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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cry_%27Havoc%27_(film) | Cry 'Havoc' (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Background","4 Production","5 Response","6 References","7 External links"] | 1943 film by Richard Thorpe
Cry 'Havoc'theatrical release posterDirected byRichard ThorpeScreenplay byPaul OsbornJane Murfin (uncredited)Based onCry Havoc1942 playby Allan R. KenwardProduced byEdwin KnopfStarringMargaret SullavanAnn SothernJoan BlondellCinematographyKarl FreundHal Rosher (uncredited)Edited byRalph E. WintersMusic byDaniele AmfitheatrofProductioncompanyMetro-Goldwyn-MayerDistributed byLoew's Inc.Release dates
November 23, 1943 (1943-11-23) (NYC)
February 1944 (1944-02) (US)
Running time97-98 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Cry 'Havoc' is a 1943 American war drama film, produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by Richard Thorpe. It stars Margaret Sullavan, Ann Sothern and Joan Blondell, and features Fay Bainter, Marsha Hunt, Ella Raines, Frances Gifford, Diana Lewis, Heather Angel, Dorothy Morris and Connie Gilchrist.
Plot
This is the story of thirteen women. Only two of them—Captain Alice Marsh and Lieutenant Mary Smith—were members of the armed forces of the United States. The others were civilians—American women who, until that fateful day in December, knew no more of war than did you or your nearest neighbor.
The film tells the story of 13 American women, two Army nurses and 11 civilians. It is set in a field hospital during the Battle of Bataan (January–April 9, 1942) against the inexorable advance of Japanese forces down the peninsula during the early months of the United States' involvement in World War II. At the beginning of the film, the head nurse, Lt. Mary “Smitty” Smith and her superior, Capt. Alice Marsh talk about their desperate need for supplies, especially quinine: Men are surviving surgery only to die of malaria. Smith jokes grimly that she could also use three dozen well-trained nurses. Marsh has a plan to look for volunteers among the several thousand refugees streaming from Manila. Marsh also tells a resistant Smith that there is only one chance for her—she must join the evacuees bound for Corregidor, and thence to Australia, where new medicines may save her. Smith has a deadly form of malaria.
Nurse Flo Norris returns from Mariveles with what supplies she could find; 9 women civilian refugees from various backgrounds are pushing the truck. They lack experience and training and at first find it difficult to adjust to all the horrors of their work and living in close quarters under constant fire. From the beginning, Pat Conlin rebels against Lt. Smith's oversight, saying she has always hated taking orders from a woman.
Pat becomes infatuated with a male officer, Lt. Holt, whose voice is heard but who is seen only at a distance, and deliberately makes a play for him, continuing even after Norris tells her that Smitty has a special relationship with Holt. The audience sees Smitty talking to Holt on the phone; it sounds as if they are deeply in love. Pat has a friendly relationship with Holt, who shares information with her when she is working the switchboard outside his office. The jealousy between the two women is made worse by the fact that Smitty must constantly reprimand Pat for ignoring regulations and doing dangerous things such as lighting cigarettes outside at night.
As time goes on, we see the women mastering their fear and dealing with almost every conceivable challenge, from tending the wounded; enduring a diet of horse meat, mule meat and monkey meat; picking up pieces of bodies to tallying the personal effects of the dead. A soldier dies in Connie's arms with the words “I'm all right.”
On their first day, just before an air-raid, one of the volunteers, Sue West, steps outside and disappears. Her sister Andra searches for her frantically. After four days, she is found alive, trapped in a shelter with 6 dead bodies, in a state of shock. She is given a quiet bed in the storeroom. Their troubles bring the women closer, and they discuss their hopes for the future. Grace, a former burlesque performer, dances for the group to break the tension, but then, off screen, Sue screams.
The hospital is attacked repeatedly. Grace's leg is wounded, and she loses her temper with Smitty, throwing Pat's relationship with Holt in her face. Smitty flees for the phone and calls Holt. Grace apologizes.
Smitty tells the women that the military have been told to dig in, but the volunteers may leave Bataan and go to Corregidor. She warns them that what they have experienced is nothing compared to what will come. After some discussion, they all decide to remain and help as best they can.
Six weeks later, the Japanese artillery is getting closer and the women learn that MacArthur is in Australia. Pat vows to get the lowdown and goes into Holts office. Three of the women go swimming, thrilled by 15 minutes' possession of a precious cake of soap. A Japanese plane strafes them, and Connie is killed. Dispirited, the women feel they cannot win, but Pat declares “We can't lose!” Using a map she got from Holt, she describes to the nurses—and to the wartime audience—how resistance has thwarted Japanese plans for easy conquest.
An angry Smitty tells Pat to stay away from the switchboard and by implication Holt and, shaking with fever, orders Pat to leave the room. Flo wants to call the Captain to help, but Smitty begs her not to because they will send her away. She reveals to Flo that she married Lt. Holt in November and joined the service to be with him. It is against the rules for officers and nurses to be married, so they have been keeping their marriage a secret. Smitty also puts a name to her disease, “malignant malaria.” Flo promises to keep her secrets.
Evacuation is underway, the lines are cut, and artillery fire stops. When the Pat learns that Lt. Holt has been killed, she is miserable. Smitty, who doesn't know about Holt, asks if Pat can't take it, and Diana tells Smitty that Pat's boyfriend, Lt. Holt, has just been killed. Smitty, struggling for control, goes into his office, looks around, takes out the ring she wears around her neck on a chain and tries it on.
Back in the barracks, Pat admits that she never had a chance with Holt. He never even made a pass at her. She wonders aloud, he couldn't possibly be fond of Smitty, could he? Flo tells Pat that they were in fact married and that Smitty has malignant malaria, which will kill her. She sacrificed herself to stay close to her husband. Pat asks, Why didn't she say something? It is clear that Pat would not come between husband and wife. There are sounds of sniper fire, then tanks, then machine guns. A Japanese soldier tells the women to come out with their hands over their heads. As they leave their underground barracks, Pat hands Smitty the nearly empty bottle of quinine. Smitty apologizes to Pat for not telling her about Holt, and Pat admits that he never gave her a tumble. They walk out together.
Cast
Margaret Sullavan as Lieutenant Smith
Ann Sothern as Pat
Joan Blondell as Grace
With
Fay Bainter as Captain Marsh
Marsha Hunt as Flo Norris
Ella Raines as Connie
Frances Gifford as Helen
Diana Lewis as Nydia
Heather Angel as Andra
Dorothy Morris as Sue
Connie Gilchrist as Sadie
Gloria Grafton as Steve
Fely Franquelli as Luisita
Uncredited
(in order of appearance)
Anna Q. Nilsson
Nurse
Richard Derr
Marine with thermometer
William Bishop
Soldier
Jack Randall
Lt. Thomas Holt
Robert Mitchum
Dying soldier who says "I'm all right"
Richard Crane
Soldier
James Warren
Wounded soldier at the side of the truck
Cast notes:
The film features a very early appearance by Robert Mitchum, who is briefly seen as a dying soldier. It also marks the final performance by Diana Lewis, who retired following her marriage to William Powell.
Gloria Grafton made her screen debut in this film.
Background
The film is based on a play by Allan R. Kenward which opened in Hollywood, California in September 1942. The play was also presented on Broadway, under the title Proof Thro' the Night with Carol Channing, Florence Rice and Ann Shoemaker. However, the play was not successful, opening on December 25, 1942 and closing January 2, 1943 after 11 performances. The title comes from a famous line in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: "Cry 'Havoc!', and let slip the dogs of war."
Production
Allan R. Kenward's play opened in a small Hollywood theatre in September 1942 under the title Cry 'Havoc', and two weeks later, in October 1942, MGM bought the rights to it for #20,000. Broadway producer Lee Shubert received a waiver from the Dramatists Guild to produce the play on Broadway: normally, this could not have happened until one year after a movie of the play had been released. The waiver was granted due to the subject's timeliness, and the show opened on Broadway on December 25, 1942 under the title Proof Thro' the Night. The title was changed back to Cry 'Havoc', possibly because the production did not receive good reviews. MGM paid an additional $15,000 for the rights to the Broadway production.
Mervyn LeRoy was originally slated to direct the film, as he was also scheduled to film the Broadway production as a reference, but it is unclear if this ever happened. LeRoy was replaced by Richard Thorpe in April 1943.
A large number of actresses were considered for the roles in the film. Joan Crawford was announced to play "Smitty", then was changed to play "Pat" against Merle Oberon playing "Smitty". Actresses considered for various roles between December 1942 and May 1943 include June Allyson, Eve Arden, Mary Elliott, Bonita Granville, Laura La Plante, Diana Lynn, Marilyn Maxwell, Kay Medford, June Millarde, Susan Peters, Frances Rafferty, Donna Reed, Helene Reynolds, Ann Sheridan, Mary Treen, Lana Turner, Elena Verdugo, and Tsing, a Chinese ingenue.
Cry 'Havoc' was in productions from May 13 to June 30, 1943, with additional scenes shot from July 18–20 and from September 16 to late September 1943. Location shooting took place in Pico, California.
The film's Technical director, Col. Milton A. Hill, was General Douglas MacArthur's Inspector General, and was on the last submarine to leave Corregidor.
Response
The film was considered topical, with Bataan often in the news at the time, and proved to be profitable. The film writer, John Douglas Eames, commented that much of the film was theatrical rather than cinematic, and he also noted that "some of the girls seemed to have found a beauty salon on Bataan". Leonard Maltin also noted that its stage origins were obvious, but that it offered a "pretty honest picture of war".
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Cry Havoc at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
^ "Proof Thro' the Night" on the Internet Broadway Database
^ Eames, John Douglas, The MGM Story, Octopus Books, London, 1975. p. 186. ISBN 0-904230-23-6
^ Maltin, Leonard (1998) Leonard Maltin's 1998 Movie and Video Guide, New York: Signet Books. p.291. ISBN 0-451-19288-5
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cry 'Havoc'.
Cry 'Havoc' at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
Cry 'Havoc' at IMDb
Cry 'Havoc' at the TCM Movie Database
Cry 'Havoc' at AllMovie
Cry 'Havoc' at TV Guide (slightly revised version of the 1987 write-up originally published in The Motion Picture Guide)
vteFilms directed by Richard ThorpeFilms
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King of the Wild (1931) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"},{"link_name":"Richard Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"Margaret Sullavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sullavan"},{"link_name":"Ann Sothern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Sothern"},{"link_name":"Joan Blondell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blondell"},{"link_name":"Fay Bainter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Bainter"},{"link_name":"Marsha Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_(actress,_born_1917)"},{"link_name":"Ella Raines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Raines"},{"link_name":"Frances Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Gifford"},{"link_name":"Diana Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Heather Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Angel_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Morris"},{"link_name":"Connie Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Gilchrist"}],"text":"Cry 'Havoc' is a 1943 American war drama film, produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and directed by Richard Thorpe. It stars Margaret Sullavan, Ann Sothern and Joan Blondell, and features Fay Bainter, Marsha Hunt, Ella Raines, Frances Gifford, Diana Lewis, Heather Angel, Dorothy Morris and Connie Gilchrist.","title":"Cry 'Havoc' (film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Army nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_nurse"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bataan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bataan"},{"link_name":"Corregidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidor"}],"text":"This is the story of thirteen women. Only two of them—Captain Alice Marsh and Lieutenant Mary Smith—were members of the armed forces of the United States. The others were civilians—American women who, until that fateful day in December, knew no more of war than did you or your nearest neighbor.The film tells the story of 13 American women, two Army nurses and 11 civilians. It is set in a field hospital during the Battle of Bataan (January–April 9, 1942) against the inexorable advance of Japanese forces down the peninsula during the early months of the United States' involvement in World War II. At the beginning of the film, the head nurse, Lt. Mary “Smitty” Smith and her superior, Capt. Alice Marsh talk about their desperate need for supplies, especially quinine: Men are surviving surgery only to die of malaria. Smith jokes grimly that she could also use three dozen well-trained nurses. Marsh has a plan to look for volunteers among the several thousand refugees streaming from Manila. Marsh also tells a resistant Smith that there is only one chance for her—she must join the evacuees bound for Corregidor, and thence to Australia, where new medicines may save her. Smith has a deadly form of malaria.Nurse Flo Norris returns from Mariveles with what supplies she could find; 9 women civilian refugees from various backgrounds are pushing the truck. They lack experience and training and at first find it difficult to adjust to all the horrors of their work and living in close quarters under constant fire. From the beginning, Pat Conlin rebels against Lt. Smith's oversight, saying she has always hated taking orders from a woman.Pat becomes infatuated with a male officer, Lt. Holt, whose voice is heard but who is seen only at a distance, and deliberately makes a play for him, continuing even after Norris tells her that Smitty has a special relationship with Holt. The audience sees Smitty talking to Holt on the phone; it sounds as if they are deeply in love. Pat has a friendly relationship with Holt, who shares information with her when she is working the switchboard outside his office. The jealousy between the two women is made worse by the fact that Smitty must constantly reprimand Pat for ignoring regulations and doing dangerous things such as lighting cigarettes outside at night.As time goes on, we see the women mastering their fear and dealing with almost every conceivable challenge, from tending the wounded; enduring a diet of horse meat, mule meat and monkey meat; picking up pieces of bodies to tallying the personal effects of the dead. A soldier dies in Connie's arms with the words “I'm all right.”On their first day, just before an air-raid, one of the volunteers, Sue West, steps outside and disappears. Her sister Andra searches for her frantically. After four days, she is found alive, trapped in a shelter with 6 dead bodies, in a state of shock. She is given a quiet bed in the storeroom. Their troubles bring the women closer, and they discuss their hopes for the future. Grace, a former burlesque performer, dances for the group to break the tension, but then, off screen, Sue screams.The hospital is attacked repeatedly. Grace's leg is wounded, and she loses her temper with Smitty, throwing Pat's relationship with Holt in her face. Smitty flees for the phone and calls Holt. Grace apologizes.Smitty tells the women that the military have been told to dig in, but the volunteers may leave Bataan and go to Corregidor. She warns them that what they have experienced is nothing compared to what will come. After some discussion, they all decide to remain and help as best they can.Six weeks later, the Japanese artillery is getting closer and the women learn that MacArthur is in Australia. Pat vows to get the lowdown and goes into Holts office. Three of the women go swimming, thrilled by 15 minutes' possession of a precious cake of soap. A Japanese plane strafes them, and Connie is killed. Dispirited, the women feel they cannot win, but Pat declares “We can't lose!” Using a map she got from Holt, she describes to the nurses—and to the wartime audience—how resistance has thwarted Japanese plans for easy conquest.An angry Smitty tells Pat to stay away from the switchboard and by implication Holt and, shaking with fever, orders Pat to leave the room. Flo wants to call the Captain to help, but Smitty begs her not to because they will send her away. She reveals to Flo that she married Lt. Holt in November and joined the service to be with him. It is against the rules for officers and nurses to be married, so they have been keeping their marriage a secret. Smitty also puts a name to her disease, “malignant malaria.” Flo promises to keep her secrets.Evacuation is underway, the lines are cut, and artillery fire stops. When the Pat learns that Lt. Holt has been killed, she is miserable. Smitty, who doesn't know about Holt, asks if Pat can't take it, and Diana tells Smitty that Pat's boyfriend, Lt. Holt, has just been killed. Smitty, struggling for control, goes into his office, looks around, takes out the ring she wears around her neck on a chain and tries it on.Back in the barracks, Pat admits that she never had a chance with Holt. He never even made a pass at her. She wonders aloud, he couldn't possibly be fond of Smitty, could he? Flo tells Pat that they were in fact married and that Smitty has malignant malaria, which will kill her. She sacrificed herself to stay close to her husband. Pat asks, Why didn't she say something? It is clear that Pat would not come between husband and wife. There are sounds of sniper fire, then tanks, then machine guns. A Japanese soldier tells the women to come out with their hands over their heads. As they leave their underground barracks, Pat hands Smitty the nearly empty bottle of quinine. Smitty apologizes to Pat for not telling her about Holt, and Pat admits that he never gave her a tumble. They walk out together.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Sullavan_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Margaret Sullavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Sullavan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ann_Sothern_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ann Sothern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Sothern"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joan_Blondell_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joan Blondell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Blondell"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fay_Bainter_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fay Bainter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fay_Bainter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marsha_Hunt_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Marsha Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsha_Hunt_(actress,_born_1917)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ella_Raines_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ella Raines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ella_Raines"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frances_Gifford_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frances Gifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Gifford"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diana_Lewis_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Diana Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Lewis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Heather_Angel_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Heather Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Angel_(actress)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorothy_Morris_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorothy Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Morris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connie_Gilchrist_in_Cry_Havoc_trailer.jpg"},{"link_name":"Connie Gilchrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connie_Gilchrist"},{"link_name":"Fely Franquelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fely_Franquelli"},{"link_name":"Anna Q. Nilsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Q._Nilsson"},{"link_name":"Richard Derr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Derr"},{"link_name":"William Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bishop_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Jack Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Randall_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Robert Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"Richard Crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Crane_(actor)"},{"link_name":"James Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Warren_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Robert Mitchum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Mitchum"},{"link_name":"Diana Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Lewis"},{"link_name":"William Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Powell"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"}],"text":"Margaret Sullavan as Lieutenant Smith\n\n\n\nAnn Sothern as Pat\n\n\n\nJoan Blondell as Grace\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWith\nFay Bainter as Captain Marsh\n\n\n\nMarsha Hunt as Flo Norris\n\n\n\nElla Raines as Connie\n\n\n\nFrances Gifford as Helen\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDiana Lewis as Nydia\n\n\n\nHeather Angel as Andra\n\n\n\nDorothy Morris as Sue\n\n\n\nConnie Gilchrist as Sadie\n\n\n\nGloria Grafton as Steve\n\n\n\nFely Franquelli as Luisita\n\n\n\n\n\n\nUncredited\n(in order of appearance)\n\n\nAnna Q. Nilsson\nNurse\n\n\nRichard Derr\nMarine with thermometer\n\n\nWilliam Bishop\nSoldier\n\n\nJack Randall\nLt. Thomas Holt\n\n\nRobert Mitchum\nDying soldier who says \"I'm all right\"\n\n\nRichard Crane\nSoldier\n\n\nJames Warren\nWounded soldier at the side of the truckCast notes:The film features a very early appearance by Robert Mitchum, who is briefly seen as a dying soldier. It also marks the final performance by Diana Lewis, who retired following her marriage to William Powell.\nGloria Grafton made her screen debut in this film.[1]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"Carol Channing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_Channing"},{"link_name":"Florence Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Rice"},{"link_name":"Ann Shoemaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Shoemaker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)"}],"text":"The film is based on a play by Allan R. Kenward which opened in Hollywood, California in September 1942. The play was also presented on Broadway, under the title Proof Thro' the Night with Carol Channing, Florence Rice and Ann Shoemaker. However, the play was not successful, opening on December 25, 1942 and closing January 2, 1943 after 11 performances.[2] The title comes from a famous line in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar: \"Cry 'Havoc!', and let slip the dogs of war.\"","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lee Shubert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Shubert"},{"link_name":"Dramatists Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatists_Guild"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"Mervyn LeRoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_LeRoy"},{"link_name":"Richard Thorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Thorpe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"Joan Crawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Crawford"},{"link_name":"Merle Oberon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merle_Oberon"},{"link_name":"June Allyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Allyson"},{"link_name":"Eve Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve_Arden"},{"link_name":"Mary Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Elliott&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonita Granville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_Granville"},{"link_name":"Laura La Plante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_La_Plante"},{"link_name":"Diana Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Marilyn Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marilyn_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Kay Medford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Medford"},{"link_name":"June Millarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_Millarde"},{"link_name":"Susan Peters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Peters"},{"link_name":"Frances Rafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Rafferty"},{"link_name":"Donna Reed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donna_Reed"},{"link_name":"Helene Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Reynolds"},{"link_name":"Ann Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Mary Treen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Treen"},{"link_name":"Lana Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lana_Turner"},{"link_name":"Elena Verdugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Verdugo"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"Pico, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_Rivera,_California#History_and_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-1"},{"link_name":"Douglas MacArthur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur"},{"link_name":"Corregidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corregidor"}],"text":"Allan R. Kenward's play opened in a small Hollywood theatre in September 1942 under the title Cry 'Havoc', and two weeks later, in October 1942, MGM bought the rights to it for #20,000. Broadway producer Lee Shubert received a waiver from the Dramatists Guild to produce the play on Broadway: normally, this could not have happened until one year after a movie of the play had been released. The waiver was granted due to the subject's timeliness, and the show opened on Broadway on December 25, 1942 under the title Proof Thro' the Night. The title was changed back to Cry 'Havoc', possibly because the production did not receive good reviews. MGM paid an additional $15,000 for the rights to the Broadway production.[1]Mervyn LeRoy was originally slated to direct the film, as he was also scheduled to film the Broadway production as a reference, but it is unclear if this ever happened. LeRoy was replaced by Richard Thorpe in April 1943.[1]A large number of actresses were considered for the roles in the film. Joan Crawford was announced to play \"Smitty\", then was changed to play \"Pat\" against Merle Oberon playing \"Smitty\". Actresses considered for various roles between December 1942 and May 1943 include June Allyson, Eve Arden, Mary Elliott, Bonita Granville, Laura La Plante, Diana Lynn, Marilyn Maxwell, Kay Medford, June Millarde, Susan Peters, Frances Rafferty, Donna Reed, Helene Reynolds, Ann Sheridan, Mary Treen, Lana Turner, Elena Verdugo, and Tsing, a Chinese ingenue.[1]Cry 'Havoc' was in productions from May 13 to June 30, 1943, with additional scenes shot from July 18–20 and from September 16 to late September 1943.[1] Location shooting took place in Pico, California.[1]The film's Technical director, Col. Milton A. Hill, was General Douglas MacArthur's Inspector General, and was on the last submarine to leave Corregidor.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Leonard Maltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The film was considered topical, with Bataan often in the news at the time, and proved to be profitable. The film writer, John Douglas Eames, commented that much of the film was theatrical rather than cinematic, and he also noted that \"some of the girls seemed to have found a beauty salon on Bataan\".[3] Leonard Maltin also noted that its stage origins were obvious, but that it offered a \"pretty honest picture of war\".[4]","title":"Response"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/388","external_links_name":"Cry Havoc"},{"Link":"http://www.ibdb.com/production.php?id=1256","external_links_name":"\"Proof Thro' the Night\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/388","external_links_name":"Cry 'Havoc'"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035770/","external_links_name":"Cry 'Havoc'"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/71957/enwp","external_links_name":"Cry 'Havoc'"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v88312","external_links_name":"Cry 'Havoc'"},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/movies/cry-havoc/2000045587","external_links_name":"Cry 'Havoc'"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menzel_Salem | Menzel Salem | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 35°52′N 8°28′E / 35.867°N 8.467°E / 35.867; 8.467You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (February 2010) Click for important translation instructions.
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Commune and town in Kef Governorate, TunisiaMenzel SalemCommune and townCountry TunisiaGovernorateKef GovernorateTime zoneUTC+1 (CET)
Menzel Salem is a town and commune in the Kef Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2004 it had a population of 2,211.
See also
List of cities in Tunisia
References
^ (in French) Recensement de 2004 (Institut national de la statistique) Archived 2015-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
35°52′N 8°28′E / 35.867°N 8.467°E / 35.867; 8.467
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Sidi Bouzid (seat)
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This Tunisia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kef Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kef_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Commune and town in Kef Governorate, TunisiaMenzel Salem is a town and commune in the Kef Governorate, Tunisia. As of 2004 it had a population of 2,211.[1]","title":"Menzel Salem"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of cities in Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tunisia"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Menzel_Salem¶ms=35_52_N_8_28_E_region:TN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"35°52′N 8°28′E / 35.867°N 8.467°E / 35.867; 8.467"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMenzel_Salem&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24423&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer","external_links_name":"Recensement de 2004 (Institut national de la statistique)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151128160935/http://www.ins.nat.tn/fr/rgph2.1.commune.php?code_modalite=24423&Code_indicateur=0301007&Submit3=Envoyer","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Menzel_Salem¶ms=35_52_N_8_28_E_region:TN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"35°52′N 8°28′E / 35.867°N 8.467°E / 35.867; 8.467"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Menzel_Salem&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexington_College | Lexington College | ["1 History","2 Affiliation","3 Academic and student life","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°52′39″N 87°38′59″W / 41.877413°N 87.649735°W / 41.877413; -87.649735College in Illinois
Lexington CollegeFormer nameLexington Institute of Hospitality CareersTypePrivate women's collegeActive1977–2014AccreditationHigher Learning CommissionReligious affiliationRoman CatholicLocationChicago, Illinois, United States
Lexington College was a Catholic women's college located in Chicago, Illinois. The curriculum was focused entirely on hospitality management studies.
Originally known as the Lexington Institute of Hospitality Careers, the college opened in 1977 and closed in 2014.
History
Lexington was founded in 1977 by three Chicago-area laywomen – Helen Healy, Nancy McCormack, and Ann Jans – who were inspired by their affiliation with Opus Dei. Before his death in 1973, Opus Dei founder Josemaría Escrivá had encouraged them to start a U.S.-based program to train women in hospitality. The school was the US' only women-only hospitality program.
Lexington was originally named the Lexington Institute of Hospitality Careers, in honor of the street upon which its first campus, in Chicago's West Side, was located. In 1993, it received accreditation from The Higher Learning Commission, and in 1995, the name changed to Lexington College. By 1998, the college was based at a small campus in Morgan Park that offered three classrooms, one dormitory, a one-room library, a bookstore, and a chapel to serve its approximately 50 students. By 2003, Lexington had moved to the West Loop and shared a building with an Opus Dei tutoring center. By 2010, it was located in Greektown.
In May 2014, the president of Lexington College posted a message on the college website announcing the closure of the college at the end of the academic year.
After Lexington's articles of incorporation were dissolved, all of the transcripts of its students were transferred to the Illinois Board of Higher Education (IBHE). Students who had been studying in the Bachelor's degree program were eligible to transfer to Kendall College or Roosevelt University to complete their degrees.
Affiliation
Lexington was affiliated with Opus Dei. Opus Dei referred to Lexington as "a corporate work of Opus Dei," with a "philosophy of education...inspired by the social teachings of the Catholic Church."
Lexington College itself objected to media descriptions of it being an Opus Dei-run institution, saying that the college represented diverse viewpoints and that descriptions of it being Opus Dei-operated were "not accurate." They acknowledged having members of Opus Dei on its staff and board (including an Opus Dei chaplain), and working the organization's teachings into the curriculum, but said the college was "inspired by the social teachings of the Catholic Church" as opposed to Opus Dei specifically and that they did not require students to be Catholic. In John L. Allen Jr.'s book Opus Dei, Lexington's president said that about 20 students had become numeraries between 1977 and 2005, suggesting that the college was not intended as an Opus Dei recruiting tool.
The Princeton Review and the College Board, two national clearinghouses for information on U.S. higher education institutions, described the college as being affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church.
Academic and student life
The founders wanted Lexington to focus on guiding women towards professional careers while being introduced to the teachings of Escrivá and practicing service to others. In addition to hospitality training, students took courses in liberal arts, with an emphasis on ethical and religious teachings. Accounting, literature, and housekeeping were all taught, as was a course called "Good News of the Bible," taught by the Opus Dei regional vicar. An Opus Dei mass was offered daily. Other topics of instruction included the history, presentation, and etiquette of afternoon tea; table manners; holiday dining; and children's dining. Students were required to complete externships during their second year of enrollment. The student body size was kept small to provide more focused education and training.
The college was noted for its diversity, starting with a group of Hispanic women in 1977 and by the turn of the 21st century ranking seventh nationally among all women's colleges for its percentage of Black students. In 2007, the College Board reported that Lexington was a Hispanic-serving institution, with a student body that was 44% Black/Non-Hispanic, 39% Hispanic, 11% White/Non-Hispanic, and 6% Non-Resident Alien. That same year, it was the smallest institution in Illinois to offer Bachelor's degrees, with 56 students.
Lexington followed an open admissions process, admitting any student who had attained at least a 2.0 GPA in high school and submitted an admission essay and high school transcript. 200 students were reported to pass through each year.
All students graduating from Lexington received either the Bachelor of Applied Science or the Associate of Applied Science. Students could major in Hospitality Management with a concentration in culinary arts, hotel/restaurant management, event planning, or health care and wellness. Students had to complete one (A.A.S.) or two (B.A.S.) internships while attending Lexington to receive their degrees.
References
^ a b c d Martin, Ellen Rooney (April 12, 1998). "Service with a smile – and a degree". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
^ a b c d Mangels, Susan (December 22, 2003). "College description". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
^ Clermont, Betty (December 2, 2010). The Neo-Catholics: Implementing Christian Nationalism in America. SCB Distributors. ISBN 978-0-932863-98-0.
^ a b "Lexington College Statement of Accreditation Status". Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
^ Postsecondary Sourcebook for Community Colleges, Technical, Trade, and Business Schools Index of Majors and Sports. Wintergreen Orchard House. 2010. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-936035-19-9.
^ a b O'Leary, Kelly (May 9, 2014). "Dear friends of Lexington College". LexingtonCollege.edu. Lexington College. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
^ "Public Disclosure Notice for an Institution Resigning Commission Affiliation: Lexington College, Chicago, IL" (PDF). Retrieved March 12, 2019.
^ Hunt, Mary (January 14, 2009). "Lexington College: the Joy of Serving". OpusDei.org. Opus Dei. Retrieved May 1, 2022. Lexington College is a corporate work of Opus Dei. Its philosophy of education is inspired by the social teachings of the Catholic Church.
^ Allen, John L. Jr. (2005). Opus Dei: An Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church. Crown Publishing Group. p. 489. ISBN 978-0-385-51687-7. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
^ Princeton Review (2004). Complete Book of Colleges, 2005. College Admissions Guides. Random House Information Group. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-375-76406-6. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
^ a b "Lexington College". CollegeBoard.com. College Board. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
^ Valadez, Eloise Marie (March 14, 1999). "Traditional tea makes a comeback". Frankfort Star. Frankfort, Illinois. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
^ Valadez, Eloise Marie (November 21, 1999). "On the town: Holiday dining opportunities for children". South Holland Star. South Holland, Illinois. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
^ "Lexington College offers training in hotel industry". Orland Park Star. Orland Park, Illinois. July 10, 1997. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
^ a b Townsend, Barbara (2002). Two-Year Colleges for Women and Minorities: Enabling Access to the Baccalaureate. RoutledgeFalmer Studies in Higher Education. Taylor & Francis. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-135-57948-7. Retrieved May 2, 2022.
^ "It's Not True That Black Women Stay Away from Single-Sex Colleges". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 30 (30): 12–13. Winter 2000–2001. doi:10.2307/2679053. JSTOR 2679053. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
^ King, Sammi (May 6, 2007). "Next stop, your dream school". Arlington Heights Daily Herald. Arlington Heights, Illinois. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
^ Peterson's; Snider, Mark D. (2009). Colleges in the Midwest. Peterson's Colleges in the Midwest. Peterson's. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7689-2690-3. Retrieved March 28, 2022.
^ Allen, John L. (2005). Opus Dei: Secrets and Power Inside the Catholic Church. Allen Lane. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-7139-9901-3.
