Zealand Model Railway Journal. New Zealand Model Railway Guild: 31. ISSN 0028-8470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Model_Railway_Guild","url_text":"New Zealand Model Railway Guild"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8470","url_text":"0028-8470"}]},{"reference":"Ken Devlin (February 1996). \"Nineties NZ Rail\". New Zealand Model Railway Journal. New Zealand Model Railway Guild: 16. ISSN 0028-8470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Model_Railway_Guild","url_text":"New Zealand Model Railway Guild"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8470","url_text":"0028-8470"}]},{"reference":"Peter Hodge (February 1998). \"Hodge's Choice\". New Zealand Model Railway Journal. New Zealand Model Railway Guild: 27. ISSN 0028-8470.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Model_Railway_Guild","url_text":"New Zealand Model Railway Guild"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8470","url_text":"0028-8470"}]},{"reference":"Roger Darsley (2004). \"DJ3096 at Port Whangarei docks\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trainweb.org/tranzrail/steam/DJ3096.html","url_text":"\"DJ3096 at Port Whangarei docks\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Hepburn (22 February 2008). \"Dj3096 back on familiar tracks\". Otago Daily Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dj3096-back-familiar-tracks","url_text":"\"Dj3096 back on familiar tracks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times","url_text":"Otago Daily Times"}]},{"reference":"Hamish McNeilly (30 August 2022). \"Train crew praised for quick action in fire drama\". Otago Daily Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/train-crew-praised-quick-action-fire-drama","url_text":"\"Train crew praised for quick action in fire drama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times","url_text":"Otago Daily Times"}]},{"reference":"Barry, Colin; Brouwer, John; Dash, Colin; Dickenson, Peter; Shalders, Bruce (1988). Cavalcade 125. Ferrymead 125 Committee. Retrieved 22 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19528333","url_text":"Cavalcade 125"}]},{"reference":"Gustafson, Barry (2000). His Way: A Biography of Robert Muldoon. Auckland: Auckland University Press. ISBN 1-86940-236-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland","url_text":"Auckland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_University_Press","url_text":"Auckland University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86940-236-7","url_text":"1-86940-236-7"}]},{"reference":"Berry, David (February 2018), \"Some Memories of the New DJ Locomotives\", The New Zealand Railway Observer (347): 230–232","urls":[]},{"reference":"McClare, E J (1980). New Zealand Railway Diesels. Wellington, New Zealand: Southern Press. ISBN 9780907769286.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780907769286","url_text":"9780907769286"}]},{"reference":"McGavin, T A (1983). NZR Locomotives and Railcars 1983. Wellington, New Zealand: New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"}]},{"reference":"Parsons, David (2002). New Zealand Railway Motive Power 2002. New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-908573-78-3.","urls":[{"url":"http://railsoc.org.nz/publication-catalogue/","url_text":"New Zealand Railway Motive Power 2002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Railway_and_Locomotive_Society","url_text":"New Zealand Railway and Locomotive Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-908573-78-3","url_text":"978-0-908573-78-3"}]},{"reference":"KiwiRail Locomotive and Rolling Stock Register - 2011. Mosgiel, New Zealand: Triple M Productions. 2011. ISBN 978-0-9582072-2-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9582072-2-5","url_text":"978-0-9582072-2-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0110-6155","external_links_name":"0110-6155"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8624","external_links_name":"0028-8624"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0110-6155","external_links_name":"0110-6155"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8470","external_links_name":"0028-8470"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8470","external_links_name":"0028-8470"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-8470","external_links_name":"0028-8470"},{"Link":"http://www.trainweb.org/tranzrail/steam/DJ3096.html","external_links_name":"\"DJ3096 at Port Whangarei docks\""},{"Link":"https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/dj3096-back-familiar-tracks","external_links_name":"\"Dj3096 back on familiar tracks\""},{"Link":"https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/train-crew-praised-quick-action-fire-drama","external_links_name":"\"Train crew praised for quick action in fire drama\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/19528333","external_links_name":"Cavalcade 125"},{"Link":"http://railsoc.org.nz/publication-catalogue/","external_links_name":"New Zealand Railway Motive Power 2002"},{"Link":"http://nzrailwaysrollingstocklists.weebly.com/dj---mitsubishi-bo-bo-bo-1968.html","external_links_name":"New Zealand Railways Rolling Stock Lists - DJ - Mitsubishi Bo-Bo-Bo of 1968"},{"Link":"http://www.maciulaitis.com/nzrolling/nzrdiesel.html","external_links_name":"Preserved Ex-NZ Railways Diesel & Diesel-Electric Locomotives"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House_Trust | Sydney Opera House Trust | ["1 Role","2 History","3 Trust Members","4 Chairs","5 Chief executives","6 References","7 External links"] | Sydney Opera House TrustAgency overviewFormed2 December 1954 (Committee)14 March 1961 (Trust)Minister responsibleMinister for the ArtsAgency executivesMichael McDaniel, ChairLouise Herron, Chief Executive OfficerParent departmentCreate NSWChild AgencySydney Opera HouseKey documentSydney Opera House Trust Act 1961WebsiteSydney Opera House Trust
The Sydney Opera House Trust operates and maintains the Sydney Opera House in Sydney for the Government of New South Wales in Australia.
Role
The Trust operates as one of the State's premier cultural institutions within the Create NSW portfolio. It is constituted as a body corporate under the Sydney Opera House Trust Act 1961. It has 10 members appointed by the Governor of New South Wales on the nomination of the Minister for the Arts. The Trustees must include at least two persons who have knowledge of or experience in the performing arts. A Trustee holds office for three years and is eligible for reappointment for no more than three consecutive terms.
The Trust's objectives are:
To administer, care for, control, manage, staff and maintain the Sydney Opera House building and site
To manage and administer the site as an arts centre and meeting place
To promote artistic taste and achievement in all branches of the performing arts
To foster scientific research into and to encourage the development of new forms of entertainment and presentation.
The trust is responsible for the oversight and appointment of the Sydney Opera House Executive Team, which "works in partnership with the Trust and is responsible for developing, implementing and monitoring the organisational strategy", and includes portfolio directors under the Chief Executive Officer.
History
The Sydney Opera House Trust was established by the Sydney Opera House Trust Act 1961, which came into effect from 14 March 1961, replacing the Sydney Opera House Executive Committee, which since 1954 had investigated the location and design competition. The first trust appointed under the 1961 act comprised 17 trustees: the Premier Bob Heffron or the Minister for Public Works (Norm Ryan; as president), the Lord Mayor of Sydney (Harry Jensen; as vice-president), and 15 'nominated trustees': Stanley Haviland CBE (chairman), Edward William Adams, Clarence Henry Woodward Arthy, Professor Henry Ingham Ashworth, Doris Fitton OBE, John Glass CBE, Sir Bernard Heinze, Neil Hutchison, Hon. James Denis Kenny , Erik Langker OBE, Dr Nicolai Malko, Charles Moses CBE, Dr Cobden Parkes CBE, Dr Lloyd Maxwell Ross, and Dr Harold Wyndham.
Trust Members
The Trust consists of ten members in total, including the Chair. The current members of the Trust are:
Chair
Term begins
Term ends
Professor Michael McDaniel AO
1 January 2024
31 December 2026
Trustee
Term begins
Term ends
Michael Ebeid AM
1 January 2018
31 December 2026
Kylie Rampa
1 January 2018
31 December 2026
David Campbell OAM
1 January 2022
31 December 2024
Susan Lloyd-Hurwitz
1 January 2023
31 December 2025
Allan Vidor AM
1 January 2023
31 December 2025
Sara Watts
1 January 2023
31 December 2025
Sara Mansour
1 January 2024
31 December 2026
Vacant
Vacant
Chairs
#
Chairman/Chairperson
Term
Time in office
Notes
Sydney Opera House Committee/Executive Committee
1
Stanley Haviland CBE
2 December 1954 – 14 March 1961
6 years, 102 days
Sydney Opera House Trust
–
Stanley Haviland CBE
14 March 1961 – 1 May 1969
8 years, 48 days
2
Sir Philip Baxter KBE, CMG
1 May 1969 – 7 May 1975
6 years, 6 days
3
Frederick Stanley Buckley OBE
7 May 1975 – 30 April 1977
1 year, 358 days
4
Sir Robert Norman
1 May 1977 – 30 April 1981
3 years, 364 days
5
David Greenberg Block AC
1 May 1981 – 30 April 1989
7 years, 364 days
6
Elizabeth Butcher AM
1 May 1989 – 31 December 1995
6 years, 244 days
7
Joseph Skrzynski AO
1 January 1996 – 31 December 2004
8 years, 365 days
8
Kim Williams AM
1 January 2005 – 4 October 2013
8 years, 276 days
9
John Symond AM
4 October 2013 – 31 December 2014
1 year, 88 days
–
Helen Coonan (acting)
1 January 2015 – 22 July 2015
202 days
10
Nicholas Moore
22 July 2015 – 31 December 2020
5 years, 162 days
11
Lucy Turnbull AO
1 January 2021 – 31 December 2023
2 years, 364 days
12
Professor Michael McDaniel AO
1 January 2024 – 31 December 2026
166 days
Chief executives
#
General Manager
Term
Time in office
Notes
1
Stuart Bacon
April 1968 – 23 March 1973
4 years, 356 days
2
Frank Barnes
23 March 1973 – 1 March 1979
5 years, 343 days
3
Lloyd Martin
1 March 1979 – 17 March 1997
18 years, 16 days
#
Chief Executive Officer
Term
Time in office
Notes
4
Tim Jacobs
17 March 1997 – 15 May 1998
1 year, 59 days
5
Michael Lynch AO, CBE
August 1998 – July 2002
3 years, 334 days
–
Judith Isherwood (acting)
July 2002 – September 2002
62 days
6
Dr Norman Gillespie
September 2002 – September 2007
5 years, 0 days
7
Richard Evans
September 2007 – 24 February 2012
4 years, 176 days
–
Jonathan Bielski (acting)
24 February 2012 – 6 August 2012
164 days
8
Louise Herron AM
6 August 2012 – date
11 years, 314 days
References
^ "Sydney Opera House Trust". Australian Research Data Commons. State Records Authority of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
^ "Sydney Opera House Trust". www.records.nsw.gov.au. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^ a b c "Our People". Sydney Opera House. Government of New South Wales. Retrieved 3 September 2017.
^ "Premier Presides At Meeting On Opera House". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 1 December 1954. p. 5. Retrieved 20 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "Opera House Committee (1954-1957) Opera House Executive Committee (1957-1961)". Australian Research Data Commons. State Records Authority of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
^ "Sydney Opera House Trust Act. Act No. 9, 1961" (PDF). Legislation NSW. NSW Government. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
^ "Sydney Opera House Trust Act No. 9 1961". legislation.nsw.gov.au. NSW Government. Retrieved 28 August 2023.
^ "First Meeting Of Opera Trust". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 8 April 1961. p. 25. Retrieved 28 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust". Sydney Opera House. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ "New board members appointed to NSW cultural institutions" (Media Release). NSW Government (Minister for the Arts). 22 December 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
^ a b Morris, Linda (27 January 2024). "Leadership shake up at the Opera House as first Indigenous chair appointed". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 May 2024.
^ "Premier Presides At Meeting On Opera House". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 1 December 1954. p. 5. Retrieved 20 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "Opera House Committee (1954-1957) Opera House Executive Committee (1957-1961)". Australian Research Data Commons. State Records Authority of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
^ "Sydney Opera House Trust Act. Act No. 9, 1961" (PDF). Legislation NSW. NSW Government. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
^ "Sydney Opera House Trust (Amendment) Act 1969" (PDF). legislation.nsw. NSW Government. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1969". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 1 June 1973. p. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 2 May 1975. p. 1680. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 13 May 1977. p. 1859. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 27 July 1979. p. 3624. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "Chairman of Opera House body appointed". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 12 May 1981. p. 10. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 22 May 1981. p. 2748. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 14 June 1985. p. 2598. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "MYSUNDAY". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 31 March 1985. p. 72. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961-1973". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 21 April 1989. p. 2225. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 APPOINTMENT OF CHAIRMAN". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 12 January 1990. p. 179. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 19 February 1993. p. 643. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 22 December 1995. p. 8727. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 18 December 1998. p. 9828. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Appointment of Trustees" (PDF). No. 170. NSW Government Gazette. 29 October 2004. p. 8234. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ "Does the buck stop here?", The Sydney Morning Herald, 4 August 2007; Retrieved 18 August 2013
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Appointment of Trustees Sydney Opera House Trust" (PDF). No. 175. NSW Government Gazette. 30 November 2007. p. 8174. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 NSW Trade and Investment Appointment of Chairperson and Trustee to the Sydney Opera House Trust" (PDF). No. 124. NSW Government Gazette. 4 October 2013. p. 4264. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ Clennell, Andrew (13 November 2014). "John Symond to stand down as Sydney Opera House Trust chairman". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ a b Lehmann, John (18 July 2015). "Macquarie bank CEO Nicholas Moore appointed chair of Sydney Opera House Trust". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ "Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust - Nicholas Moore". Sydney Opera House. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ "SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Department of Planning and Environment Appointment of Trustees to the Sydney Opera House Trust" (PDF). No. 4. NSW Government Gazette. 19 January 2018. p. 62. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ "Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust - Lucy Turnbull". Sydney Opera House. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
^ Morris, Linda (3 December 2020). "Lucy Turnbull named chair of Sydney Opera House". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ "Ex-manager of Opera House dies". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 August 1973. p. 8.
^ Jones, Margaret (24 March 1973). "Impresario solo at the Opera House". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 285.
^ "Big man for a big job". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 October 1973. p. 42.
^ "Opera house job". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 March 1979. p. 8.
^ Sykes, Jill (2 March 1979). "'You have to go out and sell': new Opera House chief". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 10.
^ Buke, Kelly (7 March 1997). "Man about (to leave) the House". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13.
^ Sykes, Jill (20 August 2005). "Showbiz man about the house". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ Burke, Kelly (15 March 1997). "The man Kennett couldn't keep". The Sydney Morning Herald - Spectrum. p. 163 (3).
^ Cochrane, Peter (8 May 1998). "Breaking free of the aspic". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 17.
^ Buke, Kelly (25 February 1998). "Opera House chief quits after a year". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 5.
^ Morgan, Joyce (3 July 1998). "Lynch flags new role as broker". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13.
^ "New face at the Opera House may put noses out of joint". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 September 2002. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ Fife-Yeomans, Janet (12 May 2007). "Opera House boss sails off". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ Schweitzer, Vivien (11 May 2007). "Sydney Opera House CEO to Depart, Evidently Due to Personnel Issues". Playbill. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ "Sydney Opera House farewells Richard Evans". Australasian Leisure Management. 25 February 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ "Sydney Opera House Chief Executive moves to become Managing Director at BridgeClimb Sydney". Australasian Leisure Management. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ Frew, Wendy (9 June 2012). "Wanted: new Opera House boss to cut costs". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
^ "Sydney Opera House appoints Louise Herron as Chief Executive". Australasian Leisure Management. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
External links
Official Sydney Opera House Trust website
Sydney Opera House Trust Act 1961 (NSW)
Media related to Sydney Opera House at Wikimedia Commons
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This article about an organisation in Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sydney Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Government of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Sydney Opera House Trust operates and maintains the Sydney Opera House in Sydney for the Government of New South Wales in Australia.[1]","title":"Sydney Opera House Trust"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Create NSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create_NSW"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Governor of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Minister for the Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_for_the_Arts_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-people-3"}],"text":"The Trust operates as one of the State's premier cultural institutions within the Create NSW portfolio. It is constituted as a body corporate under the Sydney Opera House Trust Act 1961.[2] It has 10 members appointed by the Governor of New South Wales on the nomination of the Minister for the Arts. The Trustees must include at least two persons who have knowledge of or experience in the performing arts. A Trustee holds office for three years and is eligible for reappointment for no more than three consecutive terms.[3]The Trust's objectives are:[3]To administer, care for, control, manage, staff and maintain the Sydney Opera House building and site\nTo manage and administer the site as an arts centre and meeting place\nTo promote artistic taste and achievement in all branches of the performing arts\nTo foster scientific research into and to encourage the development of new forms of entertainment and presentation.The trust is responsible for the oversight and appointment of the Sydney Opera House Executive Team, which \"works in partnership with the Trust and is responsible for developing, implementing and monitoring the organisational strategy\", and includes portfolio directors under the Chief Executive Officer.[3]","title":"Role"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Bob Heffron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Heffron"},{"link_name":"Minister for Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Public_Works_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Norm Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Harry Jensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Jensen"},{"link_name":"Stanley Haviland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Haviland"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Doris Fitton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doris_Fitton"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Sir Bernard Heinze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Heinze"},{"link_name":"James Denis Kenny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Kenny"},{"link_name":"Erik Langker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erik_Langker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Nicolai Malko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai_Malko"},{"link_name":"Charles Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Moses"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Cobden Parkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobden_Parkes"},{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Harold Wyndham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Wyndham"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Sydney Opera House Trust was established by the Sydney Opera House Trust Act 1961, which came into effect from 14 March 1961, replacing the Sydney Opera House Executive Committee, which since 1954 had investigated the location and design competition.[4][5][6] The first trust appointed under the 1961 act comprised 17 trustees: the Premier Bob Heffron or the Minister for Public Works (Norm Ryan; as president), the Lord Mayor of Sydney (Harry Jensen; as vice-president), and 15 'nominated trustees': Stanley Haviland CBE (chairman), Edward William Adams, Clarence Henry Woodward Arthy, Professor Henry Ingham Ashworth, Doris Fitton OBE, John Glass CBE, Sir Bernard Heinze, Neil Hutchison, Hon. James Denis Kenny , Erik Langker OBE, Dr Nicolai Malko, Charles Moses CBE, Dr Cobden Parkes CBE, Dr Lloyd Maxwell Ross, and Dr Harold Wyndham.[7][8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcdaniel-11"}],"text":"The Trust consists of ten members in total, including the Chair. The current members of the Trust are:[9][10][11]","title":"Trust Members"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chairs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chief executives"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust\". Australian Research Data Commons. State Records Authority of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchdata.edu.au/sydney-opera-house-trust/164862","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust\". www.records.nsw.gov.au. 19 January 2019. Retrieved 31 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/agency/984","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our People\". Sydney Opera House. Government of New South Wales. Retrieved 3 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/general/corporate-information/our-people.html?","url_text":"\"Our People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier Presides At Meeting On Opera House\". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 1 December 1954. p. 5. Retrieved 20 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18447222","url_text":"\"Premier Presides At Meeting On Opera House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opera House Committee (1954-1957) Opera House Executive Committee (1957-1961)\". Australian Research Data Commons. State Records Authority of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchdata.edu.au/opera-house-committee-1957-1961/167842","url_text":"\"Opera House Committee (1954-1957) Opera House Executive Committee (1957-1961)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust Act. Act No. 9, 1961\" (PDF). Legislation NSW. NSW Government. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/acts/1961-9.pdf","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust Act. Act No. 9, 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust Act No. 9 1961\". legislation.nsw.gov.au. NSW Government. Retrieved 28 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/pdf/asmade/act-1961-9","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust Act No. 9 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"First Meeting Of Opera Trust\". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 8 April 1961. p. 25. Retrieved 28 August 2023 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article133976775","url_text":"\"First Meeting Of Opera Trust\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust\". Sydney Opera House. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/general/corporate-information/our-people.html","url_text":"\"Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"New board members appointed to NSW cultural institutions\" (Media Release). NSW Government (Minister for the Arts). 22 December 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nsw.gov.au/media-releases/cultural-new-board-members","url_text":"\"New board members appointed to NSW cultural institutions\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Linda (27 January 2024). \"Leadership shake up at the Opera House as first Indigenous chair appointed\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 4 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/leadership-shake-up-at-the-opera-house-as-first-indigenous-chair-appointed-20240123-p5ezf2.html","url_text":"\"Leadership shake up at the Opera House as first Indigenous chair appointed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Premier Presides At Meeting On Opera House\". The Sydney Morning Herald. New South Wales, Australia. 1 December 1954. p. 5. Retrieved 20 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18447222","url_text":"\"Premier Presides At Meeting On Opera House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Opera House Committee (1954-1957) Opera House Executive Committee (1957-1961)\". Australian Research Data Commons. State Records Authority of New South Wales. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://researchdata.edu.au/opera-house-committee-1957-1961/167842","url_text":"\"Opera House Committee (1954-1957) Opera House Executive Committee (1957-1961)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust Act. Act No. 9, 1961\" (PDF). Legislation NSW. NSW Government. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/acts/1961-9.pdf","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust Act. Act No. 9, 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust (Amendment) Act 1969\" (PDF). legislation.nsw. NSW Government. Retrieved 20 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/acts/1969-24.pdf","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust (Amendment) Act 1969\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1969\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 1 June 1973. p. 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article220179706","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST (AMENDMENT) ACT, 1969\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 2 May 1975. p. 1680. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article220224552","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 13 May 1977. p. 1859. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article220201407","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 27 July 1979. p. 3624. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article219963522","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chairman of Opera House body appointed\". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 12 May 1981. p. 10. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article125633366","url_text":"\"Chairman of Opera House body appointed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Canberra_Times","url_text":"The Canberra Times"}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 22 May 1981. p. 2748. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231265226","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 14 June 1985. p. 2598. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231475623","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT, 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"MYSUNDAY\". The Canberra Times. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 31 March 1985. p. 72. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article122506548","url_text":"\"MYSUNDAY\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961-1973\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 21 April 1989. p. 2225. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231493927","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961-1973\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 APPOINTMENT OF CHAIRMAN\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 12 January 1990. p. 179. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231887233","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 APPOINTMENT OF CHAIRMAN\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 19 February 1993. p. 643. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231923907","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 22 December 1995. p. 8727. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231968952","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961\". Government Gazette Of The State Of New South Wales. New South Wales, Australia. 18 December 1998. p. 9828. Retrieved 21 June 2020 – via Trove.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article231963873","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Appointment of Trustees\" (PDF). No. 170. NSW Government Gazette. 29 October 2004. p. 8234. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.legislation.nsw.gov.au/so/download.w3p?id=Gaz_Gazette%20Split%202004_2004-170.pdf","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Appointment of Trustees\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Appointment of Trustees Sydney Opera House Trust\" (PDF). No. 175. NSW Government Gazette. 30 November 2007. p. 8174. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.legislation.nsw.gov.au/so/download.w3p?id=Gaz_Gazette%20Split%202007_2007-175.pdf","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Appointment of Trustees Sydney Opera House Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 NSW Trade and Investment Appointment of Chairperson and Trustee to the Sydney Opera House Trust\" (PDF). No. 124. NSW Government Gazette. 4 October 2013. p. 4264. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.legislation.nsw.gov.au/so/download.w3p?id=Gaz_Gazette%20Split%202013_2013-124.pdf","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 NSW Trade and Investment Appointment of Chairperson and Trustee to the Sydney Opera House Trust\""}]},{"reference":"Clennell, Andrew (13 November 2014). \"John Symond to stand down as Sydney Opera House Trust chairman\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/john-symond-to-stand-down-as-sydney-opera-house-trust-chairman/news-story/54f9c61c51f1a1365799e9b7274f360c","url_text":"\"John Symond to stand down as Sydney Opera House Trust chairman\""}]},{"reference":"Lehmann, John (18 July 2015). \"Macquarie bank CEO Nicholas Moore appointed chair of Sydney Opera House Trust\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/macquarie-bank-ceo-nicholas-moore-appointed-chair-of-sydney-opera-house-trust/news-story/42134948ec47f3a337c1a918e38018b5","url_text":"\"Macquarie bank CEO Nicholas Moore appointed chair of Sydney Opera House Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust - Nicholas Moore\". Sydney Opera House. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/general/corporate-information/our-people.html","url_text":"\"Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust - Nicholas Moore\""}]},{"reference":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Department of Planning and Environment Appointment of Trustees to the Sydney Opera House Trust\" (PDF). No. 4. NSW Government Gazette. 19 January 2018. p. 62. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://gazette.legislation.nsw.gov.au/so/download.w3p?id=Gazette_2018_2018-4.pdf","url_text":"\"SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE TRUST ACT 1961 Department of Planning and Environment Appointment of Trustees to the Sydney Opera House Trust\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust - Lucy Turnbull\". Sydney Opera House. Retrieved 21 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/general/corporate-information/our-people.html","url_text":"\"Our People - The Sydney Opera House Trust - Lucy Turnbull\""}]},{"reference":"Morris, Linda (3 December 2020). \"Lucy Turnbull named chair of Sydney Opera House\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/culture/art-and-design/lucy-turnbull-named-chair-of-sydney-opera-house-20201130-p56j4c.html","url_text":"\"Lucy Turnbull named chair of Sydney Opera House\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-manager of Opera House dies\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 11 August 1973. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Margaret (24 March 1973). \"Impresario solo at the Opera House\". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 285.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Big man for a big job\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 15 October 1973. p. 42.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Opera house job\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 1 March 1979. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sykes, Jill (2 March 1979). \"'You have to go out and sell': new Opera House chief\". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buke, Kelly (7 March 1997). \"Man about (to leave) the House\". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Sykes, Jill (20 August 2005). \"Showbiz man about the house\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/national/showbiz-man-about-the-house-20050820-gdlwrf.html","url_text":"\"Showbiz man about the house\""}]},{"reference":"Burke, Kelly (15 March 1997). \"The man Kennett couldn't keep\". The Sydney Morning Herald - Spectrum. p. 163 (3).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cochrane, Peter (8 May 1998). \"Breaking free of the aspic\". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 17.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Buke, Kelly (25 February 1998). \"Opera House chief quits after a year\". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Morgan, Joyce (3 July 1998). \"Lynch flags new role as broker\". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 13.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"New face at the Opera House may put noses out of joint\". The Sydney Morning Herald. 9 September 2002. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/new-face-at-the-opera-house-may-put-noses-out-of-joint-20020909-gdfm7s.html","url_text":"\"New face at the Opera House may put noses out of joint\""}]},{"reference":"Fife-Yeomans, Janet (12 May 2007). \"Opera House boss sails off\". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/opera-house-boss-sails-off/news-story/119c142634e9ba5a6490acce15533614","url_text":"\"Opera House boss sails off\""}]},{"reference":"Schweitzer, Vivien (11 May 2007). \"Sydney Opera House CEO to Depart, Evidently Due to Personnel Issues\". Playbill. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.playbill.com/article/sydney-opera-house-ceo-to-depart-evidently-due-to-personnel-issues","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House CEO to Depart, Evidently Due to Personnel Issues\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House farewells Richard Evans\". Australasian Leisure Management. 25 February 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ausleisure.com.au/news/sydney-opera-house-farewells-richard-evans/","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House farewells Richard Evans\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House Chief Executive moves to become Managing Director at BridgeClimb Sydney\". Australasian Leisure Management. 26 January 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ausleisure.com.au/news/sydney-opera-house-chief-quits-to-head-bridgeclimb-sydney/","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House Chief Executive moves to become Managing Director at BridgeClimb Sydney\""}]},{"reference":"Frew, Wendy (9 June 2012). \"Wanted: new Opera House boss to cut costs\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/wanted-new-opera-house-boss-to-cut-costs-20120608-201eu.html","url_text":"\"Wanted: new Opera House boss to cut costs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sydney Opera House appoints Louise Herron as Chief Executive\". Australasian Leisure Management. 30 June 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ausleisure.com.au/news/sydney-opera-house-appoints-louise-herron-as-chief-executive/","url_text":"\"Sydney Opera House appoints Louise Herron as Chief Executive\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/view/html/inforce/current/act-1961-009","external_links_name":"Sydney Opera House Trust Act 1961"},{"Link":"https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/general/corporate-information/our-people.html","external_links_name":"Sydney Opera House Trust"},{"Link":"https://researchdata.edu.au/sydney-opera-house-trust/164862","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust\""},{"Link":"https://www.records.nsw.gov.au/agency/984","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust\""},{"Link":"https://www.sydneyoperahouse.com/general/corporate-information/our-people.html?","external_links_name":"\"Our People\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18447222","external_links_name":"\"Premier Presides At Meeting On Opera House\""},{"Link":"https://researchdata.edu.au/opera-house-committee-1957-1961/167842","external_links_name":"\"Opera House Committee (1954-1957) Opera House Executive Committee (1957-1961)\""},{"Link":"https://legislation.nsw.gov.au/acts/1961-9.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Sydney Opera House Trust Act. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Woods_State_Park | Lincoln Woods State Park | ["1 History","2 Activities and amenities","3 In popular culture","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°53′28″N 71°25′55″W / 41.89111°N 71.43194°W / 41.89111; -71.43194State park in Providence County, Rhode Island
Lincoln Woods State ParkOlney PondLocation in Rhode IslandLocationLincoln, Rhode Island, United StatesCoordinates41°53′28″N 71°25′55″W / 41.89111°N 71.43194°W / 41.89111; -71.43194Area627 acres (254 ha)Elevation197 ft (60 m)Established1908Named forAbraham LincolnAdministratorRhode Island Department of Environmental Management Division of Parks & RecreationWebsiteLincoln Woods State Park
Lincoln Woods State Park is a public recreation area covering 627 acres (254 ha) around Olney Pond four miles (6.4 km) northwest of Pawtucket in the town of Lincoln, Rhode Island. The state park is known for its giant glacial boulders and the stony nature of its terrain which prevented most of the parkland from being used as farmland or for other development.
History
Named in honor of President Abraham Lincoln, the park traces its origins to the state's purchase of Quinsnicket Pond and 71 additional acres in 1908. It had its official founding on the 100th anniversary of Abraham Lincoln’s birth, February 12, 1909. Until the 1940s, the park was popularly known as Quinsnicket, a faux Indian name commonly said to mean something like The Domain of Many Rocks. Quinsnicket was actually a name invented by white settlers, and the original Indian name for the area was Caucaunjaivatchuck.
Activities and amenities
The park offers a freshwater beach, extensive picnicking facilities, trails for equestrians, mountain bikers, snowmobilers, and hikers, boating, ice skating, and fishing areas and game fields. Canoe rentals, kayak rentals and kayaking lessons are offered by a concessionaire. The park is also known for bouldering, a type of rock climbing that does not utilize ropes or harnesses.
In popular culture
The park was a favorite haunt of the author H. P. Lovecraft, who spent summer days walking in the park and writing long letters recording vivid accounts of the park's landscape and ambiance. In 2011, part of the film Moonrise Kingdom was filmed at the park.
References
^ a b "Olney Pond". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
^ a b "Lincoln Woods State Park History". State of Rhode Island Division of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ a b "Lincoln Woods State Park". State of Rhode Island Division of Parks & Recreation. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ Thomas Williams Bicknell. The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (Volume 5). ISBN 1152956353.
^ "Lincoln Woods". Mountain Project. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
^ "Quinsnicket Park by H. P. Lovecraft". Hearthside House Museum. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014. Retrieved August 26, 2014.
^ "Upcoming filming locations for 'Moonrise Kingdom' in Rhode Island". OLV. May 1, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lincoln Woods State Park.
Lincoln Woods State Park Rhode Island Dept. of Environmental Management, Division of Parks & Recreation
Lincoln Woods State Park Map Rhode Island Dept. of Environmental Management, Division of Parks & Recreation
vteProtected areas of Rhode IslandFederal
Blackstone River Valley National Historical Park
Block Island National Wildlife Refuge
Chafee National Wildlife Refuge
Narragansett Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve
Ninigret National Wildlife Refuge
Sachuest Point National Wildlife Refuge
Touro Synagogue National Historic Site
Trustom Pond National Wildlife Refuge
Roger Williams National Memorial
State Parks
Beavertail
Blackstone River Greenway
Brenton Point
Burlingame
Colt
Fishermen's Memorial
Fort Adams
Fort Wetherill
Goddard Memorial
Haines Memorial
Lincoln Woods
Pulaski
Rocky Point
Snake Den
World War II Veterans Memorial
State Beaches
Charlestown Breachway
East Beach
East Matunuck
Misquamicut
Roger Wheeler
Salty Brine
Scarborough
State Forests
George Washington Memorial
Lincoln Woods
Wickaboxet
Wild and Scenic Rivers
Ashaway River
Beaver River
Chipuxet River
Green Fall River
Pawcatuck River
Queen River
Usquepaug River
Wood River
Other protected areas
Arcadia Management Area
East Bay Bike Path
Ell Pond
George Washington State Campground | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pawtucket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawtucket,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_town"},{"link_name":"Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-parks-3"},{"link_name":"state park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_park"}],"text":"State park in Providence County, Rhode IslandLincoln Woods State Park is a public recreation area covering 627 acres (254 ha) around Olney Pond four miles (6.4 km) northwest of Pawtucket in the town of Lincoln, Rhode Island.[3] The state park is known for its giant glacial boulders and the stony nature of its terrain which prevented most of the parkland from being used as farmland or for other development.","title":"Lincoln Woods State Park"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bicknell-4"}],"text":"Named in honor of President Abraham Lincoln, the park traces its origins to the state's purchase of Quinsnicket Pond and 71 additional acres in 1908. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth_Works | Duluth Works | ["1 Minnesota Steel Company","2 Steel for the west","3 End of a company, start of another","4 Beginning of the end","5 Closure","6 Redevelopment","7 Operations","8 Duluth Works facilities","9 References"] | Coordinates: 46°41′13″N 92°12′25″W / 46.68694°N 92.20694°W / 46.68694; -92.20694This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Duluth Works" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Duluth Works was an industrial steel and cement manufacturing complex located in Duluth, Minnesota, United States, in operation 1915 to 1987. The complex was operated by the United States Steel Corporation. Officially, the plant's purpose was to supply the growing Midwest with steel finished products. Unofficially, they were built as part of a "gentleman's agreement" between U.S. Steel and the State of Minnesota to not impose hefty iron ore taxes on U.S. Steel in exchange for a fully integrated steel plant within Minnesota, whose mines furnished 80% of the ore to U.S. Steel. The combined works of the steel and cement plant were the largest employers in Duluth and the fourth largest industrial complex in Minnesota.
Minnesota Steel Company
In 1907, U.S. Steel agreed to build an integrated steel plant in the vicinity of Duluth, which was 70 miles (110 km) from the largest iron ore source in the United States, the Iron Range. U.S. Steel theorized that by using the Great Lakes, it could haul limestone and coal to Duluth from the lower lakes and return with a load of iron ore from Minnesota. It was thought that by using this process, Duluth would become a great center of manufacturing in the United States.
In June 1907, U.S. Steel incorporated the Minnesota Steel Company, a wholly owned subsidiary, to manage and care for all plans of the future developments of the steel plant. This included building houses for its new employees. The houses were built adjacent U.S. Steel's new plant and the community eventually became known as Morgan Park, named for J.P. Morgan, chairman of the board of U.S. Steel. This innovative planned company town was only open to employees of the Minnesota Steel Company and the companies that followed.
Although a subsidiary of U.S. Steel, which at the time was headquartered in New York City, the Minnesota Steel Company's general offices were located in Morgan Park in a building adjacent to the gate of the plant. The officers of the Minnesota Steel Company all held positions within the U.S. Steel Corporation, much as did Minnesota Steel's sister companies of Carnegie-Illinois Steel and the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.
Steel for the west
The Duluth Works primary purpose was to make steel for the expanding Midwest prairies and far west plains. When first constructed, it was originally intended to build rails for the expanding railroads, but by the time the mill was completed in 1915, the railroads had reached their peak of construction and it was felt that those needs could best be handled from the Chicago area. After the rail mill was completed, it was converted into billet finishing facilities. In 1922, after going over what products would best serve the plant's existence, U.S. Steel decided to expand its Morgan Park operation and build a new wire, rod, nail, and fence post fabrication facility. These products, it was felt, best suited Duluth's capabilities for integrated steel production. After the expansion of these facilities, the Duluth Works only consumed 20% of its own steel production for its finished products. The rest of its semi-finished steel was shipped to other facilities for finishing. Its proposed 12-state market area and areas of Canada were sparsely populated and able to be supplied with products from other mills. Some of Minnesota Steel's products were only produced by U.S. Steel at the Duluth Works facility. These included steel wool, certain nails, fences and fence posts, and a new product introduced in 1954, welded wire fabric, primarily for use with concrete to produce more sturdy road construction. Some of this material was used to in construction of missile silos for the Air Force's Strategic Air Command.
End of a company, start of another
Following World War I and the 1920s, when Minnesota Steel enjoyed great success and profit, the Great Depression hit the country. The Duluth Works was affected just as much as the rest of the country. The blast furnaces, coke ovens and open hearths were idled at times, leaving only the finishing mills operating. In 1935, one of two blast furnaces was dismantled. The benzole plant closed in 1939. U.S. Steel realized that it had to reorganize some of its less profitable divisions to try to maintain its profit within the industry. With the newfound focus of the Duluth Works on wire products, in 1932 it was decided to move the Minnesota Steel Company's holdings under the umbrella of the American Steel and Wire company (AS & W), another division within the vast U.S. Steel empire. The Minnesota Steel Company now existed only on paper. For the next 24 years, the American Steel and Wire Company ran the operations at the Morgan Park plant. In 1964, the American Steel and Wire division was absorbed once again into the U.S. Steel umbrella under its Operations Division. The Morgan Park operations were known thereafter simply as "the Duluth Works".
Beginning of the end
The late 1960s brought many issues affecting the Duluth Works. U.S. Steel hadn't heavily invested in modern improvements at the plant. This included basic oxygen furnace (BOF) technology that was already being installed at other U.S. Steel plants to replace the outdated open hearth furnace technology. Foreign steel producers were selling massive amounts of steel to U.S. customers at a far lower price than domestic steel producers could match, a process known in the industry as "dumping". The plant also was a major source of pollution, another key issue brought to light in the late 1960s. The main problem was still the lack of a regional market big enough to justify U.S. Steel making multimillion-dollar improvements to a facility that was never really needed.
Closure
In June 1970, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) asked U.S. Steel to provide documentation on pollution output at its Duluth facilities and a two-year window to implement a follow-up plan. In the fall of 1971, the United Steelworkers of America threatened to strike. Rather than deal with the issue of spending millions of dollars to improve the Duluth Works, U.S. Steel announced in September 1971 that it would shut down the "hot side" of operations, including the blast and open hearth furnaces and the pig iron shop, which affected 1,600 steelworkers. In January 1972, U.S. Steel's chairman of the board, Edwin H. Gott, announced that the hot side of the Duluth Works would not reopen, but that operations would still continue at its steel finishing, coke and cement facilities. In October 1973, U.S. Steel announced it was closing the "cold side", or finishing mills, at the Duluth Works, leaving another 800 employees out of work. (Several smaller companies would make the former "cold side" facilities their home following the closures, such as Hallett Wire, Priola and Johnson, the Duluth Missabe and Iron Range Railway and Zalk Josephs, making steel related products. When Hallett Wire, the last remaining manufacturing tenant, left the Duluth Works Industrial Park in 1987, only the Realty and Development Division of U.S. Steel and some operations of the DM&IR railroad were left.) In 1976, the Universal Atlas Cement Company, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel at the Duluth Works operating since 1916, announced it would close, despite previous assurances to the contrary. Another 200 employees would lose their jobs. In 1979, U.S. Steel announced it was closing its coke plant, the last of its operating operations at the Duluth Works. By 1981, the last vestige of U.S. Steel's steelmaking operations in Duluth, once the city's largest employer, had come to an end.
Redevelopment
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2020)
The former site of the Duluth Works in 2022
In 1975, beginning with the open hearth building, U.S. Steel began to demolish many of the massive structures that dotted the 1,600-acre (6.5 km2) site and began preparing the industrial park for future development. In 1984, following an inspection by the Pollution Control Agency, the former Duluth Works steel plant site was put on the National Priorities List for the federally funded "Superfund" program. Areas of heavy pollution were found on the site and were required to be cleaned up by U.S. Steel.
The City of Duluth purchased the 65-acre (260,000 m2) cement plant site for development through the Duluth Economic and Development Authority (DEDA). In April 2008, the Duluth-based photographic enhancement company, Ikonics, announced it would develop 40 acres (160,000 m2) on the property to build a warehouse and move its West Duluth headquarters operations to Morgan Park at the former Atlas Cement site. On February 5, 2009, the State of Minnesota awarded the Duluth Port Authority a $50,000 investigative grant to determine the feasibility of redeveloping 123 acres (0.50 km2) of the former steel plant site as a 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) warehouse and light industrial park for storage of energy creating windmills.
Operations
The Duluth Works was an integrated steel plant which took several raw materials and combined them in furnaces to make a product. Of those raw materials, iron ore, which was mined 70 miles (110 km) away from the Duluth Works on the Iron Range, was in plentiful and nearby supply, but coal, limestone and other materials were also needed to make steel. These materials had to travel vast distances to get to Duluth, which made Duluth "undesirable" as a manufacturing metropolis in the eyes of many industry leaders. In the U.S. Steel empire, these materials and their transportation were all handled within branches of the U.S. Steel subsidiaries, all of them mentioned below, having had headquarters in Duluth. Iron ore was mined by U.S. Steel's Oliver Mining Company and hauled by rail on the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway (DM&IR) directly to the Duluth Works. Coal, which was mined on the East coast, was hauled by rail to Great Lakes ports and to Duluth by lake carriers of U.S. Steel's Pittsburgh Steamship Company. The limestone from Michigan, needed to purify iron ore in blast furnaces and used for cement making, was hauled by lake carrier to Duluth by the Bradley Transportation Company.
Scrap material and other bulk freight was moved at the Duluth Works by several rail carriers other than the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway. The most notable were the Soo Line, the Northern Pacific Railroad, the Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway, the Great Northern Railway, the Milwaukee Road and the Canadian National Railway. Minnesota Steel, American Steel and Wire, DM&IR and U.S. Steel all had locomotives within the plant for moving its material, and several were serviced and repaired in-house in locomotive machine and repair shops.
The steel and cement plants of the Duluth Works were both serviced by rail via a long rail trunk that intersected several other major rail lines in the area. The rail yard was known as the Steelton Yard and exists today in the same location between the former steel mill materials yard and the Duluth neighborhoods of Gary and New Duluth. This yard, once owned and operated by the DM&IR, is now operated by the Canadian National Railway.
Finished and semi-finished products from the Duluth steel works were taken by rail through the Steelton Yard over the Oliver Bridge through the south end of Superior, Wisconsin and brought to loading docks at Allouez Bay just south of the Superior entry for loading by ship to other markets or further finishing.
Duluth Works facilities
The Duluth Works steel facilities were, upon construction in 1915, briefly among the most modern steelworks in the world. Although massive in scale to many people, the plant was among more modest facilities within the U.S. Steel empire. At a steelmaking capacity of 973,000 tons per year, it was nowhere near the massive steel plants of Homestead or Gary. U.S. Steel bought more land when it built the facilities with the ultimately futile belief that more subsidiaries and other steel-related industries would move to the unoccupied site to consume the plant's products. The only other major tenant on the site was the cement plant of the Universal Atlas Cement Company, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel. A smaller company, Priola and Johnson, took open hearth and blast furnace slag and granulated it for other uses on the plant property.
The Duluth Works featured a ten-furnace open hearth steel production facility, two blast furnaces, 110 oven byproduct coke plant, a benzole and toluol plant, a byproducts refinery, coal and coke conveyors and crushing and sizing towers, a pig iron casting facility, a blowing house powerhouse, a Heine boiler house, fresh water pumping inlet station, a hot gas-soaking pit and stripping building, a massive rolling facility consisting of a blooming mill, 28" rolling mill, billet finishing department, hot gas re-heating beds, bar finishing department, fence post fabrication unit, merchant mill, wire, nail, fence and welded fabric mesh building, machine repair shop, three massive materials yard crane bridges and loading/unloading docks, locomotive engine repair and servicing building, its own railyard, a lab, an ore thawhouse, a coal thawhouse and various warehouses and other structures. When initially completed in 1916, the steel plant site had 48 buildings.
References
46°41′13″N 92°12′25″W / 46.68694°N 92.20694°W / 46.68694; -92.20694 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel"},{"link_name":"cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement"},{"link_name":"Duluth, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"United States Steel Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Steel_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Midwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwest"},{"link_name":"gentleman's agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentleman%27s_agreement"},{"link_name":"U.S. Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Steel"},{"link_name":"State of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"iron ore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_ore"},{"link_name":"steel plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_plant"}],"text":"The Duluth Works was an industrial steel and cement manufacturing complex located in Duluth, Minnesota, United States, in operation 1915 to 1987. The complex was operated by the United States Steel Corporation. Officially, the plant's purpose was to supply the growing Midwest with steel finished products. Unofficially, they were built as part of a \"gentleman's agreement\" between U.S. Steel and the State of Minnesota to not impose hefty iron ore taxes on U.S. Steel in exchange for a fully integrated steel plant within Minnesota, whose mines furnished 80% of the ore to U.S. Steel. The combined works of the steel and cement plant were the largest employers in Duluth and the fourth largest industrial complex in Minnesota.","title":"Duluth Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Steel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Steel"},{"link_name":"steel plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_plant"},{"link_name":"Iron Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Range"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"subsidiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsidiary"},{"link_name":"Morgan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Park,_Duluth,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"J.P. Morgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.P._Morgan"},{"link_name":"company town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_town"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Coal,_Iron_and_Railroad_Company"}],"text":"In 1907, U.S. Steel agreed to build an integrated steel plant in the vicinity of Duluth, which was 70 miles (110 km) from the largest iron ore source in the United States, the Iron Range. U.S. Steel theorized that by using the Great Lakes, it could haul limestone and coal to Duluth from the lower lakes and return with a load of iron ore from Minnesota. It was thought that by using this process, Duluth would become a great center of manufacturing in the United States.In June 1907, U.S. Steel incorporated the Minnesota Steel Company, a wholly owned subsidiary, to manage and care for all plans of the future developments of the steel plant. This included building houses for its new employees. The houses were built adjacent U.S. Steel's new plant and the community eventually became known as Morgan Park, named for J.P. Morgan, chairman of the board of U.S. Steel. This innovative planned company town was only open to employees of the Minnesota Steel Company and the companies that followed.Although a subsidiary of U.S. Steel, which at the time was headquartered in New York City, the Minnesota Steel Company's general offices were located in Morgan Park in a building adjacent to the gate of the plant. The officers of the Minnesota Steel Company all held positions within the U.S. Steel Corporation, much as did Minnesota Steel's sister companies of Carnegie-Illinois Steel and the Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company.","title":"Minnesota Steel Company"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"billet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billet"},{"link_name":"steel wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_wool"}],"text":"The Duluth Works primary purpose was to make steel for the expanding Midwest prairies and far west plains. When first constructed, it was originally intended to build rails for the expanding railroads, but by the time the mill was completed in 1915, the railroads had reached their peak of construction and it was felt that those needs could best be handled from the Chicago area. After the rail mill was completed, it was converted into billet finishing facilities. In 1922, after going over what products would best serve the plant's existence, U.S. Steel decided to expand its Morgan Park operation and build a new wire, rod, nail, and fence post fabrication facility. These products, it was felt, best suited Duluth's capabilities for integrated steel production. After the expansion of these facilities, the Duluth Works only consumed 20% of its own steel production for its finished products. The rest of its semi-finished steel was shipped to other facilities for finishing. Its proposed 12-state market area and areas of Canada were sparsely populated and able to be supplied with products from other mills. Some of Minnesota Steel's products were only produced by U.S. Steel at the Duluth Works facility. These included steel wool, certain nails, fences and fence posts, and a new product introduced in 1954, welded wire fabric, primarily for use with concrete to produce more sturdy road construction. Some of this material was used to in construction of missile silos for the Air Force's Strategic Air Command.","title":"Steel for the west"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"blast furnaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blast_furnaces"},{"link_name":"coke ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_ovens"},{"link_name":"benzole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzole"}],"text":"Following World War I and the 1920s, when Minnesota Steel enjoyed great success and profit, the Great Depression hit the country. The Duluth Works was affected just as much as the rest of the country. The blast furnaces, coke ovens and open hearths were idled at times, leaving only the finishing mills operating. In 1935, one of two blast furnaces was dismantled. The benzole plant closed in 1939. U.S. Steel realized that it had to reorganize some of its less profitable divisions to try to maintain its profit within the industry. With the newfound focus of the Duluth Works on wire products, in 1932 it was decided to move the Minnesota Steel Company's holdings under the umbrella of the American Steel and Wire company (AS & W), another division within the vast U.S. Steel empire. The Minnesota Steel Company now existed only on paper. For the next 24 years, the American Steel and Wire Company ran the operations at the Morgan Park plant. In 1964, the American Steel and Wire division was absorbed once again into the U.S. Steel umbrella under its Operations Division. The Morgan Park operations were known thereafter simply as \"the Duluth Works\".","title":"End of a company, start of another"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basic oxygen furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_oxygen_furnace"},{"link_name":"dumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumping_(pricing_policy)"}],"text":"The late 1960s brought many issues affecting the Duluth Works. U.S. Steel hadn't heavily invested in modern improvements at the plant. This included basic oxygen furnace (BOF) technology that was already being installed at other U.S. Steel plants to replace the outdated open hearth furnace technology. Foreign steel producers were selling massive amounts of steel to U.S. customers at a far lower price than domestic steel producers could match, a process known in the industry as \"dumping\". The plant also was a major source of pollution, another key issue brought to light in the late 1960s. The main problem was still the lack of a regional market big enough to justify U.S. Steel making multimillion-dollar improvements to a facility that was never really needed.","title":"Beginning of the end"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Steelworkers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Steelworkers_of_America"},{"link_name":"pig iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron"},{"link_name":"coke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coke_(fuel)"},{"link_name":"Duluth Missabe and Iron Range Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth_Missabe_and_Iron_Range_Railway"}],"text":"In June 1970, the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) asked U.S. Steel to provide documentation on pollution output at its Duluth facilities and a two-year window to implement a follow-up plan. In the fall of 1971, the United Steelworkers of America threatened to strike. Rather than deal with the issue of spending millions of dollars to improve the Duluth Works, U.S. Steel announced in September 1971 that it would shut down the \"hot side\" of operations, including the blast and open hearth furnaces and the pig iron shop, which affected 1,600 steelworkers. In January 1972, U.S. Steel's chairman of the board, Edwin H. Gott, announced that the hot side of the Duluth Works would not reopen, but that operations would still continue at its steel finishing, coke and cement facilities. In October 1973, U.S. Steel announced it was closing the \"cold side\", or finishing mills, at the Duluth Works, leaving another 800 employees out of work. (Several smaller companies would make the former \"cold side\" facilities their home following the closures, such as Hallett Wire, Priola and Johnson, the Duluth Missabe and Iron Range Railway and Zalk Josephs, making steel related products. When Hallett Wire, the last remaining manufacturing tenant, left the Duluth Works Industrial Park in 1987, only the Realty and Development Division of U.S. Steel and some operations of the DM&IR railroad were left.) In 1976, the Universal Atlas Cement Company, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel at the Duluth Works operating since 1916, announced it would close, despite previous assurances to the contrary. Another 200 employees would lose their jobs. In 1979, U.S. Steel announced it was closing its coke plant, the last of its operating operations at the Duluth Works. By 1981, the last vestige of U.S. Steel's steelmaking operations in Duluth, once the city's largest employer, had come to an end.","title":"Closure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_site_of_U.S._Steel_Duluth_Works_2022-11-26.jpg"},{"link_name":"Superfund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfund"},{"link_name":"West Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Duluth"}],"text":"The former site of the Duluth Works in 2022In 1975, beginning with the open hearth building, U.S. Steel began to demolish many of the massive structures that dotted the 1,600-acre (6.5 km2) site and began preparing the industrial park for future development. In 1984, following an inspection by the Pollution Control Agency, the former Duluth Works steel plant site was put on the National Priorities List for the federally funded \"Superfund\" program. Areas of heavy pollution were found on the site and were required to be cleaned up by U.S. Steel.The City of Duluth purchased the 65-acre (260,000 m2) cement plant site for development through the Duluth Economic and Development Authority (DEDA). In April 2008, the Duluth-based photographic enhancement company, Ikonics, announced it would develop 40 acres (160,000 m2) on the property to build a warehouse and move its West Duluth headquarters operations to Morgan Park at the former Atlas Cement site. On February 5, 2009, the State of Minnesota awarded the Duluth Port Authority a $50,000 investigative grant to determine the feasibility of redeveloping 123 acres (0.50 km2) of the former steel plant site as a 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m2) warehouse and light industrial park for storage of energy creating windmills.","title":"Redevelopment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Bradley Transportation Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Transportation_Company"},{"link_name":"Soo Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_St._Paul_and_Sault_Ste._Marie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Northern Pacific Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duluth,_Winnipeg_and_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Great Northern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Northern_Railway_(U.S.)"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Road"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"},{"link_name":"Gary and New Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_-_New_Duluth"},{"link_name":"Superior, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior,_Wisconsin"}],"text":"The Duluth Works was an integrated steel plant which took several raw materials and combined them in furnaces to make a product. Of those raw materials, iron ore, which was mined 70 miles (110 km) away from the Duluth Works on the Iron Range, was in plentiful and nearby supply, but coal, limestone and other materials were also needed to make steel. These materials had to travel vast distances to get to Duluth, which made Duluth \"undesirable\" as a manufacturing metropolis in the eyes of many industry leaders. In the U.S. Steel empire, these materials and their transportation were all handled within branches of the U.S. Steel subsidiaries, all of them mentioned below, having had headquarters in Duluth. Iron ore was mined by U.S. Steel's Oliver Mining Company and hauled by rail on the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway (DM&IR) directly to the Duluth Works. Coal, which was mined on the East coast, was hauled by rail to Great Lakes ports and to Duluth by lake carriers of U.S. Steel's Pittsburgh Steamship Company. The limestone from Michigan, needed to purify iron ore in blast furnaces and used for cement making, was hauled by lake carrier to Duluth by the Bradley Transportation Company.Scrap material and other bulk freight was moved at the Duluth Works by several rail carriers other than the Duluth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway. The most notable were the Soo Line, the Northern Pacific Railroad, the Duluth, Winnipeg and Pacific Railway, the Great Northern Railway, the Milwaukee Road and the Canadian National Railway. Minnesota Steel, American Steel and Wire, DM&IR and U.S. Steel all had locomotives within the plant for moving its material, and several were serviced and repaired in-house in locomotive machine and repair shops.The steel and cement plants of the Duluth Works were both serviced by rail via a long rail trunk that intersected several other major rail lines in the area. The rail yard was known as the Steelton Yard and exists today in the same location between the former steel mill materials yard and the Duluth neighborhoods of Gary and New Duluth. This yard, once owned and operated by the DM&IR, is now operated by the Canadian National Railway.Finished and semi-finished products from the Duluth steel works were taken by rail through the Steelton Yard over the Oliver Bridge through the south end of Superior, Wisconsin and brought to loading docks at Allouez Bay just south of the Superior entry for loading by ship to other markets or further finishing.","title":"Operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Gary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"slag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag"},{"link_name":"benzole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzole"},{"link_name":"toluol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluol"},{"link_name":"pig iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron"}],"text":"The Duluth Works steel facilities were, upon construction in 1915, briefly among the most modern steelworks in the world. Although massive in scale to many people, the plant was among more modest facilities within the U.S. Steel empire. At a steelmaking capacity of 973,000 tons per year, it was nowhere near the massive steel plants of Homestead or Gary. U.S. Steel bought more land when it built the facilities with the ultimately futile belief that more subsidiaries and other steel-related industries would move to the unoccupied site to consume the plant's products. The only other major tenant on the site was the cement plant of the Universal Atlas Cement Company, a subsidiary of U.S. Steel. A smaller company, Priola and Johnson, took open hearth and blast furnace slag and granulated it for other uses on the plant property.The Duluth Works featured a ten-furnace open hearth steel production facility, two blast furnaces, 110 oven byproduct coke plant, a benzole and toluol plant, a byproducts refinery, coal and coke conveyors and crushing and sizing towers, a pig iron casting facility, a blowing house powerhouse, a Heine boiler house, fresh water pumping inlet station, a hot gas-soaking pit and stripping building, a massive rolling facility consisting of a blooming mill, 28\" rolling mill, billet finishing department, hot gas re-heating beds, bar finishing department, fence post fabrication unit, merchant mill, wire, nail, fence and welded fabric mesh building, machine repair shop, three massive materials yard crane bridges and loading/unloading docks, locomotive engine repair and servicing building, its own railyard, a lab, an ore thawhouse, a coal thawhouse and various warehouses and other structures. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterrence_(film) | Deterrence (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Reception","3.1 Critical reaction","3.2 Box office","4 References","5 External links"] | 1999 filmDeterrenceDVD coverDirected byRod LurieWritten byRod LurieProduced byMarc FrydmanJames SpiesMaurice LeblondStarring
Kevin Pollak
Timothy Hutton
Sheryl Lee Ralph
Clotilde Courau
Sean Astin
CinematographyFrank PerlEdited byAlan RobertsMusic byLarry GroupéProductioncompaniesMoonstone EntertainmentTF1 InternationalBattleplan ProductionsDistributed byParamount ClassicsRelease dates
September 10, 1999 (1999-09-10) (TIFF)
March 10, 2000 (2000-03-10) (United States)
Running time104 minutesCountriesFranceUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$800,000Box office$145,071
Deterrence is a 1999 political thriller drama film written and directed by Rod Lurie, depicting fictional events about nuclear brinkmanship. It marks the feature directorial debut of Lurie, who was previously a film critic for the New York Daily News, Premiere Magazine, Entertainment Weekly and Movieline, among others. Kevin Pollak, Timothy Hutton, Sheryl Lee Ralph and Sean Astin star. The film is an international co-production between France and the United States. It premiered at the 1999 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in the United States on March 10, 2000, by Paramount Classics.
Plot
In Spring 2008, U.S. President Walter Emerson is visiting Colorado ahead of Super Tuesday in the primary elections for his party's nomination in the upcoming presidential election. Emerson, formerly an appointed Vice President who ascended to the Presidency four months earlier upon the death of his predecessor, is accompanied on his campaign tour by White House Chief of Staff Marshall Thompson, National Security Advisor Gayle Redford, his Secret Service protection detail and a television news crew documenting his campaign.
A freak blizzard traps Emerson and his entourage at a diner in the remote town of Aztec, occupied by chef and owner Harvey, waitress Katie, local resident Ralph and married tourists Taylor and Lizzie Woods. President Emerson greets all the civilians in turn just before news arrives that Iraq has invaded Kuwait on the orders of Iraqi President Uday Hussein. Emerson and his team also learn that in the process of invasion, Iraqi troops killed a UN peacekeeping mission largely staffed by U.S. armed forces and medical personnel.
In response, President Emerson makes a worldwide address from the diner, using the television crew following his campaign. During the speech, Emerson gives Hussein an ultimatum to cease his invasion of Kuwait and submit himself to the U.S. embassy in Iraq for arrest within 90 minutes, or else Emerson will authorize a nuclear strike on Baghdad. Emerson's ultimatum shocks both his staff and the civilians in the diner as he had not revealed his intentions before making the speech. When questioned by Redford, Emerson defends his decision by arguing that with the vast majority of U.S. military forces engaged in the ongoing "Second Korean War" and an undoubted act of aggression by Hussein against a U.S. ally, a nuclear strike is the only appropriate option to reinforce U.S. supremacy and decisively halt Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.
Hussein communicates through his United Nations envoy and refuses to back down despite Emerson's threat. Discussions between Emerson and the envoy grow heated, with the latter citing Emerson's status as a non-elected leader and his Jewish faith as reasons why Hussein does not take him seriously. At the same time, Emerson, Redford and Thompson coordinate with various members of the National Security Council and Joint Chiefs of Staff by phone in order to manage the crisis and plan for the potential use of nuclear weapons against Iraq to carry out Emerson's threat.
As negotiations with Iraq break down, Hussein threatens to fire Iraq's black-market nuclear missiles at many locations within the U.S. and its NATO allies, notably including the location of the NORAD command centre in Colorado close to where Emerson is based. The U.S. learns that Iraq purchased their black-market weapons from France, supposedly an ally of the U.S., whilst it is also revealed that sites of Iraqi missile launchers include other traditional opponents of the U.S., such as Libya and North Korea. In a conversation with Emerson, the President of France is cavalier about the situation and freely admits that France sold nuclear weapons to Iraq. Emerson subsequently talks privately with the French leader but does not reveal the contents of the conversation to his advisors.
With the crisis continuing to escalate, Emerson and his team are confronted with the opinions of the civilians within the diner. Harvey, Katie and the Woods' oppose using nuclear weapons whilst Ralph tells Emerson that he will have the vote of every "real" American if he carries out his threat in defense of U.S. forces. In a conversation with the First Lady over the telephone, Emerson also discovers that his wife opposes his course of action. Despite her opposition and that of Redford and Thompson, Emerson remains adamant in his strategy and states he is wholly prepared to carry out the threat if necessary. He orders a B-2 nuclear bomber to cross Iraq's airspace despite the threats of the Iraqi envoy that this would constitute an act of war. In retaliation, the Iraqis begin targeting their 23 nuclear missiles against the U.S. and its NATO allies as per their earlier threat.
Out of desperation and anger, the diner owner Harvey suddenly brandishes a shotgun and shoots dead Captain Coddington, the military officer carrying the nuclear football with which Emerson can activate the nuclear strike. Harvey is killed by the Secret Service agents in return, devastating Katie, whilst Emerson expresses sorrow that Coddington was killed doing his duty. Despite Harvey's action, Emerson is still able to obtain the nuclear codes via phone from the Joint Chiefs, although this results in the resignation of Admiral Miller, a senior military officer who had been critical of Emerson's approach throughout the crisis. With time for Hussein to submit to Emerson's ultimatum having run out, Emerson authorizes the nuclear strike and speaks to the crew of the B-2 bomber who will carry out the strike.
The nuclear bomb, approximately 100 megatons in force, results in the complete destruction of Baghdad. Iraq's retaliation begins and the majority of their missiles are shot down by NATO missile defense systems. Whilst some of Iraq's missiles successfully land on their targets, their nuclear warheads do not detonate; Baghdad is the only city destroyed—a development that surprises Emerson's staff.
As the snowstorm eases up, Emerson addresses the world once more via a TV broadcast. In the speech, Emerson reveals that it was actually the U.S. government that secretly sold nuclear weapons to Iraq, using the French as intermediaries whilst pretending to know nothing about it. The plan was carried out in order to prevent Iraq from gaining an independent, fully capable nuclear arsenal by instead selling them deliberately sabotaged missiles that could never function properly. As to why he carried out the threat against Iraq, Emerson publicly justifies his actions as a firm display that the U.S. would be prepared to defend itself from military threats with nuclear weapons if necessary. Privately, Emerson also predicts that his use of nuclear weapons will coerce China and North Korea into conceding the Second Korean War within months.