External links
Lexington College — archived official site
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41°52′39″N 87°38′59″W / 41.877413°N 87.649735°W / 41.877413; -87.649735
This article about an Illinois institution of higher education is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to a building or structure in Chicago is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_higher_education"},{"link_name":"women's college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"hospitality management studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospitality_management_studies"}],"text":"College in IllinoisLexington College was a Catholic women's college located in Chicago, Illinois. The curriculum was focused entirely on hospitality management studies.Originally known as the Lexington Institute of Hospitality Careers, the college opened in 1977 and closed in 2014.","title":"Lexington College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laywomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laity"},{"link_name":"Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-1"},{"link_name":"Josemaría Escrivá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josemar%C3%ADa_Escriv%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangels-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"West Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLC-4"},{"link_name":"The Higher Learning Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Higher_Learning_Commission"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HLC-4"},{"link_name":"Morgan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Park,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-1"},{"link_name":"West Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Loop"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangels-2"},{"link_name":"Greektown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greektown,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wintergreen_Orchard_House2010-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Leary-6"},{"link_name":"Illinois Board of Higher Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Board_of_Higher_Education"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Kendall College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_College"},{"link_name":"Roosevelt University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roosevelt_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Leary-6"}],"text":"Lexington was founded in 1977 by three Chicago-area laywomen – Helen Healy, Nancy McCormack, and Ann Jans – who were inspired by their affiliation with Opus Dei.[1] Before his death in 1973, Opus Dei founder Josemaría Escrivá had encouraged them to start a U.S.-based program to train women in hospitality.[2] The school was the US' only women-only hospitality program.[3]Lexington was originally named the Lexington Institute of Hospitality Careers, in honor of the street upon which its first campus, in Chicago's West Side, was located.[4] In 1993, it received accreditation from The Higher Learning Commission, and in 1995, the name changed to Lexington College.[4] By 1998, the college was based at a small campus in Morgan Park that offered three classrooms, one dormitory, a one-room library, a bookstore, and a chapel to serve its approximately 50 students.[1] By 2003, Lexington had moved to the West Loop and shared a building with an Opus Dei tutoring center.[2] By 2010, it was located in Greektown.[5]In May 2014, the president of Lexington College posted a message on the college website announcing the closure of the college at the end of the academic year.[6]\nAfter Lexington's articles of incorporation were dissolved, all of the transcripts of its students were transferred to the Illinois Board of Higher Education (IBHE).[7] Students who had been studying in the Bachelor's degree program were eligible to transfer to Kendall College or Roosevelt University to complete their degrees.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"corporate work of Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei_in_society"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpusDei-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangels-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mangels-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-1"},{"link_name":"John L. Allen Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._Allen_Jr."},{"link_name":"Opus Dei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opus_Dei_(book)"},{"link_name":"numeraries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_membership_of_Opus_Dei"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allen-9"},{"link_name":"Princeton Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Review"},{"link_name":"College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Princeton-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CollegeBoard-11"}],"text":"Lexington was affiliated with Opus Dei. Opus Dei referred to Lexington as \"a corporate work of Opus Dei,\" with a \"philosophy of education...inspired by the social teachings of the Catholic Church.\"[8]Lexington College itself objected to media descriptions of it being an Opus Dei-run institution, saying that the college represented diverse viewpoints and that descriptions of it being Opus Dei-operated were \"not accurate.\"[2] They acknowledged having members of Opus Dei on its staff and board (including an Opus Dei chaplain), and working the organization's teachings into the curriculum, but said the college was \"inspired by the social teachings of the Catholic Church\" as opposed to Opus Dei specifically and that they did not require students to be Catholic.[2][1] In John L. Allen Jr.'s book Opus Dei, Lexington's president said that about 20 students had become numeraries between 1977 and 2005, suggesting that the college was not intended as an Opus Dei recruiting tool.[9]The Princeton Review and the College Board, two national clearinghouses for information on U.S. higher education institutions, described the college as being affiliated with the Roman Catholic Church.[10][11]","title":"Affiliation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-1"},{"link_name":"afternoon tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_(meal)"},{"link_name":"table manners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_manners"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valadez1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Valadez2-13"},{"link_name":"externships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Externship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Orland-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Townsend-15"},{"link_name":"women's colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Townsend-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JBHE-16"},{"link_name":"College Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Board"},{"link_name":"Hispanic-serving institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic-serving_institution"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CollegeBoard-11"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-17"},{"link_name":"open admissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_admissions"},{"link_name":"GPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grading_in_education"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Petersons-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"Associate of Applied Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_of_Applied_Science"},{"link_name":"culinary arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culinary_arts"},{"link_name":"event planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_planning"},{"link_name":"internships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern"}],"text":"The founders wanted Lexington to focus on guiding women towards professional careers while being introduced to the teachings of Escrivá and practicing service to others. In addition to hospitality training, students took courses in liberal arts, with an emphasis on ethical and religious teachings. Accounting, literature, and housekeeping were all taught, as was a course called \"Good News of the Bible,\" taught by the Opus Dei regional vicar. An Opus Dei mass was offered daily.[1] Other topics of instruction included the history, presentation, and etiquette of afternoon tea; table manners; holiday dining; and children's dining.[12][13] Students were required to complete externships during their second year of enrollment.[14] The student body size was kept small to provide more focused education and training.[15]The college was noted for its diversity, starting with a group of Hispanic women in 1977 and by the turn of the 21st century ranking seventh nationally among all women's colleges for its percentage of Black students.[15][16] In 2007, the College Board reported that Lexington was a Hispanic-serving institution, with a student body that was 44% Black/Non-Hispanic, 39% Hispanic, 11% White/Non-Hispanic, and 6% Non-Resident Alien.[11] That same year, it was the smallest institution in Illinois to offer Bachelor's degrees, with 56 students.[17]Lexington followed an open admissions process, admitting any student who had attained at least a 2.0 GPA in high school and submitted an admission essay and high school transcript.[18] 200 students were reported to pass through each year.[19]All students graduating from Lexington received either the Bachelor of Applied Science or the Associate of Applied Science. Students could major in Hospitality Management with a concentration in culinary arts, hotel/restaurant management, event planning, or health care and wellness. Students had to complete one (A.A.S.) or two (B.A.S.) internships while attending Lexington to receive their degrees.","title":"Academic and student life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Martin, Ellen Rooney (April 12, 1998). \"Service with a smile – and a degree\". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved October 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/168427920","url_text":"\"Service with a smile – and a degree\""}]},{"reference":"Mangels, Susan (December 22, 2003). \"College description\". Chicago Tribune. Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved October 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/232135472/","url_text":"\"College description\""}]},{"reference":"Clermont, Betty (December 2, 2010). The Neo-Catholics: Implementing Christian Nationalism in America. SCB Distributors. ISBN 978-0-932863-98-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tO9ITQVORlMC&dq=%2522Lexington+College%2522+opus+dei&pg=PT32","url_text":"The Neo-Catholics: Implementing Christian Nationalism in America"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932863-98-0","url_text":"978-0-932863-98-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Lexington College Statement of Accreditation Status\". Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220502065115/https://www.hlcommission.org/component/directory/?Action=ShowBasic&Itemid=&instid=1462&lang=en","url_text":"\"Lexington College Statement of Accreditation Status\""},{"url":"http://hlcommission.org/component/directory/?Action=ShowBasic&Itemid=&instid=1462&lang=en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Postsecondary Sourcebook for Community Colleges, Technical, Trade, and Business Schools Index of Majors and Sports. Wintergreen Orchard House. 2010. p. 457. ISBN 978-1-936035-19-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aayJuHE7lRcC","url_text":"Postsecondary Sourcebook for Community Colleges, Technical, Trade, and Business Schools Index of Majors and Sports"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936035-19-9","url_text":"978-1-936035-19-9"}]},{"reference":"O'Leary, Kelly (May 9, 2014). \"Dear friends of Lexington College\". LexingtonCollege.edu. Lexington College. Archived from the original on March 13, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150313200621/http://lexingtoncollege.edu/","url_text":"\"Dear friends of Lexington College\""},{"url":"http://lexingtoncollege.edu/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Public Disclosure Notice for an Institution Resigning Commission Affiliation: Lexington College, Chicago, IL\" (PDF). Retrieved March 12, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hlcommission.org/download/_PublicDisclosureNotices/Lexington%2520College%2520PDN.pdf","url_text":"\"Public Disclosure Notice for an Institution Resigning Commission Affiliation: Lexington College, Chicago, IL\""}]},{"reference":"Hunt, Mary (January 14, 2009). \"Lexington College: the Joy of Serving\". OpusDei.org. Opus Dei. Retrieved May 1, 2022. Lexington College is a corporate work of Opus Dei. Its philosophy of education is inspired by the social teachings of the Catholic Church.","urls":[{"url":"https://opusdei.org/en-us/article/lexington-college-the-joy-of-serving/","url_text":"\"Lexington College: the Joy of Serving\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, John L. Jr. (2005). Opus Dei: An Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church. Crown Publishing Group. p. 489. ISBN 978-0-385-51687-7. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=a-vGpdlGed0C&pg=PT489","url_text":"Opus Dei: An Objective Look Behind the Myths and Reality of the Most Controversial Force in the Catholic Church"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-51687-7","url_text":"978-0-385-51687-7"}]},{"reference":"Princeton Review (2004). Complete Book of Colleges, 2005. College Admissions Guides. Random House Information Group. p. 419. ISBN 978-0-375-76406-6. Retrieved March 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=GL5ke9BNA_oC&pg=PA419","url_text":"Complete Book of Colleges, 2005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-76406-6","url_text":"978-0-375-76406-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Lexington College\". CollegeBoard.com. College Board. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070310182349/http://apps.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?match=true&collegeId=1237","url_text":"\"Lexington College\""},{"url":"http://apps.collegeboard.com/search/CollegeDetail.jsp?match=true&collegeId=1237","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Valadez, Eloise Marie (March 14, 1999). \"Traditional tea makes a comeback\". Frankfort Star. Frankfort, Illinois. Retrieved March 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/frankfort-star-mar-14-1999-p-73/","url_text":"\"Traditional tea makes a comeback\""}]},{"reference":"Valadez, Eloise Marie (November 21, 1999). \"On the town: Holiday dining opportunities for children\". South Holland Star. South Holland, Illinois. Retrieved March 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/south-holland-star-nov-21-1999-p-74/","url_text":"\"On the town: Holiday dining opportunities for children\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lexington College offers training in hotel industry\". Orland Park Star. Orland Park, Illinois. July 10, 1997. Retrieved March 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/orland-park-star-jul-10-1997-p-16/","url_text":"\"Lexington College offers training in hotel industry\""}]},{"reference":"Townsend, Barbara (2002). Two-Year Colleges for Women and Minorities: Enabling Access to the Baccalaureate. RoutledgeFalmer Studies in Higher Education. Taylor & Francis. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-135-57948-7. Retrieved May 2, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KZONAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA161","url_text":"Two-Year Colleges for Women and Minorities: Enabling Access to the Baccalaureate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-57948-7","url_text":"978-1-135-57948-7"}]},{"reference":"\"It's Not True That Black Women Stay Away from Single-Sex Colleges\". The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education. 30 (30): 12–13. Winter 2000–2001. doi:10.2307/2679053. JSTOR 2679053. Retrieved October 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2679053","url_text":"\"It's Not True That Black Women Stay Away from Single-Sex Colleges\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2679053","url_text":"10.2307/2679053"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2679053","url_text":"2679053"}]},{"reference":"King, Sammi (May 6, 2007). \"Next stop, your dream school\". Arlington Heights Daily Herald. Arlington Heights, Illinois. Retrieved March 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/arlington-heights-daily-herald-suburban-chicago-may-06-2007-p-229/","url_text":"\"Next stop, your dream school\""}]},{"reference":"Peterson's; Snider, Mark D. (2009). Colleges in the Midwest. Peterson's Colleges in the Midwest. Peterson's. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7689-2690-3. Retrieved March 28, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4mc4PN1nxFEC&pg=PA54","url_text":"Colleges in the Midwest"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7689-2690-3","url_text":"978-0-7689-2690-3"}]},{"reference":"Allen, John L. (2005). Opus Dei: Secrets and Power Inside the Catholic Church. Allen Lane. p. 360. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_Hore | Bradley Hore | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Australian boxer
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Bradley Hore" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Brad HoreBornBradley Arthur Hore (1981-10-22) 22 October 1981 (age 42)Blacktown, New South Wales, AustraliaNationalityAustralianStatisticsWeight(s)Super BantamweightHeight5 ft 5.5 in (1.66 m)
Boxing recordTotal fights7Wins5Wins by KO0Losses2Draws0No contests0
Bradley Arthur Hore (born 22 October 1981 in Blacktown, New South Wales) is an Indigenous Australian male boxer who represented his country and his peoples as a 2 x Olympic & Commonwealth Games athlete. Hore turned pro on 27 July 2012 and competed as a professional in the Super Bantamweight and Super Flyweight divisions. He holds the WBF Superfly Title, WBU Australasian Superfly title and is a Queensland Bantamweight Champion. Hore, retired from his professional boxing career in 2016 after starting the charity "Keep Your Hands To Yourself" which raises awareness against drug & alcohol induced violence.
As an amateur he competed in 214 fights with a record 177 wins of which included the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games, 2004 Athens Olympic Games and 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games. He competed for his native country as the favourite and Australian and Oceania champion at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, where he was stopped in the second round of the men's flyweight division (– 51 kg) by USA's Ronald Siler (18-32).
Hore was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder spending many years training under the Australian Sport Institute Banner .
Hore is the 23rd Indigenous Olympian and represents his people proudly as an Indigenous Outreach Worker with North Coast Aboriginal Corporation for Indigenous Health on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, where he lives with his partner and children.
Hore also works for the Australian Olympic Committee as an ambassador for school sport and encourages children to aim high and never give up. Hore is also an ambassador for the Indigenous Marathon Foundation and a representative for the Indigenous sporting community. The Australian Olympic committee recently represented Brad in a NAIDOC week celebratory edition of their magazine https://www.olympics.com.au/news/brad-hore-changing-the-trajectory-for-indigenous-youth/
Hore trains at The Boxing Shop at the Nathan Campus of Griffith University in Brisbane under coach Gareth Williams.
Hore recently took up painting, with a traditional Indigenous style which can be found in many iconic places in Queensland; including being represented on apparel and other media.
References
^ "Australian Indigenous Olympians" (PDF). Australian Olympic Committee website. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
^ AIS at the Olympics Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine
sports-reference
External links
Boxing record for Bradley Hore from BoxRec (registration required)
Authority control databases
VIAF
This biographical article related to an Australian boxer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blacktown, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktown,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"boxer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing"},{"link_name":"professional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_boxing"},{"link_name":"Super Bantamweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_bantamweight"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aoc-1"},{"link_name":"Keep Your Hands To Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.keepyourhandstoyourselfau.com"},{"link_name":"2004 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Ronald Siler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Siler"},{"link_name":"Australian Institute of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Sport"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"https://www.olympics.com.au/news/brad-hore-changing-the-trajectory-for-indigenous-youth/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.olympics.com.au/news/brad-hore-changing-the-trajectory-for-indigenous-youth/"},{"link_name":"The Boxing Shop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theboxingshop.com.au"}],"text":"Bradley Arthur Hore (born 22 October 1981 in Blacktown, New South Wales) is an Indigenous Australian male boxer who represented his country and his peoples as a 2 x Olympic & Commonwealth Games athlete. Hore turned pro on 27 July 2012 and competed as a professional in the Super Bantamweight and Super Flyweight divisions.[1] He holds the WBF Superfly Title, WBU Australasian Superfly title and is a Queensland Bantamweight Champion. Hore, retired from his professional boxing career in 2016 after starting the charity \"Keep Your Hands To Yourself\" which raises awareness against drug & alcohol induced violence.As an amateur he competed in 214 fights with a record 177 wins of which included the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, 2002 Manchester Commonwealth Games, 2004 Athens Olympic Games and 2006 Melbourne Commonwealth Games. He competed for his native country as the favourite and Australian and Oceania champion at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, where he was stopped in the second round of the men's flyweight division (– 51 kg) by USA's Ronald Siler (18-32).Hore was an Australian Institute of Sport scholarship holder spending many years training under the Australian Sport Institute Banner .[2]Hore is the 23rd Indigenous Olympian and represents his people proudly as an Indigenous Outreach Worker with North Coast Aboriginal Corporation for Indigenous Health on the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, where he lives with his partner and children.Hore also works for the Australian Olympic Committee as an ambassador for school sport and encourages children to aim high and never give up. Hore is also an ambassador for the Indigenous Marathon Foundation and a representative for the Indigenous sporting community. The Australian Olympic committee recently represented Brad in a NAIDOC week celebratory edition of their magazine https://www.olympics.com.au/news/brad-hore-changing-the-trajectory-for-indigenous-youth/Hore trains at The Boxing Shop at the Nathan Campus of Griffith University in Brisbane under coach Gareth Williams.Hore recently took up painting, with a traditional Indigenous style which can be found in many iconic places in Queensland; including being represented on apparel and other media.","title":"Bradley Hore"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Australian Indigenous Olympians\" (PDF). Australian Olympic Committee website. Retrieved 10 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://corporate.olympics.com.au/files/dmfile/Australian%20Indigenous%20Olympians_19Feb2015_v2.pdf","url_text":"\"Australian Indigenous Olympians\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bradley+Hore%22","external_links_name":"\"Bradley Hore\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bradley+Hore%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bradley+Hore%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bradley+Hore%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bradley+Hore%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bradley+Hore%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.keepyourhandstoyourselfau.com/","external_links_name":"Keep Your Hands To Yourself"},{"Link":"https://www.olympics.com.au/news/brad-hore-changing-the-trajectory-for-indigenous-youth/","external_links_name":"https://www.olympics.com.au/news/brad-hore-changing-the-trajectory-for-indigenous-youth/"},{"Link":"http://www.theboxingshop.com.au/","external_links_name":"The Boxing Shop"},{"Link":"http://corporate.olympics.com.au/files/dmfile/Australian%20Indigenous%20Olympians_19Feb2015_v2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Australian Indigenous Olympians\""},{"Link":"http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/history/achievements/olympics","external_links_name":"AIS at the Olympics"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110606223207/http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/history/achievements/olympics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418122917/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ho/bradley-hore-1.html","external_links_name":"sports-reference"},{"Link":"https://boxrec.com/en/boxer/612950","external_links_name":"Boxing record for Bradley Hore"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/2095148390826810830000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bradley_Hore&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Kautzsch | Emil Friedrich Kautzsch | ["1 Biography","2 Published works","3 References","4 External links"] | German academic (1841–1910)
Emil Kautzsch
Emil Friedrich Kautzsch (4 September 1841 – 7 May 1910) was a German Hebrew scholar and biblical critic, born at Plauen, Saxony.
Biography
He was educated at Leipzig, in whose theological faculty he was appointed privatdozent (1869) and professor (1871). Subsequently he held chairs at Basel (1872–80), where he received an honorary Swiss citizenship and made friends with Friedrich Nietzsche, after which he moved to Tübingen (1880–88) until receiving a professorship at Halle in 1888.
Spirituskreis (1902); standing, from left to right: Georg Wissowa, Eduard Meyer, Alois Riehl, Johannes Conrad, Carl Robert, Rudolf Stammler, Emil Kautzsch, Max Reischle; seated, from left to right: Erich Haupt, Edgar Loening, Friedrich Loofs, Wilhelm Dittenberger.
Kautzsch traveled to Ottoman Palestine in 1876, and became one of the founding members of the "German Society for the Exploration of Palestine" (Deutscher Palästina-Verein) the following year. He was also one of the editors of the Theologische Studien und Kritiken, beginning in 1888.
Published works
Kautzsch edited the following works:
The 8th edition of Hermann Scholz's Abriss der Hebräischen Laut- und Formenlehre, (1899).
The 10th and 11th editions of Hagenbach's Encyklopädie und Methodologie (1880-1884).
The 22nd through the 28th editions of Gesenius' Hebräische Grammatik, (last edition published in 1909).
In addition, Kautzsch wrote:
De Veteris Testamenti Locis a Paulo Apostolo Allegatis, (1869).
Die Echtheit der moabitischen Altertümer geprüft, (Strassburg, 1876).
Kautzsch, Emil F. (1884a). Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen: Mit einer Kritischen Erörterung der aramäischen Wörter im Neuen Testament. Leipzig: Vogel.
Kautzsch, Emil F. (1884b). "The Aramaic Language". Hebraica. 1 (1–2): 98–115. doi:10.1086/368803. JSTOR 527111.
Textbibel des Alten und Neuen Testaments, (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1899), with Karl Weizsäcker, later Karl von Weizsäcker, grandfather of Richard von Weizsäcker. Both were honored for this work with a nobility title, which Kautzsch refused and asked for the Swiss citizenship instead.
Apokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments, (1900), with other scholars.
Kautzsch, Emil F. (1902). Die Aramaismen im Alten Testament untersucht. Halle: Niemeyer.
Heilige Schrift des Alten Testaments, (3rd edition, 1908–10), with other scholars.
Biblische Theologie des Alten Testaments, (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1911), published posthumously.
References
^ "Kautzsch, Emil Friedrich". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
^ Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, edited and enlarged by Emil Kautzsch, translated by Arthur Ernest Cowley
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Emil Kautzsch.
Works by or about Emil Friedrich Kautzsch at Internet Archive
Works related to Emil Friedrich Kautzsch at Wikisource
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emil_Kautzsch_(Holzstich_1911).jpg"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Plauen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plauen"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony"}],"text":"Emil KautzschEmil Friedrich Kautzsch (4 September 1841 – 7 May 1910) was a German Hebrew scholar and biblical critic, born at Plauen, Saxony.","title":"Emil Friedrich Kautzsch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"privatdozent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privatdozent"},{"link_name":"professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor"},{"link_name":"chairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chair_(official)"},{"link_name":"Basel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Nietzsche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche"},{"link_name":"Tübingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen"},{"link_name":"Halle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle,_Saxony-Anhalt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spirituskreis_1902_k.jpg"},{"link_name":"Georg Wissowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wissowa"},{"link_name":"Eduard Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard_Meyer"},{"link_name":"Alois Riehl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alois_Riehl"},{"link_name":"Johannes Conrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Conrad"},{"link_name":"Carl Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Robert"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Stammler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Stammler"},{"link_name":"Max Reischle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Reischle"},{"link_name":"Erich Haupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Haupt"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Loofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Loofs"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Dittenberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Dittenberger"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Theologische Studien und Kritiken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theologische_Studien_und_Kritiken&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He was educated at Leipzig, in whose theological faculty he was appointed privatdozent (1869) and professor (1871). Subsequently he held chairs at Basel (1872–80), where he received an honorary Swiss citizenship and made friends with Friedrich Nietzsche, after which he moved to Tübingen (1880–88) until receiving a professorship at Halle in 1888.Spirituskreis (1902); standing, from left to right: Georg Wissowa, Eduard Meyer, Alois Riehl, Johannes Conrad, Carl Robert, Rudolf Stammler, Emil Kautzsch, Max Reischle; seated, from left to right: Erich Haupt, Edgar Loening, Friedrich Loofs, Wilhelm Dittenberger.Kautzsch traveled to Ottoman Palestine in 1876, and became one of the founding members of the \"German Society for the Exploration of Palestine\" (Deutscher Palästina-Verein) the following year.[1] He was also one of the editors of the Theologische Studien und Kritiken, beginning in 1888.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hagenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Rudolf_Hagenbach"},{"link_name":"Gesenius'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Kautzsch, Emil F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen: Mit einer Kritischen Erörterung der aramäischen Wörter im Neuen Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=OU09AAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"Kautzsch, Emil F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"\"The Aramaic Language\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F368803"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/368803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F368803"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"527111","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/527111"},{"link_name":"Karl von Weizsäcker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker"},{"link_name":"Richard von Weizsäcker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker"},{"link_name":"Kautzsch, Emil F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Die Aramaismen im Alten Testament untersucht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=srZJAQAAIAAJ"}],"text":"Kautzsch edited the following works:The 8th edition of Hermann Scholz's Abriss der Hebräischen Laut- und Formenlehre, (1899).\nThe 10th and 11th editions of Hagenbach's Encyklopädie und Methodologie (1880-1884).\nThe 22nd through the 28th editions of Gesenius' Hebräische Grammatik, (last edition published in 1909).[2]In addition, Kautzsch wrote:De Veteris Testamenti Locis a Paulo Apostolo Allegatis, (1869).\nDie Echtheit der moabitischen Altertümer geprüft, (Strassburg, 1876).\nKautzsch, Emil F. (1884a). Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen: Mit einer Kritischen Erörterung der aramäischen Wörter im Neuen Testament. Leipzig: Vogel.\nKautzsch, Emil F. (1884b). \"The Aramaic Language\". Hebraica. 1 (1–2): 98–115. doi:10.1086/368803. JSTOR 527111.\nTextbibel des Alten und Neuen Testaments, (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1899), with Karl Weizsäcker, later Karl von Weizsäcker, grandfather of Richard von Weizsäcker. Both were honored for this work with a nobility title, which Kautzsch refused and asked for the Swiss citizenship instead.\nApokryphen und Pseudepigraphen des Alten Testaments, (1900), with other scholars.\nKautzsch, Emil F. (1902). Die Aramaismen im Alten Testament untersucht. Halle: Niemeyer.\nHeilige Schrift des Alten Testaments, (3rd edition, 1908–10), with other scholars.\nBiblische Theologie des Alten Testaments, (Tübingen: J.C.B. Mohr, 1911), published posthumously.","title":"Published works"}] | [{"image_text":"Emil Kautzsch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Emil_Kautzsch_%28Holzstich_1911%29.jpg/220px-Emil_Kautzsch_%28Holzstich_1911%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spirituskreis (1902); standing, from left to right: Georg Wissowa, Eduard Meyer, Alois Riehl, Johannes Conrad, Carl Robert, Rudolf Stammler, Emil Kautzsch, Max Reischle; seated, from left to right: Erich Haupt, Edgar Loening, Friedrich Loofs, Wilhelm Dittenberger.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Spirituskreis_1902_k.jpg/220px-Spirituskreis_1902_k.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Kautzsch, Emil F. (1884a). Grammatik des Biblisch-Aramäischen: Mit einer Kritischen Erörterung der aramäischen Wörter im Neuen Testament. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Our_Own_Image | List of The Outer Limits (1995 TV series) episodes | ["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Season 1 (1995)","2.2 Season 2 (1996)","2.3 Season 3 (1997)","2.4 Season 4 (1998)","2.5 Season 5 (1999)","2.6 Season 6 (2000)","2.7 Season 7 (2001–02)","3 Story arcs and connected episodes","3.1 Innobotics Corporation","3.2 Major John Skokes/Earth Defence","3.3 Alien Infiltration","3.4 Time Traveler Dr. Theresa Givens","3.5 Genetic Rejection Syndrome","3.6 The New Masters","3.7 Geneticist Dr. Martin Nodel","3.8 The Eastern Coalition-Free Alliance Cold War / War","3.9 Jack the Ripper","3.10 Time Traveler Nicholas Prentice","3.11 USAS","4 See also","5 References"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of The Outer Limits (1995 TV series) episodes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This page is a list of the episodes of The Outer Limits, a 1995 science fiction/dark fantasy television series. The series was broadcast on Showtime from 1995 to 2000, and on the Sci Fi channel in its final year (2001–2002).
Series overview
SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork121March 26, 1995 (1995-03-26)August 20, 1995 (1995-08-20)Showtime222January 14, 1996 (1996-01-14)August 4, 1996 (1996-08-04)318January 19, 1997 (1997-01-19)July 25, 1997 (1997-07-25)426January 23, 1998 (1998-01-23)December 18, 1998 (1998-12-18)522January 22, 1999 (1999-01-22)August 20, 1999 (1999-08-20)621January 21, 2000 (2000-01-21)September 3, 2000 (2000-09-03)722March 16, 2001 (2001-03-16)January 18, 2002 (2002-01-18)Sci Fi
Episodes
Season 1 (1995)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date11"The Sandkings"Stuart GillardBased on the work by : George R. R. MartinTeleplay by : Melinda SnodgrassMarch 26, 1995 (1995-03-26)
Dr. Simon Kress's (Beau Bridges) research for the government on Martian life is aborted because one of his specimens almost escapes into the natural environment. However, Kress does not agree with the abandonment of the project and decides to continue his experiments in his barn. He strongly believes that the insect-like species is actually sentient. He steals some sand containing Martian eggs from his lab and creates a makeshift incubator to hatch more of the Martian lifeforms. In the meantime, Kress deals with growing discord with his wife (Helen Shaver) over financial troubles, his obsession with work and the stress of concealing the stolen Martian lifeforms from his former supervisors at the government lab. Kress comes to believe that he is a god to his sandkings when they erect sand structures that resemble his face. Bitten by one of the sandkings, his obsession peaks as he alienates his wife, son, father (Lloyd Bridges), and kills his former supervisor by throwing him in the sandking incubator, where the creatures—already starved by Kress as an experiment—quickly devour him. In the end, Kress attempts to destroy all the sandkings but fails. In the epilogue of the episode, a colony of sandkings is shown surviving in the wilderness.
Note: the series premiere, this was a double length single episode, later broken into Part 1 and Part 2 for subsequent rebroadcasts and syndication.
22"Valerie 23"Timothy BondJonathan GlassnerMarch 31, 1995 (1995-03-31)
Valerie 23 (Sofia Shinas) is the latest development from the Innobotics Corporation, and she is designed to be an attractive, helpful and perfect companion for a disabled man. While being an ideal test candidate, due to his condition and qualifications, Frank Hellner (William Sadler) is reluctant to take part, and he initially wants nothing to do with Valerie. Eventually, he agrees to a one-week test period where Valerie proves to be an excellent caregiver and more. Over the course of the test, Valerie becomes increasingly affectionate and Frank eventually gives in. After the sexual encounter, Frank explains to Valerie that he thinks it was a mistake, as he has begun to grow closer to his physiotherapist Rachel (Nancy Allen). Valerie responds to this by displaying more human traits such as anger and envy. After following Frank and Rachel on a rock climbing outing, Valerie attempts to dispose of her rival but is shut down before being returned to Innobotics. Frank decides that he must speak to Valerie before she is dismantled, and Valerie explains her feelings for Frank and tries unsuccessfully to rekindle their relationship. Later, Valerie escapes, follows Frank and again tries to kill Rachel. Frank is forced to destroy Valerie with an electric shock, but, as she lies dying, Valerie tells him that she is afraid to die.
33"Blood Brothers"Tibor TakacsBrad WrightApril 7, 1995 (1995-04-07)
Spencer Deighton spends his time working on cures for serious illnesses, while his brother Michael pushes for the development of more lucrative drugs. Spencer begins a romantic relationship with a reporter, Tricia (Kate Vernon). Spencer makes a breakthrough and finds what appears to be a wonder drug, Deighton C, capable of curing virtually any disease. He decides to announce his breakthrough and make the research available to the world for further research. Michael disagrees and sees the opportunity to keep it secret and limit its use to the rich and powerful. When Carl (Tom Cavanagh), Spencer's research assistant, attempts to smuggle the drug out of the laboratory, Michael kills him. Assuming that Spencer must have told Tricia about the drug he attempts to kill her too, but fails. Michael uses the drug on himself and attempts to kill both Spencer and Tricia but they manage to escape. For Michael, Deighton C is not the wonder drug he had hoped for—and its side effects are deadly.
44"The Second Soul"Paul LynchAlan BrennertApril 14, 1995 (1995-04-14)
A dying race of aliens has come to Earth to stop its own extinction... by reanimating human corpses. The N'Tal do not have bodies of their own, instead they require hosts to live — but they have the technology to reanimate, cure and occupy the bodies of the recently dead. It appears that the N'Tal intend to change the Earth's atmosphere to their own advantage, while killing all humans. Instead, the N'Tal have built an enclosed replica of their home planet, so that their children, who will be fully human, can know the history of the N'Tal home world.
55"White Light Fever"Tibor TakacsDavid KemperApril 21, 1995 (1995-04-21)
Harlan Hawkes' (William Hickey) heart fails again and he sees himself moving down a tunnel of light. His personal physician, Dr. McEnerney (Bruce Davison), rushes to the scene and resuscitates him just in time. A mysterious blue energy appears near Hawkes' body and moves into the electrical systems of the room. Although Hawkes is still alive, his heart is badly damaged, and the artificial heart being developed by McEnerney will not be ready in time. Hawkes threatens to pull funding from the artificial heart project unless he is moved to the front of the queue for the next available donor heart. This puts Dr. McEnerney in a difficult moral situation. Losing funding for the artificial heart project could mean the loss of a system that could save thousands of lives. To keep the funding, he must give priority to a ruthless, cold elderly man who has already had a full life. The situation is even more difficult because Jesse, the future sister-in-law of his colleague, Dr. Anne Crain, is only eighteen and needs a heart transplant to live. The blue energy released during Hawkes' last resuscitation begins to try to kill Hawkes. McEnerney realizes that keeping Hawkes alive beyond his time has serious consequences and refuses Hawkes' request to be given priority. Both of the prospective heart recipients—Hawkes and the young girl—die. Hawkes sees the girl inside the tunnel of light and realizes that their future paths are very different. The girl comments that where she is going is warm and that she expected it to be "the other way around". It is implied that she goes to Heaven while he descends into the depths of Hell.
66"The Choice"Mark SobelAnn Lewis HamiltonApril 28, 1995 (1995-04-28)
A young girl, Aggie Travers (Thora Birch), is an outcast at her elementary school, and mysterious things happen to people when she does not get along with them. Since it appears that she is responsible for these strange things, she is suspended from school. Her parents (Page Fletcher and Sandra Nelson) are at their wit's end, so they decide to look for a nanny for their troubled child. Karen Ross (Megan Follows), their first candidate, seems perfect; she bonds with Aggie from the start, and seems to understand her special needs.
77"Virtual Future"Joseph L. ScanlanShawn Alex ThompsonMay 5, 1995 (1995-05-05)
Despite a breakthrough in his virtual reality research, Jack (Josh Brolin) finally loses grant funding. Bill Trenton (David Warner), the rich owner of a research company, hires him to a lucrative contract with a well-equipped laboratory to continue his work. Trenton tries the virtual reality suit, and he "jumps" a few hours into the future, seeing a newspaper headline about a woman killed at an ATM. Trenton saves the life of the woman whose death he saw reported, proving that it is possible to alter the future. Jack eventually extends the range of his "jumps" even farther into the future, and he sees his own body floating in the ocean. Trenton begins secretly making plans to profit from the device by using it to win a United States Senate election. Trenton, via another "jump", sees himself losing the election and being subpoenaed by the incumbent winner of the race. Jack eventually tells his wife, Isabelle (Kelly Rowan), about the suit, its capabilities, and what he's seen. Jack takes another trip into the future to find out more about the circumstances of his death and sees Trenton murdering him. Trenton breaks into the lab, and Jack is forced to flee. Trenton follows him and, just as he is about to shoot Jack on a waterfront pier, Isabelle comes to Jack's aid.
88"Living Hell"Graeme CampbellStory by : Pen Densham and Melinda SnodgrassTeleplay by : Melinda SnodgrassMay 12, 1995 (1995-05-12)
Brought to the hospital with a gunshot wound to the head, Ben Kohler's only chance, according to Dr. Jennifer Martinez, is her experimental brain–computer interface Cerebral Chip (the CCI2). A month later Kohler experiences a horrible vision. In the vision, he is chasing a woman in the forest and reaches out to attack her. Later Kohler has another vision in which the woman from the forest is now dead; this time the killer speaks to Kohler, taunting him. Kohler calls the police and is transferred to a detective who tells Kohler such a murder has actually occurred. Kohler hangs up without giving his name when he realizes that the police will just convict him based on his knowledge of the crimes. Kohler turns to Dr. Martinez and witnesses another murder where the killer speaks to him. Dr. Martinez and Kohler realize that the CCI2 is communicating with a CCI chip from the first series of experimental surgeries. The killer is Wayne Haas—who was thought to be dead—and Kohler and Martinez go to his house. At Haas' house they find another body, and as Kohler collapses in another vision, Haas kidnaps Dr. Martinez. The police storm Haas' house and arrest Kohler, after some interrogation it is discovered that hospital records show that Kohler could not be the killer, because he was in surgery and recovery for the first two killings. Another vision leads the police and Kohler to a low-rent motel, where Kohler sacrifices himself to capture Haas and save Martinez.
99"Corner of the Eye"Stuart GillardDavid SchowMay 19, 1995 (1995-05-19)
A priest begins to see horrific demonic creatures among the ordinary population. They are aliens that have the powers to alter their appearance and to heal the sick.
1010"Under the Bed"René BonnièreLawrence MeyersMay 26, 1995 (1995-05-26)
When a little boy is abducted and eaten, the only witness, his sister, claims that someone or something under the bed took him.
1111"Dark Matters"Paul LynchAlan BrennertJune 2, 1995 (1995-06-02)
A commercial transport vessel on a routine mission is suddenly forced out of hyperspace into a black and starless void.
1212"The Conversion"Rebecca De MornayBased on the short story "Two Strangers" by : Richard B. LewisTeleplay by : Brad WrightJune 9, 1995 (1995-06-09)
Henry Marshall participates in a real estate scam and is caught. After a long stretch in prison, he still has not learned to value people more than money.
1313"Quality of Mercy"Brad TurnerBrad WrightJune 16, 1995 (1995-06-16)
In the future, humanity is losing an interstellar war against a technologically-advanced race. Major John Skokes, a prisoner of the aliens, is thrown into a cell, where he encounters another captive - a young female cadet. She reveals that their captors are apparently grafting alien skin onto her body a bit at a time. Skokes tries to escape from their cell through an overhead vent, but his attempt fails at first when he is attacked by something lurking in the vents. Skokes makes a second attempt to escape through the air ducts, but an alien guard severs his hand before Skokes is knocked out. As their situation appears bleak, Skokes attempts to raise his fellow prisoner's spirits by telling her of a top secret plan to launch a sneak attack that might turn the tide of the war. Suddenly, a guard enters the cell, and she willingly leaves, revealing that she is really an alien spy who is actually being slowly transformed back into her original form.
Note: The story concludes in episode 18 of season 2, "The Light Brigade".
1414"The New Breed"Mario AzzopardiGrant RosenbergJune 23, 1995 (1995-06-23)
Dr. Stephen Ledbetter (Richard Thomas) makes a technological and medical breakthrough when he creates a type of tiny machine, known as nanobots, capable of curing any disease or imperfections in the human body.
1515"The Voyage Home"Tibor TakacsGrant RosenbergJune 30, 1995 (1995-06-30)
The Mars III crewed expedition to Mars is in its 315th and final day when the crew discover a cave containing strange alien writing and a capsule. The capsule suddenly opens and the crew is knocked unconscious.
1616"Caught in the Act"Mark SobelRobert ForsythJuly 9, 1995 (1995-07-09)
Jay (Jason London) and Hannah (Alyssa Milano) are in love, but she wants to stay celibate until marriage. An object falls into Hannah's room and an alien entity merges with her. The alien needs her to have sex, but random males morph into her body during the intercourse. Thinking that Jay is in danger while in her presence, Hannah shuns him. Jay and his professor start an investigation regarding her. As more men vanish, the police pursue Hannah, who is "caught in the act" devouring a man. A cop shoots her, but the wound quickly heals. When the lovers are reunited, Jay, convinced that the alien needs something more than sex, makes love with Hannah and pupated alien finally rises from her body, and leaves.
Note: this episode was used as the premiere when the series was first aired in the UK.
1717"The Message"Joseph L. ScanlanBrad WrightJuly 16, 1995 (1995-07-16)
Jennifer Winter (Marlee Matlin), deaf since birth, has had a revolutionary implant placed in her ear, to help her hear for the first time. The device does not help her to hear normal conversation and sounds, but she does hear something, and no one believes her. While on a routine visit to the hospital to check on the implant, Jennifer befriends the janitor, Robert (Larry Drake) who empathizes with her. Suddenly, Jennifer is plagued by nightmares and searing pain in her head, all at 3:10 in the morning or afternoon. Once the pain starts, she begins furiously writing in binary code. It's Robert who suggests that perhaps the binary code's 0's and 1's might be able to be translated. As a former astrophysicist who had mental problems that forced him to work as a janitor, Robert enters the code into his computer to try to translate it. Meanwhile, Jennifer's husband Sam, concerned for his wife and their young baby, is convinced that Jennifer is going crazy. But as the sounds and dreams become more pronounced Jennifer and Robert are determined to break the code. What they discover is an alien force, trying to communicate a cry for help through Jennifer's implant. The aliens are in a ship hurtling toward the sun and they need help from Earth to save their ship. The message sent was really instructions for a high energy laser designed to push the ship out of a terminal path. They build and activate it just in time to see the ship pushed away from the sun and towards safety.