Just before Emerson and his entourage leave the diner, Redford and Thompson ask what he meant by a "significant announcement" from the White House when they return to Washington. Emerson reveals that he plans to withdraw from the presidential campaign and serve out the rest of his predecessor's term rather than run for one of his own. In this, Emerson still justifies his actions during the crisis but concedes someone else should be the one to carry on the job of leading the U.S. in the future.
Cast
Kevin Pollak as President Walter Emerson
Timothy Hutton as White House Chief of Staff Marshall Thompson
Sean Astin as Ralph
Sheryl Lee Ralph as National Security Advisor Gayle Redford
James Handy as Lancaster / President Buchanan
Clotilde Courau as Katie
Badja Djola as Harvey
Mark Thompson as Gerald Irvin
Michael Mantell as Taylor Woods
Kathryn Morris as Lizzie Woods
Reception
Critical reaction
Film critic Stephen Holden gave the film a mixed review, writing, "The threat of nuclear war may have receded in the last two decades, but it certainly hasn't disappeared. That's why a movie like Deterrence, Rod Lurie's clunky political thriller about nuclear brinksmanship in the near future, probably serves some useful purpose, despite its ham-fisted preachiness and mediocre acting...With its blunt admonitory tone and single-set location (reminiscent of 12 Angry Men), it often has the feel of a high school civics lesson packaged as melodrama. Its editorial pretensions are underscored by an opening black-and-white montage of actual presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt through Bill Clinton lambasting war."
Critic Roger Ebert, on the other hand, liked the film, writing, "And yet the film works. It really does. I got caught up in the global chess game, in the bluffing and the dares, the dangerous strategy of using nuclear blackmail against a fanatic who might call the bluff. With one set and low-rent props (is that an ordinary laptop inside the nuclear briefcase "football"?), 'Deterrence' manufactures real suspense and considers real issues...Kevin Pollak makes a curiously convincing third-string president—a man not elected to the office, but determined to fill it. He is a Jew, which complicates his Middle East negotiations and produces a priceless theological discussion with the waitress (Clotilde Courau). He is advised by his chief of staff (Timothy Hutton) and his national security adviser (Sheryl Lee Ralph), who are appalled by his nuclear brinkmanship and who are both completely convincing in their roles. The screenplay gives them dialogue of substance; the situation may be contrived, but we're absorbed in the urgent debate that it inspires." The film soundtrack includes the song “Tornado” written by Kevin Weyl and Steve Robertson.
Box office
Produced for a budget of $800,000, the film managed to only make $145,071 at the box office, making Deterrence a box office flop. The film only grossed $23,318 in its opening weekend.
References
^ Holden, Stephen. The New York Times, film review, March 10, 2000. Last accessed: February 21, 2011.
^ Ebert, Roger. Chicago Sun-Times, film review, March 17, 2000. Last accessed: February 21, 2011.
^ Deterrence (2000) – Box Office Mojo.
External links
Deterrence at IMDb
Deterrence at AllMovie
Deterrence at Box Office Mojo
Deterrence at Rotten Tomatoes
Deterrence at Metacritic
vteWorks by Rod LurieFilms directed
Deterrence (1999)
The Contender (2000)
The Last Castle (2001)
Resurrecting the Champ (2007)
Nothing but the Truth (2008)
Straw Dogs (2011)
Killing Reagan (2016)
The Outpost (2019)
The Senior (2023)
TV series created
Line of Fire (2003–2004)
Commander in Chief (2005–2006) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_film"},{"link_name":"thriller drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_drama"},{"link_name":"Rod Lurie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod_Lurie"},{"link_name":"brinkmanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brinkmanship"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"Premiere Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiere_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Kevin Pollak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Pollak"},{"link_name":"Timothy Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Lee Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Lee_Ralph"},{"link_name":"Sean Astin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Astin"},{"link_name":"international co-production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-production_(media)"},{"link_name":"1999 Toronto International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Toronto_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Paramount Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Classics"}],"text":"Deterrence is a 1999 political thriller drama film written and directed by Rod Lurie, depicting fictional events about nuclear brinkmanship. 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During the speech, Emerson gives Hussein an ultimatum to cease his invasion of Kuwait and submit himself to the U.S. embassy in Iraq for arrest within 90 minutes, or else Emerson will authorize a nuclear strike on Baghdad. Emerson's ultimatum shocks both his staff and the civilians in the diner as he had not revealed his intentions before making the speech. When questioned by Redford, Emerson defends his decision by arguing that with the vast majority of U.S. military forces engaged in the ongoing \"Second Korean War\" and an undoubted act of aggression by Hussein against a U.S. ally, a nuclear strike is the only appropriate option to reinforce U.S. supremacy and decisively halt Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.Hussein communicates through his United Nations envoy and refuses to back down despite Emerson's threat. Discussions between Emerson and the envoy grow heated, with the latter citing Emerson's status as a non-elected leader and his Jewish faith as reasons why Hussein does not take him seriously. At the same time, Emerson, Redford and Thompson coordinate with various members of the National Security Council and Joint Chiefs of Staff by phone in order to manage the crisis and plan for the potential use of nuclear weapons against Iraq to carry out Emerson's threat.As negotiations with Iraq break down, Hussein threatens to fire Iraq's black-market nuclear missiles at many locations within the U.S. and its NATO allies, notably including the location of the NORAD command centre in Colorado close to where Emerson is based. The U.S. learns that Iraq purchased their black-market weapons from France, supposedly an ally of the U.S., whilst it is also revealed that sites of Iraqi missile launchers include other traditional opponents of the U.S., such as Libya and North Korea. In a conversation with Emerson, the President of France is cavalier about the situation and freely admits that France sold nuclear weapons to Iraq. Emerson subsequently talks privately with the French leader but does not reveal the contents of the conversation to his advisors.With the crisis continuing to escalate, Emerson and his team are confronted with the opinions of the civilians within the diner. Harvey, Katie and the Woods' oppose using nuclear weapons whilst Ralph tells Emerson that he will have the vote of every \"real\" American if he carries out his threat in defense of U.S. forces. In a conversation with the First Lady over the telephone, Emerson also discovers that his wife opposes his course of action. Despite her opposition and that of Redford and Thompson, Emerson remains adamant in his strategy and states he is wholly prepared to carry out the threat if necessary. He orders a B-2 nuclear bomber to cross Iraq's airspace despite the threats of the Iraqi envoy that this would constitute an act of war. In retaliation, the Iraqis begin targeting their 23 nuclear missiles against the U.S. and its NATO allies as per their earlier threat.Out of desperation and anger, the diner owner Harvey suddenly brandishes a shotgun and shoots dead Captain Coddington, the military officer carrying the nuclear football with which Emerson can activate the nuclear strike. Harvey is killed by the Secret Service agents in return, devastating Katie, whilst Emerson expresses sorrow that Coddington was killed doing his duty. Despite Harvey's action, Emerson is still able to obtain the nuclear codes via phone from the Joint Chiefs, although this results in the resignation of Admiral Miller, a senior military officer who had been critical of Emerson's approach throughout the crisis. With time for Hussein to submit to Emerson's ultimatum having run out, Emerson authorizes the nuclear strike and speaks to the crew of the B-2 bomber who will carry out the strike.The nuclear bomb, approximately 100 megatons in force, results in the complete destruction of Baghdad. Iraq's retaliation begins and the majority of their missiles are shot down by NATO missile defense systems. Whilst some of Iraq's missiles successfully land on their targets, their nuclear warheads do not detonate; Baghdad is the only city destroyed—a development that surprises Emerson's staff.As the snowstorm eases up, Emerson addresses the world once more via a TV broadcast. In the speech, Emerson reveals that it was actually the U.S. government that secretly sold nuclear weapons to Iraq, using the French as intermediaries whilst pretending to know nothing about it. The plan was carried out in order to prevent Iraq from gaining an independent, fully capable nuclear arsenal by instead selling them deliberately sabotaged missiles that could never function properly. As to why he carried out the threat against Iraq, Emerson publicly justifies his actions as a firm display that the U.S. would be prepared to defend itself from military threats with nuclear weapons if necessary. Privately, Emerson also predicts that his use of nuclear weapons will coerce China and North Korea into conceding the Second Korean War within months.Just before Emerson and his entourage leave the diner, Redford and Thompson ask what he meant by a \"significant announcement\" from the White House when they return to Washington. Emerson reveals that he plans to withdraw from the presidential campaign and serve out the rest of his predecessor's term rather than run for one of his own. In this, Emerson still justifies his actions during the crisis but concedes someone else should be the one to carry on the job of leading the U.S. in the future.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Pollak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Pollak"},{"link_name":"Timothy Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Sean Astin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Astin"},{"link_name":"Sheryl Lee Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheryl_Lee_Ralph"},{"link_name":"James Handy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Handy"},{"link_name":"Clotilde Courau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clotilde_Courau"},{"link_name":"Badja Djola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badja_Djola"},{"link_name":"Mark Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Thompson_(TV)"},{"link_name":"Kathryn Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_Morris"}],"text":"Kevin Pollak as President Walter Emerson\nTimothy Hutton as White House Chief of Staff Marshall Thompson\nSean Astin as Ralph\nSheryl Lee Ralph as National Security Advisor Gayle Redford\nJames Handy as Lancaster / President Buchanan\nClotilde Courau as Katie\nBadja Djola as Harvey\nMark Thompson as Gerald Irvin\nMichael Mantell as Taylor Woods\nKathryn Morris as Lizzie Woods","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"12 Angry Men","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_Angry_Men_(1957_film)"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Bill Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Clinton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Critical reaction","text":"Film critic Stephen Holden gave the film a mixed review, writing, \"The threat of nuclear war may have receded in the last two decades, but it certainly hasn't disappeared. That's why a movie like Deterrence, Rod Lurie's clunky political thriller about nuclear brinksmanship in the near future, probably serves some useful purpose, despite its ham-fisted preachiness and mediocre acting...With its blunt admonitory tone and single-set location (reminiscent of 12 Angry Men), it often has the feel of a high school civics lesson packaged as melodrama. Its editorial pretensions are underscored by an opening black-and-white montage of actual presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt through Bill Clinton lambasting war.\"[1]Critic Roger Ebert, on the other hand, liked the film, writing, \"And yet the film works. It really does. I got caught up in the global chess game, in the bluffing and the dares, the dangerous strategy of using nuclear blackmail against a fanatic who might call the bluff. With one set and low-rent props (is that an ordinary laptop inside the nuclear briefcase \"football\"?), 'Deterrence' manufactures real suspense and considers real issues...Kevin Pollak makes a curiously convincing third-string president—a man not elected to the office, but determined to fill it. He is a Jew, which complicates his Middle East negotiations and produces a priceless theological discussion with the waitress (Clotilde Courau). He is advised by his chief of staff (Timothy Hutton) and his national security adviser (Sheryl Lee Ralph), who are appalled by his nuclear brinkmanship and who are both completely convincing in their roles. The screenplay gives them dialogue of substance; the situation may be contrived, but we're absorbed in the urgent debate that it inspires.\"[2] The film soundtrack includes the song “Tornado” written by Kevin Weyl and Steve Robertson.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"box office flop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_office_flop"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"Produced for a budget of $800,000, the film managed to only make $145,071 at the box office, making Deterrence a box office flop. The film only grossed $23,318 in its opening weekend.[3]","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9902E3D81F38F933A25750C0A9669C8B63","external_links_name":"Holden, Stephen"},{"Link":"http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20000317/REVIEWS/3170302/1023","external_links_name":"Ebert, Roger"},{"Link":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=deterrence.htm","external_links_name":"Deterrence (2000) – Box Office Mojo."},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0158583/","external_links_name":"Deterrence"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v180079","external_links_name":"Deterrence"},{"Link":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=deterrence.htm","external_links_name":"Deterrence"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/deterrence","external_links_name":"Deterrence"},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/deterrence","external_links_name":"Deterrence"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_M._Fuller_%26_Company | Edward M. Fuller & Company | ["1 History","1.1 Founding and new branches","1.2 Bankruptcy","1.3 Fuller bankruptcy case","2 References","3 Further reading"] | Edward M. Fuller & CompanyCompany typeStock brokerageIndustryFinancial servicesFounded1914 (1914)FoundersWilliam Frank McGee and Edward M. FullerDefunctJune 27, 1922 (1922-06-27)FateFiled for bankruptcyHeadquarters50 Broad Street, Manhattan, New York City, United StatesKey peopleWilliam Frank McGee, Edward M. FullerProductsStockbroking
Edward M. Fuller & Company was a prominent New York stock brokerage. Founded in 1914 and owned by the sole partners William Frank McGee and Edward M. Fuller, by 1922 it was the largest brokerage on the Little Board. The firm went bankrupt in 1922, resulting in a high-profile legal case and indictments against the former partners.
History
Founding and new branches
The New York City brokerage firm Edward M. Fuller & Company was founded in 1914. The firm joined as a member of the Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York in February 1918, and remained listed as of 1922. By 1922, it was the largest brokerage house on the Consolidated Exchange, with only two members of the firm: Edward M. Fuller and W. F. McGee. There were two offices in New York, one uptown and one at 50 Broad Street. By late June 1922, it had successful branches in Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The firm had the accounts of 1,500 to 1,800 people, with 2,100 customers in Chicago. As of June 1922, Edward M. Fuller's office remained at 50 Broad Street. That month, a woman was given a suspended sentence for threatening Fuller with a non-existent gun at his office over an alleged agreement between her, the brokerage, and Arnold Rothstein.
Bankruptcy
In February 1922 all trading records at the Consolidated Stock Exchange were broken after months of good business. Later that month, however, several brokerages and firms within the exchange failed "without warning," shocking the industry. In mid-July a new series of unexpected failures occurred at Consolidated, including Edward M. Fuller & Company, which failed on June 27, 1922 for $6,000,000. In the bankruptcy petition filed in the U.S. District Court in New York, assets were estimated at $250,000 and liabilities at $500,000. The New York Times, however, reported that the Chicago outlook was that there were negligible assets to offset the customer claims totaling $1,250,000. Hays, St. John & Moore of 43 Exchange Place were hired as attorneys for the firm.
On June 27, 1922, the firm was suspended from the Consolidated Exchange, with Consolidated president William S. Silkworth attributing the suspension to "reckless and unbusinesslike methods" and a failure to meet commitments. To explain the failure, Silkworth also argued that Edward Fuller had been hit hard in Mexican Petroleum stock. However, as W. S. Silkworth's brother George Silkworth had been a partner at Fuller, accusations of insider corruption abounded. Fuller of Great Neck, New York did not comment on the failure, while his partner William F. McGee of 73rd Street was also unavailable that day. According to the Times, the next day employees filtered in to find no executives explaining the failure, and everything except furniture removed from the office spaces. The Times also repeated the rumor that the firm's private files had been broken into and circulated directly after the failure, possibly by a clerk.
Fuller bankruptcy case
Main article: Fuller case
On August 2, 1922, District Attorney Banton was denied access to the books of E. M. Fuller Co. to use in pursuing a case against the firm. Albert Ottinger began working on an investigation into the Fuller bankruptcy in December 1922 out of the Anti-Fraud Bureau in New York. The Ottinger investigation began in late May.
William Silkworth testified about the bankruptcy on June 6, 1923 and on June 7 he appeared in the Criminal Courts Building. Although Assistant Attorney General William F. McKenna failed to implicate Silkworth in the Fuller bankruptcy, he did uncover irregularities in Silkworth's personal finances. The irregularities showed he had made large deposits in March 1922, some related to the Fuller account.
In mid June 1923, Edward M. Fuller pled guilty to bucketing customers orders. He appeared on June 18, 1923 before Coffin to "reveal the methods of his firm" and the names of his superiors, and the superiors of his partner W. Frank McGee. William Silkworth resigned as Consolidated president on June 21, 1923 and soon after went on a "long vacation." After examining the papers of the firm, on June 27, 1923, William M. Chadbourne, counsel for the 4,000 creditors of E.M. Fuller Co., informed United States District Attorney William Hayward and District Attorney Joab H. Banton that the firm had committed "crimes other than bucketing." Edward M. Fuller and William F. McGee were sent to jail on June 6, 1927 by General Session Judge Charles C. Nott. They both received parole from Sing Sing Prison the day before June 1, 1928. On June 19, 1928, it was reported that the Division of Licenses had refused to give McGee and Fuller licenses as realty brokers, which had been their "reported intention." The division felt the two men had lost their citizenship through their felony conviction, and that a provision of law deemed them unfit.
References
^ a b c d e f g h "E.M. Fuller & Co. Fail". The New York Times. New York City, New York. June 28, 1922. Retrieved April 18, 2017.
^ a b "REPORTS ON FULLER TO EXCHANGE LOST; Made when Broker Now in Jail Applied for Membership in the Consolidated. (Published 1923)". The New York Times. 22 May 1923.
^ a b c d e f g h i Sobel, Robert (2000). AMEX: A History of the American Stock Exchange. p. 30. ISBN 9781893122482.
^ "Mercy for Unruly Woman; Miss Black Gets Suspended Sentence for Annoying Broker". The New York Times. June 16, 1922. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
^ a b "HINT OUTSIDERS GOT FULLer's MILLIONS; Creditors' Attorney Calls on Federal and County Prosecutors to Investigate". The New York Times. 28 June 1923.
^ "Bankruptcy Attorney Guide". Saturday, April 18, 2020
^ "Court Denies Banton Use of Fuller Books; Stipulation Made by Brokers When They Failed Upheld by Judge Hand". The New York Times. August 3, 1922. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
^ "Silkworth, Target of Censure, to Quite the Consolidated. New Exchange Committee May Demand President's Immediate Resignation". The New York Times. June 7, 1923. pp. 1, 2. Retrieved March 4, 2017.
^ "FULLER TO REVEAL 'HIGHER-UPS' TODAY; Bucket Shop Disclosures Expected if Broker is Well Enough to Leave Jail". The New York Times. 18 June 1923.
^ "FULLER AND M'GEE GO TO PRISON TODAY; Judge Refuses Appeal for a Further Stay of Sentence Imposed Four Years Ago. BANTON URGES ACTION Says Brokers Won Immunity in Other Cases -- Term in Sing Sing Is From 15 Months to 4 Years". The New York Times. June 7, 1927. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ "Fuller and McGee Win Sing Sing Paroles; Served Year for $4,000,000 Bucketing Frauds". The New York Times. June 1, 1928. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
^ "TO BAR FULLER AND McGEE.; Division of Licenses Reported Averse to Them as Realty Brokers". The New York Times. June 18, 1928. Retrieved May 25, 2017.
Further reading
New York Times article on the 1922 bankruptcy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"stock brokerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_brokerage"},{"link_name":"Little Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Board"}],"text":"Edward M. Fuller & Company was a prominent New York stock brokerage. Founded in 1914 and owned by the sole partners William Frank McGee and Edward M. Fuller, by 1922 it was the largest brokerage on the Little Board. The firm went bankrupt in 1922, resulting in a high-profile legal case and indictments against the former partners.","title":"Edward M. Fuller & Company"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-reckless-1"},{"link_name":"Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_Stock_Exchange_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-infolost-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-reckless-1"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Boston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"Uniontown, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniontown,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-reckless-1"},{"link_name":"Arnold Rothstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Rothstein"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-mercy-4"}],"sub_title":"Founding and new branches","text":"The New York City brokerage firm Edward M. Fuller & Company was founded in 1914.[1] The firm joined as a member of the Consolidated Stock Exchange of New York in February 1918,[2] and remained listed as of 1922.[3] By 1922, it was the largest brokerage house on the Consolidated Exchange, with only two members of the firm: Edward M. Fuller and W. F. McGee. There were two offices in New York, one uptown and one at 50 Broad Street.[1] By late June 1922, it had successful branches in Chicago, Boston, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and Uniontown, Pennsylvania. The firm had the accounts of 1,500 to 1,800 people, with 2,100 customers in Chicago.[1] As of June 1922, Edward M. Fuller's office remained at 50 Broad Street. That month, a woman was given a suspended sentence for threatening Fuller with a non-existent gun at his office over an alleged agreement between her, the brokerage, and Arnold Rothstein.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-reckless-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outsiders-nyt-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-reckless-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"William S. Silkworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Silkworth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-reckless-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-reckless-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"Great Neck, New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Neck,_New_York"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-reckless-1"}],"sub_title":"Bankruptcy","text":"In February 1922 all trading records at the Consolidated Stock Exchange were broken after months of good business. Later that month, however, several brokerages and firms within the exchange failed \"without warning,\" shocking the industry.[3] In mid-July a new series of unexpected failures occurred at Consolidated, including Edward M. Fuller & Company,[3] which failed on June 27, 1922[1] for $6,000,000.[5] In the bankruptcy petition filed in the U.S. District Court in New York, assets were estimated at $250,000 and liabilities at $500,000. The New York Times, however, reported that the Chicago outlook was that there were negligible assets to offset the customer claims totaling $1,250,000. Hays, St. John & Moore of 43 Exchange Place were hired as attorneys for the firm.[1][6]On June 27, 1922, the firm was suspended from the Consolidated Exchange, with Consolidated president William S. Silkworth attributing the suspension to \"reckless and unbusinesslike methods\" and a failure to meet commitments.[1] To explain the failure, Silkworth also argued that Edward Fuller had been hit hard in Mexican Petroleum stock.[1] However, as W. S. Silkworth's brother George Silkworth had been a partner at Fuller, accusations of insider corruption abounded.[3] Fuller of Great Neck, New York did not comment on the failure, while his partner William F. McGee of 73rd Street was also unavailable that day. According to the Times, the next day employees filtered in to find no executives explaining the failure, and everything except furniture removed from the office spaces. The Times also repeated the rumor that the firm's private files had been broken into and circulated directly after the failure, possibly by a clerk.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-access-7"},{"link_name":"Albert Ottinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ottinger"},{"link_name":"investigation into the Fuller bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller_case"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-infolost-2"},{"link_name":"William Silkworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Silkworth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silkworth-target-8"},{"link_name":"Assistant Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amex-3"},{"link_name":"United States District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"William Hayward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hayward_(American_attorney)"},{"link_name":"District Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Joab H. Banton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joab_H._Banton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-outsiders-nyt-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-prisontoday-10"},{"link_name":"Sing Sing Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing_Prison"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-paroles-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-tobar-12"}],"sub_title":"Fuller bankruptcy case","text":"On August 2, 1922, District Attorney Banton was denied access to the books of E. M. Fuller Co. to use in pursuing a case against the firm.[7] Albert Ottinger began working on an investigation into the Fuller bankruptcy in December 1922 out of the Anti-Fraud Bureau in New York.[3] The Ottinger investigation began in late May.[3][2]William Silkworth testified about the bankruptcy on June 6, 1923[3] and on June 7 he appeared in the Criminal Courts Building.[8] Although Assistant Attorney General William F. McKenna failed to implicate Silkworth in the Fuller bankruptcy, he did uncover irregularities in Silkworth's personal finances. The irregularities showed he had made large deposits in March 1922, some related to the Fuller account.[3]In mid June 1923, Edward M. Fuller pled guilty to bucketing customers orders. He appeared on June 18, 1923 before Coffin to \"reveal the methods of his firm\" and the names of his superiors, and the superiors of his partner W. Frank McGee.[9] William Silkworth resigned as Consolidated president on June 21, 1923 and soon after went on a \"long vacation.\"[3] After examining the papers of the firm, on June 27, 1923, William M. Chadbourne, counsel for the 4,000 creditors of E.M. Fuller Co., informed United States District Attorney William Hayward and District Attorney Joab H. Banton that the firm had committed \"crimes other than bucketing.\"[5] Edward M. Fuller and William F. McGee were sent to jail on June 6, 1927 by General Session Judge Charles C. Nott.[10] They both received parole from Sing Sing Prison the day before June 1, 1928.[11] On June 19, 1928, it was reported that the Division of Licenses had refused to give McGee and Fuller licenses as realty brokers, which had been their \"reported intention.\" The division felt the two men had lost their citizenship through their felony conviction, and that a provision of law deemed them unfit.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Times article on the 1922 bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1922/06/28/archives/em-fuller-co-fail-brokers-owe-over-a-million-suspended-from.html"}],"text":"New York Times article on the 1922 bankruptcy","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"E.M. Fuller & Co. Fail\". The New York Times. New York City, New York. June 28, 1922. 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Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B04EEDE133FE03ABC4F53DFB066838C639EDE&legacy=true","url_text":"\"FULLER AND M'GEE GO TO PRISON TODAY; Judge Refuses Appeal for a Further Stay of Sentence Imposed Four Years Ago. BANTON URGES ACTION Says Brokers Won Immunity in Other Cases -- Term in Sing Sing Is From 15 Months to 4 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fuller and McGee Win Sing Sing Paroles; Served Year for $4,000,000 Bucketing Frauds\". The New York Times. June 1, 1928. Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/01/archives/fuller-and-mcgee-win-sing-sing-paroles-served-year-for-4000000.html","url_text":"\"Fuller and McGee Win Sing Sing Paroles; Served Year for $4,000,000 Bucketing Frauds\""}]},{"reference":"\"TO BAR FULLER AND McGEE.; Division of Licenses Reported Averse to Them as Realty Brokers\". The New York Times. June 18, 1928. Retrieved May 25, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1928/06/19/archives/to-bar-fuller-and-mcgee-division-of-licenses-reported-averse-to.html","url_text":"\"TO BAR FULLER AND McGEE.; Division of Licenses Reported Averse to Them as Realty Brokers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1922/06/28/archives/em-fuller-co-fail-brokers-owe-over-a-million-suspended-from.html","external_links_name":"\"E.M. Fuller & Co. Fail\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1923/05/22/archives/reports-on-fuller-to-exchange-lost-made-when-broker-now-in-jail.html","external_links_name":"\"REPORTS ON FULLER TO EXCHANGE LOST; Made when Broker Now in Jail Applied for Membership in the Consolidated. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersplit_supersymmetry | Supersplit supersymmetry | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Supersplit supersymmetry was conceived as an April Fool's Day joke in 2005 by a group of young theoretical high energy physicists. It was meant as a parody of split supersymmetry.
The model proposed particles (beyond those of the Standard Model) which are decoupled, leaving no trace at low energies, therefore leaving just the Standard Model. The paper argued that the 30% accuracy of gauge coupling unification in the Standard Model is on par with the 1% accuracy in the MSSM or Split Supersymmetry. It also used the well-known possibility that a Peccei-Quinn axion could be the dark matter of the universe.
As a serious scientific theory, it leads to no new predictions beyond the Standard Model, and is therefore unverifiable. As a social commentary, it demonstrates the uneasiness in the high energy physics community about the direction some model building is heading.
Despite the original intent as a ridiculous proposal, the original paper has been cited by few theoretical physicists.
Very recently, a paper by Giudice and Strumia has presented the same idea under the name 'high scale supersymmetry'.
References
^ "Select Authentication System".
^ Giudice, Gian F; Strumia, Alessandro (2011). "Probing High-Scale and Split Supersymmetry with Higgs Mass Measurements". Nuclear Physics B. 858 (1): 63–83. arXiv:1108.6077. Bibcode:2012NuPhB.858...63G. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2012.01.001. S2CID 119262976.
External links
Supersplit Supersymmetry by P.J. Fox, D.E. Kaplan, E. Katz, E. Poppitz, V. Sanz, M. Schmaltz, M.D. Schwartz and N. Weiner
This particle physics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"Standard Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"gauge coupling unification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_coupling_unification"},{"link_name":"MSSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_Supersymmetric_Standard_Model"},{"link_name":"Peccei-Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccei%E2%80%93Quinn_theory"},{"link_name":"axion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion"},{"link_name":"dark matter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Matter"},{"link_name":"why?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"how?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"which?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Strumia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Strumia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The model proposed particles (beyond those of the Standard Model) which are decoupled, leaving no trace at low energies, therefore leaving just the Standard Model. The paper argued that the 30% accuracy of gauge coupling unification in the Standard Model is on par with the 1% accuracy in the MSSM or Split Supersymmetry. It also used the well-known possibility that a Peccei-Quinn axion could be the dark matter of the universe.As a serious scientific theory, it leads to no new predictions[why?] beyond the Standard Model, and is therefore unverifiable. As a social commentary, it demonstrates[how?] the uneasiness in the high energy physics community about the direction[which?] some model building is heading.Despite the original intent as a ridiculous proposal, the original paper has been cited by few theoretical physicists.[1]Very recently, a paper by Giudice and Strumia[2] has presented the same idea under the name 'high scale supersymmetry'.","title":"Supersplit supersymmetry"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Select Authentication System\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www-spires.fnal.gov/spires/find/hep?c=HEP-TH/0503249","url_text":"\"Select Authentication System\""}]},{"reference":"Giudice, Gian F; Strumia, Alessandro (2011). \"Probing High-Scale and Split Supersymmetry with Higgs Mass Measurements\". Nuclear Physics B. 858 (1): 63–83. arXiv:1108.6077. Bibcode:2012NuPhB.858...63G. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2012.01.001. S2CID 119262976.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.6077","url_text":"1108.6077"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NuPhB.858...63G","url_text":"2012NuPhB.858...63G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysb.2012.01.001","url_text":"10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2012.01.001"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119262976","url_text":"119262976"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www-spires.fnal.gov/spires/find/hep?c=HEP-TH/0503249","external_links_name":"\"Select Authentication System\""},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.6077","external_links_name":"1108.6077"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NuPhB.858...63G","external_links_name":"2012NuPhB.858...63G"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.nuclphysb.2012.01.001","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2012.01.001"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119262976","external_links_name":"119262976"},{"Link":"https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0503249","external_links_name":"Supersplit Supersymmetry"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supersplit_supersymmetry&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derren_Brown%27s_Ghost_Train | Ghost Train (Thorpe Park) | ["1 History","1.1 Derren Brown Ghost Train's Opening","1.2 Ghost Train's Opening","2 Ride experience","2.1 As Derren Brown’s Ghost Train (2016-2022)","2.2 As Ghost Train (2023-present)","3 See also","4 References"] | Dark ride
Ghost TrainExterior of the rideThorpe ParkAreaThe Dock YardStatusOperatingCost£13 million (reported)Opening date8 July 2016 (2016-07-08) (Derren Brown's Ghost Train) 26 May 2023 (2023-05-26) (Ghost Train)Closing date31 October 2022 (2022-10-31) (Derren Brown's Ghost Train: Rise Of The Demon)
Ride statisticsAttraction typeDark rideLive actionManufacturersSimworx & IntaminDesignerMerlin Magic Making, MDM CreateThemeTrain station DeathSéanceGhost trainMusicArchie Music ProductionsSite area2,306 m2 (24,820 sq ft)Capacity750 riders per hourVehicle typeNorth Eastern Railway coach (exterior)London Underground 1995 Stock carriage (interior)Vehicles3Riders per vehicle46Rows2Riders per row23Participants per groupMax 46Duration13–15 minutesHeight restriction130 cm (4 ft 3 in) Wheelchair accessible Must transfer from wheelchair
Ghost Train is a dark ride at Thorpe Park in Surrey, England. The attraction incorporates motion simulation, illusion, multisensory effects and live actors to help execute the storyline. It is set in a haunted mid-1980s railway station and mainly focuses on passengers taking the last train to an abandoned crypt. It first opened in July 2016 as Derren Brown's Ghost Train, then reopened as Derren Brown's Ghost Train: Rise Of The Demon in March 2017. The reimagined Ghost Train opened in May 2023.
History
Derren Brown Ghost Train's Opening
Derren Brown's Ghost Train was first teased on 8 July 2015 after reportedly three years in planning. The project name was referred to as 'WC16'.
Merlin Magic Making, the development division of Merlin Entertainments, designed the attraction in collaboration with British mentalist Derren Brown and his team. The main experience was a simulator dark ride built by Simworx with on-board virtual reality (produced by Figment Productions). Severn Lamb and Intamin designed and engineered the complex transit system.
The project altogether was reported in the Financial Times as having a cost of £13 million.
In anticipation of the new attraction, Thorpe Park began a "Get in for a Bob" promotion, where 1871 people would be able to purchase a ticket into the resort for the modern-day equivalent of a shilling in Victorian times, which equals 5 pence. The website was published earlier than the scheduled time which resulted in many being unable to get tickets. The resort offered that those who registered their name before the website closed would be entered into a raffle, where a further 4,000 12 pence tickets would be allocated at random.
The attraction was originally set to open on 6 May 2016, as announced on their social networks. However one week before the attraction was set to open, the resort announced the attraction would not be ready due to "some illusions not working as anticipated".
After the 2022 season, the virtual reality on the ride and association with Derren Brown was removed.
Ghost Train's Opening
Ghost Train was first announced to the public on Wednesday 1st February 2016. The reimagined attraction was set to feature a brand new storyline, new multi-sensory effects, the removal of the VR, and an actor-led experience.
On Tuesday 2nd May, Thorpe Park announced on its social platforms, website, and app that Ghost Train would open to the public on Friday 26th May. The announcement came with brand-new concept art showing part of the interior of an old, dirty London Underground train and the Grim Reaper standing outside behind a graveyard.
On Wednesday 17th May, Thorpe Park announced a new minimum height restriction of 1.3m instead of 1.4m and revealed another piece of concept art.
Ghost Train had a preview day on Thursday 25th May and was officially opened as planned on Friday 26th May.
Due to the number of actors the ride relies on, the ride opens from 12pm each day. Upon opening, the ride was met with mixed reviews.
On Sunday 11th June 2022, Thorpe Park announced that they would be closing Ghost Train between 12th and 15th June for minor improvements. Ghost Train reopened with the new changes on Friday 16th June.
Ride experience
As Derren Brown’s Ghost Train (2016-2022)
Guests join the queue for the ride outside the ride building, decorated as a derelict railway depot, featuring mock protest posters about fracking. From 2016-2018, photo opportunities were available in the queue line.
Guests enter a dark pre-show room to watch a Pepper's ghost projection of Derren Brown speaking, as he delivers a presentation on the concept of fear as entertainment. Guests then proceed to the main station room where a Victorian North Eastern Railway train carriage is seen as if suspended from the roof in chains. Boarding the train, guests enter a modern London Underground 1995 Stock carriage interior, hosted by uniformed staff. Guests are seated and put on HTC Vive headsets, whilst an advertisement for a fracking company called "Sub Core" is played in the background.
The train sets into motion and the ride begins. Riders watch the events through virtual reality, involving a passenger on the train discussing the consequences of a fracking disaster and an infected passenger appearing to attack the rider. Following the scene of a train crash, guests are instructed to leave their seats and evacuate the train.
Riders disembark and walk out into a derelict present day tube station, where the exterior of the carriage is now seen to be a modern London Underground 1995 Stock train. The following show scene originally involved live actors, an animated train crash and smoke screen projection effect, before guests are ushered back onto the carriage. However, this scene was replaced with a strobe maze in 2018.
Riders put the headsets back on and the carriage appears to move again. This second VR sequence involves the train and its passengers appearing to be attacked by a demon. Guests appear to fall out of the train, plummeting through a huge hole into a fiery Hell and into the mouth of the demon.
Derren Brown's voice is then heard announcing that the experience is now over, only for the demon to reappear as a jumpscare. Guests are then ushered into a surprise scene before entering the gift shop.
As Ghost Train (2023-present)
The overall ride system remains the same from Derren Brown’s Ghost Train. Guests queue outside the entrance to a mid-1980s British Rail station and enter into the waiting room where a Thorpe Rail conductor instructs them to stand in a designated area followed by an announcement asking guests to turn off their devices. This is followed by a Pepper's ghost projection of Angelis Mortis, the station master who explains the story behind a group of believers’ journey to Chapel Station - a station that was abandoned after the believers held a séance which ended horribly, killing them. Then, Angelis offers guests a choice to leave or take the last train. The windows on each side of the room slam shut, one by one as a jumpscare, sealing the guests’ fate. Guests are then sent to Platform 13 where the last train awaits them. Guests board the train and meet Tripis & Thogs - two conductors onboard the train. Guests take a seat and the train sets into motion.
The ride begins as Tripis & Thogs explain how the believers wanted to live forever and why Chapel Station is closed. This is surrounded by gloomy noises and lighting. As the intensity starts to build up, the train comes to a screeching halt outside of Chapel Station, where the riders disembark.
Riders walk out into Chapel Station and then through a dimly lit corridor with skulls on the walls and ivy hanging from the ceiling. Riders enter into St. Giles’ Chapel where Tripis & Thogs provide information about the chapel, the different members of the believers and what they said to summon death. This is followed by a disturbing sequence of events where the two conductors get possessed by death, a ghoul flies over the riders and the statues in the chapel glow and start to rotate. Riders run out of the crypt into Chapel Station as demons follow them.
Riders are ushered back onto the train by Tripis & Thogs for the next sequence. They discuss the crypt and what the station master wants. Tripis & Thogs get re-possessed followed by a loud, intense sequence featuring demonic nuns, UV lighting and smoke effects alongside strobe lighting.
An announcement is heard on the speakers asking riders to report any suspicious activity to a member of staff, followed by the iconic phrase ‘See it, Say it, Sorted.’ being announced. Guests disembark the train and exit into the gift shop and Last Call Café. There was originally a surprise scene after guests disembark the train involving live actors, strobe lighting and smoke. This was potentially removed after the 2023 season.
See also
HTC Vive, the VR headsets the ride formerly used.
References
^ Nightingale-DNU, Laura (8 July 2016). "It's here! Derren Brown's Ghost Train finally open at Thorpe Park". SurreyLive. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
^ "Derren Brown's VR Ghost Train is back – and this time it's actually scary". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Retrieved 23 February 2023.
^ "Ghost Train - Thorpe Park Resort". Thorpe Park Resort. THORPE PARK. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
^ Attraction Fix
^ Merlin looks to Derren Brown for touch of magic - Financial Times. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
^ "Thorpe Park started selling their 12p tickets early and people are furious". 25 March 2016.
^ "Missed out on the Thorpe Park 12p ticket sale? You might get a second chance". 12 April 2016.
^ "Derren Brown's Ghost Train ride at Thorpe Park delayed". 3 May 2016.
vteThorpe ParkAmity
Flying Fish
Stealth
Storm Surge
Tidal Wave
Lost City
Colossus
Rush
Vortex
Zodiac
Old Town
Samurai
SAW - The Ride
Fearless Valley
Hyperia
Swarm Island
The Swarm
The Jungle
Nemesis Inferno
Rumba Rapids
Big Easy Boulevard
Detonator
The Dock Yard
The Walking Dead: The Ride
Ghost Train
Former
Phantom Fantasia
Logger's Leap
Slammer
Pirates 4-D
See also
Merlin Entertainments
John Wardley
Category
vteDark rides in the United KingdomcurrentUK darkrides
Spirit of London (1993–)
Hex – The Legend of the Towers (2000–)
Valhalla (2000–)
Tomb Blaster (2002–)
Nemesis: Sub-Terra (2012–2015, 2023–)
Wallace & Gromit's Thrill-O-Matic (2013–)
The Gruffalo River Ride Adventure (2017–)
Curse at Alton Manor (2023–)
Ghost Train (2023–)
formerUK darkrides
The Haunted Hotel (1980–2009) aka Trauma Towers
Doom & Sons (1981–1991)
Around The World in 80 Days (1981–1993)
Phantom Fantasia (1983–2000) aka Wicked Witches Haunt
Black Hole (1983–2005)
The 5th Dimension (1987–1993)
Prof. Burp's BubbleWorks (1990–2005)
The Haunted House (1992–2002)
Terror Tomb (1994–2001)
Toyland Tours (1994–2005)
Duel – The Haunted House Strikes Back (2003–2022)
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory: The Ride (2006–2015)
Derren Brown's Ghost Train (2016–2022) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dark ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_ride"},{"link_name":"Thorpe Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorpe_Park"},{"link_name":"Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey"},{"link_name":"motion simulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_simulation"},{"link_name":"crypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Ghost Train is a dark ride at Thorpe Park in Surrey, England. The attraction incorporates motion simulation, illusion, multisensory effects and live actors to help execute the storyline. It is set in a haunted mid-1980s railway station and mainly focuses on passengers taking the last train to an abandoned crypt. It first opened in July 2016 as Derren Brown's Ghost Train,[1] then reopened as Derren Brown's Ghost Train: Rise Of The Demon in March 2017.[2] The reimagined Ghost Train opened in May 2023.[3]","title":"Ghost Train (Thorpe Park)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Merlin Entertainments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlin_Entertainments"},{"link_name":"mentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalist"},{"link_name":"Derren Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derren_Brown"},{"link_name":"Severn Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severn_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Intamin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intamin"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"shilling in Victorian times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling_(English_coin)"},{"link_name":"pence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penny_(English_coin)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Derren Brown Ghost Train's Opening","text":"Derren Brown's Ghost Train was first teased on 8 July 2015 after reportedly three years in planning. The project name was referred to as 'WC16'.[4]Merlin Magic Making, the development division of Merlin Entertainments, designed the attraction in collaboration with British mentalist Derren Brown and his team. The main experience was a simulator dark ride built by Simworx with on-board virtual reality (produced by Figment Productions). Severn Lamb and Intamin designed and engineered the complex transit system.[citation needed]The project altogether was reported in the Financial Times as having a cost of £13 million.[5]In anticipation of the new attraction, Thorpe Park began a \"Get in for a Bob\" promotion, where 1871 people would be able to purchase a ticket into the resort for the modern-day equivalent of a shilling in Victorian times, which equals 5 pence. The website was published earlier than the scheduled time which resulted in many being unable to get tickets.[6] The resort offered that those who registered their name before the website closed would be entered into a raffle, where a further 4,000 12 pence tickets would be allocated at random.[7]The attraction was originally set to open on 6 May 2016, as announced on their social networks. However one week before the attraction was set to open, the resort announced the attraction would not be ready due to \"some illusions not working as anticipated\".[8]After the 2022 season, the virtual reality on the ride and association with Derren Brown was removed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London Underground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground"}],"sub_title":"Ghost Train's Opening","text":"Ghost Train was first announced to the public on Wednesday 1st February 2016. The reimagined attraction was set to feature a brand new storyline, new multi-sensory effects, the removal of the VR, and an actor-led experience.On Tuesday 2nd May, Thorpe Park announced on its social platforms, website, and app that Ghost Train would open to the public on Friday 26th May. The announcement came with brand-new concept art showing part of the interior of an old, dirty London Underground train and the Grim Reaper standing outside behind a graveyard.On Wednesday 17th May, Thorpe Park announced a new minimum height restriction of 1.3m instead of 1.4m and revealed another piece of concept art.Ghost Train had a preview day on Thursday 25th May and was officially opened as planned on Friday 26th May.Due to the number of actors the ride relies on, the ride opens from 12pm each day. Upon opening, the ride was met with mixed reviews.On Sunday 11th June 2022, Thorpe Park announced that they would be closing Ghost Train between 12th and 15th June for minor improvements. Ghost Train reopened with the new changes on Friday 16th June.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pepper's ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost"},{"link_name":"North Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"London Underground 1995 Stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Underground_1995_Stock"},{"link_name":"HTC Vive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Vive"},{"link_name":"jumpscare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpscare"}],"sub_title":"As Derren Brown’s Ghost Train (2016-2022)","text":"Guests join the queue for the ride outside the ride building, decorated as a derelict railway depot, featuring mock protest posters about fracking. 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Following the scene of a train crash, guests are instructed to leave their seats and evacuate the train.Riders disembark and walk out into a derelict present day tube station, where the exterior of the carriage is now seen to be a modern London Underground 1995 Stock train. The following show scene originally involved live actors, an animated train crash and smoke screen projection effect, before guests are ushered back onto the carriage. However, this scene was replaced with a strobe maze in 2018.Riders put the headsets back on and the carriage appears to move again. This second VR sequence involves the train and its passengers appearing to be attacked by a demon. Guests appear to fall out of the train, plummeting through a huge hole into a fiery Hell and into the mouth of the demon.Derren Brown's voice is then heard announcing that the experience is now over, only for the demon to reappear as a jumpscare. Guests are then ushered into a surprise scene before entering the gift shop.","title":"Ride experience"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"Pepper's ghost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepper%27s_ghost"},{"link_name":"Angelis Mortis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_(personification)"},{"link_name":"séance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance"},{"link_name":"jumpscare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumpscare"},{"link_name":"live forever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality"},{"link_name":"ivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedera"},{"link_name":"nuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun"}],"sub_title":"As Ghost Train (2023-present)","text":"The overall ride system remains the same from Derren Brown’s Ghost Train. Guests queue outside the entrance to a mid-1980s British Rail station and enter into the waiting room where a Thorpe Rail conductor instructs them to stand in a designated area followed by an announcement asking guests to turn off their devices. This is followed by a Pepper's ghost projection of Angelis Mortis, the station master who explains the story behind a group of believers’ journey to Chapel Station - a station that was abandoned after the believers held a séance which ended horribly, killing them. Then, Angelis offers guests a choice to leave or take the last train. The windows on each side of the room slam shut, one by one as a jumpscare, sealing the guests’ fate. Guests are then sent to Platform 13 where the last train awaits them. Guests board the train and meet Tripis & Thogs - two conductors onboard the train. Guests take a seat and the train sets into motion.The ride begins as Tripis & Thogs explain how the believers wanted to live forever and why Chapel Station is closed. This is surrounded by gloomy noises and lighting. As the intensity starts to build up, the train comes to a screeching halt outside of Chapel Station, where the riders disembark.Riders walk out into Chapel Station and then through a dimly lit corridor with skulls on the walls and ivy hanging from the ceiling. Riders enter into St. Giles’ Chapel where Tripis & Thogs provide information about the chapel, the different members of the believers and what they said to summon death. This is followed by a disturbing sequence of events where the two conductors get possessed by death, a ghoul flies over the riders and the statues in the chapel glow and start to rotate. Riders run out of the crypt into Chapel Station as demons follow them.Riders are ushered back onto the train by Tripis & Thogs for the next sequence. They discuss the crypt and what the station master wants. Tripis & Thogs get re-possessed followed by a loud, intense sequence featuring demonic nuns, UV lighting and smoke effects alongside strobe lighting.An announcement is heard on the speakers asking riders to report any suspicious activity to a member of staff, followed by the iconic phrase ‘See it, Say it, Sorted.’ being announced. Guests disembark the train and exit into the gift shop and Last Call Café. There was originally a surprise scene after guests disembark the train involving live actors, strobe lighting and smoke. This was potentially removed after the 2023 season.","title":"Ride experience"}] | [] | [{"title":"HTC Vive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTC_Vive"}] | [{"reference":"Nightingale-DNU, Laura (8 July 2016). \"It's here! Derren Brown's Ghost Train finally open at Thorpe Park\". SurreyLive. 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You might get a second chance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derren Brown's Ghost Train ride at Thorpe Park delayed\". 3 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/whats-on/family-kids-news/thorpe-park-postpones-opening-date-11274915","url_text":"\"Derren Brown's Ghost Train ride at Thorpe Park delayed\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/whats-on/family-kids-news/derren-browns-ghost-train-finally-11587310","external_links_name":"\"It's here! Derren Brown's Ghost Train finally open at Thorpe Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.wired.co.uk/article/derren-brown-vr-ghost-train-thorpe-park","external_links_name":"\"Derren Brown's VR Ghost Train is back – and this time it's actually scary\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1357-0978","external_links_name":"1357-0978"},{"Link":"https://www.thorpepark.com/explore/theme-park/rides/ghost-train-ride/","external_links_name":"\"Ghost Train - Thorpe Park Resort\""},{"Link":"http://www.attractiontix.co.uk/blog/2016/05/20/derren-browns-ghost-train-thorpe-park/","external_links_name":"Attraction Fix"},{"Link":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c1eac800-12e5-11e6-839f-2922947098f0.html#axzz4G6ZNI6nI","external_links_name":"Merlin looks to Derren Brown for touch of magic"},{"Link":"http://metro.co.uk/2016/03/25/thorpe-park-started-selling-their-12p-tickets-early-and-people-are-furious-5775080/","external_links_name":"\"Thorpe Park started selling their 12p tickets early and people are furious\""},{"Link":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/thorpe-park-promises-angry-families-7736418","external_links_name":"\"Missed out on the Thorpe Park 12p ticket sale? You might get a second chance\""},{"Link":"http://www.getsurrey.co.uk/whats-on/family-kids-news/thorpe-park-postpones-opening-date-11274915","external_links_name":"\"Derren Brown's Ghost Train ride at Thorpe Park delayed\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THORPEX | THORPEX | ["1 History","1.1 Creation and International Science Plan (2003-04)","1.2 International Research Implementation Plan (TIP) and the creation of TIGGE","1.3 Further progress","2 Components","2.1 TIGGE","2.2 GIFS","3 References","4 External links"] | Meteorological research programme
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THORPEX (The Observing system Research and Predictability Experiment) is an international research programme established in 2003 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to accelerate improvements in the utility and accuracy of weather forecasts up to two weeks ahead. It is part of the World Weather Research Programme and is a key component of the WMO Natural Disaster Reduction and Mitigation Programme.
History
THORPEX was started in 2003 with the intention of being a ten-year programme, but it continues to be active as of 2014. The 12th annual session was held at the WMO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland in March 2014.
Creation and International Science Plan (2003-04)
THORPEX was created in 2003 at the Fourteenth World Meteorological Congress under the auspices of the WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) as a ten-year international research and development programme to accelerate improvements in the accuracy and the social, economic & environmental benefits of 1-day to 2-week high-impact weather forecasts.
At the time of its creation, the following sub-programmes were listed in the THORPEX International Science Plan:
Global-to-regional influences on the evolution and predictability of weather systems
Global observing-system design and demonstration
Targeting and assimilation of observations
Societal, economic & environmental benefits of improved forecasts
International Research Implementation Plan (TIP) and the creation of TIGGE
In February 2005, the THORPEX International Research Implementation Plan (TIP) was published. This plan proposed the creation of the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE), an implementation of ensemble forecasting, and the Global Interactive Forecasting System (GIFS).
In early March 2005, the first workshop devoted to TIGGE was held. The final report of the workshop laid out a plan for setting up the THORPEX TIGGE-GIFS working group as soon as possible & for setting up the infrastructure for TIGGE over the next few years, in time to contribute to proposed real-time THORPEX support for the International Polar Year field campaigns in 2007-08 & the 2008 Beijing Olympics WWRP Research and Development Project.
Further progress
TIGGE was developed and made operational over the coming years, and data from TIGGE was used in many meteorological research papers.
A 2010 review by Bougeault et al. surveyed the past work and future plans of TIGGE and concluded: "We are convinced that the TIGGE databases will constitute a key resource for reaching the objective of THORPEX: the acceleration of the progress of the forecast skill for severe weather events from 1 day to 2 weeks ahead. This will be reached by a robust combination of research on the scientific basis of ensemble prediction, experimentation with new products, and development of new protocols and policies for data exchange across WMO Member States and across the science and application communities."
Another 2010 paper provided a timeline with 2008-2012 as the development phase for the Global Interactive Forecasting System (GIFS) and 2012 onward as the implementation period.
In March 2014, the TIGGE-LAM (limited area model) was launched to improve on regional ensemble forecasts.
Components
TIGGE
Further information: THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble
The THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble, also known as TIGGE, was envisaged in the February 2005 THORPEX International Research Implementation Plan, and the groundwork for it was laid in a 2005 workshop. Its goal is to improve ensemble forecasting for the weather worldwide.
Currently, the TIGGE data is available from these sources:
The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)
The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the United States
The China Meteorological Administration (CMA) is also supposed to host a copy of TIGGE
A review of TIGGE was published in 2010. In March 2014, the TIGGE-LAM (limited area model) was launched to improve on regional ensemble forecasts.
GIFS
The Global Interactive Forecasting System (GIFS) was first described in the THORPEX International Research Implementation Plan (TIP) published in February 2005, and it has since been mentioned in discussions of TIGGE as part of the next step in the evolution of ensemble forecasting after TIGGE. However, GIFS does not have a public-facing implementation as of April 2014.
References
^ a b c d e f g "THORPEX/TIGGE applications to TC motion and forecasting" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on February 12, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ "draft THORPEX". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ a b c d e f "THORPEX International Research Implementation Programme" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization. February 14, 2005. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ "12th Session THORPEX GIFS-TIGGE Working Group (Geneva, WMO Headquarters, 18 March 2014 afternoon)". World Meteorological Organization. March 18, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ a b Shapiro, Melvyn; Thorpe, Alan (November 2, 2004). "THORPEX International Science Plan (Version 3)" (PDF). Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ a b "1st Workshop of TIGGE (Thorpex Interactive Grand Global Ensemble)". European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. March 1–3, 2005. Archived from the original on April 19, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ a b "First Workshop on the THORPIX International Grand Global Ensemble (final report), WMO/TD-No.1273 and WWRP/THORPEX No. 5" (PDF). World Meteorological Organization & European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. March 1–3, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2011. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ a b "TIGGE - the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble". European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ "Research article (TIGGE references)". European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ a b c Philippe Bougeault; et al. (August 2010). "The THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 91 (8): 1059–1072. Bibcode:2010BAMS...91.1059B. doi:10.1175/2010BAMS2853.1.
^ a b "TIGGE-LAM improves regional ensemble forecast". World Meteorological Organization. March 28, 2014. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ "THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble: TIGGE Data Archive Portal". National Center for Atmospheric Research. Retrieved April 18, 2014.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Meteorological Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyclone-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-official-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyclone-1"}],"text":"THORPEX (The Observing system Research and Predictability Experiment) is an international research programme established in 2003 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to accelerate improvements in the utility and accuracy of weather forecasts up to two weeks ahead.[1][2] It is part of the World Weather Research Programme and is a key component of the WMO Natural Disaster Reduction and Mitigation Programme.[1]","title":"THORPEX"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyclone-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorpex-implementation-2005-3"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"THORPEX was started in 2003 with the intention of being a ten-year programme,[1][3] but it continues to be active as of 2014. The 12th annual session was held at the WMO headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland in March 2014.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorpex-implementation-2005-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorpex-science-2003-04-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorpex-science-2003-04-5"}],"sub_title":"Creation and International Science Plan (2003-04)","text":"THORPEX was created in 2003 at the Fourteenth World Meteorological Congress under the auspices of the WMO Commission for Atmospheric Sciences (CAS) as a ten-year international research and development programme to accelerate improvements in the accuracy and the social, economic & environmental benefits of 1-day to 2-week high-impact weather forecasts.[3][5]At the time of its creation, the following sub-programmes were listed in the THORPEX International Science Plan:[5]Global-to-regional influences on the evolution and predictability of weather systems\nGlobal observing-system design and demonstration\nTargeting and assimilation of observations\nSocietal, economic & environmental benefits of improved forecasts","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorpex-implementation-2005-3"},{"link_name":"THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THORPEX_Interactive_Grand_Global_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"ensemble forecasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble_forecasting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyclone-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorpex-implementation-2005-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tigge-1st-workshop-6"},{"link_name":"International Polar Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Polar_Year"},{"link_name":"2008 Beijing Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Beijing_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tigge-1st-workshop-report-7"}],"sub_title":"International Research Implementation Plan (TIP) and the creation of TIGGE","text":"In February 2005, the THORPEX International Research Implementation Plan (TIP) was published.[3] This plan proposed the creation of the THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE), an implementation of ensemble forecasting, and the Global Interactive Forecasting System (GIFS).[1][3]In early March 2005, the first workshop devoted to TIGGE was held.[6] The final report of the workshop laid out a plan for setting up the THORPEX TIGGE-GIFS working group as soon as possible & for setting up the infrastructure for TIGGE over the next few years, in time to contribute to proposed real-time THORPEX support for the International Polar Year field campaigns in 2007-08 & the 2008 Beijing Olympics WWRP Research and Development Project.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecmwf-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bougeault-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyclone-1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tigge-lam-11"}],"sub_title":"Further progress","text":"TIGGE was developed and made operational over the coming years,[8] and data from TIGGE was used in many meteorological research papers.[9]A 2010 review by Bougeault et al. surveyed the past work and future plans of TIGGE and concluded: \"We are convinced that the TIGGE databases will constitute a key resource for reaching the objective of THORPEX: the acceleration of the progress of the forecast skill for severe weather events from 1 day to 2 weeks ahead. This will be reached by a robust combination of research on the scientific basis of ensemble prediction, experimentation with new products, and development of new protocols and policies for data exchange across WMO Member States and across the science and application communities.\"[10]Another 2010 paper provided a timeline with 2008-2012 as the development phase for the Global Interactive Forecasting System (GIFS) and 2012 onward as the implementation period.[1]In March 2014, the TIGGE-LAM (limited area model) was launched to improve on regional ensemble forecasts.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/THORPEX_Interactive_Grand_Global_Ensemble"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorpex-implementation-2005-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tigge-1st-workshop-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tigge-1st-workshop-report-7"},{"link_name":"European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Centre_for_Medium-Range_Weather_Forecasts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecmwf-8"},{"link_name":"National Center for Atmospheric Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Atmospheric_Research"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncar-12"},{"link_name":"China Meteorological Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Meteorological_Administration"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyclone-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bougeault-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tigge-lam-11"}],"sub_title":"TIGGE","text":"Further information: THORPEX Interactive Grand Global EnsembleThe THORPEX Interactive Grand Global Ensemble, also known as TIGGE, was envisaged in the February 2005 THORPEX International Research Implementation Plan,[3] and the groundwork for it was laid in a 2005 workshop.[6][7] Its goal is to improve ensemble forecasting for the weather worldwide.Currently, the TIGGE data is available from these sources:The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)[8]\nThe National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in the United States[12]\nThe China Meteorological Administration (CMA) is also supposed to host a copy of TIGGE[1]A review of TIGGE was published in 2010.[10] In March 2014, the TIGGE-LAM (limited area model) was launched to improve on regional ensemble forecasts.[11]","title":"Components"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thorpex-implementation-2005-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cyclone-1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bougeault-10"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"GIFS","text":"The Global Interactive Forecasting System (GIFS) was first described in the THORPEX International Research Implementation Plan (TIP) published in February 2005,[3] and it has since been mentioned in discussions of TIGGE as part of the next step in the evolution of ensemble forecasting after TIGGE.[1][10] However, GIFS does not have a public-facing implementation as of April 2014.[citation needed]","title":"Components"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"THORPEX/TIGGE applications to TC motion and forecasting\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Expo_Center | Portland Expo Center | ["1 History","2 Amenities","3 References"] | Coordinates: 45°36′21″N 122°41′22″W / 45.60594°N 122.689369°W / 45.60594; -122.689369Convention center in Portland, Oregon, U.S.
Portland Expo CenterExpo Center in 2011Address2060 North Marine DrivePortland, Oregon 97217LocationPortland, OregonCoordinates45°36′21″N 122°41′22″W / 45.60594°N 122.689369°W / 45.60594; -122.689369OwnerMetroOperatorMetropolitan Exposition and Recreation CommissionOpened1920sFormer namesPacific International Livestock ExpositionMeeting-room seatingHall A: 2,726Hall B: 2,700Hall C: 4,736Hall D: 7,000Hall E: 9,000Enclosed space • Total space330,000 square feet (30,700 m2)Websiteexpocenter.org
The Portland Expo Center, officially the Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center, is a convention center located in the Kenton neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. Opened in the early 1920s as a livestock exhibition and auction facility, the center now hosts over 100 events a year, including green consumer shows, trade shows, conventions, meetings and other special events. Located on the north side of Portland near Vancouver, Washington, it includes the northern terminus for the Yellow Line of Portland's light-rail transit system and has connections to TriMet Bus Line 11-Rivergate/Marine Dr.
History
The complex was originally built in the early 1920s as the Pacific International Livestock Exposition, and operated as a livestock exhibition, cattle grading, and auction facility. Alexander Chalmers, Centerville/Forest Grove, breeder of Shorthorn Cattle; Frank Brown, Carlton, breeder of Shropshire Sheep and Shorthorn Cattle; Herb Chandler, Baker, breeder of Hereford Cattle; A.C. Ruby, Portland, breeder of Clydesdale Horses; O.M. Plumber, a Portland businessman; and W.B. Ayre, Portland, a wealthy lumberman as a group formed the Pacific International Livestock Show in Portland. The first year of the show (approx. 1920), the stock, including cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs, were housed in the beef cattle covered pens. Two huge exhibition tents were erected for the judging of the stock.
Later, a building was constructed adjacent to the North Portland stockyards, which was next to Swift & Co. slaughter and processing plant. Subsequent shows were held in this building, which still stood as of 1979. It is now owned by the Multnomah County Fair Association.
The show later had a side line of holding huge auctions of livestock for breeding purposes.
Later the show included horse show and rodeo venues.
From May 2 to September 10, 1942, the center suspended livestock exposition operations and served as a Civilian Assembly Center under President Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066, which authorized the eviction and confinement of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast during World War II. 3,676 people of Japanese descent were confined in the hastily converted animal corrals for a period of five months, while they awaited transfer to more permanent camps in California, Idaho and Wyoming. Torii Gate, an installation piece by Portland artist Valerie Otani, acts as a memorial honoring the people held at the Portland Assembly Center in 1942.
For three months in the summer of 1959, the Oregon Centennial Exposition was held at the site. Among various attractions, the centennial exposition featured a railroad line that used two trains built for the then-new Portland Zoo Railway (now the Washington Park and Zoo Railway), on temporary loan.
Multnomah County acquired the facility in 1965; it was renamed the Multnomah County Exposition Center. It became home to the annual Multnomah County Fair in 1970, and the fairs were held there through 1996. After the Metropolitan Exposition and Recreation Commission of Metro, the regional government for the Portland metropolitan area, took over ownership and management of the facility in 1994, the complex was renamed Portland Expo Center. It has since undergone major renovations.
Events at the Expo Center include the Portland Better Living Home and Garden Show, Antique and Collectible Show and Christmas Bazaar.
Amenities
Halls A, B, and C are currently the oldest buildings in the complex. Halls A and B have 15-foot (5 m) ceiling heights, and Hall C has a 25-foot (8 m) ceiling height. Hall A has 48,000 square feet (4,500 m2) of space and can accommodate up to 2,726; Hall B has 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2) of space and can seat up to 2,700; Hall C has 60,000 square feet (6,000 m2) of space, seats up to 4,736.
Hall D, the newest building in the complex (built in 2001), replaced an older exhibit hall. It has 72,000 square feet (6,700 m2) of space and a 30-foot (9 m) ceiling height, can be divided into two exhibit halls and can seat up to 7,000. Hall E, built in 1997, is the largest exhibit hall in the complex, with 108,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of space and a 30-foot (9 m) ceiling height. It seats up to 9,000. Halls D and E are connected by a 4,500-square-foot (420 m2) connector. East Hall has 4,400-square-foot (410 m2) of space. The complex has many meeting rooms and a total of 330,000 square feet (30,700 m2) of exhibit space.
References
^ a b "About Expo". Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center. 2002. Archived from the original on April 17, 2010. Retrieved March 28, 2018.
^ Earl John Chalmers, William Chalmers – 1750-1979 on file at the Oregon Historical Society and The Washington County Historical Society
^ a b c d e f g "Portland Expo Center – History" (PDF). Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center. 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 26, 2011. Retrieved September 24, 2011.
^ Engeman, Richard H. (2009). The Oregon Companion: An Historical Gazetteer of The Useful, The Curious, and The Arcane. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 201. ISBN 978-0-88192-899-0.
^ Katagiri, George (2008–2010). "Japanese Americans in Oregon". The Oregon Encyclopedia. Portland State University. Retrieved June 10, 2011.
^ Sakamoto, Henry Shig. "Portland (detention facility)" Densho Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 19, 2014.
^ "Public Art on MAX Yellow Line". TriMet. 2011. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
^ a b c d e f g "Expo Facility Info". Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center. 2002. Retrieved June 11, 2011.
vteCurrent venues in the Women's Flat Track Derby AssociationEastregion
Abe Stark Rink
Shriners Auditorium
Class of 1923 Arena
D.C. Armory
Dorton Arena
Du Burns Arena
Earls Court Exhibition Centre
Greater Richmond Convention
Haygood Skating Center
Inline Skating Club of America
Independence Family Fun Center
John F. Kennedy Memorial Coliseum
John Jay Doghouse
Kennedy Arena
Overlook Activities Center
Portland Exposition Building
Rhode Island Convention Center
Rainbow Rink
Romp'n Roll Roller Skating Rink
Skate Safe America
Sports Centre at MCC
Le Taz
Westregion
1stBank Center
Albuquerque Convention Center
Bladium
Castle Sports Club
Climate Pledge Arena
Colorado Springs City Auditorium
Everett Community College
Lane County Fairgrounds
Portland Expo Center
Roller King Roseville
Salt Palace
Santa Cruz Civic Auditorium
Skateland
Spartan Recreation Center
Sport Center of Las Vegas
TISC
Veterans Memorial Auditorium
North Centralregion
Allen County War Memorial Coliseum
Alliant Energy Center
The Bunker
Central Ohio Roller Hockey
Cincinnati Gardens
Dave Andreychuk Arena
Detroit Masonic Temple
Indiana Farmers Coliseum
Indiana Convention Center
Midwest Sport Hockey Complex
Minneapolis Convention Center
Rivertown Sports
Roy Wilkins Auditorium
Sioux Falls Expo Building
Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Coliseum
Swonder Ice Arena
UIC Pavilion
UW–Milwaukee Panther Arena
Wolstein Center
South Centralregion
Austin Convention Center
Bayou Music Center
Fair Park Coliseum
Knoxville Civic Coliseum
Mid-America Center
MidSouth Fairgrounds
Municipal Auditorium
North Florida Fairgrounds
NYTEX Sports Centre
Pershing Center
Rollercade
Starlight Skatium
Tennessee State Fairground Sports Arena
Tulsa Convention Center
UNO Human Performance Center
USA Skateplex
Von Braun Center
Wichita Ice Center
Yaarab Shrine Center
vteInternment of Japanese AmericansKey topics
Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians
Executive Order 9066
Executive Order 9102
Yasui
Hirabayashi
Korematsu
Ex parte Endo
Lordsburg killings
War Relocation Authority
History
Life before World War II
Life after World War II
Propaganda
Military service in World War II
442nd Infantry Regiment
100th Infantry Battalion
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Concentration camps
Gila River
Granada
Heart Mountain
Jerome
Manzanar
Minidoka
Poston
Rohwer
Topaz
Tule Lake
Assembly centers
Arboga Assembly Center
Fresno Assembly Center
Mayer Assembly Center
Merced Assembly Center
Owens Valley Reception Center
Parker Dam Reception Center
Pinedale Assembly Center
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Portland Assembly Center
Puyallup Assembly Center
Sacramento Assembly Center
Salinas Assembly Center
Santa Anita Assembly Center
Stockton Assembly Center
Tanforan Assembly Center
Tulare Assembly Center
Turlock Assembly Center
Woodland Civil Control Station
Citizen Isolation centers
Leupp Isolation Center
Moab Isolation Center
Old Raton Ranch Camp
Camp Tulelake
Detention facilities
Catalina Federal Honor Camp
Crystal City Alien Enemy Detention Facility
Fort Lincoln Alien Enemy Detention Facility
Fort Missoula Alien Enemy Detention Facility
Fort Stanton Alien Enemy Detention Facility
Kenedy Alien Enemy Detention Facility
Kooskia Alien Enemy Detention Facility
Santa Fe Alien Enemy Detention Facility
Seagoville Alien Enemy Detention Facility
Sharp Park Detention Station
Tuna Canyon Detention Station
Army facilities
Camp Blanding
Camp Forrest
Camp Livingston
Camp McCoy
Camp Florence
Fort Bliss Internment Camp
Fort Howard Internment Camp
Fort McDowell Internment Camp
Fort Meade Internment Camp
Fort Lewis Internment Camp
Fort Richardson Internment Camp
Fort Sam Houston Internment Camp
Fort Sill Internment Camp
Griffith Park Detention Camp
Haiku Internment Camp
Honouliuli Internment Camp
Kalaheo Stockade
Kilauea Military Camp
Lordsburg Internment Camp
Sand Island Internment Camp
Stringtown Internment Camp
Notable incarcerees
See: Category:Japanese-American internees
List of inmates of Manzanar
List of inmates of Topaz War Relocation Center
Estelle Peck Ishigo
Ralph Lazo
Isamu Shibayama
Elaine Black Yoneda
Literatureand arts
Allegiance
Born Free and Equal
Farewell to Manzanar
Hotel on the Corner of Bitter and Sweet
Judgment Without Trial
No-No Boy
Snow Falling on Cedars
The Buddha in the Attic
The Invisible Thread
The Moved-Outers
Under the Blood Red Sun
Weedflower
When the Emperor was Divine
List of documentaries
List of feature films
Go for Broke!
Legacy
Redress and court cases
Evacuation Claims Act
Civil Liberties Act of 1988
Renunciation Act of 1944
Day of Remembrance
Fred Korematsu Day
Empty Chair Memorial
Go for Broke Monument
Japanese American National Museum
Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II
Densho: The Japanese American Legacy Project
Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study
The Long Journey Home
Bainbridge Island Japanese American Exclusion Memorial
Japanese American Internment Museum
Sakura Square
Fred T. Korematsu Institute for Civil Rights and Education
Category
vteKenton, Portland, OregonBuildings
David Cole House
Kenton Hotel
Kenton Library
Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center
Thomas M. and Alla M. Paterson House
Business
Cup & Saucer Cafe
Portland International Raceway
World Famous Kenton Club
Geography
Delta Park
Kenton Commercial Historic District
Kenton Park
North Portland Harbor
Vanport, Oregon
Public art
Statue of Paul Bunyan
Voices of Remembrance
Transit
Expo Center station
Kenton/North Denver Avenue station
Category
Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convention center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_center"},{"link_name":"Kenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenton,_Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Portland, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Expo-1"},{"link_name":"Vancouver, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver,_Washington"},{"link_name":"the northern terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_Center_(MAX_station)"},{"link_name":"Yellow Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAX_Yellow_Line"},{"link_name":"Portland's light-rail transit system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAX_Light_Rail"},{"link_name":"TriMet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TriMet"}],"text":"Convention center in Portland, Oregon, U.S.The Portland Expo Center, officially the Portland Metropolitan Exposition Center, is a convention center located in the Kenton neighborhood of Portland, Oregon, United States. Opened in the early 1920s as a livestock exhibition and auction facility, the center now hosts over 100 events a year, including green consumer shows, trade shows, conventions, meetings and other special events.[1] Located on the north side of Portland near Vancouver, Washington, it includes the northern terminus for the Yellow Line of Portland's light-rail transit system and has connections to TriMet Bus Line 11-Rivergate/Marine Dr.","title":"Portland Expo Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expo_Center-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Companion-4"},{"link_name":"President Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Executive Order 9066","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Order_9066"},{"link_name":"eviction and confinement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American_internment"},{"link_name":"Japanese Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_American"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Oregon Centennial Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Centennial_Exposition_and_International_Trade_Fair"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expo_Center-3"},{"link_name":"Washington Park and Zoo Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Park_and_Zoo_Railway"},{"link_name":"Multnomah County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multnomah_County"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expo_Center-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expo_Center-3"},{"link_name":"Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(Oregon_regional_government)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expo_Center-3"}],"text":"The complex was originally built in the early 1920s as the Pacific International Livestock Exposition, and operated as a livestock exhibition, cattle grading, and auction facility. Alexander Chalmers, Centerville/Forest Grove, breeder of Shorthorn Cattle; Frank Brown, Carlton, breeder of Shropshire Sheep and Shorthorn Cattle; Herb Chandler, Baker, breeder of Hereford Cattle; A.C. Ruby, Portland, breeder of Clydesdale Horses; O.M. Plumber, a Portland businessman; and W.B. Ayre, Portland, a wealthy lumberman as a group formed the Pacific International Livestock Show in Portland. The first year of the show (approx. 1920), the stock, including cattle, horses, sheep, and pigs, were housed in the beef cattle covered pens. Two huge exhibition tents were erected for the judging of the stock.Later, a building was constructed adjacent to the North Portland stockyards, which was next to Swift & Co. slaughter and processing plant. Subsequent shows were held in this building, which still stood as of 1979. It is now owned by the Multnomah County Fair Association.The show later had a side line of holding huge auctions of livestock for breeding purposes.[2]Later the show included horse show and rodeo venues. [3][4]From May 2 to September 10, 1942, the center suspended livestock exposition operations and served as a Civilian Assembly Center under President Roosevelt's Executive Order 9066, which authorized the eviction and confinement of Japanese Americans living on the West Coast during World War II. 3,676 people of Japanese descent were confined in the hastily converted animal corrals for a period of five months, while they awaited transfer to more permanent camps in California, Idaho and Wyoming.[5][6] Torii Gate, an installation piece by Portland artist Valerie Otani, acts as a memorial honoring the people held at the Portland Assembly Center in 1942.[7]For three months in the summer of 1959, the Oregon Centennial Exposition was held at the site.[3] Among various attractions, the centennial exposition featured a railroad line that used two trains built for the then-new Portland Zoo Railway (now the Washington Park and Zoo Railway), on temporary loan.Multnomah County acquired the facility in 1965;[3] it was renamed the Multnomah County Exposition Center. It became home to the annual Multnomah County Fair in 1970, and the fairs were held there through 1996.[3] After the Metropolitan Exposition and Recreation Commission of Metro, the regional government for the Portland metropolitan area, took over ownership and management of the facility in 1994, the complex was renamed Portland Expo Center.[3] It has since undergone major renovations.Events at the Expo Center include the Portland Better Living Home and Garden Show, Antique and Collectible Show and Christmas Bazaar.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facility_Info-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expo_Center-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facility_Info-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Expo_Center-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facility_Info-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facility_Info-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facility_Info-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facility_Info-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Facility_Info-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_Expo-1"}],"text":"Halls A, B, and C are currently the oldest buildings in the complex. Halls A and B have 15-foot (5 m) ceiling heights, and Hall C has a 25-foot (8 m) ceiling height. Hall A has 48,000 square feet (4,500 m2) of space and can accommodate up to 2,726; Hall B has 36,000 square feet (3,300 m2) of space and can seat up to 2,700; Hall C has 60,000 square feet (6,000 m2) of space, seats up to 4,736.[8]Hall D, the newest building in the complex (built in 2001), replaced an older exhibit hall.[3] It has 72,000 square feet (6,700 m2) of space and a 30-foot (9 m) ceiling height, can be divided into two exhibit halls and can seat up to 7,000.[8] Hall E, built in 1997,[3] is the largest exhibit hall in the complex, with 108,000 square feet (10,000 m2) of space and a 30-foot (9 m) ceiling height.[8] It seats up to 9,000.[8] Halls D and E are connected by a 4,500-square-foot (420 m2) connector.[8] East Hall has 4,400-square-foot (410 m2) of space.[8] The complex has many meeting rooms[8] and a total of 330,000 square feet (30,700 m2) of exhibit space.[1]","title":"Amenities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About Expo\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthieu_Proulx | Matthieu Proulx | ["1 Early years","2 Professional career","3 References","4 External links"] | Matthieu ProulxDate of birth (1981-04-16) April 16, 1981 (age 43)Place of birthPlaster Rock, New BrunswickCareer informationStatusRetiredCFL statusNationalPosition(s)SHeight6 ft 1 in (185 cm)Weight205 lb (93 kg)US collegeLavalCFL draft2005 / Round: 1 / Pick: 5Drafted byMontreal AlouettesCareer historyAs player2005–2010Montreal Alouettes
Career highlights and awards
Vanier Cup champion (2003, 2004)
Grey Cup champion (2009, 2010)
CFL East All-Star2009Awards
Bruce Coulter Award- 2004
Frank M. Gibson Trophy - 2005
Career statsPlaying stats at CFL.ca
Matthieu Proulx (born April 16, 1981) is a former safety with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League.
Early years
Proulx was born in Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, but his family relocated to Gatineau. He began Canadian football as a sport to play in between baseball and skiing and had to travel to Gloucester, Ontario, to play at the midget level at age 18. To play football at CEGEP level, Proulx had to go to Montreal and played for Collège André-Grasset.
Proulx attended Université Laval, majoring in law, and played for the Rouge-et-Or from 2001 to 2004. Over 18 games between 2002 and 2004, he intercepted five passes for 74 yards and a touchdown, scored two touchdowns on punt returns, and recorded 54 tackles, six sacks, seven pass knockdowns, and two forced fumbles. He won back-to-back Vanier Cups with Laval in 2003 and 2004 and was awarded the Bruce Coulter Award as the most outstanding defensive player in the 2004 Vanier Cup.
Professional career
Proulx was drafted by Montreal in the first round in the 2005 CFL Draft and was the runner-up for the 2005 CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award.
2008 CFL season may be considered his breakthrough season, however. He had been scheduled to start at safety but suffered a hamstring injury at the beginning of the season. Nevertheless, he recovered to dress for 11 games, including five starts, and has moved ahead of Étienne Boulay on the depth chart.
He studied for the bar in Montreal in 2007 and pursues a career in law during the off-season and intends continue upon his retirement.
On March 1, 2011, Radio-Canada announced on its website that Proulx will officially announce his retirement from professional football the next day at the age 29.
References
^ a b c d Zurkowsky, Herb (2008-11-20). "Winning CFL title 'would be huge,' Proulx says". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
^ a b "Matthieu Proulx". Rosters. Canadian Football League. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. Retrieved 2008-11-21.
^ "Proulx à la retraite".
External links
Matthieu Proulx at cfl.ca
vteMontreal Alouettes 97th Grey Cup champions
0 Andrew Hawkins
2 Davis Sanchez
4 Chad Owens
5 Adrian McPherson
6 Avon Cobourne (MVP)
7 John Bowman
8 Kerry Carter
9 Anwar Stewart
11 Chip Cox
12 Chris Leak
13 Anthony Calvillo
15 Damon Duval
16 Stanford Samuels
17 Billy Parker
18 Jamel Richardson
19 S. J. Green
20 Matthieu Proulx
21 Michael Giffin
22 Étienne Boulay
25 Larry Taylor
30 Dahrran Diedrick
31 Mark Estelle
35 De'Audra Dix
37 Martin Bédard
38 Doug Goldsby
39 Jerald Brown
40 Diamond Ferri
41 Shea Emry
43 Guillaume Allard-Caméus
45 Paul Woldu
46 Walter Spencer
50 Andrew Woodruff
51 Cory Huclack
52 Ramon Guzman
54 Jeff Perrett
57 Scott Flory
58 Luc Brodeur-Jourdain
59 Josh Bourke
62 Dylan Steenbergen
65 Paul Lambert
68 Bryan Chiu
69 Eric Wilson
72 Jeff Robertshaw
81 Kerry Watkins
82 Danny Desriveaux
85 Brian Bratton
86 Ben Cahoon (MVC)
90 Keron Williams
91 Shawn Mayne
94 Darrell Campbell
98 Jermaine McElveen
Head coach: Marc Trestman
Assistant coaches: Tim Burke
Scott Milanovich
Andy Bischoff
Marcus Brady
Jean-Marc Edmé
Jonathan Himebauch
Mike Sinclair
Scott Squires
Tim Tibesar
vteMontreal Alouettes 98th Grey Cup champions
0 Andrew Hawkins
2 Brandon Whitaker
3 Tim Maypray
4 Ricky Santos
5 Adrian McPherson
6 Avon Cobourne
7 John Bowman
8 Kerry Carter
9 Anwar Stewart
11 Chip Cox
12 Chris Leak
13 Anthony Calvillo
15 Damon Duval
16 Raymond Fontaine
17 Billy Parker
18 Jamel Richardson
19 S. J. Green
20 Matthieu Proulx
21 Michael Giffin
22 Étienne Boulay
24 Colt David
30 Dahrran Diedrick
31 Mark Estelle
35 De'Audra Dix
36 Steven Holness
37 Martin Bédard
39 Jerald Brown
40 Diamond Ferri
41 Shea Emry
43 Justin Conn
45 Paul Woldu
47 Ivan Brown
52 Ramon Guzman
54 Jeff Perrett
55 Skip Seagraves
57 Scott Flory
58 Luc Brodeur-Jourdain
59 Josh Bourke
60 Andrew Woodruff
62 Dylan Steenbergen
69 Eric Wilson
80 Éric Deslauriers
81 Kerry Watkins (MVP)
82 Danny Desriveaux
85 Brian Bratton
86 Ben Cahoon
90 Chima Ihekwoaba
96 J. P. Bekasiak
98 Jermaine McElveen
– Brandon London
Head coach: Marc Trestman
Assistant coaches: Tim Burke
Scott Milanovich
Andy Bischoff
Marcus Brady
Jean-Marc Edmé
Jonathan Himebauch
Mike Sinclair
Tim Tibesar
Carson Walch | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(American_football_position)"},{"link_name":"Montreal Alouettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Alouettes"},{"link_name":"Canadian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Football_League"}],"text":"Matthieu Proulx (born April 16, 1981) is a former safety with the Montreal Alouettes of the Canadian Football League.","title":"Matthieu Proulx"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plaster Rock, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaster_Rock,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"Gatineau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatineau"},{"link_name":"Canadian football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_football"},{"link_name":"Gloucester, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"CEGEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEGEP"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Collège André-Grasset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Andr%C3%A9-Grasset"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-1"},{"link_name":"Université Laval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Laval"},{"link_name":"Rouge-et-Or","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval_Rouge-et-Or"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfl-2"},{"link_name":"Vanier Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanier_Cup"},{"link_name":"Bruce Coulter Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Coulter_Award"}],"text":"Proulx was born in Plaster Rock, New Brunswick, but his family relocated to Gatineau. He began Canadian football as a sport to play in between baseball and skiing and had to travel to Gloucester, Ontario, to play at the midget level at age 18. To play football at CEGEP level, Proulx had to go to Montreal and played for Collège André-Grasset.[1]Proulx attended Université Laval, majoring in law, and played for the Rouge-et-Or from 2001 to 2004. Over 18 games between 2002 and 2004, he intercepted five passes for 74 yards and a touchdown, scored two touchdowns on punt returns, and recorded 54 tackles, six sacks, seven pass knockdowns, and two forced fumbles.[2] He won back-to-back Vanier Cups with Laval in 2003 and 2004 and was awarded the Bruce Coulter Award as the most outstanding defensive player in the 2004 Vanier Cup.","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005 CFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_CFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFL%27s_Most_Outstanding_Rookie_Award"},{"link_name":"2008 CFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_CFL_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-1"},{"link_name":"safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(American_football_position)"},{"link_name":"Étienne Boulay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Boulay"},{"link_name":"depth chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-1"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(law)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cfl-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazette-1"},{"link_name":"Radio-Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Proulx was drafted by Montreal in the first round in the 2005 CFL Draft and was the runner-up for the 2005 CFL's Most Outstanding Rookie Award.2008 CFL season may be considered his breakthrough season, however.[1] He had been scheduled to start at safety but suffered a hamstring injury at the beginning of the season. Nevertheless, he recovered to dress for 11 games, including five starts, and has moved ahead of Étienne Boulay on the depth chart.[1]He studied for the bar in Montreal in 2007[2] and pursues a career in law during the off-season and intends continue upon his retirement.[1]On March 1, 2011, Radio-Canada announced on its website that Proulx will officially announce his retirement from professional football the next day at the age 29.[3]","title":"Professional career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Zurkowsky, Herb (2008-11-20). \"Winning CFL title 'would be huge,' Proulx says\". Montreal Gazette. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Adamson | Ian Adamson | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Accusations of pseudo-history","4 Works","4.1 Books","4.2 Papers","5 References"] | For adventure racer, see Ian Adamson (adventure racer).
Ian AdamsonOBELord Mayor of BelfastIn office1996–1997DeputyMargaret CrooksPreceded byEric SmythSucceeded byAlban MaginnessDeputy Lord Mayor of BelfastIn office1994–1995Preceded byHugh SmythSucceeded byAlasdair McDonnellMember of Belfast City CouncilIn office17 May 1989 – 5 May 2011Preceded byWilliam CorrySucceeded byAndrew WebbConstituencyVictoriaMember of the Northern Ireland Assemblyfor Belfast EastIn office25 June 1998 – 26 November 2003Preceded byNew CreationSucceeded byMichael Copeland
Personal detailsBorn(1944-06-28)28 June 1944Bangor, County Down, Northern IrelandDied9 January 2019(2019-01-09) (aged 74)Conlig, County Down, Northern IrelandPolitical partyUlster Unionist PartyAlma materQueen's University BelfastProfessionPaediatrician
Ian Adamson OBE (28 June 1944 – 9 January 2019) was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician and paediatrician, who was the Lord Mayor of Belfast from 1996 to 1997, having been Deputy Lord Mayor from 1994 to 1995.
He additionally served as a Belfast City Councillor for the Victoria DEA from 1989 to 2011
Adamson was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for East Belfast from 1998 to 2003.
Early life
Adamson was born in 1944 in Bangor, County Down and raised in the nearby village of Conlig.
Career
He was an Ulster Unionist member of Belfast City Council from 1989, becoming that party's first honorary historian, until his retirement from active politics in 2011.
Adamson served as Deputy Lord Mayor in 1994–95 and then Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1996–97. He was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1998 for services to local government. He was an MLA for Belfast East from 1998 until 2003. He was also personal physician and advisor on history and culture to Rev. Ian Paisley (First Minister of Northern Ireland 2007–08) from 2004 until the latter's death in 2014.
He was the leading advocate of a version of the prehistory of Ireland based on the theory of the Cruthin.
On 18 July 1978, he was accepted as a Member of the International Medical Association of Lourdes for services to the disabled children and young people of the Falls parish in Belfast. He had a special interest in the long-term unemployed and became the founder secretary of Farset Youth and Community Development in 1981.
In 1989, he became founder Chairman of the Somme Association based at Craigavon House, Circular Road, Belfast, under the auspices of Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester; he also established the Somme Heritage Centre, now Museum, at Conlig, in 1994.
He founded the Ullans Academy, of which he served as President, followed by the Ulster-Scots Language Society in 1992. He became the first Rector and founder Chairman of the Ulster Scots Academy in 1994. He was a founder member of the Cultural Traditions Group, the Northern Ireland Community Relations Council and the Ultach Trust, and served as a member of the Ulster-Scots Agency, 2003-12. He was President of the Belfast Civic Trust.
Adamson was a specialist in community child health (community paediatrics), being a member of the Faculty of Community Health, and was awarded the fellowship of the Royal Institute of Public Health for his services to the health of young people in 1998. He was awarded a special commendation by His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales. He was an Executive Board Member of the London-based Association of Port Health Authorities, 2005–11 (Chairman of the Border Inspection Post Committee, 2005–06 and Imported Food Committee, 2006–11). Vice-President of the Somme Association, Adamson was a member of the boards of many other local public sector and voluntary civic organisations.
In his later years, he became a patron of the Dalaradia Group. Based in Newtownabbey they slowly evolved from the peace process as a vehicle for working class loyalists in County Antrim, many of whom were ex-combatants, to engage in the transformation of their communities after the troubles.
On his website, Adamson described himself as "a British Unionist, an Irish Royalist and an Ulster Loyalist". After Adamson's death on 9 January 2019, his funeral was attended by President of Ireland Michael D Higgins, whom he described as a friend. Van Morrison also attended the funeral, playing Adamson's favourite song.
Accusations of pseudo-history
In his 1974 book, Cruthin: The Ancient Kindred, Adamson proposed that the Cruthin were a British people who spoke a non-Celtic language and were the original inhabitants of Ulster. He argues that they were at war with the Irish Gaels for centuries, seeing the story of the Táin Bó Cúailnge as representing this; and argues that most of the Cruthin were driven to Scotland after the Battle of Moira (637), only for their descendants to return 1,000 years later in the Plantation of Ulster. Adamson's suggestion is that the Gaelic Irish are not really native to Ulster, and that the Ulster Scots have merely returned to their ancient lands. His theory has been adopted by some Ulster loyalists and Ulster Scots activists to counter Irish nationalism, and was promoted by elements in the Ulster Defence Association (UDA). They saw this new 'origin myth' as "a justification for their presence in Ireland and for partition of the country". Adamson said his theory offers "the hope of uniting the Ulster people at last".
Historians, archaeologists and anthropologists have widely rejected Adamson's theory. Prof. Stephen Howe of the University of Bristol argues it was designed to provide ancient underpinnings for a militantly separate Ulster identity. Historian Peter Berresford Ellis likens it to Zionism. Archaeologists such as J. P. Mallory and T. E. McNeil note that the Cruthin are "archaeologically invisible"; there is no evidence of them being a distinct group and "there is not a single object or site that an archaeologist can declare to be distinctly Cruthin".
Works
Books
The Cruthin: A History of the Ulster Land and People, (Newtownards: Nosmada Books 1974, 2nd edn. Bangor: Donard Publishing Co. 1978, 3rd edn. Bangor: Pretani Press 1986, 5th imp 1995); ISBN 0-9503461-0-1, 4th edn Newtownards: Colourpoint Books, an imprint of Colourpoint Creative Ltd, 2014); ISBN 978-1-78073-066-0
Bangor, Light of the world, (Bangor: Fairview Press 1979, 2nd edn. Belfast: Pretani Press 1987); ISBN 0-948868-06-6, 3rd edn. Newtownards: Colourpoint Books, 2015) ISBN 978-1-78073-093-6
The Battle of Moira, Sir Samuel Ferguson, Congal (Newtownards: Nosmada Books 1980) Introduction by Dr Ian Adamson OBE
The Identity of Ulster: The Land, the Language and the People, (Belfast : Pretani Press 1982, 2nd edn. 1987, 5th imp. 1995); ISBN 0-948868-04-X
The Ulster People: Ancient, Medieval and Modern, (Bangor: Pretani Press 1991) ISBN 0-948868-13-9
William and the Boyne, (Newtownards: Pretani Press, 1995); ISBN 0-948868-20-1
Dalaradia, Kingdom of the Cruthin, (Belfast: Pretani Press 1998); ISBN 0-948868-26-0/ISBN 0-948868-25-2
Bombs on Belfast The Blitz 1941 (Newtownards: Colourpoint Books in association with Belfast Telegraph 2011 (1st published Belfast: Pretani Press 1984); ISBN 978-1-906578-91-6
The Bangor Book 2016 ed Kenneth Irvine, (Ards and North Down Borough Council) Translations from Mediæval Latin by Dr Ian Adamson OBE; ISBN 978-1-5272-0103-3
Papers
The Ullans Academy in Legislation, Literature and Sociolinguistics: Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and Scotland, edited by John Kirk and Dónall P. Ó Baoill (Belfast: Queen's University 2005); ISBN 0-85389-874-X
The Ulster-Scots Movement (edited by Wesley Hutchinson and Clíona Ni Ríordáin), Brussels: P.I.E. Peter Lang 2010; ISBN 978-90-5201-649-8
Somme Memories in Towards Commemoration: Ireland in war and revolution, 1912–1923, edited by John Horne and Edward Madigan (Dublin, Royal Irish Academy 2013); ISBN 978-1-908996-17-6
Common Identity in Ulster-Scots in Northern Ireland Today: Language, Culture Community L'Ulster-Scots en Irelande du Nord aujourd’hui: langue, culture, communauté compiled by Wesley Hutchinson (Rennes, Presses Universitaires 2014); ISBN 978-2-7535-2887-1.
References
^ a b "Former Lord Mayor of Belfast Ian Adamson dies aged 74". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
^ Forde, Hugh (2015). Northern Ireland: Our Lesser Known History. Bannside Library Ltd. pp. Tribute. ISBN 978-0-9934157-0-8.
^ Hutchinson, Wesley (1999). espaces de l'imaginaire unioniste nord-irlandais. France: Presses Universitaires de Caen. p. 129. ISBN 978-2-84133-100-0.
^ "Battlelines". Journal of the Somme Association. 1. 1990.
^ Hutchinson & Ni Riordain (2010). Language Issues: Ireland, France,Spain. Brussels: Peter Lang. pp. 33–41. ISBN 978-90-5201-649-8.
^ Hay, Martin (2009). Institute of Ulster-Scots Studies, Working Papers Volume 1. Belfast: University of Ulster. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-1-85923-232-3.
^ a b "Dr. Ian Adamson OBE".
^ "President Higgins to attend funeral of former Lord Mayor Ian Adamson". Belfasttelegraph.co.uk – via www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk.
^ "Van Morrison performs at Ian Adamson funeral". www.irishtimes.com – via www.irishtimes.com.
^ Nic Craith, Máiréad (2002). Plural Identities, Singular Narratives: The Case of Northern Ireland. Berghahn Books. pp. 93–95.
^ a b c d Gallaher, Carolyn (2011). After the Peace: Loyalist Paramilitaries in Post-Accord Northern Ireland. Cornell University Press. pp. 96–97.
^ a b Smithey, Lee (2011). Unionists, Loyalists, and Conflict Transformation in Northern Ireland. Oxford University Press. p. 163.
^ Perry, Robert (2016). Revisionist Scholarship and Modern Irish Politics. Routledge. p. 103.
^ Peatling, Gary K.; Howe, Stephen (2000). "Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture". The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 26 (1): 141. doi:10.2307/25515321. ISSN 0703-1459. JSTOR 25515321.
^ Hughes, A. J.; Mallory, J. P.; McNeill, T. (1992). "The Archaeology of Ulster". Seanchas Ardmhacha: Journal of the Armagh Diocesan Historical Society. 15 (1): 331. doi:10.2307/29742575. ISSN 0488-0196. JSTOR 29742575.
Northern Ireland Assembly
New assembly
MLA for Belfast East 1998–2003
Succeeded byMichael Copeland
Civic offices
Preceded byHugh Smyth
Deputy Lord Mayor of Belfast 1994–1995
Succeeded byAlasdair McDonnell
Preceded byEric Smyth
Lord Mayor of Belfast 1996–97
Succeeded byAlban Maginness
Preceded byChristopher Stalford
High Sheriff of Belfast 2011
Succeeded byMay Campbell
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Adamson (adventure racer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Adamson_(adventure_racer)"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"Ulster Unionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party"},{"link_name":"paediatrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paediatrician"},{"link_name":"Lord Mayor of Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Belfast"},{"link_name":"Belfast City Councillor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_City_Council"},{"link_name":"Victoria DEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(District_Electoral_Area)"},{"link_name":"1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_Belfast_City_Council_election"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Belfast_City_Council_election"},{"link_name":"Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Assembly"},{"link_name":"East Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Belfast_(Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election"}],"text":"For adventure racer, see Ian Adamson (adventure racer).Ian Adamson OBE (28 June 1944 – 9 January 2019)[1] was an Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) politician and paediatrician, who was the Lord Mayor of Belfast from 1996 to 1997, having been Deputy Lord Mayor from 1994 to 1995.He additionally served as a Belfast City Councillor for the Victoria DEA from 1989 to 2011Adamson was a Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for East Belfast from 1998 to 2003.","title":"Ian Adamson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangor, County Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down"},{"link_name":"Conlig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conlig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"}],"text":"Adamson was born in 1944 in Bangor, County Down and raised in the nearby village of Conlig.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Duchess_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"where?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Newtownabbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtownabbey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto2-7"},{"link_name":"Michael D Higgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D_Higgins"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Van Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Morrison"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"He was an Ulster Unionist member of Belfast City Council from 1989, becoming that party's first honorary historian, until his retirement from active politics in 2011.Adamson served as Deputy Lord Mayor in 1994–95 and then Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1996–97. He was awarded the Order of the British Empire in 1998 for services to local government. He was an MLA for Belfast East from 1998 until 2003. He was also personal physician and advisor on history and culture to Rev. Ian Paisley (First Minister of Northern Ireland 2007–08)[2] from 2004 until the latter's death in 2014.He was the leading advocate of a version of the prehistory of Ireland based on the theory of the Cruthin.[3]On 18 July 1978, he was accepted as a Member of the International Medical Association of Lourdes for services to the disabled children and young people of the Falls parish in Belfast. He had a special interest in the long-term unemployed and became the founder secretary of Farset Youth and Community Development in 1981.[citation needed]In 1989, he became founder Chairman of the Somme Association based at Craigavon House, Circular Road, Belfast, under the auspices of Her Royal Highness Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester; he also established the Somme Heritage Centre, now Museum, at Conlig, in 1994.[4]He founded the Ullans Academy, of which he served as President, followed by the Ulster-Scots Language Society in 1992. He became the first Rector and founder Chairman of the Ulster Scots Academy in 1994.[5] He was a founder member of the Cultural Traditions Group, the Northern Ireland Community Relations Council and the Ultach Trust, and served as a member of the Ulster-Scots Agency, 2003-12.[6] He was President of the Belfast Civic Trust.Adamson was a specialist in community child health (community paediatrics), being a member of the Faculty of Community Health,[where?] and was awarded the fellowship of the Royal Institute of Public Health for his services to the health of young people in 1998. He was awarded a special commendation by His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales. He was an Executive Board Member of the London-based Association of Port Health Authorities, 2005–11 (Chairman of the Border Inspection Post Committee, 2005–06 and Imported Food Committee, 2006–11). Vice-President of the Somme Association, Adamson was a member of the boards of many other local public sector and voluntary civic organisations.[citation needed]In his later years, he became a patron of the Dalaradia Group. Based in Newtownabbey they slowly evolved from the peace process as a vehicle for working class loyalists in County Antrim, many of whom were ex-combatants, to engage in the transformation of their communities after the troubles.[7]On his website, Adamson described himself as \"a British Unionist, an Irish Royalist and an Ulster Loyalist\".[7] After Adamson's death on 9 January 2019, his funeral was attended by President of Ireland Michael D Higgins, whom he described as a friend.[8] Van Morrison also attended the funeral, playing Adamson's favourite song.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cruthin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruthin"},{"link_name":"Gaels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaels"},{"link_name":"Táin Bó Cúailnge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1in_B%C3%B3_C%C3%BAailnge"},{"link_name":"Battle of Moira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moira"},{"link_name":"Plantation of Ulster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster"},{"link_name":"Ulster Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NicCraith-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallaher-11"},{"link_name":"Ulster loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_loyalism"},{"link_name":"Irish nationalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Ulster Defence Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithey-12"},{"link_name":"partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallaher-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallaher-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smithey-12"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Peter Berresford Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Berresford_Ellis"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallaher-11"},{"link_name":"J. P. Mallory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._P._Mallory"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In his 1974 book, Cruthin: The Ancient Kindred, Adamson proposed that the Cruthin were a British people who spoke a non-Celtic language and were the original inhabitants of Ulster. He argues that they were at war with the Irish Gaels for centuries, seeing the story of the Táin Bó Cúailnge as representing this; and argues that most of the Cruthin were driven to Scotland after the Battle of Moira (637), only for their descendants to return 1,000 years later in the Plantation of Ulster. Adamson's suggestion is that the Gaelic Irish are not really native to Ulster, and that the Ulster Scots have merely returned to their ancient lands.[10][11] His theory has been adopted by some Ulster loyalists and Ulster Scots activists to counter Irish nationalism, and was promoted by elements in the Ulster Defence Association (UDA).[12] They saw this new 'origin myth' as \"a justification for their presence in Ireland and for partition of the country\".[13] Adamson said his theory offers \"the hope of uniting the Ulster people at last\".[11]Historians, archaeologists and anthropologists have widely rejected Adamson's theory.[11][12] Prof. Stephen Howe of the University of Bristol argues it was designed to provide ancient underpinnings for a militantly separate Ulster identity.[14] Historian Peter Berresford Ellis likens it to Zionism.[11] Archaeologists such as J. P. Mallory and T. E. McNeil note that the Cruthin are \"archaeologically invisible\"; there is no evidence of them being a distinct group and \"there is not a single object or site that an archaeologist can declare to be distinctly Cruthin\".[15]","title":"Accusations of pseudo-history"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9503461-0-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9503461-0-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78073-066-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78073-066-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948868-06-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948868-06-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-78073-093-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78073-093-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948868-04-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948868-04-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948868-13-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948868-13-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948868-20-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948868-20-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948868-26-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948868-26-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-948868-25-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948868-25-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-906578-91-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906578-91-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-5272-0103-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5272-0103-3"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"The Cruthin: A History of the Ulster Land and People, (Newtownards: Nosmada Books 1974, 2nd edn. Bangor: Donard Publishing Co. 1978, 3rd edn. Bangor: Pretani Press 1986, 5th imp 1995); ISBN 0-9503461-0-1, 4th edn Newtownards: Colourpoint Books, an imprint of Colourpoint Creative Ltd, 2014); ISBN 978-1-78073-066-0\nBangor, Light of the world, (Bangor: Fairview Press 1979, 2nd edn. Belfast: Pretani Press 1987); ISBN 0-948868-06-6, 3rd edn. Newtownards: Colourpoint Books, 2015) ISBN 978-1-78073-093-6\nThe Battle of Moira, [ed.,] Sir Samuel Ferguson, Congal (Newtownards: Nosmada Books 1980) Introduction by Dr Ian Adamson OBE\nThe Identity of Ulster: The Land, the Language and the People, (Belfast : Pretani Press 1982, 2nd edn. 1987, 5th imp. 1995); ISBN 0-948868-04-X\nThe Ulster People: Ancient, Medieval and Modern, (Bangor: Pretani Press 1991) ISBN 0-948868-13-9\nWilliam and the Boyne, (Newtownards: Pretani Press, 1995); ISBN 0-948868-20-1\nDalaradia, Kingdom of the Cruthin, (Belfast: Pretani Press 1998); ISBN 0-948868-26-0/ISBN 0-948868-25-2\nBombs on Belfast The Blitz 1941 (Newtownards: Colourpoint Books in association with Belfast Telegraph 2011 (1st published Belfast: Pretani Press 1984); ISBN 978-1-906578-91-6\nThe Bangor Book 2016 ed Kenneth Irvine, (Ards and North Down Borough Council) Translations from Mediæval Latin by Dr Ian Adamson OBE; ISBN 978-1-5272-0103-3","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-85389-874-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85389-874-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-5201-649-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5201-649-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-908996-17-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908996-17-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7535-2887-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7535-2887-1"}],"sub_title":"Papers","text":"The Ullans Academy in Legislation, Literature and Sociolinguistics: Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland, and Scotland, edited by John Kirk and Dónall P. 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JSTOR 29742575.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29742575","url_text":"\"The Archaeology of Ulster\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F29742575","url_text":"10.2307/29742575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0488-0196","url_text":"0488-0196"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29742575","url_text":"29742575"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/former-lord-mayor-of-belfast-ian-adamson-dies-aged-74-37695903.html","external_links_name":"\"Former Lord Mayor of Belfast Ian Adamson dies aged 74\""},{"Link":"http://www.ianadamson.net/","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Ian Adamson OBE\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/president-higgins-to-attend-funeral-of-former-lord-mayor-ian-adamson-37706357.html","external_links_name":"\"President Higgins to attend funeral of former Lord Mayor Ian Adamson\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/van-morrison-performs-at-ian-adamson-funeral-1.3757535","external_links_name":"\"Van Morrison performs at Ian Adamson funeral\""},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25515321","external_links_name":"\"Ireland and Empire: Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25515321","external_links_name":"10.2307/25515321"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0703-1459","external_links_name":"0703-1459"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25515321","external_links_name":"25515321"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/29742575","external_links_name":"\"The Archaeology of Ulster\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F29742575","external_links_name":"10.2307/29742575"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0488-0196","external_links_name":"0488-0196"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/29742575","external_links_name":"29742575"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000060470064","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/88398169","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkT7Cx649XbDqdmbDV3cP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2009030129","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/163736340","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9kanmey | Dékanmey | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 6°29′47″N 2°25′36″E / 6.4963°N 2.4268°E / 6.4963; 2.4268Arrondissement and town in Atlantique Department, BeninDékanmeyArrondissement and townCountry BeninDepartmentAtlantique DepartmentCommuneSô-AvaPopulation (2002) • Total4,241Time zoneUTC+1 (WAT)
Dékanmey is a town and arrondissement in the Atlantique Department of southern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Sô-Ava. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4,241.
References
^ Institut National de la Statistique Benin, accessed by Geohive, accessed 31 October 2011
vte Arrondissements of the Atlantique DepartmentAbomey-Calavi
Abomey-Calavi
Akassato
Godomey
Golo-Djigbé
Hévié
Kpanroun
Ouédo
Togba
Zinvié
Allada
Agbanou
Ahouannonzoun
Allada
Attogon
Avakpa
Ayou
Hinvi
Lissègazoun
Lon-Agonmey
Sékou
Togoudo
Tokpa-Avagoudo
Kpomassè
Aganmalomè
Agbanto
Agonkanmè
Dedomè
Dekanmè
Kpomassè
Ségbeya
Ségbohoué
Tokpa-Domè
Ouidah
Avlékété
Djégbadji
Gakpè
Ouakpé-Daho
Ouidah I
Ouidah II
Ouidah III
Ouidah IV
Pahou
Savi
Sô-Ava
Ahomey-Lokpo
Dékanmey
Ganvié I
Ganvié II
Houédo-Aguékon
Sô-Ava
Vekky
Toffo
Agué
Colli-Agbamè
Coussi
Damè
Djanglanmè
Houégbo
Kpomé
Sè
Séhouè
Toffo-Agué
Tori-Bossito
Avamè
Azohouè-Aliho
Azohouè-Cada
Tori-Bossito
Tori-Cada
Tori-Gare
Zè
Adjan
Dawé
Djigbé
Dodji-Bata
Hékanmè
Koundokpoè
Sèdjè-Dénou
Sèdjè-Houégoudo
Tangbo-Djevié
Yokpo
Zè
6°29′47″N 2°25′36″E / 6.4963°N 2.4268°E / 6.4963; 2.4268
This Atlantique Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arrondissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Benin"},{"link_name":"Atlantique Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantique_Department"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Sô-Ava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4-Ava"},{"link_name":"Institut National de la Statistique Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_National_de_la_Statistique_Benin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Arrondissement and town in Atlantique Department, BeninDékanmey is a town and arrondissement in the Atlantique Department of southern Benin. It is an administrative division under the jurisdiction of the commune of Sô-Ava. According to the population census conducted by the Institut National de la Statistique Benin on February 15, 2002, the arrondissement had a total population of 4,241.[1]","title":"Dékanmey"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%A9kanmey¶ms=6.4963_N_2.4268_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:BJ","external_links_name":"6°29′47″N 2°25′36″E / 6.4963°N 2.4268°E / 6.4963; 2.4268"},{"Link":"http://www.insae-bj.org/","external_links_name":"Institut National de la Statistique Benin"},{"Link":"http://www.geohive.com/cntry/benin.aspx?levels=Atlantique","external_links_name":"Geohive"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=D%C3%A9kanmey¶ms=6.4963_N_2.4268_E_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:BJ","external_links_name":"6°29′47″N 2°25′36″E / 6.4963°N 2.4268°E / 6.4963; 2.4268"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9kanmey&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoko_Kato | Yoko Kato | ["1 Biography","2 Awards","3 Selected publications","4 Books","5 References","6 External links"] | Japanese neurosurgeon
The native form of this personal name is Kato Yoko. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Yoko Kato加藤 庸子Born (1952-11-09) 9 November 1952 (age 71)NationalityJapaneseEducationAichi Medical University (MD)Medical careerFieldNeurosurgeryInstitutionsFujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai HospitalSub-specialtiesCerebrovascular disease
Yoko Kato (加藤 庸子, Katō Yōko, born 9 November 1952) is a Japanese neurosurgeon. She is professor and chair of the Department of Neurosurgery at Fujita Health University. She was the first woman in Japan to be promoted to full professor of neurosurgery.
Biography
Yoko Kato received her Doctor of Medicine degree in 1978 from Aichi Medical University, where she also completed her residency in the department of neurosurgery. She joined the neurosurgery department at Fujita Health University in 1980, then became an instructor in the department of neurosurgery at Suzhou Medical College in 1981. Kato returned to Fujita Health University as an assistant instructor in 1983. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1988 and associate professor in 2000. She has held visiting professorships at the University of Mainz (1995), George Washington University (1998), and Sri Ramachandra University (2000). In 2006, Kato was promoted to full professor, becoming the first female professor of neurosurgery in Japan. She was named chief of Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital's Stroke Center in 2014.
Kato specializes in surgical treatment of cerebrovascular disease, particularly aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations. She has performed more than 1,800 brain aneurysmal clipping procedures throughout her career.
Kato is a proponent for the advancement of neurosurgery in developing countries by directly mentoring neurosurgeons, organizing educational courses, and donating funds for neurosurgical equipment. She also advocates for inclusion of women in neurosurgery. She founded the Women's Neurosurgical Association (WNA) of Japan in 1990 and the Asian Women's Neurosurgical Association (AWNA) in 1996. Kato has spoken about experiences of bias against woman surgeons, such as being mistaken for support staff or perceived as less focused due to family duties. She has advocated for improved research mentorship and access to childcare resources to address gender disparities in academic neurosurgery, as well as increased visibility of successful female neurosurgeons to encourage female trainees to join the profession.
Awards
2021 AANS International Lifetime Recognition Award, American Association of Neurological Surgeons
2019 Medal of Honor, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
2019 Honorary Fellowship, American College of Surgeons
Selected publications
Kato Y, Dong VH, Chaddad F, Takizawa K, Izumo T, Fukuda H; et al. (2019). "Expert Consensus on the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations". Asian J Neurosurg. 14 (4): 1074–1081. doi:10.4103/ajns.AJNS_234_19. PMC 6896626. PMID 31903343.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Ikawa F, Hidaka T, Yoshiyama M, Ohba H, Matsuda S, Ozono I; et al. (2019). "Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysms in Japan". Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 59 (11): 399–406. doi:10.2176/nmc.ra.2019-0099. PMC 6867938. PMID 31462602.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Balik V, Yamada Y, Talari S, Kei Y, Sano H, Sulla I; et al. (2017). "State-of-Art Surgical Treatment of Dissecting Anterior Circulation Intracranial Aneurysms". J Neurol Surg a Cent Eur Neurosurg. 78 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1588064. PMID 27595273.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Liang KE, Bernstein I, Kato Y, Kawase T, Hodaie M (2016). "Enhancing Neurosurgical Education in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Current Methods and New Advances". Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 56 (11): 709–715. doi:10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0092. PMC 5221782. PMID 27616319.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Kato, Yoko (February 2016). "Women in Neurosurgery: A New Paradigm of Thought Will Emerge". World Neurosurgery. 86: A16–A17. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.12.018. ISSN 1878-8750. PMID 26856787.
Books
Kato, Yoko; Zhang, Xiaohua; Dai, Jiong; Ansari, Ahmed, eds. (2021). Recent Progress in the Management of Cerebrovascular Diseases: Treatment strategies, techniques and complication avoidance. Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-9811633867.
Kanno, Tetsu; Kato, Yoko, eds. (2007). Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9784431285762.
References
^ a b "Women in WFNS". World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ "The introduction of the member of the medical office". Dept.of Neurosurgery School of Medicine, Fujita Health University. Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ a b Kozar, Rosemary (1 November 2019). "Citation for Prof. Yoko Kato, MD, PhD". Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. Archived from the original on 2020-08-17. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ a b Shah, Abhidha (Mar 2021). "Yoko Kato: the silent warrior of neurosurgery". J Neurosurg. 50 (3): E17. doi:10.3171/2020.12.FOCUS20899. PMID 33789240.
^ "Donation from Professor Yoko Kato in 2016". World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. Archived from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ Sharmistha Chatterjee (27 March 2003). "Women neurosurgeons in a meeting of minds". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ Kato Y (2016). "Women authorship in neuroscience publications". Neurol India. 64 (1): 10–1. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.173636. PMID 26754981.
^ Kato Y, Mihara C, Matsuyama J, Ochi S, Ono H, Yamaguchi S; et al. (2004). "Role of women in medicine: a look at the history, the present condition and the future status of women in the surgical field, especially neurosurgery". Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 47 (2): 65–71. doi:10.1055/s-2004-818470. PMID 15257477.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "AANS Awards". American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ Tu, Yong-Kwang (22 February 2021). "Report of the Medal of Honor Committee". World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. Archived from the original on 2021-10-27. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
^ "12 prominent surgeons awarded Honorary Fellowship in the ACS". Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 1 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
External links
Works by Yoko Kato
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name"},{"link_name":"Western name order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_name#Western_name_order"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people"},{"link_name":"neurosurgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgeon"},{"link_name":"Fujita Health University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_Health_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfns-1"}],"text":"The native form of this personal name is Kato Yoko. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Yoko Kato (加藤 庸子, Katō Yōko, born 9 November 1952) is a Japanese neurosurgeon. She is professor and chair of the Department of Neurosurgery at Fujita Health University. She was the first woman in Japan to be promoted to full professor of neurosurgery.[1]","title":"Yoko Kato"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctor of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"Aichi Medical University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aichi_Medical_University"},{"link_name":"neurosurgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurosurgery"},{"link_name":"Fujita Health University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujita_Health_University"},{"link_name":"Suzhou Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_College_of_Soochow_University"},{"link_name":"George Washington University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_University"},{"link_name":"Sri Ramachandra University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ramachandra_Institute_of_Higher_Education_and_Research"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fujita-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facs-3"},{"link_name":"cerebrovascular disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerebrovascular_disease"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jns-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-facs-3"},{"link_name":"developing countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_countries"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jns-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfnsdon-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfns-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-toi-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-authorship-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid15257477-8"}],"text":"Yoko Kato received her Doctor of Medicine degree in 1978 from Aichi Medical University, where she also completed her residency in the department of neurosurgery. She joined the neurosurgery department at Fujita Health University in 1980, then became an instructor in the department of neurosurgery at Suzhou Medical College in 1981. Kato returned to Fujita Health University as an assistant instructor in 1983. She was promoted to assistant professor in 1988 and associate professor in 2000. She has held visiting professorships at the University of Mainz (1995), George Washington University (1998), and Sri Ramachandra University (2000).[2] In 2006, Kato was promoted to full professor, becoming the first female professor of neurosurgery in Japan. She was named chief of Fujita Health University Banbuntane Hotokukai Hospital's Stroke Center in 2014.[3]Kato specializes in surgical treatment of cerebrovascular disease, particularly aneurysms and arteriovenous malformations.[4] She has performed more than 1,800 brain aneurysmal clipping procedures throughout her career.[3]Kato is a proponent for the advancement of neurosurgery in developing countries by directly mentoring neurosurgeons, organizing educational courses, and donating funds for neurosurgical equipment.[4][5] She also advocates for inclusion of women in neurosurgery. She founded the Women's Neurosurgical Association (WNA) of Japan in 1990 and the Asian Women's Neurosurgical Association (AWNA) in 1996.[1] Kato has spoken about experiences of bias against woman surgeons, such as being mistaken for support staff or perceived as less focused due to family duties.[6] She has advocated for improved research mentorship and access to childcare resources to address gender disparities in academic neurosurgery,[7] as well as increased visibility of successful female neurosurgeons to encourage female trainees to join the profession.[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Association of Neurological Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Neurological_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aans-9"},{"link_name":"World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Federation_of_Neurosurgical_Societies"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wfnsMoH-10"},{"link_name":"American College of Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acsHF-11"}],"text":"2021 AANS International Lifetime Recognition Award, American Association of Neurological Surgeons[9]\n2019 Medal of Honor, World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies[10]\n2019 Honorary Fellowship, American College of Surgeons[11]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Expert Consensus on the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6896626"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4103/ajns.AJNS_234_19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4103%2Fajns.AJNS_234_19"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6896626","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6896626"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31903343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31903343"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"\"Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysms in Japan\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6867938"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2176/nmc.ra.2019-0099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2176%2Fnmc.ra.2019-0099"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"6867938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6867938"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"31462602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31462602"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1055/s-0036-1588064","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1055%2Fs-0036-1588064"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27595273","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27595273"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"\"Enhancing Neurosurgical Education in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Current Methods and New Advances\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5221782"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0092","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.2176%2Fnmc.ra.2016-0092"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5221782","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5221782"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27616319","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27616319"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.wneu.2015.12.018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wneu.2015.12.018"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1878-8750","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/1878-8750"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26856787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26856787"}],"text":"Kato Y, Dong VH, Chaddad F, Takizawa K, Izumo T, Fukuda H; et al. (2019). \"Expert Consensus on the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations\". Asian J Neurosurg. 14 (4): 1074–1081. doi:10.4103/ajns.AJNS_234_19. PMC 6896626. PMID 31903343.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nIkawa F, Hidaka T, Yoshiyama M, Ohba H, Matsuda S, Ozono I; et al. (2019). \"Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysms in Japan\". Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 59 (11): 399–406. doi:10.2176/nmc.ra.2019-0099. PMC 6867938. PMID 31462602.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nBalik V, Yamada Y, Talari S, Kei Y, Sano H, Sulla I; et al. (2017). \"State-of-Art Surgical Treatment of Dissecting Anterior Circulation Intracranial Aneurysms\". J Neurol Surg a Cent Eur Neurosurg. 78 (1): 67–77. doi:10.1055/s-0036-1588064. PMID 27595273.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nLiang KE, Bernstein I, Kato Y, Kawase T, Hodaie M (2016). \"Enhancing Neurosurgical Education in Low- and Middle-income Countries: Current Methods and New Advances\". Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 56 (11): 709–715. doi:10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0092. PMC 5221782. PMID 27616319.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\nKato, Yoko (February 2016). \"Women in Neurosurgery: A New Paradigm of Thought Will Emerge\". World Neurosurgery. 86: A16–A17. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.12.018. ISSN 1878-8750. PMID 26856787.","title":"Selected publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9811633867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9811633867"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9784431285762","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784431285762"}],"text":"Kato, Yoko; Zhang, Xiaohua; Dai, Jiong; Ansari, Ahmed, eds. (2021). Recent Progress in the Management of Cerebrovascular Diseases: Treatment strategies, techniques and complication avoidance. Springer Singapore. ISBN 978-9811633867.\nKanno, Tetsu; Kato, Yoko, eds. (2007). Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9784431285762.","title":"Books"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kato Y, Dong VH, Chaddad F, Takizawa K, Izumo T, Fukuda H; et al. 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Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery and Neurotraumatology. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9784431285762.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784431285762","url_text":"9784431285762"}]},{"reference":"\"Women in WFNS\". World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 2021-03-04. Retrieved 2021-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wfns.org/newsletter/12","url_text":"\"Women in WFNS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210304211848/https://www.wfns.org/newsletter/12","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The introduction of the member of the medical office\". Dept.of Neurosurgery School of Medicine, Fujita Health University. Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2021-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~neuron/en/staff/profile/kato/index.html","url_text":"\"The introduction of the member of the medical office\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190916223905/http://www.fujita-hu.ac.jp/~neuron/en/staff/profile/kato/index.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kozar, Rosemary (1 November 2019). \"Citation for Prof. Yoko Kato, MD, PhD\". Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. Archived from the original on 2020-08-17. Retrieved 2021-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://bulletin.facs.org/2019/11/citation-for-prof-yoko-kato-md-phd/","url_text":"\"Citation for Prof. Yoko Kato, MD, PhD\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200817013534/https://bulletin.facs.org/2019/11/citation-for-prof-yoko-kato-md-phd/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Shah, Abhidha (Mar 2021). \"Yoko Kato: the silent warrior of neurosurgery\". J Neurosurg. 50 (3): E17. doi:10.3171/2020.12.FOCUS20899. PMID 33789240.","urls":[{"url":"https://thejns.org/focus/view/journals/neurosurg-focus/50/3/article-pE17.xml","url_text":"\"Yoko Kato: the silent warrior of neurosurgery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3171%2F2020.12.FOCUS20899","url_text":"10.3171/2020.12.FOCUS20899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33789240","url_text":"33789240"}]},{"reference":"\"Donation from Professor Yoko Kato in 2016\". World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies. Archived from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved 2021-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wfns.org/news/8/donation-from-professor-yoko-kato-in-2016","url_text":"\"Donation from Professor Yoko Kato in 2016\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125134627/https://www.wfns.org/news/8/donation-from-professor-yoko-kato-in-2016","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sharmistha Chatterjee (27 March 2003). \"Women neurosurgeons in a meeting of minds\". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2021-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Women-neurosurgeons-in-a-meeting-of-minds/articleshow/41512490.cms","url_text":"\"Women neurosurgeons in a meeting of minds\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160917062732/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Women-neurosurgeons-in-a-meeting-of-minds/articleshow/41512490.cms","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kato Y (2016). \"Women authorship in neuroscience publications\". Neurol India. 64 (1): 10–1. doi:10.4103/0028-3886.173636. PMID 26754981.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neurologyindia.com/text.asp?2016/64/1/10/173636","url_text":"\"Women authorship in neuroscience publications\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0028-3886.173636","url_text":"10.4103/0028-3886.173636"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26754981","url_text":"26754981"}]},{"reference":"Kato Y, Mihara C, Matsuyama J, Ochi S, Ono H, Yamaguchi S; et al. (2004). \"Role of women in medicine: a look at the history, the present condition and the future status of women in the surgical field, especially neurosurgery\". Minim Invasive Neurosurg. 47 (2): 65–71. doi:10.1055/s-2004-818470. 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Retrieved 2021-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://wfns.org/newsletter/255","url_text":"\"Report of the Medal of Honor Committee\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211027222054/https://wfns.org/newsletter/255","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"12 prominent surgeons awarded Honorary Fellowship in the ACS\". Bulletin of the American College of Surgeons. 1 November 2019. Archived from the original on 2020-08-12. Retrieved 2021-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://bulletin.facs.org/2019/11/12-prominent-surgeons-awarded-honorary-fellowship-in-the-acs/","url_text":"\"12 prominent surgeons awarded Honorary Fellowship in the ACS\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200812011632/https://bulletin.facs.org/2019/11/12-prominent-surgeons-awarded-honorary-fellowship-in-the-acs/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6896626","external_links_name":"\"Expert Consensus on the Management of Brain Arteriovenous Malformations\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fajns.AJNS_234_19","external_links_name":"10.4103/ajns.AJNS_234_19"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6896626","external_links_name":"6896626"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31903343","external_links_name":"31903343"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6867938","external_links_name":"\"Characteristics of Cerebral Aneurysms in 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kent_Hughes | R. Kent Hughes | ["1 Teaching and professional history[4]","2 Books","2.1 Preaching the Word Series[7]","3 References","4 External links"] | American pastor and author
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R. Kent Hughes (born March 1, 1942) is the former senior pastor of College Church in Wheaton, Illinois, United States. Hughes is the author of numerous books, including the best-selling Disciplines of a Godly Man. He is also editor and contributor for the projected 50-volume Preaching the Word series, including Mark: Jesus, Servant and Savior, which received the ECPA Gold Medallion Book Award for best commentary in 1990. Hughes served as senior pastor of College Church for 27 years and retired at the end of 2006. He moved to Wheaton from California, where he pastored two churches. He holds a BA from Whittier College, an M.Div. from Talbot School of Theology, a D.Min. from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School and a DD from Biola University. He lives in Pennsylvania state with his wife, Barbara, and he is the father of 4, grandfather of 26 and great grandfather of 14.
In 2008, a Festschrift was published in his honor. Preach The Word: Essays on Expository Preaching In Honor of R. Kent Hughes (ISBN 1-58134-926-2) included contributions by David Jackman, D. A. Carson, Wayne Grudem, John F. MacArthur, Bruce Winter, J. I. Packer, Phillip Jensen, Philip Graham Ryken, and Peter Jensen. In the spring of 2019, he retired from teaching at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Teaching and professional history
Westminster Theological Seminary, 2015–2019
Senior pastor of College Church in Wheaton, IL, 1979–2006
Church planter in Southern California, 1974–1979
Adjunct professor at Talbot School of Theology, 1974–1979
Served variously as high school pastor, college pastor and associate pastor, 1963–1974
Youth for Christ Club director, 1960–1961
Books
Disciplines of a Godly Family (with Barbara Hughes) (ISBN 1-58134532-1)
Disciplines of a Godly Man (ISBN 0-89107817-7)
Disciplines of Grace (ISBN 0-89107-731-6)
Liberating Ministry from the Success Syndrome (ISBN 0-84232849-1)
Set Apart: Calling a Worldly Church to a Godly Life (ISBN 1-58134491-0)
The Christian Wedding Planner (with Ruth Muzzy) (ISBN 0-84230456-8)
The Coming Evangelical Crisis: Current Challenges to the Authority of Scripture and the Gospel (ISBN 0-80247747-X)
Worship by the Book (with Rev. Mark Ashton, Timothy J. Keller and D.A. Carson) (ISBN 0-31021625-7)
Mastering the Pastoral Role (ISBN 0-88070439-X)
Preaching the Word Series
Genesis: Beginning and Blessing (ISBN 1-58134629-8)
Exodus: Saved for God’s Glory (with Philip Graham Ryken) (ISBN 1-58134489-9)
Numbers: God’s Presence in the Wilderness (with Iain M. Duguid) (ISBN 1-58134363-9)
Isaiah: God Saves Sinners (ISBN 1-58134727-8)
Jeremiah and Lamentations: From Sorrow to Hope (with Philip Graham Ryken) (ISBN 1-58134167-9)
Daniel: The Triumph of God’s Kingdom (with Rodney Stortz) (ISBN 1-58134550-X)
The Sermon on the Mount: The Message of the Kingdom (ISBN 158134063X)
Abba Father: The Lord's Pattern for Prayer (ISBN 0891073779)
Mark: Jesus, Servant and Savior (ISBN 0891075224)
Luke: That you May Know the Truth (ISBN 1581340281)
John: That You May Believe (ISBN 1581341016)
Acts: The Church Afire (ISBN 0891078738)
Romans: Righteousness from Heaven (ISBN 0891075240)
2 Corinthians: Power in Weakness (ISBN 1581347634)
Ephesians: The Mystery of the Body of Christ (ISBN 089107581X)
Philippians: The Fellowship of the Gospel (ISBN 1581349548)
Colossians and Philemon: The Supremacy of Christ (ISBN 0891074880)
1 and 2 Timothy and Titus: To Guard the Deposit (ISBN 158134175X)
Hebrews: An Anchor for the Soul (ISBN 0891077235)
James: Faith That Works (ISBN 0891076271)
References
^ Date information sourced from Library of Congress Authorities data, via corresponding WorldCat Identities linked authority file (LAF). Retrieved on 9 July 2014.