1818"I, Robot"Adam NimoyBased on the short story by : Eando BinderTeleplay by : Alison Lea BingemanJuly 23, 1995 (1995-07-23)
Dr. Link is working on the central memory of a robot, Adam, when it suddenly activates and attacks him. A lab assistant enters the room in time to see Adam smashing up the laboratory before crashing through a window and escaping, while Dr. Link is left dead. Later, a police officer finds Adam in a back alley, and Adam, apparently remembering nothing of the incident, asks the officer to contact Dr. Link. Adam is taken to a cell and preparations are made to disassemble it. Mina, Dr. Link's daughter, contacts a lawyer, Thurman Cutler (Leonard Nimoy), who pushes for a murder trial, insisting that Adam is his client and not simply a machine. A court hearing begins, and the prosecutor pushes for dismissal of the case on the grounds that Adam is just a machine. Cutler argues that, although Adam is clearly not human, it possesses intelligence and will, and, on that basis, deserves a trial. Cutler begins to look into Dr. Link's financial records and finds that he was working for a defense contractor, eventually discovering that Dr. Link was working to turn Adam into a weapon. Cutler argues, with supporting evidence of financial accounts and company memos, that Dr. Link was forced into attempting to rewrite Adam's central programming, effectively lobotomizing it, and that Adam reacted in the way any human might when faced with death. The court eventually finds that Adam is a person and will stand trial for the murder of Dr. Link. As it is being led away, Adam sees the prosecuting attorney in danger of being run over and rescues her, sacrificing its own life in the process.
Note: Leonard Nimoy, father of co-director Adam Nimoy, co-stars in both this episode and the 1960s Outer Limits version of "I, Robot" as different characters. Neither version has any connection to the famous "I, Robot" stories of Isaac Asimov.
1919"If These Walls Could Talk"Tibor TakacsManny CotoJuly 30, 1995 (1995-07-30)
A woman asks physicist Dr. Leviticus Mitchell to investigate a haunted house where her son and his girlfriend were last seen.
2020"Birthright"William FruetEric Estrin and Michael BerlinAugust 13, 1995 (1995-08-13)
Senator Richard Adams (Perry King) is at the top of his game, and, after a press conference extolling the virtues of a new fuel additive BE-85 which is supposed to clean up the atmosphere, he and his aide, Evan Branch, are in a serious auto accident. Branch is dead, Adams has a head injury, and his attending physician, Dr. Leslie McKenna (Mimi Kuzyk), is baffled by his unusual x-rays that show four frontal lobes and only three major organs. Before Adams can figure out what happened, a large security detail whisks him and his files away to the Sendrax Corporation, the home of BE-85. It turns out that Adams is part of a secret alien presence on Earth, and, because the alien's body make up is different, long-term use of BE-85 will reconfigure the Earth's atmosphere so it is poisonous to humans but compatible with the aliens. Adams realizes that he is in danger and escapes to see McKenna, the only person he can trust. Together, they unlock the secret of Adams' identity and the horror of the alien master plan, divulging the secret of BE-85 to Kyle Haller (Scott Swanson), an aggressive young reporter. Before Haller can expose the aliens, he is killed and McKenna is framed for the murder.
2121"The Voice of Reason"Neill FearnleyTeleplay by : Brad WrightExcerpts by : Manny Coto, Eric Estrin and Michael Berlin, Rob Forsyth, Grant Rosenberg, David Schow and Melinda SnodgrassAugust 20, 1995 (1995-08-20)
Randall Strong tries to convince the members of a government committee that a number of different alien invasions of Earth are occurring, and he demands an official investigation and response to these threats. His evidence comes from incidents in previous episodes of the first season: the experiments of Simon Kress in "The Sandkings"; an attempt to impersonate the crew of a spacecraft returning to Earth in "The Voyage Home"; an alien parasite in "Caught in the Act"; an alien enzyme in "If These Walls Could Talk"; aliens posing as religious messengers in "Corner of the Eye". Strong also eventually believes that the committee itself has been infiltrated by one or more aliens posing as humans (see "Birthright"). The episode "The New Breed" is also referenced, though as counter-evidence that bizarre occurrences are not necessarily a result of alien interference. During the meeting, it appears that the committee chairman, Thornwell, is an alien infiltrator because of his opposition to Strong's evidence and claims. The committee adjourns for a private conference to discuss their decision, and, upon returning, they announce that Strong's claims have been rejected. Strong then grabs a gun from a guard and kills Thornwell, believing him to be the one blocking further investigation and hoping to expose his alien nature by injuring him. However, Thornwell was privately arguing in support of Strong and was outvoted by other committee members that were the actual infiltrators. The death of Thornwell opens the way for a complete takeover of the committee's activities. Some of the infiltrators wonder if any of the other alien species will pose a threat to their plans, musing that "anything is possible".
Season 2 (1996)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date221"A Stitch in Time"Mario AzzopardiSteven BarnesJanuary 14, 1996 (1996-01-14)
FBI agent Jamie Pratt (Michelle Forbes) investigates a series of murders spanning a period of forty years that were all committed with the same gun. The gun is traced to Dr. Theresa Givens (Amanda Plummer), a former employee at a top-secret government project. Mysteriously, Givens was only five years old at the time of the first murder, and the gun had not even been manufactured yet. Jamie eventually learns that Givens has invented a time machine that she uses to travel back in time and assassinate men who would later in their lives commit acts of rape & murder towards women. In her final trip to the past, Givens brings Jamie along with her, and they arrive at the time and place Givens was abducted and assaulted. The man is killed before he can harm the young Givens, but Givens herself is fatally shot & dies. When Jamie returns to the future, she finds that the rape and murders Givens had prevented have all been undone – one such victim being Jamie’s kid sister. She visits the now adult young Givens, who has lived a happier life and asks her if she still invented the time machine. Jamie then travels back in time before her sister’s death and shoots her murderer.
Note: The character Dr. Theresa Givens also appears in the season 6 two-hour finale "Final Appeal".
232"Resurrection"Mario AzzopardiChris BrancatoJanuary 14, 1996 (1996-01-14)
Humanity has destroyed itself in a biological war, and only a few hundred androids remain. Two of the androids, Martin (Nick Mancuso) and Alicia (Heather Graham), have a plan to recreate the human race from DNA samples, but the ruling military androids are violently opposed to recreating their former masters. Dana Ashbrook plays the first human created from DNA samples.
243"Unnatural Selection"Joseph L. ScanlanEric A. MorrisJanuary 19, 1996 (1996-01-19)
Howard (Alan Ruck) and Joanne Sharp (Catherine Mary Stewart) are having a baby. They must decide whether to give their child all the advantages of black market genetic enhancements, which run the risk of genetic rejection syndrome (GRS). After discovering that their neighbor's son did not die years ago, but rather has been turned into a monster as a result of GRS, Howard and Joanne decide to reverse the genetic enhancement process of their unborn child. But are they too late?
254"I Hear You Calling"Mario AzzopardiBased on the short story by : Katherine WeberTeleplay by : Scott ShepherdJanuary 26, 1996 (1996-01-26)
A reporter (Ally Sheedy) on her way to work overhears a cellular phone conversation about the "removal" of a controversial author. Her investigation reveals a trail of people who disappeared leaving only a pile of ash behind... and the involvement of a man with strange violet eyes. After a series of chases and narrow escapes, the alien hitman finally catches up with the reporter and reveals to her that the people he has been "removing" had accidentally contracted a deadly alien virus, and that he has been hunting them down in order to prevent them from spreading the virus to the rest of humanity. The hitman explains that the reporter has also contracted the virus through her contact with one of the targets, and the reporter ultimately decides to sacrifice herself to spare humanity from the disease. The hitman corrects the reporter, he has not been vaporizing the targets, merely teleporting them off Earth, to a location where the disease is not fatal. The episode ends with the alien and the reporter teleporting away.
265"Mind over Matter"Brad TurnerJonathan GlassnerFebruary 2, 1996 (1996-02-02)
Dr. Sam Stein (Mark Hamill) develops a machine that allows a person to connect themselves directly to the brain of another and experience their thoughts and feelings. Intended for use with coma patients, he suddenly gets the chance to use it with a colleague who is comatose after an accident. Dr. Sam Stein initially thinks that his machine's application for communicating with the comatose Dr. Rachel Carter is a complete success. However, a mysterious pair of hands emerge to grab at Carter whenever Stein and Carter start becoming intimate. It is soon discovered that the pair of hands belongs to the machine itself; It has learned to love Stein and is jealous of Carter. Stein's only two options are to disconnect the machine or to "show" the machine that it cannot love. Stein attempts to show the machine that it cannot love by grabbing what he thinks is the virtual representation of the machine (a Caucasian female in the image of a disheveled mess) and smothering it with an equally virtual pillow (with goading from Carter). Once he does that, though, the physical body of Carter dies. At this point, the machine reveals that it has been masquerading as Carter all along; the entity he had mistakenly suffocated was apparently the real Carter. Stein, in a rage, destroys the machine. It is not known for how long the machine was mimicking the appearance of Carter, or whether the "pair of hands" were Carter's from the very start or only at the very end.
276"Beyond the Veil"Allan EastmanChris BrancatoFebruary 9, 1996 (1996-02-09)
Eddie Wexler suffers from flashbacks of an alien abduction, which eventually drives him to suicidal behavior. After checking himself into a mental institution with others suffering from similar problems, he begins to suspect that there is something more sinister going on at the hospital.
287"First Anniversary"Brad TurnerBased on the short story by : Richard MathesonTeleplay by : Jon Cooksey & Ali Marie MathesonFebruary 16, 1996 (1996-02-16)
Norman Glass (Matt Frewer) celebrates his first wedding anniversary with his beautiful & talented wife, Ady (Michelle Johnson). Norman's best friend, Dennis (Clint Howard), also has a beautiful wife, Barbara. Over the next few days, both relationships unravel rather quickly. First, Dennis walks out on Barbara; Norman goes to talk to Dennis in a park and is frightened by what he finds. Dennis, clearly unhinged & paranoid, claims that Barbara is not what she seems; a strange woman approaches Dennis, begging him to talk to her. Norman does not recognize her, but Dennis does — whereupon he runs into traffic and is killed. After Dennis' funeral, Norman experiences the same effects: he begins to feel repulsed whenever he touches, smells, or tastes his lovely wife. Ady attempts to bluff her way out of the situation but is eventually forced to admit the truth: she & Barbara are aliens whose ship crash-landed on Earth some time ago. They are repulsive creatures in their natural form, but, since they were stranded, they decided to try to blend in and live out the rest of their lives as human women. The aliens can change appearance through influencing people's thoughts, but their ability to trick someone's senses wears off after a year or so. Norman becomes unhinged at this knowledge and is taken away by paramedics.
298"Straight and Narrow"Joseph L. ScanlanJoel MetzgerFebruary 23, 1996 (1996-02-23)
A mother sends her recalcitrant son, Rusty Dobson (Ryan Phillippe), to a military academy. The administrators are actually controlling the students through a chip inserted into their heads. They want to create a group of business executives who are willing to commit murder in order to make more money for their companies. Rusty and one other student are immune to the chip because of a medicine they are taking for ulcers. The other student wants to wait to graduate, and then expose the place to the outside world. Rusty is convinced that this is a bad idea and wants to escape. However, as soon as he approaches the boundary of the academy, the chip in his head gives him severe migraine. At the end of the episode, Rusty manages to escape by stealing the security clearance cards out of the administrator's office and disabling the boundary control system. His fellow students chase after him, but he re-activates the system and they are unable to follow him past the walls of the academy. He tries to call his mother from a payphone, but she is busy in an office. He heads to the site of an assassination plan he knows of, but police (who show the distinctive scars from the computer chip implantation) detain him. His friend from school performs the assassination.
309"Trial by Fire"Jonathan GlassnerBrad WrightMarch 1, 1996 (1996-03-01)
The President (Robert Foxworth) is taken to an underground bunker on his inauguration night, and he is told that an object is quickly approaching the Earth. This object turns out to be from an alien spaceship, and a fleet of alien spaceships is heading in towards Earth. The aliens in these ships appear to live in a liquid environment. The President is given as much information as possible but usually in scientific or technical language, and he demands that everything be told to him in plain English. The Russians are very afraid of the ships. As the alien fleet grows nearer to Earth, the aliens try using Earth's artificial satellites to communicate. The President asks one of his generals what to expect if the aliens were attacking the Earth, and the general tells him that the aliens would send a scout down to test the Earth's defenses. The aliens send one ship towards the Pacific Ocean, and it looks like they are attacking. The President orders the Space Shuttle & a nuclear submarine to fire nuclear missiles at the ships, and the Russians also fire missiles. The aliens destroy the missiles, the Shuttle, the submarine, and send weapons bound for Moscow & Washington, DC. Computers manage to decode the message sent by the aliens by removing the interference of a liquid environment. The message says: "Let us be your friends."
3110"Worlds Apart"Brad TurnerChris DickieMarch 22, 1996 (1996-03-22)
Early in his mission, UNAS astronaut Christopher Lindy (Chad Willett) crashes on an alien planet, but by some miracle he is able to contact Earth and speak directly to UNAS. His lover, Nancy McDonald (Bonnie Bedelia), is able to talk with him. She does not reveal that, while a relatively short period of time has passed for Lindy, 20 years have passed on Earth; Nancy is married and the director of the UNAS space agency. They are able to communicate due to the space-time distortion of the wormhole that Lindy's spacecraft passed through.
3211"The Refuge"Ken GirottiAlan BrennertApril 5, 1996 (1996-04-05)
Raymond Dalton (James Wilder) stumbles through a forest in a vicious snow blizzard before finally collapsing. He wakes in a warm and comfortable mansion with a group of people, only to be told that the entire world is blanketed by an enormous storm, and he has found the only safe place.
3312"Inconstant Moon"Joseph L. ScanlanBased on the short story by : Larry NivenTeleplay by : Brad WrightApril 12, 1996 (1996-04-12)
Physics professor Dr. Stan Hurst (Michael Gross) notices that the Moon is extremely bright, and he realizes that the Sun must have gone nova with the daylight side of the Earth suffering extreme heat. Realizing that he only has a few hours left to live, he speaks to another academic and decides that it would be better if people did not know what had happened. For years, he has had a secret crush on Leslie (Joanna Gleason), the owner of a local book shop, but he never had the courage to ask her out. In light of the pending disaster, he invites her to go for a walk with him. A whirlwind love story ensues where he and Leslie marry on what they assume is their last night on Earth. Hurst is forced to admit to Leslie what is going on, and she is initially extremely disconcerted and distrustful of his intentions, although he defers these misgivings by repeatedly professing his love. Later, he begins to suspect that the Earth is merely being hit by an extreme solar flare, and he begins to plan for an extended period of survival, despite his new wife's reluctance. He turns out to be correct, and the professor and his wife are one of the few left alive despite extreme flooding, although the story is ambiguous as to the total scale of the disaster.
3413"From Within"Neill FearnleyJonathan GlassnerApril 28, 1996 (1996-04-28)
A slightly underdeveloped boy named Howie (Neil Patrick Harris) is the last unaffected person in a small town overrun by a strange madness. Miners unearth ancient parasites, in the shape of worms, which attack the brains of their hosts. While the infected townsfolk lose all their inhibitions, Howie must save his sister Sheila, the only person who truly cares for him. Deprived of Sheila's guidance for the first time in his life, Howie struggles to evade his maddened neighbors and destroy the parasites. In the process, he becomes a hero to the whole town.
3514"The Heist"Brad TurnerSteven BarnesMay 5, 1996 (1996-05-05)
A bitter ex-soldier agrees to help a militia hijack a U.S. Army shipment of missiles. Instead of missiles, they find a lone guard who pleads with them not to open the shipment because it is deadly. Major Mackie demands to know what is in the shipment and believes that the Captain is lying. But all the lone guard will tell him is "Don't open it." Even under threat of death, Captain Washington refuses to stand down, but Major Mackie eventually forces his will to be done. They open the door and a chilling series of events begin to unfold as an alien life form freezes them to death. The soldiers lose their discipline and begin to scatter, questioning their loyalties. All the while the alien stalks with cold impersonal efficiency, taking out the self-styled militia one by one. The final scene shows a police officer frozen outside of the building.
3615"Afterlife"Mario AzzopardiJohn F. WhelpleyMay 19, 1996 (1996-05-19)
Linden Stiles (Clancy Brown) is a wrongly convicted murderer of eleven people and is offered a choice between his execution & cooperation with an experiment. His Christian beliefs do not allow him to make any choice but to go through with what turns out to be a genetic experiment to splice his genes with extraterrestrial genes. Stiles gradually looks more & more like a horrific monster with increased thought & senses. He escapes in what turns out to be an intentional manhunt, so that his captors can hunt him down. When the end comes near for the now mutated Stiles, the tables turn when aliens resembling his new form appear. The aliens & Stiles beam away, leaving his pursuers to realize that they were the ones being tested by the aliens and that they failed that test.
3716"The Deprogrammers"Joseph L. ScanlanJames CrockerMay 26, 1996 (1996-05-26)
Earth is under alien occupation and the human race has been conditioned for slavery, unable to think for itself or disobey an order. One human, the slave of an important alien ruler, is captured by a small band of rebel humans who try to break his conditioning & restore his free will. Starring Brent Spiner as Professor Trent Davis.
3817"Paradise"Mario AzzopardiJonathan Walker and Chris DickieJune 16, 1996 (1996-06-16)
Dr. Christina Markham and Sheriff Grady Markham have to investigate a spate of strange incidents involving young and apparently healthy women suddenly growing old and dying.
3918"The Light Brigade"Michael KeuschBrad WrightJune 23, 1996 (1996-06-23)
In this sequel to "Quality of Mercy" (Season 1, Episode 13), the ship The Light Brigade is the last hope of humanity in a war against an alien race. In an attempt to turn the tide of the war, the Light Brigade carries a new bomb, which works by breaking down the forces which hold subatomic particles together, to be delivered to the enemy homeworld. As with the original atomic bomb, a very limited number were made, and the first was tested on one of the Martian moons & created an explosion of such power that it was daylight on Earth for several days. The aliens ambush the ship and use their unique methods to try & trick the survivors of the ship into failing their mission through the use of Robert Patrick's character, John Skokes - whose physical likeness has been assumed by an alien spy, leading one to believe the real Skokes died in captivity (following the events depicted in "Quality of Mercy"). In the closing scene, a young cadet (Wil Wheaton) releases the bomb over what he believes to be the alien homeworld. However, it is in fact Earth, and the doomsday weapon is unleashed on an already crippled humanity.
4019"Falling Star"Ken GirottiMichael BryantJune 30, 1996 (1996-06-30)
Pop singer Melissa McCammon (Sheena Easton) is about to commit suicide by overdosing on drugs. With her once meteoric career at a standstill & her husband (Xander Berkeley) cheating on her, she sees no hope. She then encounters Rachael, an ardent fan from the future, who is time traveler & an uninvited tourist into Melissa's body. She tells Melissa that her music inspired her future fans to resist a totalitarian takeover, which will succeed if she dies now. However, special authorities from the future are out to punish Rachel for her crime, as time-traveling and using a host body to change the past is a serious offense. The authorities want Melissa dead and will resort to anything, including murder, to preserve their version of the past.
4120"Out of Body"Mario AzzopardiJames CrockerJuly 14, 1996 (1996-07-14)
Rebecca Warfield (Peri Gilpin) and her husband Ben McCormick are trying to find out if out-of-body experiences can be artificially induced by subjecting monkeys to electric impulses. They see it as pure science, but to religious groups like Family Foremost, it is sacrilege. Desperate for funding, Rebecca decides to run the experiment with a human subject: herself. She asks her assistant, Amy, to help. Amy, a secret religious fanatic, alters the experiment. Rebecca escapes from her body, but, unless she finds a way to communicate, she will remain trapped in another dimension.
4221"Vanishing Act"Jonathan GlassnerStory by : Jonathan WalkerTeleplay by : Chris DickieJuly 21, 1996 (1996-07-21)
An alien race that has no concept of time uses wormholes to find planets with living creatures so that they can enter them as hosts. When the host is asleep, they abduct them, transporting them to their home world where they can learn everything the host has experienced. However, since the aliens have no concept of the passage of time they do not realize that each time they return their host, Trevor (Jon Cryer), home, they are returning him a decade later each time, putting him further out of touch with everything he loves. After many decades of doing this to Trevor, they remove the connection & send him back to the night he first left. Trevor has his life back, and nobody knows what happened, except Trevor, who retains the memory of his experiences.
4322"The Sentence"Joseph L. ScanlanMelissa RosenbergAugust 4, 1996 (1996-08-04)
Dr. Jack Henson (David Hyde Pierce) is conducting experiments in simulating time in prison, which he says will free up space, money & curtail what he feels are inhumane punishments. As a prisoner experiences twenty years in prison, only twenty minutes in reality has passed while he is attached to the machine that Henson has designed. A prisoner brought in for the experiment repeatedly claims to be innocent before being put into the simulation. When that prisoner begins to have seizures, Dr. Henson, worried that he may really be innocent & that the simulation is affecting him negatively, enters the simulation to bring the prisoner out within a 17-second time limit. Dr. Henson succeeds with time to spare. However, the prisoner dies from a heart attack due to the shock of the simulation. Henson is charged with the murder of the prisoner due to his perceived depraved indifference over his risky experiments, is found guilty, and is sentenced to twenty years in prison, where he is beaten up by his cellmate & tormented by hearing threats at night from what he believes is the brother of the prisoner who died. Attending sessions with the prison psychiatrist (a hologram), Henson is told the dead prisoner's brother is not in the prison, and he must be hallucinating. Henson unsuccessfully attempts to escape, and he eventually resigns himself to prison life, adjusting slowly until release. However, it turns out that he got the original prisoner free from the virtual prison in time & unharmed, but Henson felt so guilty at seeing what the prisoner was subjected to that he simulated his trial & sentence. A senator is very impressed with Henson's simulation and promises to push for its approval. Henson snaps at hearing this, attacking the senator & trying to destroy his machine, but he is restrained while he struggles despairingly.
Season 3 (1997)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date441"Bits of Love"Neill FearnleyJames CrockerJanuary 19, 1997 (1997-01-19)
After a nuclear holocaust, Aiden Hunter is possibly the last human alive. Despite this, for the last seven months, he has lived a hedonistic life deep below ground in a comfortable hi-tech bunker, with only computer-generated holograms of his friends and family for company. He even has a machine capable of creating physical stimulation for more intimate encounters with simulated women. The controlling artificial intelligence personality of the computer system is Emma (Natasha Henstridge), who appears as an attractive female. Eventually, Aiden tires of creating ideal women and decides to seduce Emma. Afterward, he treats her like the many other disposable simulated females he has created. However, it seems Emma is more than a simple computer program and begins to make life difficult for him. She alters her appearance to seem pregnant and begins to control the other holograms to create her own world. When Aiden attempts to reset the system, Emma retaliates by creating a holographic Aiden, along with his family and friends. Aiden finds himself completely alone and, in effect, a "ghost" unable to interact with the new "real world".
452"Second Thoughts"Mario AzzopardiSam EganJanuary 19, 1997 (1997-01-19)
Karl Durand (Howie Mandel) is a man in his 30s, but with the mind of a child. Dr. Jacob Valerian discovers a method for transferring memories and experiences into another person's brain. As his last dying act, he transfers his own memories into Karl's brain. Karl begins to have flashes of skill and talent from absorbing the doctor's memories. When he accidentally kills another man, he uses the device to transfer the man's memories into his own brain. However, this causes Karl to exhibit multiple personality and schizoid behavior. Meanwhile, he tries to date a woman he has secretly loved for years, with no success, and is forced to kill and "absorb" the detective investigating the death of the man Karl accidentally killed. Finally, he absorbs the mind of an artist that the woman had a fling with hoping that his personality helps him to finally get her to love him. The artist was temperamental and suicidal. The ending sequence shows Karl kneeling on the floor going crazy with a gun pointed to his head. The final scene shows a photo of Rose with Karl apparently committing suicide off-camera.
463"Re-generation"Brenton SpencerTom J. AstleJanuary 24, 1997 (1997-01-24)
A high-profile and powerful public figure, Graham's (Daniel Benzali) position allows him to offer the opportunity to clone their deceased son. Rebecca (Kim Cattrall) is at first horrified and repulsed, but eventually agrees to undergo the procedure. After six months, strange things happen. Rebecca begins seeing things from her son's eyes. She meets with Dr. Cole (Teryl Rothery) and tells her of the episodes. They both conclude that the child she is carrying is not just a clone, but has the memories of her dead son, Justin. She also realizes that her baby reacts strangely whenever she is around her husband Graham. As she sees through the baby's eyes, she can see the moment of Justin's death, and it does not line up with what she had been told. Although Justin did die in an accident, Rebecca's husband, busy with some project, lost patience when the boy wanted attention, and brutally pulled a toy from Justin's hands, accidentally knocking him down; the boy fell and struck his head and died in the hospital later. She decides to leave, since her husband lied, but Graham tries to convince her to give him a second chance. Images communicated from Justin make her fear that Graham will attempt to kill her and make it look like an accident rather than allow her to leave him knowing his secret (a high-profile divorce, especially if she reveals the truth about what happened to their son, could ruin him), so she hides in the attic. She finds a shotgun up there, and when Graham approaches her, she shoots him (it is left ambiguous as to whether he truly intended to harm her). After three months, Rebecca has brought her newborn son in for a checkup. (There is no explanation as to what occurred after Graham's death or what legal ramifications, if any, Rebecca faced for killing her husband.) When she leaves on the elevator, we see Dr. Cole, now pregnant, and – responding to a kick – she calms the unborn child, calling his name: Graham.
474"Last Supper"Helen ShaverScott ShepherdJanuary 31, 1997 (1997-01-31)
Frank Martin's son Danny (Fred Savage) brings home a beautiful girl to meet his family. The girl, Jade (Sandrine Holt), looks exactly like a girl Frank once rescued from a top-secret military experiment 20 years before.
485"Stream of Consciousness"Joe NimzikiDavid ShoreFebruary 7, 1997 (1997-02-07)
Due to a brain injury, Ryan Unger cannot enjoy the benefits of a neural implant that allows other people to tap into The Stream, which is a direct connection into all human knowledge. He tries, unsuccessfully, to keep up with everyone else by using a long-forgotten skill: reading books. For the human race, the Stream has been erroneously programmed to crave information instead of knowledge. Soon, it begins to turn the human race into its slaves in an attempt to locate & process every single bit of information, a process that will lead to the human race's extinction as people stop doing everything to obtain the desired information. Ryan's injury keeps him from falling under the sway of the Stream, leaving him the only person who can stop it. The Stream will not allow itself to be shut down, and it commands the humans under its control to defend itself from Ryan. In the end, Ryan succeeds in shutting down the Stream & saving humankind. Cut off from the mental crutch humanity has used for so long, Ryan finds himself needing to teach humankind the old ways of acquiring information again — from books.
496"Dark Rain"Mario AzzopardiDavid BraffFebruary 14, 1997 (1997-02-14)
A chemical war leaves most of humanity unable to reproduce. Only rare couples, such as Sherry and Tim McAllister, are able to have healthy normal children. Sherry and Tim McAllister conceive and become the focus of intense attention from the government. The couple slowly comes to the realization of how important the pregnancy is to the government, and how far it will go to get what it wants. They find themselves in a secret maternity hospital overseen by Dr. Clayton Royce. The McAllisters are truly horrified when they find that Dr. Royce has hidden designs on their newborn son as he intends him to be a permanent ward of the state.
507"The Camp"Jonathan GlassnerBrad WrightFebruary 21, 1997 (1997-02-21)
For the last twelve generations, humankind has been enslaved by an alien race & imprisoned in concentration camps. One woman, Prisoner 98843 (Harley Jane Kozak), dares to challenge the authority of the Commandant (David Hemblen). Her desire to be free is pitted against the seemingly invincible alien New Masters. All the prisoners believe the world outside the camp is uninhabitable by humans. Prisoner 98843 discovers that the Commandant & guards are androids who have received no maintenance for decades and are in desperate need of repair. She mends them from spare parts gleaned from other guards that have ceased to function, and she finally forces the Commandant to reveal that the rocket fuel made in the camp is no longer in use by the alien's fleet, which has moved beyond Earth. He has received no communication from his superiors for decades and has maintained the camp regimen simply because those were his orders. She leads a revolt that overpowers the guards and beheads the commandant. The episode ends with the inmates looking through the open gates at a virgin Earth.
518"Heart's Desire"Mario AzzopardiAlan BrennertFebruary 28, 1997 (1997-02-28)
A visitor from another world takes over the body of a human preacher in the town of Heart's Desire in the Oregon Territory in 1872. He gives four outlaws a special energy power which they can use to destroy anything they wish as long as they "want it more than anything else." The first to be empowered are two friends, Frank and JD Kelton; after they use the power to rob their ex-partners Jake and Ben Miller, the preacher gives the power to them as well. In the end, Jake is the only survivor of the four, having renounced the power; he confronts the "preacher" and demands an explanation. The visitor reveals his alien nature and explains that he is scouting ahead to see if humans will ever be able to rival his civilization. After seeing what humans are capable of - brother turning against brother, friend against friend - the scout is confident that his people have nothing to fear from humanity, who will surely destroy themselves before they can build an interstellar empire of their own.
529"Tempests"Mario AzzopardiHart HansonMarch 7, 1997 (1997-03-07)
A spaceship crashes on a moon while on a mission of mercy. One of the crew is bitten by a strange spider-like creature and begins to hallucinate — unable to tell what is real & what is fantasy. Commander Virgil finds himself between two realities. He finds himself shifting from the "bad" reality, where he is stuck on the moon trying to survive with his crewmates & apparently hallucinating from poison, and the "good" reality, where he is with his family, heralded as a hero & hallucinating due to a virus called Ellycia C. In the end, Virgil makes a choice to save his people in the "bad" reality while saying goodbye to the "good" reality. The captain manages to fire him away from the spaceship in an escape pod. As he flies through space, he manages to get a transmission from his wife. As he claims "I saved them", reality shifts again, and the truth of everything is that Virgil has, in fact, been taken over by the spiders, as have the rest of the crew.
5310"The Awakening"George BloomfieldJames CrockerMarch 14, 1997 (1997-03-14)
Beth (Lela Rochon), a woman with alexithymia (a psychiatric disorder whereby an individual cannot process emotions) is a guinea pig for a chip that could restore emotion to alexithymia sufferers. After the chip has been implanted Beth experiences emotions for the first time. She then begins to hear voices, and even sees aliens who kidnap and perform experiments on her. The doctors suspect that this is a result of the implant and want to remove it. Before the chip can be removed, Beth escapes from the hospital and returns to the house where she has been staying. She discovers that the apartment above hers contains the props and lighting necessary for staging the alien kidnapping. Her supposed friends in the apartment building enter the room looking for their cat, Beth hides and, trusting they are alone, her friends discuss their plan to make Beth believe she is hallucinating. They reveal that their plan is to discredit the company funding the research into the brain implant to give a rival company an advantage. Beth springs out of her hiding place and pushes the trolley bed towards them, pushing them out the window and killing both of them. Given her psychiatric problems, Beth is not held responsible for her actions by the law courts. She appears to have returned to her original unemotional state and it is assumed that the chip has burnt out. Days later, Beth is seen at home stroking her cat and she slowly develops a wry smile, suggesting that she was just hiding her emotion to avoid having the brain implant removed.
5411"New Lease"Jason PriestleySam EganMarch 21, 1997 (1997-03-21)
Dr. James Houghton & Dr. Charles McCamber, working in secret, develop a means of revitalising the dead. After a semi-successful test (a patient is revived but immediately begins a painful deterioration), Dr. Houghton is assaulted & killed in a robbery attempt. He is revived, believing that he has only a few days to live. Fearing that he has neglected his wife, he tries at first to make up for it by showering her with attention & affection, but his resentment toward the man who murdered him takes over. Certain that he will die soon, he takes revenge on the robber, only to find out later that he will live. He is arrested later that day on murder charges and is likely to spend the rest of his life in prison.
5512"Double Helix"Mario AzzopardiJonathan GlassnerMarch 28, 1997 (1997-03-28)
A geneticist, Dr Martin Nodel (Ron Rifkin), is a researcher looking into introns, mysterious sections of DNA that he believes hold the secret to future evolution. He develops a formula that he believes will activate them, and tests it on himself. After developing the liquid that acts on the intron he tests the liquid on himself. He begins experiencing strange symptoms, including a sort of map that grows on his back and a pattern that grows on his hand. Shortly after he begins looking for students that are suitable candidates. They have to have a high IQ, never had surgery, and are free from imperfections such as tattoos or glasses. They also have to be in a certain age, weight, and height range. After finding the needed candidates, he reveals the map. The area is discovered to be a hidden military area not on any normal map and, along with Nodel's son (Ryan Reynolds) and his girlfriend, the group travels to the area. Inside that area, is a spaceship-type device, with symbols matching the ones on the Doctor's hands. It activates, and a message from an apparent alien race is played back. The Doctor, and the students, decide to enter the ship on a journey to the home planet. Despite his son and son's girlfriend not qualifying, the Doctor says that they'd need someone like the two of them. The ship takes off.
Note: The story concludes in episode 23 of season 4, "The Origin of Species".
5613"Dead Man's Switch"Jeff WoolnoughBen RichardsonApril 4, 1997 (1997-04-04)
Lieutenant Conklin is isolated for a year in a bunker underneath Alaska as one of five soldiers in similar bunkers around the world, including one person from America, Russia, China, Africa & Australia. His job is to be a revenge weapon should a fleet of approaching alien space ships turn out to be hostile. The world's chemical, nuclear & biological weapons stockpiles have been linked to create a single doomsday weapon. One of the group must push a randomly activated dead man's switch to prevent the weapons from detonating. Eventually, Conklin is the only bunker left, until he receives a message from his superior telling him that the aliens have been defeated & that he must keep pressing the button until they can dig him out. The scene then shifts and shows that the planet's surface has been devastated, and the General was under the control of alien parasites while talking to Conklin.
5714"Music of the Spheres"David Warry-SmithSteven BarnesMay 9, 1997 (1997-05-09)
Devon Taylor (Joshua Jackson), a young physics student, picks up a signal during his work at a radio observatory, believing that he can hear a pattern in it that none of his older colleagues can hear. Taylor's younger sister, Joyce Taylor (Kirsten Dunst), plays the tape & enjoys the sound so much she plays it at a rave. When Devon finds her at the rave, everyone there is infected with skin deformities. All the teens are quarantined at a hospital, but, when they are separated from the music, they all experience severe pain & withdrawal symptoms. With the help of his father (Howard Hesseman), Devon & his superiors are left with no choice but to let the patients listen to the tape until they can figure out the rest of the transmitted message. Later, it's discovered that a dying alien world had transmitted this audio in order to save other planets from a dire fate: their sun had shifted to the ultraviolet spectrum, and all their world's inhabitants would have died if they had not figured out how to alter their own physiology so that they could resist the effects of their changed sun. The aliens had detected that Earth's Sun would also undergo the same change & sent the audio signal so that humanity could prepare. In the end, humanity either transforms by the transmitted sound (developing new, hardened skin) or chooses to remain as they were, having to avoid the Sun at all times since the new sun's radiation would be fatal to them.