^ Hughes, R. Kent, Disciplines of a Godly Man, GNPCB.
^ Christian book awards, ECPA, 1990.
^ a b c "Kent Hughes - Westminster Theological SeminaryWestminster Theological Seminary". 2018-03-23. Archived from the original on 2018-03-23. Retrieved 2021-09-01.
^ K Hughes bio, College Church, archived from the original on 2007-06-02, retrieved 2007-09-17.
^ Gibson, Jonathan (March 1, 2019). "Priorities and Pitfalls of Christian Ministry: An Interview with Dr. R. Kent Hughes". Westminster Theological Seminary.
^ "Browse By Series: Preaching the Word", Catalogue, GNPCB.
External links
College Church in Wheaton
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
2
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
2
Korea
Netherlands
Poland
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"College Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Church"},{"link_name":"Wheaton, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheaton,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Whittier College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier_College"},{"link_name":"Talbot School of Theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_School_of_Theology"},{"link_name":"Trinity Evangelical Divinity School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_Evangelical_Divinity_School"},{"link_name":"Biola University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biola_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Festschrift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festschrift"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58134-926-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58134-926-2"},{"link_name":"David Jackman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Jackman_(minister)"},{"link_name":"D. 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Hughes is the author of numerous books, including the best-selling Disciplines of a Godly Man.[2] He is also editor and contributor for the projected 50-volume Preaching the Word series, including Mark: Jesus, Servant and Savior, which received the ECPA Gold Medallion Book Award for best commentary in 1990.[3] Hughes served as senior pastor of College Church for 27 years and retired at the end of 2006. He moved to Wheaton from California, where he pastored two churches. He holds a BA from Whittier College, an M.Div. from Talbot School of Theology, a D.Min. from Trinity Evangelical Divinity School and a DD from Biola University. He lives in Pennsylvania state[4] with his wife, Barbara, and he is the father of 4, grandfather of 26 and great grandfather of 14.[5]In 2008, a Festschrift was published in his honor. Preach The Word: Essays on Expository Preaching In Honor of R. Kent Hughes (ISBN 1-58134-926-2) included contributions by David Jackman, D. A. Carson, Wayne Grudem, John F. MacArthur, Bruce Winter, J. I. Packer, Phillip Jensen, Philip Graham Ryken, and Peter Jensen. In the spring of 2019, he retired from teaching at Westminster Theological Seminary in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[6][4]","title":"R. Kent Hughes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Westminster Theological Seminary, 2015–2019\nSenior pastor of College Church in Wheaton, IL, 1979–2006\nChurch planter in Southern California, 1974–1979\nAdjunct professor at Talbot School of Theology, 1974–1979\nServed variously as high school pastor, college pastor and associate pastor, 1963–1974\nYouth for Christ Club director, 1960–1961","title":"Teaching and professional history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58134532-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58134532-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89107817-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89107817-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-89107-731-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89107-731-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-84232849-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-84232849-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-58134491-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58134491-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-84230456-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-84230456-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-80247747-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-80247747-X"},{"link_name":"Timothy J. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baimaguan_Fort | Baimaguan Fort | ["1 References"] | Fort in the village of Fanzipai, north of Beijing
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Baimaguan Fort (simplified Chinese: 白马关堡; traditional Chinese: 白馬關堡; pinyin: Báimǎguān) is a fort in the village of Fanzipai (番字牌), north of Beijing and close to the Great Wall of China. It was built in the period of the Yongle emperor (1402-1424) of the Ming Dynasty.
The fort consisted of 500 guards and beacon towers and along with Qiangzilu Fort and Gubeikou Fort, these forts were additional defence along China's northern front.
Little of the original structure has remained, except for the south gate. It is an arched gate, 120 meters wide and 80 meters deep. The characters Bai Ma Guan Fort are inscribed on a stone tablet above the arch. The tablet is somewhat different from those found at other forts, in that the four characters are arranged vertically in two lines, "Bai Ma" on the right and "Guan Bao" on the left. Baima means "white horse" in Chinese.
vteGreat Wall of ChinaHistoryMing Great WallOuter Wall (W to E)
Jiayu Pass
Jumenbu
Badaling
Huanghuacheng
Jiankou (Beijing Knot)
Mutianyu
Baimaguan
Gubeikou
Jinshanling
Simatai
Huangya Pass
Shanhai Pass
Hushan
Inner Wall (W to E)
Guangwu (New Guangwu)
Yanmen Pass
Pingxing Pass
Juyong Pass
Other
Niangzi Pass (Hebei/Shanxi border spur)
Miaojiang Great Wall ("Southern Great Wall")
Nine Garrisons
Liaodong
Ji
Xuanfu
Datong
Taiyuan
Yansui
Ningxia
Guyuan
Gansu
Other time periodsWarring States (475–221 BC)
Great Wall of Qi
Western Han dynasty (202 BC–9 AD)
Yumen Pass
Yang Pass
Yuan dynasty (1206-1368)
Cloud Platform
Qing dynasty (1644-1912)
Dajingmen
References
^ "Baimaguan Great Wall Fort". english.visitbeijing.com.cn. Retrieved 2018-08-22.
This Beijing location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Fanzipai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fanzipai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Great Wall of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"Yongle emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yongle_emperor"},{"link_name":"Ming Dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Qiangzilu Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qiangzilu_Fort&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gubeikou Fort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubeikou"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"Great Wall of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"Ming Great Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Great_Wall"},{"link_name":"Jiayu Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiayu_Pass"},{"link_name":"Jumenbu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumenbu"},{"link_name":"Badaling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badaling"},{"link_name":"Huanghuacheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huanghuacheng"},{"link_name":"Jiankou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiankou"},{"link_name":"Beijing Knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Knot"},{"link_name":"Mutianyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutianyu"},{"link_name":"Baimaguan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gubeikou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubeikou"},{"link_name":"Jinshanling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinshanling"},{"link_name":"Simatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simatai"},{"link_name":"Huangya Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangya_Pass"},{"link_name":"Shanhai Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanhai_Pass"},{"link_name":"Hushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hushan_Great_Wall"},{"link_name":"Guangwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangwu_Great_Wall"},{"link_name":"New Guangwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guangwu"},{"link_name":"Yanmen Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanmen_Pass"},{"link_name":"Pingxing Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingxing_Pass"},{"link_name":"Juyong Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juyong_Pass"},{"link_name":"Niangzi Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niangzi_Pass"},{"link_name":"Miaojiang Great Wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaojiang_Great_Wall"},{"link_name":"Nine Garrisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Garrisons_of_the_Ming_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Liaodong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaoyang"},{"link_name":"Ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jizhou_District,_Tianjin"},{"link_name":"Xuanfu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuanhua_District"},{"link_name":"Datong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datong"},{"link_name":"Taiyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianguan_County"},{"link_name":"Yansui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulin,_Shaanxi#Culture"},{"link_name":"Ningxia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinchuan"},{"link_name":"Guyuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyuan"},{"link_name":"Gansu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandan_County"},{"link_name":"Other time periods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Great_Wall_of_China"},{"link_name":"Warring States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period"},{"link_name":"Great Wall of Qi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_of_Qi"},{"link_name":"Western Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Yumen Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumen_Pass"},{"link_name":"Yang Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yang_Pass"},{"link_name":"Yuan dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Cloud Platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_Platform_at_Juyong_Pass"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Dajingmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajingmen"}],"text":"Baimaguan Fort (simplified Chinese: 白马关堡; traditional Chinese: 白馬關堡; pinyin: Báimǎguān) is a fort in the village of Fanzipai (番字牌), north of Beijing and close to the Great Wall of China. It was built in the period of the Yongle emperor (1402-1424) of the Ming Dynasty.The fort consisted of 500 guards and beacon towers and along with Qiangzilu Fort and Gubeikou Fort, these forts were additional defence along China's northern front.Little of the original structure has remained, except for the south gate. It is an arched gate, 120 meters wide and 80 meters deep. The characters Bai Ma Guan Fort are inscribed on a stone tablet above the arch. The tablet is somewhat different from those found at other forts, in that the four characters are arranged vertically in two lines, \"Bai Ma\" on the right and \"Guan Bao\" on the left. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeb_Rhoades_%26_Co. | Loeb, Rhoades & Co. | ["1 History","2 Loeb Partners Corporation","3 Acquisition history","4 Notable alumni","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Brokerage Firm
Loeb, Rhoades & Co.Company typeDefunctIndustryBrokerageFounded1931FoundersCarl M. Loeb John Langeloth Loeb Sr.FateMerged with Shearson Hayden Stone to form Shearson Loeb Rhoades, later Shearson/American ExpressHeadquartersNew York City, United States
Loeb, Rhoades & Co. was a Wall Street brokerage firm founded in 1931 and acquired in 1979 by Sanford I. Weill's Shearson Hayden Stone. Although the firm would operate as Shearson Loeb Rhoades for two years, the firm would ultimately be acquired in 1981 by American Express to form Shearson/American Express and three years later Shearson Lehman/American Express.
History
The firm was founded as Carl M. Loeb & Co. by Jewish father Carl M. Loeb and son John Langeloth Loeb Sr. in 1931, shortly after the onset of the Great Depression. Carl M. Loeb & Co. merged with Rhoades & Company, a white shoe Wall Street brokerage firm, in 1937 to form what became Loeb, Rhoades & Co. Rhoades & Company had been founded in 1905 by John Harsen Rhoades Jr. (born 1869), formerly a partner of Rhoades & Richmond. The firm operated under the Loeb, Rhoades name from 1937 through 1979 when it briefly used the name Shearson Loeb Rhoades, for two years prior to its acquisition by American Express in 1981.
Carl Loeb, who had built his personal wealth as president of American Metal Company resigned from the company and bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange, at the urging of his son John in 1931. While on the New York Stock Exchange, he pushed through many reforms. Three years after Loeb left American Metals, the company's stock was nearly worthless. Together with his son, Carl ran Loeb, Rhoades for its first 24 years, from 1931 until his death in 1955. John L. Loeb was a partner in the firm from 1931 to 1955 and following the death of his father became the senior partner, a role which he retained through 1977 when the firm was merged. In 1951, John Loeb became a governor of the New York Stock Exchange. In 1956, Loeb, Rhoades acquired a controlling interest in the Cuban Atlantic Sugar Company and sold its stake on December 31, 1958, a day before the Cuban Revolution.
In 1973, Carl M. Mueller assumed management control of the firm before Loeb resumed his management responsibilities in the firm in 1977. Loeb oversaw the merger of Loeb, Rhoades with Hornblower, Weeks, Noyes & Trask to form Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co. in January 1978 before handing over day to day control of the firm to his nephew, Thomas Kempner, a grandson of Carl Loeb who had joined the firm in 1950.
The Hornblower merger turned out to be disastrous for Loeb, Rhoades. The two firms incurred significant costs attempting to merge their back office operations, both of which had issues prior to the merger. By the end of 1978, less than a year after the merger, the combined firm was losing millions of dollars. Through the 1960s and 1970s, Sanford I. Weill was acquiring brokerage firms and by 1979 was running Shearson Hayden Stone, the culmination of nearly a dozen acquisitions. By early 1979, Loeb, Rhoades, now known as Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co. was suffering and looking for a potential acquiror. During Mothers Day Weekend 1979, Loeb and Shearson agreed to a merger to form Shearson Loeb Rhoades. Weill was named the CEO of the combined firm and John Loeb became the firm's chairman. At the time, Shearson Loeb Rhoades was among the largest investment banking houses with $250 million of equity capital.
In 1981, Shearson Loeb Rhoades bought the Boston Company holding company of the Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co., a money manager. The same year, Weill sold the combined company to American Express to form Shearson/American Express.
Loeb Partners Corporation
Loeb Partners Corporation, a registered broker-dealer and investment advisor, had close ties with Loeb, Rhoades. Loeb Partners Corporation was founded by Thomas L. Kempner in 1982 to focus on managing assets for the Loeb family, wealthy clientele and institutions. Kempner, a grandson of Carl M. Loeb, was the final chairman of Loeb, Rhoades, serving from 1978 until the sale of the company in 1979.
Loeb Partners launched the Loeb Arbitrage Fund in 1988 as an investment vehicle for the Loeb family and other family office clients.
In 2008, Loeb Capital Management, a d/b/a for Loeb Arbitrage Management, Loeb Offshore Management and Carl M. Loeb Advisory Partners Inc., was launched under common control with Loeb Partners Corporation.
In 2013 Loeb Capital Management was renamed Loeb King Capital Management.
Acquisition history
The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list):
Shearson Lehman Hutton(merged 1988)
Shearson Lehman Brothers(merged 1984)
Shearson/American Express(merged 1981)
American Express(est. 1850)
Shearson Loeb Rhoades(acquired 1981)
Shearson Hayden Stone(merged 1973)
Hayden Stone, Inc. (formerly CBWL-Hayden Stone, merged 1970)
Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt(formerly Carter, Berlind, Potoma & Weill, est. 1960)
Hayden, Stone & Co.
Shearson, Hammill & Co.(est. 1902)
Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co.(merged 1978)
Loeb, Rhoades & Co.(merged 1937)
Carl M. Loeb & Co.(est. 1931)
Rhoades & Company(est. 1905)
Hornblower, Weeks, Noyes & Trask(merged 1953-1977)
Hornblower & Weeks(est. 1888)
Hemphill, Noyes & Co.(est. 1919, acq. 1963)
Spencer Trask & Co.(est. 1866 as Trask & Brown)
Paul H. Davis & Co.(est. 1920, acq. 1953)
Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb(merged 1977)
Lehman Brothers(est. 1850)
Kuhn, Loeb & Co.(est. 1867)
Abraham & Co.(est. 1938, acq. 1975)
E. F. Hutton & Co.(est. 1904)
Notable alumni
Daniel J. Bernstein, American businessman and left-wing political activist
William Eacho, business executive and United States Ambassador to Austria
Mario Gabelli, an American stock investor, investment advisor and financial analyst
Ajit Hutheesing, head of International Capital Partners
E. Pierce Marshall, American businessman and a son of J. Howard Marshall II
Michael Steinhardt, investor and philanthropist
Walter Schloss, American Investor, fund manager, and philanthropist (1916–2012)
Armand G. Erpf, investor and art collector, chairman of the Crowell-Collier Publishing Company
Paul F. Warburg, American investment banker
See also
Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt
Hayden, Stone & Co.
Hornblower & Weeks
Shearson/American Express
Shearson, Hammill & Co.
References
^ Told 'Round the Ticker: Rhoades & Richmond have dissolved partnership. New York Times, April 30, 1905
^ Stack, Elizabeth. "Carl Morris Loeb." In Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present, vol. 4, edited by Jeffrey Fear. German Historical Institute. Last modified September 25, 2014.
^ Libo, Kenneth; Skakun, Michael. "Fulfilling The American Dream: The History Of The Loebs From Colonial Days To The Present". Center for Jewish History. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
^ a b c "Loeb Capital Partners timeline". Loebcap.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-07-18.
^ The Urge to Merge. New York Magazine, May 28, 1979, p. 13
^ "Salomon Smith Barney" from Gambee, Robert. Wall Street. W. W. Norton & Company, 1999. p.73
John L. Loeb Sr. Dies at 94; Investor and Philanthropist. New York Times, December 9, 1996
Stone, Amey and Brewster, Mike. King of capital: Sandy Weill and the making of Citigroup. 2002
Langley, Monica. Tearing Down the Walls. 2004
CREATING A WALL STREET GIANT - For Weill, It's Doubly Sweet Deal. LA Times, March 13, 1993
External links
Loeb Capital Partners company website for an existing family investment firm tracing its roots to Loeb Rhoades & Co.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"},{"link_name":"Sanford I. Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_I._Weill"},{"link_name":"Shearson Hayden Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Hayden_Stone"},{"link_name":"Shearson Loeb Rhoades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Loeb_Rhoades"},{"link_name":"American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express"},{"link_name":"Shearson/American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson/American_Express"},{"link_name":"Shearson Lehman/American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Lehman/American_Express"}],"text":"Loeb, Rhoades & Co. was a Wall Street brokerage firm founded in 1931 and acquired in 1979 by Sanford I. Weill's Shearson Hayden Stone. Although the firm would operate as Shearson Loeb Rhoades for two years, the firm would ultimately be acquired in 1981 by American Express to form Shearson/American Express and three years later Shearson Lehman/American Express.","title":"Loeb, Rhoades & Co."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish"},{"link_name":"Carl M. Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_M._Loeb"},{"link_name":"John Langeloth Loeb Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Langeloth_Loeb_Sr."},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Rhoades & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoades_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"white shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_shoe_firm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express"},{"link_name":"American Metal Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Metal_Company"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loebhistory-3"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Cuban Atlantic Sugar Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_Atlantic_Sugar_Company&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cuban Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"Hornblower, Weeks, Noyes & Trask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblower,_Weeks,_Noyes_%26_Trask"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"Sanford I. Weill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanford_I._Weill"},{"link_name":"Shearson Hayden Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Hayden_Stone"},{"link_name":"Shearson Loeb Rhoades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Loeb_Rhoades"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-timeline-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express"},{"link_name":"Shearson/American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson/American_Express"}],"text":"The firm was founded as Carl M. Loeb & Co. by Jewish father Carl M. Loeb and son John Langeloth Loeb Sr. in 1931, shortly after the onset of the Great Depression. Carl M. Loeb & Co. merged with Rhoades & Company, a white shoe Wall Street brokerage firm, in 1937 to form what became Loeb, Rhoades & Co. Rhoades & Company had been founded in 1905 by John Harsen Rhoades Jr. (born 1869), formerly a partner of Rhoades & Richmond.[1] The firm operated under the Loeb, Rhoades name from 1937 through 1979 when it briefly used the name Shearson Loeb Rhoades, for two years prior to its acquisition by American Express in 1981.Carl Loeb, who had built his personal wealth as president of American Metal Company resigned from the company and bought a seat on the New York Stock Exchange, at the urging of his son John in 1931. While on the New York Stock Exchange, he pushed through many reforms.[2] Three years after Loeb left American Metals, the company's stock was nearly worthless.[3] Together with his son, Carl ran Loeb, Rhoades for its first 24 years, from 1931 until his death in 1955. John L. Loeb was a partner in the firm from 1931 to 1955 and following the death of his father became the senior partner, a role which he retained through 1977 when the firm was merged. In 1951, John Loeb became a governor of the New York Stock Exchange. In 1956, Loeb, Rhoades acquired a controlling interest in the Cuban Atlantic Sugar Company and sold its stake on December 31, 1958, a day before the Cuban Revolution.[4]In 1973, Carl M. Mueller assumed management control of the firm before Loeb resumed his management responsibilities in the firm in 1977. Loeb oversaw the merger of Loeb, Rhoades with Hornblower, Weeks, Noyes & Trask to form Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co. in January 1978 before handing over day to day control of the firm to his nephew, Thomas Kempner, a grandson of Carl Loeb who had joined the firm in 1950.[4]The Hornblower merger turned out to be disastrous for Loeb, Rhoades. The two firms incurred significant costs attempting to merge their back office operations, both of which had issues prior to the merger. By the end of 1978, less than a year after the merger, the combined firm was losing millions of dollars. Through the 1960s and 1970s, Sanford I. Weill was acquiring brokerage firms and by 1979 was running Shearson Hayden Stone, the culmination of nearly a dozen acquisitions. By early 1979, Loeb, Rhoades, now known as Loeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co. was suffering and looking for a potential acquiror. During Mothers Day Weekend 1979, Loeb and Shearson agreed to a merger to form Shearson Loeb Rhoades. Weill was named the CEO of the combined firm and John Loeb became the firm's chairman. At the time, Shearson Loeb Rhoades was among the largest investment banking houses with $250 million of equity capital.[4][5]In 1981, Shearson Loeb Rhoades bought the Boston Company holding company of the Boston Safe Deposit & Trust Co., a money manager. The same year, Weill sold the combined company to American Express to form Shearson/American Express.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"family office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_office"}],"text":"Loeb Partners Corporation, a registered broker-dealer and investment advisor, had close ties with Loeb, Rhoades. Loeb Partners Corporation was founded by Thomas L. Kempner in 1982 to focus on managing assets for the Loeb family, wealthy clientele and institutions. Kempner, a grandson of Carl M. Loeb, was the final chairman of Loeb, Rhoades, serving from 1978 until the sale of the company in 1979.Loeb Partners launched the Loeb Arbitrage Fund in 1988 as an investment vehicle for the Loeb family and other family office clients.In 2008, Loeb Capital Management, a d/b/a for Loeb Arbitrage Management, Loeb Offshore Management and Carl M. Loeb Advisory Partners Inc., was launched under common control with Loeb Partners Corporation.In 2013 Loeb Capital Management was renamed Loeb King Capital Management.","title":"Loeb Partners Corporation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salomonhist-6"},{"link_name":"Shearson Lehman Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Lehman_Hutton"},{"link_name":"Shearson Lehman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Lehman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Shearson/American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson/American_Express"},{"link_name":"American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Express"},{"link_name":"Shearson Loeb Rhoades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Loeb_Rhoades"},{"link_name":"Shearson Hayden Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson_Hayden_Stone"},{"link_name":"Hayden Stone, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden,_Stone_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogan,_Berlind,_Weill_%26_Levitt"},{"link_name":"Hayden, Stone & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden,_Stone_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Shearson, Hammill & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson,_Hammill_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Carl M. Loeb & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_M._Loeb_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Rhoades & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoades_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Hornblower, Weeks, Noyes & Trask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblower,_Weeks,_Noyes_%26_Trask"},{"link_name":"Hornblower & Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblower_%26_Weeks"},{"link_name":"Spencer Trask & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Trask_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman_Brothers_Kuhn_Loeb"},{"link_name":"Lehman Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehman_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Kuhn, Loeb & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuhn,_Loeb_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"E. F. Hutton & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Hutton_%26_Co."}],"text":"The following is an illustration of the company's major mergers and acquisitions and historical predecessors (this is not a comprehensive list):[6]Shearson Lehman Hutton(merged 1988)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShearson Lehman Brothers(merged 1984)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShearson/American Express(merged 1981)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAmerican Express(est. 1850)\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShearson Loeb Rhoades(acquired 1981)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShearson Hayden Stone(merged 1973)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHayden Stone, Inc. (formerly CBWL-Hayden Stone, merged 1970)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt(formerly Carter, Berlind, Potoma & Weill, est. 1960)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHayden, Stone & Co.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nShearson, Hammill & Co.(est. 1902)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLoeb, Rhoades, Hornblower & Co.(merged 1978)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLoeb, Rhoades & Co.(merged 1937)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nCarl M. Loeb & Co.(est. 1931)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nRhoades & Company(est. 1905)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHornblower, Weeks, Noyes & Trask(merged 1953-1977)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHornblower & Weeks(est. 1888)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nHemphill, Noyes & Co.(est. 1919, acq. 1963)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSpencer Trask & Co.(est. 1866 as Trask & Brown)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nPaul H. Davis & Co.(est. 1920, acq. 1953)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb(merged 1977)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLehman Brothers(est. 1850)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nKuhn, Loeb & Co.(est. 1867)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAbraham & Co.(est. 1938, acq. 1975)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nE. F. Hutton & Co.(est. 1904)","title":"Acquisition history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel J. Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Bernstein_(businessman)"},{"link_name":"William Eacho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Eacho"},{"link_name":"United States Ambassador to Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Austria"},{"link_name":"Mario Gabelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Gabelli"},{"link_name":"Ajit Hutheesing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajit_Hutheesing"},{"link_name":"E. Pierce Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Pierce_Marshall"},{"link_name":"J. Howard Marshall II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Howard_Marshall_II"},{"link_name":"Michael Steinhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Steinhardt"},{"link_name":"Walter Schloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Schloss"},{"link_name":"Armand G. Erpf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_G._Erpf"},{"link_name":"Crowell-Collier Publishing Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowell-Collier_Publishing_Company"},{"link_name":"Paul F. Warburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_F._Warburg"}],"text":"Daniel J. Bernstein, American businessman and left-wing political activist\nWilliam Eacho, business executive and United States Ambassador to Austria\nMario Gabelli, an American stock investor, investment advisor and financial analyst\nAjit Hutheesing, head of International Capital Partners\nE. Pierce Marshall, American businessman and a son of J. Howard Marshall II\nMichael Steinhardt, investor and philanthropist\nWalter Schloss, American Investor, fund manager, and philanthropist (1916–2012)\nArmand G. Erpf, investor and art collector, chairman of the Crowell-Collier Publishing Company\nPaul F. Warburg, American investment banker","title":"Notable alumni"}] | [] | [{"title":"Cogan, Berlind, Weill & Levitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cogan,_Berlind,_Weill_%26_Levitt"},{"title":"Hayden, Stone & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayden,_Stone_%26_Co."},{"title":"Hornblower & Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornblower_%26_Weeks"},{"title":"Shearson/American Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson/American_Express"},{"title":"Shearson, Hammill & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shearson,_Hammill_%26_Co."}] | [{"reference":"Libo, Kenneth; Skakun, Michael. \"Fulfilling The American Dream: The History Of The Loebs From Colonial Days To The Present\". Center for Jewish History. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717025523/http://www.cjh.org/p/52?action=show&id=29","url_text":"\"Fulfilling The American Dream: The History Of The Loebs From Colonial Days To The Present\""},{"url":"http://www.cjh.org/p/52?action=show&id=29","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Loeb Capital Partners timeline\". Loebcap.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-27. Retrieved 2012-07-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227032708/https://www.loebcap.com/timeline/index.html","url_text":"\"Loeb Capital Partners timeline\""},{"url":"https://www.loebcap.com/timeline/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F03EED81738EF32A25753C3A9629C946497D6CF","external_links_name":"Told 'Round the Ticker: Rhoades & Richmond have dissolved partnership"},{"Link":"http://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entry.php?rec=139","external_links_name":"\"Carl Morris Loeb.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120717025523/http://www.cjh.org/p/52?action=show&id=29","external_links_name":"\"Fulfilling The American Dream: The History Of The Loebs From Colonial Days To The Present\""},{"Link":"http://www.cjh.org/p/52?action=show&id=29","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120227032708/https://www.loebcap.com/timeline/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Loeb Capital Partners timeline\""},{"Link":"https://www.loebcap.com/timeline/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8OACAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA13","external_links_name":"The Urge to Merge"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SmkuiHw8im4C&pg=PA73","external_links_name":"Wall Street"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/09/nyregion/john-l-loeb-sr-dies-at-94-investor-and-philanthropist.html","external_links_name":"John L. Loeb Sr. Dies at 94; Investor and Philanthropist"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MqIPyvwxHboC","external_links_name":"King of capital: Sandy Weill and the making of Citigroup"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t6PV6XUf6OMC","external_links_name":"Tearing Down the Walls"},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1993-03-13/business/fi-10552_1_wall-street-giant?pg=1","external_links_name":"CREATING A WALL STREET GIANT - For Weill, It's Doubly Sweet Deal"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140105090158/http://loebcap.com/","external_links_name":"Loeb Capital Partners"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/128148046","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no96065547","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polic%C3%ADa_de_Seguridad_Aeroportuaria | Airport Security Police (Argentina) | ["1 Formation","2 Functions","3 References","4 External links"] | Law enforcement agency
Airport Security PolicePolicía de Seguridad AeroportuariaAbbreviationPSAAgency overviewFormed2005; 19 years ago (2005)Jurisdictional structureOperations jurisdictionArgentinaGeneral natureCivilian policeOperational structureHeadquartersEzeizaAgency executiveAlfredo Gallardo, DirectorParent agencyMinistry of SecurityWebsiteargentina.gob.ar/psa
The Airport Security Police (Spanish: Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria, "PSA") is an Argentine law enforcement agency created to protect and guard national public airports. It was the first federally owned police institution, managed by civilians, to be created after Argentina's return to democracy in 1983.
The enforcement is supervised by the Ministry of Security.
Formation
On February 22, 2005, the national government, via Néstor Kirchner's presidential Decree No. 145/2005, transferred - structurally and functionally - the militarized National Aeronautical Police (Spanish: Policía Aeronautica Nacional, or "PAN") from within the Ministry of Defence to the Interior Ministry's orbit, creating the Airport Security Police, and joining it to the Homeland Security System.
The decree also formalized the adoption of civil administration to this new police force, in order to restructure and normalize it. Marcelo Saín was appointed as director.
Functions
PSA headquarters in Ezeiza
The mission of the Airport Security Police (PSA) is airport security. This is understood as a specific aspect of public safety, and includes actions to protect and safeguard internal security within the jurisdiction of airports, through prevention, intelligence gathering and investigation of crimes and offenses that are not covered by the Aeronautics Code. PSA is therefore in charge of:
Airport preventive safety, which includes the planning, implementation, evaluation and / or coordination of activities and operations, at the tactical and strategic levels - necessary for counteracting, averting and investigating crimes and offenses in the ambit of the airport.
Complex airport safety, consisting of the design, implementation and / or coordination of activities and operations - at the tactical and strategic levels - necessary for control and counteraction of complex criminal acts committed by criminal organizations, related to drug trafficking, terrorism, smuggling and other related offenses.
Unlike most police forces the ASP sports only an officers corps and no other ranks.
References
^ "Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria :. - Index". Psa.gov.ar. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
^ "Ley de Seguridad Aeroportuaria - Ley 26.102" (PDF). 2006.
^ "La Policía Aeronáutica pasa a la órbita de Interior con nuevo nombre". Edant.clarin.com. 2005-02-22. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
^ a b "Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria | Ministerio de Seguridad". Minseg.gob.ar. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Airport Security Police of Argentina.
Official website
vte Law enforcement agencies of ArgentinaFederal
Policía Federal
Gendarmería Nacional
Prefectura Naval
Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria
Federal Penitentiary Service
Anti-Corruption Bureau
Provincial
Buenos Aires
Córdoba
Santa Fe
Tucumán
Cities
Buenos Aires City Police
Buenos Aires Urban Guard (defunct)
Policía Metropolitana (defunct)
Tactical
Grupo Alacrán
Grupo Albatros
Grupo de Operaciones Federales
Guardia de Infantería
Grupo Halcón
Grupo Uno
Operaciones Especiales
Intelligence
Policía Federal
Gendarmería Nacional
Prefectura Naval
Policía Aeroportuaria
Servicio Penitenciario Federal
Policía Bonaerense
This article about government in Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Security_(Argentina)"}],"text":"The Airport Security Police (Spanish: Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria, \"PSA\") is an Argentine law enforcement agency created to protect and guard national public airports. It was the first federally owned police institution, managed by civilians, to be created after Argentina's return to democracy in 1983.[1]The enforcement is supervised by the Ministry of Security.","title":"Airport Security Police (Argentina)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Néstor Kirchner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9stor_Kirchner"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"On February 22, 2005, the national government, via Néstor Kirchner's presidential Decree No. 145/2005, transferred - structurally and functionally - the militarized National Aeronautical Police (Spanish: Policía Aeronautica Nacional, or \"PAN\") from within the Ministry of Defence to the Interior Ministry's orbit, creating the Airport Security Police, and joining it to the Homeland Security System.[2]The decree also formalized the adoption of civil administration to this new police force, in order to restructure and normalize it. Marcelo Saín was appointed as director.[3]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edificio_psa_en_ezeiza.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minseg1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minseg1-4"}],"text":"PSA headquarters in EzeizaThe mission of the Airport Security Police (PSA) is airport security. This is understood as a specific aspect of public safety, and includes actions to protect and safeguard internal security within the jurisdiction of airports, through prevention, intelligence gathering and investigation of crimes and offenses that are not covered by the Aeronautics Code. PSA is therefore in charge of:Airport preventive safety, which includes the planning, implementation, evaluation and / or coordination of activities and operations, at the tactical and strategic levels - necessary for counteracting, averting and investigating crimes and offenses in the ambit of the airport.[4]\nComplex airport safety, consisting of the design, implementation and / or coordination of activities and operations - at the tactical and strategic levels - necessary for control and counteraction of complex criminal acts committed by criminal organizations, related to drug trafficking, terrorism, smuggling and other related offenses.[4]Unlike most police forces the ASP sports only an officers corps and no other ranks.","title":"Functions"}] | [{"image_text":"PSA headquarters in Ezeiza","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Edificio_psa_en_ezeiza.jpg/220px-Edificio_psa_en_ezeiza.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria :. - Index\". Psa.gov.ar. Retrieved 2012-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.psa.gov.ar/index.php","url_text":"\"Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria :. - Index\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ley de Seguridad Aeroportuaria - Ley 26.102\" (PDF). 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Security/citizensecurity/argentina/leyes/ley26102.pdf","url_text":"\"Ley de Seguridad Aeroportuaria - Ley 26.102\""}]},{"reference":"\"La Policía Aeronáutica pasa a la órbita de Interior con nuevo nombre\". Edant.clarin.com. 2005-02-22. Retrieved 2012-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/02/22/um/m-926746.htm","url_text":"\"La Policía Aeronáutica pasa a la órbita de Interior con nuevo nombre\""}]},{"reference":"\"Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria | Ministerio de Seguridad\". Minseg.gob.ar. Retrieved 2012-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minseg.gob.ar/polic%C3%ADa-de-seguridad-aeroportuaria","url_text":"\"Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria | Ministerio de Seguridad\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/psa","external_links_name":"argentina.gob.ar/psa"},{"Link":"http://www.psa.gov.ar/index.php","external_links_name":"\"Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria :. - Index\""},{"Link":"http://pdba.georgetown.edu/Security/citizensecurity/argentina/leyes/ley26102.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ley de Seguridad Aeroportuaria - Ley 26.102\""},{"Link":"http://edant.clarin.com/diario/2005/02/22/um/m-926746.htm","external_links_name":"\"La Policía Aeronáutica pasa a la órbita de Interior con nuevo nombre\""},{"Link":"http://www.minseg.gob.ar/polic%C3%ADa-de-seguridad-aeroportuaria","external_links_name":"\"Policía de Seguridad Aeroportuaria | Ministerio de Seguridad\""},{"Link":"https://www.argentina.gob.ar/psa","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airport_Security_Police_(Argentina)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragon_King | Operation Dragon King | ["1 Background","2 Events","3 See also","4 References"] | 1978 military operation in Arakan, Burma
Operation Dragon KingPart of the Rohingya conflictRohingya villagers rounded up by Burmese soldiers and immigration officialsPlanned bySocialist government of Ne WinObjective
Register citizens in northern Arakan
Expel so-called "foreigners" (i.e. Rohingyas) from the area
Date6 February – 31 July 1978(5 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)Executed byTatmadaw, Burmese immigration officialsOutcomeMassive humanitarian crisis in neighbouring BangladeshCasualties200,000–250,000 fled to Bangladesh (180,000 later repatriated)
vteRohingya conflictConflicts
Mujahideen insurgency (1947–1961)
Operation Monsoon (1954)
Mayu Frontier District (1961–1964)
Operation Dragon King (1978)
Operation Clean and Beautiful Nation (1991–1992)
2012 Rakhine State riots
Rohingya conflict (2016–present)
Insurgent groups
RLP (1972–1974)
RPF (1973–1986)
ARIF (1986–1998)
ARNO/RNA (1998–2001)
ARSA (2013–present)
ARA (2020-present)
RSO (1982–1998, 2021–present)
Refugee crisis
2015 Rohingya refugee crisis
Rohingya genocide
International reactions
ICJ genocide case
Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh
Kutupalong
Nayapara
Bhasan Char Island
Massacres
Arakan massacres in 1942
Kha Maung Seik massacre
Chut Pyin
Gu Dar Pyin
Inn Din
Maung Nu
Tula Toli
Buthidaung
Operation Dragon King (Burmese: နဂါးမင်း စစ်ဆင်ရေး), officially known as Operation Nagamin in English, was a military operation carried in 1978 out by the Tatmadaw and immigration officials in northern Arakan, Burma (present-day Rakhine State, Myanmar), during the socialist rule of Ne Win.
Background
The Rohingya people are an ethnic minority that live in northern Arakan, Burma (present-day Rakhine State, Myanmar), who have suffered historical persecution by the Burmese government and Buddhist majority. After General Ne Win and his Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) seized power in a coup in 1962, the government systematically dissolved Rohingya political and social organizations. The end of the liberation war in neighbouring Bangladesh strengthened the Burmese government's fears of "foreign invaders" infiltrating their country. So in 1977, the government began its preparations for Operation Dragon King, which commenced at the start of the following year.
Events
The official purpose of Operation Dragon King was to register citizens in northern Arakan and expel so-called "foreigners" from the area prior to a national census. Immigration officials and military personnel conducted the operation together, with the latter being accused by Rohingya refugees of forcibly evicting villagers through intimidation, rape and murder.
The operation began on 6 February 1978, beginning in the village of Sakkipara in the Sittwe District, where there were mass round ups of civilians. In the span of over three months, approximately 200,000 to 250,000 refugees, mostly Rohingya Muslims, fled to Bangladesh. The government of Burma estimated that 150,000 fled during the operation, and proclaimed that the mass exodus signified that Rohingyas were in-fact "illegal immigrants". The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the government of Bangladesh provided emergency relief to the refugees, but were overwhelmed by the magnitude of the humanitarian crisis. Bangladesh requested assistance from the United Nations, and a UNHCR relief mission was sent to the region.
On 31 July 1978, the governments of Burma and Bangladesh reached an agreement regarding the repatriation of Rohingya refugees, and 180,000 returned to Burma following the agreement.
See also
Operation Clean and Beautiful Nation
References
^ a b c d "Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese Refugees In Bangladesh - Historical Background". www.hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
^ a b c d e Skutsch, Carl (7 November 2013). Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities. Routledge. p. 128. ISBN 9781135193881. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
^ Constantine, Greg (18 September 2012). "Bangladesh: The Plight of the Rohingya". Pulitzer Center. Retrieved 22 March 2018.
^ Kevin Ponniah (5 December 2016). "Who will help Myanmar's Rohingya?". BBC News.
^ Matt Broomfield (10 December 2016). "UN calls on Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi to halt 'ethnic cleansing' of Rohingya Muslims". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
^ "New wave of destruction sees 1,250 houses destroyed in Myanmar's Rohingya villages". International Business Times. 21 November 2016.
^ K. Maudood Elahi, "The Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh: Historical Perspectives and Consequences," In John Rogge (ed.), Refugees: A Third World Dilemma, (New Jersey: Rowman and Littlefield), 1987, p. 231.
^ Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity (2. impr. ed.). London: Zed Books. p. 241. ISBN 0862328683.
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Outline of Myanmar | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rohingya_conflict"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Rohingya_conflict"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rohingya_conflict"},{"link_name":"Rohingya conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict"},{"link_name":"Mujahideen insurgency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideen_insurgency_in_Arakan_(1947-1961)"},{"link_name":"Operation Monsoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Monsoon"},{"link_name":"Mayu Frontier District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayu_Frontier_District"},{"link_name":"Operation Dragon King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Operation Clean and Beautiful Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Clean_and_Beautiful_Nation"},{"link_name":"2012 Rakhine State riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Rakhine_State_riots"},{"link_name":"Rohingya conflict (2016–present)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflict_in_Rakhine_State_(2016%E2%80%93present)#ARSA_insurgency"},{"link_name":"RLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_Liberation_Party"},{"link_name":"RPF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_Patriotic_Front"},{"link_name":"ARIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Rohingya_Islamic_Front"},{"link_name":"ARNO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Rohingya_National_Organisation"},{"link_name":"RNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_National_Army"},{"link_name":"ARSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Rohingya_Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"ARA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakan_Rohingya_Army"},{"link_name":"RSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_Solidarity_Organisation"},{"link_name":"2015 Rohingya refugee 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Pyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chut_Pyin_massacre"},{"link_name":"Gu Dar Pyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu_Dar_Pyin_massacre"},{"link_name":"Inn Din","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn_Din_massacre"},{"link_name":"Maung Nu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maung_Nu_massacre"},{"link_name":"Tula Toli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Toli_massacre"},{"link_name":"Buthidaung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burning_of_Buthidaung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese_language"},{"link_name":"military operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_operation"},{"link_name":"Tatmadaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatmadaw"},{"link_name":"immigration officials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Immigration_and_Population"},{"link_name":"Rakhine State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_State"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"socialist rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma"},{"link_name":"Ne Win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne_Win"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"vteRohingya conflictConflicts\nMujahideen insurgency (1947–1961)\nOperation Monsoon (1954)\nMayu Frontier District (1961–1964)\nOperation Dragon King (1978)\nOperation Clean and Beautiful Nation (1991–1992)\n2012 Rakhine State riots\nRohingya conflict (2016–present)\nInsurgent groups\n\nRLP (1972–1974)\nRPF (1973–1986)\nARIF (1986–1998)\nARNO/RNA (1998–2001)\nARSA (2013–present)\nARA (2020-present)\nRSO (1982–1998, 2021–present)\nRefugee crisis\n\n2015 Rohingya refugee crisis\nRohingya genocide\nInternational reactions\nICJ genocide case\nRohingya refugees in Bangladesh\nKutupalong\nNayapara\nBhasan Char Island\nMassacres\n\nArakan massacres in 1942\nKha Maung Seik massacre\nChut Pyin\nGu Dar Pyin\nInn Din\nMaung Nu\nTula Toli\nButhidaungOperation Dragon King (Burmese: နဂါးမင်း စစ်ဆင်ရေး), officially known as Operation Nagamin in English, was a military operation carried in 1978 out by the Tatmadaw and immigration officials in northern Arakan, Burma (present-day Rakhine State, Myanmar), during the socialist rule of Ne Win.[3]","title":"Operation Dragon King"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rohingya people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_people"},{"link_name":"ethnic minority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_group"},{"link_name":"Rakhine State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_State"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-Who-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TI-UN-Kyi-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IBT-1250-6"},{"link_name":"Ne Win","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne_Win"},{"link_name":"Burma Socialist Programme Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Socialist_Programme_Party"},{"link_name":"coup in 1962","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1962_Burmese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"liberation war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRWburma2000-1"}],"text":"The Rohingya people are an ethnic minority that live in northern Arakan, Burma (present-day Rakhine State, Myanmar), who have suffered historical persecution by the Burmese government and Buddhist majority.[4][5][6] After General Ne Win and his Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) seized power in a coup in 1962, the government systematically dissolved Rohingya political and social organizations. The end of the liberation war in neighbouring Bangladesh strengthened the Burmese government's fears of \"foreign invaders\" infiltrating their country. So in 1977, the government began its preparations for Operation Dragon King, which commenced at the start of the following year.[1]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rohingya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_people"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Sittwe District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittwe_District"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skutsch-2"},{"link_name":"International Committee of the Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRWburma2000-1"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"UNHCR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skutsch-2"},{"link_name":"repatriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repatriation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HRWburma2000-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Skutsch-2"}],"text":"The official purpose of Operation Dragon King was to register citizens in northern Arakan and expel so-called \"foreigners\" from the area prior to a national census.[7] Immigration officials and military personnel conducted the operation together, with the latter being accused by Rohingya refugees of forcibly evicting villagers through intimidation, rape and murder.[8]The operation began on 6 February 1978, beginning in the village of Sakkipara in the Sittwe District, where there were mass round ups of civilians. In the span of over three months, approximately 200,000 to 250,000 refugees, mostly Rohingya Muslims, fled to Bangladesh.[2] The government of Burma estimated that 150,000 fled during the operation, and proclaimed that the mass exodus signified that Rohingyas were in-fact \"illegal immigrants\". The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the government of Bangladesh provided emergency relief to the refugees, but were overwhelmed by the magnitude of the humanitarian crisis.[1] Bangladesh requested assistance from the United Nations, and a UNHCR relief mission was sent to the region.[2]On 31 July 1978, the governments of Burma and Bangladesh reached an agreement regarding the repatriation of Rohingya refugees,[1] and 180,000 returned to Burma following the agreement.[2]","title":"Events"}] | [] | [{"title":"Operation Clean and Beautiful Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Clean_and_Beautiful_Nation"}] | [{"reference":"\"Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese Refugees In Bangladesh - Historical Background\". www.hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 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Retrieved 22 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/bangladesh-plight-rohingya","url_text":"\"Bangladesh: The Plight of the Rohingya\""}]},{"reference":"Kevin Ponniah (5 December 2016). \"Who will help Myanmar's Rohingya?\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168917","url_text":"\"Who will help Myanmar's Rohingya?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Matt Broomfield (10 December 2016). \"UN calls on Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi to halt 'ethnic cleansing' of Rohingya Muslims\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/burma-rohingya-myanmar-muslims-united-nations-calls-on-suu-kyi-a7465036.html","url_text":"\"UN calls on Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi to halt 'ethnic cleansing' of Rohingya Muslims\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/burma-rohingya-myanmar-muslims-united-nations-calls-on-suu-kyi-a7465036.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New wave of destruction sees 1,250 houses destroyed in Myanmar's Rohingya villages\". International Business Times. 21 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-wave-destruction-sees-1250-houses-destroyed-myanmars-rohingya-villages-1592582","url_text":"\"New wave of destruction sees 1,250 houses destroyed in Myanmar's Rohingya villages\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Business_Times","url_text":"International Business Times"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Martin (1991). Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity (2. impr. ed.). London: Zed Books. p. 241. ISBN 0862328683.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s4NuAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0862328683","url_text":"0862328683"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm005-01.htm","external_links_name":"\"Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese Refugees In Bangladesh - Historical Background\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA128","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities"},{"Link":"http://pulitzercenter.org/reporting/bangladesh-plight-rohingya","external_links_name":"\"Bangladesh: The Plight of the Rohingya\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38168917","external_links_name":"\"Who will help Myanmar's Rohingya?\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/burma-rohingya-myanmar-muslims-united-nations-calls-on-suu-kyi-a7465036.html","external_links_name":"\"UN calls on Burma's Aung San Suu Kyi to halt 'ethnic cleansing' of Rohingya Muslims\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/burma-rohingya-myanmar-muslims-united-nations-calls-on-suu-kyi-a7465036.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-wave-destruction-sees-1250-houses-destroyed-myanmars-rohingya-villages-1592582","external_links_name":"\"New wave of destruction sees 1,250 houses destroyed in Myanmar's Rohingya villages\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=s4NuAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Burma: Insurgency and the politics of ethnicity"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Massie | Hugh Massie | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Australian cricketer
Hugh MassiePersonal informationFull nameHugh Hamon MassieBorn(1854-04-11)11 April 1854Near Belfast, now Port Fairy, Victoria, AustraliaDied12 October 1938(1938-10-12) (aged 84)Point Piper, New South Wales, AustraliaHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)BattingRight-handedRoleTop-order batsmanInternational information
National sideAustraliaTest debut (cap 28)31 December 1881 v EnglandLast Test24 February 1885 v England
Domestic team information
YearsTeam1878–1888New South Wales
Career statistics
Competition
Tests
FC
Matches
9
64
Runs scored
249
2485
Batting average
15.56
23.00
100s/50s
0/1
1/13
Top score
55
206
Balls bowled
0
126
Wickets
0
2
Bowling average
n/a
30.00
5 wickets in innings
0
0
10 wickets in match
0
0
Best bowling
n/a
2/39
Catches/stumpings
5/0
35/0Source: CricketArchive, 14 April 2008
Hugh Hamon Massie (11 April 1854 – 12 October 1938) was a cricketer who played for New South Wales and Australia.
Hugh Massie's Test career batting graph.
Massie's role in the 1882 Ashes Test at The Oval was almost as pivotal in deciding the result as Fred Spofforth's celebrated performance with the ball. With Alick Bannerman as his opening partner, the hard-hitting Massie scored 55 in 57 minutes from just sixty deliveries, with nine fours, to give the Australians a chance. They duly took the match to win by seven runs.
His son Jack Massie was a noted New South Wales cricketer in the 1910s.
See also
List of New South Wales representative cricketers
References
^ "Hugh Massie". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
^ "Classic Ashes clashes – 1882, The Oval". BBC. 2 November 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
^ "Kennington Oval on 28th, 29th August 1882 (3-day match)". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
^ "Jack Massie". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 December 2008.
External links
"Mr. H. H. Massie". Cricket Magazine. 22 June 1882. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
Preceded byTom Horan
Australian Test cricket captains 1884-5
Succeeded byJack Blackham
vteAustralia Test cricket captains
1876/77–1878/79: D. Gregory
1880–1884; 1884/85; 1890: Murdoch
1884/85: Horan
1884/85: Massie
1884/85; 1891/92–1893; 1894/95: Blackham
1886: Scott
1886/87–1888: McDonnell
1894/95: Giffen
1896–1897/98: Trott
1899–1905: Darling
1901/02: Trumble
1903/04–1909: Noble
1910/11–1911/12: Hill
1912: S. Gregory
1920/21–1921: Armstrong
1921/22–1926: Collins
1926: Bardsley
1928/29: Ryder
1930–1934: Woodfull
1935/36: Richardson
1936/37–1948: Bradman
1945/46: Brown
1949/50–1953: Hassett
1951/52; 1954/55: Morris
1954/55–1956/57: Johnson
1956/57: Lindwall
1957/58: Craig
1958/59–1962/63; 1963/64: Benaud
1961: Harvey
1963/64–1977/78: Simpson
1965/66: Booth
1967/68; 1968–1970/71: Lawry
1968: Jarman
1971/71; 1972–1975: I. Chappell
1975/76–1982/83: G. Chappell
1978/79: Yallop
1978/79; 1979/80–1983/84; 1984/85: Hughes
1984/85–1993/94: Border
1994/95–1998/99: Taylor
1998/99–2003/04: Waugh
2000/01; 2001; 2004; 2004/05: Gilchrist
2003/04–2010/11: Ponting
2010/11; 2011–2015: Clarke
2012/13: Watson
2014/15; 2015–2017/18; 2021/22: Smith
2017/18; 2018–2021: Paine
2021/22–present: Cummins
Italics denote deputised captaincy
Australia pre-Ashes squads
vteAustralia squad – Australia vs England 1881–82 Test series (winners)
Murdoch (c) (†)
Bannerman
Blackham (†)
Boyle
Cooper
Coulthard
Evans
Garrett
Giffen
Horan
Jones
Massie
McDonnell
Palmer
Spofforth
vteAustralia squad – England vs Australia Test 1882 (winners)
Murdoch (c)
Bannerman
Blackham (†)
Bonnor
Boyle
Garrett
Giffen
Horan
Jones
Massie
Spofforth
This biographical article related to an Australian cricket person born in the 1850s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cricketer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hugh_Massie_graph.png"},{"link_name":"Ashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashes"},{"link_name":"The Oval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oval"},{"link_name":"Fred Spofforth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_Spofforth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alick Bannerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alick_Bannerman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jack Massie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Massie"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Hugh Hamon Massie (11 April 1854 – 12 October 1938) was a cricketer who played for New South Wales and Australia.[1]Hugh Massie's Test career batting graph.Massie's role in the 1882 Ashes Test at The Oval was almost as pivotal in deciding the result as Fred Spofforth's celebrated performance with the ball.[2] With Alick Bannerman as his opening partner, the hard-hitting Massie scored 55 in 57 minutes from just sixty deliveries, with nine fours, to give the Australians a chance.[3] They duly took the match to win by seven runs.His son Jack Massie was a noted New South Wales cricketer in the 1910s.[4]","title":"Hugh Massie"}] | [{"image_text":"Hugh Massie's Test career batting graph.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hugh_Massie_graph.png/250px-Hugh_Massie_graph.png"}] | [{"title":"List of New South Wales representative cricketers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_South_Wales_representative_cricketers"}] | [{"reference":"\"Hugh Massie\". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 28 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/6517.html","url_text":"\"Hugh Massie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESPNcricinfo","url_text":"ESPNcricinfo"}]},{"reference":"\"Classic Ashes clashes – 1882, The Oval\". BBC. 2 November 2006. Retrieved 28 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109794.stm","url_text":"\"Classic Ashes clashes – 1882, The Oval\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kennington Oval on 28th, 29th August 1882 (3-day match)\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2642.html","url_text":"\"Kennington Oval on 28th, 29th August 1882 (3-day match)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Massie\". CricketArchive. Retrieved 28 December 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/5/5981/5981.html","url_text":"\"Jack Massie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. H. H. Massie\". Cricket Magazine. 22 June 1882. Retrieved 19 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1882/104/index.html","url_text":"\"Mr. H. H. Massie\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/0/58/58.html","external_links_name":"CricketArchive"},{"Link":"http://content.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/6517.html","external_links_name":"\"Hugh Massie\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/england/6109794.stm","external_links_name":"\"Classic Ashes clashes – 1882, The Oval\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2642.html","external_links_name":"\"Kennington Oval on 28th, 29th August 1882 (3-day match)\""},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/5/5981/5981.html","external_links_name":"\"Jack Massie\""},{"Link":"https://archive.acscricket.com/cricket/1882/104/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Mr. H. H. Massie\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Massie&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Lan | Typhoon Lan (2017) | ["1 Meteorological history","2 Preparations and impact","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Pacific typhoon in 2017
For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Lan.
Typhoon Lan (Paolo)
Typhoon Lan nearing peak intensity south of Japan on October 21Meteorological historyFormedOctober 15, 2017DissipatedOctober 23, 2017Very strong typhoon10-minute sustained (JMA)Highest winds185 km/h (115 mph)Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHgCategory 4-equivalent super typhoon1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)Highest winds250 km/h (155 mph)Lowest pressure922 hPa (mbar); 27.23 inHgOverall effectsFatalities17 totalDamage$2 billion (2017 USD)Areas affectedCaroline Islands, Philippines, Japan, South KoreaIBTrACSPart of the 2017 Pacific typhoon season
Typhoon Lan, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Paolo, was the third-most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017, behind only hurricanes Irma and Maria in the Atlantic. A very large storm, Lan was the twenty-first tropical storm and ninth typhoon of the annual typhoon season. It originated from a tropical disturbance that the United States Naval Research Laboratory had begun tracking near Chuuk on October 11. Slowly consolidating, it developed into a tropical storm on October 15, and intensified into a typhoon on October 17. It expanded in size and turned northward on October 18, although the typhoon struggled to intensify for two days. On October 20, Lan grew into a very large typhoon and rapidly intensified, due to favorable conditions, with a large well-defined eye, reaching peak intensity as a "super typhoon" with 1-minute sustained winds of 249 km/h (155 mph) – a high-end Category 4-equivalent storm – late on the same day. Afterward, encroaching dry air and shear caused the cyclone to begin weakening and turn extratropical, before it struck Japan on October 23 as a weaker typhoon. Later that day, it became fully extratropical before it was absorbed by a larger storm shortly afterward.
Lan caused significant impacts in Japan, with over 380,000 evacuations occurring in Japan, and the cancellations of several domestic flights. In total, approximately 17 deaths were attributed to the typhoon, mainly due to flooding from its rainbands. Damage totals were estimated to have been at least US$2 billion (2017 USD), making it one of the costliest typhoons to have struck Japan.
Meteorological history
Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression
The United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) initially mentioned a tropical disturbance over Chuuk on October 11. After the slow consolidation, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert to the elongated system early on October 14, shortly after the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started to monitor it as a low-pressure area. The agency upgraded it to a tropical depression almost one day later and began to issue tropical cyclone warnings since 06:00 UTC on October 15. In the afternoon, the JTWC also upgraded it to a tropical depression assigning the designation 25W, which formative but shallow convective bands had become more organized, and symmetrically wrapped into a defined low-level circulation center. About three hours later, the JMA upgraded it to the twenty-first Northwest Pacific tropical storm in 2017 and assigned the international name Lan, when it was located approximately 310 km (190 mi) to the northeast of Palau. Early on October 16, the JTWC upgraded Lan to a tropical storm based on T-number 2.5 of the Dvorak technique, shortly before it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and received the name Paolo from PAGASA.
In an area of low to moderate low vertical wind shear, convection over Lan's center was occasionally displaced, but strong poleward outflow enhanced by a tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) as well as sea surface temperature (SST) over 30°C with high ocean heat content (OHC) contributed to the intensification, resulting in being upgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA at around 00:00 UTC on October 17. Soon, the westward system became quasi-stationary due to a weakening subtropical ridge to the north. When Lan developed into the ninth typhoon of 2017 at around 18:00 UTC, it had turned slowly northward under the steering influence of a building steering ridge to the southeast and east. Early on the next day, the JTWC also upgraded it to a typhoon. although it later became partially exposed for a half of day. At 12:00 UTC on October 18, the JMA reported that Lan had become a large typhoon, with a diameter of about 1,310 km (810 mi). Despite favorable conditions, Lan had struggled to intensify for two days, even while growing larger in diameter.
The eye of Typhoon Lan at peak intensity on October 21
Lan started to rapidly intensify thanks to excellent outflow, particularly poleward, which gradually formed a large and symmetric eye with a diameter of 60 mi (97 km). The JMA indicated that the typhoon had reached its peak intensity at around 18:00 UTC, with the central pressure at 915 hPa (27.0 inHg) and ten-minute maximum sustained winds at 185 km/h (115 mph); the JTWC also reported that Lan had intensified into a super typhoon at the same time. Early on October 21, when Lan accelerated north-northeastward along the western periphery of the deep layered subtropical ridge, the JTWC reported that its one-minute maximum sustained winds reached 250 km/h (155 mph), a high-end category 4 of the Saffir–Simpson scale, ranging from T6.5 to T7.0 of the Dvorak technique. For increasing vertical wind shear, Lan began to weaken and undergo the extratropical transition early on October 22 with significant erosion of its eyewall, after maintaining the super typhoon status as well as peak intensity for over one day. Despite excellent poleward outflow tapping into the mid-latitude westerlies over Japan, the satellite imageries revealed cold-air stratocumulus streaming southward over the western semi-circle of the typhoon, which was associated with advection of cooler, drier air. As the result, the once large eye was quickly filled, and Lan was exhibiting frontal characteristics.
At 03:00 JST on October 23 (18:00 UTC on October 22), Lan made landfall over Omaezaki, Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan, with ten-minute maximum sustained winds at 150 km/h (93 mph) and one-minute maximum sustained winds at 165 km/h (103 mph), equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane. At that time, its diameter of gale winds had expanded to approximately 1,700 km (1,100 mi). Three hours later, Lan weakened to a severe tropical storm. Lan entered the Pacific Ocean shortly before 09:00 JST (00:00 UTC) and continued accelerating northeastward within the westerlies, displaying a well-defined frontal structure with an exposed, broad center and rapidly decaying deep convection sheared to the northeast. The JMA reported that Lan had become extratropical at 06:00 UTC, although the JTWC issued a final warning three hours before and even declared an extratropical cyclone about 12 hours earlier. A new extratropical low absorbed the former typhoon late on the same day and explosively intensified into a 934 hPa (27.6 inHg) system east of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on October 24.
Preparations and impact
Flooding was a prevalent issue for the Kansai region once the rainbands passed, affecting rivers such as the Yodo River here
Ahead of the storm, approximately 381,000 people were evacuated from their homes. Several flights were also cancelled due to the typhoon's impending arrival, and some of Japan's trains were suspended.
In total, 17 people were killed in Mainland Japan and the agricultural loss were about JP¥62.19 billion (US$547.9 million). Total economic losses were counted to be US$2 billion. In the Osaka Prefecture, a train was forced to brake due to part of the railroad having caved in. The typhoon's remnant moisture boosted the intensity of another extratropical cyclone, which later opened up an atmospheric river, contributing to heavy flooding in Alaska from October 24 to 28.
See also
Tropical cyclones portal
Weather of 2017
Tropical cyclones in 2017
Typhoon Tip (1979)
Typhoon Chaba (2010)
Typhoon Wipha (2013)
Typhoon Phanfone (2014)
Typhoon Noru (2017)
Typhoon Jebi (2018)
References
^ "Index of /tcdat/tc17/WPAC/25W.LAN/ir/geo/1km". United States Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 14, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-13T18:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-14T18:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "WTPQ21 RJTD 150600 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 25W (Twentyfive) Warning Nr 01". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "WTPQ21 RJTD 151800 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 03". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 16, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Severe Weather Bulletin #2 for Tropical Storm Paolo (Lan)". PAGASA. October 16, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 06". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 16, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-17T00:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ a b "Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 10". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 17, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-17T18:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 011". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 17, 2017. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 12". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 18, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 13". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 18, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ a b Typhoon Lan (PDF) (Report). Best track data. Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. December 18, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2018.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 18". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ a b "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 22". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 20, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Tropical Cyclone Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-20T18:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 20, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 23". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 21, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 27". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 22, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ "Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 28". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 22, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Kitamoto, Asanobu. "台風201721号の全般台風情報一覧". Digital Typhoon (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ a b "Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 30". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 22, 2017. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ Kitamoto, Asanobu. "Typhoon List by Wind Information". Digital Typhoon. Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
^ "WTPQ21 RJTD 222100 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 22, 2017. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ a b "Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 31". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 23, 2017. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ "WTPQ21 RJTD 230600 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 23, 2017. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-23T18:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 23, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-24T00:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ "Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-24T12:00:00Z". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 26, 2017.
^ a b Wright, Pam (October 23, 2017). "Typhoon Lan Clobbers Japan With 100+ MPH Winds, Killing 2". The Weather Channel. Retrieved December 24, 2017.
^ "平成29年台風第21号による被害状況". Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 27, 2017.
^ "Companion Volume to Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
^ "NASA examines heavy rainfall generated by former Typhoon Lan". Phys.org. October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
^ "Weather Service issues flood watch". Phys.org. October 26, 2017. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
^ "Flood warning for Jordan Creek". KINY. Retrieved October 28, 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Typhoon Lan (2017).
JMA General Information of Typhoon Lan (1721) from Digital Typhoon
JMA Best Track Data of Typhoon Lan (1721) (in Japanese)
25W.LAN from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory
vteTropical cyclones of the 2017 Pacific typhoon seasonTDAuring
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of storms named Lan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_storms_named_Lan"},{"link_name":"tropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"Irma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Irma"},{"link_name":"Maria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Maria"},{"link_name":"typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"annual typhoon season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Pacific_typhoon_season"},{"link_name":"United States Naval Research Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Chuuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuuk_State"},{"link_name":"typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)"},{"link_name":"super typhoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_typhoon"},{"link_name":"1-minute sustained winds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_sustained_wind"},{"link_name":"extratropical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"USD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD"}],"text":"For other storms of the same name, see List of storms named Lan.Typhoon Lan, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Paolo, was the third-most intense tropical cyclone worldwide in 2017, behind only hurricanes Irma and Maria in the Atlantic. A very large storm, Lan was the twenty-first tropical storm and ninth typhoon of the annual typhoon season. It originated from a tropical disturbance that the United States Naval Research Laboratory had begun tracking near Chuuk on October 11. Slowly consolidating, it developed into a tropical storm on October 15, and intensified into a typhoon on October 17. It expanded in size and turned northward on October 18, although the typhoon struggled to intensify for two days. On October 20, Lan grew into a very large typhoon and rapidly intensified, due to favorable conditions, with a large well-defined eye, reaching peak intensity as a \"super typhoon\" with 1-minute sustained winds of 249 km/h (155 mph) – a high-end Category 4-equivalent storm – late on the same day. Afterward, encroaching dry air and shear caused the cyclone to begin weakening and turn extratropical, before it struck Japan on October 23 as a weaker typhoon. 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scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffir%E2%80%93Simpson_scale"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"westerlies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerlies"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"satellite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite"},{"link_name":"stratocumulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratocumulus"},{"link_name":"advection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advection"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"frontal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_front"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"JST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Standard_Time"},{"link_name":"landfall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfall"},{"link_name":"Omaezaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaezaki"},{"link_name":"Shizuoka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shizuoka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-landfall-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWC_30-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gale_diameter-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWC_31-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"extratropical cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWC_31-28"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JTWC_30-25"},{"link_name":"explosively intensified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_cyclogenesis"},{"link_name":"Kamchatka Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionThe United States Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) initially mentioned a tropical disturbance over Chuuk on October 11.[1] After the slow consolidation, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert to the elongated system early on October 14,[2] shortly after the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) started to monitor it as a low-pressure area.[3] The agency upgraded it to a tropical depression almost one day later and began to issue tropical cyclone warnings since 06:00 UTC on October 15.[4][5] In the afternoon, the JTWC also upgraded it to a tropical depression assigning the designation 25W, which formative but shallow convective bands had become more organized, and symmetrically wrapped into a defined low-level circulation center.[6] About three hours later, the JMA upgraded it to the twenty-first Northwest Pacific tropical storm in 2017 and assigned the international name Lan, when it was located approximately 310 km (190 mi) to the northeast of Palau.[7] Early on October 16, the JTWC upgraded Lan to a tropical storm based on T-number 2.5 of the Dvorak technique,[8] shortly before it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and received the name Paolo from PAGASA.[9]In an area of low to moderate low vertical wind shear, convection over Lan's center was occasionally displaced, but strong poleward outflow enhanced by a tropical upper tropospheric trough (TUTT) as well as sea surface temperature (SST) over 30°C with high ocean heat content (OHC) contributed to the intensification,[10] resulting in being upgraded to a severe tropical storm by the JMA at around 00:00 UTC on October 17.[11] Soon, the westward system became quasi-stationary due to a weakening subtropical ridge to the north.[12] When Lan developed into the ninth typhoon of 2017 at around 18:00 UTC,[13] it had turned slowly northward under the steering influence of a building steering ridge to the southeast and east.[12] Early on the next day, the JTWC also upgraded it to a typhoon.[14] although it later became partially exposed for a half of day.[15][16] At 12:00 UTC on October 18, the JMA reported that Lan had become a large typhoon, with a diameter of about 1,310 km (810 mi).[17] Despite favorable conditions, Lan had struggled to intensify for two days, even while growing larger in diameter.[17][18]The eye of Typhoon Lan at peak intensity on October 21Lan started to rapidly intensify thanks to excellent outflow, particularly poleward, which gradually formed a large and symmetric eye with a diameter of 60 mi (97 km).[19] The JMA indicated that the typhoon had reached its peak intensity at around 18:00 UTC, with the central pressure at 915 hPa (27.0 inHg) and ten-minute maximum sustained winds at 185 km/h (115 mph);[20] the JTWC also reported that Lan had intensified into a super typhoon at the same time.[19] Early on October 21, when Lan accelerated north-northeastward along the western periphery of the deep layered subtropical ridge, the JTWC reported that its one-minute maximum sustained winds reached 250 km/h (155 mph), a high-end category 4 of the Saffir–Simpson scale, ranging from T6.5 to T7.0 of the Dvorak technique.[21] For increasing vertical wind shear, Lan began to weaken and undergo the extratropical transition early on October 22 with significant erosion of its eyewall, after maintaining the super typhoon status as well as peak intensity for over one day. Despite excellent poleward outflow tapping into the mid-latitude westerlies over Japan, the satellite imageries revealed cold-air stratocumulus streaming southward over the western semi-circle of the typhoon, which was associated with advection of cooler, drier air.[22] As the result, the once large eye was quickly filled, and Lan was exhibiting frontal characteristics.[23]At 03:00 JST on October 23 (18:00 UTC on October 22), Lan made landfall over Omaezaki, Shizuoka Prefecture in Japan,[24] with ten-minute maximum sustained winds at 150 km/h (93 mph) and one-minute maximum sustained winds at 165 km/h (103 mph), equivalent to a Category 2 hurricane.[25] At that time, its diameter of gale winds had expanded to approximately 1,700 km (1,100 mi).[26] Three hours later, Lan weakened to a severe tropical storm.[27] Lan entered the Pacific Ocean shortly before 09:00 JST (00:00 UTC) and continued accelerating northeastward within the westerlies, displaying a well-defined frontal structure with an exposed, broad center and rapidly decaying deep convection sheared to the northeast.[28] The JMA reported that Lan had become extratropical at 06:00 UTC,[29] although the JTWC issued a final warning three hours before and even declared an extratropical cyclone about 12 hours earlier.[28][25] A new extratropical low absorbed the former typhoon late on the same day and explosively intensified into a 934 hPa (27.6 inHg) system east of the Kamchatka Peninsula, on October 24.[30][31][32]","title":"Meteorological history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inundation_of_the_Yodo_River,_after_Typhoon_Lan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Yodo River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yodo_River"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather.com-33"},{"link_name":"JP¥","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_yen"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Global_Catastrophe_Recap_2017-35"},{"link_name":"Osaka Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weather.com-33"},{"link_name":"atmospheric river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_river"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"Flooding was a prevalent issue for the Kansai region once the rainbands passed, affecting rivers such as the Yodo River hereAhead of the storm, approximately 381,000 people were evacuated from their homes.[33] Several flights were also cancelled due to the typhoon's impending arrival, and some of Japan's trains were suspended.In total, 17 people were killed in Mainland Japan and the agricultural loss were about JP¥62.19 billion (US$547.9 million).[34] Total economic losses were counted to be US$2 billion.[35] In the Osaka Prefecture, a train was forced to brake due to part of the railroad having caved in.[33] The typhoon's remnant moisture boosted the intensity of another extratropical cyclone, which later opened up an atmospheric river, contributing to heavy flooding in Alaska from October 24 to 28.[36][37][38]","title":"Preparations and impact"}] | [{"image_text":"Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scaleMap key Saffir–Simpson scale Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h) Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h) Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h) Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h) Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h) Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h) Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h) Unknown Storm type Tropical cyclone Subtropical cyclone Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression ","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Lan_2017_track.png/275px-Lan_2017_track.png"},{"image_text":"The eye of Typhoon Lan at peak intensity on October 21","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Eye_of_Super_Typhoon_Lan_on_October_21%2C_2017.png/220px-Eye_of_Super_Typhoon_Lan_on_October_21%2C_2017.png"},{"image_text":"Flooding was a prevalent issue for the Kansai region once the rainbands passed, affecting rivers such as the Yodo River here","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Inundation_of_the_Yodo_River%2C_after_Typhoon_Lan.jpg/220px-Inundation_of_the_Yodo_River%2C_after_Typhoon_Lan.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Tropical cyclones portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Tropical_cyclones"},{"title":"Weather of 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_of_2017"},{"title":"Tropical cyclones in 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_cyclones_in_2017"},{"title":"Typhoon Tip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Tip"},{"title":"Typhoon Chaba (2010)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Chaba_(2010)"},{"title":"Typhoon Wipha (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Wipha_(2013)"},{"title":"Typhoon Phanfone (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Phanfone_(2014)"},{"title":"Typhoon Noru (2017)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Noru_(2017)"},{"title":"Typhoon Jebi (2018)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhoon_Jebi_(2018)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Index of /tcdat/tc17/WPAC/25W.LAN/ir/geo/1km\". United States Naval Research Laboratory. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc17/WPAC/25W.LAN/ir/geo/1km/","url_text":"\"Index of /tcdat/tc17/WPAC/25W.LAN/ir/geo/1km\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Naval_Research_Laboratory","url_text":"United States Naval Research Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"\"Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 14, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"\"Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Typhoon_Warning_Center","url_text":"Joint Typhoon Warning Center"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240523081320/https://www.webcitation.org/6uDQr0ROa?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPN21-PGTW_201710140230.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-13T18:00:00Z\". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2017/10/13/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2017-10-13t180000z/","url_text":"\"Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-13T18:00:00Z\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency","url_text":"Japan Meteorological Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-14T18:00:00Z\". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 14, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2017/10/14/marine-weather-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2017-10-14t180000z/","url_text":"\"Marine Weather Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-14T18:00:00Z\""}]},{"reference":"\"WTPQ21 RJTD 150600 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory\". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq21.rjtd..txt","url_text":"\"WTPQ21 RJTD 150600 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240523081520/https://www.webcitation.org/6uExWlPhC?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ21-RJTD_201710150600.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 25W (Twentyfive) Warning Nr 01\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 25W (Twentyfive) Warning Nr 01\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240523081400/https://www.webcitation.org/6uExnahOj?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN32-PGTW_201710151500.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"WTPQ21 RJTD 151800 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory\". Japan Meteorological Agency. October 15, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq21.rjtd..txt","url_text":"\"WTPQ21 RJTD 151800 RSMC Tropical Cyclone Advisory\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240523081439/https://www.webcitation.org/6uExVPYiZ?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ21-RJTD_201710151800.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 03\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 16, 2017. Archived from the original on May 23, 2024. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 03\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20240523081601/https://www.webcitation.org/6uI18iUPW?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN32-PGTW_201710160300.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Severe Weather Bulletin #2 for Tropical Storm Paolo (Lan)\". PAGASA. October 16, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.webcitation.org/6uNL1jAyJ?url=https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/SWB","url_text":"\"Severe Weather Bulletin #2 for Tropical Storm Paolo (Lan)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAGASA","url_text":"PAGASA"},{"url":"https://pubfiles.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/tamss/weather/bulletin/SWB%232.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 06\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 16, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 06\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183354/http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tropical Cyclone Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-17T00:00:00Z\". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2017/10/17/tropical-cyclone-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2017-10-17t000000z/","url_text":"\"Tropical Cyclone Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-17T00:00:00Z\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 10\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 17, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 10\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183354/http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tropical Cyclone Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-17T18:00:00Z\". WIS Portal – GISC Tokyo. Japan Meteorological Agency. October 17, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2017/10/17/tropical-cyclone-warning-for-gmdss-metarea-xi-2017-10-17t180000z/","url_text":"\"Tropical Cyclone Warning for GMDSS Metarea XI 2017-10-17T18:00:00Z\""}]},{"reference":"\"Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 011\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 17, 2017. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"\"Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 011\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171021220307/http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 12\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 18, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. 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Retrieved March 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/data/typhoon/T1721.pdf","url_text":"Typhoon Lan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Meteorological_Agency","url_text":"Japan Meteorological Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 18\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 19, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. Retrieved October 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 18\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170913183354/http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn32.pgtw..txt","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Prognostic Reasoning for Super Typhoon 25W (Lan) Warning Nr 22\". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. October 20, 2017. Archived from the original on September 13, 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run | Chicken Run | ["1 Plot","2 Voice cast","3 Production","3.1 Development","3.2 Animation","3.3 Music","4 Reception","4.1 Critical response","4.2 Box office","4.3 Accolades","5 Home media","6 Sequel","7 Video game","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | 2000 animated comedy film
This article is about the film. For the video game based on the film, see Chicken Run (video game).
Chicken RunBritish theatrical release posterDirected by
Peter Lord
Nick Park
Screenplay byKarey KirkpatrickStory by
Peter Lord
Nick Park
Produced by
Peter Lord
David Sproxton
Nick Park
Starring
Phil Daniels
Lynn Ferguson
Mel Gibson
Tony Haygarth
Jane Horrocks
Miranda Richardson
Julia Sawalha
Timothy Spall
Imelda Staunton
Benjamin Whitrow
Cinematography
Dave Alex Riddett
Tristan Oliver
Frank Passingham
Edited byMark SolomonMusic by
John Powell
Harry Gregson-Williams
Productioncompanies
Aardman Animations
DreamWorks Animation
Allied Filmmakers (uncredited)
Pathé
Distributed by
Pathé Distribution
StudioCanal (select European territories)
DreamWorks Pictures (Worldwide)
Release dates
23 June 2000 (2000-06-23) (United States)
30 June 2000 (2000-06-30) (United Kingdom)
Running time84 minutesCountries
United Kingdom
United States
France
LanguageEnglishBudget$42–45 millionBox office$227.8 million
Chicken Run is a 2000 animated adventure comedy film produced by Pathé and Aardman Animations in partnership with DreamWorks Animation. Aardman's first feature-length film, it was directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park (in their feature-length directorial debuts) from a screenplay by Karey Kirkpatrick and based on an original story by Lord and Park. The film stars the voices of Julia Sawalha, Mel Gibson, Tony Haygarth, Miranda Richardson, Phil Daniels, Lynn Ferguson, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, and Benjamin Whitrow. Set in the countryside of Yorkshire, the plot centres on a group of British anthropomorphic chickens who see an American rooster named Rocky Rhodes as their only hope to escape the farm when their owners want to turn them into chicken pies.
Chicken Run was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $220 million and becoming the highest-grossing stop-motion animated film in history. At the time, this film was DreamWorks Animation's most successful release, but this was overtaken by Shrek the following year.
23 years later, a sequel, titled Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget, was released on Netflix on 15 December 2023. Its Netflix release followed its world premiere at the 67th BFI London Film Festival on 14 October 2023, which would also see preview screenings taking place at UK cinemas at the same time.
Plot
In the countryside of Yorkshire, a flock of chickens live on an egg farm structured like a prisoner-of-war camp. The farm is run by the cruel Mrs Tweedy and her submissive husband, Mr Tweedy, who kill and eat any chicken that is no longer able to lay eggs. Led by the rebellious Ginger, the chickens constantly devise new ways to try to escape but are always caught. Mr Tweedy suspects the chickens are organised and plotting resistance, but his wife dismisses his theories while being frustrated with making minuscule profits.
One night, Ginger witnesses an American rooster named Rocky Rhodes glide over the coop's fences and crash-land; the chickens put his sprained wing in a cast and hide him from the Tweedys, who have been promised a handsome reward by Rocky's owner for his return. Inspired by Rocky's apparent flying abilities, Ginger begs him to help teach her and the other chickens to fly so they can escape, threatening to alert the humans if he refuses. Rocky reluctantly gives them training lessons. One evening, a load of equipment is delivered to the farm, containing the parts for a chicken pie machine that Mrs Tweedy has ordered as part of a plan to convert the farm into a profitable pie-making factory. When the Tweedys increase the chickens' food rations and ignore the decline in egg production, Ginger deduces that the couple's new plan is to fatten the chickens for slaughter. After Ginger and Rocky get into an argument, Rocky holds a morale-boosting dance party during which it is revealed that his wing is healed. Ginger insists that he demonstrate flying the next day, but Mr Tweedy finishes assembling the machine and puts Ginger in it for a test run. Rocky saves her and sabotages the machine, buying them time to warn the chickens and plan an escape from the farm.
The next day, Ginger finds Rocky has left, leaving behind part of a poster that shows that he is in fact part of a "chicken cannonball" act with no ability to fly on his own, making them realize that their chance to learn how to fly has been crushed. In the midst of being devastated, Ginger is inspired by elderly rooster Fowler's stories of his time in the Royal Air Force to build an aircraft to flee the farm. The chickens assemble parts for the plane as Mr Tweedy fixes the pie-making machine. Meanwhile, Rocky comes across a billboard advertising Mrs Tweedy's chicken pies and returns to the farm out of guilt.
Mrs Tweedy orders Mr Tweedy to gather all the chickens for the machine, but the chickens subdue him and finish the plane, which Ginger persuades Fowler to pilot. As the plane approaches the take-off ramp, Mr Tweedy is able to knock over the ramp before being knocked out; Ginger races to reset the ramp, but a now-alerted Mrs Tweedy attacks her. Before Mrs Tweedy can hurt Ginger, Rocky returns and subdues her, before holding up the ramp with Ginger, allowing the plane to take flight. Rocky and Ginger grab on to the runway lights, which have been snagged by the departing plane. An axe-wielding Mrs Tweedy follows them by climbing up the lights, but Ginger tricks Mrs Tweedy into cutting the line, sending her falling into the pie machine, causing it to explode in a mushroom cloud of gravy.
The chickens celebrate their victory after defeating the Tweedys while Ginger and Rocky kiss each other, and they fly to an island bird sanctuary where they make their home. Sometime later, the chickens have settled into their new home, and Rocky and Ginger have started a romantic relationship. Nick and Fetcher, two rats that have been helping the chickens throughout the escape, decide to set up their own egg farm, but they fall into a circular debate over whether they must use a chicken or egg to start it.
Voice cast
Top row: Mel Gibson, Miranda Richardson, Tony Haygarth and Benjamin Whitrow respectively play the roles of Rocky, Mrs Tweedy, Mr Tweedy and Fowler.Bottom row: Timothy Spall, Phil Daniels, Jane Horrocks, Imelda Staunton and Lynn Ferguson respectively play the roles of Nick, Fetcher, Babs, Bunty and Mac.
Julia Sawalha as Ginger, the de facto British leader of the chickens
Mel Gibson as Rocky, an American circus rooster and Ginger's love interest
Miranda Richardson as Mrs Tweedy, the owner of the farm
Tony Haygarth as Mr Tweedy, Mrs Tweedy's husband and the co-owner of the farm
Benjamin Whitrow as Fowler, an elderly rooster
Timothy Spall as Nick, a cynical rat
Phil Daniels as Fetcher, Nick's partner
Jane Horrocks as Babs, a chubby chicken who loves knitting
Imelda Staunton as Bunty, the champion egg-layer
Lynn Ferguson as Mac, Ginger's Scottish second in command
Production
Development
Chicken Run was first conceived in 1995 by Aardman co-founder Peter Lord and Wallace and Gromit creator Nick Park. According to Park, the project started as a spoof on the 1963 film The Great Escape. Chicken Run was Aardman Animations' first feature-length production, which would be executive produced by Jake Eberts. Nick Park and Peter Lord, who run Aardman, directed the film, while Karey Kirkpatrick scripted, with additional input from Mark Burton and John O'Farrell.
When a chicken speaks, each sound corresponds to a different beak that was placed on the character.
Pathé agreed to finance the film in 1996, putting their finances into script development and model design. DreamWorks officially came on board in 1997. They beat out studios like Disney, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Bros. and largely won due to the perseverance of DreamWorks co-chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg; as a company they were eager to make their presence felt in the animation market in an attempt to compete with Disney's dominance of the field. Katzenberg explained that he had "been chasing these guys for five or six years, ever since I first saw Creature Comforts." DreamWorks secured their first animated feature with the film, and they handled distribution in all territories except Europe, which Pathé handled. The two studios co-financed the film. DreamWorks also retains rights to worldwide merchandising.
Animation
Principal photography began on 29 January 1998. During production, 30 sets were used with 80 animators working along with 180 people working overall. The result was one minute of film completed for each week of filming, with production wrapped on 18 June 1999.
Music
John Powell and Harry Gregson-Williams composed the music for the film, which was released on 20 June 2000 under the RCA Victor label. It was recorded at the Abbey Road Studios in London. Powell incorporated some kazoos and whistles to create an even funnier soundtrack.
Reception
Critical response
The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 97% approval rating and an average rating of 8.1/10, based on 173 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads: "Chicken Run has all the charm of Nick Park's Wallace & Gromit, and something for everybody. The voice acting is fabulous, the slapstick is brilliant, and the action sequences are spectacular." At Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave three and a half stars out of four, writing: "So it truly is a matter of life and death for the chickens to escape from the Tweedy Chicken Farm in Chicken Run, a magical new animated film that looks and sounds like no other. Like the otherwise completely different Babe, this is a movie that uses animals as surrogates for our hopes and fears, and as the chickens run through one failed escape attempt after another, the charm of the movie wins us over."
Chicken Run and its sequel has been noted for its depiction of feminism, revolution, Marxism, veganism and fascism. According to Florentine StrzeIczyk, Chicken Run points to the way that masculinity and femininity are mediated in popular film genres. It also received attention for its female-led cast. Film School Rejects called the movie feminist, noting that "the stereotypical 'woman's work' of these female chickens (such as their sewing and knitting) is crucial in constructing their mechanism for escape and vital towards the revolution itself." The Islamic Republic of Iran News Network argued it was a way to disguise Zionism and Western propaganda.
Box office
On opening weekend, the film grossed $17,506,162 for a $7,027 average from 2,491 theatres. Overall, the film placed second behind Me, Myself & Irene. In its second weekend, the film held well as it slipped only 25% to $13,192,897 for a $4,627 average from expanding to 2,851 theatres and finishing in fourth place. The film's widest release was 2,953 theatres, after grossing $106,834,564 in the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, it was the third highest-grossing film of the year with a gross of $43 million. With an additional $75 million from other markets, it grossed $224,834,564 worldwide. Produced on an estimated budget of $42–45 million, the film was a huge box office hit. To date, it is still the highest grossing stop motion animated movie.
Accolades
Group
Category (Recipient)
Result
Annie Awards
Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Theatrical Feature
Nominated
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Feature Production (Nick Park and Peter Lord)
Nominated
Outstanding Individual Achievement for Writing in an Animated Feature Production (Karey Kirkpatrick)
Nominated
British Academy Film Awards
Best British Film
Nominated
Best Visual Effects
Nominated
British Academy Children's Awards
Feature Film
Nominated
Broadcast Film Critics
Best Animated Feature
Won
Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics
Won
Empire Awards
Best British Director (Nick Park and Peter Lord)
Nominated
Best British Film
Nominated
Best Debut (Nick Park and Peter Lord)
Nominated
European Film Awards
Best Film
Nominated
Florida Film Critics
Best Animated Feature
Won
Genesis Awards
Best Feature Film
Won
Golden Globe Awards
Best Motion Picture - Musical or Comedy
Nominated
Kansas City Film Critics
Best Animated Feature
Won
Las Vegas Film Critics
Best Family Film
Won
Los Angeles Film Critics
Best Animated Feature
Won
National Board of Review
Won
New York Film Critics
Won
Phoenix Film Critics
Won
Best Family Film
Won
Best Original Score (John Powell and Harry Gregson-Williams)
Nominated
Satellite Awards
Best Motion Picture - Animated or Mixed Media
Won
Best Sound
Nominated
Southeastern Film Critics
Best Film
Nominated
Home media
Chicken Run was released on VHS and DVD in the United States on November 21, 2000 by DreamWorks Home Entertainment.
Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released Chicken Run on Blu-ray in North America on January 22, 2019.
Sequel
Main article: Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget
In January 2022, the title for the sequel was revealed as Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget and was announced for a 2023 release on Netflix. Zachary Levi, Thandiwe Newton, Romesh Ranganathan and Daniel Mays were revealed to be replacing Gibson, Sawalha, Spall and Daniels as the voices of Rocky, Ginger, Nick and Fetcher; David Bradley will voice Fowler due to Whitrow's death in 2017, while Horrocks, Staunton and Ferguson will reprise their roles as Babs, Bunty and Mac. Bella Ramsey has been cast as Molly, while Nick Mohammed and Josie Sedgwick-Davies will voice two new characters, Dr Fry and Frizzle, respectively. Sam Fell would direct with Steve Pegram and Leyla Hobart producing. Kirkpatrick and O'Farrell wrote the script with Rachel Tunnard. In June 2023, Gregson-Williams was revealed to be composing the sequel. Later that month, it was officially announced that the film would release on Netflix on 15 December 2023. Its Netflix release followed its world premiere at the 67th BFI London Film Festival on 14 October 2023, which would also see preview screenings taking place at UK cinemas at the same time.
Video game
Main article: Chicken Run (video game)
Chicken Run is a stealth-based 3-D platformer based on the movie. It was released in November 2000 on most consoles. The game is a loose parody of the film The Great Escape, which is set during World War II.
See also
Lists of animated feature films
List of stop motion films
Colditz Cock, a glider built by British prisoners of war for an escape attempt during World War II
References
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External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Chicken Run.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chicken Run.
Official website
Chicken Run at IMDb
Chicken Run at Rotten Tomatoes
Chicken Run at AllMovie
vteAardman AnimationsFilmographyShort films
Animated Conversations
Down and Out (1977)
Confessions of a Foyer Girl (1978)
Conversation Pieces
On Probation (1983)
Sales Pitch (1983)
Sweet Disaster: Babylon (1986)
Sledgehammer (1986)
My Baby Just Cares for Me (1987)
Barefootin' (1987)
A Grand Day Out (1989)
Lip Synch
Creature Comforts (1989)
Going Equipped (1990)
War Story (1989)
Ident (1990)
Next (1990)
Rex the Runt: How Dinosaurs Became Extinct (1991)
Rex the Runt: Dreams (1991)
Adam (1992)
Never Say Pink Furry Die (1992)
Loves Me, Loves Me Not (1992)
Not Without My Handbag (1993)
The Wrong Trousers (1993)
The Morph Files (1995)
Pib and Pog (1995)
A Close Shave (1995)
Rex the Runt: North by North Pole (1996)
Wat's Pig (1996)
Pop (1996)
Owzat (1997)
Stage Fright (1997)
Humdrum (1998)
Al Dente (1998)
Viva Forever (1998)
Minotaur and Little Nerkin (1999)
Angry Kid (1999)
The Deadline (2001)
Len's Lens (2002)
Angry Kid: Who do you think you are? (2004)
The Pearce Sisters (2007)
A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008)
Dot (2010)
Gulp (2011)
Timmy Time – Timmy's Christmas Surprise (2011)
Timmy Time – Timmy's Seaside Rescue (2012)
Wallace & Gromit's Jubilee Bunt-a-thon (2012)
A Pig's Tail (2012)
The Pirates!: So You Want to Be a Pirate! (2012)
Darkside trailer (2013)
Sphere (2013)
Ray's Big Idea (2014)
Special Delivery (2015)
Shaun the Sheep: The Farmer's Llamas (2015)
Robin Robin (2021)
Shaun the Sheep: The Flight Before Christmas (2021)
Star Wars: Visions: I Am Your Mother (2023)
Television series /series of shorts
Animated Conversations (1977–78)
The Amazing Adventures of Morph (1980–81)
Conversation Pieces (1983–84)
Pee-wee's Playhouse (1986, Penny cartoons, Season 1 only)
Lip Synch (1989)
Rex the Runt (1998–2001)
Angry Kid (1999–2019)
Wallace and Gromit's Cracking Contraptions (2002–03)
Creature Comforts (2003–07)
episodes
Planet Sketch (2005-07)
Purple and Brown (2005–08)
Pib and Pog (2006)
Shaun the Sheep (2007–present)
episodes
Chop Socky Chooks (2007–08)
Timmy Time (2009–12)
episodes
Wallace and Gromit's World of Invention (2010)
Canimals (2011–present)
DC Nation Shorts: DC's World's Funnest (2012–14)
Counterfeit Cat (2016–17)
Star Wars: Visions ("I Am Your Mother"; 2023)
Featurefilms
Chicken Run (2000)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
Flushed Away (2006)
Arthur Christmas (2011)
The Pirates! In an Adventure with Scientists! (2012)
Shaun the Sheep Movie (2015)
accolades
Early Man (2018)
A Shaun the Sheep Movie: Farmageddon (2019)
Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget (2023)
Wallace & Gromit: Vengeance Most Fowl (2024)
Franchises
Morph (1977–present)
Creature Comforts (1989–2011)
Wallace and Gromit (1989–present)
Angry Kid (1998–2019)
Chicken Run (2000–present)
Shaun the Sheep (2007–present)
People
Peter Lord
Nick Park
David Sproxton
vteFilms directed by Nick Park
A Grand Day Out (1989)
Creature Comforts (1989)
The Wrong Trousers (1993)
A Close Shave (1995)
Chicken Run (2000)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
A Matter of Loaf and Death (2008)
Early Man (2018)
Wallace & Gromit: Vengeance Most Fowl (2024)
vteKarey KirkpatrickFilms directed
Over the Hedge (2006, also screenwriter)
Imagine That (2009)
Smallfoot (2018, also screenwriter and executive producer)
Films produced
Flakes (2007, also screenwriter)
The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008, also screenwriter)
Written only
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves (1997)
Chicken Run (2000)
The Little Vampire (2000)
The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy (2005)
Charlotte's Web (2006)
From Up on Poppy Hill (2011; US adaptation)
The Secret World of Arrietty (2012; US adaptation)
The Smurfs 2 (2013)
Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget (2023)
Musicals
Something Rotten! (2015)
Mrs. Doubtfire (2019)
Related
Wayne Kirkpatrick (brother)
vteDreamWorks AnimationA subsidiary of NBCUniversal, a Comcast companyFeaturefilmsTheatrical
Antz (1998) PD
The Prince of Egypt (1998)
The Road to El Dorado (2000)
Chicken Run (2000) AA
Shrek (2001) PD
Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron (2002)
Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas (2003)
Shrek 2 (2004) PD
Shark Tale (2004)
Madagascar (2005) PD
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005) AA
Over the Hedge (2006)
Flushed Away (2006) AA
Shrek the Third (2007) PD
Bee Movie (2007)
Kung Fu Panda (2008)
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa (2008) PD
Monsters vs. Aliens (2009)
How to Train Your Dragon (2010)
Shrek Forever After (2010)
Megamind (2010) PD
Kung Fu Panda 2 (2011)
Puss in Boots (2011)
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted (2012) PD
Rise of the Guardians (2012)
The Croods (2013)
Turbo (2013)
Mr. Peabody & Sherman (2014) PD
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)
Penguins of Madagascar (2014) PD
Home (2015)
Kung Fu Panda 3 (2016) PS
Trolls (2016)
The Boss Baby (2017)
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie (2017)
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)
Abominable (2019) PS
Trolls World Tour (2020)
The Croods: A New Age (2020)
Spirit Untamed (2021)
The Boss Baby: Family Business (2021)
The Bad Guys (2022)
Puss in Boots: The Last Wish (2022)
Ruby Gillman, Teenage Kraken (2023)
Trolls Band Together (2023)
Kung Fu Panda 4 (2024)
Direct-to-video
Joseph: King of Dreams (2000)
Direct-to-digital
Orion and the Dark (2024)
Upcoming
The Wild Robot (2024)
Dog Man (2025)
The Bad Guys 2 (2025)
Franchises
Shrek
Spirit
Madagascar
Kung Fu Panda
Monsters vs. Aliens
How to Train Your Dragon
Megamind
The Croods
Trolls
Tales of Arcadia
The Boss Baby
The Bad Guys
People
Bill Damaschke
Chris Meledandri
Jeffrey Katzenberg
Nico Marlet
Kelly Asbury
Eric Darnell
Tom McGrath
Pierre Perifel
Divisions
DreamWorks Animation Television
DreamWorks Channel
DreamWorks Classics
Big Idea Entertainment
Harvey Entertainment
Relatedtopics
Amblimation
CyberWorld
DreamWorks Pictures
films
DreamWorks Records
DreamWorks Television
DreamWorks Interactive
Go Fish Pictures
MoonRay
Pacific Data Images
Pearl Studio
Universal Animation Studios
Illumination
Illumination Studios Paris
List of Paramount Pictures theatrical animated feature films
List of 20th Century Studios theatrical animated feature films
List of Universal Pictures theatrical animated feature films
unproduced projects
List of unproduced DreamWorks Animation projects
DreamWorks Water Park
In amusement parks
DreamWorks Experience
Category
AA Produced with Aardman Animations
PD Produced with Pacific Data Images
PS Produced with Pearl Studio
Awards for Chicken Run
vteCritics' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature1990s
A Bug's Life – John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt – Simon Wells, Brenda Chapman, and Steve Hickner (1998)
Toy Story 2 – John Lasseter, Lee Unkrich, and Ash Brannon (1999)
2000s
Chicken Run – Peter Lord and Nick Park (2000)
Shrek – Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson (2001)
Spirited Away – Hayao Miyazaki (2002)
Finding Nemo – Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich (2003)
The Incredibles – Brad Bird (2004)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit – Nick Park and Steve Box (2005)
Cars – John Lasseter and Joe Ranft (2006)
Ratatouille – Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava (2007)
WALL-E – Andrew Stanton (2008)
Up – Pete Docter and Bob Peterson (2009)
2010s
Toy Story 3 – Lee Unkrich (2010)
Rango – Gore Verbinski (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph – Rich Moore (2012)
Frozen – Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee (2013)
The Lego Movie – Phil Lord and Christopher Miller (2014)
Inside Out – Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen (2015)
Zootopia – Byron Howard and Rich Moore (2016)
Coco – Lee Unkrich (2017)
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse – Bob Persichetti, Peter Ramsey, and Rodney Rothman (2018)
Toy Story 4 – Josh Cooley (2019)
2020s
Soul – Pete Docter and Dana Murray (2020)
The Mitchells vs. the Machines – Mike Rianda (2021)
Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio – Guillermo del Toro and Mark Gustafson (2022)
Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse – Joaquim Dos Santos, Justin K. Thompson, and Kemp Powers (2023)
In 2020, the category was transferred to the Critics' Choice Super Awards.
vteDallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)
The Lion King (1994)
Toy Story (1995)
James and the Giant Peach (1996)
Anastasia (1997)
The Prince of Egypt (1998)
The Iron Giant (1999)
Chicken Run (2000)
Shrek (2001)
Spirited Away (2002)
Finding Nemo (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
Happy Feet (2006)
Ratatouille (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
Up (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Rango (2011)
ParaNorman (2012)
Frozen (2013)
The Lego Movie (2014)
Inside Out (2015)
Zootopia (2016)
Coco (2017)
Isle of Dogs (2018)
Toy Story 4 (2019)
Soul (2020)
Encanto (2021)
Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio (2022)
The Boy and the Heron (2023)
vteFlorida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film
The Iron Giant (1999)
Chicken Run (2000)
Shrek (2001)
Spirited Away (2002)
Finding Nemo (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
Monster House (2006)
Ratatouille (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
Up (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorn (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Frozen (2013)
The Lego Movie (2014)
Inside Out (2015)
Kubo and the Two Strings (2016)
Coco (2017)
Mirai (2018)
I Lost My Body (2019)
Soul (2020)
Encanto (2021)
Turning Red (2022)
The Boy and the Heron (2023)
vteLos Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Animated Film
The Little Mermaid (1989)
The Rescuers Down Under (1990)
Beauty and the Beast (1991)
Aladdin (1992)
Mighty River (1993)
The Lion King (1994)
Toy Story (1995)
A Close Shave / Creature Comforts / A Grand Day Out / The Wrong Trousers (1996)
Hercules / The Spirit of Christmas (1997)
A Bug's Life (1998)
The Iron Giant (1999)
Chicken Run (2000)
Shrek (2001)
Spirited Away (2002)
The Triplets of Belleville (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005)
Happy Feet (2006)
Persepolis / Ratatouille (2007)
Waltz with Bashir (2008)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Rango (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
Ernest & Celestine (2013)
The Tale of the Princess Kaguya (2014)
Anomalisa (2015)
Your Name (2016)
The Breadwinner (2017)
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
I Lost My Body (2019)
Wolfwalkers (2020)
Flee (2021)
Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio (2022)
The Boy and the Heron (2023)
vteNational Board of Review Award for Best Animated Feature
Chicken Run (2000)
Shrek (2001)
Spirited Away (2002)
Finding Nemo (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
Corpse Bride (2005)
Cars (2006)
Ratatouille (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
Up (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
Rango (2011)
Wreck-It Ralph (2012)
The Wind Rises (2013)
How to Train Your Dragon 2 (2014)
Inside Out (2015)
Kubo and the Two Strings (2016)
Coco (2017)
Incredibles 2 (2018)
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World (2019)
Soul (2020)
Encanto (2021)
Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)
Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse (2023)
vteNew York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Animated Film
The Iron Giant / South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (1999)
Chicken Run (2000)
Waking Life (2001)
Spirited Away (2002)
The Triplets of Belleville (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
Howl's Moving Castle (2005)
Happy Feet (2006)
Persepolis (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
The Illusionist (2010)
No Award (2011)
Frankenweenie (2012)
The Wind Rises (2013)
The Lego Movie (2014)
Inside Out (2015)
Zootopia (2016)
Coco (2017)
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse (2018)
I Lost My Body (2019)
Wolfwalkers (2020)
The Mitchells vs. the Machines (2021)
Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)
The Boy and the Heron (2023)
vteSatellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature
The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996)
Men in Black (1997)
A Bug's Life (1998)
Toy Story 2 (1999)
Chicken Run (2000)
The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001)
Spirited Away (2002)
The Triplets of Belleville (2003)
The Incredibles (2004)
The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (2005)
Pan's Labyrinth (2006)
Ratatouille (2007)
WALL-E (2008)
Fantastic Mr. Fox (2009)
Toy Story 3 (2010)
The Adventures of Tintin (2011)
Rise of the Guardians (2012)
The Wind Rises (2013)
Song of the Sea (2014)
Inside Out (2015)
My Life as a Zucchini (2016)
Coco (2017)
Isle of Dogs (2018)
The Lion King (2019)
Wolfwalkers (2020)
Encanto (2021)
Marcel the Shell with Shoes On (2022)
The Boy and the Heron (2023)
Portals: United Kingdom Film Animation
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicken Run (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Pathé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Aardman Animations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardman_Animations"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Animation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Peter Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lord"},{"link_name":"Nick Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Park"},{"link_name":"Karey Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karey_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Julia Sawalha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Sawalha"},{"link_name":"Mel Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Tony Haygarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Haygarth"},{"link_name":"Miranda Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Phil Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Lynn Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Timothy Spall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Spall"},{"link_name":"Imelda Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Whitrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Whitrow"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"anthropomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropomorphism"},{"link_name":"highest-grossing stop-motion animated film in history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films#Stop_motion_animation"},{"link_name":"Shrek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrek"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run:_Dawn_of_the_Nugget"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"BFI London Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFI._23_August_2023-15"}],"text":"This article is about the film. For the video game based on the film, see Chicken Run (video game).Chicken Run is a 2000 animated adventure comedy film[9] produced by Pathé and Aardman Animations in partnership with DreamWorks Animation.[10][11] Aardman's first feature-length film, it was directed by Peter Lord and Nick Park (in their feature-length directorial debuts) from a screenplay by Karey Kirkpatrick and based on an original story by Lord and Park.[12] The film stars the voices of Julia Sawalha, Mel Gibson, Tony Haygarth, Miranda Richardson, Phil Daniels, Lynn Ferguson, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, and Benjamin Whitrow. Set in the countryside of Yorkshire, the plot centres on a group of British anthropomorphic chickens who see an American rooster named Rocky Rhodes as their only hope to escape the farm when their owners want to turn them into chicken pies.Chicken Run was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $220 million and becoming the highest-grossing stop-motion animated film in history. At the time, this film was DreamWorks Animation's most successful release, but this was overtaken by Shrek the following year.[13]23 years later, a sequel, titled Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget, was released on Netflix on 15 December 2023.[14] Its Netflix release followed its world premiere at the 67th BFI London Film Festival on 14 October 2023, which would also see preview screenings taking place at UK cinemas at the same time.[15]","title":"Chicken Run"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"chickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken"},{"link_name":"egg farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poultry_farming"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"chicken pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_pie"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"mushroom cloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushroom_cloud"},{"link_name":"bird sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_sanctuary"},{"link_name":"rats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rats"},{"link_name":"chicken or egg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_or_the_egg"}],"text":"In the countryside of Yorkshire,[16] a flock of chickens live on an egg farm structured like a prisoner-of-war camp. The farm is run by the cruel Mrs Tweedy and her submissive husband, Mr Tweedy, who kill and eat any chicken that is no longer able to lay eggs. Led by the rebellious Ginger, the chickens constantly devise new ways to try to escape but are always caught. Mr Tweedy suspects the chickens are organised and plotting resistance, but his wife dismisses his theories while being frustrated with making minuscule profits.One night, Ginger witnesses an American rooster named Rocky Rhodes glide over the coop's fences and crash-land; the chickens put his sprained wing in a cast and hide him from the Tweedys, who have been promised a handsome reward by Rocky's owner for his return. Inspired by Rocky's apparent flying abilities, Ginger begs him to help teach her and the other chickens to fly so they can escape, threatening to alert the humans if he refuses. Rocky reluctantly gives them training lessons. One evening, a load of equipment is delivered to the farm, containing the parts for a chicken pie machine that Mrs Tweedy has ordered as part of a plan to convert the farm into a profitable pie-making factory. When the Tweedys increase the chickens' food rations and ignore the decline in egg production, Ginger deduces that the couple's new plan is to fatten the chickens for slaughter. After Ginger and Rocky get into an argument, Rocky holds a morale-boosting dance party during which it is revealed that his wing is healed. Ginger insists that he demonstrate flying the next day, but Mr Tweedy finishes assembling the machine and puts Ginger in it for a test run. Rocky saves her and sabotages the machine, buying them time to warn the chickens and plan an escape from the farm.The next day, Ginger finds Rocky has left, leaving behind part of a poster that shows that he is in fact part of a \"chicken cannonball\" act with no ability to fly on his own, making them realize that their chance to learn how to fly has been crushed. In the midst of being devastated, Ginger is inspired by elderly rooster Fowler's stories of his time in the Royal Air Force to build an aircraft to flee the farm. The chickens assemble parts for the plane as Mr Tweedy fixes the pie-making machine. Meanwhile, Rocky comes across a billboard advertising Mrs Tweedy's chicken pies and returns to the farm out of guilt.Mrs Tweedy orders Mr Tweedy to gather all the chickens for the machine, but the chickens subdue him and finish the plane, which Ginger persuades Fowler to pilot. As the plane approaches the take-off ramp, Mr Tweedy is able to knock over the ramp before being knocked out; Ginger races to reset the ramp, but a now-alerted Mrs Tweedy attacks her. Before Mrs Tweedy can hurt Ginger, Rocky returns and subdues her, before holding up the ramp with Ginger, allowing the plane to take flight. Rocky and Ginger grab on to the runway lights, which have been snagged by the departing plane. An axe-wielding Mrs Tweedy follows them by climbing up the lights, but Ginger tricks Mrs Tweedy into cutting the line, sending her falling into the pie machine, causing it to explode in a mushroom cloud of gravy.The chickens celebrate their victory after defeating the Tweedys while Ginger and Rocky kiss each other, and they fly to an island bird sanctuary where they make their home. Sometime later, the chickens have settled into their new home, and Rocky and Ginger have started a romantic relationship. Nick and Fetcher, two rats that have been helping the chickens throughout the escape, decide to set up their own egg farm, but they fall into a circular debate over whether they must use a chicken or egg to start it.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mel_Gibson_Cannes_2016_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stronger_PC_02_(37216444535).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timothy_Spall_(30374074181).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlurWembley090723_(95_of_172)_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jane_Horrocks_waxwork.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imelda_Staunton,_October_2019.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lynn_Ferguson.png"},{"link_name":"Mel Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Miranda Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Tony Haygarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Haygarth"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Whitrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Whitrow"},{"link_name":"Timothy Spall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Spall"},{"link_name":"Phil Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Jane Horrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Horrocks"},{"link_name":"Imelda Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Lynn Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Julia Sawalha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Sawalha"},{"link_name":"Mel Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Miranda Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miranda_Richardson"},{"link_name":"Tony Haygarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Haygarth"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Whitrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Whitrow"},{"link_name":"Timothy Spall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_Spall"},{"link_name":"Phil Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Daniels"},{"link_name":"Jane Horrocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Horrocks"},{"link_name":"Imelda Staunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imelda_Staunton"},{"link_name":"Lynn Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Ferguson"}],"text":"Top row: Mel Gibson, Miranda Richardson, Tony Haygarth and Benjamin Whitrow respectively play the roles of Rocky, Mrs Tweedy, Mr Tweedy and Fowler.Bottom row: Timothy Spall, Phil Daniels, Jane Horrocks, Imelda Staunton and Lynn Ferguson respectively play the roles of Nick, Fetcher, Babs, Bunty and Mac.Julia Sawalha as Ginger, the de facto British leader of the chickens\nMel Gibson as Rocky, an American circus rooster and Ginger's love interest\nMiranda Richardson as Mrs Tweedy, the owner of the farm\nTony Haygarth as Mr Tweedy, Mrs Tweedy's husband and the co-owner of the farm\nBenjamin Whitrow as Fowler, an elderly rooster\nTimothy Spall as Nick, a cynical rat\nPhil Daniels as Fetcher, Nick's partner\nJane Horrocks as Babs, a chubby chicken who loves knitting\nImelda Staunton as Bunty, the champion egg-layer\nLynn Ferguson as Mac, Ginger's Scottish second in command","title":"Voice cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wallace and Gromit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_and_Gromit"},{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Aardman Animations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aardman_Animations"},{"link_name":"Jake Eberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jake_Eberts"},{"link_name":"Nick Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Park"},{"link_name":"Peter Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Lord"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Karey Kirkpatrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karey_Kirkpatrick"},{"link_name":"Mark Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Burton_(writer)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"John O'Farrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_O%27Farrell_(author)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pathé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFeatClay-4"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chickenrundevelopment-20"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Pictures"},{"link_name":"20th Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20th_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Pictures"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey Katzenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Katzenberg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFeatClay-4"},{"link_name":"Creature Comforts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creature_Comforts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFeatClay-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFeatClay-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFeatClay-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VarietyFeatClay-4"}],"sub_title":"Development","text":"Chicken Run was first conceived in 1995 by Aardman co-founder Peter Lord and Wallace and Gromit creator Nick Park. According to Park, the project started as a spoof on the 1963 film The Great Escape.[17] Chicken Run was Aardman Animations' first feature-length production, which would be executive produced by Jake Eberts. Nick Park and Peter Lord, who run Aardman, directed the film,[18] while Karey Kirkpatrick scripted, with additional input from Mark Burton[citation needed] and John O'Farrell.[citation needed]When a chicken speaks, each sound corresponds to a different beak that was placed on the character.[19]Pathé agreed to finance the film in 1996, putting their finances into script development and model design. DreamWorks officially came on board in 1997.[4][20] They beat out studios like Disney, 20th Century Fox, and Warner Bros. and largely won due to the perseverance of DreamWorks co-chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg; as a company they were eager to make their presence felt in the animation market in an attempt to compete with Disney's dominance of the field.[4] Katzenberg explained that he had \"been chasing these guys for five or six years, ever since I first saw Creature Comforts.\"[4] DreamWorks secured their first animated feature with the film, and they handled distribution in all territories except Europe, which Pathé handled.[4] The two studios co-financed the film.[4] DreamWorks also retains rights to worldwide merchandising.[4]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principal photography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_photography"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chickenrundevelopment-20"}],"sub_title":"Animation","text":"Principal photography began on 29 January 1998. During production, 30 sets were used with 80 animators working along with 180 people working overall. The result was one minute of film completed for each week of filming, with production wrapped on 18 June 1999.[20]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Powell_(film_composer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Gregson-Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Gregson-Williams"},{"link_name":"RCA Victor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_Records"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Music","text":"John Powell and Harry Gregson-Williams composed the music for the film, which was released on 20 June 2000 under the RCA Victor label.[21][22][23] It was recorded at the Abbey Road Studios in London.[24] Powell incorporated some kazoos and whistles to create an even funnier soundtrack.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"Wallace & Gromit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_%26_Gromit"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"CinemaScore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CinemaScore"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Roger Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Chicago Sun-Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times"},{"link_name":"Babe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babe_(film)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"feminism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bitch-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rejects-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-queer-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allegory-32"},{"link_name":"revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_revolution"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bitch-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rejects-30"},{"link_name":"Marxism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dallas-33"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bitch-29"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comment-34"},{"link_name":"veganism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veganism"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian1-35"},{"link_name":"fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fascism-36"},{"link_name":"masculinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masculinity"},{"link_name":"femininity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femininity"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fascism-36"},{"link_name":"female-led cast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_film#Pay_and_representation"},{"link_name":"Film School Rejects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_School_Rejects"},{"link_name":"woman's work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_work"},{"link_name":"sewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing"},{"link_name":"knitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knitting"},{"link_name":"revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_revolution"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rejects-30"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran News Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_News_Network"},{"link_name":"Zionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionism"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iran-37"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_world"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-queer-31"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iran-37"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 97% approval rating and an average rating of 8.1/10, based on 173 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads: \"Chicken Run has all the charm of Nick Park's Wallace & Gromit, and something for everybody. The voice acting is fabulous, the slapstick is brilliant, and the action sequences are spectacular.\"[25] At Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 88 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[26] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale.[27]Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave three and a half stars out of four, writing: \"So it truly is a matter of life and death for the chickens to escape from the Tweedy Chicken Farm in Chicken Run, a magical new animated film that looks and sounds like no other. Like the otherwise completely different Babe, this is a movie that uses animals as surrogates for our hopes and fears, and as the chickens run through one failed escape attempt after another, the charm of the movie wins us over.\"[28]Chicken Run and its sequel has been noted for its depiction of feminism,[29][30][31][32] revolution,[29][30] Marxism,[33][29][34] veganism[35] and fascism.[36] According to Florentine StrzeIczyk, Chicken Run points to the way that masculinity and femininity are mediated in popular film genres.[36] It also received attention for its female-led cast. Film School Rejects called the movie feminist, noting that \"the stereotypical 'woman's work' of these female chickens (such as their sewing and knitting) is crucial in constructing their mechanism for escape and vital towards the revolution itself.\"[30] The Islamic Republic of Iran News Network argued it was a way to disguise Zionism[37] and Western propaganda.[31][37]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Me, Myself & Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me,_Myself_%26_Irene"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"highest grossing stop motion animated movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_animated_films#Stop_motion_animation"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"On opening weekend, the film grossed $17,506,162 for a $7,027 average from 2,491 theatres. Overall, the film placed second behind Me, Myself & Irene.[38][39] In its second weekend, the film held well as it slipped only 25% to $13,192,897 for a $4,627 average from expanding to 2,851 theatres and finishing in fourth place.[40] The film's widest release was 2,953 theatres, after grossing $106,834,564 in the United States and Canada. In the United Kingdom, it was the third highest-grossing film of the year with a gross of $43 million.[41] With an additional $75 million from other markets, it grossed $224,834,564 worldwide. Produced on an estimated budget of $42–45 million, the film was a huge box office hit. To date, it is still the highest grossing stop motion animated movie.","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Accolades","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"DreamWorks Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DreamWorks_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Universal Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"}],"text":"Chicken Run was released on VHS and DVD in the United States on November 21, 2000 by DreamWorks Home Entertainment.[60]Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released Chicken Run on Blu-ray in North America on January 22, 2019.[61]","title":"Home media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_Run:_Dawn_of_the_Nugget"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-December2023-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ColliderRelease-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Q42023-64"},{"link_name":"Zachary Levi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Levi"},{"link_name":"Thandiwe Newton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thandiwe_Newton"},{"link_name":"Romesh Ranganathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romesh_Ranganathan"},{"link_name":"Daniel Mays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Mays"},{"link_name":"David Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bradley_(English_actor)"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR_2022-65"},{"link_name":"Bella Ramsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_Ramsey"},{"link_name":"Nick Mohammed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Mohammed"},{"link_name":"Sam Fell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Fell"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-THR_2022-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReleaseDateReveal-67"},{"link_name":"BFI London Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFI_London_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BFI._23_August_2023-15"}],"text":"In January 2022, the title for the sequel was revealed as Chicken Run: Dawn of the Nugget and was announced for a 2023 release on Netflix.[62][63][64] Zachary Levi, Thandiwe Newton, Romesh Ranganathan and Daniel Mays were revealed to be replacing Gibson, Sawalha, Spall and Daniels as the voices of Rocky, Ginger, Nick and Fetcher; David Bradley will voice Fowler due to Whitrow's death in 2017, while Horrocks, Staunton and Ferguson will reprise their roles as Babs, Bunty and Mac.[65] Bella Ramsey has been cast as Molly, while Nick Mohammed and Josie Sedgwick-Davies will voice two new characters, Dr Fry and Frizzle, respectively. Sam Fell would direct with Steve Pegram and Leyla Hobart producing. Kirkpatrick and O'Farrell wrote the script with Rachel Tunnard.[65] In June 2023, Gregson-Williams was revealed to be composing the sequel.[66] Later that month, it was officially announced that the film would release on Netflix on 15 December 2023.[67] Its Netflix release followed its world premiere at the 67th BFI London Film Festival on 14 October 2023, which would also see preview screenings taking place at UK cinemas at the same time.[15]","title":"Sequel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Great Escape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Escape_(film)"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"}],"text":"Chicken Run is a stealth-based 3-D platformer based on the movie. It was released in November 2000 on most consoles. The game is a loose parody of the film The Great Escape, which is set during World War II.[68]","title":"Video game"}] | [] | [{"title":"Lists of animated feature films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_animated_feature_films"},{"title":"List of stop motion films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stop_motion_films"},{"title":"Colditz Cock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colditz_Cock"},{"title":"glider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)"},{"title":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"}] | [{"reference":"\"Chicken Run (2000)\". AFI Catalog of Feature Films. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/61096","url_text":"\"Chicken Run (2000)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI_Catalog_of_Feature_Films","url_text":"AFI Catalog of Feature Films"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180817060102/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/61096","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicken Run\". The Numbers. Nash Information Services, LLC. Retrieved 22 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Chicken-Run","url_text":"\"Chicken Run\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Numbers_(website)","url_text":"The Numbers"}]},{"reference":"\"Chicken Run (2000)\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 10 March 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoon_Nung-min | Yoon Nung-min | ["1 Selected publications","2 References","3 External links"] | South Korean chemist
Yoon Nung-minBornNovember 21, 1927 (1927-11-21)NationalitySouth KoreanAlma materPurdue University Seoul National UniversityAwardsMogryeon MedalKorea National Academy of Sciences AwardInchon Award
Korea Science Prize (Science)Scientific careerFieldsChemistryInstitutionsSogang UniversityDoctoral advisorHerbert Charles Brown
Yoon Nung-min (윤능민 尹能民, November 21, 1927 – April 1, 2009) is a South Korean chemist, known for his research in organic chemistry, specializing in metal hydrides.
He received his B.A. at Seoul National University in chemistry in 1951 and went on to complete his Ph.D. at Purdue University, under Herbert Charles Brown. He was a postdoc at Purdue, then a researcher for the Ministry of National Defence. He then became an associate professor at the Catholic University of Korea. He later took up full professorship at Sogang University, a position he would hold until his retirement. He served as the president of the Korean Chemical Society in 1989, and was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Korea in 2005. He was Professor Emeritus at Sogang University until his death in 2009.
He was a proficient researcher; he published 110 papers and developed reagents which became widely used in both organic and inorganic chemistry. He also discovered new methods of generating free radicals and found new applications. He surprised the Korean chemistry community by publishing a substantial portion of his research as the sole author shortly before his retirement.
He has also been active as an educator. He taught 14 doctorate students, and 56 masters students.
He was awarded the Order of Civil Merit (Mogryeon Medal) in 1983, Korea National Academy of Sciences Award in 1990 and the Korea Science Prize (Science) in 1993.
Selected publications
An Excellent Nickel Boride Catalyst for the Cis-Selective Semihydrogenation of Acetylenes Tetrahedron (J. Choi and N. M. Yoon), Tetrahedron Lett. Vol.37 p. 1057 (1996)
A New Coupling Reaction of Alkyl Iodides with Electron Deficient Alkenes Using Nickel Boride(cat.)- Borohydride Exchange Resin in Methanol (T. B. Sim, J. Choi, M. J. Joung and N. M. Yoon), J. Org. Chem. Vol.62 p. 2357 (1997)
Sodium Diethyldialkynylaluminate A New Chemoselective Alkynylating Agent (J. H. Ahn, M. J. Joung, and N. M. Yoon) J. Org. Chem. Vol.60 p. 6173 (1995)
Synthesis of Disulfides by Copper Catalyzed Disproportionation of Thiols (J. Choi and N. M. Yoon), J. Org. Chem. Vol.60 p. 3266 (1995)
Monoisopinocampheylborane- A New Chiral Hydroborating Agent for Relatively Hindered (Trisubstituted) Olefins (H. C. Brown and N. M. Yoon), J. Am. Chem. Soc. Vol.99 p. 5514 (1977)
Diisopinocampheylborane of high Optical Purity. Asymmetric Synthesis via Hydroboration with Essentially Complete Asymmetric Induction (H. C. Brown and N. M. Yoon), Israel J. Chem Vol.15 p. 12 (1976~1977)
Lithium Trimethylethynylaluminate A New Chemoselective Ethynylating Agent (M. J. Joung, J. H. Ahn and N. M. Yoon), J. Org. Chem. Vol.61 p. 4472 (1996)
The Rapido Reaction of Carboxylic Acids with Borane-Tetrahydrofuran. A Remarkably Convenient Procedure for the Selective Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to the Corresponding Alcohols in the Presence of Other Functional Groups (N. M. Yoon, C. S. Park, H. C. Brown, S. Krishnamurthy, and T. P. Stoky), J. Org. Chem. Vol.38 p. 2786 (1973)
References
^ Yoon Nung-min at the National Academy of Science, Korea (Korean)
^ Department of Chemistry, Sogang University.
External links
Department of Chemistry, Sogang University
National Academy of Sciences, Korea
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu | Hindustani language | ["1 History","2 Registers","2.1 Standard Hindi","2.2 Standard Urdu","2.3 Bazaar Hindustani","2.4 Hinglish","3 Names","4 Literature","5 Official status","5.1 Hindi","5.2 Urdu","6 Geographical distribution","7 Phonology","8 Grammar","9 Vocabulary","10 Writing system","11 Sample text","11.1 Colloquial Hindustani","11.2 Literary Hindi","11.3 Literary Urdu","12 Hindustani and Bollywood","13 See also","14 Notes","15 References","16 Bibliography","17 Further reading","18 External links"] | Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and Pakistan
For its official forms, see Hindi and Urdu. For other uses, see Fijian Hindustani and Caribbean Hindustani.
HindustaniHindi–Urduहिन्दुस्तानीہندوستانیThe word Hindustani in the Devanagari and Perso-Arabic scriptsPronunciationNative toIndia and PakistanRegionWestern Uttar Pradesh/Delhi (North India),Deccan (South India),PakistanNative speakersL1 speakers: c. 250 million (2011 & 2017 censuses)L2 speakers: ~500 million (1999–2016)Language familyIndo-European
Indo-IranianIndo-AryanCentral ZoneWestern HindiHindustaniEarly formsShauraseni Prakrit
Apabhraṃśa
Old Hindi
Standard forms
Hindi
Urdu
Dialects
Deccani
Hyderabadi
Dhakaiya
Rekhta
Kauravi
Bambaiya
Bihari Hindi
Andaman
Haflong
Judeo-Urdu
Writing systemDevanagari (Hindi)Perso-Arabic (Urdu alphabet) (Urdu)Latin (Hinglish-Urdish or Informal Text)Kaithi (historical)Hebrew (Judeo-Urdu)Laṇḍā (historical)Mahajani (historical, mainly Hindi)Hindi BrailleUrdu BrailleSigned formsIndian Signing System (ISS)Official statusOfficial language in
India (as Hindi and Urdu)
Pakistan (as Urdu)
Regulated by
Central Hindi Directorate (Hindi, India)
National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language (Urdu, India)
National Language Promotion Department (Urdu, Pakistan)
Language codesISO 639-1hi – Hindiur – UrduISO 639-2hin – Hindiurd – UrduISO 639-3Either:hin – Hindiurd – UrduGlottologhind1270Linguasphere59-AAF-qa to -qfAreas (red) where Hindustani (Delhlavi or Kauravi) is the native language
You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this article correctly.
Hindustani is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India, Pakistan and the Deccan and used as the official language of India and Pakistan. Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic). Thus, it is also called Hindi–Urdu. Colloquial registers of the language fall on a spectrum between these standards. In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared which is sometimes called Hinglish or Urdish.
The concept of a Hindustani language as a "unifying language" or "fusion language" that could transcend communal and religious divisions across the subcontinent was endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi, as it was not seen to be associated with either the Hindu or Muslim communities as was the case with Hindi and Urdu respectively, and it was also considered a simpler language for people to learn. The conversion from Hindi to Urdu (or vice versa) is generally achieved just by transliteration between the two scripts, instead of translation which is generally only required for religious and literary texts.
Scholars trace the language's first written poetry, in the form of Old Hindi, to the Delhi Sultanate era around the twelfth and thirteenth century. During the period of the Delhi Sultanate, which covered most of today's India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures, the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian, evolving into the present form of Hindustani. The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the Indian Independence movement, and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent, which is reflected in the Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs.
The language's core vocabulary is derived from Prakrit (a descendant of Sanskrit), with substantial loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian). It is often written in the Devanagari script or the Arabic-derived Urdu script in the case of Hindi and Urdu respectively, with romanisation increasingly employed in modern times as a neutral script.
As of 2022, Hindi and Urdu together constitute the 3rd-most-spoken language in the world after English and Mandarin, with 833.5 million native and second-language speakers, according to Ethnologue, though this includes millions who self-reported their language as 'Hindi' on the Indian census but speak a number of other Hindi languages than Hindustani. The total number of Hindi–Urdu speakers was reported to be over 300 million in 1995, making Hindustani the third- or fourth-most spoken language in the world.
History
Main article: History of HindustaniSee also: Persian language in the Indian subcontinent
Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries. Hindustani emerged as a contact language around Delhi, a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred due to Muslim rule. Amir Khusrow, who lived in the thirteenth century during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used these forms (which was the lingua franca of the period) in his writings and referred to it as Hindavi (Persian: ھندوی, lit. 'of Hind or India'). By the end of the century, the military exploits of Alauddin Khalji, introduced the language in the Deccan region, which led to the development of its southern dialect Deccani, which was promoted by Muslim rulers in the Deccan.