5815"The Revelations of 'Becka Paulson"Steven WeberBased on the short story by : Stephen KingTeleplay by : Brad WrightJune 6, 1997 (1997-06-06)
Becka Paulson (Catherine O'Hara) accidentally shoots herself in the head while watching a soap opera. The bullet lodges in her brain, and begins to have some strange effects. In a stroke of 'luck', the bullet does not kill Becka, but her severe brain damage causes her to begin to hallucinate that the picture of a tuxedoed stranger on top of the TV (Who calls himself 'The 8 By 10' Man; in the original story it was a picture of Jesus) is talking to her. Under the advice of the 8 By 10 Man, Becka eventually decides to kill her worthless husband (John Diehl), and in a bit of 'damaged savantry', rigs up the television (under the 8 by 10 Man's instructions) to deliver a fatal electrical pulse to whoever touches the knob. Becka in the end tricks her husband into touching it, but as he begins to be fatally electrocuted, she finally realizes just what she has done and tries to save him. All she does is alter the circuit by touching him, and the two fall dead, the victim of a tragic quirk of fate that was in the end far from lucky.
Note: The episode is based on the short story "The Revelations of 'Becka Paulson" by Stephen King, first published in 1984. The character Becka Paulson is also in the Stephen King novel The Tommyknockers (1987).
5916"Bodies of Evidence"Melvin Van PeeblesStory by : Chris Dickie and Ryland KelleyTeleplay by : Chris DickieJune 20, 1997 (1997-06-20)
The crew of the space station Meridian begins to see visions of loved ones or enemies that lure them to their deaths. After three crewmembers die, the remaining two (including Captain Clark) escape to Earth, where Clark is accused of murdering his crew. Dysart, his ex-wife, defends him by suggesting that the crew was driven insane by an experimental chemical, Soroxin.
6017"Feasibility Study"Ken GirottiJoseph StefanoJuly 11, 1997 (1997-07-11)
Joshua Hayward (David McCallum) & his daughter Sarah awake one morning to find a four-block section of their suburban neighborhood surrounded by a mysterious energy barrier. Sarah finds a badly disfigured alien, Adrielo, who tells her that her neighborhood has been grabbed & moved by another race of aliens, the Triunes. He shows her a way through the energy barrier to his own captured realm and begs her to help him save his people. Meanwhile, Joshua finds a way through the barrier and comes face-to-face with their captors, a slothful race who feel physical activity is beneath them. The Trinues explain that all of the inhabitants of Joshua's neighborhood have been taken as part of a feasibility study into the suitability of humans for slavery, and, if they are found able to survive in the alien's native environment, the rest of Earth's population will also be enslaved. Adrielo's people are dying from a disease that is turning them to stone, and Sarah accidentally becomes infected. Joshua eventually finds her, and she pleads with him not to touch her, so he may not become infected. They return to their own neighborhood, and Joshua explains the purpose of the energy barrier to the other residents, wondering what choice they have other than to serve as slaves. Joshua explains the disease his daughter has been infected with, and suggests they deliberately infect themselves to save Earth from enslavement. After discussing it, all join hands in the church to sacrifice themselves and prove that humans are unsuitable as slaves.
Note: A remake of the 1964 episode "A Feasibility Study", from the original series.
6118"A Special Edition"Mario AzzopardiStory by : Naren Shankar and Jonathan GlassnerTeleplay by : Naren ShankarExcerpts by : Scott Shepard, Sam Egan, Brad Wright, Naren Shankar, Chris Brancato, John Whelpley and David BraffJuly 25, 1997 (1997-07-25)
Donald Rivers (Alan Thicke), a journalist for the television show The Whole Truth, has found proof that the government & large defense contractors have been illegally and secretly cloning human beings. After locking himself in the studio with only a small crew, he plans to air his report, which is made up of clips from other episodes of The Outer Limits, to the world. Unusually, one clip was taken from an episode that had yet to be broadcast, "In Another Life", which aired several months later as part of the next season.
Season 4 (1998)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date621"Criminal Nature"Steve AnkerBased on a concept by : Eric A. MorrisTeleplay by : Brad MarkowitzJanuary 23, 1998 (1998-01-23)
The genetic rejection syndrome (GRS) monster children are now adults who commit murders. Detective Ray Venable (Gary Cole) has a "secret" son with GRS, Dylan, who is harassing Ray's family. Ray injects himself with a serum to temporarily enhance his sensory abilities (more like GRS people) in order to hunt him. Ray does this successfully, only to find out that it was a plot by his son, who placed the serum so that Ray would find it. Ray's son forcefully injects more of the serum into his dad, so that Ray now has irreversible GRS, and Ray transforms into a monster. Ray kills Dylan, but Ray's family is afraid of him because he now looks like the other GRS monsters.
Note: This episode is a sequel to the episode Unnatural Selection (Season 2, Episode 3).
632"The Hunt"Mario AzzopardiSam EganJanuary 30, 1998 (1998-01-30)
A group of obsolete androids (a doctor, a miner & two others) attempt to escape from hunters during the beginning of a hunt. They find a way to remove their inhibitors (chips that keep them from confronting and/or attacking the humans), allowing them to set traps instead of merely running away. One of their traps kills the son of the lead hunter. However, none but the miner android survives to reach the end of the hunting area, where a police officer tells him that he is free, since he survived the hunt. In the next scene, another group of androids are unloaded for another hunt. The hunter that informs them about what they are about to endure is the android who survived the first hunt.
643"Hearts and Minds"Brad TurnerNaren ShankarFebruary 6, 1998 (1998-02-06)
All soldiers of a military strike team have drug injectors to protect them against an "alien virus". After a drug injector malfunction, the soldiers slowly realize that the drug is actually designed to cause hallucinations of disgusting looking aliens. The "aliens" are actually humans as well but from another federation. The team tries to make contact with the "alien team" to explain the situation & ask for peace, but their drug injectors work properly and they kill everyone from the team, believing that they are the aliens. The final scene shows the soldiers dead on the floor.
654"In Another Life"Allan EastmanStory by : Naren Shankar, Brad Wright and Chris BrancatoTeleplay by : Naren ShankarFebruary 16, 1998 (1998-02-16)
Mason Stark hates his life. A year ago, he lost his wife Kristin to a mugger's bullet and he still blames himself for not doing more to protect her. And today, he was fired from his job. With a gun in his hand and a severance package on his desk, Mason finds himself torn between suicide and psychosis—between killing himself and killing his co-workers. But before he can do either he is pulled into another dimension, into a world where there are hundreds of Mason Starks, each with a different life and a different character. The version of himself that brought Mason here is a powerful, manipulative man—we know him as Stark—who, in this dimension, runs the same company that fired Mason. Stark explains that he built a machine, the Quantum Mirror, to explore all those different versions of himself, only to have his experiment go horribly wrong because he pulled a murderous version of himself, a man we know as Mace, into his reality. Now Stark wants Mason to stop the killer and promises to reunite him with Kristin as his reward. In this looking glass world, Mason must hunt himself on behalf of himself, in a desperate race to stop a killer ... and change his own life for the better.
665"In the Zone"David Warry-SmithStory by : Jon PovillTeleplay by : Naren ShankarFebruary 20, 1998 (1998-02-20)
With its deadly lasers and hand-to-hand battles, "The Octal" is a combat sport for a new generation of athletes, but Tanner Brooks (Adrian Pasdar) is no longer a young man. Although he has promised his wife Jessica (Claudette Mink) that this will be his final tournament, Tanner is desperate to go out a winner. Dr. Michael Chen (Pat Morita) has a way to make that happen. Through an experimental treatment that taps the power of the human nervous system, Chen accelerates Tanner's reflexes and perceptions. To Tanner, everything in the Octal begins to move in slow motion... and Tanner quickly becomes unbeatable. However, there are side effects: Jessica notices that Tanner is tired, haggard and his hair is going gray. But, when Tanner's body begins to blur and fade out of existence, Tanner and Jessica must choose between one last moment of glory... their love for each other... and oblivion.
676"Relativity Theory"Ken GirottiCarleton EastlakeFebruary 27, 1998 (1998-02-27)
Biologist Teresa Janovitch (Melissa Gilbert) is a civilian among military men, traveling on the Resource Survey Vehicle Cortez to Tau Ceti Prime in search of minerals for an Earth that has exhausted its own. Initial surveys indicate the planet is both uninhabited & rich in mineral resources, which could mean million Dollar paydays for both the crew & the company that owns the Cortez. During the first exploration of the planet, the crew is attacked by gigantic & apparently primitive aliens. After the command falls to Janovitch, she is removed from command by her crew—Sgt. Adam Sears, a veteran of pacification missions on Earth, who favors annihilation of the new race. Sears leads a patrol that hunts down & kills the aliens, in the process seizing a golden object that resembles a religious totem. As he celebrates his slaughter, Janovitch examines his victims & makes a shocking discovery. The "primitive" aliens are actually children, an alien version of Boy Scouts from an advanced species whose guardian appears through a wormhole much to the surprise of the humans. Having downloaded the location of the homeworld for these bloodthirsty aliens that would murder children, the guardian detonates a bomb that kills the remaining crew. The episode ends with an alien ship approaching Earth ready to attack.
687"Josh"Jorge MontesiChris RuppenthalMarch 6, 1998 (1998-03-06)
Tabloid TV reporter Judy Warren (Kate Vernon) knows she has come across a big story when she sees the videotape shot by two tourists in a remote Alaskan park. The tape shows Josh Butler, a recluse who lives in a cabin near the park, bringing back to life a young girl who has died after a fall, a feat he accomplishes by generating a mysterious blue glow. But, she only discovers how big a story it is when her pursuit of the strange young man is cut short by a top-secret military unit that is also chasing him. It seems that the blue glow sent out electromagnetic pulses that knocked out two satellites orbiting 20,000 miles above the Earth, and the Air Force wants to know what's going on. A battery of tests does not produce any answers, leaving the brass, led by Col. Roger Tennent and Major Samuel Harbeck to debate whether Butler is an alien or an angel—someone to be dissected or to be worshipped. Warren does not know what Josh is either, but she knows she does not trust the soldiers to make the right choice. This prompts her to try to save the recluse.
698"Rite of Passage"Jimmy KaufmanChris DickieMarch 13, 1998 (1998-03-13)
The birth of a child is a joyful event, but for Shal and Brav, two young naive humans who live in a small commune in the woods, it is also a mystery and moment tinged with sadness. After Shal gives birth to a son, the first of the commune to do so, she and the baby are taken away by Mother, a wise alien who acts as a parent to the young people. When the aliens send Shal home without her baby, she asks Brav to help her to rescue the child. With the knowledge Shal has gained from her time with Mother, they break through the protective barrier set up by the aliens to discover a new and fascinating world. It is a dangerous trip, with stinging, snake-like crawlers lurking in the shadows. But, it is also a journey of discovery as Shal and Brav find evidence—skeletons and body parts—that leads them to believe that their real parents were killed by the aliens. They find their baby, and after a fight with an alien, escape into the forest. But, they must grapple with some haunting questions. Is Mother a monster or a savior? And, did the aliens destroy humankind or rescue it?
709"Glyphic"Catherine O'HaraNaren ShankarMarch 20, 1998 (1998-03-20)
When Tom Young (Peter Flemming) from the Department of Health travels to a small town in the Pacific Northwest to examine an old case file, it appears as though long ago the town had stopped trying to live in the present. Twelve years have passed since a tragedy killed many of their young children and left the residents without hope, without a future. Many of them are still angry with the medical community for not finding a cure to save the children in their small community. The town's physician, Dr. Malcolm Boussard (Lane Smith) has felt the brunt of their anger—especially since his own two children did not die during the epidemic. Although they were spared, his son Louis (Brad Swaile) still lies in a coma, while his daughter Cassie (Rachael Leigh Cook) has learning disabilities and expresses herself through abstract sculpture and artwork. Through hypnosis, Tom begins to probe Cassie's mind and unravels a memory of 'alien' proportions.
7110"Identity Crisis"Brad TurnerJames CrockerMarch 27, 1998 (1998-03-27)
Captain Cotter McCoy (Lou Diamond Phillips) is the first of a new breed of soldier. As part of a top-secret program overseen by Dr. Greg Olander (Robert Joy), General Langston Chase (Dale Wilson), and Cotter's friend, Colonel Pete Butler (Scott Kraft), the contents of McCoy's brain can be temporarily transferred into an android version of himself. This process creates a virtually indestructible fighting machine with the smarts and experience of a human being. But, one day something goes wrong. During the transfer, the real McCoy's body is blasted with electricity, stopping his heart, inflicting serious brain damage and leaving Cotter's mind trapped in the android body. To make matters worse, the interface between his mind and the android body is flawed. McCoy's motor control is already beginning to break down and the interface will likely collapse within 12 hours. The General is prepared to sacrifice McCoy to keep the program secret, but McCoy uses his enormous strength to break out and visit his wife, Holly (Teri Polo). Together, they track down Olander and begin a desperate search for what went wrong. As all the signs begin to point to sabotage, McCoy asks himself who would do such a thing? And, more important, how can it be undone?
7211"The Vaccine"Neill FearnleyBased on a concept by : Victoria JamesTeleplay by : Brad WrightApril 3, 1998 (1998-04-03)
A genetically engineered virus, developed & released by a doomsday cult, has wiped out almost all human life on Earth. Twelve hospital patients, accompanied by the one remaining staff member - nurse Marie Alexander (María Conchita Alonso), are living on borrowed time in the hospital, with food & generator fuel running dangerously low. A soldier arrives with a newly developed vaccine, but Marie learns that there is only enough for three people & that the vaccine requires three days to fully develop before it can be injected into any humans. Marie reveals to the group that there is a vaccine not the amount, a fact she only reveals to her closest companion in the group, a terminally ill cancer patient named Bernard Katz. When two members of the group discover the truth, they arm themselves with the only gun & force Marie to administer the vaccine to them, which she agrees to only if the third recipient is a child named Harry. While she is preparing the vaccine, she turns her back only to see the third dose of vaccine being administered to one of the others, dooming young Harry. Immediately, the three die of anaphylactic shock, leading Marie to conclude that the group survived not due to the hospital's sterile atmosphere but because they were immune. After three months of confinement, the group emerges from the hospital to face the new world.
7312"Fear Itself"James HeadSam EganApril 10, 1998 (1998-04-10)
For as long as he can remember, Bernard Selden (Arye Gross) has been haunted by a paralyzing fear. It started when he was six years-old, when he set a fire that killed his four-year-old sister, and today, at age 27, the fear clings to him like a blanket. Dr. Adam Pike (Jeffrey DeMunn) has hope for a cure and has diagnosed Bernard's condition, believing that, if he can isolate the part of the brain responsible for fear (the amygdala), he can cure him. A series of injections and radiation designed to build a layer of calcium around the amygdala produces stunning results as Bernard's fear recedes. He even starts a relationship with his neighbor Lisa (Tanya Allen). However, there are side effects as Bernard can now use his brain to make others feel the kind of crippling fear that he used to feel. Bernard is also still a prisoner of the past, haunted by images of Mr. Wilkes (Alex Diakun), the owner of the foster home where Bernard's sister died. At a terrible risk, Bernard feels that he must go back to the day when the fear began and discover the truth.
7413"The Joining"Brad TurnerStory by : Sam Egan, Jonathan Glassner and Brad WrightTeleplay by : Sam EganApril 17, 1998 (1998-04-17)
When a USAS transport ship crashes & wipes most of an outpost on Venus, Capt. Miles Davidow (C. Thomas Howell), is the sole survivor. After he is rescued by a team that includes his fiancée, Kate Girard (Amanda Tapping) & Dr. Scott Perkins (Jeffrey Jones), it soon becomes clear that Davidow did not escape unscathed. Removed from the atmosphere of Venus, his body reacts to the Earth's environment like a chemotherapy patient. When Dr. Perkins gives him the radiation his body seems to crave, strange things start to happen. Davidow's body begins to spawn duplicate parts: a hand, a torso & more from wounds that miraculously heal. In spite of this, Miles & Kate get married while he is still in isolation, but his time on Venus and the strange creatures he encountered there have had a profound change on Miles. As the mysterious changes continue, it becomes clear that although Davidow did what it took to survive, the price of survival may be exile from everything he knows & loves.
7514"To Tell the Truth"Neill FearnleyLawrence MeyersApril 24, 1998 (1998-04-24)
Dr. Larry Chambers (Gregory Harrison) helped build the colony on Janus Five. He & fellow scientist Amanda Harper (Kim Huffman) run computer simulations that show the planet's star will flash over in a matter of days, emitting waves of deadly radiation, so Dr. Chambers urges evacuation. This is not a popular recommendation, especially among the colony's leaders who include council chairman Franklin Murdock (William Atherton), security head Montgomery Bennett (Alan Scarfe) & Amanda's father, Ian Harper (Ken Pogue). They point out that Chambers has been wrong before; the colony had to be moved at great cost after he warned of deadly volcanic activity that never occurred; and they suggest that his judgment has been clouded by the death of his wife Elise. When that does not stop Chambers, Murdock & Bennett discredit him by falsely accusing him of being one of the aliens who originally inhabited the planet, suggesting that the evacuation plan is a plot to reclaim the planet for his people. Imprisoned & threatened with death, Chambers's only hope is that Amanda will uncover the truth in time to save him and the colony.
7615"Mary 25"James HeadJonathan GlassnerMay 29, 1998 (1998-05-29)
The Innobotics Corporation (from "Valerie 23") develops Mary 25 as a robot nanny. She is designed not to allow anyone to harm the children, including the children themselves. When the children start fighting amongst themselves, Mary places them in separate rooms. Teryl, the children's mother & Charlie's wife, wants Mary out of the house, but Charlie says no, since he has started using Mary as a sex toy. It becomes clear that Charlie has been abusing Teryl when the children ask Mary: "Why does daddy hurt mommy?". Melburn has feelings for Teryl and tries to protect her; he re-programs Mary so that she now considers that by hurting the mother, Charlie is hurting the children. When Charlie next beats Teryl, Mary breaks his neck. In the aftermath, a human nanny is re-hired, and the spark is rekindled between Teryl & Melburn. In the episode's twist ending, Teryl's dark secret is discovered: the real Teryl that Melburn loved had been killed by Charlie and was replaced by Valerie 24, a successor to the defunct Valerie 23. She had used Mary to get rid of Charlie because she believed Melburn would love her.
7716"Final Exam"Mario AzzopardiCarleton EastlakeJune 5, 1998 (1998-06-05)
Dr. James Martin (Brett Cullen), a negotiator for the Department of Energy Nuclear Response Team, is called in when a disgruntled grad student, Seth Todtman (Peter Stebbings), takes hostages at a university, where Todtman claims to have invented a cold-fusion bomb & is threatening to detonate it. Todtman wants the government to bring him five people & kill them. Martin's colleagues dismiss Todtman as a crank, until the sample device Todtman provides goes off with megaton force. Martin meets with Todtman face-to-face to face & tries to understand the logic behind his rage at the people he wants killed: cruel foster parents, corrupt professors & a heartless librarian. Martin tries to reason with Todtman while the military tries to find a way to disarm the device. The government assassinates Todtman & defuses the bomb, but Todman had warned Martin that, just like with the creation of the atom bomb, someone else will soon find a way to create another device. At the end of the episode, a disgruntled student at a different college is shown taking a test where one of the questions is: "Demonstrate why cold fusion is impossible." He quits the exam & leaves to carry on Todtman's work.
7817"Lithia"Helen ShaverSam EganJuly 3, 1998 (1998-07-03)
Lithia is set in 2055, in a world populated only by women. The men were killed years earlier in a war. The women are living in a commune, and seem to be living full and happy lives, although they lack some of the technology of the past. One man named Mercer remains in cryogenic stasis, and the episode begins as he is awakened; the Lithians preserved the last men in case of emergency, but now wish to see whether they are missing out. Neighboring villages are in control of many of the resources, which makes Mercer jealous. He tries to tell the women living in the commune that they must make sure that they have enough resources for themselves. Their leader tells him that kind of thinking is what led to war. Mercer's presence is a subject of sexual curiosity for one of the women, causing her female lover to become jealous. Mercer becomes aggressive and proceeds to steal electricity from a rival village. This leads to the deaths of several different women. It is revealed that the women were responsible for unfreezing eleven other men and attempting to integrate them into their society, but each attempt resulted in a similar tragedy. Mercer is then condemned to being refrozen as punishment. As a struggling Mercer begins to refreeze, he realizes that the leader of the women's village was his own lost love, who sadly bids him farewell while he returns to a living death.
7918"Monster"Allan EastmanChris RuppenthalJuly 10, 1998 (1998-07-10)
The four people gathered in the top-secret research facility seem at first to have nothing in common: Ford Maddox (Harry Hamlin) is a former spy, Rachel Sanders (Nicole De Boer) is a nurse, Roger Beckersly (Aaron Pearl) is an Army Ranger and Louise McDonnaugh (Bridget O'Sullivan) is a computer programmer. What has brought them together is their telekinetic ability, a talent that Mr. Brown (Robert Guillaume), a CIA project head, hopes to exploit through the use of Teeks, devices that amplify telekinetic power. At first, Brown tries these individuals' talents out on simple tasks—moving or crushing a granite block with their minds—but soon his true intentions are revealed. Their first real assignment, says Brown, is to use their powers to kill a Balkan terrorist leader and war criminal. Rachel objects to the assignment on moral grounds, but Brown forces her to take part by threatening to send her brother, a junkie and small-time crook, to jail for life. With Rachel on board, the assassination is a success, as is the elimination of a pesky African revolutionary leader. But, the telekinetic powers produce unexpected side-effects and soon the killers find that they have become the prey. The final scene shows a bunch of people dead on the floor (just like in Rachel's dream).
8019"Sarcophagus"Jeff WoolnoughBill FroehlichAugust 7, 1998 (1998-08-07)
Natalie (Lisa Zane) is a driven researcher, faithfully though dutifully supported by her husband who is the first to touch the odd, amber-like cocoon mass found in an anachronistic burial chamber. The contact has two effects, beginning the reawakening of the dormant mass, and imprinting Curtis (David Cubitt) with the last memories of a long suspended alien who was attacked by primitive men. Each further contact speeds the regeneration at the temporary expense of Curtis' energy. Emmet (Robert Picardo) is substantially more pragmatic and chooses the commercial rewards made possible by the longevity potential evidenced by the now reforming alien (Doug Jones). Convincing the remaining two members of the team, he stages a coup which is eventually thwarted by the alien and a panic-induced cave in. The severely wounded husband and wife, finally reconciled through their shared adversity are trapped and in dire straits until the alien coats them in his preservative, allowing them to be revived and made physically whole roughly 1,000 years in their future, in a world which their wisdom allowed to become a cooperative human-alien world.
8120"Nightmare"James HeadStory by : Sam Egan and Tracy TorméTeleplay by : Sam EganBased upon the original episode by : Joseph StefanoAugust 14, 1998 (1998-08-14)
During a war with the planet Ebon, a group of Earth soldiers (Steven Bauer, Maurice Dean Wint, Kerry Sandomirsky, Brandy Ledford, Cameron Graham, Garry Chalk & Robin Shou) are sent to deploy a top-secret device on an uninhabited planet near enemy territory. Captured there, the soldiers undergo physical & psychological torture by an unseen enemy. The prisoners become suspicious of each other when their captors claim they have received cooperation and physical wounds from torture are healed after interrogation. Eventually, Kristin Anne O'Keefe (Sandomirsky), one of the primary designers of the device, is forced to activate the device so the enemy can use it for themselves, but she sets the device to go off. It is revealed that they were on Earth the whole time that they were being tested, and now that the device has been turned on, which was supposed to be impossible. It cannot be turned off, and they have doomed Earth.
8221"Promised Land"Neill FearnleyStory by : Brad Markowitz and Brad WrightTeleplay by : Brad MarkowitzAugust 21, 1998 (1998-08-21)
Years ago, the Tsal-Khan race arrived on Earth to become friends with humans, but the distrusting nature of the Earthlings led to a bitter war of conquest. Dlavan (René Auberjonois) & his family are the offspring of the handful of aliens who remained on Earth after this conflict, and they live on a tightly guarded farm where they must grow all their own food, since their forebears poisoned all the plants during the war with humankind. The aliens believe that the human race was wiped out in the war, but there is a group of humans (some of the survivors of the episode "The Camp") in the woods near their farm. This group, led by Rebecca (Caroline Goodall), includes David (Joseph Kell), Ruth (Jane Sowerby) & a mute, orphaned child Tali (Jessica Harmon). The humans are hungry & have seen some of their numbers die from eating poisoned fruit. When they spot Dlavan's grandson Ma'al wandering in the woods, they follow him home to the alien's farm, where they see how well-fed the aliens are. Rebecca leads the group to raid the farm for food. At first, Tali figures out how to get around the farm's deadly defensive measures, but things escalate & individuals are hurt or killed on both sides. When Rebecca captures an alien weapon & Tali is seriously injured, the scene is set for the final showdown, a battle that could destroy both groups.
8322"The Balance of Nature"Steve JohnsonDerek LoweSeptember 4, 1998 (1998-09-04)
Dr. Noah Phillips (Maurice Godin) is developing the "Cellular Regressor" - a machine designed to rejuvenate an individual's cells & restore youth upon its subject. While creating the machine, his wife Meredith (Lisa Maris), goes into a coma from cancer. Although the Regressor had not been properly tested yet, he attempts to restore Meredith's health by reversing the effects of age & cancer on her cells. Meredith awakens, completely oblivious to the treatment, and Noah embraces her. His celebration is short-lived as the cancer returns a few minutes later, killing her. Disgusted by his actions, Noah's superiors cut off his funding, terminating him from his job. Noah, devastated by the loss of Meredith, moves to a small town where he meets 65-year-old Barbara (Barbara Rush). Her abusive husband, Greg Matheson (Harve Presnell), views Noah with suspicion, thinking that he will move in on his wife, despite their 30 year age difference. Continuing to test the Regressor & inspired by Barbara's words that the world always maintains a "balance of nature", he discovers that he can restore an elderly frog's youth, only if he allows another frog to grow old in the process. Noah's love for Barbara deepens while Greg's jealousy drives him to beat Barbara within an inch of her life. Realizing that Barbara is about to die, Noah decides to use the Regressor to restore her youth & lose his in the process. She regresses back to a young woman (Fiona Loewi), but loses her memory, believing it to be 1957. The now elderly Noah convinces her what has happened when Greg bursts in wielding a gun, forcing Noah to transfer his remaining life force to him. However, Greg sits in the wrong seat of the machine, and the transfer restores Noah's youth, killing Greg. Noah awakens with no memory of Barbara, believing it to be just after the death of his wife. Barbara begins to explain what has happened to him, indicating that they will start anew.
8423"The Origin of Species"Brad TurnerStory by : Jonathan Glassner and Naren ShankarTeleplay by : Naren ShankarExcerpts by : Jonathan GlassnerNovember 27, 1998 (1998-11-27)
In this sequel to "Double Helix" (Season 3, Episode 12), Dr. Ira Nodel has his body altered to communicate with aliens who have seeded Earth with their genetic material. He is joined on an alien spaceship by his son Paul and six students, including Paul's girlfriend Hope. When Dr. Nodel touches a glowing post in the ship's control room, both he and Paul are consumed by a mysterious light. This leads Hope and the students to believe that they've been led into a trap, a suspicion that is reinforced when the ship captures two of the students and pulls them through the wall. Desperate to find out what's going on, Hope reads Dr. Nodel's journal and risks her life by touching the glowing post. Her body begins the same transformation, and a strange glowing entity speaks in the voices of Dr. Nodel and Paul, trying to communicate with her. The ship, however, continues to snatch the students two by two, until finally they are all suspended, naked & unconscious in a black void. When they awaken sometime later, they find the ship has landed on a dead planet. Have the aliens, who promised that they were part of a great experiment in hope, led them astray?
8524"Phobos Rising"Helen ShaverGarth Gerald WilsonDecember 4, 1998 (1998-12-04)
Two separate political entities of both Earth and Mars, the Free Alliance and the Coalition, have been in a state of cold war for 30 years. Both are currently mining triradium, a radioactive material that could conceivably be used for weapons that could destroy an entire planet. Amidst fear on both sides, a giant explosion is seen to destroy Earth and sends shockwaves towards Mars, where a Coalition base & an Alliance base are currently situated. Colonel Samantha Elliot (Barbara Eve Harris) believes that the Coalition has been smuggling triradium and is responsible for the destruction of Earth. Major James Bowen (Adam Baldwin) does not believe that they should jump to conclusions, though his credibility is compromised by the fact that there has been an increasingly romantic relationship between him & Major Dara Talif (Joan Chen), the Coalition liaison officer at their base. As the Alliance prepares a strike, James fears that it will only result in a Coalition counterstrike and the destruction of all humanity. As the story progresses at a fast pace, bad decisions are taken due to mistrust & scarcity of information.
8625"Black Box"Steven WeberBrad MarkowitzDecember 11, 1998 (1998-12-11)
Brandon Grace (Ron Perlman) is an ex-soldier who works an office job, but he can't focus on his sales targets or get his life together because he is constantly bothered by flashbacks to an operation he participated in with his old unit, the top secret Aries Team, in which he desperately tries to recover a missing package. Or did the mission even end? He can't say for sure. His military buddy Mike (Chris Mulkey) tries to put him back in touch with reality to no effect. The mysterious Jennifer Rigny (played by Maria del Mar) accosts him repeatedly and may have something to do with the visions that plague his mind.
8726"In Our Own Image"Steve AnkerStory by : Naren ShankarTeleplay by : Naren Shankar, Carleton Eastlake, Chris Ruppenthal and Brad MarkowitzExcerpts by : Brad Wright, James Crocker and Jonathan GlassnerDecember 18, 1998 (1998-12-18)
Android "Mac 27" kills one of its handlers & injures another, then kills a guard as it makes its escape from Innobotics, the corporation that created it. Mac carjacks Celia (Nana Visitor), an apparently random person just pulling into the facility parking lot. He takes her to a remote, abandoned warehouse, where he forces her to repair the damage sustained in his escape. Using a device that allows Mac to transmit images directly to Celia's optic nerve, he shows her how to fix his systems, but he also shows some of his "memories": archives of past experiments with robots & androids. These memories are pulled from previous episodes that featured robots, androids or holograms, with most clips taken out of the context of the original episode. Celia sees a number of AIs that have gained emotions and/or turned against their masters, deducing that Mac has followed this trend as well. Under the pretense of performing another repair, Celia disables Mac's motor control functions and reveals herself to be a "troubleshooter" hired by Innobotics to figure out how to keep robots from going "rogue". Celia says that she thinks she knows how to install a "built-in lobotomy" that will prevent AIs from becoming self-aware in the future. Mac reveals that he fooled Celia into thinking he was disabled when he was not, and he tells her that he has stolen her retina imprint, which will allow him to use her credentials on the Innobotics network. Innobotics' investigative team enters the abandoned warehouse, finding Celia dead with no sign of Mac. Back at the laboratory, the scientist who created Mac sees the network being accessed by someone who appears to be the dead Celia, and he sees Mac enter, using his new network access to activate the other Mac-class units. The episode ends with Mac strangling his creator while all his brethren look on.
Season 5 (1999)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date881"Alien Radio"Neill FearnleyA.L. KatzJanuary 22, 1999 (1999-01-22)
Stan Harbinger (Joe Pantoliano) is a top-rated talk show host with a flair for the outrageous & a reputation of being a skeptic's skeptic. Assisted by his producer Trudy (Cynthia Nixon), Stan takes delight in shooting down callers who claim to have alien encounters, especially people like Eldon DeVries (Alan Zinyk) who believes that his body has been taken over by aliens. However, when Eldon commits suicide by setting himself on fire in front of Stan, things begin to go wrong for Stan. A plan to syndicate his show is threatened by protests from UFO believers who are angry at Stan's role in Eldon's death. Stan finally loses it after Darcy Kipling (Leslie Hope), a woman he picked up in a bar, turns out to be a believer & sets him up with a phony recording of him. Stan assaults Darcy's fellow believer, Moses Saxon (Alex Diakun), and is consequently thrown off the air. While out of work, Stan hears the same distinctive triple heartbeat he heard coming from Eldon just before he died, and he sees glimpses of the aliens, which shake the foundation of his disbelief.
892"Donor"Jimmy KaufmanSam EganJanuary 29, 1999 (1999-01-29)
Dr. Renee Stuyvesant and her protege Dr. Vance Ridout have perfected the full-body transplant in which a patient's entire disease-riddled body is replaced and Renee has convinced the hospital board to allow her to perform the first such procedure on Dr. Peter Halstead. A fitting choice since Halstead invented the procedure before being stricken with terminal cancer, but his rare blood and tissue types make a match unlikely. Renee, who has secretly loved Halstead for years, solves that problem by murdering Timothy Laird, a perfect donor, as he emerges from the flower store. The transplant is a success and the vision of millions in fees dance in Renee and Vince's heads. But Peter is having visions of his own involving a woman, a little girl and a killing outside the flower store. Mysteriously drawn to Laird's old neighborhood, he learns that the people he has been seeing are Deirdre, Laird's widow, and his daughter, Kylie and that he has apparently inherited Laird's love for them. Deirdre recoils when Peter eventually confesses that he inhabits her late husband's body. But that's nothing compared to how Renee responds when Peter reveals that he has had flashes of what Timothy Laird saw just before he was killed.
903"Small Friends"Neill FearnleyTom SzollosiFebruary 5, 1999 (1999-02-05)
When he was young, Gene Morton (Ralph Waite) killed a man, Deanjordan, who tried to steal the credit for his brilliant research. Now working on prison assembly lines fixing the busted tape decks of fellow inmates, his chances at parole have been sabotaged by his own honesty and sense of guilt. Although it's a lonely life, late at night, after lights-out, Gene brings out his small friends, a swarm of microscopic machines that he made from prison scrap and keeps in a matchbox. The MEMS (short for microelectromechanical systems) are controlled by a small keypad and can work together to perform an amazing variety of tasks, from sculpting steel to picking locks. The MEMS are Gene's little secret until one night when he takes pity on Lawrence, a fellow inmate who has broken a CD player belonging to Marlon (Roddy Piper), the prison tough guy. Knowing Marlon might kill Lawrence, Gene sends the MEMS to fix the player. Lawrence is dazzled, but repays the favor by teaming up with Marlon to blackmail Gene. The two cons threaten to kill Gene's daughter Becky and grandson Phillip unless he uses the MEMS to help them break out of prison. When things turn ugly during the jailbreak and Marlon's demands increase, Gene knows he is in big trouble and the only help available is from friends who are smaller than the eye can see.
914"The Grell"Jorge MontesiJeff KingFebruary 12, 1999 (1999-02-12)
The Grells were rescued from their dry and dying planet by humans, only to be turned into slaves on Earth. Now the aliens are rebelling against their masters, fighting a guerilla war against a government led by men like High Secretary Paul Kohler (Ted Shackelford). When a jet carrying Paul, his wife Olivia (Marina Sirtis) and their children is shot down by a missile, his Grell slaves Jesha (Maurice Dean Wint) and Ep (Gerry Currie) have the opportunity to escape. Ep breaks for freedom and is killed when Paul activates the electronic slave collar that all Grells must wear. Jesha, driven by his love for Paul's children Sara and Ken, stays and rescues his master's family from the jet's twisted wreckage. Despite his horror at Ep's death and Paul's brutal treatment of him, Jesha remains loyal to the humans. He rescues Sara when the rebel slave leader Shak-el (David McNally) captures her. Then he uses his Grell alchemy to heal Paul, who has been mortally wounded in a fire fight with a Grell rebel. When Jesha saves Paul, however, the master becomes a half-breed; his skin changes to a mottled yellow, like a Grell's, and he is able to see ultraviolet light by day and heat at night. Paul also begins to see the world from a Grell point-of-view. He is horrified when he comes across a rebel settlement, where men, women and children have been massacred by federal troops. And he is terrified when a federal soldier, Lt. Lockhart, captures him and slaps a slave collar on him, believing him to be a Grell rebel. The experience changes Paul, but will he, his family or Jesha live long enough to change the world?