The Delhi Sultanate, which comprised several Turkic and Afghan dynasties that ruled much of the subcontinent from Delhi, was succeeded by the Mughal Empire in 1526 and preceded by the Ghorid dynasty and Ghaznavid Empire before that.
Ancestors of the language were known as Hindui, Hindavi, Zabān-e Hind (transl. 'Language of India'), Zabān-e Hindustan (transl. 'Language of Hindustan'), Hindustan ki boli (transl. 'Language of Hindustan'), Rekhta, and Hindi. Its regional dialects became known as Zabān-e Dakhani in southern India, Zabān-e Gujari (transl. 'Language of Gujars') in Gujarat, and as Zabān-e Dehlavi or Urdu around Delhi. It is an Indo-Aryan language, deriving its base primarily from the Western Hindi dialect of Delhi, also known as Khariboli.
Although the Mughals were of Timurid (Gurkānī) Turco-Mongol descent, they were Persianised, and Persian had gradually become the state language of the Mughal empire after Babur, a continuation since the introduction of Persian by Central Asian Turkic rulers in the Indian Subcontinent, and the patronisation of it by the earlier Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianised Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties.
Hindustani began to take shape as a Persianised vernacular during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 AD) and Mughal Empire (1526–1858 AD) in South Asia. Hindustani retained the grammar and core vocabulary of the local Delhi dialect. However, as an emerging common dialect, Hindustani absorbed large numbers of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic loanwords, and as Mughal conquests grew it spread as a lingua franca across much of northern India; this was a result of the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures in Hindustan that created a composite Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb. The language was also known as Rekhta, or 'mixed', which implies that it was mixed with Persian. Written in the Perso-Arabic, Devanagari, and occasionally Kaithi or Gurmukhi scripts, it remained the primary lingua franca of northern India for the next four centuries, although it varied significantly in vocabulary depending on the local language. Alongside Persian, it achieved the status of a literary language in Muslim courts and was also used for literary purposes in various other settings such as Sufi, Nirgun Sant, Krishna Bhakta circles, and Rajput Hindu courts. Its majors centres of development included the Mughal courts of Delhi, Lucknow, Agra and Lahore as well as the Rajput courts of Amber and Jaipur.
In the 18th century, towards the end of the Mughal period, with the fragmentation of the empire and the elite system, a variant of Hindustani, one of the successors of apabhraṃśa vernaculars at Delhi, and nearby cities, came to gradually replace Persian as the lingua franca among the educated elite upper class particularly in northern India, though Persian still retained much of its pre-eminence for a short period. The term Hindustani was given to that language. The Perso-Arabic script form of this language underwent a standardisation process and further Persianisation during this period (18th century) and came to be known as Urdu, a name derived from Persian: Zabān-e Urdū-e Mualla ('language of the court') or Zabān-e Urdū (زبان اردو, 'language of the camp'). The etymology of the word Urdu is of Chagatai origin, Ordū ('camp'), cognate with English horde, and known in local translation as Lashkari Zabān (لشکری زبان), which is shortened to Lashkari (لشکری). This is all due to its origin as the common speech of the Mughal army. As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. Along with English, it became the first official language of British India in 1850.
Hindi as a standardised literary register of the Hindustani arose in the 19th century. While the first literary works (mostly translations of earlier works) in Sanskritised Hindustani were already written in the early 19th century as part of a literary project that included both Hindu and Muslim writers (e.g. Lallu Lal, Insha Allah Khan), the call for a distinct Sanskritised standard of Hindustani written in Devanagari under the name of Hindi became increasingly politicised in the course of the century and gained pace around 1880 in an effort to displace Urdu's official position.
John Fletcher Hurst in his book published in 1891 mentioned that the Hindustani or camp language of the Mughal Empire's courts at Delhi was not regarded by philologists as a distinct language but only as a dialect of Hindi with admixture of Persian. He continued: "But it has all the magnitude and importance of separate language. It is linguistic result of Muslim rule of eleventh & twelfth centuries and is spoken (except in rural Bengal) by many Hindus in North India and by Musalman population in all parts of India." Next to English it was the official language of British Raj, was commonly written in Arabic or Persian characters, and was spoken by approximately 100,000,000 people. The process of hybridization also led to the formation of words in which the first element of the compound was from Khari Boli and the second from Persian, such as rajmahal 'palace' (raja 'royal, king' + mahal 'house, place') and rangmahal 'fashion house' (rang 'colour, dye' + mahal 'house, place'). As Muslim rule expanded, Hindustani speakers traveled to distant parts of India as administrators, soldiers, merchants, and artisans. As it reached new areas, Hindustani further hybridized with local languages. In the Deccan, for instance, Hindustani blended with Telugu and came to be called Dakhani. In Dakhani, aspirated consonants were replaced with their unaspirated counterparts; for instance, dekh 'see' became dek, ghula 'dissolved' became gula, kuch 'some' became kuc, and samajh 'understand' became samaj.
When the British colonised the Indian subcontinent from the late 18th through to the late 19th century, they used the words 'Hindustani', 'Hindi', and 'Urdu' interchangeably. They developed it as the language of administration of British India, further preparing it to be the official language of modern India and Pakistan. However, with independence, use of the word 'Hindustani' declined, being largely replaced by 'Hindi' and 'Urdu', or 'Hindi-Urdu' when either of those was too specific. More recently, the word 'Hindustani' has been used for the colloquial language of Bollywood films, which are popular in both India and Pakistan and which cannot be unambiguously identified as either Hindi or Urdu.
British rule over India also introduced some English words into Hindustani, with these influences increasing with the later spread of English as a world language. This has created a new variant of Hindustani known as Hinglish.
Registers
See also: Hindi–Urdu controversy, Register (sociolinguistics), and digraphia
Although, at the spoken level, Hindi and Urdu are considered registers of a single language, Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu, as they share a common grammar and core vocabulary, they differ in literary and formal vocabulary; where literary Hindi draws heavily on Sanskrit and to a lesser extent Prakrit, literary Urdu draws heavily on Persian and Arabic loanwords. The grammar and base vocabulary (most pronouns, verbs, adpositions, etc.) of both Hindi and Urdu, however, are the same and derive from a Prakritic base, and both have Persian/Arabic influence.
New Testament cover page in Hindustani language was published in 1842
First chapter of New Testament in Hindustani language
The standardised registers Hindi and Urdu are collectively known as Hindi-Urdu. Hindustani is the lingua franca of the north and west of the Indian subcontinent, though it is understood fairly well in other regions also, especially in the urban areas. This has led it to be characterised as a continuum that ranges between Hindi and Urdu. A common vernacular sharing characteristics with Sanskritised Hindi, regional Hindi and Urdu, Hindustani is more commonly used as a vernacular than highly Sanskritised Hindi or highly Persianised Urdu.
This can be seen in the popular culture of Bollywood or, more generally, the vernacular of North Indians and Pakistanis, which generally employs a lexicon common to both Hindi and Urdu speakers. Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume that the Hindustani spoken in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (known for its usage of Urdu) and Varanasi (a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritised Hindi) is somewhat different.
Standard Hindi
Main article: Hindi
Standard Hindi, one of the 22 officially recognized languages of India and the official language of the Union, is usually written in the indigenous Devanagari script of India and exhibits less Persian and Arabic influence than Urdu. It has a literature of 500 years, with prose, poetry, religion and philosophy. One could conceive of a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskritised variety spoken in the region around Varanasi, at the other end. In common usage in India, the term Hindi includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word Hindi include, among others:
standardized Hindi as taught in schools throughout India (except some states such as Tamil Nadu),
formal or official Hindi advocated by Purushottam Das Tandon and as instituted by the post-independence Indian government, heavily influenced by Sanskrit,
the vernacular dialects of Hindustani as spoken throughout India,
the neutralized form of Hindustani used in popular television and films (which is nearly identical to colloquial Urdu), or
the more formal neutralized form of Hindustani used in television and print news reports.
Standard Urdu
Main article: Urdu
The phrase Zabān-e Urdu-ye Mualla in Nastaʿlīq
Urdu is the national language and state language of Pakistan and one of the 22 officially recognised languages of India. It is written, except in some parts of India, in the Nastaliq style of the Urdu alphabet, an extended Perso-Arabic script incorporating Indic phonemes. It is heavily influenced by Persian vocabulary and was historically also known as Rekhta.
Lashkari Zabān title in the Perso-Arabic script
As Dakhini (or Deccani) where it also draws words from local languages, it survives and enjoys a rich history in the Deccan and other parts of South India, with the prestige dialect being Hyderabadi Urdu spoken in and around the capital of the Nizams and the Deccan Sultanates.
Earliest forms of the language's literature may be traced back to the 13th-14th century works of Amīr Khusrau Dehlavī, often called the "father of Urdu literature" while Walī Deccani is seen as the progenitor of Urdu poetry.
Bazaar Hindustani
The term bazaar Hindustani, in other words, the 'street talk' or literally 'marketplace Hindustani', has arisen to denote a colloquial register of the language that uses vocabulary common to both Hindi and Urdu while eschewing high-register and specialized Arabic or Sanskrit derived words. It has emerged in various South Asian cities where Hindustani is not the main language, in order to facilitate communication across language barriers. It is characterized by loanwords from local languages.
Hinglish
This section is an excerpt from Hinglish.
Hinglish is the macaronic hybrid use of South Asian English and the Hindustani language. Its name is a portmanteau of the words Hindi and English. In the context of spoken language, it involves code-switching or translanguaging between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences.
In the context of written language, Hinglish colloquially refers to Romanized Hindi — Hindustani written in English alphabet (that is, using Roman script instead of the traditional Devanagari or Nastaliq), often also mixed with English words or phrases.
Names
Amir Khusro c. 1300 referred to this language of his writings as Dehlavi (देहलवी / دہلوی, 'of Delhi') or Hindavi (हिन्दवी / ہندوی). During this period, Hindustani was used by Sufis in promulgating their message across the Indian subcontinent. After the advent of the Mughals in the subcontinent, Hindustani acquired more Persian loanwords. Rekhta ('mixture'), Hindi ('Indian'), Hindustani, Hindvi, Lahori, and Dakni (amongst others) became popular names for the same language until the 18th century. The name Urdu (from Zabān-i-Ordu, or Orda) appeared around 1780. It is believed to have been coined by the poet Mashafi. In local literature and speech, it was also known as the Lashkari Zabān (military language) or Lashkari. Mashafi was the first person to simply modify the name Zabān-i-Ordu to Urdu.
During the British Raj, the term Hindustani was used by British officials. In 1796, John Borthwick Gilchrist published "A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language". Upon partition, India and Pakistan established national standards that they called Hindi and Urdu, respectively, and attempted to make distinct, with the result that Hindustani commonly, but mistakenly, came to be seen as a "mixture" of Hindi and Urdu.
Grierson, in his highly influential Linguistic Survey of India, proposed that the names Hindustani, Urdu, and Hindi be separated in use for different varieties of the Hindustani language, rather than as the overlapping synonyms they frequently were:
We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the lingua franca of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.
Literature
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2022)
Main articles: Hindi literature and Urdu literature
Official status
Hindustani, in its standardised registers, is one of the official languages of both India (Hindi) and Pakistan (Urdu).
Prior to 1947, Hindustani was officially recognised by the British Raj. In the post-independence period however, the term Hindustani has lost currency and is not given any official recognition by the Indian or Pakistani governments. The language is instead recognised by its standard forms, Hindi and Urdu.
Hindi
Hindi is declared by Article 343(1), Part 17 of the Indian Constitution as the "official language (राजभाषा, rājabhāṣā) of the Union." (In this context, "Union" means the Federal Government and not the entire country—India has 23 official languages.) At the same time, however, the definitive text of federal laws is officially the English text and proceedings in the higher appellate courts must be conducted in English.
At the state level, Hindi is one of the official languages in 10 of the 29 Indian states and three Union Territories, respectively: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal; Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Delhi.
In the remaining states, Hindi is not an official language. In states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, studying Hindi is not compulsory in the state curriculum. However, an option to take the same as second or third language does exist. In many other states, studying Hindi is usually compulsory in the school curriculum as a third language (the first two languages being the state's official language and English), though the intensiveness of Hindi in the curriculum varies.
Urdu
Urdu is the national language (قومی زبان, qaumi zabān) of Pakistan, where it shares official language status with English. Although English is spoken by many, and Punjabi is the native language of the majority of the population, Urdu is the lingua franca. In India, Urdu is one of the languages recognised in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and is an official language of the Indian states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and also the Union Territories of Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir. Although the government school system in most other states emphasises Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as Lucknow, Aligarh and Hyderabad, Urdu is spoken and learnt, and Saaf or Khaalis Urdu is treated with just as much respect as Shuddh Hindi.
Geographical distribution
Besides being the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan in South Asia, Hindustani is also spoken by many in the South Asian diaspora and their descendants around the world, including North America (e.g., in Canada, Hindustani is one of the fastest growing languages), Europe, and the Middle East.
A sizeable population in Afghanistan, especially in Kabul, can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films and songs in the region, as well as the fact that many Afghan refugees spent time in Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s.
Fiji Hindi was derived from the Hindustani linguistic group and is spoken widely by Fijians of Indian origin.
Hindustani was also one of the languages that was spoken widely during British rule in Burma. Many older citizens of Myanmar, particularly Anglo-Indians and the Anglo-Burmese, still know it, although it has had no official status in the country since military rule began.
Hindustani is also spoken in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, where migrant workers from various countries live and work for several years.
Phonology
Main article: Hindustani phonology
Grammar
Main article: Hindustani grammar
Vocabulary
See also: Hindustani etymology and Hindustani vocabulary
Hindi-Urdu's core vocabulary has an Indic base, being derived from Prakrit, which in turn derives from Sanskrit, as well as a substantial amount of loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian). Hindustani contains around 5,500 words of Persian and Arabic origin. There are also quite a few words borrowed from English, as well as some words from other European languages such as Portuguese and Dutch.
Hindustani also borrowed Persian prefixes to create new words. Persian affixes became so assimilated that they were used with original Khari Boli words as well.
Writing system
Main articles: Hindustani orthography, Devanagari Braille, and Urdu Braille
"Surahi" in Samrup Rachna calligraphy
Historically, Hindustani was written in the Kaithi, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabets. Kaithi and Devanagari are two of the Brahmic scripts native to India, whereas the Urdu alphabet is a derivation of the Perso-Arabic script written in Nastaʿlīq, which is the preferred calligraphic style for Urdu.
Today, Hindustani continues to be written in the Urdu alphabet in Pakistan. In India, the Hindi register is officially written in Devanagari, and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet, to the extent that these standards are partly defined by their script.
However, in popular publications in India, Urdu is also written in Devanagari, with slight variations to establish a Devanagari Urdu alphabet alongside the Devanagari Hindi alphabet.
Devanagari
अ
आ
इ
ई
उ
ऊ
ए
ऐ
ओ
औ
ə
aː
ɪ
iː
ʊ
uː
eː
ɛː
oː
ɔː
क
क़
ख
ख़
ग
ग़
घ
ङ
k
q
kʰ
x
ɡ
ɣ
ɡʱ
ŋ
च
छ
ज
ज़
झ
झ़
ञ
t͡ʃ
t͡ʃʰ
d͡ʒ
z
d͡ʒʱ
ʒ
ɲ
ट
ठ
ड
ड़
ढ
ढ़
ण
ʈ
ʈʰ
ɖ
ɽ
ɖʱ
ɽʱ
ɳ
त
थ
द
ध
न
t
tʰ
d
dʱ
n
प
फ
फ़
ब
भ
म
p
pʰ
f
b
bʱ
m
य
र
ल
व
श
ष
स
ह
j
ɾ
l
ʋ
ʃ
ʂ
s
ɦ
Urdu alphabet
Letter
Name of letter
Transliteration
IPA
ا
alif
a, ā, i, or u
/ə/, /aː/, /ɪ/, or /ʊ/
ب
be
b
/b/
پ
pe
p
/p/
ت
te
t
/t/
ٹ
ṭe
ṭ
/ʈ/
ث
se
s
/s/
ج
jīm
j
/d͡ʒ/
چ
che
c
/t͡ʃ/
ح
baṛī he
h̤
/h ~ ɦ/
خ
khe
k͟h
/x/
د
dāl
d
/d/
ڈ
ḍāl
ḍ
/ɖ/
ذ
zāl
z
/z/
ر
re
r
/r ~ ɾ/
ڑ
ṛe
ṛ
/ɽ/
ز
ze
z
/z/
ژ
zhe
ž
/ʒ/
س
sīn
s
/s/
ش
shīn
sh
/ʃ/
ص
su'ād
s̤
/s/
ض
zu'ād
ż
/z/
ط
to'e
t̤
/t/
ظ
zo'e
ẓ
/z/
ع
‘ain
‘
–
غ
ghain
ġ
/ɣ/
ف
fe
f
/f/
ق
qāf
q
/q/
ک
kāf
k
/k/
گ
gāf
g
/ɡ/
ل
lām
l
/l/
م
mīm
m
/m/
ن
nūn
n
/n/
ں
nūn ghunna
ṁ or m̐
/◌̃/
و
wā'o
w, v, ō, or ū
/ʋ/, /oː/, /ɔ/ or /uː/
ہ
choṭī he
h
/h ~ ɦ/
ھ
do chashmī he
h
/ʰ/ or /ʱ/
ء
hamza
'
/ʔ/
ی
ye
y or ī
/j/ or /iː/
ے
baṛī ye
ai or ē
/ɛː/, or /eː/
Because of anglicisation in South Asia and the international use of the Latin script, Hindustani is occasionally written in the Latin script. This adaptation is called Roman Urdu or Romanised Hindi, depending upon the register used. Since Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible when spoken, Romanised Hindi and Roman Urdu (unlike Devanagari Hindi and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet) are mostly mutually intelligible as well.
Sample text
Colloquial Hindustani
An example of colloquial Hindustani:
Devanagari: ये कितने का है?
Urdu: یہ کتنے کا ہے؟
Romanisation: Ye kitnē kā hai?
English: How much is this?
The following is a sample text, Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the two official registers of Hindustani, Hindi and Urdu. Because this is a formal legal text, differences in vocabulary are most pronounced.
Literary Hindi
अनुच्छेद १ — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए।
Urdu transliteration
انُچھید ١ : سبھی منُشیوں کو گورو اور ادھکاروں کے وِشئے میں جنمجات سوَتنتْرتا پراپت ہیں۔ اُنہیں بدھی اور انتراتما کی دین پراپت ہے اور پرسپر اُنہیں بھائی چارے کے بھاؤ سے برتاؤ کرنا چاہئے۔
Transliteration (ISO 15919)
Anucchēd 1: Sabhī manuṣyō̃ kō gaurav aur adhikārō̃ kē viṣay mē̃ janmajāt svatantratā aur samāntā prāpt haĩ. Unhē̃ buddhi aur antarātmā kī dēn prāpt hai aur paraspar unhē̃ bhāīcārē kē bhāv sē bartāv karnā cāhiē.
Transcription (IPA)
səbʰiː mənʊʂjõː koː ɡɔːɾəʋ ɔːɾ ədʰɪkɑːɾõː keː ʋɪʂəj mẽː dʒənmədʒɑːt sʋətəntɾətɑː ɔːɾ səmɑːntɑː pɾɑːpt ɦɛ̃ː ‖ ʊnʰẽː bʊdːʰɪ ɔːɾ əntəɾɑːtmɑː kiː deːn pɾɑːpt ɦɛː ɔːɾ pəɾəspəɾ ʊnʰẽː bʰɑːiːtʃɑːɾeː keː bʰɑːʋ seː bəɾtɑːʋ kəɾnɑː tʃɑːɦɪeː ‖]
Gloss (word-to-word)
Article 1—All human-beings to dignity and rights' matter in from-birth freedom acquired is. Them to reason and conscience's endowment acquired is and always them to brotherhood's spirit with behaviour to do should.
Translation (grammatical)
Article 1—All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Literary Urdu
:دفعہ ١: تمام اِنسان آزاد اور حُقوق و عِزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پَیدا ہُوئے ہَیں۔ انہیں ضمِیر اور عقل ودِیعت ہوئی ہَیں۔ اِس لئے انہیں ایک دُوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سُلُوک کرنا چاہئے۔
Devanagari transliteration
दफ़ा १ — तमाम इनसान आज़ाद और हुक़ूक़ ओ इज़्ज़त के ऐतबार से बराबर पैदा हुए हैं। उन्हें ज़मीर और अक़्ल वदीयत हुई हैं। इसलिए उन्हें एक दूसरे के साथ भाई चारे का सुलूक करना चाहीए।
Transliteration (ISO 15919)
Dafʻah 1: Tamām insān āzād aur ḥuqūq ō ʻizzat kē iʻtibār sē barābar paidā hu’ē haĩ. Unhē̃ żamīr aur ʻaql wadīʻat hu’ī haĩ. Isli’ē unhē̃ ēk dūsrē kē sāth bhā’ī cārē kā sulūk karnā cāhi’ē.
Transcription (IPA)
dəfaː eːk təmaːm ɪnsaːn aːzaːd ɔːɾ hʊquːq oː izːət keː ɛːtəbaːɾ seː bəɾaːbəɾ pɛːdaː hʊeː hɛ̃ː ʊnʱẽː zəmiːɾ ɔːɾ əql ʋədiːət hʊiː hɛ̃ː ɪs lɪeː ʊnʱẽː eːk duːsɾeː keː saːtʰ bʱaːiː tʃaːɾeː kaː sʊluːk kəɾnaː tʃaːhɪeː
Gloss (word-to-word)
Article 1: All humans free and rights and dignity's consideration from equal born are. To them conscience and intellect endowed is. Therefore, they one another's with brotherhood's treatment do must.
Translation (grammatical)
Article 1—All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Hindustani and Bollywood
The predominant Indian film industry Bollywood, located in Mumbai, Maharashtra uses Standard Hindi, colloquial Hindustani, Bombay Hindi, Urdu, Awadhi, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, and Braj Bhasha, along with Punjabi and with the liberal use of English or Hinglish in scripts and soundtrack lyrics.
Film titles are often screened in three scripts: Latin, Devanagari and occasionally Perso-Arabic. The use of Urdu or Hindi in films depends on the film's context: historical films set in the Delhi Sultanate or Mughal Empire are almost entirely in Urdu, whereas films based on Hindu mythology or ancient India make heavy use of Hindi with Sanskrit vocabulary.
In recent years, boycotts have been launched against Bollywood films by Hindu nationalists partially on the basis that the films feature too much Urdu, with some critics employing the epithet "Urduwood".
See also
India portalPakistan portalLanguage portal
Hindustan (Indian subcontinent)
Languages of India
Languages of Pakistan
List of Hindi authors
List of Urdu authors
Hindi–Urdu transliteration
Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation
Notes
^ Not to be confused with the Bihari languages, a group of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.
^ Also written as हिंदुस्तानी
^ This will only display in a Nastaliq font if you will have one installed, otherwise it may display in a modern Arabic font in a style more common for writing Arabic and most other non-Urdu languages such as Naskh. If this پاکستان and this پاکستان looks like this پاکستان, then you are not seeing it in Nastaliq.
^ /ˌhɪndʊˈstɑːni/(Devanagari: हिन्दुस्तानी, Perso-Arabic: ہندوستانی, Transliteration: Hindustānī, pronounced , lit. 'of Hindustan')
References
^ Robina Kausar; Muhammad Sarwar; Muhammad Shabbir (eds.). "The History of the Urdu Language Together with Its Origin and Geographic Distribution" (PDF). International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences. 2 (1).
^ a b "Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): Ethnologue 21. Hindi at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) . Urdu at Ethnologue (21st ed., 2018) .
^ a b c d Grierson, vol. 9–1, p. 47. We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the lingua franca of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.
^ a b c Ray, Aniruddha (2011). The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-16-0. There was the Hindustani Dictionary of Fallon published in 1879; and two years later (1881), John J. Platts produced his Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English, which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language. More recently, Christopher R. King in his One Language, Two Scripts (1994) has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms, with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves.
^ Gangopadhyay, Avik (2020). Glimpses of Indian Languages. Evincepub publishing. p. 43. ISBN 9789390197828.
^ Norms & Guidelines Archived 13 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine, 2009. D.Ed. Special Education (Deaf & Hard of Hearing),
^ The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of Devanagari and Hindi spelling in India. Source: Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction Archived 15 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
^ "National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language". www.urducouncil.nic.in.
^ Zia, K. (1999). Standard Code Table for Urdu Archived 8 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine. 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, (MLIT-4), Yangon, Myanmar. CICC, Japan. Retrieved on 28 May 2008.
^
McGregor, R. S., ed. (1993), "हिंदुस्तानी", The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p. 1071, 2. hindustani f Hindustani (a mixed Hindi dialect of the Delhi region which came to be used as a lingua franca widely throughout India and what is now Pakistan
"हिंदुस्तानी", बृहत हिंदी कोश खंड 2 (Large Hindi Dictionary, Volume 2), केन्द्रीय हिंदी निदेशालय, भारत सरकार (Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India), p. 1458, retrieved 17 October 2021
Das, Shyamasundar (1975), Hindi Shabda Sagar (Hindi dictionary) in 11 volumes, revised edition, Kashi (Varanasi): Nagari Pracharini Sabha, p. 5505, हिंदुस्तानी hindustānī३ संज्ञा स्त्री॰ १. हिंदुस्तान की भाषा । २. बोलचाल या व्यवहार की वह हिंदी जिसमें न तो बहुत अरबी फारसी के शब्द हों न संस्कृत के । उ॰—साहिब लोगों ने इस देश की भाषा का एक नया नाम हिंदुस्तानी रखा । Translation: Hindustani hindustānī3 noun feminine 1. The language of Hindustan. 2. That version of Hindi employed for common speech or business in which neither many Arabic or Persian words nor Sanskrit words are present. Context: The British gave the new name Hindustani to the language of this country.
Chaturvedi, Mahendra (1970), "हिंदुस्तानी", A Practical Hindi-English Dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, hindustānī hīndusta:nī: a theoretically existent style of the Hindi language which is supposed to consist of current and simple words of any sources whatever and is neither too much biassed in favour of Perso-Arabic elements nor has any place for too much high-flown Sanskritized vocabulary
^ a b c "About Hindi-Urdu". North Carolina State University. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.
^ a b c d Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts, University of Wisconsin, ... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...
^ "Hindustani language". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2021. (subscription required) lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan. Two variants of Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi, are official languages in Pakistan and India, respectively. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony. In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British, who initiated an effort at standardization. Hindustani is widely recognized as India's most common lingua franca, but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers.
^ Yoon, Bogum; Pratt, Kristen L., eds. (15 January 2023). Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning. Lexington Books. p. 198. In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table 12.1.
^ Trask, R. L. (8 August 2019), "Hindi-Urdu", Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 149–150, ISBN 9781474473316, Hindi-Urdu The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level Hindi and Urdu are the same language (called Hindustani before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies
^ Crystal, David (2001), A Dictionary of Language, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226122038, (p. 115) Figure: A family of languages: the Indo-European family tree, reflecting geographical distribution. Proto Indo-European>Indo-Iranian>Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit)> Midland (Rajasthani, Bihari, Hindi/Urdu); (p. 149) Hindi There is little structural difference between Hindi and Urdu, and the two are often grouped together under the single label Hindi/Urdu, sometimes abbreviated to Hirdu, and formerly often called Hindustani; (p. 160) India ... With such linguistic diversity, Hindi/Urdu has come to be widely used as a lingua franca.
^ Gandhi, M. K. (2018). An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition. Translated by Desai, Mahadev. annotation by Suhrud, Tridip. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300234077. (p. 737) I was handicapped for want of suitable Hindi or Urdu words. This was my first occasion for delivering an argumentative speech before an audience especially composed of Mussalmans of the North. I had spoken in Urdu at the Muslim League at Calcutta, but it was only for a few minutes, and the speech was intended only to be a feeling appeal to the audience. Here, on the contrary, I was faced with a critical, if not hostile, audience, to whom I had to explain and bring home my view-point. But I had cast aside all shyness. I was not there to deliver an address in the faultless, polished Urdu of the Delhi Muslims, but to place before the gathering my views in such broken Hindi as I could command. And in this I was successful. This meeting afforded me a direct proof of the fact that Hindi-Urdu alone could become the lingua franca<Footnote M8> of India. (M8: "national language" in the Gujarati original).
^ a b Basu, Manisha (2017). The Rhetoric of Hindutva. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-14987-8. Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.
^ a b c d Gube, Jan; Gao, Fang (2019). Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-981-13-3125-1. The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology and grammar (Lust et al. 2000).
^ Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011). Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341639-5.
^ a b "Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head". read.dukeupress.edu. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^ a b Salwathura, A. N. "Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent." International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.
^ a b Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009). "Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti". International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter (50): 16–17.
^ a b Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985). "Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact". ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 70 (1): 33–60. doi:10.1075/itl.70.02sin. ISSN 0019-0829.
^ "After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind". Prabhu Mallikarjunan. The Feral. 3 October 2019.
^ Rai, Alok. "The Persistence of Hindustani". ResearchGate.
^ Lelyveld, David (1 January 1993). "Colonial knowledge and the fate of Hindustani". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 35 (4): 665–682. doi:10.1017/S0010417500018661. S2CID 144180838.
^ Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad; Bhat, Irshad Ahmad; Jain, Naman; Sharma, Dipti Misra (2016). "A House United: Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu" (PDF). Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Retrieved 18 October 2021. Hindi and Urdu transliteration has received a lot of attention from the NLP research community of South Asia (Malik et al., 2008; Lehal and Saini, 2012; Lehal and Saini, 2014). It has been seen to break the barrier that makes the two look different.
^ Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona, eds. (2007). The Indo-Aryan languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. OCLC 648298147. Such an early date for the inception of a Hindi literature, one made possible only by subsuming the large body of Apabhraṁśa literature into Hindi, has not, however, been generally accepted by scholars (p. 279).
^ Kachru, Yamuna (2006). Hindi. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. The period between 1000 AD-1200/1300 AD is designated the Old NIA stage because it is at this stage that the NIA languages such as Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi assumed distinct identities (p. 1, emphasis added)
^ Dua, Hans (2008). "Hindustani". In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 497–500. Hindustani as a colloquial speech developed over almost seven centuries from 1100 to 1800 (p. 497, emphasis added).
^ Chapman, Graham. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire." Shared space: Divided space. Essays on conflict and territorial organization (1990): 106-134.
^ a b "Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 25 February 2020. The "Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word "tehzeeb" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was "Hindustani" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.
^ Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985). Urdu literature. Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. ISBN 978-0-907962-30-4. But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.
^ a b Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 27. Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.
^ a b Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4. Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 1943. p. 264. ... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.
^ a b Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7. ...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).
^ a b Kesavan, B. S. (1997). History Of Printing And Publishing In India. National Book Trust, India. p. 31. ISBN 978-81-237-2120-0. It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.
^ Hans Henrich Hock (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 475. ISBN 978-3-11-012962-5. During the time of British rule, Hindi (in its religiously neutral, 'Hindustani' variety) increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the English of the foreign oppressor. And Hindustani was learned widely throughout India, even in Bengal and the Dravidian south. ... Independence had been accompanied by the division of former British India into two countries, Pakistan and India. The former had been established as a Muslim state and had made Urdu, the Muslim variety of Hindi–Urdu or Hindustani, its national language.
^ Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 430 (Appendix I). ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. Hindustani - term referring to common colloquial base of HINDI and URDU and to its function as lingua franca over much of India, much in vogue during Independence movement as expression of national unity; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it their mother tongue (the majority of HINDI speakers and many URDU speakers had done so in previous censuses); trend continued in subsequent censuses: only 11,053 returned it in 1971...mostly from S India; .
^ a b c Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 579. The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.
^ Tunstall, Jeremy (2008). The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline. Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-518146-3. The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words.
^ a b Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. PublicAffairs. p. 398. ISBN 978-1-56858-503-1. Spoken Hindi is akin to spoken Urdu, and that language is often called Hindustani. Bollywood's screenplays are written in Hindustani.
^ a b c d e f Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. pp. 11–12. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other.
^ "Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar". The Times of India. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024. The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled "Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.
^ a b c Kuiper, Kathleen (2010). The Culture of India. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61530-149-2. Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language.
^ a b Chatterji, Suniti Kumar; Siṃha, Udaẏa Nārāẏana; Padikkal, Shivarama (1997). Suniti Kumar Chatterji: a centenary tribute. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0353-2. High Hindi written in Devanagari, having identical grammar with Urdu, employing the native Hindi or Hindustani (Prakrit) elements to the fullest, but for words of high culture, going to Sanskrit. Hindustani proper that represents the basic Khari Boli with vocabulary holding a balance between Urdu and High Hindi.
^ a b Draper, Allison Stark (2003). India: A Primary Source Cultural Guide. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3838-4. People in Delhi spoke Khari Boli, a language the British called Hindustani. It used an Indo-Aryan grammatical structure and numerous Persian "loan-words."
^ Ahmad, Aijaz (2002). Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia. Verso. p. 113. ISBN 9781859843581. On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population. Farhang-e-Asafiya is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It twas compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that is draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as Farsi, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Farsi.
^ Dalmia, Vasudha (31 July 2017). Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories. SUNY Press. p. 310. ISBN 9781438468075. On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112-13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in Urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.
^ Brandt, Carmen; Sohoni, Pushkar (2 January 2018). "Script and identity – the politics of writing in South Asia: an introduction". South Asian History and Culture. 9 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/19472498.2017.1411048. ISSN 1947-2498. S2CID 148802248.
^ Brandt, Carmen (1 January 2020). "From a Symbol of Colonial Conquest to the Scripta Franca: The Roman Script for South Asian Languages". Academia.
^ Not considering whether speakers may be bilingual in Hindi and Urdu. "What are the top 200 most spoken languages?". 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2023.
^ "Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 29 June 2018.
^ Gambhir, Vijay (1995). The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3328-5. The position of Hindi–Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps Spanish.
^ First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. Brill Academic Publishers. 1993. p. 1024. ISBN 9789004097964. Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.
^ Kathleen Kuiper, ed. (2011). The Culture of India. Rosen Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 9781615301492. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century AD in and around the Indian cities of Dehli and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony.
^ Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi
^ Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (2008). Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories. Allied Publishers. p. 186. ISBN 9788184242799. In Deccan the dialect developed and flourished independently. It is here that it received, among others, the name Dakkhni. The kings of many independent kingdoms such as Bahmani, Ādil Shahi and Qutb Shahi that came into being in Deccan patronized the dialect. It was elevated as the official language.
^ Mustafa 2008, p. 185.
^ Gat, Azar; Yakobson, Alexander (2013). Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-107-00785-7.
^ Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher; Alex Pulsipher; Holly M. Hapke (2005), World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-7167-1904-5, ... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the lingua franca of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...
^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. Hindustani is a Central Indo-Aryan language based on Khari Boli (Khaṛi Boli). Its origin, development, and function reflect the dynamics of the sociolinguistic contact situation from which it emerged as a colloquial speech. It is inextricably linked with the emergence and standardisation of Urdu and Hindi.
^ Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (10 September 2002), Thackston, Wheeler M. (ed.), The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, Modern Library Classics, ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9, Note: Gurkānī is the Persianized form of the Mongolian word "kürügän" ("son-in-law"), the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into Genghis Khan's family.
^ B.F. Manz, "Tīmūr Lang", in Encyclopaedia of Islam, Online Edition, 2006
^ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Timurid Dynasty", Online Academic Edition, 2007. (Quotation: "Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia. ... Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded, and the capital became the centre of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture.")
^ "Timurids". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). New York City: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2006.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica article: Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids, Online Edition, 2007.
^ Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012). South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny. A&C Black. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4411-5127-8.
^ Laet, Sigfried J. de Laet (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. p. 734. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7.
^ a b Taj, Afroz (1997). "About Hindi-Urdu". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
^ Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-25489-3. Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending -a in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.
^ Farooqi, M. (2012). Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-02692-7. Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims.
^ Hindustani (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
^ Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009). Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-0-521-51931-1.
^ a b c Pollock, Sheldon (2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. p. 912. ISBN 978-0-520-22821-4.
^ "Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
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^ Khalid, Kanwal. "Lahore During the Ghanavid Period".
^ Aijazuddin Ahmad (2009). Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-81-8069-568-1.
^ Coatsworth, John (2015). Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History. United States: Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 159. ISBN 9780521761062.
^ Tariq Rahman (2011). "Urdu as the Language of Education in British India" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. 32 (2). NIHCR: 1–42.
^ King, Christopher R. (1994). One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
^ Hurst, John Fletcher (1992). Indika, The country and People of India and Ceylon. Concept Publishing Company. p. 344. GGKEY:P8ZHWWKEKAJ.
^ "Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica". archive.ph. 1 April 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
^ "Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
^ Coulmas, Florian (2003). Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-521-78737-6.
^ Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it as their mother language
^ a b Peter-Dass, Rakesh (2019). Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-070224-8. Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.
^ a b Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by tatsama forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a throrough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.
^ Rahman, Tariq (2011). From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2014.
^ King, Robert D. (10 January 2001). "The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (150). doi:10.1515/ijsl.2001.035. ISSN 0165-2516.
^ Smith, Ian (2008). "Pidgins, Creoles, and Bazaar Hindi". In Kachru, Braj B; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S.N (eds.). Language in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 254. ISBN 1139465503
^ Baldauf, Scott (23 November 2004). "A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head". read.dukeupress.edu. Retrieved 29 October 2023.
^ Salwathura, A. N. "Evolutionary development of ‘hinglish’language within the indian sub-continent." International Journal of Research-GRANTHAALAYAH. Vol. 8. No. 11. Granthaalayah Publications and Printers, 2020. 41-48.
^ Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009). "Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti". International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter (50): 16–17.
^ Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985). "Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact". ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 70 (1): 33–60. doi:10.1075/itl.70.02sin. ISSN 0019-0829.
^ Daniyal, Shoaib. "The rise of Hinglish: How the media created a new lingua franca for India's elites". Scroll.in. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ Coughlan, Sean (8 November 2006). "It's Hinglish, innit?". BBC News Magazine. Retrieved 24 September 2022.
^ "Mandi Hinglish is taking place in Hindi and English". Retrieved 26 January 2021.
^ Palakodety, Shriphani; KhudaBukhsh, Ashiqur R.; Jayachandran, Guha (2021), "Low Resource Machine Translation", Low Resource Social Media Text Mining, SpringerBriefs in Computer Science, Singapore: Springer Singapore, pp. 7–9, doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5625-5_5, ISBN 978-981-16-5624-8, S2CID 244313560, retrieved 24 September 2022
^ a b c d Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003), "A Long History of Urdu Literarature, Part 1", in Pollock (ed.), Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia, University of California Press, p. 806, ISBN 978-0-520-22821-4
^ Garcia, Maria Isabel Maldonado. 2011. "The Urdu language reforms." Studies 26(97).
^ Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009). Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780521519311.
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^ "Census data shows Canada increasingly bilingual, linguistically diverse".
^ Hakala, Walter N. (2012). "Languages as a Key to Understanding Afghanistan's Cultures" (PDF). National Geographic. Retrieved 13 March 2018. In the 1980s and '90s, at least three million Afghans--mostly Pashtun--fled to Pakistan, where a substantial number spent several years being exposed to Hindi- and Urdu-language media, especially Bollywood films and songs, and being educated in Urdu-language schools, both of which contributed to the decline of Dari, even among urban Pashtuns.
^ Krishnamurthy, Rajeshwari (28 June 2013). "Kabul Diary: Discovering the Indian connection". Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations. Retrieved 13 March 2018. Most Afghans in Kabul understand and/or speak Hindi, thanks to the popularity of Indian cinema in the country.
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^ "Is the Hindu Nationalist 'Boycott Bollywood' Campaign Impacting the Box Office?". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
^ Raj, Kaushik; Gurmat, Sabah (30 September 2022). "Bollywood under siege as rightwing social media boycotts start to bite". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
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Bibliography
Asher, R. E. 1994. "Hindi." Pp. 1547–49 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943-4.
Bailey, Thomas G. 1950. Teach yourself Hindustani. London: English Universities Press.
Chatterji, Suniti K. 1960. Indo-Aryan and Hindi (rev. 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.
Dua, Hans R. 1992. "Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language." In Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations, edited by M. G. Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.
Dua, Hans R. 1994a. "Hindustani." Pp. 1554 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Mustafa, K.S (2008), "Dakkhni", in Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories, Allied Publishers, pp. 185–186, ISBN 978-1139465502
—— 1994b. "Urdu." Pp. 4863–64 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Rai, Amrit. 1984. A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-561643-X
Further reading
Henry Blochmann (1877). English and Urdu dictionary, romanized (8 ed.). Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school-book society. p. 215. Retrieved 6 July 2011.the University of Michigan
John Dowson (1908). A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language (3 ed.). London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., ltd. p. 264. Retrieved 6 July 2011.the University of Michigan
Duncan Forbes (1857). A dictionary, Hindustani and English, accompanied by a reversed dictionary, English and Hindustani (2nd ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. p. 1144. OCLC 1043011501. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
John Thompson Platts (1874). A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language. Vol. 6423 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399. Retrieved 6 July 2011.Oxford University
—— (1892). A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399. Retrieved 6 July 2011.the New York Public Library
—— (1884). A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English (reprint ed.). London: H. Milford. p. 1259. Retrieved 6 July 2011.Oxford University
Shakespear, John. A Dictionary, Hindustani and English. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834.
Taylor, Joseph. A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English. Available at Hathi Trust. (A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English / abridged from the quarto edition of Major Joseph Taylor; as edited by the late W. Hunter; by William Carmichael Smyth.)
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Hindi-Urdu_phrasebook.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Hindostani".
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cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rekhta2020-37"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MatthewsShackleHusain1985-38"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-39"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IJSW1943-40"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mody2008-41"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kesavan1997-42"},{"link_name":"Indian Independence movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_movement"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hock1991-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-44"},{"link_name":"northern Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashmore1961-45"},{"link_name":"Hindustani vocabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tunstall2008-46"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiro2015-47"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GubeGao2019-23"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-48"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahmed2024-49"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuiper2010-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChatterjiSi%E1%B9%83haPadikkal1997-51"},{"link_name":"loanwords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_etymology"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draper2003-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahmad2002-53"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dalmia2017-54"},{"link_name":"Devanagari script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Urdu script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_script"},{"link_name":"romanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_transliteration"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"3rd-most-spoken language in the world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages_by_total_number_of_speakers"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese"},{"link_name":"Ethnologue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Hindi languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_languages"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gambhir1995-59"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-48"}],"text":"Indo-Aryan language spoken in India and PakistanFor its official forms, see Hindi and Urdu. For other uses, see Fijian Hindustani and Caribbean Hindustani.You may need rendering support to display the uncommon Unicode characters in this article correctly.Hindustani[d] is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in North India, Pakistan and the Deccan and used as the official language of India and Pakistan.[12][13] Hindustani is a pluricentric language with two standard registers, known as Hindi (written in Devanagari script and influenced by Sanskrit) and Urdu (written in Perso-Arabic script and influenced by Persian and Arabic).[14] Thus, it is also called Hindi–Urdu.[15][16][17] Colloquial registers of the language fall on a spectrum between these standards.[18][19] In modern times, a third variety of Hindustani with significant English influences has also appeared which is sometimes called Hinglish or Urdish.[20][21][22][23][24]The concept of a Hindustani language as a \"unifying language\" or \"fusion language\" that could transcend communal and religious divisions across the subcontinent was endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi,[25] as it was not seen to be associated with either the Hindu or Muslim communities as was the case with Hindi and Urdu respectively, and it was also considered a simpler language for people to learn.[26][27] The conversion from Hindi to Urdu (or vice versa) is generally achieved just by transliteration between the two scripts, instead of translation which is generally only required for religious and literary texts.[28]Scholars trace the language's first written poetry, in the form of Old Hindi, to the Delhi Sultanate era around the twelfth and thirteenth century.[29][30][31] During the period of the Delhi Sultanate, which covered most of today's India, eastern Pakistan, southern Nepal and Bangladesh[32] and which resulted in the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures, the Sanskrit and Prakrit base of Old Hindi became enriched with loanwords from Persian, evolving into the present form of Hindustani.[33][34][35][36][37][38] The Hindustani vernacular became an expression of Indian national unity during the Indian Independence movement,[39][40] and continues to be spoken as the common language of the people of the northern Indian subcontinent,[41] which is reflected in the Hindustani vocabulary of Bollywood films and songs.[42][43]The language's core vocabulary is derived from Prakrit (a descendant of Sanskrit),[19][44][45][46][47] with substantial loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian).[48][49][44][50] It is often written in the Devanagari script or the Arabic-derived Urdu script in the case of Hindi and Urdu respectively, with romanisation increasingly employed in modern times as a neutral script.[51][52]As of 2022, Hindi and Urdu together constitute the 3rd-most-spoken language in the world after English and Mandarin, with 833.5 million native and second-language speakers, according to Ethnologue,[53] though this includes millions who self-reported their language as 'Hindi' on the Indian census but speak a number of other Hindi languages than Hindustani.[54] The total number of Hindi–Urdu speakers was reported to be over 300 million in 1995, making Hindustani the third- or fourth-most spoken language in the world.[55][44]","title":"Hindustani language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Persian language in the Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Middle Indo-Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages"},{"link_name":"apabhraṃśa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba"},{"link_name":"vernaculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"},{"link_name":"North India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brill1993-60"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mody2008-41"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Amir Khusrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khusrow"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literal_translation"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-brown2008-62"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kesavan1997-42"},{"link_name":"Alauddin Khalji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji"},{"link_name":"Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Deccani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccani_language"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prak%C4%81%C5%9Ba%E1%B9%83-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMustafa2008185-64"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Afghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gat-65"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ghorid dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghorid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Ghaznavid Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghaznavid_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan"},{"link_name":"Hindustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan"},{"link_name":"Rekhta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekhta"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pulsipher2005-66"},{"link_name":"Indo-Aryan language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages"},{"link_name":"Western Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages#Languages"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Khariboli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Hindi"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsevier2010-67"},{"link_name":"Timurid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timurid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Turco-Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thackston-68"},{"link_name":"Persianised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persianization"},{"link_name":"Babur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babur"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EI-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Britannica-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Columbia-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Turkic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_peoples"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Central Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Asia"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taj-75"},{"link_name":"grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_grammar"},{"link_name":"core vocabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taj-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strnad2013-76"},{"link_name":"contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu-Muslim_unity"},{"link_name":"Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dhulipala2000-39"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rekhta2020-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IJSW1943-40"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farooqi2012-77"},{"link_name":"Rekhta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekhta"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ayres2009-79"},{"link_name":"Perso-Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgregor_912-80"},{"link_name":"Kaithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi"},{"link_name":"Gurmukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Sufi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi"},{"link_name":"Nirgun Sant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Krishna Bhakta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhakti"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"Lahore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore"},{"link_name":"Amber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Amber"},{"link_name":"Jaipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"apabhraṃśa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"upper class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_class"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"Chagatai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_language"},{"link_name":"horde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/horde"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ahmad2009-85"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coatsworth2015-86"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"Lallu Lal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lallu_Lal"},{"link_name":"Insha Allah Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insha_Allah_Khan"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"John Fletcher Hurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fletcher_Hurst"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Zone_(Hindi)"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu"},{"link_name":"North India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_India"},{"link_name":"Musalman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Muslim rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_grammar"},{"link_name":"Telugu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telugu_language"},{"link_name":"Dakhani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccani_language"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_India"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"influences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englishization"},{"link_name":"Hinglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinglish"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-27"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-28"}],"text":"See also: Persian language in the Indian subcontinentEarly forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries.[56][37] Hindustani emerged as a contact language around Delhi, a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred due to Muslim rule.[57] Amir Khusrow, who lived in the thirteenth century during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used these forms (which was the lingua franca of the period) in his writings and referred to it as Hindavi (Persian: ھندوی, lit. 'of Hind or India').[58][38] By the end of the century, the military exploits of Alauddin Khalji, introduced the language in the Deccan region, which led to the development of its southern dialect Deccani, which was promoted by Muslim rulers in the Deccan.[59][60]The Delhi Sultanate, which comprised several Turkic and Afghan dynasties that ruled much of the subcontinent from Delhi,[61] was succeeded by the Mughal Empire in 1526 and preceded by the Ghorid dynasty and Ghaznavid Empire before that.Ancestors of the language were known as Hindui, Hindavi, Zabān-e Hind (transl. 'Language of India'), Zabān-e Hindustan (transl. 'Language of Hindustan'), Hindustan ki boli (transl. 'Language of Hindustan'), Rekhta, and Hindi.[12][62] Its regional dialects became known as Zabān-e Dakhani in southern India, Zabān-e Gujari (transl. 'Language of Gujars') in Gujarat, and as Zabān-e Dehlavi or Urdu around Delhi. It is an Indo-Aryan language, deriving its base primarily from the Western Hindi dialect of Delhi, also known as Khariboli.[63]Although the Mughals were of Timurid (Gurkānī) Turco-Mongol descent,[64] they were Persianised, and Persian had gradually become the state language of the Mughal empire after Babur,[65][66][67][68] a continuation since the introduction of Persian by Central Asian Turkic rulers in the Indian Subcontinent,[69] and the patronisation of it by the earlier Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate. The basis in general for the introduction of Persian into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianised Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties.[70]Hindustani began to take shape as a Persianised vernacular during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526 AD) and Mughal Empire (1526–1858 AD) in South Asia.[71] Hindustani retained the grammar and core vocabulary of the local Delhi dialect.[71][72] However, as an emerging common dialect, Hindustani absorbed large numbers of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic loanwords, and as Mughal conquests grew it spread as a lingua franca across much of northern India; this was a result of the contact of Hindu and Muslim cultures in Hindustan that created a composite Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb.[35][33][36][73] The language was also known as Rekhta, or 'mixed', which implies that it was mixed with Persian.[74][75] Written in the Perso-Arabic, Devanagari,[76] and occasionally Kaithi or Gurmukhi scripts,[77] it remained the primary lingua franca of northern India for the next four centuries, although it varied significantly in vocabulary depending on the local language. Alongside Persian, it achieved the status of a literary language in Muslim courts and was also used for literary purposes in various other settings such as Sufi, Nirgun Sant, Krishna Bhakta circles, and Rajput Hindu courts. Its majors centres of development included the Mughal courts of Delhi, Lucknow, Agra and Lahore as well as the Rajput courts of Amber and Jaipur.[78]In the 18th century, towards the end of the Mughal period, with the fragmentation of the empire and the elite system, a variant of Hindustani, one of the successors of apabhraṃśa vernaculars at Delhi, and nearby cities, came to gradually replace Persian as the lingua franca among the educated elite upper class particularly in northern India, though Persian still retained much of its pre-eminence for a short period. The term Hindustani was given to that language.[79] The Perso-Arabic script form of this language underwent a standardisation process and further Persianisation during this period (18th century) and came to be known as Urdu, a name derived from Persian: Zabān-e Urdū-e Mualla ('language of the court') or Zabān-e Urdū (زبان اردو, 'language of the camp'). The etymology of the word Urdu is of Chagatai origin, Ordū ('camp'), cognate with English horde, and known in local translation as Lashkari Zabān (لشکری زبان),[80] which is shortened to Lashkari (لشکری).[81] This is all due to its origin as the common speech of the Mughal army. As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. Along with English, it became the first official language of British India in 1850.[82][83]Hindi as a standardised literary register of the Hindustani arose in the 19th century. While the first literary works (mostly translations of earlier works) in Sanskritised Hindustani were already written in the early 19th century as part of a literary project that included both Hindu and Muslim writers (e.g. Lallu Lal, Insha Allah Khan), the call for a distinct Sanskritised standard of Hindustani written in Devanagari under the name of Hindi became increasingly politicised in the course of the century and gained pace around 1880 in an effort to displace Urdu's official position.[84]John Fletcher Hurst in his book published in 1891 mentioned that the Hindustani or camp language of the Mughal Empire's courts at Delhi was not regarded by philologists as a distinct language but only as a dialect of Hindi with admixture of Persian. He continued: \"But it has all the magnitude and importance of separate language. It is linguistic result of Muslim rule of eleventh & twelfth centuries and is spoken (except in rural Bengal) by many Hindus in North India and by Musalman population in all parts of India.\" Next to English it was the official language of British Raj, was commonly written in Arabic or Persian characters, and was spoken by approximately 100,000,000 people.[85] The process of hybridization also led to the formation of words in which the first element of the compound was from Khari Boli and the second from Persian, such as rajmahal 'palace' (raja 'royal, king' + mahal 'house, place') and rangmahal 'fashion house' (rang 'colour, dye' + mahal 'house, place').[86] As Muslim rule expanded, Hindustani speakers traveled to distant parts of India as administrators, soldiers, merchants, and artisans. As it reached new areas, Hindustani further hybridized with local languages. In the Deccan, for instance, Hindustani blended with Telugu and came to be called Dakhani. In Dakhani, aspirated consonants were replaced with their unaspirated counterparts; for instance, dekh 'see' became dek, ghula 'dissolved' became gula, kuch 'some' became kuc, and samajh 'understand' became samaj.[87]When the British colonised the Indian subcontinent from the late 18th through to the late 19th century, they used the words 'Hindustani', 'Hindi', and 'Urdu' interchangeably. They developed it as the language of administration of British India,[88] further preparing it to be the official language of modern India and Pakistan. However, with independence, use of the word 'Hindustani' declined, being largely replaced by 'Hindi' and 'Urdu', or 'Hindi-Urdu' when either of those was too specific.[89] More recently, the word 'Hindustani' has been used for the colloquial language of Bollywood films, which are popular in both India and Pakistan and which cannot be unambiguously identified as either Hindi or Urdu.British rule over India also introduced some English words into Hindustani, with these influences increasing with the later spread of English as a world language. This has created a new variant of Hindustani known as Hinglish.[21][22][23][24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi–Urdu controversy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_controversy"},{"link_name":"Register (sociolinguistics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"digraphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digraphia"},{"link_name":"registers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_grammar"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Basu2017-22"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GubeGao2019-23"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PeterDass2019-94"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuiper2010-50"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-48"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JainCardona2007-95"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PeterDass2019-94"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_testament_cover_page_in_Hindustani_language.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_page_of_new_testament_in_Hindustani_language.jpg"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSU-Hindustani-14"},{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-96"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashmore1961-45"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiro2015-47"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSU-Hindustani-14"}],"text":"See also: Hindi–Urdu controversy, Register (sociolinguistics), and digraphiaAlthough, at the spoken level, Hindi and Urdu are considered registers of a single language, Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu, as they share a common grammar and core vocabulary,[18][19][90][46][44] they differ in literary and formal vocabulary; where literary Hindi draws heavily on Sanskrit and to a lesser extent Prakrit, literary Urdu draws heavily on Persian and Arabic loanwords.[91] The grammar and base vocabulary (most pronouns, verbs, adpositions, etc.) of both Hindi and Urdu, however, are the same and derive from a Prakritic base, and both have Persian/Arabic influence.[90]New Testament cover page in Hindustani language was published in 1842First chapter of New Testament in Hindustani languageThe standardised registers Hindi and Urdu are collectively known as Hindi-Urdu.[11] Hindustani is the lingua franca of the north and west of the Indian subcontinent, though it is understood fairly well in other regions also, especially in the urban areas.[12] This has led it to be characterised as a continuum that ranges between Hindi and Urdu.[92] A common vernacular sharing characteristics with Sanskritised Hindi, regional Hindi and Urdu, Hindustani is more commonly used as a vernacular than highly Sanskritised Hindi or highly Persianised Urdu.[41]This can be seen in the popular culture of Bollywood or, more generally, the vernacular of North Indians and Pakistanis, which generally employs a lexicon common to both Hindi and Urdu speakers.[43] Minor subtleties in region will also affect the 'brand' of Hindustani, sometimes pushing the Hindustani closer to Urdu or to Hindi. One might reasonably assume that the Hindustani spoken in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (known for its usage of Urdu) and Varanasi (a holy city for Hindus and thus using highly Sanskritised Hindi) is somewhat different.[11]","title":"Registers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"22 officially recognized languages of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languages_of_India"},{"link_name":"official language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Varanasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varanasi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Purushottam Das Tandon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon"}],"sub_title":"Standard Hindi","text":"Standard Hindi, one of the 22 officially recognized languages of India and the official language of the Union, is usually written in the indigenous Devanagari script of India and exhibits less Persian and Arabic influence than Urdu. It has a literature of 500 years, with prose, poetry, religion and philosophy. One could conceive of a wide spectrum of dialects and registers, with the highly Persianised Urdu at one end of the spectrum and a heavily Sanskritised variety spoken in the region around Varanasi, at the other end. In common usage in India, the term Hindi includes all these dialects except those at the Urdu spectrum. Thus, the different meanings of the word Hindi include, among others:[citation needed]standardized Hindi as taught in schools throughout India (except some states such as Tamil Nadu),\nformal or official Hindi advocated by Purushottam Das Tandon and as instituted by the post-independence Indian government, heavily influenced by Sanskrit,\nthe vernacular dialects of Hindustani as spoken throughout India,\nthe neutralized form of Hindustani used in popular television and films (which is nearly identical to colloquial Urdu), or\nthe more formal neutralized form of Hindustani used in television and print news reports.","title":"Registers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zaban_urdu_mualla.png"},{"link_name":"Nastaʿlīq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq"},{"link_name":"national language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_language"},{"link_name":"state language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_language"},{"link_name":"22 officially recognised languages of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_languages_of_India"},{"link_name":"Nastaliq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq"},{"link_name":"Urdu alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_Persian"},{"link_name":"Rekhta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekhta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png"},{"link_name":"Dakhini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakhini"},{"link_name":"Deccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"Hyderabadi Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu"},{"link_name":"Nizams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizams_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Deccan Sultanates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Sultanates"},{"link_name":"Amīr Khusrau Dehlavī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khusrau"},{"link_name":"Urdu literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_literature"},{"link_name":"Walī Deccani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wali_Dakhni"},{"link_name":"Urdu poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_poetry"}],"sub_title":"Standard Urdu","text":"The phrase Zabān-e Urdu-ye Mualla in NastaʿlīqUrdu is the national language and state language of Pakistan and one of the 22 officially recognised languages of India. It is written, except in some parts of India, in the Nastaliq style of the Urdu alphabet, an extended Perso-Arabic script incorporating Indic phonemes. It is heavily influenced by Persian vocabulary and was historically also known as Rekhta.Lashkari Zabān title in the Perso-Arabic scriptAs Dakhini (or Deccani) where it also draws words from local languages, it survives and enjoys a rich history in the Deccan and other parts of South India, with the prestige dialect being Hyderabadi Urdu spoken in and around the capital of the Nizams and the Deccan Sultanates.Earliest forms of the language's literature may be traced back to the 13th-14th century works of Amīr Khusrau Dehlavī, often called the \"father of Urdu literature\" while Walī Deccani is seen as the progenitor of Urdu poetry.","title":"Registers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaar"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"}],"sub_title":"Bazaar Hindustani","text":"The term bazaar Hindustani, in other words, the 'street talk' or literally 'marketplace Hindustani', has arisen to denote a colloquial register of the language that uses vocabulary common to both Hindi and Urdu while eschewing high-register and specialized Arabic or Sanskrit derived words.[93] It has emerged in various South Asian cities where Hindustani is not the main language, in order to facilitate communication across language barriers. It is characterized by loanwords from local languages.[94]","title":"Registers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hinglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinglish"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinglish&action=edit"},{"link_name":"Hinglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinglish"},{"link_name":"macaronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaronic_language"},{"link_name":"South Asian English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_English"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinglish_CSM-99"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinglish_:2-100"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinglish_:3-101"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinglish_:4-102"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinglish_:5-103"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"spoken language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoken_language"},{"link_name":"code-switching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-switching"},{"link_name":"translanguaging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translanguaging"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinglish_BBC-105"},{"link_name":"written language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Written_language"},{"link_name":"English alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_alphabet"},{"link_name":"Roman script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_script"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"Nastaliq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hinglish_Palakodety-107"}],"sub_title":"Hinglish","text":"This section is an excerpt from Hinglish.[edit]\nHinglish is the macaronic hybrid use of South Asian English and the Hindustani language.[95][96][97][98][99] Its name is a portmanteau of the words Hindi and English.[100] In the context of spoken language, it involves code-switching or translanguaging between these languages whereby they are freely interchanged within a sentence or between sentences.