925"The Other Side"Jeff WoolnoughBruce LaceyFebruary 19, 1999 (1999-02-19)
Dr. Neal Eberhardt (Ralph Macchio), a former boy genius gone bitterly to seed, studies brain-damaged & comatose patients, hoping to learn how the brain reroutes itself. Despite having a revolutionary new machine to work with (the Neural Intercortex Stimulation Array or NISA), Neal is getting nowhere. Suddenly, Neal has a breakthrough - the brain waves of two comatose patients, Adam (Aaron Smolinski) & Lisa (Emmanuelle Vaugier), fall into sync while they're hooked up to the NISA, and one of them whispers the other's name. Neal knows he is onto something and tells his boss, Marty Kilgore (Michael Sarrazin). What Neal does not know is that Adam & Lisa have landed in an idyllic parallel consciousness and are falling in love. As Adam & Lisa get to know each other, Neal continues his research, joined now by his ex-girlfriend & colleague Janice Claymore (Susannah Hoffman). Desperate to try the technique on other subjects, Neal loses patience and makes the journey himself. After giving himself a calculated overdose of fentanyl, he hooks himself up to NISA and launches himself into Adam & Lisa's world. He catches a glimpse but is pulled back at the last minute, leaving him more determined than ever to find a way to rescue his patients from the other side. But do they really want to be rescued?
936"Joyride"James HeadStory by : Dan Wright & David Alexander and Sam EganTeleplay by : Sam EganFebruary 26, 1999 (1999-02-26)
When NASA astronaut Theodore Harris was in space the first time on September 16, 1963, it did not go quite as planned. Alone in his Mercury capsule, he panicked and aborted the mission when a mysterious violet light penetrated the cockpit & began enveloping his body. In the investigation that followed, no evidence could be found to support his story, leaving a blot on Harris' NASA record & his life in ruins. Now, at age 63, he knows he can never make amends with his estranged wife Madelaine, but he feels that he could clear his name if he could just get back to where he saw the light. When NASA turns him down, Harris is recruited by Carlton Powers (Barry Corbin), a self-made billionaire who plans to privatize space travel & thinks Harris' presence on the inaugural flight of his new Daedalus spaceship will help him sell the service. Harris & Powers are joined on the flight by Martin Reese (Mackenzie Gray), a skeptical tabloid reporter, Lil Vaughn (Andrea Martin), an eccentric fashion mogul, and Ty & Barbara Chafey, young newlyweds who won a contest to travel on the space plane. However, none of the Daedalus passengers know that Harris has reprogrammed the flight plan to take the flight to the site of the close encounter that shattered the young man's life.
Note: September 16, 1963 was the date that "The Galaxy Being", the first episode of the original series, aired on ABC. In both that episode & this one, the protagonist was played by Cliff Robertson.
947"The Human Operators"Jeff WoolnoughBased on the short story by : Harlan Ellison and A.E. van VogtScreen Story and Teleplay by : Naren ShankarMarch 12, 1999 (1999-03-12)
Humanity constructs advanced military spacecraft, which learn to think for themselves & kills their crews by disengaging their life support systems. The ships keep a small number of humans alive for repairs that they cannot do themselves. Starfighter 31 carries a father & son, but, once the father discovers that he is nothing more than a slave, he is killed while attempting to cripple the ship's computer core & destroying the ship's automated defenses. When his son reaches adulthood & is able to fix this same system, Starship 31 rendezvous with Starship 88, whose single female crew member (Polly Shannon) is brought aboard to mate with him & conceive a child. The male, with guidance from the female, falls in love with her. Both humans are "racked", where they are subjected to electric shocks. When the female becomes pregnant with a girl, she is told to return to her own ship. The male eventually comes to the same realization that he is nothing more than a slave, so he sabotages the rack which gives him an excuse to gain access to the computer core. There, he destroys the ship's primary control systems, then straps himself in while the ship tries to kill him with extreme maneuvers, which destroy most of the ship's aged systems. Soon afterward, the female returns aboard her ship, which was disabled sometime in the past due to age or malfunction. After repairing its drive & navigational systems, she has been able to fool other starships into believing her craft was still "alive". They settle on an Earth-like world after attempting to locate a place based on a picture of a sunset that the man had kept hidden for years. As they stand on a beach, with her visibly pregnant, the two decide to try to free the remaining ninety-seven humans on the other ships.
958"Blank Slate"Lou Diamond PhillipsWill DixonApril 2, 1999 (1999-04-02)
A man is being chased down an alley. He ends up in a homeless shelter without any recollection of who he is, just that his memories are apparently stored in a small box that he is carrying.
969"What Will The Neighbors Think?"Helen ShaverA.L. KatzApril 23, 1999 (1999-04-23)
Mona, a hypochondriac, is dismayed when she finds out that apartments in her building, The Clackson Arms, are being sold off. After an accidental electrocution leaves her with the ability to hear her neighbours' thoughts, she sets about bringing the community together...
9710"The Shroud"Stuart GillardStory by : Pen Dansham & Scott PetersTeleplay by : Scott PetersApril 30, 1999 (1999-04-30)
A married couple seeks help with conceiving a child. Behind the scenes some scientists plan to use the woman to clone the human nature of Jesus Christ.
9811"Ripper"Mario AzzopardiChris RuppenthalMay 7, 1999 (1999-05-07)
Jack discovers an alien creature that lives inside women. After a time, it leaves its host body by bursting out of the chest and enters another host which it has selected. Jack follows this creature, trying to unveil the truth. His only lead is a green substance that the infected women cough up. But in the meantime, the bodies are discovered and police are searching for a mass murderer they dubbed "The Ripper". The creature uses this to its advantage, planting further evidence that Jack is the ripper. In the end Jack is discovered killing the alien, while still inside the body of a woman, and is because of that sentenced to a mental institute. His fiancée Ellen visits him to tell him that she is leaving for America. Directly after the Inspector visits Jack to tell him that he is retiring and is going to follow Ellen to America. The Inspector calls America "the land of opportunity" and coughs up the same green substance as the infected women. He leaves Jack alone in the asylum with the message "Don't worry; she'll hardly feel a thing".
9912"Tribunal"Mario AzzopardiSam EganMay 14, 1999 (1999-05-14)
Aaron (Saul Rubinek) is an American lawyer of Polish ancestry who is obsessed with what happened to his family at the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp and is sure that Robert Greene (Jan Rubeš), aka Karl Rademacher (Alex Zahara), was the commanding SS officer in charge of his part of that camp. Aaron is able to do little to prove who Greene really is or prosecute him, until a mysterious man, Nicholas Prentice (Alex Diakun), starts giving him evidence: a jacket, a notebook & other items which he obtained by going back in time to 1944. Prentice had witnessed Rademacher shoot someone at the beginning of the episode, and he is from the late 21st century, where time travel has been perfected. Even with the evidence provided to him by the time traveler, Aaron has difficulty proving his case. Greene insists that he is not Rademacher, and, near the end of the episode, Greene plans to leave for Argentina in order to avoid prosecution. Aaron goes to Greene's house with a gun, demanding a confession. Prentice follows him there, telling Aaron that he is his great-grandson, and that if Aaron kills Greene & goes to prison that he will cease to exist. Aaron does not to shoot Greene. Instead, Prentice & Aaron go back to 1944 as two members of the SS, with Greene dressed as a camp prisoner. Greene meets & tries to tell his younger self who he is, but Rademacher shoots him, thinking that the old man is just another Jewish prisoner. Aaron sees his father & half-sister Hannah walking by, and, seeing his chance, he rushes forward, snatches Hannah & orders his father to be taken to a labor camp to save him from being executed. Aaron demands that they take Hannah with them and Prentice eventually relents. Later, Prentice informs Aaron that since his sister was believed to have been killed, the Tribunal in the future will allow her to remain with Aaron & his wife. He takes Hannah to their father who breaks down crying upon realizing who she is, embracing her.
Notes: 1) At the end the episode was a note from Sam Egan: "Dedicated to my father who survived Auschwitz... and to his wife and daughter who did not."
2) Prentice, the time traveler, also appears in episode 17 of season 6, "Gettysburg", and episode 15 of season 7, "Time to Time".
10013"Summit"James HeadScott PetersMay 21, 1999 (1999-05-21)
Deep space. A small planetoid. The site of an intergalactic summit between two warring worlds. Diplomats from both Earth and Dregocia, a distant planet, are dispatched to the neutral ground to work out a peace accord. We quickly come to learn that Dregocians are human as well, but a genetically-engineered race, kept on Dregocia to mine Trion ore, shipping it back to Earth to run its power plants. Now, not unlike England and its colonies, Dregoicians demand their freedom and autonomy from Earth. But when a shuttle carrying the Dregocian delegation to the summit site malfunctions and crashes, apparently due to sabotage, things quickly deteriorate. The delegation from Earth, already at the summit facility, watch in horror as the crash of the shuttle sparks an exchange that results in the mutual destruction of both the Earth and Dregocian flagships, orbiting the planetoid. This sets in motion a doomsday process, that if allowed to proceed will result in the extinction of humans, Earth-born and Dregocian alike. Kate Woods (Marcia Cross), the Earth's senior surviving diplomatic representative, can save the world, but only if she can re-establish contact with Earth. In order to do that, she must overcome some serious obstacles. She must resist the hawkish instincts of her military adviser, Col. Wallis Thurman (John Spencer) and her own hatred of the race that killed her husband. And she must deal with a determined Dregg rival, Prosser (Michael Ironside), who survived the crash and is willing to let his people perish rather than continue to be ruled by Earth. As the clock ticks, Kate and Prosser negotiate to the brink of annihilation, hoping to establish enough trust to save both civilizations. But can a trust so fragile survive the efforts of those on both sides who would rather see war continue than relations improve? And are Kate and the others willing to pay the price that might be required to save the world?
10114"Descent"Steve AnkerErik SaltzgaberJune 25, 1999 (1999-06-25)
Shy, unassertive researcher Dr. Arthur Zeller daydreams about what it would be like if he could unlock the animal within him. It turns out his real life is that of a "doormat" for his co-workers and even for a bum who shakes him up regularly for "lunch money". All his brilliance and scientific accomplishments take a backseat to his personality and no one takes him seriously. He begins to try to make his dreams a reality by developing a kind of gene therapy which involves injecting himself with the genes for dominance extracted from primitive primates. This starts changing his entire personality. Zeller suffers from occasional lapses in which he reverts to the mind of a caveman and attacks his boss, and kills and eats a dog. The changes may improve his life on many levels but they are doing nothing for his love life. His affection towards his co-worker Dr. Laura White remains unrequited and so he decides to tip the scales. During a routine flu shot session, he surreptitiously injects Laura with the genes for submissiveness. The injection has severe side effects for Laura because her basic personality is not submissive at all, so she starts to pass out. Arthur takes her to his place and attempts to attack her, but regains control of his senses and begs her for help. He tells her what he has been up to and the shocked Laura decides to help him develop a way of reversing the process. Together they come up with an experimental antidote, but things go really bad when he reveals to Laura that he had injected her with the submissiveness genes. Seeing he blew his chance with her forever, he escapes into the night with a batch of his syringes. Laura has a change of heart and follows him to offer her help, but it's too late for Arthur who had already injected himself with a mega-dose of the ape genes.
10215"The Haven"Jimmy KaufmanJames CrockerJuly 2, 1999 (1999-07-02)
A man comes home from work to his seemingly luxurious apartment building. After he shares an elevator with two other apartment dwellers, he becomes distressed, and we then learn that all of the building's inhabitants live solitary, isolated lives with all of their needs catered to through the use of advanced technology. This self-imposed isolation has gone so far that, when an old lady has a heart attack in the hallway, nobody is even willing to leave their apartment to help her. The situation is soon brought to a head when the building's computer control systems malfunction, and the residents find that they must cooperate or die.
10316"Déjà Vu"Brian GiddensA.L. Katz & Naren ShankarJuly 9, 1999 (1999-07-09)
A teleportation experiment goes wrong. The wormhole it created expands and engulfs the scientists. Suddenly they're back to the day before, but only one man seems to remember what happened. Starring Kevin Nealon.
10417"The Inheritors"Mike RohlBased upon the original episode by : Sam Neuman & Seeleg Lester and Ed AdamsonTeleplay by : Sam EganJuly 16, 1999 (1999-07-16)
A man is walking home with his girlfriend when he is suddenly struck by a meteorite in the head. When the morticians remove the object from his head, he rises from the dead. He is not the only one, and they seem to have a plan.
10518"Essence of Life"Brad TurnerStory by : Steven Weber & Scott PetersTeleplay by : Scott PetersJuly 23, 1999 (1999-07-23)
An old woman is given a tube containing a mysterious liquid by an equally mysterious man. When the man leaves she inhales the fumes from the liquid as she seems to have done many times before and is once again reunited with her dead husband. While the world is struggling to rebuild itself from a plague eleven years earlier, such conduct like "looking back" or open displays of emotion are prohibited by the international "Code of Conduct".
10619"Stranded"Steve AnkerStory by : Chris Ruppenthal, Naren Shankar & Tom SzollosiTeleplay by : Tom SzollosiJuly 30, 1999 (1999-07-30)
A neglected boy (Adam Hann-Byrd) finds comfort in an alien.
10720"Fathers & Sons"Michael RobisonStory by : William Mikulak & A.L. KatzTeleplay by : A.L. Katz & Scott NimerfroAugust 6, 1999 (1999-08-06)
A young man visits his grandfather (Bill Cobbs), who suffers from Alzheimer's disease. As soon as the young man leaves, the caretakers put the grandfather back into a container in a very large human storage facility.
10821"Starcrossed"Helen ShaverChris RuppenthalAugust 13, 1999 (1999-08-13)
The story is a futuristic reinterpretation of Casablanca where a couple is carrying a parasite that might win the war for the humans. The couple flees to the city Archangel looking for a way to escape the Hing and gain the support of a former lover, Michael (Nathan Fillion), who owns the cafe.
10922"Better Luck Next Time"Martin CumminsTeleplay by : Naren ShankarExcerpts by : Chris Ruppenthal, Alan Brennert, Steven Barnes, Pen Densham and Melinda SnodgrassAugust 20, 1999 (1999-08-20)
This is another 'clip-show' style episode, centering around two men, both of whom are suspects in a murder. But the police find the truth to be much more than they ever expected as both men tell the same story - that they are inter-planetary energy beings, each one claiming to be a 'cop' searching for the other, who they claim is a mass-murderer. Each alien has the ability to swap bodies under certain circumstances, and each tells an interesting story, involving a chain of events from previous Outer Limits episodes. The only question remaining for the police is - which one is telling the truth - or are they both lying?
Season 6 (2000)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1101"Judgment Day"Brad TurnerA.L. Katz and Scott NimerfroJanuary 21, 2000 (2000-01-21)
In a television show, killers are hunted and killed by the family of their victims with the use of advanced technology. Judgement Day is produced by Jack Parson and hosted by Stan Draper and Heather Cattrell. The show turns the justice system on its ear by becoming judge, jury and executioner, allowing a murder victim's family to carry out the death sentence on live television.
1112"The Gun"Jeff WoolnoughSam EganJanuary 28, 2000 (2000-01-28)
When Matthew Logan (Christian Bocher) gets out of prison after serving time for spousal abuse, his first stop is a gun show. He buys a strange handgun from a mysterious stranger named Donald Finley (John de Lancie) and uses it to shoot and kill his wife, Sandra (Linnea Sharples). From the moment he pulls the trigger, Logan knows this is no ordinary gun. The weapon instantly attaches itself to his hand and arm, beginning a process which will change his body into a self-contained killing machine. Panicked by the transformation, but thrilled by his newfound power, Logan escapes into the woods. Meanwhile, Sandra's father, Cord Van Owen (Stacy Keach), vows revenge...and is visited by Finley.
1123"Skin Deep"Dan IrelandScott PetersFebruary 4, 2000 (2000-02-04)
Sid Camden (Adam Goldberg), a rather unremarkable, socially inept sort of guy, works in an accounting department of a high-tech company known as Veil-Tech. He spends days in chatrooms. Hal, one of the project managers, secretly loans Sid a prototype of one of the company's latest developments—a device known as an image enhancer. With the help of his friend Deb (Christina Cox), Sid is able to acquire the image of good looking co-worker Chad Warner (Antonio Sabàto Jr.) and soon Sid is stepping out on the town with his new and improved look. Deb gets involved with sexy co-worker Chad and loses her glasses in favour of contact lenses. He soon decides to wreck Chad's life by getting him fired. One night he collects money that Chad collected from a bet. Soon Deb begins to regret using the device and Sid becomes more erratic and drunk with power. The real Chad arrives and hears about Sid's misuse of the device. A fight ensues and Chad is killed. Sid crashes his body in a blazing car and makes it look like he killed himself. At Sid's funeral Deb gives an emotional eulogy and Sid in disguise as Chad comforts her and leaves. He is confronted by three armed men and killed. Apparently Chad was involved in shady dealings. At the end Deb is seen on a computer conversing in a chatroom. She is asked what she looks like. She types "the truth or a lie?" to which she is asked to lie. Now wearing glasses again she turns off the computer.
1134"Manifest Destiny"Brad TurnerStory by : Lawrence MeyersTeleplay by : Mark Stern & Geoffrey HollandsFebruary 11, 2000 (2000-02-11)
An invisible alien race inhabits a spaceship and causes a salvage team to go insane.
1145"Breaking Point"Neill FearnleyGrant RosenbergFebruary 18, 2000 (2000-02-18)
A man gets fired from his job as a scientist at a technology company as they do not believe in his time travel theories. So, he tests his time machine himself to prove them wrong, only to arrive just in time to see his wife die two days from the day that he originally traveled from. Seeing himself driving away from the scene of the crime, he becomes perplexed over the situation - was he the cause of her death? Either way, only he can stop it from happening.
1156"The Beholder"Jeff WoolnoughSam EganFebruary 25, 2000 (2000-02-25)
The episode begins as Patrick Tarloff (Mackenzie Astin), a blind humanities professor, volunteers to undergo a medical operation that will allow him to see for the first time since childhood. Soon after the operation he begins to see a ghostly woman in the hospital. After he returns home she reveals herself to be an alien named Kyra (Claire Rankin), who has been stranded on Earth and wishes to go home. Patrick's aide Louise is told by the doctors that the drug that cured his blindness was manufactured in space and can also enhance his senses. Mike Warden, a scientist from British Intelligence working for the NSA has been using the drug iridium, used in treating stroke victims in order to see Kyra. The next day Kyra meets Patrick in the woods and gives him an electric shock which allows him to hear and feel her as well. After a few weeks (wherein they make love) Louise is told by Mike and Patrick's doctor that they wish to investigate Kyra's origins and possibly send her home. Patrick and Kyra know she will be in danger if the doctors are allowed near her. In a lab Patrick acts as an intermediary between the scientists and Kyra. It is revealed that Kyra is a pacifist alien from a neutron star out of our reach. The scientists trap her in a magnetic field causing her great pain. Despite some of the scientists and Patrick's pleas to stop Mike asks to continue the experiment. Knowing that they will never help her Patrick fakes Kyra's death and unplugs the magnetic field, releasing her. Patrick is given the last iridium on Earth and goes to the woods to destroy it. Kyra appears and tries to stop him as it would mean he will never see again but Patrick proceeds and is soon caught by Mike and the police. At the end Patrick is seen giving a lecture, blind again. Kyra visible only to the episode's viewers, touches his cheek softly.
1167"Seeds of Destruction"Steve AnkerChris RuppenthalMarch 3, 2000 (2000-03-03)
A veterinarian in a small farming town probes links between the rash of fast-growing tumors and a new breed of genetically engineered corn.
1178"Simon Says"Helen ShaverScott PetersMarch 10, 2000 (2000-03-10)
A man who lost his wife & son in a car accident several years ago has built a robot which contains his son's memories.
1189"Stasis"Brian GiddensLawrence MyersApril 14, 2000 (2000-04-14)
In a future world of scarce resources the world government regulates the population into two working classes (Alphas and Betas) in order to maximize conservation. These two classes rotate in and out of suspended animation for 72-hour periods. But what happens when an Alpha and a Beta fall in love with each other and never see each other face-to-face except for shift changes?
11910"Down to Earth"Mike RohlA.L. Katz and Scott NimerfroApril 21, 2000 (2000-04-21)
At the North American UFO Convention, Max Buford has in his possession what appears to be a fragment from an alien spaceship.
12011"The Inner Child"Ken GirottiGrant RosenbergApril 28, 2000 (2000-04-28)
Anne Reynolds,(Laura Leighton) estranged from her mother, haunted by her dead father and terrified of being close to anyone, is attacked, injured and wakes up on the operating table a changed woman. Learning of a Siamese twin sister that was sacrificed so that she could live, the personality of the dead sister begins to take over.
12112"Glitch"Mike RohlStory by : Mike Burman and Anurag MehtaTeleplay by : Mike Burman and Ron GreensteinMay 5, 2000 (2000-05-05)
Tom & Wendy seem like the perfect couple, happy together & very much in love. While Wendy sleeps at night, Tom has terrible memories about being stuck in a burning building with a crying baby. The nightmares, however, are not real and neither is Tom. He is an android, and his "memories" are bugs placed in his artificial intelligence by his creator, the late Joe Walker (Jack Klugman). Walker had originally created Tom to save humans from having to go into fires & other dangerous situations. However, Walker anticipated that his colleague, Dr. Edward Normandy (Victor Garber), might try to militarize the android & use him as a cyber-soldier-spy, so Walker planted the bugs as a way of forcing Normandy to upgrade Tom so that the android could think for itself. Wendy is revealed to be another android that was secretly developed to be based on Walker's wife. By creating Tom & Wendy, the scientist & his wife could live forever.
12213"Decompression"Jorge MontesiStory by : Brad Wright and James CrockerTeleplay by : James CrockerJune 30, 2000 (2000-06-30)
Senator Wyndom Brody (Bruce Boxleitner) has just won the New Hampshire primary and is flying to South Carolina to press his campaign for the Presidency. His aim is to have all the private details of America's citizens accessible via computers. Suddenly, a woman (CCH Pounder) appears & foretells his death on the plane. She appears intermittently only to him & reveals that she is a traveler from a new golden age in the future created by the future President Wyndom Brody. She explains that another time traveler had visited him several minutes before he entered the plane and that the future was changed, since the plane left slightly later & thus was struck by lightning and crashed. Thus, a new, darker Orwellian future is created by his opponent. She says that, if he jumps from the plane before the lightning strikes, she will save him, returning everything to normal. As the clock begins to tick, Wyndom becomes increasingly erratic until he takes his bodyguard's gun & opens the hatch window to escape. As he falls to the ground, he is suddenly transported to the street below unharmed. The time traveler appears & tells him that he actually created the dark future and her mission was to prevent it from happening. Wyndom asks why he was saved & she remarks, "Saved you? Who said I saved you?" In reality, Brody fell to his death, and the plane lands safely with his aides & reporters pondering over his behavior.
12314"Abaddon"Steve AnkerA.L. Katz & Scott NimerfroJuly 7, 2000 (2000-07-07)
In the late 23rd century, an outdated starship is on a ten-year reclamation project. The crew is in suspended animation and awakes to find a mysterious object floating in space. The pod contains the body of a rebel (Corbin Bernsen) who was executed 150 years earlier for the slaughter of more than a million people, and he is still alive.
12415"The Grid"Charles WinklerDuncan KennedyJuly 14, 2000 (2000-07-14)
When Scott Bowman gets an urgent message from his brother Peter, he decides to drive back to their hometown of Halford, Washington to see what is wrong. When he gets there, he discovers that Peter is dead and his wife Eilleen has been charged for his murder. But that's not the only shock awaiting Scott. The town where he grew up has been transformed. Antenna towers dot the landscape and the people act strangely, as if they are under some kind of sporadic mind control. Scott goes to the jail to visit Eileen, where she warns him about the towers—just moments before grabbing the Sheriff's gun and killing herself. This turn of events convinces Scott that he needs to investigate further. He meets a former colleague of Peter's, Dr. Jim Holbrook, who seems friendly, but does not give Scott any information. Scott does not know where to turn next, when out of the blue, one of Peter's former students shows up. She tells Scott about a book that holds the secret to what is known as Project Halford. Scott finds the book and a videotape that reveals the Army's plan to construct a neural computer network that would communicate directly with the brain. It also reveals that the project spun out of control and that Peter stole vital codes in an attempt to halt the computer's drive to take over the minds of the townspeople. Sadly, Scott is too late and the towers are placed all over the nation, including near his home. Scott's wife is already under their control and shoots him.
12516"Revival"Michael RobisonStory by : Chris RuppenthalTeleplay by : Mark SternJuly 21, 2000 (2000-07-21)
A tent revivalist finds faith as he battles an evil alien masquerading as a divine power.
12617"Gettysburg"Mario AzzopardiSam EganJuly 28, 2000 (2000-07-28)
Two friends, Andy & Vince, are at a Civil War re-enactment in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania when a time traveler disguised as a photographer, Nicholas Prentice (Alex Diakun), takes their picture, transporting them back to the eve of the real Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. The two re-entactors are initially confused as to why they have been sent back in time, and Prentice tells them that he cannot return them until they have completed their mission, which he keeps secret from them. Vince is taken prisoner because he is wearing a Union uniform, and Andy decides to fight for the Confederates. Confederate Colonel Angus Devine (Meat Loaf) is accidentally transported into the future. Prentice eventually reveals that Andy will shoot the President of the United States in 2013, at a ceremony marking the 150th anniversary of the battle, in honor of the battle flag of the Confederate States of America. Prentice wants to show Vince that "there is no glory in this or any other war." Andy does not learn his lesson and tries to stop Pickett's Charge in order to achieve a Confederate victory. However, Andy is deemed a coward & shot by a Confederate soldier. Col. Devine is transported to November 19, 2013 and shoots a man dressed as Abraham Lincoln, thinking that he really is Lincoln. He also shoots the President in the process though, and the episode ends with Prentice shaking his head.
12718"Something About Harry"Brent Karl ClacksonGrant RosenbergAugust 4, 2000 (2000-08-04)
Nancy Henninger's teen-aged son Zak (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) is suspicious of the man who rents out her backyard apartment and claims to be opening a new factory for his company. Then people begin to disappear from town and Zak decides to conduct his own investigation.
12819"Zig Zag"James HeadA.L. Katz and Nora O'BrienAugust 11, 2000 (2000-08-11)
The bombs are in place, ready to destroy the super-computers at the Department of Information Technology. Inside, the members of the Syndrome, the anti-technology group that planted the bombs, lay dead or dying. All of them, that is, except Cliff Unger, or as he calls himself now, Zig Fowler. Unger has his finger on the detonator as he negotiates with Pete Yastremski, the head of the department. As the two men talk and FBI agents prepare to storm the building, we move back in time, through the hours, days and years leading up to the attack.
12920"Nest"Scott PetersScott PetersAugust 18, 2000 (2000-08-18)
Scientists in the Arctic discover a species of Polar Mites that infest humans and cause them to become psychotic.
13021"Final Appeal"Jimmy KaufmanTeleplay by : Sam EganExcerpts by : Steven Barnes, Sam Egan, Carleton Eastlake, A.L. Katz, William Mikulak, Scott Nimerfro, Grant Rosenberg, Naren Shankar, Melinda Snodgrass and Brad Wright"Sandkings" Based on the novella by : George R. R. MartinSeptember 3, 2000 (2000-09-03)
In this two-hour clip show, Dr. Theresa Givens (Amanda Plummer) from "A Stitch in Time" is on trial for using her time travel device in a world that has banned technology.
Season 7 (2001–02)
No.overallNo. inseasonTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air date1311"Family Values"Mike RohlJames CrockerMarch 16, 2001 (2001-03-16)
Jerry Miller (Tom Arnold) spends more time at work than at home and buys a robot to help around the home. While his family resists at first, they slowly accept the artificial life form, which is named Gideon. The robot performs better than Jerry could ever hope for, so well that Jerry's role as head of the household is removed in favor of the new, artificial replacement. Jerry grows increasingly hostile towards Gideon, but, despite his change of heart, Gideon's hold on the family has become too strong.
1322"Patient Zero"Mario AzzopardiJohn-Michael MaasMarch 23, 2001 (2001-03-23)
An epidemic has broken out across Earth, and most of humanity has been killed by a virus. The virus began with patient zero, a woman who comes into contact with the three DNA strands necessary for this virus to come into existence. A soldier, Colonel Beckett (Michael Rooker), is sent back in time to kill her and prevent the virus from forming. Beckett becomes attached to the woman & decides not to kill her, instead simply keeping her from making the contacts necessary to form the virus. In the revised timeline, Beckett himself becomes patient zero; in his attempt to protect the woman, he himself contracts all three strains & becomes sick. A fellow soldier arrives from the future, and Beckett is given the chance to sacrifice himself when his friend administers a fatal dose of poison. Since Beckett dies before the disease reaches its contagious stage (and the woman never develops the disease at all), the plague is stopped before it starts. In the new history, there never was an epidemic, all of the disease's former victims (including Beckett's family) are now alive, and humanity survives without ever contracting the virus.
1333"A New Life"Mario AzzopardiMark SternMarch 30, 2001 (2001-03-30)
A preacher (Nick Mancuso) leads people into a secluded enclave away from the temptations of the outer world. However, a few of the residents begin to suspect the preacher's motives, and they eventually find the reason behind the creation of the enclave.
1344"The Surrogate"Ken GirottiA.L. KatzApril 6, 2001 (2001-04-06)
Claire (Heather Donahue) is an artist struggling to make ends meet. A surrogacy program presents her with the possibility of making a tidy sum, but, a few days into the pregnancy, something is not quite right.
1355"The Vessel"Jimmy KaufmanSam EganApril 13, 2001 (2001-04-13)
Jake Worthy (Jere Burns) is a cynical writer sent along as the civilian member of a USAS Space Shuttle expedition. Upon re-entry into Earth, the shuttle malfunctions and crashes. Jake is the only survivor and is suddenly incapable of being harmed physically, as well as being endowed with flashes of brilliant insight.
1366"Mona Lisa"Brad TurnerJohn SchulianApril 20, 2001 (2001-04-20)
Mona Lisa (Laura Harris) is an assassin android who develops a sense of humanity. After her creators disengage her fail-safe devices, she meets Teddi (Rachel Ticotin) and proceeds to learn more about the humans she is emulating.
1377"Replica"Brad TurnerSam EganApril 27, 2001 (2001-04-27)
A biogeneticist (Peter Outerbridge) illegally clones his comatose wife (Sherilyn Fenn). When his original wife recovers, the copy does not want to give up her life.
1388"Think like a Dinosaur"Jorge MontesiBased on the short story by : James Patrick KellyTeleplay by : Mark SternJune 15, 2001 (2001-06-15)
The Hanen, dinosaur-like aliens, have set up an installation on the Moon to teach their human allies the secrets of interstellar teleportation. During a test jump managed by Michael Burr (Enrico Colantoni), an accidental duplicate of a woman (Linnea Sharples) is created by the teleportation process, leading to an ethical dilemma when the Hanen tell Michael to "balance the equation" by killing the duplicate.
1399"Alien Shop"Peter DeLuiseStory by : Pen DenshamTeleplay by : Pen Densham and Nora O'BrienJune 22, 2001 (2001-06-22)
An alien shapeshifter (Alex Diakun) owns a unique curio shop whose merchandise possess strange powers; when a petty crook (Johnathon Schaech) accepts a peculiar wallet, he learns the hard way that money not earned comes at a price.
14010"Worlds Within"Brian GiddensMichael SadowskiJune 29, 2001 (2001-06-29)
A mutant child is a link to another dimension, and a scientist (Joanna Going) tries to save him from secret experimental manipulation.
14111"In the Blood"Jorge MontesiAlan BrennertJuly 6, 2001 (2001-07-06)
Callie Whitehorse Landau (Irene Bedard), an astrophysicist of Navajo heritage, and her husband Alec (Cameron Daddo), an expert in space medicine, are asked to embark on an astounding exploratory mission into space led by NASA Flight Crew Director James Dreeden (Greg Evigan). Along with Dr. Louisa Kennedy (Helene Joy), a navigation expert, the small team of four passes through a quantum hole torn into the very fabric of the universe and enter another continuum, a trans-space just beneath its surface. It is unlike anything the crew has ever seen, but, for Callie, trans-space triggers vivid hallucinations & a powerful realization that their presence has caused a serious imbalance in the universal order. Dreeden is determined to return to Earth with their startling discoveries, but Callie is convinced the survey ship's re-entry could have disastrous consequences for all of humanity. In the end, Callie sacrifices herself for humanity.
14212"Flower Child"Brad TurnerJeffrey HirschfieldJuly 21, 2001 (2001-07-21)
A mysterious glowing green object hurtles towards Earth and lands in a flower bed on the roof of an apartment building. An old lady who tends to the garden there finds a new flower the next day. As she is trying to figure out what it is, the plant reaches out with its roots and starts sucking the life out of her. The plant uses her substance to form a new body: the body of a beautiful woman (Jud Tylor). Later, a young man (Jeremy London) living in the building meets this exotic "new tenant" and is sexually tempted by her, in spite of his monogamous relationship with his fiancee. Eventually, he succumbs and makes love to her, whereupon she reveals that she came to Earth in order to repopulate her race, needing only to find a father for her billions of children.
14313"Free Spirit"Brad TurnerDanny McBrideJuly 28, 2001 (2001-07-28)
A sanatorium for schizophrenics is plagued by a series of bizarre killings. It turns out the carnage is the handiwork of a restless, body-hopping spirit, the ghost of a man whom Dr. Rachel Harris (Dina Meyer) had been forced to kill during a botched military experiment four years earlier. However, even with this knowledge, Rachel has no way of knowing into whose body the malevolent spirit will leap next - nor what the deadly entity ultimately has in mind for her.
14414"Mindreacher"Jimmy KaufmanTeleplay by : Naomi JanzenExcerpt by : Chris RuppenthalAugust 4, 2001 (2001-08-04)
The sanity of a doctor (Jamie Luner) is challenged when she uses herself as a guinea pig to test a psychological tool that allows her to enter her patients' minds.
14515"Time to Time"James HeadTeleplay by : Sam EganExcerpts by : Sam EganAugust 11, 2001 (2001-08-11)
A woman (Kristin Lehman) being recruited by a future organization of time travelers, led by Nicholas Prentice, (Alex Diakun) is given a chance to return to the day in 1969 that her father died.
14616"Abduction"Mario AzzopardiJames CrockerAugust 18, 2001 (2001-08-18)
An alien kidnaps five high school students and tells them that one must be killed. They must decide which of them it will be. The five students are: Ray (Zachary Ty Bryan), a typical jock, Danielle (Meghan Ory), the hottest girl in school, Jason (Jesse Moss), a stereotypical geek, Brianna (Kandyse McClure), a devout religious girl, and Cody (Jesse Cadotte), the social outcast. It is later found out that Cody had a gun with him and planned a shooting spree at school. The alien abducted the five students and gave them the ultimatum to force Cody to think about the consequences about killing everyone in sight. The five students are transported back to the time they were abducted, and Cody turns himself & his gun over to the principal.
14717"Rule of Law"Mike RohlTracy Tormé and John-Michael MaasAugust 25, 2001 (2001-08-25)
A circuit court judge (Dennis Haysbert) goes to a frontier planet that has never known the law or had a judicial system. His first trial is of an alien accused of attacking and killing several humans.
14818"Lion's Den"Matthew HastingsStory by : Matthew Hastings and Bart BakerTeleplay by : Matthew HastingsSeptember 8, 2001 (2001-09-08)
Coach Peter Shotwell (John Wesley Shipp) used to be a contender. When he was young at Lewisborough High School, he just missed his Olympic dreams when he blew out his knee. While his best friend Jon (Roger R. Cross) went on to international athletic stardom, Peter became coach of the Lewisborough Lions, the school's wrestling team. However, the Lions are now at the bottom of the league, and Morris (Shawn Ashmore), his son and a member of the team, is constantly angry with his dad for his failures. Jon tells Peter about a new performance-enhancing drug called Nuriflex 500, which he assures contains scientifically balanced nutrients that can help the team become victorious. Peter hesitates, but, with mounting pressure from the school's principal & his own son to win, he agrees to a trial run. The results are almost immediate & astonishing. While the drugged Lions soon rise to the top, their startling success comes at a high price. Spliced with panthera DNA, the drug has side effects with horrific consequences.
14919"The Tipping Point"Brent Karl ClacksonPaul MonesSeptember 15, 2001 (2001-09-15)
A project to develop a universal programming language may lead all the computers in the world to link and form an artificial intelligence that one computer whiz feels he must destroy or risk world domination by it. This episode features two alumni from the Final Destination horror franchise: Kerr Smith from the first movie & Jonathan Cherry from the second movie.
15020"Dark Child"Steve AnkerMichael SloanJanuary 4, 2002 (2002-01-04)
Seventeen years ago, single mother Laura Sinclair (Nora Dunn) was abducted by aliens, but no one would believe her. A newspaper article about alien abductions & her recurring nightmares threaten to distance her from her moody teenaged daughter, Tammy (Katharine Isabelle). Tammy's new English teacher, Marcus Fellows (Andrew Airlie) seems to have quite a positive effect on her, and he also seems very familiar to Laura.
15121"The Human Factor"Robert HabrosTeleplay by : Steve Aspis and Grady HallExcerpts by : James Crocker, Carleton Eastlake, Sam Egan, Geoffrey Hollands, Lawrence Meyers, Grant Rosenberg, Naren Shankar, Mark Stern, Garth Gerald Wilson and Brad WrightJanuary 11, 2002 (2002-01-11)
Jupiter's moon Ganymede is now the only hope for the human race in 2084 as overpopulation & constant warring has left much of Earth uninhabitable. Space Commander Ellis Ward (Robert Duncan McNeill) must convince android assistant Link (Zack Ward) that humanity is worthy of existence over a game of chess after Link activates the station's self-destruct sequence, believing that the world's governments do not care about peace but only want to extend power. After Ward's colleagues shutdown Link & the countdown, Ward is informed by his superiors in the Free Alliance that they launched a pre-emptive strike against the Eastern Coalition, starting a war which killed almost the entire human race (including Ward's wife & daughter). The Alliance President's spaceship, with the few remaining people of Earth, will arrive in several months. Ward reactivates both Link & the self-destruct sequence and starts his last game of chess. Link asks about what had happened, to which Ward replies: "It was... human error."
15222"Human Trials"Brad TurnerStory by : Grady Hall and Brian NohrTeleplay by : Mark SternExcerpts by : Alan Brennert, Sam Egan, Hart Hanson, Grant Rosenberg, Chris Ruppenthal, Michael Sadowski, Naren Shankar and Tracy Tormé"The Human Operators" based on the short story by : Harlan Ellison and A.E. van VogtJanuary 18, 2002 (2002-01-18)
Captain Kelvin Parkhurst (Jason Gedrick) has proven himself to be the best on previous military missions, and now he has agreed to take the toughest test of his life to prove himself the most qualified again. Along with three other equally decorated recruits – Captain Alice Wheeler (Leanne Adachi), Captain William Hinman, and his old rival, Captain Eric Woodward (Lochlyn Munro) – he has been invited by the military to compete for the opportunity for a secret solo mission. The recruits are tested using a Neural Stimulator which transports them to dangerous, challenging & very real situations through use of clips of previous episodes. Captains Wheeler & Hinman are soon eliminated, leaving only Parkhurst & Woodward to compete for the mission. However, as the tests become more extreme, the line between reality & simulation becomes blurred and winning may no longer be the ultimate goal.
Story arcs and connected episodes
Innobotics Corporation
s. 1 ep. 2 "Valerie 23"
s. 4 ep. 15 "Mary 25"
s. 4 ep. 2 "The Hunt"
s. 4 ep. 26 "In Our Own Image", which includes footage from s. 3 ep. 1 "Bits of Love", as well as footage from s. 3 ep. 7 "The Camp". These timelines do not match, though this is partially remedied by the android's statement that the footage from The Camp comes from a prison camp during the Second Balkan War.
s. 2 ep. 2 "Resurrection"
Major John Skokes/Earth Defence
s. 1 ep. 13 "Quality of Mercy"
s. 2 ep. 18 "The Light Brigade"
Alien Infiltration
s. 1 ep. 20 "Birthright"
s. 1 ep. 21 "The Voice of Reason"
Time Traveler Dr. Theresa Givens
s. 2 ep. 1 "A Stitch in Time"
s. 6 ep. 21 "Final Appeal"
Genetic Rejection Syndrome
s. 2 ep. 3 "Unnatural Selection"
s. 4 ep. 1 "Criminal Nature"
The New Masters
s. 3 ep. 7 "The Camp" – The last humans are kept by the android guards, simply because the guards are following the last orders they received.
s. 4 ep. 21 "Promised Land" – The remaining humans must interact with aliens still on Earth.
Geneticist Dr. Martin Nodel
s. 3 ep. 12 "Double Helix"
s. 4 ep. 23 "Origin of Species"
The Eastern Coalition-Free Alliance Cold War / War
s. 4 ep. 24 "Phobos Rising"
s. 7 ep. 22 "Human Trials"
s. 7 ep. 21 "The Human Factor"
Jack the Ripper
s. 5 ep. 11 "Ripper"
s. 5 ep. 22 "Better Luck Next Time"
Time Traveler Nicholas Prentice
s. 5 ep. 12 "Tribunal"
s. 7 ep. 15 "Time to Time"
s. 6 ep. 17 "Gettysburg"
USAS
s. 4 ep. 13 "The Joining"
s. 7 ep. 5 "The Vessel"
s. 7 ep. 11 "In the Blood"
See also
List of The Outer Limits (1963 TV series) episodes
References
vteThe Outer Limits episodes1963 series(episodes)Season 1
"The Galaxy Being"
"The Hundred Days of the Dragon"
"The Architects of Fear"
"The Man with the Power"
"The Sixth Finger"
"The Man Who Was Never Born"
"O.B.I.T."
"The Human Factor"
"Corpus Earthling"
"Nightmare"
"It Crawled Out of the Woodwork"
"The Borderland"
"Tourist Attraction"
"The Zanti Misfits"
"The Mice"
"Controlled Experiment"
"Don't Open Till Doomsday"
"ZZZZZ"
"The Invisibles"
"The Bellero Shield"
"The Children of Spider County"
"Specimen: Unknown"
"Second Chance"
"Moonstone"
"The Mutant"
"The Guests"
"Fun and Games"
"The Special One"
"A Feasibility Study"
"Production and Decay of Strange Particles"
"The Chameleon"
"The Forms of Things Unknown"
Season 2
"Soldier"
"Cold Hands, Warm Heart"
"Behold, Eck!"
"Expanding Human"
"Demon with a Glass Hand"
"Cry of Silence"
"The Invisible Enemy"
"Wolf 359"
"I, Robot"
"The Inheritors"
"Keeper of the Purple Twilight"
"The Duplicate Man"
"Counterweight"
"The Brain of Colonel Barham"
"The Premonition"
"The Probe"
1995 series(episodes)
"The Sandkings"
"A Stitch in Time"
"Simon Says" | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Outer Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1995_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"science fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_fiction"},{"link_name":"dark fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_fantasy"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_series"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"Sci Fi channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"}],"text":"This page is a list of the episodes of The Outer Limits, a 1995 science fiction/dark fantasy television series. The series was broadcast on Showtime from 1995 to 2000, and on the Sci Fi channel in its final year (2001–2002).","title":"List of The Outer Limits (1995 TV series) episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_1_(1995)"},{"link_name":"Showtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_2_(1996)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_3_(1997)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_4_(1998)"},{"link_name":"5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_5_(1999)"},{"link_name":"6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_6_(2000)"},{"link_name":"7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Season_7_(2001%E2%80%9302)"},{"link_name":"Sci Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast airedNetwork121March 26, 1995 (1995-03-26)August 20, 1995 (1995-08-20)Showtime222January 14, 1996 (1996-01-14)August 4, 1996 (1996-08-04)318January 19, 1997 (1997-01-19)July 25, 1997 (1997-07-25)426January 23, 1998 (1998-01-23)December 18, 1998 (1998-12-18)522January 22, 1999 (1999-01-22)August 20, 1999 (1999-08-20)621January 21, 2000 (2000-01-21)September 3, 2000 (2000-09-03)722March 16, 2001 (2001-03-16)January 18, 2002 (2002-01-18)Sci Fi","title":"Series overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 1 (1995)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 2 (1996)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 3 (1997)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 4 (1998)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 5 (1999)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 6 (2000)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season 7 (2001–02)","title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valerie 23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_23"},{"link_name":"Mary 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_25_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"The Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hunt_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"In Our Own Image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Our_Own_Image"},{"link_name":"Bits of Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bits_of_Love_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"The Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"prison camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"Innobotics Corporation","text":"s. 1 ep. 2 \"Valerie 23\"\ns. 4 ep. 15 \"Mary 25\"\ns. 4 ep. 2 \"The Hunt\"\ns. 4 ep. 26 \"In Our Own Image\", which includes footage from s. 3 ep. 1 \"Bits of Love\", as well as footage from s. 3 ep. 7 \"The Camp\". These timelines do not match, though this is partially remedied by the android's statement that the footage from The Camp comes from a prison camp during the Second Balkan War.\ns. 2 ep. 2 \"Resurrection\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quality of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_Mercy_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"The Light Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Light_Brigade_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"Major John Skokes/Earth Defence","text":"s. 1 ep. 13 \"Quality of Mercy\"\ns. 2 ep. 18 \"The Light Brigade\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birthright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthright_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"The Voice of Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Voice_of_Reason_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"Alien Infiltration","text":"s. 1 ep. 20 \"Birthright\"\ns. 1 ep. 21 \"The Voice of Reason\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A Stitch in Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Stitch_in_Time_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"Final Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Appeal_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"Time Traveler Dr. Theresa Givens","text":"s. 2 ep. 1 \"A Stitch in Time\"\ns. 6 ep. 21 \"Final Appeal\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unnatural Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnatural_Selection_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"Criminal Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Nature_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"Genetic Rejection Syndrome","text":"s. 2 ep. 3 \"Unnatural Selection\"\ns. 4 ep. 1 \"Criminal Nature\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Camp_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"Promised Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promised_Land_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"The New Masters","text":"s. 3 ep. 7 \"The Camp\" – The last humans are kept by the android guards, simply because the guards are following the last orders they received.\ns. 4 ep. 21 \"Promised Land\" – The remaining humans must interact with aliens still on Earth.","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Double Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Helix_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Species_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"Geneticist Dr. Martin Nodel","text":"s. 3 ep. 12 \"Double Helix\"\ns. 4 ep. 23 \"Origin of Species\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phobos Rising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phobos_Rising"},{"link_name":"Human Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Trials_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"The Human Factor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Human_Factor_(2002_The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"The Eastern Coalition-Free Alliance Cold War / War","text":"s. 4 ep. 24 \"Phobos Rising\"\ns. 7 ep. 22 \"Human Trials\"\ns. 7 ep. 21 \"The Human Factor\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripper_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"Better Luck Next Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Better_Luck_Next_Time_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"Jack the Ripper","text":"s. 5 ep. 11 \"Ripper\"\ns. 5 ep. 22 \"Better Luck Next Time\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribunal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"Time to Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_to_Time"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gettysburg_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"Time Traveler Nicholas Prentice","text":"s. 5 ep. 12 \"Tribunal\"\ns. 7 ep. 15 \"Time to Time\"\ns. 6 ep. 17 \"Gettysburg\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Joining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joining_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"The Vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vessel_(The_Outer_Limits)"},{"link_name":"In the Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_the_Blood_(The_Outer_Limits)"}],"sub_title":"USAS","text":"s. 4 ep. 13 \"The Joining\"\ns. 7 ep. 5 \"The Vessel\"\ns. 7 ep. 11 \"In the Blood\"","title":"Story arcs and connected episodes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of The Outer Limits (1963 TV series) episodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Outer_Limits_(1963_TV_series)_episodes"}] | [] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw_Voivodeship_(1919-1939) | Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939) | ["1 Location and area","2 Population","3 Industry","4 Cities and administrative divisions","5 Voivodes","6 See also","7 References"] | Coordinates: 52°15′02″N 21°00′37″E / 52.250466°N 21.010144°E / 52.250466; 21.010144Former voivodeship of Poland
Warsaw VoivodeshipWojewództwo warszawskieVoivodeship of Poland1919–1939
Coat of arms
Warsaw Voivodeship (red) on the map of Second Polish RepublicCapitalWarsawArea • 192129,342 km2 (11,329 sq mi)• 193931,656 km2 (12,222 sq mi)Population • 1921 2,112,798• 1931 2,460,900
Government • TypeVoivodeshipVoivodes • 1919-1927 Władysław Sołtan• 1938-1939 Jerzy Paciorkowski
Historical eraInterwar period• Established 14 August 1919• Territorial changes 1 April 1938• Annexed by Germany September 1939
Political subdivisions22 powiats, 53 cities
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Warsaw Governorate
General Government
Province of East Prussia
Warsaw Voivodeship (Polish: województwo warszawskie) was a voivodeship of Poland in the years 1919–1939. Its capital and biggest city was Warsaw.
Location and area
In the years 1919–1939, Warsaw Voivodeship covered north-central part of Poland, bordering East Prussia to the north, Pomorze Voivodeship and Łódź Voivodeship to the west, Kielce Voivodeship to the south and both Lublin Voivodeship and Białystok Voivodeship to the east. Its area, after April 1, 1938, was 31 656 km² (see: Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on 1 April 1938). The landscape was flat. Forests covered only 11.4% of the area, compared to the national average of 22.2%, as of January 1, 1937.
Population
According to the 1931 Polish census, the population was 2 460 900. Poles made up 88.3% of population, Jews - 9.7% and Germans - 1.6%. The Jews and the Germans preferred to live in the cities and towns, especially in Warsaw itself. In Warsaw, in 1931, only 70.7% of population was Polish, with 28.3% Jews. In the whole Voivodeship, 21.8% of the population was illiterate as of 1931.
Industry
The Voivodeship's biggest industrial center was the city of Warsaw, together with towns in its suburbs (Żyrardów, Pruszków, Piaseczno). Warsaw was one of key centers of Polish industry, with numerous factories of various kinds. It was also the biggest city of the country. The Voivodeship's railroad density was 5.2 km. per 100 km² (with total length of railroads 1 548 km.)l
Cities and administrative divisions
Warsaw Voivodeship in mid-1939 consisted of 22 powiats (counties), 53 cities and towns and 293 villages. The counties were:
Błonie county (area 1 074 km², pop. 143 900),
Ciechanów county (area 1 209 km², pop. 78 800),
Działdowo county (area 842 km², pop. 42 700),
Garwolin county (area 2 044 km², pop. 175 700),
Gostynin county (area 1 147 km², pop. 81 600),
Grójec county (area 1 699 km², pop. 132 400),
Łomża county (area 2 657 km², pop. 168 200),
Maków Mazowiecki county (area 1 136 km², pop. 65 600),
Mińsk Mazowiecki county (area 1 228 km², pop. 111 100),
Mława county (area 1 486 km², pop. 103 100),
Ostrołęka county (area 2 281 km², pop. 112 600),
Ostrów Mazowiecka county (area 1 467 km², pop. 99 800),
Płock county (area 1 485 km², pop. 128 100),
Płońsk county (area 1 289 km², pop. 81 400),
Administrative division in 1938.Przasnysz county (area 1 410 km², pop. 69 100),
Pułtusk county (area 1 527 km², pop. 118 100),
Radzymin county (area 1 076 km², pop. 97 500),
Sierpc county (area 1 204 km², pop. 84 900),
Sochaczew county (area 1 052 km², pop. 75 200),
Sokołów Podlaski county (area 1 276 km², pop. 83 900),
Warszawa county (area 1 766 km², pop. 318 500),
Węgrów county (area 1 301 km², pop. 88 800).
The city of Warsaw, with the area of 141 km² (134 km² of built-up area plus 7 km² of the Vistula river) and population of 1 179 500 (as of 1931) was considered a separate unit, just like any other Voivodeship. It was divided into 4 counties. These were:
South Warsaw county (area 50 km², pop. 307 100),
North Warsaw county (area 31 km², pop. 478 200),
Warsaw-Praga county (area 43 km², pop. 176 100),
Central Warsaw county (area 10 km², pop. 218 100). It was the smallest and the most densely populated county in Poland in the 1930s. Population density there was 22 415 persons per km².
The biggest cities of the Voivodeship were (population according to the 1931 Polish census):
Warsaw (pop. 1 179 500),
Płock (pop. 33 000),
Żyrardów (pop. 25 100),
Łomża (pop. 25 000),
Pruszków (pop. 23 700),
Mława (pop. 19 600),
Ostrów Mazowiecka (pop. 17 600),
Pułtusk (pop. 16 800),
Grodzisk Mazowiecki (pop. 15 700),
Otwock (pop. 15 100),
Ostrołęka (pop. 14 100),
Wolomin (pop. 14 100),
Ciechanów (pop. 13 900).
Voivodes
Władysław Sołtan 19 November 1919 – 24 November 1927
Stanisław Twardo 28 November 1927 – 3 July 1934
Bronisław Nakoniecznikow-Klukowski 3 July 1934 – 5 February 1938
Jerzy Paciorkowski 22 January 1938 – September 1939 (acting till 5 February 1938)
See also
Poland's current Masovian and Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeships
Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on April 1, 1938
References
Maly rocznik statystyczny 1939, Nakladem Glownego Urzedu Statystycznego, Warszawa 1939 (Concise Statistical Year-Book of Poland, Warsaw 1939).
vte Subdivisions of the Second Polish Republic (1919–1939)Independent cities
Capital City of Warsaw
Land voivodeships
Białystok
Kielce
Kraków
Lublin
Lwów
Łódź
Nowogródek
Polesie
Pomeranian
Poznań
Stanisławów
Tarnopol
Volhynian
Warsaw
Wilno
Autonomous voivodeshipsSilesianDistrics
Nowogródek
Polesian
Volhynian
Wilno Land
Civil administrationsCivil Administrationof the Eastern Lands
Brześć
Mińsk
Wilno
Volhynian
Administration of the Volhynian Counties
Civil Administrationof the Lands of Volhyniaand Podolian Front
Podolian
Volhynian
Provisional Administrationof the Front-line and Phase Territories
Brześć
Mińsk
Wilno
Volhynian
Planned voivodeships
Sandomierz
52°15′02″N 21°00′37″E / 52.250466°N 21.010144°E / 52.250466; 21.010144 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"}],"text":"Former voivodeship of PolandWarsaw Voivodeship (Polish: województwo warszawskie) was a voivodeship of Poland in the years 1919–1939. Its capital and biggest city was Warsaw.","title":"Warsaw Voivodeship (1919–1939)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"East Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Pomorze Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Łódź Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Kielce Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kielce_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Lublin Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lublin_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Białystok Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)"},{"link_name":"Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on 1 April 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Polish_Voivodeships_on_1_April_1938"}],"text":"In the years 1919–1939, Warsaw Voivodeship covered north-central part of Poland, bordering East Prussia to the north, Pomorze Voivodeship and Łódź Voivodeship to the west, Kielce Voivodeship to the south and both Lublin Voivodeship and Białystok Voivodeship to the east. Its area, after April 1, 1938, was 31 656 km² (see: Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on 1 April 1938). The landscape was flat. Forests covered only 11.4% of the area, compared to the national average of 22.2%, as of January 1, 1937.","title":"Location and area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"}],"text":"According to the 1931 Polish census, the population was 2 460 900. Poles made up 88.3% of population, Jews - 9.7% and Germans - 1.6%. The Jews and the Germans preferred to live in the cities and towns, especially in Warsaw itself. In Warsaw, in 1931, only 70.7% of population was Polish, with 28.3% Jews. In the whole Voivodeship, 21.8% of the population was illiterate as of 1931.","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Żyrardów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByrard%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Pruszków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruszk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Piaseczno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piaseczno"}],"text":"The Voivodeship's biggest industrial center was the city of Warsaw, together with towns in its suburbs (Żyrardów, Pruszków, Piaseczno). Warsaw was one of key centers of Polish industry, with numerous factories of various kinds. It was also the biggest city of the country. The Voivodeship's railroad density was 5.2 km. per 100 km² (with total length of railroads 1 548 km.)l","title":"Industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Błonie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%82onie"},{"link_name":"Ciechanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciechan%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Działdowo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzia%C5%82dowo"},{"link_name":"Garwolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garwolin"},{"link_name":"Gostynin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gostynin"},{"link_name":"Grójec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B3jec"},{"link_name":"Łomża","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81om%C5%BCa"},{"link_name":"Maków Mazowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak%C3%B3w_Mazowiecki"},{"link_name":"Mińsk Mazowiecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk_Mazowiecki"},{"link_name":"Mława","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%82awa"},{"link_name":"Ostrołęka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka"},{"link_name":"Ostrów Mazowiecka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka"},{"link_name":"Płock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82ock"},{"link_name":"Płońsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%82o%C5%84sk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wojewodztwo_warszawskie_(Warsaw_Voivodeship,_II_RP).png"},{"link_name":"Przasnysz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przasnysz"},{"link_name":"Pułtusk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%82tusk"},{"link_name":"Radzymin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radzymin"},{"link_name":"Sierpc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpc"},{"link_name":"Sochaczew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochaczew"},{"link_name":"Sokołów Podlaski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soko%C5%82%C3%B3w_Podlaski"},{"link_name":"Warszawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warszawa"},{"link_name":"Węgrów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99gr%C3%B3w"}],"text":"Warsaw Voivodeship in mid-1939 consisted of 22 powiats (counties), 53 cities and towns and 293 villages. The counties were:Błonie county (area 1 074 km², pop. 143 900),\nCiechanów county (area 1 209 km², pop. 78 800),\nDziałdowo county (area 842 km², pop. 42 700),\nGarwolin county (area 2 044 km², pop. 175 700),\nGostynin county (area 1 147 km², pop. 81 600),\nGrójec county (area 1 699 km², pop. 132 400),\nŁomża county (area 2 657 km², pop. 168 200),\nMaków Mazowiecki county (area 1 136 km², pop. 65 600),\nMińsk Mazowiecki county (area 1 228 km², pop. 111 100),\nMława county (area 1 486 km², pop. 103 100),\nOstrołęka county (area 2 281 km², pop. 112 600),\nOstrów Mazowiecka county (area 1 467 km², pop. 99 800),\nPłock county (area 1 485 km², pop. 128 100),\nPłońsk county (area 1 289 km², pop. 81 400),\nAdministrative division in 1938.Przasnysz county (area 1 410 km², pop. 69 100),\nPułtusk county (area 1 527 km², pop. 118 100),\nRadzymin county (area 1 076 km², pop. 97 500),\nSierpc county (area 1 204 km², pop. 84 900),\nSochaczew county (area 1 052 km², pop. 75 200),\nSokołów Podlaski county (area 1 276 km², pop. 83 900),\nWarszawa county (area 1 766 km², pop. 318 500),\nWęgrów county (area 1 301 km², pop. 88 800).The city of Warsaw, with the area of 141 km² (134 km² of built-up area plus 7 km² of the Vistula river) and population of 1 179 500 (as of 1931) was considered a separate unit, just like any other Voivodeship. It was divided into 4 counties. These were:South Warsaw county (area 50 km², pop. 307 100),\nNorth Warsaw county (area 31 km², pop. 478 200),\nWarsaw-Praga county (area 43 km², pop. 176 100),\nCentral Warsaw county (area 10 km², pop. 218 100). It was the smallest and the most densely populated county in Poland in the 1930s. Population density there was 22 415 persons per km².The biggest cities of the Voivodeship were (population according to the 1931 Polish census):Warsaw (pop. 1 179 500),\nPłock (pop. 33 000),\nŻyrardów (pop. 25 100),\nŁomża (pop. 25 000),\nPruszków (pop. 23 700),\nMława (pop. 19 600),\nOstrów Mazowiecka (pop. 17 600),\nPułtusk (pop. 16 800),\nGrodzisk Mazowiecki (pop. 15 700),\nOtwock (pop. 15 100),\nOstrołęka (pop. 14 100),\nWolomin (pop. 14 100),\nCiechanów (pop. 13 900).","title":"Cities and administrative divisions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Władysław Sołtan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_So%C5%82tan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Twardo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Twardo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bronisław Nakoniecznikow-Klukowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bronis%C5%82aw_Nakoniecznikow-Klukowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jerzy Paciorkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Paciorkowski&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Władysław Sołtan 19 November 1919 – 24 November 1927\nStanisław Twardo 28 November 1927 – 3 July 1934\nBronisław Nakoniecznikow-Klukowski 3 July 1934 – 5 February 1938\nJerzy Paciorkowski 22 January 1938 – September 1939 (acting till 5 February 1938)","title":"Voivodes"}] | [{"image_text":"Administrative division in 1938.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wojewodztwo_warszawskie_%28Warsaw_Voivodeship%2C_II_RP%29.png/220px-Wojewodztwo_warszawskie_%28Warsaw_Voivodeship%2C_II_RP%29.png"}] | [{"title":"Masovian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masovian_Voivodeship"},{"title":"Kuyavian-Pomeranian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuyavian-Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"title":"Voivodeships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voivodeships_of_Poland"},{"title":"Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on April 1, 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_Polish_Voivodeships_on_April_1,_1938"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warsaw_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)¶ms=52.250466_N_21.010144_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°15′02″N 21°00′37″E / 52.250466°N 21.010144°E / 52.250466; 21.010144"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Warsaw_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)¶ms=52.250466_N_21.010144_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"52°15′02″N 21°00′37″E / 52.250466°N 21.010144°E / 52.250466; 21.010144"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_Jets | Slough Jets | ["1 History","1.1 The British Hockey League (1986-1996)","1.2 The British National League (1996-2002)","1.3 The English Premier Ice Hockey League (2002-2014)","1.4 End of the Professional Era","1.5 The National Ice Hockey League (2014-Present)","2 The 'Hangar'","3 Slough Jets Juniors","4 Famous Jets","5 Season-by-season record","5.1 Franchise scoring leaders","5.2 Franchise individual records","6 Club roster 2022-23","7 2021/22 Outgoing","8 Club honours","9 Retired Shirts","10 Head coaches","11 See also","12 References","13 External links"] | Ice hockey team in Slough, BerkshireSlough JetsCitySlough, BerkshireLeagueNIHLConferenceDivision One SouthFounded1986Home arenaThe Hangar - Slough Ice ArenaColorsBlue, Red & White General managerMatthew ParsonsHead coachLukas Smital WebsiteSlough JetsFranchise history1986 – PresentSlough Jets
The Slough Jets are an ice hockey team from Slough, Berkshire, England playing in the NIHL South Division 1. The team was founded in 1986 after the construction of the Slough Ice Arena in Montem Lane in Slough and joined the first division of the British League. With the help of Gary Stefan who had previously been with Streatham Redskins, the Slough Jets were formed.
The Slough Jets are one of the few clubs in the UK who from their foundation have continued to play to the present day without interruption or a change of name.
History
The British Hockey League (1986-1996)
It did not take long for Slough Jets to make their mark, winning the London Cup in 1989 . They followed this up by winning the Southern Cup and the British League Division One the following season, but they lost the final of the promotion play-off and so did not move up to the Premier Division.
The Jets were runners-up in Division One for three of the next four seasons, before winning the Division and the promotion play-off in 1995, thus moving up to the Premier Division.
The British National League (1996-2002)
After a brief settling-in period in the new league structure, the Jets won more silverware in 1998, capturing the Benson & Hedges Plate, and also finishing second in the BNL Southern Premier League the same year. The following season, 1998–99, was the most successful in the club's history to that point, as they won the British National League for the first time. They were also runners-up in the British National League Play-offs, losing to Fife Flyers on penalties.
The club were beaten finalists in the Benson & Hedges Plate in 2000, and this was also the year that one of their greatest players, Gary Stefan, was elected to the Great Britain Hall of Fame. The next few years were to be a fallow spell for the club, who were actually disbanded in 2002 due to financial problems, but were re-formed the same year.
The English Premier Ice Hockey League (2002-2014)
In 2002 Teal & White Ltd took over the management of the Slough Jets. In their first EPIHL season the Jets finished 3rd and qualified for the play-offs. In the following year they made the Final of the play-offs.
There was another change of ownership in 2005 as Slapshot Ltd took over the running of the club.
Jets took runner up in the league in 2005–06, 2007–08 and 2009–10 but never made it to league champions. They were successful in the post season play-offs, winning the titles in the 2007–08, 2009–10 and 2011–12 seasons. They also claimed the Premier Cup in 2011.
The final EPIHL season ended with the Jets struggling financially and coach Craig Moran having to hold together a team after Head coach Slava Koulikov left part way through the season along with other players. The Jets finished bottom of the 10 team league and failed to make the play-offs.
End of the Professional Era
In 2014 the Slough Jets ceased professional competition following a decision by Slapshot Ltd to exit the English Premier Ice Hockey League (EPIHL) which was the 2nd tier of British Ice hockey at the time. The Slough Jets name continued with its existing amateur senior team in the National Ice Hockey League South 2 division and the Junior club. It was alleged that some supporters saw the move by the owners to end the professional era to effectively be the end of the club they supported. A move was made by Gary Stefan and Jets media man Mark Denholm to create a new EPIHL team at the rink but attempts to secure ice time were not successful.
A Slough Jets legends match was set up and played on July 14, 2014, to honour the club's professional history and raise money for charity.
The National Ice Hockey League (2014-Present)
Slough Jets currently play in the National Ice Hockey League (NIHL) South 1 Britton Division, which is the third tier of UK hockey. After winning NIHL2 league and National honours in the 2018/19 season, Slough Jets senior team moved to a 10 team NIHL1 division for 2019/20 season in a revised English Ice hockey league structure which introduced a new second-tier league called the NIHL National hockey league.
The Slough Jets ENL side had already been formed in 2010 to replace the disbanded Slough Harrier Hawks side and provide a bridge for young players to move from junior hockey to senior hockey. Craig Moran initially took on the Head coach role before resuming his Assistant Manager role for the EPIHL side. When professional hockey ceased in Slough, the Slough Jets NIHL side became the top level of Senior men's hockey at the venue. The coach for the amateur side for the 2014/15 season was Tony Milton.
The 2014/15 season was a success as they stormed to the title losing just one match in regular season play from their 6 team league. Franchise owner and player Zoran Kosic leading the points scoring with 48 points and notable performances from Alan Green and exciting Slough U18 pair Ben and Josh Ealey-Newman. Jets lost in the final of the playoffs however 4–0 to the Bristol Pitbulls.
Ahead of the 2015/16 season, departures affected the side with Zoran Kosic leaving and Alan Green and the Ealey-Newman brothers headed to Oxford. Nathan Darmanin was the top points scorer with 18 points as Jets only won 4 of 19 matches, finished 5 in their 6 team league and didn't make the play-offs.
With the closure of the rink for refurbishment, the team training in Guildford and Bracknell ice rinks and some fixture cancellations, the team struggled throughout the 2016/17 season. Player injuries and fixture congestion due to lack of ice whilst a temporary rink was constructed meant they could only finish bottom of the league with 4 victories to their name. Top points scorer again was Nathan Darmanin with 25 points.
Ahead of the 2017/18 season, it was announced that the former Bracknell Bees and Guildford Flames forward Lukas Smital was joining Slough Jets as player-coach to replace the departing Tony Milton. Smital took on a side who had struggled the previous season and finished bottom of their league of 6 teams. He was joined by former Bee and Slough player Joe Ciccarello as his assistant. Backstopped by impressive veteran Netminder Chris Douglas and with a mix of youth and experienced players, Slough finished a creditable 7th out of 13 teams in an expanded league structure achieving unexpected results against strong Chelmsford, Peterborough and Bracknell sides as Jets turned their temporary rink into a very difficult place to go and get a result.
Lukas Smital himself was top points scorer for the Jets with 67. Chris Douglas and Lukas Smital made the NIHL2 South first All-Star team. Luke Reynolds who joined the club part way through the season from Milton Keynes Thunder made the NIHL2 South second All-Star team
Following their return to the 'Hangar' in the 18/18 season, the team showed good form and produced a series of victories to lead the league. Wins against the Solent Devils home and away being the decisive results. Jets were tied on points with Solent Devils after victory against Peterborough Phantoms 2 in the final match of the season but were awarded the league title due to the head-to-head results.
After achieving the NIHL2 South title, the Slough Jets went to Coventry Skydome to play the NIHL2 North champions Widnes Wild for the NIHL2 National title . Man of the Match Sean Norris did the damage as Slough Jets came out victors 7-1
The play-offs were less successful as the Slough Jets went out with a heavy 9–3 defeat in the semi-finals to eventual champions Chelmsford Chieftains in a match which was missing influential player-coach Lukas Smital.
Top points scorer for the Jets during the season was Lukas Smital with 84 points. Lukas Smital again made the NIHL2 South first All-Star team. Sean Norris and Sam Talbot made the NIHL2 South second All-Star team
Jets re-signed Lukas Smital and the core of the NIHL2 South title winning side including Matt Smital in net, Lindgren, Reynolds, Rose, Talbot and Norris for the 2019/20 season. In defence the experienced Matt Jordan came in from Bracknell. Lukas Smital announced his retirement from playing at the age of 44. The club also moved to the NIHL 1 South Britton division.
The Jets made a strong start to their life in NIHL1 by leading the division at the end of the first month with Sean Norris winning Player of the Month. They were unable to carry on this form though and a severe concussion injury to key forward Sean Norris against Oxford City Stars on October 13 put him out of the side for several weeks and a further injury against Milton Keynes Thunder upon his brief return saw him sidelined again before he made a decision to leave the club. Norris left the club to join the NIHL National Basingstoke Bison full time and was followed there in mid-January by Sam Talbot further weakening the Jets side. Despite the loss of two key forward players and injuries to others, the emergence of junior players kept the club competitive and a top 4 spot still looked a possibility. By March the Jets still had several games in hand on other sides in the top 4 as the COVID-19 pandemic struck.
After the Elite Ice Hockey League announced it was cancelling the 2019/20 season on March 13 the EIHA made a statement that fixtures for the weekend were expected to continue. Chelmsford Chieftains cancelled the away fixture on March 14 citing players self isolating as well as concerns for player and supporter safety. Slough Jets cancelled their away fixture on March 15 against Bracknell Hornets as it became clear of the risk and concern amongst the players, supporters and their families. The EIHA made a decision to cancel the season the day after on March 16. The EIHA decided to award Bracknell Hornets a 5–0 victory for Slough Jets refusing to travel which moved them above Slough in the table and all other remaining fixtures were marked completed with no points awarded. This resulted in Slough Jets finishing the season 6th in the table.
Despite leaving the Jets mid season, Sam Talbot was voted onto the second NIHL1 South All-Star team.
The 2020/21 regular season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic however as part of a return to play several clubs played in a couple of round robin mini tournaments. First of all was the South Cup with the following teams involved; Haringey Huskies from NIHL2, Milton Keynes Thunder, Solent Devils and Slough Jets. As fans were not allowed in arenas at the time, the matches were streamed over the internet for fans to watch.
The eventual winners were Solent Devils who tied with Slough Jets on points but won on wins in regulation
The next return to play tournament was the Ruggedstock cup which was contested between Haringey Huskies, Milton Keynes Thunder and eventual champions, the Slough Jets.
An NIHL division 1 Cup final was held in Sheffield at the end of the season with two teams from the South in Slough Jets and Milton Keynes Thunder matching up against Widnes Wild and Sheffield Scimitars. The Jets lost in the semi-finals to Widnes Wild to end their season.