[101]\n\nIn the context of written language, Hinglish colloquially refers to Romanized Hindi — Hindustani written in English alphabet (that is, using Roman script instead of the traditional Devanagari or Nastaliq), often also mixed with English words or phrases.[102][103]","title":"Registers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amir Khusro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amir_Khusro"},{"link_name":"Sufis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufis"},{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mughals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Rekhta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekhta"},{"link_name":"Lahori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahori"},{"link_name":"Dakni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakni"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgregor_912-80"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faruqi_806-108"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faruqi_806-108"},{"link_name":"Mashafi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashafi"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faruqi_806-108"},{"link_name":"John Borthwick Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Borthwick_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faruqi_806-108"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gilchrist-112"},{"link_name":"partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Grierson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Abraham_Grierson"},{"link_name":"Linguistic Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grierson-4"}],"text":"Amir Khusro c. 1300 referred to this language of his writings as Dehlavi (देहलवी / دہلوی, 'of Delhi') or Hindavi (हिन्दवी / ہندوی). During this period, Hindustani was used by Sufis in promulgating their message across the Indian subcontinent.[citation needed] After the advent of the Mughals in the subcontinent, Hindustani acquired more Persian loanwords. Rekhta ('mixture'), Hindi ('Indian'), Hindustani, Hindvi, Lahori, and Dakni (amongst others) became popular names for the same language until the 18th century.[76][104] The name Urdu (from Zabān-i-Ordu, or Orda) appeared around 1780.[104] It is believed to have been coined by the poet Mashafi.[105] In local literature and speech, it was also known as the Lashkari Zabān (military language) or Lashkari.[106] Mashafi was the first person to simply modify the name Zabān-i-Ordu to Urdu.[107]During the British Raj, the term Hindustani was used by British officials.[104] In 1796, John Borthwick Gilchrist published \"A Grammar of the Hindoostanee Language\".[104][108] Upon partition, India and Pakistan established national standards that they called Hindi and Urdu, respectively, and attempted to make distinct, with the result that Hindustani commonly, but mistakenly, came to be seen as a \"mixture\" of Hindi and Urdu.Grierson, in his highly influential Linguistic Survey of India, proposed that the names Hindustani, Urdu, and Hindi be separated in use for different varieties of the Hindustani language, rather than as the overlapping synonyms they frequently were:We may now define the three main varieties of Hindōstānī as follows:—Hindōstānī is primarily the language of the Upper Gangetic Doab, and is also the lingua franca of India, capable of being written in both Persian and Dēva-nāgarī characters, and without purism, avoiding alike the excessive use of either Persian or Sanskrit words when employed for literature. The name 'Urdū' can then be confined to that special variety of Hindōstānī in which Persian words are of frequent occurrence, and which hence can only be written in the Persian character, and, similarly, 'Hindī' can be confined to the form of Hindōstānī in which Sanskrit words abound, and which hence can only be written in the Dēva-nāgarī character.[3]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_asia.jpg"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"}],"text":"Hindustani, in its standardised registers, is one of the official languages of both India (Hindi) and Pakistan (Urdu).Prior to 1947, Hindustani was officially recognised by the British Raj. In the post-independence period however, the term Hindustani has lost currency and is not given any official recognition by the Indian or Pakistani governments. The language is instead recognised by its standard forms, Hindi and Urdu.[109]","title":"Official status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Part 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part_XVII_of_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"Indian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"23 official languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India"},{"link_name":"Union Territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_territory"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Chhattisgarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhattisgarh"},{"link_name":"Haryana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haryana"},{"link_name":"Himachal Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Madhya Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Rajasthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthan"},{"link_name":"Uttarakhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Andaman and Nicobar Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Islands"},{"link_name":"Dadra and Nagar Haveli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli"},{"link_name":"Tamil Nadu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_Nadu"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"}],"sub_title":"Hindi","text":"Hindi is declared by Article 343(1), Part 17 of the Indian Constitution as the \"official language (राजभाषा, rājabhāṣā) of the Union.\" (In this context, \"Union\" means the Federal Government and not the entire country[citation needed]—India has 23 official languages.) At the same time, however, the definitive text of federal laws is officially the English text and proceedings in the higher appellate courts must be conducted in English.At the state level, Hindi is one of the official languages in 10 of the 29 Indian states and three Union Territories, respectively: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal; Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Delhi.In the remaining states, Hindi is not an official language. In states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, studying Hindi is not compulsory in the state curriculum. However, an option to take the same as second or third language does exist. In many other states, studying Hindi is usually compulsory in the school curriculum as a third language (the first two languages being the state's official language and English), though the intensiveness of Hindi in the curriculum varies.[110]","title":"Official status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"official language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_English"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India"},{"link_name":"Jharkhand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jharkhand"},{"link_name":"Bihar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihar"},{"link_name":"Telangana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana"},{"link_name":"Uttar Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucknow"},{"link_name":"Aligarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aligarh,_Uttar_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"}],"sub_title":"Urdu","text":"Urdu is the national language (قومی زبان, qaumi zabān) of Pakistan, where it shares official language status with English. Although English is spoken by many, and Punjabi is the native language of the majority of the population, Urdu is the lingua franca. In India, Urdu is one of the languages recognised in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India and is an official language of the Indian states of Jharkhand, Bihar, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and also the Union Territories of Delhi and Jammu and Kashmir. Although the government school system in most other states emphasises Standard Hindi, at universities in cities such as Lucknow, Aligarh and Hyderabad, Urdu is spoken and learnt, and Saaf or Khaalis Urdu is treated with just as much respect as Shuddh Hindi.","title":"Official status"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lingua franca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-siddiqi1994-16"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ashmore1961-45"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hakala2012-116"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Krishnamurthy2013-117"},{"link_name":"Fiji Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji_Hindi"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"British rule in Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Indian"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Burmese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Burmese_people"},{"link_name":"military rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar#Military_rule_(1962%E2%80%932011)"},{"link_name":"Gulf Cooperation Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council"},{"link_name":"migrant workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migrant_worker"}],"text":"Besides being the lingua franca of North India and Pakistan in South Asia,[12][41] Hindustani is also spoken by many in the South Asian diaspora and their descendants around the world, including North America (e.g., in Canada, Hindustani is one of the fastest growing languages),[111] Europe, and the Middle East.A sizeable population in Afghanistan, especially in Kabul, can also speak and understand Hindi-Urdu due to the popularity and influence of Bollywood films and songs in the region, as well as the fact that many Afghan refugees spent time in Pakistan in the 1980s and 1990s.[112][113]\nFiji Hindi was derived from the Hindustani linguistic group and is spoken widely by Fijians of Indian origin.\nHindustani was also one of the languages that was spoken widely during British rule in Burma. Many older citizens of Myanmar, particularly Anglo-Indians and the Anglo-Burmese, still know it, although it has had no official status in the country since military rule began.\nHindustani is also spoken in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council, where migrant workers from various countries live and work for several years.","title":"Geographical distribution"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Phonology"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grammar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindustani etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_etymology"},{"link_name":"Hindustani vocabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_vocabulary"},{"link_name":"Prakrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakrit"},{"link_name":"Sanskrit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-48"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GubeGao2019-23"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuiper2010-50"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ChatterjiSi%E1%B9%83haPadikkal1997-51"},{"link_name":"loanwords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_etymology"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JainCardona2007-95"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Draper2003-52"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_grammar"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Khari Boli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauravi_dialect"}],"text":"See also: Hindustani etymology and Hindustani vocabularyHindi-Urdu's core vocabulary has an Indic base, being derived from Prakrit, which in turn derives from Sanskrit,[44][19][46][47] as well as a substantial amount of loanwords from Persian and Arabic (via Persian).[91][48] Hindustani contains around 5,500 words of Persian and Arabic origin.[114] There are also quite a few words borrowed from English, as well as some words from other European languages such as Portuguese and Dutch.[115]Hindustani also borrowed Persian prefixes to create new words. Persian affixes became so assimilated that they were used with original Khari Boli words as well.","title":"Vocabulary"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surahi_in_samrup_rachna_calligraphy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samrup Rachna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samrup_Rachna"},{"link_name":"Kaithi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaithi"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mcgregor_912-80"},{"link_name":"Brahmic scripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brahmic_scripts"},{"link_name":"Nastaʿlīq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasta%CA%BFl%C4%ABq"},{"link_name":"anglicisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_English"},{"link_name":"Latin script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script"},{"link_name":"Roman Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Urdu"},{"link_name":"mutually intelligible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility"}],"text":"\"Surahi\" in Samrup Rachna calligraphyHistorically, Hindustani was written in the Kaithi, Devanagari, and Urdu alphabets.[76] Kaithi and Devanagari are two of the Brahmic scripts native to India, whereas the Urdu alphabet is a derivation of the Perso-Arabic script written in Nastaʿlīq, which is the preferred calligraphic style for Urdu.Today, Hindustani continues to be written in the Urdu alphabet in Pakistan. In India, the Hindi register is officially written in Devanagari, and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet, to the extent that these standards are partly defined by their script.However, in popular publications in India, Urdu is also written in Devanagari, with slight variations to establish a Devanagari Urdu alphabet alongside the Devanagari Hindi alphabet.Because of anglicisation in South Asia and the international use of the Latin script, Hindustani is occasionally written in the Latin script. This adaptation is called Roman Urdu or Romanised Hindi, depending upon the register used. Since Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible when spoken, Romanised Hindi and Roman Urdu (unlike Devanagari Hindi and Urdu in the Urdu alphabet) are mostly mutually intelligible as well.","title":"Writing system"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sample text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DelacyAhmed2005-48"},{"link_name":"Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"}],"sub_title":"Colloquial Hindustani","text":"An example of colloquial Hindustani:[44]Devanagari: ये कितने का है?\nUrdu: یہ کتنے کا ہے؟\nRomanisation: Ye kitnē kā hai?\nEnglish: How much is this?The following is a sample text, Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, in the two official registers of Hindustani, Hindi and Urdu. Because this is a formal legal text, differences in vocabulary are most pronounced.","title":"Sample text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Literary Hindi","text":"अनुच्छेद १ — सभी मनुष्यों को गौरव और अधिकारों के विषय में जन्मजात स्वतन्त्रता और समानता प्राप्त हैं। उन्हें बुद्धि और अन्तरात्मा की देन प्राप्त है और परस्पर उन्हें भाईचारे के भाव से बर्ताव करना चाहिए।[117]","title":"Sample text"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Literary Urdu","text":":دفعہ ١: تمام اِنسان آزاد اور حُقوق و عِزت کے اعتبار سے برابر پَیدا ہُوئے ہَیں۔ انہیں ضمِیر اور عقل ودِیعت ہوئی ہَیں۔ اِس لئے انہیں ایک دُوسرے کے ساتھ بھائی چارے کا سُلُوک کرنا چاہئے۔","title":"Sample text"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Bombay Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Hindi"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scienceandmediamuseum-122"},{"link_name":"Awadhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awadhi_language"},{"link_name":"Rajasthani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_language"},{"link_name":"Bhojpuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhojpuri_language"},{"link_name":"Braj Bhasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braj_Bhasha"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Hinglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinglish"},{"link_name":"Delhi Sultanate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate"},{"link_name":"Mughal Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hindu mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_mythology"},{"link_name":"ancient India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India"},{"link_name":"boycotts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva_boycott_of_Bollywood_films"},{"link_name":"Hindu nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindutva"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"}],"text":"The predominant Indian film industry Bollywood, located in Mumbai, Maharashtra uses Standard Hindi, colloquial Hindustani, Bombay Hindi, Urdu,[118] Awadhi, Rajasthani, Bhojpuri, and Braj Bhasha, along with Punjabi and with the liberal use of English or Hinglish in scripts and soundtrack lyrics.Film titles are often screened in three scripts: Latin, Devanagari and occasionally Perso-Arabic. The use of Urdu or Hindi in films depends on the film's context: historical films set in the Delhi Sultanate or Mughal Empire are almost entirely in Urdu, whereas films based on Hindu mythology or ancient India make heavy use of Hindi with Sanskrit vocabulary.In recent years, boycotts have been launched against Bollywood films by Hindu nationalists partially on the basis that the films feature too much Urdu, with some critics employing the epithet \"Urduwood\".[119][120][121]","title":"Hindustani and Bollywood"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Bihari languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihari_languages"},{"link_name":"Eastern Indo-Aryan languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Nastaliq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastaliq"},{"link_name":"Arabic font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_typography"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic"},{"link_name":"Naskh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naskh_(script)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"/ˌhɪndʊˈstɑːni/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"Devanagari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Perso-Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perso-Arabic_script"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transliteration"},{"link_name":"[ɦɪnd̪ʊst̪ɑːniː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu"},{"link_name":"Hindustan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hindustani-devn-spelling-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCSU-Hindustani-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grierson-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ray2011-5"}],"text":"^ Not to be confused with the Bihari languages, a group of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages.\n\n^ Also written as हिंदुस्तानी\n\n^ This will only display in a Nastaliq font if you will have one installed, otherwise it may display in a modern Arabic font in a style more common for writing Arabic and most other non-Urdu languages such as Naskh. If this پاکستان and this پاکستان looks like this پاکستان, then you are not seeing it in Nastaliq.\n\n^ /ˌhɪndʊˈstɑːni/(Devanagari: हिन्दुस्तानी,[b] Perso-Arabic: ہندوستانی,[c] Transliteration: Hindustānī, pronounced [ɦɪnd̪ʊst̪ɑːniː], lit. 'of Hindustan')[10][11][3][4]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-08-035943-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-035943-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-11-012855-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1"},{"link_name":"\"Dakkhni\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9WroLC__7EUC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1139465502","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139465502"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-561643-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-561643-X"}],"text":"Asher, R. E. 1994. \"Hindi.\" Pp. 1547–49 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 0-08-035943-4.\nBailey, Thomas G. 1950. Teach yourself Hindustani. London: English Universities Press.\nChatterji, Suniti K. 1960. Indo-Aryan and Hindi (rev. 2nd ed.). Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay.\nDua, Hans R. 1992. \"Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language.\" In Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations, edited by M. G. Clyne. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.\nDua, Hans R. 1994a. \"Hindustani.\" Pp. 1554 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.\nMustafa, K.S (2008), \"Dakkhni\", in Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories, Allied Publishers, pp. 185–186, ISBN 978-1139465502\n—— 1994b. \"Urdu.\" Pp. 4863–64 in The Encyclopedia of language and linguistics, edited by R. E. Asher. Oxford: Pergamon Press.\nRai, Amrit. 1984. A house divided: The origin and development of Hindi-Hindustani. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-561643-X","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Blochmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Blochmann"},{"link_name":"English and Urdu dictionary, romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xY8xAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/grammarofurduorh00dowsiala"},{"link_name":"264","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/grammarofurduorh00dowsiala/page/264"},{"link_name":"Duncan Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Forbes_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"A dictionary, Hindustani and English, accompanied by a reversed dictionary, English and Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/dictionaryhindus00forb/page/n5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1043011501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1043011501"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20181019223400/https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryhindus00forb/dictionaryhindus00forb_djvu.txt"},{"link_name":"A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cFIIAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JBoYAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=iDtbAAAAQAAJ"},{"link_name":"A Dictionary, Hindustani and English.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/"},{"link_name":"A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.cu58965823;view=1up;seq=1"},{"link_name":"Hathi Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathi_Trust"}],"text":"Henry Blochmann (1877). English and Urdu dictionary, romanized (8 ed.). Calcutta: Printed at the Baptist mission press for the Calcutta school-book society. p. 215. Retrieved 6 July 2011.the University of Michigan\nJohn Dowson (1908). A grammar of the Urdū or Hindūstānī language (3 ed.). London: K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co., ltd. p. 264. Retrieved 6 July 2011.the University of Michigan\nDuncan Forbes (1857). A dictionary, Hindustani and English, accompanied by a reversed dictionary, English and Hindustani (2nd ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company. p. 1144. OCLC 1043011501. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.\nJohn Thompson Platts (1874). A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language. Vol. 6423 of Harvard College Library preservation microfilm program. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399. Retrieved 6 July 2011.Oxford University\n—— (1892). A grammar of the Hindūstānī or Urdū language. London: W.H. Allen. p. 399. Retrieved 6 July 2011.the New York Public Library\n—— (1884). A dictionary of Urdū, classical Hindī, and English (reprint ed.). London: H. Milford. p. 1259. Retrieved 6 July 2011.Oxford University\nShakespear, John. A Dictionary, Hindustani and English. 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834.\nTaylor, Joseph. A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English. Available at Hathi Trust. (A dictionary, Hindoostanee and English / abridged from the quarto edition of Major Joseph Taylor; as edited by the late W. Hunter; by William Carmichael Smyth.)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"New Testament cover page in Hindustani language was published in 1842","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/New_testament_cover_page_in_Hindustani_language.jpg/180px-New_testament_cover_page_in_Hindustani_language.jpg"},{"image_text":"First chapter of New Testament in Hindustani language","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/First_page_of_new_testament_in_Hindustani_language.jpg/180px-First_page_of_new_testament_in_Hindustani_language.jpg"},{"image_text":"The phrase Zabān-e Urdu-ye Mualla in Nastaʿlīq","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Zaban_urdu_mualla.png/220px-Zaban_urdu_mualla.png"},{"image_text":"Lashkari Zabān title in the Perso-Arabic script","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png/220px-Lashkari_Zaban_calligraphy.png"},{"image_text":"Hindustani, in its standardised registers, is one of the official languages of both India (Hindi) and Pakistan (Urdu).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/South_asia.jpg/220px-South_asia.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"Surahi\" in Samrup Rachna calligraphy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Surahi_in_samrup_rachna_calligraphy.jpg"}] | [{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"title":"Pakistan portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg"},{"title":"Language portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Language"},{"title":"Hindustan (Indian subcontinent)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan"},{"title":"Languages of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_India"},{"title":"Languages of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"List of Hindi authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Hindi_authors"},{"title":"List of Urdu authors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Urdu_authors"},{"title":"Hindi–Urdu transliteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi%E2%80%93Urdu_transliteration"},{"title":"Uddin and Begum Hindustani Romanisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uddin_and_Begum_Hindustani_Romanisation"}] | [{"reference":"Robina Kausar; Muhammad Sarwar; Muhammad Shabbir (eds.). \"The History of the Urdu Language Together with Its Origin and Geographic Distribution\" (PDF). International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences. 2 (1).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ijires.org/administrator/components/com_jresearch/files/publications/IJIRES-154_final.pdf","url_text":"\"The History of the Urdu Language Together with Its Origin and Geographic Distribution\""}]},{"reference":"Ray, Aniruddha (2011). The Varied Facets of History: Essays in Honour of Aniruddha Ray. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-16-0. There was the Hindustani Dictionary of Fallon published in 1879; and two years later (1881), John J. Platts produced his Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi and English, which implied that Hindi and Urdu were literary forms of a single language. More recently, Christopher R. King in his One Language, Two Scripts (1994) has presented the late history of the single spoken language in two forms, with the clarity and detail that the subject deserves.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-80607-16-0","url_text":"978-93-80607-16-0"}]},{"reference":"Gangopadhyay, Avik (2020). Glimpses of Indian Languages. Evincepub publishing. p. 43. ISBN 9789390197828.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789390197828","url_text":"9789390197828"}]},{"reference":"\"National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language\". www.urducouncil.nic.in.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/","url_text":"\"National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language\""}]},{"reference":"McGregor, R. S., ed. (1993), \"हिंदुस्तानी\", The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p. 1071, 2. hindustani [P. hindustani] f Hindustani (a mixed Hindi dialect of the Delhi region which came to be used as a lingua franca widely throughout India and what is now Pakistan","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"हिंदुस्तानी\", बृहत हिंदी कोश खंड 2 (Large Hindi Dictionary, Volume 2), केन्द्रीय हिंदी निदेशालय, भारत सरकार (Central Hindi Directorate, Government of India), p. 1458, retrieved 17 October 2021","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chdpublication.mhrd.gov.in/ebook/b101/html5forpc.html?page=0","url_text":"बृहत हिंदी कोश खंड 2 (Large Hindi Dictionary, Volume 2)"}]},{"reference":"Das, Shyamasundar (1975), Hindi Shabda Sagar (Hindi dictionary) in 11 volumes, revised edition, Kashi (Varanasi): Nagari Pracharini Sabha, p. 5505, हिंदुस्तानी hindustānī३ संज्ञा स्त्री॰ १. हिंदुस्तान की भाषा । २. बोलचाल या व्यवहार की वह हिंदी जिसमें न तो बहुत अरबी फारसी के शब्द हों न संस्कृत के । उ॰—साहिब लोगों ने इस देश की भाषा का एक नया नाम हिंदुस्तानी रखा । Translation: Hindustani hindustānī3 noun feminine 1. The language of Hindustan. 2. That version of Hindi employed for common speech or business in which neither many Arabic or Persian words nor Sanskrit words are present. Context: The British gave the new name Hindustani to the language of this country.","urls":[{"url":"https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/dasa-hindi_query.py?page=5505","url_text":"Hindi Shabda Sagar (Hindi dictionary) in 11 volumes, revised edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagari_Pracharini_Sabha","url_text":"Nagari Pracharini Sabha"}]},{"reference":"Chaturvedi, Mahendra (1970), \"हिंदुस्तानी\", A Practical Hindi-English Dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House, hindustānī hīndusta:nī: a theoretically existent style of the Hindi language which is supposed to consist of current and simple words of any sources whatever and is neither too much biassed in favour of Perso-Arabic elements nor has any place for too much high-flown Sanskritized vocabulary","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"About Hindi-Urdu\". North Carolina State University. Archived from the original on 15 August 2009. Retrieved 9 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090815023328/http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm","url_text":"\"About Hindi-Urdu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_State_University","url_text":"North Carolina State University"},{"url":"http://sasw.chass.ncsu.edu/fl/faculty/taj/hindi/abturdu.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mohammad Tahsin Siddiqi (1994), Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts, University of Wisconsin, ... Hindustani is the lingua franca of both India and Pakistan ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vnrTAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Hindustani-English code-mixing in modern literary texts"}]},{"reference":"\"Hindustani language\". Encyclopedia Britannica. 1 November 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2021. (subscription required) lingua franca of northern India and Pakistan. Two variants of Hindustani, Urdu and Hindi, are official languages in Pakistan and India, respectively. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century CE in and around the Indian cities of Delhi and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony. In the 19th century its use was widely promoted by the British, who initiated an effort at standardization. Hindustani is widely recognized as India's most common lingua franca, but its status as a vernacular renders it difficult to measure precisely its number of speakers.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language","url_text":"\"Hindustani language\""}]},{"reference":"Yoon, Bogum; Pratt, Kristen L., eds. (15 January 2023). Primary Language Impact on Second Language and Literacy Learning. Lexington Books. p. 198. In terms of cross-linguistic relations, Urdu's combinations of Arabic-Persian orthography and Sanskrit linguistic roots provides interesting theoretical as well as practical comparisons demonstrated in table 12.1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trask, R. L. (8 August 2019), \"Hindi-Urdu\", Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 149–150, ISBN 9781474473316, Hindi-Urdu The most important modern Indo-Aryan language, spoken by well over 250 million people, mainly in India and Pakistan. At the spoken level Hindi and Urdu are the same language (called Hindustani before the political partition), but the two varieties are written in different alphabets and differ substantially in their abstract and technical vocabularies","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jacxEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149","url_text":"\"Hindi-Urdu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781474473316","url_text":"9781474473316"}]},{"reference":"Crystal, David (2001), A Dictionary of Language, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 9780226122038, (p. 115) Figure: A family of languages: the Indo-European family tree, reflecting geographical distribution. Proto Indo-European>Indo-Iranian>Indo-Aryan (Sanskrit)> Midland (Rajasthani, Bihari, Hindi/Urdu); (p. 149) Hindi There is little structural difference between Hindi and Urdu, and the two are often grouped together under the single label Hindi/Urdu, sometimes abbreviated to Hirdu, and formerly often called Hindustani; (p. 160) India ... With such linguistic diversity, Hindi/Urdu has come to be widely used as a lingua franca.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crystal","url_text":"Crystal, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3GU5FWs1pBEC","url_text":"A Dictionary of Language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago","url_text":"Chicago"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226122038","url_text":"9780226122038"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, M. K. (2018). An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition. Translated by Desai, Mahadev. annotation by Suhrud, Tridip. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300234077. (p. 737) I was handicapped for want of suitable Hindi or Urdu words. This was my first occasion for delivering an argumentative speech before an audience especially composed of Mussalmans of the North. I had spoken in Urdu at the Muslim League at Calcutta, but it was only for a few minutes, and the speech was intended only to be a feeling appeal to the audience. Here, on the contrary, I was faced with a critical, if not hostile, audience, to whom I had to explain and bring home my view-point. But I had cast aside all shyness. I was not there to deliver an address in the faultless, polished Urdu of the Delhi Muslims, but to place before the gathering my views in such broken Hindi as I could command. And in this I was successful. This meeting afforded me a direct proof of the fact that Hindi-Urdu alone could become the lingua franca<Footnote M8> of India. (M8: \"national language\" in the Gujarati original).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi","url_text":"Gandhi, M. K."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=h5BNDwAAQBAJ","url_text":"An Autobiography or The Story of My Experiments with Truth: A Critical Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadev_Desai","url_text":"Desai, Mahadev"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut","url_text":"New Haven"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University_Press","url_text":"Yale University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300234077","url_text":"9780300234077"}]},{"reference":"Basu, Manisha (2017). The Rhetoric of Hindutva. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-14987-8. Urdu, like Hindi, was a standardized register of the Hindustani language deriving from the Dehlavi dialect and emerged in the eighteenth century under the rule of the late Mughals.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-14987-8","url_text":"978-1-107-14987-8"}]},{"reference":"Gube, Jan; Gao, Fang (2019). Education, Ethnicity and Equity in the Multilingual Asian Context. Springer Publishing. ISBN 978-981-13-3125-1. The national language of India and Pakistan 'Standard Urdu' is mutually intelligible with 'Standard Hindi' because both languages share the same Indic base and are all but indistinguishable in phonology and grammar (Lust et al. 2000).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing","url_text":"Springer Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-13-3125-1","url_text":"978-981-13-3125-1"}]},{"reference":"Kothari, Rita; Snell, Rupert (2011). Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish. Penguin Books India. ISBN 978-0-14-341639-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R4tmwFFhoAEC&pg=PA37","url_text":"Chutnefying English: The Phenomenon of Hinglish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341639-5","url_text":"978-0-14-341639-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head\". read.dukeupress.edu. Retrieved 29 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://read.dukeupress.edu/world-policy-journal/article-abstract/29/2/97/78965/Hindi-Hinglish-Head-to-Head","url_text":"\"Hindi, Hinglish: Head to Head\""}]},{"reference":"Vanita, Ruth (1 April 2009). \"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti\". International Institute for Asian Studies Newsletter (50): 16–17.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.umt.edu/libstudies_pubs/2","url_text":"\"Eloquent Parrots; Mixed Language and the Examples of Hinglish and Rekhti\""}]},{"reference":"Singh, Rajendra (1 January 1985). \"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact\". ITL - International Journal of Applied Linguistics. 70 (1): 33–60. doi:10.1075/itl.70.02sin. ISSN 0019-0829.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/itl.70.02sin","url_text":"\"Modern Hindustani and Formal and Social Aspects of Language Contact\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fitl.70.02sin","url_text":"10.1075/itl.70.02sin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0019-0829","url_text":"0019-0829"}]},{"reference":"\"After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind\". Prabhu Mallikarjunan. The Feral. 3 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thefederal.com/analysis/how-gandhi-changed-his-mind-about-the-south-after-experiments-with-hindi-as-national-language/","url_text":"\"After experiments with Hindi as national language, how Gandhi changed his mind\""}]},{"reference":"Rai, Alok. \"The Persistence of Hindustani\". ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28623900","url_text":"\"The Persistence of Hindustani\""}]},{"reference":"Lelyveld, David (1 January 1993). \"Colonial knowledge and the fate of Hindustani\". Comparative Studies in Society and History. 35 (4): 665–682. doi:10.1017/S0010417500018661. S2CID 144180838.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/2252261","url_text":"\"Colonial knowledge and the fate of Hindustani\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500018661","url_text":"10.1017/S0010417500018661"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144180838","url_text":"144180838"}]},{"reference":"Bhat, Riyaz Ahmad; Bhat, Irshad Ahmad; Jain, Naman; Sharma, Dipti Misra (2016). \"A House United: Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu\" (PDF). Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics. Retrieved 18 October 2021. Hindi and Urdu transliteration has received a lot of attention from the NLP research community of South Asia (Malik et al., 2008; Lehal and Saini, 2012; Lehal and Saini, 2014). It has been seen to break the barrier that makes the two look different.","urls":[{"url":"http://irshadbhat.github.io/papers-pdf/house-united.pdf","url_text":"\"A House United: Bridging the Script and Lexical Barrier between Hindi and Urdu\""}]},{"reference":"Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona, eds. (2007). The Indo-Aryan languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. OCLC 648298147. Such an early date for the inception of a Hindi literature, one made possible only by subsuming the large body of Apabhraṁśa literature into Hindi, has not, however, been generally accepted by scholars (p. 279).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/648298147","url_text":"The Indo-Aryan languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9","url_text":"978-1-135-79711-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/648298147","url_text":"648298147"}]},{"reference":"Kachru, Yamuna (2006). Hindi. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. The period between 1000 AD-1200/1300 AD is designated the Old NIA stage because it is at this stage that the NIA languages such as Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi assumed distinct identities (p. 1, emphasis added)","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Kachru","url_text":"Kachru, Yamuna"}]},{"reference":"Dua, Hans (2008). \"Hindustani\". In Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 497–500. Hindustani as a colloquial speech developed over almost seven centuries from 1100 to 1800 (p. 497, emphasis added).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation\". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 25 February 2020. The \"Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb\" is one such instance of the composite culture that marks various regions of the country. Prevalent in the North, particularly in the central plains, it is born of the union between the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Most of the temples were lined along the Ganges and the Khanqah (Sufi school of thought) were situated along the Yamuna river (also called Jamuna). Thus, it came to be known as the Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb, with the word \"tehzeeb\" meaning culture. More than communal harmony, its most beautiful by-product was \"Hindustani\" which later gave us the Hindi and Urdu languages.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/women-of-the-indian-sub-continent-makings-of-a-culture-rekhta-foundation/dwJy7qboNi3fIg?hl=en","url_text":"\"Women of the Indian Sub-Continent: Makings of a Culture - Rekhta Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture","url_text":"Google Arts & Culture"}]},{"reference":"Matthews, David John; Shackle, C.; Husain, Shahanara (1985). Urdu literature. Urdu Markaz; Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies. ISBN 978-0-907962-30-4. But with the establishment of Muslim rule in Delhi, it was the Old Hindi of this area which came to form the major partner with Persian. This variety of Hindi is called Khari Boli, 'the upright speech'.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-907962-30-4","url_text":"978-0-907962-30-4"}]},{"reference":"Dhulipala, Venkat (2000). The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis. University of Wisconsin–Madison. p. 27. Persian became the court language, and many Persian words crept into popular usage. The composite culture of northern India, known as the Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison","url_text":"University of Wisconsin–Madison"}]},{"reference":"Indian Journal of Social Work, Volume 4. Tata Institute of Social Sciences. 1943. p. 264. ... more words of Sanskrit origin but 75% of the vocabulary is common. It is also admitted that while this language is known as Hindustani, ... Muslims call it Urdu and the Hindus call it Hindi. ... Urdu is a national language evolved through years of Hindu and Muslim cultural contact and, as stated by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, is essentially an Indian language and has no place outside.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tata_Institute_of_Social_Sciences","url_text":"Tata Institute of Social Sciences"}]},{"reference":"Mody, Sujata Sudhakar (2008). Literature, Language, and Nation Formation: The Story of a Modern Hindi Journal 1900-1920. University of California, Berkeley. p. 7. ...Hindustani, Rekhta, and Urdu as later names of the old Hindi (a.k.a. Hindavi).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Kesavan, B. S. (1997). History Of Printing And Publishing In India. National Book Trust, India. p. 31. ISBN 978-81-237-2120-0. It might be useful to recall here that Old Hindi or Hindavi, which was a naturally Persian- mixed language in the largest measure, has played this role before, as we have seen, for five or six centuries.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-237-2120-0","url_text":"978-81-237-2120-0"}]},{"reference":"Hans Henrich Hock (1991). Principles of Historical Linguistics. Walter de Gruyter. p. 475. ISBN 978-3-11-012962-5. During the time of British rule, Hindi (in its religiously neutral, 'Hindustani' variety) increasingly came to be the symbol of national unity over against the English of the foreign oppressor. And Hindustani was learned widely throughout India, even in Bengal and the Dravidian south. ... Independence had been accompanied by the division of former British India into two countries, Pakistan and India. The former had been established as a Muslim state and had made Urdu, the Muslim variety of Hindi–Urdu or Hindustani, its national language.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Henrich_Hock","url_text":"Hans Henrich Hock"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-012962-5","url_text":"978-3-11-012962-5"}]},{"reference":"Masica, Colin P. (1993). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. pp. 430 (Appendix I). ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2. Hindustani - term referring to common colloquial base of HINDI and URDU and to its function as lingua franca over much of India, much in vogue during Independence movement as expression of national unity; after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it their mother tongue (the majority of HINDI speakers and many URDU speakers had done so in previous censuses); trend continued in subsequent censuses: only 11,053 returned it in 1971...mostly from S India; [see Khubchandani 1983: 90-1].","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&q=masica","url_text":"The Indo-Aryan Languages"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29944-2","url_text":"978-0-521-29944-2"}]},{"reference":"Ashmore, Harry S. (1961). Encyclopaedia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 579. The everyday speech of well over 50,000,000 persons of all communities in the north of India and in West Pakistan is the expression of a common language, Hindustani.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Tunstall, Jeremy (2008). The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline. Oxford University Press. p. 160. ISBN 978-0-19-518146-3. The Hindi film industry used the most popular street level version of Hindi, namely Hindustani, which included a lot of Urdu and Persian words.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mediawereamerica0000tuns/page/160","url_text":"The media were American: U.S. mass media in decline"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/mediawereamerica0000tuns/page/160","url_text":"160"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518146-3","url_text":"978-0-19-518146-3"}]},{"reference":"Hiro, Dilip (2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. PublicAffairs. p. 398. ISBN 978-1-56858-503-1. Spoken Hindi is akin to spoken Urdu, and that language is often called Hindustani. Bollywood's screenplays are written in Hindustani.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PublicAffairs","url_text":"PublicAffairs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56858-503-1","url_text":"978-1-56858-503-1"}]},{"reference":"Delacy, Richard; Ahmed, Shahara (2005). Hindi, Urdu & Bengali. Lonely Planet. pp. 11–12. Hindi and Urdu are generally considered to be one spoken language with two different literary traditions. That means that Hindi and Urdu speakers who shop in the same markets (and watch the same Bollywood films) have no problems understanding each other.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar\". The Times of India. 12 March 2024. Retrieved 8 May 2024. The linguistic and cultural ties between Sanskrit and Urdu are deeply rooted and significant, said Ishtiaque Ahmed, registrar, Maula Azad National Urdu University during a two-day workshop titled \"Introduction to Sanskrit for Urdu medium students\". Ahmed said a substantial portion of Urdu's vocabulary and cultural capital, as well as its syntactic structure, is derived from Sanskrit.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/ties-between-urdu-sanskrit-deeply-rooted-scholar/articleshow/108415962.cms","url_text":"\"Ties between Urdu & Sanskrit deeply rooted: Scholar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"Kuiper, Kathleen (2010). The Culture of India. Rosen Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61530-149-2. Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosen_Publishing","url_text":"Rosen Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-149-2","url_text":"978-1-61530-149-2"}]},{"reference":"Chatterji, Suniti Kumar; Siṃha, Udaẏa Nārāẏana; Padikkal, Shivarama (1997). Suniti Kumar Chatterji: a centenary tribute. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 978-81-260-0353-2. High Hindi written in Devanagari, having identical grammar with Urdu, employing the native Hindi or Hindustani (Prakrit) elements to the fullest, but for words of high culture, going to Sanskrit. Hindustani proper that represents the basic Khari Boli with vocabulary holding a balance between Urdu and High Hindi.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-260-0353-2","url_text":"978-81-260-0353-2"}]},{"reference":"Draper, Allison Stark (2003). India: A Primary Source Cultural Guide. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-3838-4. People in Delhi spoke Khari Boli, a language the British called Hindustani. It used an Indo-Aryan grammatical structure and numerous Persian \"loan-words.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosen_Publishing_Group","url_text":"Rosen Publishing Group"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3838-4","url_text":"978-0-8239-3838-4"}]},{"reference":"Ahmad, Aijaz (2002). Lineages of the Present: Ideology and Politics in Contemporary South Asia. Verso. p. 113. ISBN 9781859843581. On this there are far more reliable statistics than those on population. Farhang-e-Asafiya is by general agreement the most reliable Urdu dictionary. It twas compiled in the late nineteenth century by an Indian scholar little exposed to British or Orientalist scholarship. The lexicographer in question, Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident even from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55,000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are derived from these sources. What distinguishes Urdu from a great many other Indian languauges ... is that is draws almost a quarter of its vocabulary from language communities to the west of India, such as Farsi, Turkish, and Tajik. Most of the little it takes from Arabic has not come directly but through Farsi.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859843581","url_text":"9781859843581"}]},{"reference":"Dalmia, Vasudha (31 July 2017). Hindu Pasts: Women, Religion, Histories. SUNY Press. p. 310. ISBN 9781438468075. On the issue of vocabulary, Ahmad goes on to cite Syed Ahmad Dehlavi as he set about to compile the Farhang-e-Asafiya, an Urdu dictionary, in the late nineteenth century. Syed Ahmad 'had no desire to sunder Urdu's relationship with Farsi, as is evident from the title of his dictionary. He estimates that roughly 75 per cent of the total stock of 55.000 Urdu words that he compiled in his dictionary are derived from Sanskrit and Prakrit, and that the entire stock of the base words of the language, without exception, are from these sources' (2000: 112-13). As Ahmad points out, Syed Ahmad, as a member of Delhi's aristocratic elite, had a clear bias towards Persian and Arabic. His estimate of the percentage of Prakitic words in Urdu should therefore be considered more conservative than not. The actual proportion of Prakitic words in everyday language would clearly be much higher.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SUNY_Press","url_text":"SUNY Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438468075","url_text":"9781438468075"}]},{"reference":"Brandt, Carmen; Sohoni, Pushkar (2 January 2018). \"Script and identity – the politics of writing in South Asia: an introduction\". South Asian History and Culture. 9 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1080/19472498.2017.1411048. ISSN 1947-2498. S2CID 148802248.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19472498.2017.1411048","url_text":"\"Script and identity – the politics of writing in South Asia: an introduction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19472498.2017.1411048","url_text":"10.1080/19472498.2017.1411048"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1947-2498","url_text":"1947-2498"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148802248","url_text":"148802248"}]},{"reference":"Brandt, Carmen (1 January 2020). \"From a Symbol of Colonial Conquest to the Scripta Franca: The Roman Script for South Asian Languages\". Academia.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/44049525","url_text":"\"From a Symbol of Colonial Conquest to the Scripta Franca: The Roman Script for South Asian Languages\""}]},{"reference":"\"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?\". 2022. Retrieved 22 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ethnologue.com/insights/ethnologue200/","url_text":"\"What are the top 200 most spoken languages?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011\" (PDF). Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 29 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India","url_text":"Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India"}]},{"reference":"Gambhir, Vijay (1995). The Teaching and Acquisition of South Asian Languages. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-3328-5. The position of Hindi–Urdu among the languages of the world is anomalous. The number of its proficient speakers, over three hundred million, places it in third of fourth place after Mandarin, English, and perhaps Spanish.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3328-5","url_text":"978-0-8122-3328-5"}]},{"reference":"First Encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936. Brill Academic Publishers. 1993. p. 1024. ISBN 9789004097964. Whilst the Muhammadan rulers of India spoke Persian, which enjoyed the prestige of being their court language, the common language of the country continued to be Hindi, derived through Prakrit from Sanskrit. On this dialect of the common people was grafted the Persian language, which brought a new language, Urdu, into existence. Sir George Grierson, in the Linguistic Survey of India, assigns no distinct place to Urdu, but treats it as an offshoot of Western Hindi.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Academic Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004097964","url_text":"9789004097964"}]},{"reference":"Kathleen Kuiper, ed. (2011). The Culture of India. Rosen Publishing. p. 80. ISBN 9781615301492. Hindustani began to develop during the 13th century AD in and around the Indian cities of Dehli and Meerut in response to the increasing linguistic diversity that resulted from Muslim hegemony.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosen_Publishing","url_text":"Rosen Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615301492","url_text":"9781615301492"}]},{"reference":"Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, ISBN 978-0-08-087774-7, Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi[.]","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC","url_text":"Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7","url_text":"978-0-08-087774-7"}]},{"reference":"Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (2008). Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories. Allied Publishers. p. 186. ISBN 9788184242799. In Deccan the dialect developed and flourished independently. It is here that it received, among others, the name Dakkhni. The kings of many independent kingdoms such as Bahmani, Ādil Shahi and Qutb Shahi that came into being in Deccan patronized the dialect. It was elevated as the official language.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9WroLC__7EUC&pg=PA185","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184242799","url_text":"9788184242799"}]},{"reference":"Gat, Azar; Yakobson, Alexander (2013). Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism. Cambridge University Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-107-00785-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azar_Gat","url_text":"Gat, Azar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Yakobson","url_text":"Yakobson, Alexander"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HK8TulTJpGAC&pg=PA126","url_text":"Nations: The Long History and Deep Roots of Political Ethnicity and Nationalism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00785-7","url_text":"978-1-107-00785-7"}]},{"reference":"Lydia Mihelič Pulsipher; Alex Pulsipher; Holly M. Hapke (2005), World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives, Macmillan, ISBN 978-0-7167-1904-5, ... By the time of British colonialism, Hindustani was the lingua franca of all of northern India and what is today Pakistan ...","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WfNaSNNAppQC","url_text":"World Regional Geography: Global Patterns, Local Lives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-1904-5","url_text":"978-0-7167-1904-5"}]},{"reference":"Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2010. p. 497. ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4. Hindustani is a Central Indo-Aryan language based on Khari Boli (Khaṛi Boli). Its origin, development, and function reflect the dynamics of the sociolinguistic contact situation from which it emerged as a colloquial speech. It is inextricably linked with the emergence and standardisation of Urdu and Hindi.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4","url_text":"978-0-08-087775-4"}]},{"reference":"Zahir ud-Din Mohammad (10 September 2002), Thackston, Wheeler M. (ed.), The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor, Modern Library Classics, ISBN 978-0-375-76137-9, Note: Gurkānī is the Persianized form of the Mongolian word \"kürügän\" (\"son-in-law\"), the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into Genghis Khan's family.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/babarinizam00babu","url_text":"The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76137-9","url_text":"978-0-375-76137-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genghis_Khan","url_text":"Genghis Khan"}]},{"reference":"\"Timurids\". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). New York City: Columbia University. Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 8 November 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061205073939/http://bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html","url_text":"\"Timurids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University","url_text":"Columbia University"},{"url":"http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012). South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny. A&C Black. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-4411-5127-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_Bennett","url_text":"Bennett, Clinton"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EQJHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA18","url_text":"South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5127-8","url_text":"978-1-4411-5127-8"}]},{"reference":"Laet, Sigfried J. de Laet (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. p. 734. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sigfried_J._de_Laet&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Laet, Sigfried J. de Laet"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA734","url_text":"History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7","url_text":"978-92-3-102813-7"}]},{"reference":"Taj, Afroz (1997). \"About Hindi-Urdu\". The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Archived from the original on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 30 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm","url_text":"\"About Hindi-Urdu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill","url_text":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100419162950/http://www.unc.edu/~taj/abturdu.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strnad, Jaroslav (2013). Morphology and Syntax of Old Hindī: Edition and Analysis of One Hundred Kabīr vānī Poems from Rājasthān. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-25489-3. Quite different group of nouns occurring with the ending -a in the dir. plural consists of words of Arabic or Persian origin borrowed by the Old Hindi with their Persian plural endings.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brill_Academic_Publishers","url_text":"Brill Academic Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25489-3","url_text":"978-90-04-25489-3"}]},{"reference":"Farooqi, M. (2012). Urdu Literary Culture: Vernacular Modernity in the Writing of Muhammad Hasan Askari. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-02692-7. Historically speaking, Urdu grew out of interaction between Hindus and Muslims.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-02692-7","url_text":"978-1-137-02692-7"}]},{"reference":"Hindustani (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)","url_text":"Keith Brown"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4","url_text":"0-08-044299-4"}]},{"reference":"Alyssa Ayres (23 July 2009). Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan. Cambridge University Press. pp. 19–. ISBN 978-0-521-51931-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre","url_text":"Speaking Like a State: Language and Nationalism in Pakistan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/speakinglikestat00ayre/page/n32","url_text":"19"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51931-1","url_text":"978-0-521-51931-1"}]},{"reference":"Pollock, Sheldon (2003). Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia. University of California Press. p. 912. ISBN 978-0-520-22821-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Pollock","url_text":"Pollock, Sheldon"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xowUxYhv0QgC&pg=RA1-PA912","url_text":"Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22821-4","url_text":"978-0-520-22821-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India\" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160328003510/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf","url_text":"\"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University","url_text":"Columbia University"},{"url":"http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India\" (PDF). Columbia University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 23 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160328003510/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf","url_text":"\"Rekhta: Poetry in Mixed Language, The Emergence of Khari Boli Literature in North India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University","url_text":"Columbia University"},{"url":"http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2012/bangha_rekhta.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Aijazuddin Ahmad (2009). Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 120–. ISBN 978-81-8069-568-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=I2QmPHeIowoC&pg=PA120","url_text":"Geography of the South Asian Subcontinent: A Critical Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-568-1","url_text":"978-81-8069-568-1"}]},{"reference":"Coatsworth, John (2015). Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History. United States: Cambridge Univ Pr. p. 159. ISBN 9780521761062.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.overstock.com/Books-Movies-Music-Games/Global-Connections-Politics-Exchange-and-Social-Life-in-World-History-Hardcover/9911619/product.html#more","url_text":"Global Connections: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521761062","url_text":"9780521761062"}]},{"reference":"Tariq Rahman (2011). \"Urdu as the Language of Education in British India\" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. 32 (2). NIHCR: 1–42.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariq_Rahman","url_text":"Tariq Rahman"},{"url":"http://www.nihcr.edu.pk/Latest_English_Journal/1.%20URDU%20AS%20THE%20LANGUAGE,%20Tariq%20Rahman%20FINAL.pdf","url_text":"\"Urdu as the Language of Education in British India\""}]},{"reference":"King, Christopher R. (1994). One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hurst, John Fletcher (1992). Indika, The country and People of India and Ceylon. Concept Publishing Company. p. 344. GGKEY:P8ZHWWKEKAJ.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fletcher_Hurst","url_text":"Hurst, John Fletcher"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j_1ykl3ZHXcC&pg=PA344","url_text":"Indika, The country and People of India and Ceylon"}]},{"reference":"\"Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica\". archive.ph. 1 April 2022. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20220401050423/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language","url_text":"\"Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica\""},{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hindustani-language","url_text":"\"Hindustani language | Origins & Vocabulary | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"Coulmas, Florian (2003). Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 978-0-521-78737-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Coulmas","url_text":"Coulmas, Florian"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kmKLxzTnL9IC&pg=PA232","url_text":"Writing Systems: An Introduction to Their Linguistic Analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78737-6","url_text":"978-0-521-78737-6"}]},{"reference":"Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 430. after Partition in 1947 and subsequent linguistic polarization it [Hindustani] fell into disfavor; census of 1951 registered an enormous decline (86-98 per cent) in no. of persons declaring it as their mother language","urls":[]},{"reference":"Peter-Dass, Rakesh (2019). Hindi Christian Literature in Contemporary India. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-070224-8. Two forms of the same language, Nagarai Hindi and Persianized Hindi (Urdu) had identical grammar, shared common words and roots, and employed different scripts.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge","url_text":"Routledge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-070224-8","url_text":"978-1-00-070224-8"}]},{"reference":"Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (2007). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-79711-9. The primary sources of non-IA loans into MSH are Arabic, Persian, Portuguese, Turkic and English. Conversational registers of Hindi/Urdu (not to mentioned formal registers of Urdu) employ large numbers of Persian and Arabic loanwords, although in Sanskritized registers many of these words are replaced by tatsama forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative rule over much of north India in the centuries before the establishment of British rule in India. Although it is conventional to differentiate among Persian and Arabic loan elements into Hindi/Urdu, in practice it is often difficult to separate these strands from one another. The Arabic (and also Turkic) lexemes borrowed into Hindi frequently were mediated through Persian, as a result of which a throrough intertwining of Persian and Arabic elements took place, as manifest by such phenomena as hybrid compounds and compound words. Moreover, although the dominant trajectory of lexical borrowing was from Arabic into Persian, and thence into Hindi/Urdu, examples can be found of words that in origin are actually Persian loanwords into both Arabic and Hindi/Urdu.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-79711-9","url_text":"978-1-135-79711-9"}]},{"reference":"Rahman, Tariq (2011). From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History (PDF). Oxford University Press. p. 99. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141010094507/http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf","url_text":"From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History"},{"url":"http://www.tariqrahman.net/content/hindiurdu1.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"King, Robert D. (10 January 2001). \"The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu\". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (150). doi:10.1515/ijsl.2001.035. ISSN 0165-2516.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2001.035","url_text":"\"The poisonous potency of script: Hindi and Urdu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.2001.035","url_text":"10.1515/ijsl.2001.035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0165-2516","url_text":"0165-2516"}]},{"reference":"Baldauf, Scott (23 November 2004). \"A Hindi-English jumble, spoken by 350 million\". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martingale_(betting_system) | Martingale (betting system) | ["1 Intuitive analysis","2 Mathematical analysis","3 Mathematical analysis of a single round","4 Alternative mathematical analysis","5 Anti-martingale","6 See also","7 References"] | A gambling strategy where the amount is raised until a person wins or becomes insolvent
For the generalised mathematical concept, see Martingale (probability theory).
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A martingale is a class of betting strategies that originated from and were popular in 18th-century France. The simplest of these strategies was designed for a game in which the gambler wins the stake if a coin comes up heads and loses if it comes up tails. The strategy had the gambler double the bet after every loss, so that the first win would recover all previous losses plus win a profit equal to the original stake. Thus the strategy is an instantiation of the St. Petersburg paradox.
Since a gambler will almost surely eventually flip heads, the martingale betting strategy is certain to make money for the gambler provided they have infinite wealth and there is no limit on money earned in a single bet. However, no gambler has infinite wealth, and the exponential growth of the bets can bankrupt unlucky gamblers who choose to use the martingale, causing a catastrophic loss. Despite the fact that the gambler usually wins a small net reward, thus appearing to have a sound strategy, the gambler's expected value remains zero because the small probability that the gambler will suffer a catastrophic loss exactly balances with the expected gain. In a casino, the expected value is negative, due to the house's edge. Additionally, as the likelihood of a string of consecutive losses is higher than common intuition suggests, martingale strategies can bankrupt a gambler quickly.
The martingale strategy has also been applied to roulette, as the probability of hitting either red or black is close to 50%.
Intuitive analysis
The fundamental reason why all martingale-type betting systems fail is that no amount of information about the results of past bets can be used to predict the results of a future bet with accuracy better than chance. In mathematical terminology, this corresponds to the assumption that the win–loss outcomes of each bet are independent and identically distributed random variables, an assumption which is valid in many realistic situations. It follows from this assumption that the expected value of a series of bets is equal to the sum, over all bets that could potentially occur in the series, of the expected value of a potential bet times the probability that the player will make that bet. In most casino games, the expected value of any individual bet is negative, so the sum of many negative numbers will also always be negative.
The martingale strategy fails even with unbounded stopping time, as long as there is a limit on earnings or on the bets (which is also true in practice). It is only with unbounded wealth, bets and time that it could be argued that the martingale becomes a winning strategy.
Mathematical analysis
The impossibility of winning over the long run, given a limit of the size of bets or a limit in the size of one's bankroll or line of credit, is proven by the optional stopping theorem.
However, without these limits, the martingale betting strategy is certain to make money for the gambler because the chance of at least one coin flip coming up heads approaches one as the number of coin flips approaches infinity.
Mathematical analysis of a single round
Let one round be defined as a sequence of consecutive losses followed by either a win, or bankruptcy of the gambler. After a win, the gambler "resets" and is considered to have started a new round. A continuous sequence of martingale bets can thus be partitioned into a sequence of independent rounds. Following is an analysis of the expected value of one round.
Let q be the probability of losing (e.g. for American double-zero roulette, it is 20/38 for a bet on black or red). Let B be the amount of the initial bet. Let n be the finite number of bets the gambler can afford to lose.
The probability that the gambler will lose all n bets is qn. When all bets lose, the total loss is
∑
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{\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{n}B\cdot 2^{i-1}=B(2^{n}-1)}
The probability the gambler does not lose all n bets is 1 − qn. In all other cases, the gambler wins the initial bet (B.) Thus, the expected profit per round is
(
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{\displaystyle (1-q^{n})\cdot B-q^{n}\cdot B(2^{n}-1)=B(1-(2q)^{n})}
Whenever q > 1/2, the expression 1 − (2q)n < 0 for all n > 0. Thus, for all games where a gambler is more likely to lose than to win any given bet, that gambler is expected to lose money, on average, each round. Increasing the size of wager for each round per the martingale system only serves to increase the average loss.
Suppose a gambler has a 63-unit gambling bankroll. The gambler might bet 1 unit on the first spin. On each loss, the bet is doubled. Thus, taking k as the number of preceding consecutive losses, the player will always bet 2k units.
With a win on any given spin, the gambler will net 1 unit over the total amount wagered to that point. Once this win is achieved, the gambler restarts the system with a 1 unit bet.
With losses on all of the first six spins, the gambler loses a total of 63 units. This exhausts the bankroll and the martingale cannot be continued.
In this example, the probability of losing the entire bankroll and being unable to continue the martingale is equal to the probability of 6 consecutive losses: (10/19)6 = 2.1256%. The probability of winning is equal to 1 minus the probability of losing 6 times: 1 − (10/19)6 = 97.8744%.
The expected amount won is (1 × 0.978744) = 0.978744.
The expected amount lost is (63 × 0.021256)= 1.339118.
Thus, the total expected value for each application of the betting system is (0.978744 − 1.339118) = −0.360374 .
In a unique circumstance, this strategy can make sense. Suppose the gambler possesses exactly 63 units but desperately needs a total of 64. Assuming q > 1/2 (it is a real casino) and he may only place bets at even odds, his best strategy is bold play: at each spin, he should bet the smallest amount such that if he wins he reaches his target immediately, and if he does not have enough for this, he should simply bet everything. Eventually he either goes bust or reaches his target. This strategy gives him a probability of 97.8744% of achieving the goal of winning one unit vs. a 2.1256% chance of losing all 63 units, and that is the best probability possible in this circumstance. However, bold play is not always the optimal strategy for having the biggest possible chance to increase an initial capital to some desired higher amount. If the gambler can bet arbitrarily small amounts at arbitrarily long odds (but still with the same expected loss of 10/19 of the stake at each bet), and can only place one bet at each spin, then there are strategies with above 98% chance of attaining his goal, and these use very timid play unless the gambler is close to losing all his capital, in which case he does switch to extremely bold play.
Alternative mathematical analysis
The previous analysis calculates expected value, but we can ask another question: what is the chance that one can play a casino game using the martingale strategy, and avoid the losing streak long enough to double one's bankroll?
As before, this depends on the likelihood of losing 6 roulette spins in a row assuming we are betting red/black or even/odd. Many gamblers believe that the chances of losing 6 in a row are remote, and that with a patient adherence to the strategy they will slowly increase their bankroll.
In reality, the odds of a streak of 6 losses in a row are much higher than many people intuitively believe. Psychological studies have shown that since people know that the odds of losing 6 times in a row out of 6 plays are low, they incorrectly assume that in a longer string of plays the odds are also very low. In fact, while the chance of losing 6 times in a row in 6 plays is a relatively low 1.8% on a single-zero wheel, the probability of losing 6 times in a row (i.e. encountering a streak of 6 losses) at some point during a string of 200 plays is approximately 84%. Even if the gambler can tolerate betting ~1,000 times their original bet, a streak of 10 losses in a row has an ~11% chance of occurring in a string of 200 plays. Such a loss streak would likely wipe out the bettor, as 10 consecutive losses using the martingale strategy means a loss of 1,023x the original bet.
These unintuitively risky probabilities raise the bankroll requirement for "safe" long-term martingale betting to infeasibly high numbers. To have an under 10% chance of failing to survive a long loss streak during 5,000 plays, the bettor must have enough to double their bets for 15 losses. This means the bettor must have over 65,500 (2^15-1 for their 15 losses and 2^15 for their 16th streak-ending winning bet) times their original bet size. Thus, a player making 10 unit bets would want to have over 655,000 units in their bankroll (and still have a ~5.5% chance of losing it all during 5,000 plays).
When people are asked to invent data representing 200 coin tosses, they often do not add streaks of more than 5 because they believe that these streaks are very unlikely. This intuitive belief is sometimes referred to as the representativeness heuristic.
Anti-martingale
In a classic martingale betting style, gamblers increase bets after each loss in hopes that an eventual win will recover all previous losses. The anti-martingale approach, also known as the reverse martingale, instead increases bets after wins, while reducing them after a loss. The perception is that the gambler will benefit from a winning streak or a "hot hand", while reducing losses while "cold" or otherwise having a losing streak. As the single bets are independent from each other (and from the gambler's expectations), the concept of winning "streaks" is merely an example of gambler's fallacy, and the anti-martingale strategy fails to make any money.
See also
Mathematics portal
Double or nothing – Decision in gambling that will either double one's losses or cancel them out
Escalation of commitment – A human behavior pattern in which the participant takes on increasingly greater risk
St. Petersburg paradox – Paradox involving a game with repeated coin flipping
Sunk cost fallacy – Cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recoveredPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
References
^ Williams, Leighton Vaughan (2021-09-15). Probability, Choice, and Reason. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-000-45887-9.
^ Ottaviani, Marco; Sørensen, Peter Norman (2010). "Noise, Information, and the Favorite-Longshot Bias in Parimutuel Predictions". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 2 (1): 58–85. ISSN 1945-7669. JSTOR 25760376.
^ a b Michael Mitzenmacher; Eli Upfal (2005), Probability and computing: randomized algorithms and probabilistic analysis, Cambridge University Press, p. 298, ISBN 978-0-521-83540-4, archived from the original on October 13, 2015
^ Lester E. Dubins; Leonard J. Savage (1965), How to gamble if you must: inequalities for stochastic processes, McGraw Hill
^ Larry Shepp (2006), Bold play and the optimal policy for Vardi's casino, pp 150–156 in: Random Walk, Sequential Analysis and Related Topics, World Scientific, doi:10.1142/9789812772558_0010
^ Martin, Frank A. (February 2009). "What were the Odds of Having Such a Terrible Streak at the Casino?" (PDF). WizardOfOdds.com. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
^ "Martingale Strategy and Averaging Down | What You Need to Know". capital.com. Retrieved 2024-03-11.