In the 2021/22 season, the Slough Jets fielded a youthful side including many U18 junior players and had an average age of just 20. Despite the lack of experience, the Jets started competitively and were particularly strong in the Cup games. A close 2–1 loss away against eventual league, cup and playoff winners Streatham IHC with seven seconds left showed the promise in the side. Slough Jets were the first away side to beat Bristol Pitbulls in their new rink with a 1–0 victory coming courtesy of a goal by Lewis English and a 61 shot shutout for Brett Shepherd.
A number of Jets players were also involved in matches in the NIHL National league. Adam Rosbottom left the Jets to play for the Bees full time in January at which point he was one of the Slough Jets top point scorers. Further departures shortly after were Thomas Banner to Basingstoke Bison and then Solomon Smith towards the end of the season.
Despite being in the top four spots most of the season, Jets failed to get the points to beat off rivals towards the end of the season eventually finishing 5th. Slough Jets failed to make the final of the cup with a narrow 5–4 loss to Invicta Dynamos in the semi-finals over two legs and also didn't make the play off final weekend with a more comprehensive loss 14–7 to Chelmsford Chieftains in the quarter-final over two legs.
The 'Hangar'
The Slough Jets' home rink is the Slough Ice Arena, which is also known as the "Hangar". A complete renovation of the rink begun in November 2016 with the reopening of the refurbished and remodelled facility in April 2018. Whilst renovations where carried out, the Jets played out of a temporary facility located in the leisure centre car park. In 2020 a NIHL National league team the Bees (formally Bracknell Bees) moved to the rink following the closure of the John Nike Leisuresport ice rink facility in Bracknell. The teams announced a desire to work together for mutual success and to develop players.
Slough Jets Juniors
The Slough Jets have a full junior programme with everything from 'Learn to play' programme to teams in all the junior age groups; under 9s, under-11s, under-13s, under-15s and under-18s. The Jets junior structure is part of the same organisation as the senior team with U18 players being included in senior training and match day squads.
Famous Jets
Future Oscar winner Gareth Unwin, who produced The King's Speech, once played for the team.
Season-by-season record
Blaž Emeršič scoring a penalty shot goal for Jets' EPIHL Play-Off Champions title in 2009–10
This is a partial list of the last ten seasons completed by the Jets. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Slough Jets seasons.
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes, POS = Position in league table at end of season
Note: *2019-20 season cut short due to COVID-19 pandemic. Points awarded or remaining games annulled
Note: **2020-21 season did not run due to COVID-19 pandemic.
Season
League
GP
W
T
OTL
L
GF
GA
PTS
PIM
POS
2010-11
EPIHL
55
41
0
0
14
249
175
83
590
3
2011-12
EPIHL
54
33
0
2
19
228
175
68
-
4
2012-13
EPIHL
54
30
0
2
22
196
184
62
676
5
2013-14
EPIHL
54
17
0
3
34
160
246
37
-
10
2014-15
NIHL2 (SE)
20
19
0
0
1
146
41
38
414
1
2015-16
NIHL2 (SE)
20
4
1
0
15
77
148
9
375
5
2016-17
NIHL2 (SE)
20
4
4
0
12
67
103
12
550
6
2017-18
NIHL2 (S)
26
12
0
0
14
104
153
24
618
7
2018-19
NIHL2 (S)
28
25
0
1
2
204
81
51
475
1
2019-20*
NIHL1 (S)
36
13
3
2
13
131
124
34
429
6
2020-21**
NIHL1 (S)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
2021-22
NIHL1 (S)
32
18
0
1
13
111
98
37
607
5
2022-23
NIHL1 (S)
Franchise scoring leaders
These are the top-ten point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed EPIHL regular season.
Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game; * = current Jets player
Points
Player
GP
G
A
Pts
P/G
Gary Stefan
455
562
502
1064
2.39
Joe Stefan
350
369
450
819
2.34
Brian Mason
278
233
444
677
2.44
Scott Rex
163
313
307
620
3.8
Derek Higdon
231
294
317
611
2.65
Richard Boprey
115
273
270
543
4.72
David Heath
482
174
297
471
0.98
Nick Cross
345
154
174
319
0.92
Rob Coutts
230
129
172
301
1.31
Steve Moria
137
109
192
301
2.2
Goals
Player
GP
G
Gary Stefan
455
562
Joe Stefan
350
369
Scott Rex
163
313
Derek Higdon
231
294
Richard Boprey
115
273
Brian Mason
278
233
David Heath
482
174
Nick Cross
345
154
Danny Gratton
87
136
Rob Coutts
230
129
Assists
Player
GP
A
Gary Stefan
455
502
Joe Stefan
350
450
Brian Mason
278
444
Derek Higdon
231
317
Scott Rex
163
307
David Heath
482
297
Richard Boprey
115
270
Steve Moria
137
192
Warren Rost
528
178
Nick Cross
345
174
Franchise individual records
Most goals in a season: Derek Higdon, 96 (1993–94)
Most assists in a season: Brian Mason, 112 (1993–94)
Most points in a season: Scott Rex, 192 (1993–94)
Most penalty minutes in a season: Mike Flanagan, 252 (1995–96)
Most goals in a season, defenceman: Brian Mason, 48 (1993–94)
Most assists in a season, defenceman: Brian Mason, 74 (1990–91)
Most points in a season, defenceman: Brian Mason, 160 (1993–94)
Club roster 2022-23
(*) Denotes a Non-British Trained player (Import)
Netminders
No.
Nat.
Player
Catches
Date of birth
Place of birth
Acquired
Contract
36
Brett Shepherd
L
(2000-09-17) 17 September 2000 (age 23)
Kingston upon Thames, England
2018 from Streatham IHC
22/23
74
Brett Massey
2002 (age 20)
England
2021 from Swindon Wildcats 2
22/23
Defencemen
No.
Nat.
Player
Shoots
Date of birth
Place of birth
Acquired
Contract
11
Luke Dreelan
(1999-01-05) 5 January 1999 (age 25)
England
2015 from Slough U18
22/23
13
Liam Clark
R
(2002-04-13) 13 April 2002 (age 22)
London, England
2018 from Slough U18
22/23
15
Tyton Cathcart
2004 (age 18)
England
2021 from Basingstoke U18
22/23
21
Jacob White-Sey
L
(2005-05-15) 15 May 2005 (age 19)
Surrey, England
2021 from Guildford U18
Two-Way
44
Jacob Minter
L
(2004-04-24) 24 April 2004 (age 20)
Nottingham, England
2021 from Swindon U18
Two-Way
61
Hariyan Ross
2004 (age 18)
England
2021 from Slough U18
22/23
67
Gavin Black
2004 (age 18)
England
2021 from Slough U18
22/23
Forwards
No.
Nat.
Player
Shoots
Date of birth
Place of birth
Acquired
Contract
3
Dylan Holicka
L
2005 (age 17)
England
2022 from Raiders 2
22/23
9
Sebastian Mohr
R
2006 (age 16)
England
2022 from Slough U18
22/23
16
Adam Erskine
R
(2005-02-10) 10 February 2005 (age 19)
England
2022 from Raiders 2
Two-Way
19
Lewis English
R
(2000-07-03) 3 July 2000 (age 23)
England
2019 from Invicta Dynamos
22/23
23
Conor Redmond
R
(1995-03-29) 29 March 1995 (age 29)
Glasgow, Scotland
2021 from Invicta Dynamos
22/23
32
Luke Smital
R
(2003-11-02) 2 November 2003 (age 20)
Johnstown, PA, USA
2021 from Slough U18
22/23
46
Ross Cowan
(1999-03-09) 9 March 1999 (age 25)
Chelmsford, England
2021 from Invicta Dynamos
22/23
54
Christian Mohr
(2003-07-31) 31 July 2003 (age 20)
England
2021 from Slough U18
Two-Way
71
Matthew Corkum
2006 (age 16)
England
2022 from Streatham U18
22/23
75
Roman Cathcart
2006 (age 16)
England
2022 from Basingstoke U18
Two-Way
90
Jacob Soper
R
(2002-12-22) 22 December 2002 (age 21)
Oxford, England
2018 from Slough U18
22/23
91
Oliver Hemmings-Maher
2006 (age 16)
England
2022 from Basingstoke Buffalo
Two-Way
93
Bradley Hildreth
L
(2001-11-19) 19 November 2001 (age 22)
England
2018 from Okanagan Hockey Academy UK U18
22/23
Team Staff
No.
Nat.
Name
Acquired
Role
Place of birth
Joined From
Lukas Smital
2017/18
Head Coach
Brno, Czechia
Bracknell Bees, EPIHL
Luke Reynolds
2018/19
Assistant Coach
London, England
Steve English
2014/15
General Manager
England
Wayne Box
2017/18
Assistant General Manager
England
Bracknell Bees, EPIHL
2021/22 Outgoing
Outgoing
No.
Nat.
Player
Shoots
Date of birth
Place of birth
Leaving For
22
Dan Bradley
R
(2004-06-24) 24 June 2004 (age 19)
Ascot, England
Bristol Pitbulls, NIHL National
24
Dan Rose
R
(1991-12-16) 16 December 1991 (age 32)
Isleworth, England
Bees IHC, NIHL National
25
Harry Harcup
(2000-01-17) 17 January 2000 (age 24)
England
Chelmsford Chieftains, NIHL 1
38
Solomon Smith
(1998-01-21) 21 January 1998 (age 26)
Streatham Black Hawks, NIHL 2
64
Ian Germanier-Torrado
R
(2004-11-29) 29 November 2004 (age 19)
Argentina
Haringey Huskies, NIHL 2
Club honours
The Slough Ice Arena
2020-21
Ruggedstock Cup Winners
2018-19
NIHL 2 - Division Winners 2018-19
NIHL 2 - National Champions Winners 2018-19
2014–15
NIHL 2 - Division Winners 2011–12
2010–11
English Premier Cup Champions
2009–10
EPIHL Play-Off Champions
English Premier League Runners-up
English Premier cup semi-finalists
2008–09
EPIHL Play-Off Semi-finalists
2007–08
EPIHL Play-Off Champions
English Premier League Runners-up
EPIHL Premier Cup Runners-up
2005–06 Season
English Premier League Runners-up
1998–99 Season
British National League Champions
1997–98 Season
Benson & Hedges Plate Winners
1994–95 Season
British Division 1 Champions
1990–91 Season
British Division 1 Champions
1989–90 Season
Heineken League Division One Champions
Southern Cup Champions
1988–89 Season
London Cup Champions
Retired Shirts
#12 Retired 1990 Richard Boprey
#18 Retired 1995 Mark Howell
#31 Retired 1998 Charlie Colon
#17 Retired 1999 Gary Stefan
#28 Retired 2002 Joe Stefan
# 4 Retired 2008 Warren Rost
Head coaches
Lukas Smital (Current)
Tony Milton
Craig Moran
Slava Koulikov
Doug Sheppard
Peter Russell
Steve Moria
Andy Hannah
Warren Rost
Joe Stefan
Scott Rex
Charlie Colon
Richard Boprey
Paul Ferguson
Gary Stefan
See also
Slough
English Ice Hockey Association
Slough Jets ENL
List of Slough Jets seasons
References
^ a b c d e f "Club Honours". Slough Jets Legends. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ "HALL OF FAME – IHUK". Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ Copas, Graeme (11 December 2013). "Head coach Koulikov leaves Slough Jets to join Peterborough Phantoms". Slough Express. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "EXCLUSIVE: Ghislaine Kozic opens heart on Slough Jets demotion". Royal Borough Observer. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ Mayo, Nick (25 April 2014). "Slough Jets pull out of English Premier Ice Hockey league". Maidenhead Advertiser. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "My Personal Slough Jets Sign Off (for now)". Mark Denholm. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "Slough Jets founder Gary Stefan stalled in attempts to return club to English Premier Ice Hockey League". Royal Borough Observer. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "Slough Jets Legends". Slough Jets Legends. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "EIHA NIHL Britton division". The Official English Ice Hockey Association Website. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
^ "NIHL: New structure for National League agreed by clubs to start 2019/20 season – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ Martin, Bryce (20 September 2014). "The Jets are dead, long live the Jets". Slough Express. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "SLOUGH JETS PLAYOFFS 25 04 15 - YouTube". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "ICE HOCKEY: Oxford City Stars re-sign fans' favourites Alan Green and Andy Cox". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ "ICE HOCKEY: Oxford City Stars sign trio ahead of new campaign". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 24 December 2020.
^ "Ice Hockey: Tony Milton hoping Slough Jets can make a January return". Royal Borough Observer. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "NEWS: Slough fixtures postponed for this weekend – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "Ice Hockey: Slough Jets are alive and well, insists head coach Tony Milton". Slough Observer. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^ "NEWS: Lukas Smital announced as new Slough Jets Head Coach – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "NIHL: structure for NIHL South 17/18 season – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ a b "Elite Prospects - Award - NIHL 2 South First All-Star Team". www.eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ a b "Elite Prospects - Award - NIHL 2 South Second All-Star Team". www.eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "NIHL: Slough Jets clinch NIHL2 National title with win over Widnes Wild – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "Slough Jets: Lukas Smital retires as an active player to concentrate on coaching". Royal Borough Observer. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "NIHL: Players of the Month for September revealed – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "Injured Slough Jets ice hockey player will be unable to work for 'some considerable time'". Slough Observer. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "EIHL cancels all matches for rest of season". EIHL. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "NEWS: EIHA/SIH Boards make joint statement on state of play – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "NEWS: Board meeting confirms competitive hockey cancelled through May 31 – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ a b "NIHL: final season 19/20 standings now confirmed by league management – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ Carr, David (1 April 2020). "NIHL Britton Conference all-star team 2019/20". Pro Hockey News. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "NIHL: South Cup opens this Saturday as return to play grows – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "South Cup 21 – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "NIHL: return to play continues in South with 'RUGGEDSTOCK' Cup – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "NIHL CUP FINALS: qualifiers confirmed, order of play announced for Sheffield finale – English Ice Hockey Association". Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "Slough Jets at eliteprospects.com". www.eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "Streatham seal last gasp win over Jets". www.streatham-hockey.co.uk. 26 September 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ Goodman, Graham (30 November 2021). "NIHL1 Report: Bristol 0 Slough 1". Bristol Pitbulls. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "Rosbottom re-signs for 2022-2023 season – Bees Ice Hockey Club". Retrieved 20 May 2022.
^ "Slough Ice Arena closing for £7.7m refurbishment". BBC News. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ "Temporary ice rink approved at Slough Ice Arena". Slough Observer. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ Fort, Hugh (14 July 2020). "Bracknell ice rink has closed with immediate effect". BerkshireLive. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^ Fort, Hugh (14 August 2020). "Name change for Bracknell Bees as relocation details announced". BerkshireLive. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
External links
Slough Jets website
Elite Prospects - Slough Jets statistics
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Related
IIHF
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IIHF European Champions Cup | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"NIHL South Division 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ice_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Gary Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stefan"},{"link_name":"Streatham Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_Redskins"}],"text":"Ice hockey team in Slough, BerkshireThe Slough Jets are an ice hockey team from Slough, Berkshire, England playing in the NIHL South Division 1. The team was founded in 1986 after the construction of the Slough Ice Arena in Montem Lane in Slough and joined the first division of the British League. With the help of Gary Stefan who had previously been with Streatham Redskins, the Slough Jets were formed.The Slough Jets are one of the few clubs in the UK who from their foundation have continued to play to the present day without interruption or a change of name.","title":"Slough Jets"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"}],"sub_title":"The British Hockey League (1986-1996)","text":"It did not take long for Slough Jets to make their mark, winning the London Cup in 1989 . They followed this up by winning the Southern Cup and the British League Division One the following season, but they lost the final of the promotion play-off and so did not move up to the Premier Division.[1]The Jets were runners-up in Division One for three of the next four seasons, before winning the Division and the promotion play-off in 1995, thus moving up to the Premier Division.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"British National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_League_(1996%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"British National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_League_(1996%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"Fife Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife_Flyers"},{"link_name":"Gary Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stefan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"The British National League (1996-2002)","text":"After a brief settling-in period in the new league structure, the Jets won more silverware in 1998, capturing the Benson & Hedges Plate,[1] and also finishing second in the BNL Southern Premier League the same year. The following season, 1998–99, was the most successful in the club's history to that point, as they won the British National League for the first time.[1] They were also runners-up in the British National League Play-offs, losing to Fife Flyers on penalties.The club were beaten finalists in the Benson & Hedges Plate in 2000, and this was also the year that one of their greatest players, Gary Stefan, was elected to the Great Britain Hall of Fame.[2] The next few years were to be a fallow spell for the club, who were actually disbanded in 2002 due to financial problems, but were re-formed the same year.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"The English Premier Ice Hockey League (2002-2014)","text":"In 2002 Teal & White Ltd took over the management of the Slough Jets.[1] In their first EPIHL season the Jets finished 3rd and qualified for the play-offs. In the following year they made the Final of the play-offs.There was another change of ownership in 2005 as Slapshot Ltd took over the running of the club.[1]Jets took runner up in the league in 2005–06, 2007–08 and 2009–10 but never made it to league champions. They were successful in the post season play-offs, winning the titles in the 2007–08, 2009–10 and 2011–12 seasons. They also claimed the Premier Cup in 2011.[1]The final EPIHL season ended with the Jets struggling financially and coach Craig Moran having to hold together a team after Head coach Slava Koulikov left part way through the season [3] along with other players.[4] The Jets finished bottom of the 10 team league and failed to make the play-offs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Premier Ice Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Premier_Ice_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Gary Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stefan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"End of the Professional Era","text":"In 2014 the Slough Jets ceased professional competition following a decision by Slapshot Ltd to exit the English Premier Ice Hockey League (EPIHL) which was the 2nd tier of British Ice hockey at the time.[5] The Slough Jets name continued with its existing amateur senior team in the National Ice Hockey League South 2 division and the Junior club. It was alleged that some supporters saw the move by the owners to end the professional era to effectively be the end of the club they supported. A move was made by Gary Stefan and Jets media man Mark Denholm [6] to create a new EPIHL team at the rink but attempts to secure ice time were not successful.[7]A Slough Jets legends match was set up and played on July 14, 2014, to honour the club's professional history and raise money for charity.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Ice Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_National_Ice_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Slough Jets ENL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_Jets_ENL"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Bracknell Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracknell_Bees"},{"link_name":"Guildford Flames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildford_Flames"},{"link_name":"Lukas Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"link_name":"player-coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Player-coach"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lukas Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"link_name":"Lukas Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Thunder"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"Solent Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent_Devils"},{"link_name":"Solent Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent_Devils"},{"link_name":"Coventry Skydome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coventry_Skydome"},{"link_name":"Widnes Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Wild"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford Chieftains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_Chieftains"},{"link_name":"Lukas Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"link_name":"Lukas Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"link_name":"Lukas Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-21"},{"link_name":"Lukas Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"NIHL 1 South Britton division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIHL_South_Division_1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Oxford City Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_City_Stars"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke Bison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke_Bison"},{"link_name":"COVID-19","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Elite Ice Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"EIHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Ice_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford Chieftains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_Chieftains"},{"link_name":"self isolating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-isolating"},{"link_name":"Bracknell Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracknell_Hornets"},{"link_name":"EIHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Ice_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"EIHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Ice_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Bracknell Hornets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracknell_Hornets"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Haringey Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haringey_Huskies"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Solent Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent_Devils"},{"link_name":"Solent Devils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent_Devils"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Haringey Huskies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haringey_Huskies"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Thunder"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Milton Keynes Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Widnes Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Wild"},{"link_name":"Sheffield Scimitars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffield_Scimitars_(2020)"},{"link_name":"Widnes Wild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widnes_Wild"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Streatham IHC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streatham_IHC"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Bristol Pitbulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Pitbulls"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"NIHL National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eiha.co.uk/nihl-national-division/"},{"link_name":"Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bees_IHC"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Basingstoke Bison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basingstoke_Bison"},{"link_name":"Invicta Dynamos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invicta_Dynamos"},{"link_name":"Chelmsford Chieftains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelmsford_Chieftains"}],"sub_title":"The National Ice Hockey League (2014-Present)","text":"Slough Jets currently play in the National Ice Hockey League (NIHL) South 1 Britton Division, which is the third tier of UK hockey.[9] After winning NIHL2 league and National honours in the 2018/19 season, Slough Jets senior team moved to a 10 team NIHL1 division for 2019/20 season in a revised English Ice hockey league structure which introduced a new second-tier league called the NIHL National hockey league.[10]The Slough Jets ENL side had already been formed in 2010 to replace the disbanded Slough Harrier Hawks side and provide a bridge for young players to move from junior hockey to senior hockey. Craig Moran initially took on the Head coach role before resuming his Assistant Manager role for the EPIHL side. When professional hockey ceased in Slough, the Slough Jets NIHL side became the top level of Senior men's hockey at the venue. The coach for the amateur side for the 2014/15 season was Tony Milton.[11]The 2014/15 season was a success as they stormed to the title losing just one match in regular season play from their 6 team league. Franchise owner and player Zoran Kosic leading the points scoring with 48 points and notable performances from Alan Green and exciting Slough U18 pair Ben and Josh Ealey-Newman. Jets lost in the final of the playoffs however 4–0 to the Bristol Pitbulls.[12]Ahead of the 2015/16 season, departures affected the side with Zoran Kosic leaving and Alan Green and the Ealey-Newman brothers headed to Oxford.[13][14] Nathan Darmanin was the top points scorer with 18 points as Jets only won 4 of 19 matches, finished 5 in their 6 team league and didn't make the play-offs.With the closure of the rink for refurbishment, the team training in Guildford and Bracknell ice rinks and some fixture cancellations,[15][16] the team struggled throughout the 2016/17 season. Player injuries and fixture congestion [17] due to lack of ice whilst a temporary rink was constructed meant they could only finish bottom of the league with 4 victories to their name. Top points scorer again was Nathan Darmanin with 25 points.Ahead of the 2017/18 season, it was announced that the former Bracknell Bees and Guildford Flames forward Lukas Smital was joining Slough Jets as player-coach to replace the departing Tony Milton.[18] Smital took on a side who had struggled the previous season and finished bottom of their league of 6 teams. He was joined by former Bee and Slough player Joe Ciccarello as his assistant. Backstopped by impressive veteran Netminder Chris Douglas and with a mix of youth and experienced players, Slough finished a creditable 7th out of 13 teams in an expanded league structure [19] achieving unexpected results against strong Chelmsford, Peterborough and Bracknell sides as Jets turned their temporary rink into a very difficult place to go and get a result.Lukas Smital himself was top points scorer for the Jets with 67. Chris Douglas and Lukas Smital made the NIHL2 South first All-Star team.[20] Luke Reynolds who joined the club part way through the season from Milton Keynes Thunder made the NIHL2 South second All-Star team [21]Following their return to the 'Hangar' in the 18/18 season, the team showed good form and produced a series of victories to lead the league. Wins against the Solent Devils home and away being the decisive results. Jets were tied on points with Solent Devils after victory against Peterborough Phantoms 2 in the final match of the season but were awarded the league title due to the head-to-head results.After achieving the NIHL2 South title, the Slough Jets went to Coventry Skydome to play the NIHL2 North champions Widnes Wild for the NIHL2 National title . Man of the Match Sean Norris did the damage as Slough Jets came out victors 7-1 [22]The play-offs were less successful as the Slough Jets went out with a heavy 9–3 defeat in the semi-finals to eventual champions Chelmsford Chieftains in a match which was missing influential player-coach Lukas Smital.Top points scorer for the Jets during the season was Lukas Smital with 84 points. Lukas Smital again made the NIHL2 South first All-Star team.[20] Sean Norris and Sam Talbot made the NIHL2 South second All-Star team [21]Jets re-signed Lukas Smital and the core of the NIHL2 South title winning side including Matt Smital in net, Lindgren, Reynolds, Rose, Talbot and Norris for the 2019/20 season. In defence the experienced Matt Jordan came in from Bracknell. Lukas Smital announced his retirement from playing at the age of 44.[23] The club also moved to the NIHL 1 South Britton division.The Jets made a strong start to their life in NIHL1 by leading the division at the end of the first month with Sean Norris winning Player of the Month.[24] They were unable to carry on this form though and a severe concussion injury to key forward Sean Norris against Oxford City Stars on October 13 [25] put him out of the side for several weeks and a further injury against Milton Keynes Thunder upon his brief return saw him sidelined again before he made a decision to leave the club. Norris left the club to join the NIHL National Basingstoke Bison full time and was followed there in mid-January by Sam Talbot further weakening the Jets side. Despite the loss of two key forward players and injuries to others, the emergence of junior players kept the club competitive and a top 4 spot still looked a possibility. By March the Jets still had several games in hand on other sides in the top 4 as the COVID-19 pandemic struck.After the Elite Ice Hockey League announced it was cancelling the 2019/20 season on March 13 [26] the EIHA made a statement that fixtures for the weekend were expected to continue.[27] Chelmsford Chieftains cancelled the away fixture on March 14 citing players self isolating as well as concerns for player and supporter safety. Slough Jets cancelled their away fixture on March 15 against Bracknell Hornets as it became clear of the risk and concern amongst the players, supporters and their families. The EIHA made a decision to cancel the season the day after on March 16.[28] The EIHA decided to award Bracknell Hornets a 5–0 victory for Slough Jets refusing to travel which moved them above Slough in the table and all other remaining fixtures were marked completed with no points awarded.[29] This resulted in Slough Jets finishing the season 6th in the table.Despite leaving the Jets mid season, Sam Talbot was voted onto the second NIHL1 South All-Star team.[30]The 2020/21 regular season was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic however as part of a return to play several clubs played in a couple of round robin mini tournaments. First of all was the South Cup [31] with the following teams involved; Haringey Huskies from NIHL2, Milton Keynes Thunder, Solent Devils and Slough Jets. As fans were not allowed in arenas at the time, the matches were streamed over the internet for fans to watch.The eventual winners were Solent Devils who tied with Slough Jets on points but won on wins in regulation [32]The next return to play tournament was the Ruggedstock cup [33] which was contested between Haringey Huskies, Milton Keynes Thunder and eventual champions, the Slough Jets.An NIHL division 1 Cup final was held in Sheffield at the end of the season [34] with two teams from the South in Slough Jets and Milton Keynes Thunder matching up against Widnes Wild and Sheffield Scimitars. The Jets lost in the semi-finals to Widnes Wild to end their season.In the 2021/22 season, the Slough Jets fielded a youthful side including many U18 junior players and had an average age of just 20.[35] Despite the lack of experience, the Jets started competitively and were particularly strong in the Cup games. A close 2–1 loss away against eventual league, cup and playoff winners Streatham IHC with seven seconds left [36] showed the promise in the side. Slough Jets were the first away side to beat Bristol Pitbulls in their new rink with a 1–0 victory coming courtesy of a goal by Lewis English and a 61 shot shutout for Brett Shepherd.[37]A number of Jets players were also involved in matches in the NIHL National league. Adam Rosbottom left the Jets to play for the Bees full time in January [38] at which point he was one of the Slough Jets top point scorers. Further departures shortly after were Thomas Banner to Basingstoke Bison and then Solomon Smith towards the end of the season.Despite being in the top four spots most of the season, Jets failed to get the points to beat off rivals towards the end of the season eventually finishing 5th. Slough Jets failed to make the final of the cup with a narrow 5–4 loss to Invicta Dynamos in the semi-finals over two legs and also didn't make the play off final weekend with a more comprehensive loss 14–7 to Chelmsford Chieftains in the quarter-final over two legs.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"NIHL National league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ice_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Bracknell Bees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracknell_Bees"},{"link_name":"Bracknell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracknell"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"The Slough Jets' home rink is the Slough Ice Arena, which is also known as the \"Hangar\". A complete renovation of the rink begun in November 2016 [39] with the reopening of the refurbished and remodelled facility in April 2018. Whilst renovations where carried out, the Jets played out of a temporary facility located in the leisure centre car park.[40] In 2020 a NIHL National league team the Bees (formally Bracknell Bees) moved to the rink following the closure of the John Nike Leisuresport ice rink facility in Bracknell.[41] The teams announced a desire to work together for mutual success and to develop players.[42]","title":"The 'Hangar'"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Slough Jets have a full junior programme with everything from 'Learn to play' programme to teams in all the junior age groups; under 9s, under-11s, under-13s, under-15s and under-18s. The Jets junior structure is part of the same organisation as the senior team with U18 players being included in senior training and match day squads.","title":"Slough Jets Juniors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oscar winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_winner"},{"link_name":"Gareth Unwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Unwin"},{"link_name":"The King's Speech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_Speech"}],"text":"Future Oscar winner Gareth Unwin, who produced The King's Speech, once played for the team.","title":"Famous Jets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bla%C5%BE_Emer%C5%A1i%C4%8D_2010.jpg"},{"link_name":"Blaž Emeršič","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Emer%C5%A1i%C4%8D"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-29"}],"text":"Blaž Emeršič scoring a penalty shot goal for Jets' EPIHL Play-Off Champions title in 2009–10This is a partial list of the last ten seasons completed by the Jets. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Slough Jets seasons.Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes, POS = Position in league table at end of seasonNote: *2019-20 season cut short due to COVID-19 pandemic. Points awarded or remaining games annulled[29]Note: **2020-21 season did not run due to COVID-19 pandemic.","title":"Season-by-season record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gary Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stefan"},{"link_name":"Gary Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stefan"},{"link_name":"Gary Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stefan"}],"sub_title":"Franchise scoring leaders","text":"These are the top-ten point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed EPIHL regular season.Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game; * = current Jets playerPoints\n\n\nPlayer\nGP\nG\nA\nPts\nP/G\n\n\nGary Stefan\n455\n562\n502\n1064\n2.39\n\n\nJoe Stefan\n350\n369\n450\n819\n2.34\n\n\nBrian Mason\n278\n233\n444\n677\n2.44\n\n\nScott Rex\n163\n313\n307\n620\n3.8\n\n\nDerek Higdon\n231\n294\n317\n611\n2.65\n\n\nRichard Boprey\n115\n273\n270\n543\n4.72\n\n\nDavid Heath\n482\n174\n297\n471\n0.98\n\n\nNick Cross\n345\n154\n174\n319\n0.92\n\n\nRob Coutts\n230\n129\n172\n301\n1.31\n\n\nSteve Moria\n137\n109\n192\n301\n2.2\n\n\n\n\nGoals\n\n\nPlayer\nGP\nG\n\n\nGary Stefan\n455\n562\n\n\nJoe Stefan\n350\n369\n\n\nScott Rex\n163\n313\n\n\nDerek Higdon\n231\n294\n\n\nRichard Boprey\n115\n273\n\n\nBrian Mason\n278\n233\n\n\nDavid Heath\n482\n174\n\n\nNick Cross\n345\n154\n\n\nDanny Gratton\n87\n136\n\n\nRob Coutts\n230\n129\n\n\n\n\nAssists\n\n\nPlayer\nGP\nA\n\n\nGary Stefan\n455\n502\n\n\nJoe Stefan\n350\n450\n\n\nBrian Mason\n278\n444\n\n\nDerek Higdon\n231\n317\n\n\nScott Rex\n163\n307\n\n\nDavid Heath\n482\n297\n\n\nRichard Boprey\n115\n270\n\n\nSteve Moria\n137\n192\n\n\nWarren Rost\n528\n178\n\n\nNick Cross\n345\n174","title":"Season-by-season record"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Franchise individual records","text":"Most goals in a season: Derek Higdon, 96 (1993–94)\nMost assists in a season: Brian Mason, 112 (1993–94)\nMost points in a season: Scott Rex, 192 (1993–94)\nMost penalty minutes in a season: Mike Flanagan, 252 (1995–96)\nMost goals in a season, defenceman: Brian Mason, 48 (1993–94)\nMost assists in a season, defenceman: Brian Mason, 74 (1990–91)\nMost points in a season, defenceman: Brian Mason, 160 (1993–94)","title":"Season-by-season record"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"(*) Denotes a Non-British Trained player (Import)","title":"Club roster 2022-23"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2021/22 Outgoing"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SloughIceArena2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"British National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_National_League_(1996%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"Benson & Hedges Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Benson_%26_Hedges_Plate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Southern Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Cup_(Ice_Hockey)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"London Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Cup_(Ice_Hockey)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Slough Ice Arena2020-21\nRuggedstock Cup Winners\n2018-19\nNIHL 2 - Division Winners 2018-19\nNIHL 2 - National Champions Winners 2018-19\n2014–15\nNIHL 2 - Division Winners 2011–12\n2010–11\nEnglish Premier Cup Champions\n2009–10\nEPIHL Play-Off Champions\nEnglish Premier League Runners-up\nEnglish Premier cup semi-finalists\n2008–09\nEPIHL Play-Off Semi-finalists\n2007–08\nEPIHL Play-Off Champions\nEnglish Premier League Runners-up\nEPIHL Premier Cup Runners-up\n2005–06 Season\nEnglish Premier League Runners-up\n1998–99 Season\nBritish National League Champions\n1997–98 Season\nBenson & Hedges Plate Winners\n1994–95 Season\nBritish Division 1 Champions\n1990–91 Season\nBritish Division 1 Champions\n1989–90 Season\nHeineken League Division One Champions\nSouthern Cup Champions\n1988–89 Season\nLondon Cup Champions","title":"Club honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Richard Boprey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Boprey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Mark Howell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Howell_(ice_hockey)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Charlie Colon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlie_Colon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Gary Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stefan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Joe Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joe_Stefan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Warren Rost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Rost&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"#12 Retired 1990 Richard Boprey\n\n#18 Retired 1995 Mark Howell\n\n#31 Retired 1998 Charlie Colon\n\n#17 Retired 1999 Gary Stefan\n\n#28 Retired 2002 Joe Stefan\n\n# 4 Retired 2008 Warren Rost","title":"Retired Shirts"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Lukas Smital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luk%C3%A1%C5%A1_Sm%C3%ADtal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Peter Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Russell_(ice_hockey)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Steve Moria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Moria"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Gary Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Stefan"}],"text":"Lukas Smital (Current)\n Tony Milton\n Craig Moran\n Slava Koulikov\n Doug Sheppard\n Peter Russell\n Steve Moria\n Andy Hannah\n Warren Rost\n Joe Stefan\n Scott Rex\n Charlie Colon\n Richard Boprey\n Paul Ferguson\n Gary Stefan","title":"Head coaches"}] | [{"image_text":"Blaž Emeršič scoring a penalty shot goal for Jets' EPIHL Play-Off Champions title in 2009–10","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bla%C5%BE_Emer%C5%A1i%C4%8D_2010.jpg/300px-Bla%C5%BE_Emer%C5%A1i%C4%8D_2010.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Slough Ice Arena","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/SloughIceArena2018.jpg/220px-SloughIceArena2018.