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WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Martingale (probability theory)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martingale_(probability_theory)"},{"link_name":"betting strategies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betting_strategy"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_paradox"},{"link_name":"almost surely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_surely"},{"link_name":"flip heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coin_flipping"},{"link_name":"exponential growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_growth"},{"link_name":"house's edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambling_mathematics#House_advantage_or_edge"},{"link_name":"roulette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roulette"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For the generalised mathematical concept, see Martingale (probability theory).A martingale is a class of betting strategies that originated from and were popular in 18th-century France. The simplest of these strategies was designed for a game in which the gambler wins the stake if a coin comes up heads and loses if it comes up tails. The strategy had the gambler double the bet after every loss, so that the first win would recover all previous losses plus win a profit equal to the original stake. Thus the strategy is an instantiation of the St. Petersburg paradox.Since a gambler will almost surely eventually flip heads, the martingale betting strategy is certain to make money for the gambler provided they have infinite wealth and there is no limit on money earned in a single bet. However, no gambler has infinite wealth, and the exponential growth of the bets can bankrupt unlucky gamblers who choose to use the martingale, causing a catastrophic loss. Despite the fact that the gambler usually wins a small net reward, thus appearing to have a sound strategy, the gambler's expected value remains zero because the small probability that the gambler will suffer a catastrophic loss exactly balances with the expected gain. In a casino, the expected value is negative, due to the house's edge. Additionally, as the likelihood of a string of consecutive losses is higher than common intuition suggests, martingale strategies can bankrupt a gambler quickly.The martingale strategy has also been applied to roulette, as the probability of hitting either red or black is close to 50%.[1]","title":"Martingale (betting system)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent and identically distributed random variables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_and_identically_distributed_random_variables"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mitzenmacherupfal-3"},{"link_name":"winning strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_strategy"}],"text":"The fundamental reason why all martingale-type betting systems fail is that no amount of information about the results of past bets can be used to predict the results of a future bet with accuracy better than chance. In mathematical terminology, this corresponds to the assumption that the win–loss outcomes of each bet are independent and identically distributed random variables, an assumption which is valid in many realistic situations.[2] It follows from this assumption that the expected value of a series of bets is equal to the sum, over all bets that could potentially occur in the series, of the expected value of a potential bet times the probability that the player will make that bet. In most casino games, the expected value of any individual bet is negative, so the sum of many negative numbers will also always be negative.The martingale strategy fails even with unbounded stopping time, as long as there is a limit on earnings or on the bets (which is also true in practice).[3] It is only with unbounded wealth, bets and time that it could be argued that the martingale becomes a winning strategy.","title":"Intuitive analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"optional stopping theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optional_stopping_theorem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mitzenmacherupfal-3"}],"text":"The impossibility of winning over the long run, given a limit of the size of bets or a limit in the size of one's bankroll or line of credit, is proven by the optional stopping theorem.[3]However, without these limits, the martingale betting strategy is certain to make money for the gambler because the chance of at least one coin flip coming up heads approaches one as the number of coin flips approaches infinity.","title":"Mathematical analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"expected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expected_value"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dubinssavage-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shepp-5"}],"text":"Let one round be defined as a sequence of consecutive losses followed by either a win, or bankruptcy of the gambler. After a win, the gambler \"resets\" and is considered to have started a new round. A continuous sequence of martingale bets can thus be partitioned into a sequence of independent rounds. Following is an analysis of the expected value of one round.Let q be the probability of losing (e.g. for American double-zero roulette, it is 20/38 for a bet on black or red). Let B be the amount of the initial bet. Let n be the finite number of bets the gambler can afford to lose.The probability that the gambler will lose all n bets is qn. When all bets lose, the total loss is∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n n\n \n \n B\n ⋅\n \n 2\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n =\n B\n (\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\sum _{i=1}^{n}B\\cdot 2^{i-1}=B(2^{n}-1)}The probability the gambler does not lose all n bets is 1 − qn. In all other cases, the gambler wins the initial bet (B.) Thus, the expected profit per round is(\n 1\n −\n \n q\n \n n\n \n \n )\n ⋅\n B\n −\n \n q\n \n n\n \n \n ⋅\n B\n (\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n −\n 1\n )\n =\n B\n (\n 1\n −\n (\n 2\n q\n \n )\n \n n\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1-q^{n})\\cdot B-q^{n}\\cdot B(2^{n}-1)=B(1-(2q)^{n})}Whenever q > 1/2, the expression 1 − (2q)n < 0 for all n > 0. Thus, for all games where a gambler is more likely to lose than to win any given bet, that gambler is expected to lose money, on average, each round. Increasing the size of wager for each round per the martingale system only serves to increase the average loss.Suppose a gambler has a 63-unit gambling bankroll. The gambler might bet 1 unit on the first spin. On each loss, the bet is doubled. Thus, taking k as the number of preceding consecutive losses, the player will always bet 2k units.With a win on any given spin, the gambler will net 1 unit over the total amount wagered to that point. Once this win is achieved, the gambler restarts the system with a 1 unit bet.With losses on all of the first six spins, the gambler loses a total of 63 units. This exhausts the bankroll and the martingale cannot be continued.In this example, the probability of losing the entire bankroll and being unable to continue the martingale is equal to the probability of 6 consecutive losses: (10/19)6 = 2.1256%. The probability of winning is equal to 1 minus the probability of losing 6 times: 1 − (10/19)6 = 97.8744%.The expected amount won is (1 × 0.978744) = 0.978744.\nThe expected amount lost is (63 × 0.021256)= 1.339118.\nThus, the total expected value for each application of the betting system is (0.978744 − 1.339118) = −0.360374 .In a unique circumstance, this strategy can make sense. Suppose the gambler possesses exactly 63 units but desperately needs a total of 64. Assuming q > 1/2 (it is a real casino) and he may only place bets at even odds, his best strategy is bold play: at each spin, he should bet the smallest amount such that if he wins he reaches his target immediately, and if he does not have enough for this, he should simply bet everything. Eventually he either goes bust or reaches his target. This strategy gives him a probability of 97.8744% of achieving the goal of winning one unit vs. a 2.1256% chance of losing all 63 units, and that is the best probability possible in this circumstance.[4] However, bold play is not always the optimal strategy for having the biggest possible chance to increase an initial capital to some desired higher amount. If the gambler can bet arbitrarily small amounts at arbitrarily long odds (but still with the same expected loss of 10/19 of the stake at each bet), and can only place one bet at each spin, then there are strategies with above 98% chance of attaining his goal, and these use very timid play unless the gambler is close to losing all his capital, in which case he does switch to extremely bold play.[5]","title":"Mathematical analysis of a single round"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"representativeness heuristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representativeness_heuristic"}],"text":"The previous analysis calculates expected value, but we can ask another question: what is the chance that one can play a casino game using the martingale strategy, and avoid the losing streak long enough to double one's bankroll?As before, this depends on the likelihood of losing 6 roulette spins in a row assuming we are betting red/black or even/odd. Many gamblers believe that the chances of losing 6 in a row are remote, and that with a patient adherence to the strategy they will slowly increase their bankroll.In reality, the odds of a streak of 6 losses in a row are much higher than many people intuitively believe. Psychological studies have shown that since people know that the odds of losing 6 times in a row out of 6 plays are low, they incorrectly assume that in a longer string of plays the odds are also very low. In fact, while the chance of losing 6 times in a row in 6 plays is a relatively low 1.8% on a single-zero wheel, the probability of losing 6 times in a row (i.e. encountering a streak of 6 losses) at some point during a string of 200 plays is approximately 84%. Even if the gambler can tolerate betting ~1,000 times their original bet, a streak of 10 losses in a row has an ~11% chance of occurring in a string of 200 plays. Such a loss streak would likely wipe out the bettor, as 10 consecutive losses using the martingale strategy means a loss of 1,023x the original bet.These unintuitively risky probabilities raise the bankroll requirement for \"safe\" long-term martingale betting to infeasibly high numbers. To have an under 10% chance of failing to survive a long loss streak during 5,000 plays, the bettor must have enough to double their bets for 15 losses. This means the bettor must have over 65,500 (2^15-1 for their 15 losses and 2^15 for their 16th streak-ending winning bet) times their original bet size. Thus, a player making 10 unit bets would want to have over 655,000 units in their bankroll (and still have a ~5.5% chance of losing it all during 5,000 plays).When people are asked to invent data representing 200 coin tosses, they often do not add streaks of more than 5 because they believe that these streaks are very unlikely.[6] This intuitive belief is sometimes referred to as the representativeness heuristic.","title":"Alternative mathematical analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gambler's fallacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambler%27s_fallacy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In a classic martingale betting style, gamblers increase bets after each loss in hopes that an eventual win will recover all previous losses. The anti-martingale approach, also known as the reverse martingale, instead increases bets after wins, while reducing them after a loss. The perception is that the gambler will benefit from a winning streak or a \"hot hand\", while reducing losses while \"cold\" or otherwise having a losing streak. As the single bets are independent from each other (and from the gambler's expectations), the concept of winning \"streaks\" is merely an example of gambler's fallacy, and the anti-martingale strategy fails to make any money.[7]","title":"Anti-martingale"}] | [] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"Double or nothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_or_nothing"},{"title":"Escalation of commitment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalation_of_commitment"},{"title":"St. Petersburg paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_paradox"},{"title":"Sunk cost fallacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunk_cost_fallacy"}] | [{"reference":"Williams, Leighton Vaughan (2021-09-15). Probability, Choice, and Reason. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-000-45887-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YHU_EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+martingale+strategy+has+also+been+applied+to+roulette,+as+the+probability+of+hitting+either+red+or+black+is+close+to+50%25.&pg=PA152","url_text":"Probability, Choice, and Reason"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-45887-9","url_text":"978-1-000-45887-9"}]},{"reference":"Ottaviani, Marco; Sørensen, Peter Norman (2010). \"Noise, Information, and the Favorite-Longshot Bias in Parimutuel Predictions\". American Economic Journal: Microeconomics. 2 (1): 58–85. ISSN 1945-7669. JSTOR 25760376.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25760376","url_text":"\"Noise, Information, and the Favorite-Longshot Bias in Parimutuel Predictions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7669","url_text":"1945-7669"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25760376","url_text":"25760376"}]},{"reference":"Michael Mitzenmacher; Eli Upfal (2005), Probability and computing: randomized algorithms and probabilistic analysis, Cambridge University Press, p. 298, ISBN 978-0-521-83540-4, archived from the original on October 13, 2015","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013024650/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bAYl6d7hvkC&pg=PA298","url_text":"Probability and computing: randomized algorithms and probabilistic analysis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83540-4","url_text":"978-0-521-83540-4"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0bAYl6d7hvkC&pg=PA298","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lester E. Dubins; Leonard J. Savage (1965), How to gamble if you must: inequalities for stochastic processes, McGraw Hill","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester_Dubins","url_text":"Lester E. Dubins"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Jimmie_Savage","url_text":"Leonard J. Savage"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9QAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"How to gamble if you must: inequalities for stochastic processes"}]},{"reference":"Larry Shepp (2006), Bold play and the optimal policy for Vardi's casino, pp 150–156 in: Random Walk, Sequential Analysis and Related Topics, World Scientific, doi:10.1142/9789812772558_0010","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812772558_0010","url_text":"Bold play and the optimal policy for Vardi's casino, pp 150–156 in: Random Walk, Sequential Analysis and Related Topics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812772558_0010","url_text":"10.1142/9789812772558_0010"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Frank A. (February 2009). \"What were the Odds of Having Such a Terrible Streak at the Casino?\" (PDF). WizardOfOdds.com. Retrieved 31 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://wizardofodds.com/image/ask-the-wizard/streaks.pdf","url_text":"\"What were the Odds of Having Such a Terrible Streak at the Casino?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Martingale Strategy and Averaging Down | What You Need to Know\". capital.com. Retrieved 2024-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://capital.com/the-martingale-approach-and-averaging-down","url_text":"\"Martingale Strategy and Averaging Down | What You Need to Know\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Martingale%22+betting+system","external_links_name":"\"Martingale\" betting system"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Martingale%22+betting+system+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Martingale%22+betting+system&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Martingale%22+betting+system+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Martingale%22+betting+system","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Martingale%22+betting+system&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YHU_EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+martingale+strategy+has+also+been+applied+to+roulette,+as+the+probability+of+hitting+either+red+or+black+is+close+to+50%25.&pg=PA152","external_links_name":"Probability, Choice, and Reason"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25760376","external_links_name":"\"Noise, Information, and the Favorite-Longshot Bias in Parimutuel Predictions\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1945-7669","external_links_name":"1945-7669"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25760376","external_links_name":"25760376"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151013024650/https://books.google.com/books?id=0bAYl6d7hvkC&pg=PA298","external_links_name":"Probability and computing: randomized algorithms and probabilistic analysis"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0bAYl6d7hvkC&pg=PA298","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9QAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"How to gamble if you must: inequalities for stochastic processes"},{"Link":"https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789812772558_0010","external_links_name":"Bold play and the optimal policy for Vardi's casino, pp 150–156 in: Random Walk, Sequential Analysis and Related Topics"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1142%2F9789812772558_0010","external_links_name":"10.1142/9789812772558_0010"},{"Link":"http://wizardofodds.com/image/ask-the-wizard/streaks.pdf","external_links_name":"\"What were the Odds of Having Such a Terrible Streak at the Casino?\""},{"Link":"https://capital.com/the-martingale-approach-and-averaging-down","external_links_name":"\"Martingale Strategy and Averaging Down | What You Need to Know\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muoj%C3%A4rvi | Muojärvi | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 65°56′N 29°43′E / 65.933°N 29.717°E / 65.933; 29.717Lake in Kuusamo, Finland
MuojärviLocationNorth OstrobothniaCoordinates65°56′N 29°43′E / 65.933°N 29.717°E / 65.933; 29.717Basin countriesFinlandSurface area76.16 km2 (29.41 sq mi)Max. depth535 m (1,755 ft)Surface elevation2,412 m (7,913 ft)
Lake Muojärvi (Finnish: Muojärvi) or Muojärvi–Kirpistö is a lake located in Kuusamo, Finland.
The lake has an area of 76.16 square kilometers and an elevation of 253 meters. Lake Muojärvi, which is part of the Kemijoki river basin, flows through the Pistojoki river into Lake Joukamo. It is fed by lakes Kirpistö and Kuusamojärvi.
References
^ "Karttapaikka - Maanmittauslaitos". asiointi.maanmittauslaitos.fi. Retrieved 2023-07-05.
^ "Muojärvi (59.529.1.001)". Järvi-meriwiki (in Finnish). Retrieved 2023-07-05.
^ "Avoimet ympäristötietojärjestelmät - syke.fi". www.syke.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2023-07-05.
This article related to a river in Finland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kuusamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusamo"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kemijoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijoki"},{"link_name":"Kuusamojärvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuusamoj%C3%A4rvi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Lake in Kuusamo, FinlandLake Muojärvi (Finnish: Muojärvi) or Muojärvi–Kirpistö is a lake located in Kuusamo, Finland.[1][2]The lake has an area of 76.16 square kilometers and an elevation of 253 meters. Lake Muojärvi, which is part of the Kemijoki river basin, flows through the Pistojoki river into Lake Joukamo. It is fed by lakes Kirpistö and Kuusamojärvi.[3]","title":"Muojärvi"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Karttapaikka - Maanmittauslaitos\". asiointi.maanmittauslaitos.fi. Retrieved 2023-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiointi.maanmittauslaitos.fi/karttapaikka/","url_text":"\"Karttapaikka - Maanmittauslaitos\""}]},{"reference":"\"Muojärvi (59.529.1.001)\". Järvi-meriwiki (in Finnish). Retrieved 2023-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jarviwiki.fi/wiki/Muoj%C3%A4rvi_(59.529.1.001)","url_text":"\"Muojärvi (59.529.1.001)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Avoimet ympäristötietojärjestelmät - syke.fi\". www.syke.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2023-07-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.syke.fi/fi-FI/Avoin_tieto/Ymparistotietojarjestelmat","url_text":"\"Avoimet ympäristötietojärjestelmät - syke.fi\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muoj%C3%A4rvi¶ms=65_56_N_29_43_E_type:waterbody_region:FI_scale:1000000","external_links_name":"65°56′N 29°43′E / 65.933°N 29.717°E / 65.933; 29.717"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muoj%C3%A4rvi¶ms=65_56_N_29_43_E_type:waterbody_region:FI_scale:1000000","external_links_name":"65°56′N 29°43′E / 65.933°N 29.717°E / 65.933; 29.717"},{"Link":"https://asiointi.maanmittauslaitos.fi/karttapaikka/","external_links_name":"\"Karttapaikka - Maanmittauslaitos\""},{"Link":"https://www.jarviwiki.fi/wiki/Muoj%C3%A4rvi_(59.529.1.001)","external_links_name":"\"Muojärvi (59.529.1.001)\""},{"Link":"https://www.syke.fi/fi-FI/Avoin_tieto/Ymparistotietojarjestelmat","external_links_name":"\"Avoimet ympäristötietojärjestelmät - syke.fi\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muoj%C3%A4rvi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martha_E._Church | Martha E. Church | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Professional affiliations","4 Awards and honors","5 Personal life","6 Selected publications","7 References"] | American college president (1931–2019
Martha E. ChurchBorn1931Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedJanuary 27, 2019Occupation(s)College president and professorKnown forPresident of Hood CollegeAcademic backgroundEducationWesley CollegeUniversity of PittsburghUniversity of ChicagoAcademic workDisciplineGeographyInstitutionsHood College
Wilson College
Wesley College
Mount Holyoke College
Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools
Martha E. Church (1931 – January 27, 2019 ) was an American geographer, professor, and college president. She was the first female president of Hood College.
Early life
Church was a native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of Eleanor Boyer and Walter H. Church. Her father was a civil engineer and the superintendent of construction for Duquesne Light. Her mother was the president of Wellesley College's Alumnae Association. Her family were Presbyterians.
Church graduated from Peabody High School in Pittsburgh. She had three degrees in geography. She received a B.A. in geography from Wesley College in 1952. She also received an M.A. in geography from the University of Pittsburgh and a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Chicago. In 1959, she was awarded a fellowship by the Educational Foundation of the American Association of University Women; she used to award to study geography at the University of Chicago.
Career
She was a geography instructor at Carlow University and the Indiana University of Pennsylvania. She was a faculty member of Mount Holyoke College from 1953 to 1957. She was an assistant professor at Wesley College from 1958 to 1963. Church was a professor of geography and dean of the college at Wilson College from July 1965 to 1971. In 1970, she was elected to a three-year term as the associate executive secretary of the Commission of Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools in 1971.
Church was a consultant for a high school geography project that was sponsored by the National Council of Geographic Education and the American Association of Geographers. She was one of three people appointed to compile and edit a list of atlases, journals, and textbooks for the American Association. of Geographers, a project funded by the National Science Foundation.
Church became president of Hood College on August 1, 1975, and served in this capacity through June 30, 1995. Under her leadership there, the college's endowment grew from $3 million to $39 million. In total, the five-year fundraising campaign raised $47 million. She also added several buildings to the campus, including the Beneficial-Hodson Library and Information Technology Center, the Hodson Science link, the Joseph A. Pastore Facilities Center, and the Lawrence Marx Jr., Resource Management Center.
After she retired from Hood College, Church worked to reform secondary education in China as a part-time senior scholar at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.
Professional affiliations
In 1989, Church was elected to the board of trustees of the National Geographic Society. She also served on the Board of Trustees of the National Geographic's Education Foundation. She was the treasurer of the National Council for Geographic Education and the secretary/treasurer of the New England–St. Lawrence Valley Geographical Society. She was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Association of Women Deans and Counselor.
Church served on the boards of Bradford College and the Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey. She was the chairman of the board of trustees of Hood College from 2006 to 2008.
Awards and honors
Church received a distinguished teacher award at Wilson College. In June 1971, she received an honorary doctor of science degree from Lake Erie College.
Before her retirement in 1995, the road leading to Alumni Hall on the college campus was named Martha E. Church Drive. Hood College also gave her an honorary doctorate in 1995 and named her president emeritus. It also commissioned a portrait of Church that hangs in the lobby of Alumni Hall and a bust of Church that is displayed in its Beneficial-Hodson Library. In addition, the faculty of Hood College endowed a scholarship in her name.
After her death, Hood College named the Martha E. Church Center for Community & Civic Engagement in her honor.
Personal life
In 1982, Church was elected to board of directors of the Farmers and Mechanics National Bank. In 1988, she became one of the first female members of the Cosmos Club. She was a member of the American Association of University Women and Sigma Delta Epsilon honor society.
Hood died at the age of 88 on January 27, 2019. Hood College held a memorial service for Church on May 5, 2019, in Coffman Chapel.
Selected publications
"A Bibliography of Basic Books on Geography". with Robert E. Huke and Wilbur Zelinksy. The Professional Geographer vol. 16, no. 4 (1964): 31"Teacher Education: A Vision for the Future". in A View from the Top Liberal Arts Presidents on Teacher Education. Thomas Warren, editor. Association of Independent Liberal Arts Colleges for Teacher Education, 1990. p. 65–72. ISBN 9780819179814
"The Dwindling Enrollment Pool: Issues and Opportunities." in Students and Their Institutions. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1978.
"Potential Impact of Recent National Reports on Preservice Art Education". in The Preservice Challenge: Discipline-Based Art Education and Recent Reports on Higher Education: Seminar Proceedings, August 8–15, 1987 Snowbird, Utah a National Invitational Seminar. Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 102.
"Preparing the next Generation of Academic Leaders". with Brown, David G., Richard E. Chait et al. Liberal Education vol. 76, no. 1 (1990): 32.
"A Model of Sophomore Community Service". University-Community Partnerships: Current Practices. United States. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Office of Policy Development and Research. Office of University Partnerships, 1995. p. 9–10.
"A View From One Presidential Office." in Against the Tide Career Paths of Women Leaders in American and British Higher Education. Karen Doyle Walton, editor. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 1996. ISBN 9780873674904
References
^ a b c Kerr, Emma (2019-01-30). "Martha Church, first female president of Hood College, leaves legacy of national acclaim". The Frederick News-Post. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
^ a b c "Hood College's first female president, Dr. Martha Church, passes away". DC News Now | Washington, DC. 2019-01-29. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
^ a b c d e f g h Riechmann, Deb (1995-06-08). "Hood College President Plans Vigorous Retirement". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
^ a b c d e f g h Tasker, Greg (1995-06-15). "Hood College chief cleaning out desk". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c "Pittsburgh Woman Heads Hood Collge". The Pittsburgh Press. 1975-05-28. p. 45. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b "Walter S. Church". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1965-04-30. p. 19. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b Leslie, Marion (1966-10-14). "University of Pittsburgh to Honor Academy Visitors". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 13. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e f g h i j "City Native Gets Education Post". The Pittsburgh Press. 1971-04-08. p. 20. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d "Wilson Dean to Address College Club". The Pittsburgh Press. 1966-04-24. p. 83. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d e "Woman Named President of Frederick's Hood College". The Morning Herald. Hagerstown, Maryland. 1975-05-20. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "49 Awarded Fellowships". Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. 1959-06-02. p. 13. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "Ex-Wilson Dean to Head Hood". Public Opinion. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. 1975-05-20. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, Rediscovering Geography Committee (1997). Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society. National Academies Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-309-57762-5 – via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Educator Climbs Higher". The Pittsburgh Press. 1983-03-18. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c Riggs, Tommy (April 29, 2019). "Campus Memorial Service for Martha Church". Hood College. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
^ "20-40-100 Years Ago -- Sept. 22". Yahoo News. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29.
^ Feinberg, Lawrence (1988-10-12). "18 Women End Cosmos Club's 110-Year Male Era". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-11-29. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Hood College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hood_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Martha E. Church (1931 – January 27, 2019 ) was an American geographer, professor, and college president.[1] She was the first female president of Hood College.[2][3]","title":"Martha E. Church"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Peabody High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peabody_High_School_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"Wesley College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_College_(Delaware)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-7"},{"link_name":"University of Pittsburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"American Association of University Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Church was a native of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[4] She was the daughter of Eleanor Boyer and Walter H. Church.[5][6] Her father was a civil engineer and the superintendent of construction for Duquesne Light.[6] Her mother was the president of Wellesley College's Alumnae Association.[3][7] Her family were Presbyterians.[3]Church graduated from Peabody High School in Pittsburgh.[8][9] She had three degrees in geography.[4] She received a B.A. in geography from Wesley College in 1952.[7] She also received an M.A. in geography from the University of Pittsburgh and a Ph.D. in geography from the University of Chicago.[10][5] In 1959, she was awarded a fellowship by the Educational Foundation of the American Association of University Women; she used to award to study geography at the University of Chicago.[11]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carlow University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlow_University"},{"link_name":"Indiana University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"Mount Holyoke College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"Wilson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_College_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-9"},{"link_name":"Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_States_Association_of_Colleges_and_Secondary_Schools"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"National Council of Geographic Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Council_of_Geographic_Education&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Association of Geographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_Geographers"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"}],"text":"She was a geography instructor at Carlow University and the Indiana University of Pennsylvania.[10][8] She was a faculty member of Mount Holyoke College from 1953 to 1957.[8][9] She was an assistant professor at Wesley College from 1958 to 1963.[10][9] Church was a professor of geography and dean of the college at Wilson College from July 1965 to 1971.[12][8][9] In 1970, she was elected to a three-year term as the associate executive secretary of the Commission of Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools in 1971.[10][8]Church was a consultant for a high school geography project that was sponsored by the National Council of Geographic Education and the American Association of Geographers.[8] She was one of three people appointed to compile and edit a list of atlases, journals, and textbooks for the American Association. of Geographers, a project funded by the National Science Foundation.[8]Church became president of Hood College on August 1, 1975, and served in this capacity through June 30, 1995.[2][4][8][13] Under her leadership there, the college's endowment grew from $3 million to $39 million.[3] In total, the five-year fundraising campaign raised $47 million.[3] She also added several buildings to the campus, including the Beneficial-Hodson Library and Information Technology Center, the Hodson Science link, the Joseph A. Pastore Facilities Center, and the Lawrence Marx Jr., Resource Management Center.[2]After she retired from Hood College, Church worked to reform secondary education in China as a part-time senior scholar at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.[4][13]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Geographic Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-13"},{"link_name":"National Council for Geographic Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Council_for_Geographic_Education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"National Association of Women Deans and Counselor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_Deans_and_Counselors"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"Bradford College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradford_College"},{"link_name":"Peddie School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peddie_School"},{"link_name":"Hightstown, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hightstown,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"}],"text":"In 1989, Church was elected to the board of trustees of the National Geographic Society.[3][13] She also served on the Board of Trustees of the National Geographic's Education Foundation.[13] She was the treasurer of the National Council for Geographic Education and the secretary/treasurer of the New England–St. Lawrence Valley Geographical Society.[3] She was a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the National Association of Women Deans and Counselor.[8]Church served on the boards of Bradford College and the Peddie School in Hightstown, New Jersey.[14] She was the chairman of the board of trustees of Hood College from 2006 to 2008.[15]","title":"Professional affiliations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-10"},{"link_name":"Lake Erie College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Erie_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Church received a distinguished teacher award at Wilson College.[10] In June 1971, she received an honorary doctor of science degree from Lake Erie College.[5]Before her retirement in 1995, the road leading to Alumni Hall on the college campus was named Martha E. Church Drive.[4][3] Hood College also gave her an honorary doctorate in 1995 and named her president emeritus.[4][15] It also commissioned a portrait of Church that hangs in the lobby of Alumni Hall and a bust of Church that is displayed in its Beneficial-Hodson Library.[4] In addition, the faculty of Hood College endowed a scholarship in her name.[4]After her death, Hood College named the Martha E. Church Center for Community & Civic Engagement in her honor.[1]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cosmos Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_Club"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"American Association of University Women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women"},{"link_name":"Sigma Delta Epsilon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Delta_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-8"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"}],"text":"In 1982, Church was elected to board of directors of the Farmers and Mechanics National Bank.[16] In 1988, she became one of the first female members of the Cosmos Club.[17] She was a member of the American Association of University Women and Sigma Delta Epsilon honor society.[8]Hood died at the age of 88 on January 27, 2019.[1] Hood College held a memorial service for Church on May 5, 2019, in Coffman Chapel.[15]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Bibliography of Basic Books on Geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.1964.031_q.x"},{"link_name":"Wilbur Zelinksy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilbur_Zelinsky"},{"link_name":"The Professional Geographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Professional_Geographer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780819179814","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819179814"},{"link_name":"A Model of Sophomore Community Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.google.com/books/edition/University_community_Partnerships/7B_S_0lxZP4C?hl=en&gbpv=0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780873674904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873674904"}],"text":"\"A Bibliography of Basic Books on Geography\". with Robert E. Huke and Wilbur Zelinksy. The Professional Geographer vol. 16, no. 4 (1964): 31\"Teacher Education: A Vision for the Future\". in A View from the Top Liberal Arts Presidents on Teacher Education. Thomas Warren, editor. Association of Independent Liberal Arts Colleges for Teacher Education, 1990. p. 65–72. ISBN 9780819179814\n\"The Dwindling Enrollment Pool: Issues and Opportunities.\" in Students and Their Institutions. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education, 1978.\n\"Potential Impact of Recent National Reports on Preservice Art Education\". in The Preservice Challenge: Discipline-Based Art Education and Recent Reports on Higher Education: Seminar Proceedings, August 8–15, 1987 Snowbird, Utah a National Invitational Seminar. Oxford University Press, 1988, p. 102.\n\"Preparing the next Generation of Academic Leaders\". with Brown, David G., Richard E. Chait et al. Liberal Education vol. 76, no. 1 (1990): 32.\n\"A Model of Sophomore Community Service\". University-Community Partnerships: Current Practices. United States. Department of Housing and Urban Development. Office of Policy Development and Research. Office of University Partnerships, 1995. p. 9–10.\n\"A View From One Presidential Office.\" in Against the Tide Career Paths of Women Leaders in American and British Higher Education. Karen Doyle Walton, editor. Phi Delta Kappa Educational Foundation, 1996. ISBN 9780873674904","title":"Selected publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kerr, Emma (2019-01-30). \"Martha Church, first female president of Hood College, leaves legacy of national acclaim\". The Frederick News-Post. Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/education/schools/higher_ed/hood/martha-church-first-female-president-of-hood-college-leaves-legacy-of-national-acclaim/article_a8912912-19de-5d7f-bae7-2bb321f519e6.html","url_text":"\"Martha Church, first female president of Hood College, leaves legacy of national acclaim\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hood College's first female president, Dr. Martha Church, passes away\". DC News Now | Washington, DC. 2019-01-29. Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dcnewsnow.com/news/hood-colleges-first-female-president-dr-martha-church-passes-away/","url_text":"\"Hood College's first female president, Dr. Martha Church, passes away\""}]},{"reference":"Riechmann, Deb (1995-06-08). \"Hood College President Plans Vigorous Retirement\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/06/08/hood-college-president-plans-vigorous-retirement/abb32431-a05d-4b8c-bec6-c84f9ae20a79/","url_text":"\"Hood College President Plans Vigorous Retirement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"Tasker, Greg (1995-06-15). \"Hood College chief cleaning out desk\". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-hood-college-chief-cle/135975810/","url_text":"\"Hood College chief cleaning out desk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pittsburgh Woman Heads Hood Collge\". The Pittsburgh Press. 1975-05-28. p. 45. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-pittsburgh-woman-he/135976864/","url_text":"\"Pittsburgh Woman Heads Hood Collge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Walter S. Church\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 1965-04-30. p. 19. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-walter-s-church/135978318/","url_text":"\"Walter S. Church\""}]},{"reference":"Leslie, Marion (1966-10-14). \"University of Pittsburgh to Honor Academy Visitors\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. p. 13. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-university-of-pi/135978969/","url_text":"\"University of Pittsburgh to Honor Academy Visitors\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Native Gets Education Post\". The Pittsburgh Press. 1971-04-08. p. 20. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-city-nativ-gets-edu/135977137/","url_text":"\"City Native Gets Education Post\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wilson Dean to Address College Club\". The Pittsburgh Press. 1966-04-24. p. 83. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-wilson-dean-to-addr/135978503/","url_text":"\"Wilson Dean to Address College Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Woman Named President of Frederick's Hood College\". The Morning Herald. Hagerstown, Maryland. 1975-05-20. p. 11. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-herald-woman-named-president/135976286/","url_text":"\"Woman Named President of Frederick's Hood College\""}]},{"reference":"\"49 Awarded Fellowships\". Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. 1959-06-02. p. 13. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-sun-telegraph-49-awarded-fell/135978703/","url_text":"\"49 Awarded Fellowships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Wilson Dean to Head Hood\". Public Opinion. Chambersburg, Pennsylvania. 1975-05-20. p. 1. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/public-opinion-ex-wilson-dean-to-head-ho/135976097/","url_text":"\"Ex-Wilson Dean to Head Hood\""}]},{"reference":"Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources, Division on Earth and Life Studies, National Research Council, Rediscovering Geography Committee (1997). Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society. National Academies Press. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-309-57762-5 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1H5OAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Martha+E.+Church%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT235","url_text":"Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-57762-5","url_text":"978-0-309-57762-5"}]},{"reference":"\"Educator Climbs Higher\". The Pittsburgh Press. 1983-03-18. p. 2. Retrieved 2023-11-29 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-educator-climbs-hig/135979383/","url_text":"\"Educator Climbs Higher\""}]},{"reference":"Riggs, Tommy (April 29, 2019). \"Campus Memorial Service for Martha Church\". Hood College. Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hood.edu/news/campus-memorial-service-martha-church","url_text":"\"Campus Memorial Service for Martha Church\""}]},{"reference":"\"20-40-100 Years Ago -- Sept. 22\". Yahoo News. 2022-09-22. Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.yahoo.com/20-40-100-years-ago-065200825.html","url_text":"\"20-40-100 Years Ago -- Sept. 22\""}]},{"reference":"Feinberg, Lawrence (1988-10-12). \"18 Women End Cosmos Club's 110-Year Male Era\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-11-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/10/12/18-women-end-cosmos-clubs-110-year-male-era/8cc6e3e1-7562-4435-a607-6b1b6b616f27/","url_text":"\"18 Women End Cosmos Club's 110-Year Male Era\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/books/edition/University_community_Partnerships/7B_S_0lxZP4C?hl=en&gbpv=0","external_links_name":"A Model of Sophomore Community Service"},{"Link":"https://www.fredericknewspost.com/news/education/schools/higher_ed/hood/martha-church-first-female-president-of-hood-college-leaves-legacy-of-national-acclaim/article_a8912912-19de-5d7f-bae7-2bb321f519e6.html","external_links_name":"\"Martha Church, first female president of Hood College, leaves legacy of national acclaim\""},{"Link":"https://www.dcnewsnow.com/news/hood-colleges-first-female-president-dr-martha-church-passes-away/","external_links_name":"\"Hood College's first female president, Dr. Martha Church, passes away\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1995/06/08/hood-college-president-plans-vigorous-retirement/abb32431-a05d-4b8c-bec6-c84f9ae20a79/","external_links_name":"\"Hood College President Plans Vigorous Retirement\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-baltimore-sun-hood-college-chief-cle/135975810/","external_links_name":"\"Hood College chief cleaning out desk\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-pittsburgh-woman-he/135976864/","external_links_name":"\"Pittsburgh Woman Heads Hood Collge\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-walter-s-church/135978318/","external_links_name":"\"Walter S. Church\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-post-gazette-university-of-pi/135978969/","external_links_name":"\"University of Pittsburgh to Honor Academy Visitors\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-city-nativ-gets-edu/135977137/","external_links_name":"\"City Native Gets Education Post\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-wilson-dean-to-addr/135978503/","external_links_name":"\"Wilson Dean to Address College Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-herald-woman-named-president/135976286/","external_links_name":"\"Woman Named President of Frederick's Hood College\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/pittsburgh-sun-telegraph-49-awarded-fell/135978703/","external_links_name":"\"49 Awarded Fellowships\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/public-opinion-ex-wilson-dean-to-head-ho/135976097/","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Wilson Dean to Head Hood\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1H5OAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Martha+E.+Church%22+-wikipedia&pg=PT235","external_links_name":"Rediscovering Geography: New Relevance for Science and Society"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-pittsburgh-press-educator-climbs-hig/135979383/","external_links_name":"\"Educator Climbs Higher\""},{"Link":"https://www.hood.edu/news/campus-memorial-service-martha-church","external_links_name":"\"Campus Memorial Service for Martha Church\""},{"Link":"https://news.yahoo.com/20-40-100-years-ago-065200825.html","external_links_name":"\"20-40-100 Years Ago -- Sept. 22\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1988/10/12/18-women-end-cosmos-clubs-110-year-male-era/8cc6e3e1-7562-4435-a607-6b1b6b616f27/","external_links_name":"\"18 Women End Cosmos Club's 110-Year Male Era\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr_alphabet | Veso Bey alphabet | ["1 History","2 Script","3 See also","4 References"] | Alphabet used for writing the Albanian language
Veso Bey script
The Gjirokastër alphabet, also known as Veso Bey alphabet, is one of the original Albanian language alphabets of the 19th century. It is named after the town of Gjirokastër in South Albania where it was first encountered by the scholar Johann Georg von Hahn, also after Veso Bey, a rich local bey from the influential Alizoti family who provided it to Hahn. Hahn published in 1854 in his "Albanesische Studien", in Jena.
History
According to Hahn, the alphabet was given to him by Veso bey, and had been used that far within Alizoti family circles.
"Finally, another alphabet from southern Albania must be recorded here, one which the present author owes the discovery of to Veso bey, who is one of the most prominent chiefs of Gjirokastër, from the family of the Alisot Pashalides. Veso Bey learned it in his youth from an Albanian hodja as a secret script which his family inherited, and used it himself for correspondence with his relatives.
Script
The alphabet, probably cryptic, contains 22 letters.
See also
Vithkuqi alphabet
Vellara alphabet
Elbasan alphabet
References
^ "Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde". Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde (in German). 4. München: R. Trofenik: 204. 1984. ISSN 0170-8929. OCLC 5784326.
^ a b The Elbasan Gospel Manuscript (Anonimi i Elbasanit), 1761, and the struggle for an original Albanian alphabet by Robert Elsie
^ David Diringer; Reinhold Regensburger (1968). The alphabet: a key to the history of mankind. Hutchinson. p. 284. ISBN 9780090676408.
^ Old Albanian Scripts
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In Africa
In Southeast Asia | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfabeti_i_Veso_bej.png"},{"link_name":"Albanian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language"},{"link_name":"alphabets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_alphabet"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Gjirokastër","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjirokast%C3%ABr"},{"link_name":"Johann Georg von Hahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_von_Hahn"},{"link_name":"bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bey"},{"link_name":"Jena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jena"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsie-2"}],"text":"Veso Bey scriptThe Gjirokastër alphabet, also known as Veso Bey alphabet, is one of the original Albanian language alphabets of the 19th century.[1] It is named after the town of Gjirokastër in South Albania where it was first encountered by the scholar Johann Georg von Hahn, also after Veso Bey, a rich local bey from the influential Alizoti family who provided it to Hahn. Hahn published in 1854 in his \"Albanesische Studien\", in Jena.[2]","title":"Veso Bey alphabet"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Elsie-2"},{"link_name":"hodja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodja"}],"text":"According to Hahn, the alphabet was given to him by Veso bey, and had been used that far within Alizoti family circles.[2]\"Finally, another alphabet from southern Albania must be recorded here, one which the present author owes the discovery of to Veso bey, who is one of the most prominent chiefs of Gjirokastër, from the family of the Alisot Pashalides. Veso Bey learned it in his youth from an Albanian hodja as a secret script which his family inherited, and used it himself for correspondence with his relatives.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DiringerRegensburger1968-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unicode-4"}],"text":"The alphabet, probably cryptic,[3] contains 22 letters.[4]","title":"Script"}] | [{"image_text":"Veso Bey script","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Alfabeti_i_Veso_bej.png/350px-Alfabeti_i_Veso_bej.png"}] | [{"title":"Vithkuqi alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vithkuqi_alphabet"},{"title":"Vellara alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellara_alphabet"},{"title":"Elbasan alphabet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbasan_alphabet"}] | [{"reference":"\"Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde\". Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde (in German). 4. München: R. Trofenik: 204. 1984. ISSN 0170-8929. OCLC 5784326.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1ixpAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0170-8929","url_text":"0170-8929"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5784326","url_text":"5784326"}]},{"reference":"David Diringer; Reinhold Regensburger (1968). The alphabet: a key to the history of mankind. Hutchinson. p. 284. ISBN 9780090676408.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/alphabetkeytohis0001diri","url_text":"The alphabet: a key to the history of mankind"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/alphabetkeytohis0001diri/page/284","url_text":"284"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780090676408","url_text":"9780090676408"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1ixpAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0170-8929","external_links_name":"0170-8929"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5784326","external_links_name":"5784326"},{"Link":"http://www.elsie.de/pdf/articles/A1995ElbasanMs_Fig.pdf","external_links_name":"The Elbasan Gospel Manuscript (Anonimi i Elbasanit), 1761, and the struggle for an original Albanian alphabet by Robert Elsie"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/alphabetkeytohis0001diri","external_links_name":"The alphabet: a key to the history of mankind"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/alphabetkeytohis0001diri/page/284","external_links_name":"284"},{"Link":"https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09328-old-albanian.pdf","external_links_name":"Old Albanian Scripts"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renmark_Paringa_Council | Renmark Paringa Council | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Economy","4 Councillors","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°10′12″S 140°44′56″E / 34.17°S 140.748889°E / -34.17; 140.748889
Local government area in South AustraliaRenmark Paringa CouncilSouth AustraliaLocation of the Renmark Paringa CouncilPopulation9,783 (LGA 2021) • Density10,686/km2 (27,680/sq mi)Established1996Area915.5 km2 (353.5 sq mi)MayorNeil MartinsonCouncil seatRenmarkRegionMurray and MalleeState electorate(s)ChaffeyFederal division(s)BarkerWebsiteRenmark Paringa Council
LGAs around Renmark Paringa Council:
Outback Communities Authority
Outback Communities Authority
Berri Barmera Council
Renmark Paringa Council
Mildura (Vic)
District Council of Loxton Waikerie
The Renmark Paringa Council is a local government area located adjacent to the Victorian border, in the Riverland, South Australia. The area is known for its various fruit production, and is heavily dependent on the River Murray as a water source. The council seat is at Renmark.
History
The earliest inhabitants of the district area were the Naralte aboriginal people, who lived on the food provided by the river and surrounding areas. The word 'Renmark' is thought to be derived from the Naralte word for 'red mud'.
The first European to explore the district was Captain Charles Sturt who rowed a whale boat down the Murrumbidgee in 1829, searching for Australia's 'inland sea' and reached the junction with the Murray River on 14 January 1830.
The Canadian Chaffey brothers are honoured as founders of Renmark, and were invited to Australia to create an irrigation colony at Mildura. After delays in the Mildura project, an agreement for the establishment of an irrigation colony at Renmark was signed in 1887. Vineyards and fruit blocks slowly emerged throughout the district, sealing the fate of the district as a fruit and wine growing region.
In 1893, the ‘Renmark Irrigation Trust’ was established to provide water to the growers. In the early years, the Trust also played the primary role in the administration and governing of the settlement.
The 'Town of Renmark' and the 'District Council of Paringa' were established not long after.
The Renmark Paringa Council came into existence on 1 July 1996 with the amalgamation of the District Council of Paringa and the Town of Renmark.
Geography
Renmark and Paringa are the largest towns and the centres of the district; it also contains a number of smaller towns and localities, including Chaffey, Cooltong, Crescent, Gurra Gurra, Lyrup, Mundic Creek, Murtho, Old Calperum, Pike River, Renmark South, Renmark West, Wonuarra and Yamba, and parts of Monash and Renmark North.
Economy
The towns in the district are heavily reliant on irrigated orchards and vineyards, with water supplied by the river. Sheep grazing and dryland farming of various cereal crops are the main land uses east of the river, with farming and horticulture to the west of the river.
While wine grape production is the most important industry, there are also large nut and citrus plantations in the region, as well as vegetable and stone fruit production.
Tourism is an important component of the economy, especially during summer school holidays. The district experiences in an influx of tourists during this period, attracted mainly by the River Murray. Houseboats are common along the stretch of river in the district, with other water sports such as water skiing, jet skiing and fishing common. There is a wide range of accommodation in the district.
Councillors
Ward
Councillor
Notes
Mayor
Peter Hunter
Unsubdivided
Margaret Howie
James John
Maria Spano
Ben Townsend
David Sims
Stephanie Brauer
Jack Gibb
Frank Turton
The Renmark Paringa Council has a directly-elected mayor.
See also
List of parks and gardens in rural South Australia
References
^ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Renmark Paringa (Local Government Area)". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
^ a b c "Councillors". Renmark Paringa Council. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
^ "Murray and Mallee SA Government region" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
^ "Renmark Paringa Council". Retrieved 31 March 2016.
^ a b Renmark Paringa Council, Strategic Plan, retrieved 2 May 2007
^ a b Planning SA, Development Plan (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2007, retrieved 2 May 2007
^ "Council". Renmark Paringa Council. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
^ "Location SA Map Viewer". Government of South Australia. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
^ a b Renmark Paringa Council, Council Profile, retrieved 2 May 2007
^ "Election Results 2014" (PDF). Local Government Association of South Australia. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
External links
Council’s website
LGA page
vteLocal government areas of South AustraliaMetropolitan Adelaide
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vteLocalities of the Renmark Paringa Council
Crescent
Chaffey
Cooltong
Gurra Gurra
Lyrup
Mundic Creek
Murtho
Old Calperum
Paringa
Pike River
Renmark
Renmark North
Renmark South
Renmark West
Wonuarra
Yamba
34°10′12″S 140°44′56″E / 34.17°S 140.748889°E / -34.17; 140.748889 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"local government area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Victorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Riverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverland"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Renmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renmark,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Local government area in South AustraliaThe Renmark Paringa Council is a local government area located adjacent to the Victorian border, in the Riverland, South Australia. The area is known for its various fruit production, and is heavily dependent on the River Murray as a water source. The council seat is at Renmark.[4]","title":"Renmark Paringa Council"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Naralte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naralte&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-5"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ethnic_groups"},{"link_name":"Captain Charles Sturt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Charles_Sturt"},{"link_name":"Murrumbidgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murrumbidgee_River"},{"link_name":"Renmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renmark,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"irrigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrigation"},{"link_name":"Mildura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildura,_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hj-6"},{"link_name":"District Council of Paringa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Paringa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Town of Renmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Town_of_Renmark&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The earliest inhabitants of the district area were the Naralte aboriginal people, who lived on the food provided by the river and surrounding areas. The word 'Renmark' is thought to be derived from the Naralte word for 'red mud'.[5]The first European to explore the district was Captain Charles Sturt who rowed a whale boat down the Murrumbidgee in 1829, searching for Australia's 'inland sea' and reached the junction with the Murray River on 14 January 1830.The Canadian Chaffey brothers are honoured as founders of Renmark, and were invited to Australia to create an irrigation colony at Mildura. After delays in the Mildura project, an agreement for the establishment of an irrigation colony at Renmark was signed in 1887. Vineyards and fruit blocks slowly emerged throughout the district, sealing the fate of the district as a fruit and wine growing region.In 1893, the ‘Renmark Irrigation Trust’ was established to provide water to the growers. In the early years, the Trust also played the primary role in the administration and governing of the settlement.[5]The 'Town of Renmark' and the 'District Council of Paringa' were established not long after.[6]The Renmark Paringa Council came into existence on 1 July 1996 with the amalgamation of the District Council of Paringa and the Town of Renmark.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Renmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renmark,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Paringa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paringa,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Chaffey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaffey,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cooltong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooltong,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Crescent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crescent,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gurra Gurra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurra_Gurra,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lyrup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrup,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Mundic Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundic_Creek,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Murtho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtho,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Old Calperum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Old_Calperum,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pike River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pike_River,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Renmark South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renmark_South,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Renmark West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renmark_West,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wonuarra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonuarra,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Yamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamba,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Monash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Renmark North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renmark_North,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Renmark and Paringa are the largest towns and the centres of the district; it also contains a number of smaller towns and localities, including Chaffey, Cooltong, Crescent, Gurra Gurra, Lyrup, Mundic Creek, Murtho, Old Calperum, Pike River, Renmark South, Renmark West, Wonuarra and Yamba, and parts of Monash and Renmark North.[8]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orchards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchard"},{"link_name":"vineyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"cereal crops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cereal_crops"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hj-6"},{"link_name":"nut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(fruit)"},{"link_name":"citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"},{"link_name":"stone fruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_fruit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lol-9"},{"link_name":"River Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Murray"},{"link_name":"Houseboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseboat"},{"link_name":"water skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_skiing"},{"link_name":"jet skiing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_watercraft"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lol-9"}],"text":"The towns in the district are heavily reliant on irrigated orchards and vineyards, with water supplied by the river. Sheep grazing and dryland farming of various cereal crops are the main land uses east of the river, with farming and horticulture to the west of the river.[6]While wine grape production is the most important industry, there are also large nut and citrus plantations in the region, as well as vegetable and stone fruit production.[9]Tourism is an important component of the economy, especially during summer school holidays. The district experiences in an influx of tourists during this period, attracted mainly by the River Murray. Houseboats are common along the stretch of river in the district, with other water sports such as water skiing, jet skiing and fishing common. There is a wide range of accommodation in the district.[9]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Renmark Paringa Council has a directly-elected mayor.[10]","title":"Councillors"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of parks and gardens in rural South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_rural_South_Australia"}] | [{"reference":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). \"Renmark Paringa (Local Government Area)\". Australian Census 2021 QuickStats. Retrieved 28 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Australian Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/LGA46670","url_text":"\"Renmark Paringa (Local Government Area)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Councillors\". Renmark Paringa Council. Retrieved 31 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.renmarkparinga.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=131","url_text":"\"Councillors\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murray and Mallee SA Government region\" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 10 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/16620/Murray_Mallee_SA_Government_region.pdf","url_text":"\"Murray and Mallee SA Government region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Renmark Paringa Council\". Retrieved 31 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renmarkparinga.sa.gov.au/page.aspx","url_text":"\"Renmark Paringa Council\""}]},{"reference":"Renmark Paringa Council, Strategic Plan, retrieved 2 May 2007","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renmarkparinga.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=199","url_text":"Strategic Plan"}]},{"reference":"Planning SA, Development Plan (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on 30 August 2007, retrieved 2 May 2007","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070830234332/http://www.planning.sa.gov.au/edp/pdf/repa.pdf","url_text":"Development Plan"},{"url":"http://www.planning.sa.gov.au/edp/pdf/repa.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Council\". Renmark Paringa Council. Retrieved 31 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.renmarkparinga.sa.gov.au/page.aspx?u=101","url_text":"\"Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Location SA Map Viewer\". Government of South Australia. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltogyne_purpurea | Peltogyne purpurea | ["1 Distribution","2 Description","3 Wood","4 Cultivation","5 Uses","6 References"] | Species of legume
Peltogyne purpurea
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Genus:
Peltogyne
Species:
P. purpurea
Binomial name
Peltogyne purpureaPittier
Peltogyne purpurea, commonly known as nazareno, or purpleheart, is a species of Peltogyne tree native to the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama, and also the Atlantic coast of Colombia.
Distribution
Peltogyne purpurea is native to the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama, and also the Atlantic coast of Colombia. It is a common canopy tree in rainforests 50–500 meters above sea level at sites with more than 2500 mm (98.5 in) rainfall per year and temperatures from 23 to 27 °C or 73 to 80 °F. It occupies sites with well-drained and deep loamy soils in sloping terrains, as well as poor, reddish clay soils with high concentrations of iron and aluminum.
Description
Peltogyne purpurea grows up to 50 meters tall and 1 meter in diameter. It has a rounded crown and typically short buttress roots that occasionally reach 3 meters tall. Purpleheart bark is smooth and light gray in old trees. Its distinct coloration makes it recognizable from great distances.
The leaves are alternate, pinnate and composed of a single pair of leaflets that are 5–7 cm long and 2–3 cm broad. Peltogyne purpurea reproduces between August and December, depending on geographic location. The flowers are white, aromatic, and small, and are arranged in subterminal panicles, or clusters. Purpleheart fruit matures between November and February. Fruits are brown with single seed pods. They are compressed, oval-shaped, and usually grow to 5 cm long.
In Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, Peltogyne purpurea has been declared a vulnerable species. Peltogyne purpurea was included in the Red Book of Plants of Colombia: Endangered Timber Species, under the IUCN designation of Vulnerable (VU).
Wood
Purpleheart wood
Purpleheart wood is heavy (0.8-1 g/cm3) with a medium to fine texture. The sapwood is gray-yellow, whereas the heartwood is bright purple with dark stripes. The wood is difficult to work with, dry, and preserve, but has a high natural durability. Purpleheart wood is popular for manufacturing floors, furniture, structural elements, and architectural finishes due to its physical and mechanical properties.
Purpleheart wood is moderately difficult to work with hand or machine tools. Slow feed rates and hardened cutters are suggested, because purpleheart exudes a gummy resin when heated by dull tools. The wood turns smoothly, is easy to glue and takes finishes well.
Cultivation
There is little information about cultivation, because Peltogyne purpurea is not commercially cultivated. Its fruits can be collected directly from the tree, or from the soil once fruits have fallen. To remove the seeds, fruits must to be exposed to sunlight for 3–4 hours for one or two days. Seeds can be stored 2 to 3 years with regulated conditions of 5 °C and 6-8 % humidity. A kilogram of seeds has between 2200 and 2500 seeds.
In a plant nursery, seeds can be planted in disinfected sand seedbeds. Once plants reach 8–10 cm (normally 4 weeks after germination), plants are ready to be transplanted to the pots, bags or boxes. A plant will be ready to be planted in the field once it reaches 23 cm.
Peltogyne purpurea is a recognizable, coveted and highly exploited species; however, it is poorly studied and the only research that has been undertaken is in Costa Rica.
Uses
In Costa Rica and Panama, purpleheart wood is an economically valuable tree, however its harvest is prohibited by law. The wood is commonly used for general carpentry, interior and exterior decoration, furniture, cabinet work, flooring, marquetry, stairways, wooden boat building & restoration, and luxury coffins.
References
^ Pittier, Henri. "Peltogyne purpurea Pittier". SmithSonian Institution: Collections search center. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
^ a b c d Fournier, Luis Alberto (2002). Tropical Tree Seed Manual: Peltogyne purpureaP. United States Department of Agriculture: Forest Service. pp. 599–600.
^ a b c d Cárdenas López, Dairon; Salinas, Nelson (2007). Libro Rojo de Plantas de Colombia Vol. 4: Especies maderables amenazadas I parte. Bogota, Colombia: Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas Sinchi-Ministerio de Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. pp. 144–146. ISBN 978-958-8317-19-9.
^ a b c d Oxford Institute of Forestry; Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza. Árboles de Centroamérica: un manual para extensionistas. Turrialba, CR: edited by Cordero, Jesus; Boshier, David, 2003. Page 739.
^ a b c d Méndez, José Miguel; Soihet, Carolina (2000). Salazar, Rodolfo (ed.). Manejo de semillas de 100 especies forestales de America Latina Vol. 1. Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE. pp. 193–194. ISBN 9977573492.
^ Gutiérrez, Raúl (2005). Evaluación de los Recursos Forestales Mundiales 2005, Informe Nacional 199 (Panamá) (PDF). Roma, Italia: FAO: Departamento Forestal. pp. 81–82.
^ Quesada Monge, Ruperto (September 30, 2004). "Nota Técnica: Especies forestales vedadas y bajo otras categorías de protección en Costa Rica". Kurú: Revista Forestal. 1 (2). Costa Rica: Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica - Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal: 1–5. ISSN 1659-0651.
^ a b Rojas Gutiérrez., Ana María (2009). "Nazareno: Especie en Extinción, Pero Utilizada Comercialmente" (PDF). El Mueble y la Madera. 62: 14–20.
^ Chudnoff, Martin (1984). Tropical Timbers of the World:Agriculture Handbook 607. Washington, DC.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. p. 124.
^ Vignote Peña, Santiago (2014). Principales maderas tropicales utilizadas en España: Características, tecnología y aplicaciones (PDF). Madrid, Espana: Universidad Politecnica de Madrid. pp. 89–90.
Taxon identifiersPeltogyne purpurea
Wikidata: Q15539951
CoL: 76FVN
EoL: 415856
GBIF: 2952734
GRIN: 461747
IPNI: 187015-2
IRMNG: 11026102
IUCN: 118255631
Open Tree of Life: 3917333
Plant List: ild-14684
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:187015-2
Tropicos: 13011999
WFO: wfo-0000168366 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peltogyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peltogyne"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Four-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colo-3"}],"text":"Peltogyne purpurea, commonly known as nazareno, or purpleheart, is a species of Peltogyne tree native to the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama, and also the Atlantic coast of Colombia.[2][3]","title":"Peltogyne purpurea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catie-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colo-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catie-4"}],"text":"Peltogyne purpurea is native to the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama, and also the Atlantic coast of Colombia.[3][4] It is a common canopy tree in rainforests 50–500 meters above sea level at sites with more than 2500 mm (98.5 in) rainfall per year and temperatures from 23 to 27 °C or 73 to 80 °F. It occupies sites with well-drained and deep loamy soils in sloping terrains, as well as poor, reddish clay soils with high concentrations of iron and aluminum.[3][4]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mendez-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Four-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mendez-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Four-2"},{"link_name":"Vulnerable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colo-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pana-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuru-7"}],"text":"Peltogyne purpurea grows up to 50 meters tall and 1 meter in diameter. It has a rounded crown and typically short buttress roots that occasionally reach 3 meters tall. Purpleheart bark is smooth and light gray in old trees. Its distinct coloration makes it recognizable from great distances.[5]The leaves are alternate, pinnate and composed of a single pair of leaflets that are 5–7 cm long and 2–3 cm broad.[2] Peltogyne purpurea reproduces between August and December, depending on geographic location.[5] The flowers are white, aromatic, and small, and are arranged in subterminal panicles, or clusters. Purpleheart fruit matures between November and February. Fruits are brown with single seed pods. They are compressed, oval-shaped, and usually grow to 5 cm long.[2]In Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia, Peltogyne purpurea has been declared a vulnerable species. Peltogyne purpurea was included in the Red Book of Plants of Colombia: Endangered Timber Species, under the IUCN designation of Vulnerable (VU).[3][6][7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Purpleheart_wood.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mendez-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazareno-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chudnoff-9"}],"text":"Purpleheart woodPurpleheart wood is heavy (0.8-1 g/cm3) with a medium to fine texture. The sapwood is gray-yellow, whereas the heartwood is bright purple with dark stripes. The wood is difficult to work with, dry, and preserve, but has a high natural durability.[5] Purpleheart wood is popular for manufacturing floors, furniture, structural elements, and architectural finishes due to its physical and mechanical properties.[8]Purpleheart wood is moderately difficult to work with hand or machine tools. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_723 | American Airlines Flight 723 | ["1 Accident","2 Investigation","3 References","4 External links"] | 1953 aviation accident
American Airlines Flight 723An American Airlines Convair 240 similar to the accident aircraftAccidentDateSeptember 16, 1953SummaryControlled flight into terrain, pilot errorSiteColonie, New York, on approach to Albany Airport 42°44′03″N 73°51′42″W / 42.7341°N 73.8616°W / 42.7341; -73.8616AircraftAircraft typeConvair CV-240-0Aircraft nameFlagship BristolOperatorAmerican AirlinesRegistrationN94255Flight originBoston Airport1st stopoverBradley International Airport, Hartford, Connecticut2nd stopoverAlbany Airport, New York3rd stopoverSyracuse Hancock Airport, New York4th stopoverRochester Monroe County Airport, New York5th stopoverBuffalo Municipal Airport, New YorkLast stopoverWillow Run Airport, Detroit, MichiganDestinationChicago Midway Airport, IllinoisOccupants28Passengers25Crew3Fatalities28Survivors0
American Airlines Flight 723 was a scheduled American Airlines flight from Boston Airport in Massachusetts, to Chicago Midway Airport in Illinois. On September 16, 1953, a Convair 240 propliner flying this route crashed while attempting to land at Albany Airport in upstate New York, killing all 28 people on board.
Accident
The Convair had arrived at Bradley Field from Boston Airport at 6:57 am for a scheduled stopover. At that time, weather at Albany was below airline landing minima, but was forecast to improve within limits by the flight's scheduled arrival time. The flight left Bradley at 7:14, and once in the Albany terminal area, found poor visibility preventing landings, with several aircraft ahead of it in a holding pattern. The flight joined the holding pattern, circling while awaiting weather conditions legal for landing.
At 7:50, a special weather observation reported thin obscurement, with an overcast cloud ceiling estimated at 4,000 feet (1,200 m) above the airport. Horizontal visibility was 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km), obscured by fog. Two aircraft left the holding pattern, making attempts to land, but both made missed approaches. A third landed at 8:16 following an instrument approach to runway 19. After the latest airplane's successful landing, Flight 723 was cleared to execute the same instrument approach to runway 19. At 8:19, the flight advised the tower that because the aircraft's flaps could not be lowered, they would be abandoning their approach and returning to the holding pattern.
At 8:30, the Albany control tower reported: "All aircraft holding Albany. It now appears to be pretty good for a contact approach from the west. It looks much better than to the north," the north being the direction from which approaches to runway 19 had been attempted.
Flight 723 was cleared for a contact approach to runway 10. On final approach, while still miles west of the airport, the Convair descended too low, and at an altitude of 308 feet (94 m), struck a set of three 365-foot (111 m)-tall radio masts arrayed east to west. The right wing struck the center tower of the three, then the left wing struck the east tower. Seven feet of the outer panel of the right wing including the right aileron and control mechanism from the center hinge outboard together with 15 feet of the left outer wing panel and aileron separated from the aircraft.
Ground impact occurred 1,590 feet (480 m) beyond the east tower. At this point, the aircraft had rolled to a partially inverted attitude. The nose and left wing struck the ground first. The rest of the airplane fell to earth in short order and caught fire. The aircraft narrowly missed hitting a trailer park on Albany-Schenectady Road. All 28 occupants on board (25 passengers, two pilots, and a flight attendant) were killed.
At the time of the accident, a special weather observation reported thin scattered clouds at 500 feet, with a ceiling of broken clouds estimated at 4500 feet. The visibility had improved to 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) in fog.
Investigation
The Civil Aeronautics Board investigated the accident and issued a report wherein they identified the probable cause of the accident: "During the execution of a contact approach, and while maneuvering for alignment with the runway to be used, descent was made to an altitude below obstructions partially obscured by fog in a local area of restricted visibility."
Samuel Bloom of Troy, NY had a reservation to be aboard this flight, however, he missed his originating flight from Albany to Boston on September 15 because of heavy traffic on the way to the airport and opted to drive to Boston instead. The heavy traffic ultimately saved his life. This same man missed a ferry during WW2 and was forced to fly. The ferry sank.
References
^ American Airlines Flight 723 at Aviation Safety Network
^ a b c d e f g Record 19530916-0 at Aviation Safety Net
^ "Plane crashes, burns; 28 killed – Hits radio tower while attempting to land at Albany". Sheboygan Press. United Press. September 16, 1953. pp. 1, 18.
^ "none". New York Times. September 17, 1953.
^ Times Union Newspaper, Crush Kept Bloom from Crash - September 17, 1953
External links
Report - Civil Aeronautics Board - PDF
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vteAviation accidents and incidents in 1953 (1953)
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This list is incomplete. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Airlines"},{"link_name":"Boston Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Logan_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Chicago Midway Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Midway_Airport"},{"link_name":"Convair 240","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convair_240"},{"link_name":"propliner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propliner"},{"link_name":"Albany Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Airport"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"}],"text":"American Airlines Flight 723 was a scheduled American Airlines flight from Boston Airport in Massachusetts, to Chicago Midway Airport in Illinois. On September 16, 1953, a Convair 240 propliner flying this route crashed while attempting to land at Albany Airport in upstate New York, killing all 28 people on board.","title":"American Airlines Flight 723"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bradley Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"overcast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcast"},{"link_name":"cloud ceiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiling_(cloud)"},{"link_name":"fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fog"},{"link_name":"holding pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"missed approaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missed_approach"},{"link_name":"instrument approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrument_approach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-2"},{"link_name":"control tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_tower"},{"link_name":"contact approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_approach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-2"},{"link_name":"final approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_approach_(aviation)"},{"link_name":"aileron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aileron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-2"},{"link_name":"trailer park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_park"},{"link_name":"Schenectady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schenectady"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SheboyganPress-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"flight attendant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_attendant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-2"}],"text":"The Convair had arrived at Bradley Field from Boston Airport at 6:57 am for a scheduled stopover. At that time, weather at Albany was below airline landing minima, but was forecast to improve within limits by the flight's scheduled arrival time. The flight left Bradley at 7:14, and once in the Albany terminal area, found poor visibility preventing landings, with several aircraft ahead of it in a holding pattern. The flight joined the holding pattern, circling while awaiting weather conditions legal for landing.[1]At 7:50, a special weather observation reported thin obscurement, with an overcast cloud ceiling estimated at 4,000 feet (1,200 m) above the airport. Horizontal visibility was 3⁄4 mile (1.2 km), obscured by fog. Two aircraft left the holding pattern, making attempts to land, but both made missed approaches. A third landed at 8:16 following an instrument approach to runway 19. After the latest airplane's successful landing, Flight 723 was cleared to execute the same instrument approach to runway 19. At 8:19, the flight advised the tower that because the aircraft's flaps could not be lowered, they would be abandoning their approach and returning to the holding pattern.[2]At 8:30, the Albany control tower reported: \"All aircraft holding Albany. It now appears to be pretty good for a contact approach from the west. It looks much better than to the north,\" the north being the direction from which approaches to runway 19 had been attempted.[2]Flight 723 was cleared for a contact approach to runway 10. On final approach, while still miles west of the airport, the Convair descended too low, and at an altitude of 308 feet (94 m), struck a set of three 365-foot (111 m)-tall radio masts arrayed east to west. The right wing struck the center tower of the three, then the left wing struck the east tower. Seven feet of the outer panel of the right wing including the right aileron and control mechanism from the center hinge outboard together with 15 feet of the left outer wing panel and aileron separated from the aircraft.[2]Ground impact occurred 1,590 feet (480 m) beyond the east tower. At this point, the aircraft had rolled to a partially inverted attitude. The nose and left wing struck the ground first. The rest of the airplane fell to earth in short order and caught fire.[2] The aircraft narrowly missed hitting a trailer park on Albany-Schenectady Road.[3][4] All 28 occupants on board (25 passengers, two pilots, and a flight attendant) were killed.[2]At the time of the accident, a special weather observation reported thin scattered clouds at 500 feet, with a ceiling of broken clouds estimated at 4500 feet. The visibility had improved to 1+1⁄2 miles (2.4 km) in fog.[2]","title":"Accident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Aeronautics Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASN-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Civil Aeronautics Board investigated the accident and issued a report wherein they identified the probable cause of the accident: \"During the execution of a contact approach, and while maneuvering for alignment with the runway to be used, descent was made to an altitude below obstructions partially obscured by fog in a local area of restricted visibility.\"[2]Samuel Bloom of Troy, NY had a reservation to be aboard this flight, however, he missed his originating flight from Albany to Boston on September 15 because of heavy traffic on the way to the airport and opted to drive to Boston instead. The heavy traffic ultimately saved his life. This same man missed a ferry during WW2 and was forced to fly. The ferry sank.[5]","title":"Investigation"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Plane crashes, burns; 28 killed – Hits radio tower while attempting to land at Albany\". Sheboygan Press. United Press. September 16, 1953. pp. 1, 18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheboygan_Press","url_text":"Sheboygan Press"}]},{"reference":"\"none\". New York Times. September 17, 1953.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=American_Airlines_Flight_723¶ms=42.7341_N_73.8616_W_","external_links_name":"42°44′03″N 73°51′42″W / 42.7341°N 73.8616°W / 42.7341; -73.8616"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19530916-0","external_links_name":"American Airlines Flight 723 at Aviation Safety Network"},{"Link":"http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19530916-0","external_links_name":"Record 19530916-0"},{"Link":"https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/33474","external_links_name":"Report"},{"Link":"https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/33474/dot_33474_DS1.pdf","external_links_name":"PDF"}] |
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