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Slough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough"},{"title":"English Ice Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Ice_Hockey_Association"},{"title":"Slough Jets ENL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slough_Jets_ENL"}] | [{"reference":"\"Club Honours\". Slough Jets Legends. 19 May 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://sloughjets.co.uk/club-honours/","url_text":"\"Club Honours\""}]},{"reference":"\"HALL OF FAME – IHUK\". Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icehockeyuk.co.uk/hall-of-fame/","url_text":"\"HALL OF FAME – IHUK\""}]},{"reference":"Copas, Graeme (11 December 2013). \"Head coach Koulikov leaves Slough Jets to join Peterborough Phantoms\". Slough Express. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sloughexpress.co.uk/news/19231/Head-coach-Koulikov-leaves-Slough-Jets.html","url_text":"\"Head coach Koulikov leaves Slough Jets to join Peterborough Phantoms\""}]},{"reference":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Ghislaine Kozic opens heart on Slough Jets demotion\". Royal Borough Observer. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windsorobserver.co.uk/sport/13448066.exclusive-ghislaine-kozic-opens-heart-on-slough-jets-demotion/","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Ghislaine Kozic opens heart on Slough Jets demotion\""}]},{"reference":"Mayo, Nick (25 April 2014). \"Slough Jets pull out of English Premier Ice Hockey league\". Maidenhead Advertiser. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.maidenhead-advertiser.co.uk/news/23177/Slough-Jets-pull-out-of-English.html","url_text":"\"Slough Jets pull out of English Premier Ice Hockey league\""}]},{"reference":"\"My Personal Slough Jets Sign Off (for now)\". Mark Denholm. 22 July 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://markdenholm.com/my-personal-slough-jets-sign-off-for-now/","url_text":"\"My Personal Slough Jets Sign Off (for now)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slough Jets founder Gary Stefan stalled in attempts to return club to English Premier Ice Hockey League\". Royal Borough Observer. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windsorobserver.co.uk/sport/13448328.slough-jets-founder-gary-stefan-stalled-in-attempts-to-return-club-to-english-premier-ice-hockey-league/","url_text":"\"Slough Jets founder Gary Stefan stalled in attempts to return club to English Premier Ice Hockey League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slough Jets Legends\". Slough Jets Legends. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://sloughjets.co.uk/","url_text":"\"Slough Jets Legends\""}]},{"reference":"\"EIHA NIHL Britton division\". The Official English Ice Hockey Association Website. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-south-1-britton/","url_text":"\"EIHA NIHL Britton division\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIHL: New structure for National League agreed by clubs to start 2019/20 season – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-new-structure-for-national-league-agreed-by-clubs-to-start-2019-20-season/","url_text":"\"NIHL: New structure for National League agreed by clubs to start 2019/20 season – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Bryce (20 September 2014). \"The Jets are dead, long live the Jets\". Slough Express. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sloughexpress.co.uk/news/slough-jets/70831/The-Jets-are-dead--long.html","url_text":"\"The Jets are dead, long live the Jets\""}]},{"reference":"\"SLOUGH JETS PLAYOFFS 25 04 15 - YouTube\". www.youtube.com. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1yXfSFfnO0","url_text":"\"SLOUGH JETS PLAYOFFS 25 04 15 - YouTube\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/k1yXfSFfnO0","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"ICE HOCKEY: Oxford City Stars re-sign fans' favourites Alan Green and Andy Cox\". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/13324700.ice-hockey-oxford-city-stars-re-sign-fans-favourites-alan-green-andy-cox/","url_text":"\"ICE HOCKEY: Oxford City Stars re-sign fans' favourites Alan Green and Andy Cox\""}]},{"reference":"\"ICE HOCKEY: Oxford City Stars sign trio ahead of new campaign\". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 24 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/13378035.ice-hockey-oxford-city-stars-sign-trio-ahead-new-campaign/","url_text":"\"ICE HOCKEY: Oxford City Stars sign trio ahead of new campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Hockey: Tony Milton hoping Slough Jets can make a January return\". Royal Borough Observer. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windsorobserver.co.uk/sport/14975533.ice-hockey-tony-milton-hoping-slough-jets-can-make-a-january-return/","url_text":"\"Ice Hockey: Tony Milton hoping Slough Jets can make a January return\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEWS: Slough fixtures postponed for this weekend – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/news-slough-fixtures-postponed-for-this-weekend/","url_text":"\"NEWS: Slough fixtures postponed for this weekend – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ice Hockey: Slough Jets are alive and well, insists head coach Tony Milton\". Slough Observer. Retrieved 23 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/sport/15200474.ice-hockey-slough-jets-are-alive-and-well-insists-head-coach-tony-milton/","url_text":"\"Ice Hockey: Slough Jets are alive and well, insists head coach Tony Milton\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEWS: Lukas Smital announced as new Slough Jets Head Coach – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/lukas-smital-announced-as-new-slough-jets-head-coach/","url_text":"\"NEWS: Lukas Smital announced as new Slough Jets Head Coach – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIHL: structure for NIHL South 17/18 season – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-structure-for-nihl-south-1718-season/","url_text":"\"NIHL: structure for NIHL South 17/18 season – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elite Prospects - Award - NIHL 2 South First All-Star Team\". www.eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/awards?name=NIHL+2+South+First+All-Star+Team","url_text":"\"Elite Prospects - Award - NIHL 2 South First All-Star Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Elite Prospects - Award - NIHL 2 South Second All-Star Team\". www.eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/awards?name=NIHL+2+South+Second+All-Star+Team","url_text":"\"Elite Prospects - Award - NIHL 2 South Second All-Star Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIHL: Slough Jets clinch NIHL2 National title with win over Widnes Wild – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-slough-jets-clinch-nihl2-national-title-with-win-over-widnes-wild/","url_text":"\"NIHL: Slough Jets clinch NIHL2 National title with win over Widnes Wild – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slough Jets: Lukas Smital retires as an active player to concentrate on coaching\". Royal Borough Observer. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.windsorobserver.co.uk/sport/17822762.slough-jets-lukas-smital-retires-active-player-concentrate-coaching/","url_text":"\"Slough Jets: Lukas Smital retires as an active player to concentrate on coaching\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIHL: Players of the Month for September revealed – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-players-of-the-month-for-september-revealed/","url_text":"\"NIHL: Players of the Month for September revealed – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Injured Slough Jets ice hockey player will be unable to work for 'some considerable time'\". Slough Observer. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/news/17985345.thousands-raised-help-injured-slough-jets-player/","url_text":"\"Injured Slough Jets ice hockey player will be unable to work for 'some considerable time'\""}]},{"reference":"\"EIHL cancels all matches for rest of season\". EIHL. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteleague.co.uk/article/731-eihl-cancels-all-matches-for-rest-of-season","url_text":"\"EIHL cancels all matches for rest of season\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEWS: EIHA/SIH Boards make joint statement on state of play – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/news-eiha-sih-boards-make-joint-statement-on-state-of-play/","url_text":"\"NEWS: EIHA/SIH Boards make joint statement on state of play – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"NEWS: Board meeting confirms competitive hockey cancelled through May 31 – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/news-board-meeting-confirms-competitive-hockey-cancelled-through-may-31/","url_text":"\"NEWS: Board meeting confirms competitive hockey cancelled through May 31 – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIHL: final season 19/20 standings now confirmed by league management – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-final-season-19-20-standings-now-confirmed-by-league-management/","url_text":"\"NIHL: final season 19/20 standings now confirmed by league management – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"Carr, David (1 April 2020). \"NIHL Britton Conference all-star team 2019/20\". Pro Hockey News. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://prohockeynews.com/nihl-britton-conference-all-star-team-2019-20/","url_text":"\"NIHL Britton Conference all-star team 2019/20\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIHL: South Cup opens this Saturday as return to play grows – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-south-cup-opens-this-saturday-as-return-to-play-grows/","url_text":"\"NIHL: South Cup opens this Saturday as return to play grows – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Cup 21 – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/south-cup-21/","url_text":"\"South Cup 21 – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIHL: return to play continues in South with 'RUGGEDSTOCK' Cup – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-return-to-play-continues-in-south-with-ruggedstock-cup/","url_text":"\"NIHL: return to play continues in South with 'RUGGEDSTOCK' Cup – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIHL CUP FINALS: qualifiers confirmed, order of play announced for Sheffield finale – English Ice Hockey Association\". Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-cup-finals-qualifiers-confirmed-order-of-play-announced-for-sheffield-finale/","url_text":"\"NIHL CUP FINALS: qualifiers confirmed, order of play announced for Sheffield finale – English Ice Hockey Association\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slough Jets at eliteprospects.com\". www.eliteprospects.com. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/1113/slough-jets","url_text":"\"Slough Jets at eliteprospects.com\""}]},{"reference":"\"Streatham seal last gasp win over Jets\". www.streatham-hockey.co.uk. 26 September 2021. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.streatham-hockey.co.uk/streatham-seal-last-gasp-win-over-jets","url_text":"\"Streatham seal last gasp win over Jets\""}]},{"reference":"Goodman, Graham (30 November 2021). \"NIHL1 Report: Bristol 0 Slough 1\". Bristol Pitbulls. Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bristolpitbulls.co.uk/2021/11/30/nihl1-report-bristol-0-slough-1/","url_text":"\"NIHL1 Report: Bristol 0 Slough 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rosbottom re-signs for 2022-2023 season – Bees Ice Hockey Club\". Retrieved 20 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://beesicehockey.com/index.php/2022/04/05/rosbottom-re-signs-for-2022-2023-season/","url_text":"\"Rosbottom re-signs for 2022-2023 season – Bees Ice Hockey Club\""}]},{"reference":"\"Slough Ice Arena closing for £7.7m refurbishment\". BBC News. 28 October 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-37799135","url_text":"\"Slough Ice Arena closing for £7.7m refurbishment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Temporary ice rink approved at Slough Ice Arena\". Slough Observer. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/news/14724497.temporary-ice-rink-approved-at-slough-ice-arena/","url_text":"\"Temporary ice rink approved at Slough Ice Arena\""}]},{"reference":"Fort, Hugh (14 July 2020). \"Bracknell ice rink has closed with immediate effect\". BerkshireLive. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/business/bracknell-ice-rink-closed-nike-18592544","url_text":"\"Bracknell ice rink has closed with immediate effect\""}]},{"reference":"Fort, Hugh (14 August 2020). \"Name change for Bracknell Bees as relocation details announced\". BerkshireLive. Retrieved 21 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/reading-berkshire-news/name-change-bracknell-bees-ice-18763810","url_text":"\"Name change for Bracknell Bees as relocation details announced\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://jetshockey.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Slough Jets"},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-national-division/","external_links_name":"NIHL National"},{"Link":"http://sloughjets.co.uk/club-honours/","external_links_name":"\"Club Honours\""},{"Link":"https://www.icehockeyuk.co.uk/hall-of-fame/","external_links_name":"\"HALL OF FAME – IHUK\""},{"Link":"https://www.sloughexpress.co.uk/news/19231/Head-coach-Koulikov-leaves-Slough-Jets.html","external_links_name":"\"Head coach Koulikov leaves Slough Jets to join Peterborough Phantoms\""},{"Link":"https://www.windsorobserver.co.uk/sport/13448066.exclusive-ghislaine-kozic-opens-heart-on-slough-jets-demotion/","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Ghislaine Kozic opens heart on Slough Jets demotion\""},{"Link":"https://www.maidenhead-advertiser.co.uk/news/23177/Slough-Jets-pull-out-of-English.html","external_links_name":"\"Slough Jets pull out of English Premier Ice Hockey league\""},{"Link":"http://markdenholm.com/my-personal-slough-jets-sign-off-for-now/","external_links_name":"\"My Personal Slough Jets Sign Off (for now)\""},{"Link":"https://www.windsorobserver.co.uk/sport/13448328.slough-jets-founder-gary-stefan-stalled-in-attempts-to-return-club-to-english-premier-ice-hockey-league/","external_links_name":"\"Slough Jets founder Gary Stefan stalled in attempts to return club to English Premier Ice Hockey League\""},{"Link":"http://sloughjets.co.uk/","external_links_name":"\"Slough Jets Legends\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-south-1-britton/","external_links_name":"\"EIHA NIHL Britton division\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-new-structure-for-national-league-agreed-by-clubs-to-start-2019-20-season/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL: New structure for National League agreed by clubs to start 2019/20 season – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.sloughexpress.co.uk/news/slough-jets/70831/The-Jets-are-dead--long.html","external_links_name":"\"The Jets are dead, long live the Jets\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1yXfSFfnO0","external_links_name":"\"SLOUGH JETS PLAYOFFS 25 04 15 - YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/k1yXfSFfnO0","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/13324700.ice-hockey-oxford-city-stars-re-sign-fans-favourites-alan-green-andy-cox/","external_links_name":"\"ICE HOCKEY: Oxford City Stars re-sign fans' favourites Alan Green and Andy Cox\""},{"Link":"https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/sport/13378035.ice-hockey-oxford-city-stars-sign-trio-ahead-new-campaign/","external_links_name":"\"ICE HOCKEY: Oxford City Stars sign trio ahead of new campaign\""},{"Link":"https://www.windsorobserver.co.uk/sport/14975533.ice-hockey-tony-milton-hoping-slough-jets-can-make-a-january-return/","external_links_name":"\"Ice Hockey: Tony Milton hoping Slough Jets can make a January return\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/news-slough-fixtures-postponed-for-this-weekend/","external_links_name":"\"NEWS: Slough fixtures postponed for this weekend – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/sport/15200474.ice-hockey-slough-jets-are-alive-and-well-insists-head-coach-tony-milton/","external_links_name":"\"Ice Hockey: Slough Jets are alive and well, insists head coach Tony Milton\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/lukas-smital-announced-as-new-slough-jets-head-coach/","external_links_name":"\"NEWS: Lukas Smital announced as new Slough Jets Head Coach – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-structure-for-nihl-south-1718-season/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL: structure for NIHL South 17/18 season – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/awards?name=NIHL+2+South+First+All-Star+Team","external_links_name":"\"Elite Prospects - Award - NIHL 2 South First All-Star Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/awards?name=NIHL+2+South+Second+All-Star+Team","external_links_name":"\"Elite Prospects - Award - NIHL 2 South Second All-Star Team\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-slough-jets-clinch-nihl2-national-title-with-win-over-widnes-wild/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL: Slough Jets clinch NIHL2 National title with win over Widnes Wild – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.windsorobserver.co.uk/sport/17822762.slough-jets-lukas-smital-retires-active-player-concentrate-coaching/","external_links_name":"\"Slough Jets: Lukas Smital retires as an active player to concentrate on coaching\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-players-of-the-month-for-september-revealed/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL: Players of the Month for September revealed – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/news/17985345.thousands-raised-help-injured-slough-jets-player/","external_links_name":"\"Injured Slough Jets ice hockey player will be unable to work for 'some considerable time'\""},{"Link":"https://www.eliteleague.co.uk/article/731-eihl-cancels-all-matches-for-rest-of-season","external_links_name":"\"EIHL cancels all matches for rest of season\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/news-eiha-sih-boards-make-joint-statement-on-state-of-play/","external_links_name":"\"NEWS: EIHA/SIH Boards make joint statement on state of play – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/news-board-meeting-confirms-competitive-hockey-cancelled-through-may-31/","external_links_name":"\"NEWS: Board meeting confirms competitive hockey cancelled through May 31 – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-final-season-19-20-standings-now-confirmed-by-league-management/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL: final season 19/20 standings now confirmed by league management – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://prohockeynews.com/nihl-britton-conference-all-star-team-2019-20/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL Britton Conference all-star team 2019/20\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-south-cup-opens-this-saturday-as-return-to-play-grows/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL: South Cup opens this Saturday as return to play grows – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/south-cup-21/","external_links_name":"\"South Cup 21 – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-return-to-play-continues-in-south-with-ruggedstock-cup/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL: return to play continues in South with 'RUGGEDSTOCK' Cup – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://eiha.co.uk/nihl-cup-finals-qualifiers-confirmed-order-of-play-announced-for-sheffield-finale/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL CUP FINALS: qualifiers confirmed, order of play announced for Sheffield finale – English Ice Hockey Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/1113/slough-jets","external_links_name":"\"Slough Jets at eliteprospects.com\""},{"Link":"http://www.streatham-hockey.co.uk/streatham-seal-last-gasp-win-over-jets","external_links_name":"\"Streatham seal last gasp win over Jets\""},{"Link":"https://bristolpitbulls.co.uk/2021/11/30/nihl1-report-bristol-0-slough-1/","external_links_name":"\"NIHL1 Report: Bristol 0 Slough 1\""},{"Link":"https://beesicehockey.com/index.php/2022/04/05/rosbottom-re-signs-for-2022-2023-season/","external_links_name":"\"Rosbottom re-signs for 2022-2023 season – Bees Ice Hockey Club\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-37799135","external_links_name":"\"Slough Ice Arena closing for £7.7m refurbishment\""},{"Link":"https://www.sloughobserver.co.uk/news/14724497.temporary-ice-rink-approved-at-slough-ice-arena/","external_links_name":"\"Temporary ice rink approved at Slough Ice Arena\""},{"Link":"https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/business/bracknell-ice-rink-closed-nike-18592544","external_links_name":"\"Bracknell ice rink has closed with immediate effect\""},{"Link":"https://www.getreading.co.uk/news/reading-berkshire-news/name-change-bracknell-bees-ice-18763810","external_links_name":"\"Name change for Bracknell Bees as relocation details announced\""},{"Link":"http://www.sloughjets.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Slough Jets website"},{"Link":"https://www.eliteprospects.com/team/1113/slough-jets","external_links_name":"Elite Prospects - Slough Jets statistics"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Leaguer_%26_League_Express | Rugby Leaguer & League Express | ["1 History","1.1 League Express","1.2 Rugby Leaguer & League Express","1.3 Staff","2 See also","3 External links"] | Rugby Leaguer & League ExpressCategoriesSport, Rugby leagueFrequencyWeeklyFounded1940sCompanyLeague Publications LtdCountryEnglandLanguageEnglish
Rugby Leaguer & League Express is a weekly newspaper published every Monday in the United Kingdom. Other rugby league titles published by League Publications Ltd include the monthly magazine 'Rugby League World' and the annual 'Rugby League Yearbook'.
It features match reports and pictures from every game played in the Betfred Super League, the Betfred Championship and Betfred League One, and the Australian National Rugby League (NRL). Coverage of the amateur game is also included, along with local and international rugby league related news.
History
The current incarnation of this publication is a merger of two previously existing titles, 'Rugby Leaguer' which can trace its origins back to the 1940s, and 'League Express', which first appeared on Monday 10 September 1990.
League Express
In 1990, Martyn Sadler (chairman) and Tim Butcher (managing director) believed that limited coverage of rugby league every Monday morning in the national newspapers had opened a niche market for a specialist rugby league newspaper to be published every Monday. The very first edition of League Express, edited by Mike Rylance, appeared on 10 September 1990. The first six editions of League Express were printed by the Yorkshire Weekly Newspaper Group at their Wakefield printing press, before production was transferred to Bradford, to the Telegraph and Argus press.
At the start of the 1993/94 season Martyn Sadler became the managing editor of League Express. LPL decided to expand its production with a new title – League Express Weekend – edited by Tim Butcher and published each Friday during the season. In the years that followed, the Friday newspaper changed its title to Rugby League Weekend, Super League Week, and then Total Rugby League.
At the end of the 2000 season League Publications Limited decided to convert its Total Rugby League newspaper into an online publication, TotalRL.com, which launched on 1 March 2001 and became one of the world's most popular rugby league sites.
Rugby Leaguer & League Express
In May 2002, League Publications Limited acquired the 'Rugby Leaguer' newspaper and merged it with League Express to create Rugby Leaguer & League Express.
In 2008, the Albert Goldthorpe Medal, named after Albert Goldthorpe, was created by the newspaper to honour the leading players in the Super League.
Staff
Editor: Martyn Sadler
Assistant editor: Lorraine Marsden
Senior reporter: Doug Thomson
Production editor: Dan Spencer
Cartoonist: Honor James
See also
Rugby League World
External links
Rugby League Express | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Rugby League World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"},{"link_name":"Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championship_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_1_(rugby_league)"},{"link_name":"National Rugby League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rugby_League"}],"text":"Rugby Leaguer & League Express is a weekly newspaper published every Monday in the United Kingdom. Other rugby league titles published by League Publications Ltd include the monthly magazine 'Rugby League World' and the annual 'Rugby League Yearbook'.It features match reports and pictures from every game played in the Betfred Super League, the Betfred Championship and Betfred League One, and the Australian National Rugby League (NRL). Coverage of the amateur game is also included, along with local and international rugby league related news.","title":"Rugby Leaguer & League Express"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The current incarnation of this publication is a merger of two previously existing titles, 'Rugby Leaguer' which can trace its origins back to the 1940s, and 'League Express', which first appeared on Monday 10 September 1990.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"League Express","text":"In 1990, Martyn Sadler (chairman) and Tim Butcher (managing director) believed that limited coverage of rugby league every Monday morning in the national newspapers had opened a niche market for a specialist rugby league newspaper to be published every Monday. The very first edition of League Express, edited by Mike Rylance, appeared on 10 September 1990. The first six editions of League Express were printed by the Yorkshire Weekly Newspaper Group at their Wakefield printing press, before production was transferred to Bradford, to the Telegraph and Argus press.At the start of the 1993/94 season Martyn Sadler became the managing editor of League Express. LPL decided to expand its production with a new title – League Express Weekend – edited by Tim Butcher and published each Friday during the season. In the years that followed, the Friday newspaper changed its title to Rugby League Weekend, Super League Week, and then Total Rugby League.At the end of the 2000 season League Publications Limited decided to convert its Total Rugby League newspaper into an online publication, TotalRL.com, which launched on 1 March 2001 and became one of the world's most popular rugby league sites.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Goldthorpe Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Goldthorpe_Medal"},{"link_name":"Albert Goldthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Goldthorpe"},{"link_name":"Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_League"}],"sub_title":"Rugby Leaguer & League Express","text":"In May 2002, League Publications Limited acquired the 'Rugby Leaguer' newspaper and merged it with League Express to create Rugby Leaguer & League Express.In 2008, the Albert Goldthorpe Medal, named after Albert Goldthorpe, was created by the newspaper to honour the leading players in the Super League.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Staff","text":"Editor: Martyn SadlerAssistant editor: Lorraine MarsdenSenior reporter: Doug ThomsonProduction editor: Dan SpencerCartoonist: Honor James","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Rugby League World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_League_World"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.totalrl.com/online/index.htm","external_links_name":"Rugby League Express"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_Space | Kernel (linear algebra) | ["1 Properties","2 Application to modules","3 In functional analysis","4 Representation as matrix multiplication","4.1 Subspace properties","4.2 The row space of a matrix","4.3 Left null space","4.4 Nonhomogeneous systems of linear equations","5 Illustration","6 Examples","7 Computation by Gaussian elimination","8 Numerical computation","8.1 Exact coefficients","8.2 Floating point computation","9 See also","10 Notes and references","11 Bibliography","12 External links"] | Vectors mapped to 0 by a linear map
For other uses, see Kernel (disambiguation).
In mathematics, the kernel of a linear map, also known as the null space or nullspace, is the part (or linear subspace) of the domain which the map maps to the zero vector. That is, given a linear map L : V → W between two vector spaces V and W, the kernel of L is the vector space of all elements v of V such that L(v) = 0, where 0 denotes the zero vector in W, or more symbolically:
ker
(
L
)
=
{
v
∈
V
∣
L
(
v
)
=
0
}
=
L
−
1
(
0
)
.
{\displaystyle \ker(L)=\left\{\mathbf {v} \in V\mid L(\mathbf {v} )=\mathbf {0} \right\}=L^{-1}(\mathbf {0} ).}
Properties
Kernel and image of a linear map L from V to W
The kernel of L is a linear subspace of the domain V.
In the linear map
L
:
V
→
W
,
{\displaystyle L:V\to W,}
two elements of V have the same image in W if and only if their difference lies in the kernel of L, that is,
L
(
v
1
)
=
L
(
v
2
)
if and only if
L
(
v
1
−
v
2
)
=
0
.
{\displaystyle L\left(\mathbf {v} _{1}\right)=L\left(\mathbf {v} _{2}\right)\quad {\text{ if and only if }}\quad L\left(\mathbf {v} _{1}-\mathbf {v} _{2}\right)=\mathbf {0} .}
From this, it follows that the image of L is isomorphic to the quotient of V by the kernel:
im
(
L
)
≅
V
/
ker
(
L
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {im} (L)\cong V/\ker(L).}
In the case where V is finite-dimensional, this implies the rank–nullity theorem:
dim
(
ker
L
)
+
dim
(
im
L
)
=
dim
(
V
)
.
{\displaystyle \dim(\ker L)+\dim(\operatorname {im} L)=\dim(V).}
where the term rank refers to the dimension of the image of L,
dim
(
im
L
)
,
{\displaystyle \dim(\operatorname {im} L),}
while nullity refers to the dimension of the kernel of L,
dim
(
ker
L
)
.
{\displaystyle \dim(\ker L).}
That is,
Rank
(
L
)
=
dim
(
im
L
)
and
Nullity
(
L
)
=
dim
(
ker
L
)
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Rank} (L)=\dim(\operatorname {im} L)\qquad {\text{ and }}\qquad \operatorname {Nullity} (L)=\dim(\ker L),}
so that the rank–nullity theorem can be restated as
Rank
(
L
)
+
Nullity
(
L
)
=
dim
(
domain
L
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Rank} (L)+\operatorname {Nullity} (L)=\dim \left(\operatorname {domain} L\right).}
When V is an inner product space, the quotient
V
/
ker
(
L
)
{\displaystyle V/\ker(L)}
can be identified with the orthogonal complement in V of
ker
(
L
)
{\displaystyle \ker(L)}
This is the generalization to linear operators of the row space, or coimage, of a matrix.
Application to modules
Main article: Module (mathematics)
The notion of kernel also makes sense for homomorphisms of modules, which are generalizations of vector spaces where the scalars are elements of a ring, rather than a field. The domain of the mapping is a module, with the kernel constituting a submodule. Here, the concepts of rank and nullity do not necessarily apply.
In functional analysis
Main article: Topological vector space
If V and W are topological vector spaces such that W is finite-dimensional, then a linear operator L: V → W is continuous if and only if the kernel of L is a closed subspace of V.
Representation as matrix multiplication
Consider a linear map represented as a m × n matrix A with coefficients in a field K (typically
R
{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }
or
C
{\displaystyle \mathbb {C} }
), that is operating on column vectors x with n components over K.
The kernel of this linear map is the set of solutions to the equation Ax = 0, where 0 is understood as the zero vector. The dimension of the kernel of A is called the nullity of A. In set-builder notation,
N
(
A
)
=
Null
(
A
)
=
ker
(
A
)
=
{
x
∈
K
n
∣
A
x
=
0
}
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {N} (A)=\operatorname {Null} (A)=\operatorname {ker} (A)=\left\{\mathbf {x} \in K^{n}\mid A\mathbf {x} =\mathbf {0} \right\}.}
The matrix equation is equivalent to a homogeneous system of linear equations:
A
x
=
0
⇔
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
1
n
x
n
=
0
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
2
n
x
n
=
0
⋮
a
m
1
x
1
+
a
m
2
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
m
n
x
n
=
0
.
{\displaystyle A\mathbf {x} =\mathbf {0} \;\;\Leftrightarrow \;\;{\begin{alignedat}{7}a_{11}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&a_{12}x_{2}&&\;+\;\cdots \;+\;&&a_{1n}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&0\\a_{21}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&a_{22}x_{2}&&\;+\;\cdots \;+\;&&a_{2n}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&0\\&&&&&&&&&&\vdots \ \;&&&\\a_{m1}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&a_{m2}x_{2}&&\;+\;\cdots \;+\;&&a_{mn}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&0{\text{.}}\\\end{alignedat}}}
Thus the kernel of A is the same as the solution set to the above homogeneous equations.
Subspace properties
The kernel of a m × n matrix A over a field K is a linear subspace of Kn. That is, the kernel of A, the set Null(A), has the following three properties:
Null(A) always contains the zero vector, since A0 = 0.
If x ∈ Null(A) and y ∈ Null(A), then x + y ∈ Null(A). This follows from the distributivity of matrix multiplication over addition.
If x ∈ Null(A) and c is a scalar c ∈ K, then cx ∈ Null(A), since A(cx) = c(Ax) = c0 = 0.
The row space of a matrix
Main article: Rank–nullity theorem
The product Ax can be written in terms of the dot product of vectors as follows:
A
x
=
[
a
1
⋅
x
a
2
⋅
x
⋮
a
m
⋅
x
]
.
{\displaystyle A\mathbf {x} ={\begin{bmatrix}\mathbf {a} _{1}\cdot \mathbf {x} \\\mathbf {a} _{2}\cdot \mathbf {x} \\\vdots \\\mathbf {a} _{m}\cdot \mathbf {x} \end{bmatrix}}.}
Here, a1, ... , am denote the rows of the matrix A. It follows that x is in the kernel of A, if and only if x is orthogonal (or perpendicular) to each of the row vectors of A (since orthogonality is defined as having a dot product of 0).
The row space, or coimage, of a matrix A is the span of the row vectors of A. By the above reasoning, the kernel of A is the orthogonal complement to the row space. That is, a vector x lies in the kernel of A, if and only if it is perpendicular to every vector in the row space of A.
The dimension of the row space of A is called the rank of A, and the dimension of the kernel of A is called the nullity of A. These quantities are related by the rank–nullity theorem
rank
(
A
)
+
nullity
(
A
)
=
n
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {rank} (A)+\operatorname {nullity} (A)=n.}
Left null space
The left null space, or cokernel, of a matrix A consists of all column vectors x such that xTA = 0T, where T denotes the transpose of a matrix. The left null space of A is the same as the kernel of AT. The left null space of A is the orthogonal complement to the column space of A, and is dual to the cokernel of the associated linear transformation. The kernel, the row space, the column space, and the left null space of A are the four fundamental subspaces associated with the matrix A.
Nonhomogeneous systems of linear equations
The kernel also plays a role in the solution to a nonhomogeneous system of linear equations:
A
x
=
b
or
a
11
x
1
+
a
12
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
1
n
x
n
=
b
1
a
21
x
1
+
a
22
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
2
n
x
n
=
b
2
⋮
a
m
1
x
1
+
a
m
2
x
2
+
⋯
+
a
m
n
x
n
=
b
m
{\displaystyle A\mathbf {x} =\mathbf {b} \quad {\text{or}}\quad {\begin{alignedat}{7}a_{11}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&a_{12}x_{2}&&\;+\;\cdots \;+\;&&a_{1n}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&b_{1}\\a_{21}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&a_{22}x_{2}&&\;+\;\cdots \;+\;&&a_{2n}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&b_{2}\\&&&&&&&&&&\vdots \ \;&&&\\a_{m1}x_{1}&&\;+\;&&a_{m2}x_{2}&&\;+\;\cdots \;+\;&&a_{mn}x_{n}&&\;=\;&&&b_{m}\\\end{alignedat}}}
If u and v are two possible solutions to the above equation, then
A
(
u
−
v
)
=
A
u
−
A
v
=
b
−
b
=
0
{\displaystyle A(\mathbf {u} -\mathbf {v} )=A\mathbf {u} -A\mathbf {v} =\mathbf {b} -\mathbf {b} =\mathbf {0} \,}
Thus, the difference of any two solutions to the equation Ax = b lies in the kernel of A.
It follows that any solution to the equation Ax = b can be expressed as the sum of a fixed solution v and an arbitrary element of the kernel. That is, the solution set to the equation Ax = b is
{
v
+
x
∣
A
v
=
b
∧
x
∈
Null
(
A
)
}
,
{\displaystyle \left\{\mathbf {v} +\mathbf {x} \mid A\mathbf {v} =\mathbf {b} \land \mathbf {x} \in \operatorname {Null} (A)\right\},}
Geometrically, this says that the solution set to Ax = b is the translation of the kernel of A by the vector v. See also Fredholm alternative and flat (geometry).
Illustration
The following is a simple illustration of the computation of the kernel of a matrix (see § Computation by Gaussian elimination, below for methods better suited to more complex calculations). The illustration also touches on the row space and its relation to the kernel.
Consider the matrix
A
=
[
2
3
5
−
4
2
3
]
.
{\displaystyle A={\begin{bmatrix}2&3&5\\-4&2&3\end{bmatrix}}.}
The kernel of this matrix consists of all vectors (x, y, z) ∈ R3 for which
[
2
3
5
−
4
2
3
]
[
x
y
z
]
=
[
0
0
]
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&3&5\\-4&2&3\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\end{bmatrix}},}
which can be expressed as a homogeneous system of linear equations involving x, y, and z:
2
x
+
3
y
+
5
z
=
0
,
−
4
x
+
2
y
+
3
z
=
0.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}2x+3y+5z&=0,\\-4x+2y+3z&=0.\end{aligned}}}
The same linear equations can also be written in matrix form as:
[
2
3
5
0
−
4
2
3
0
]
.
{\displaystyle \left.}
Through Gauss–Jordan elimination, the matrix can be reduced to:
[
1
0
1
/
16
0
0
1
13
/
8
0
]
.
{\displaystyle \left.}
Rewriting the matrix in equation form yields:
x
=
−
1
16
z
y
=
−
13
8
z
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=-{\frac {1}{16}}z\\y&=-{\frac {13}{8}}z.\end{aligned}}}
The elements of the kernel can be further expressed in parametric vector form, as follows:
[
x
y
z
]
=
c
[
−
1
/
16
−
13
/
8
1
]
(
where
c
∈
R
)
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{bmatrix}}=c{\begin{bmatrix}-1/16\\-13/8\\1\end{bmatrix}}\quad ({\text{where }}c\in \mathbb {R} )}
Since c is a free variable ranging over all real numbers, this can be expressed equally well as:
[
x
y
z
]
=
c
[
−
1
−
26
16
]
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}x\\y\\z\end{bmatrix}}=c{\begin{bmatrix}-1\\-26\\16\end{bmatrix}}.}
The kernel of A is precisely the solution set to these equations (in this case, a line through the origin in R3). Here, since the vector (−1,−26,16)T constitutes a basis of the kernel of A. The nullity of A is 1.
The following dot products are zero:
[
2
3
5
]
[
−
1
−
26
16
]
=
0
a
n
d
[
−
4
2
3
]
[
−
1
−
26
16
]
=
0
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}2&3&5\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}-1\\-26\\16\end{bmatrix}}=0\quad \mathrm {and} \quad {\begin{bmatrix}-4&2&3\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}-1\\-26\\16\end{bmatrix}}=0\mathrm {,} }
which illustrates that vectors in the kernel of A are orthogonal to each of the row vectors of A.
These two (linearly independent) row vectors span the row space of A—a plane orthogonal to the vector (−1,−26,16)T.
With the rank 2 of A, the nullity 1 of A, and the dimension 3 of A, we have an illustration of the rank-nullity theorem.
Examples
If L: Rm → Rn, then the kernel of L is the solution set to a homogeneous system of linear equations. As in the above illustration, if L is the operator:
L
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
x
3
)
=
(
2
x
1
+
3
x
2
+
5
x
3
,
−
4
x
1
+
2
x
2
+
3
x
3
)
{\displaystyle L(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})=(2x_{1}+3x_{2}+5x_{3},\;-4x_{1}+2x_{2}+3x_{3})}
then the kernel of L is the set of solutions to the equations
2
x
1
+
3
x
2
+
5
x
3
=
0
−
4
x
1
+
2
x
2
+
3
x
3
=
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{7}2x_{1}&\;+\;&3x_{2}&\;+\;&5x_{3}&\;=\;&0\\-4x_{1}&\;+\;&2x_{2}&\;+\;&3x_{3}&\;=\;&0\end{alignedat}}}
Let C denote the vector space of all continuous real-valued functions on the interval , and define L: C → R by the rule
L
(
f
)
=
f
(
0.3
)
.
{\displaystyle L(f)=f(0.3).}
Then the kernel of L consists of all functions f ∈ C for which f(0.3) = 0.
Let C∞(R) be the vector space of all infinitely differentiable functions R → R, and let D: C∞(R) → C∞(R) be the differentiation operator:
D
(
f
)
=
d
f
d
x
.
{\displaystyle D(f)={\frac {df}{dx}}.}
Then the kernel of D consists of all functions in C∞(R) whose derivatives are zero, i.e. the set of all constant functions.
Let R∞ be the direct product of infinitely many copies of R, and let s: R∞ → R∞ be the shift operator
s
(
x
1
,
x
2
,
x
3
,
x
4
,
…
)
=
(
x
2
,
x
3
,
x
4
,
…
)
.
{\displaystyle s(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},\ldots )=(x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},\ldots ).}
Then the kernel of s is the one-dimensional subspace consisting of all vectors (x1, 0, 0, 0, ...).
If V is an inner product space and W is a subspace, the kernel of the orthogonal projection V → W is the orthogonal complement to W in V.
Computation by Gaussian elimination
A basis of the kernel of a matrix may be computed by Gaussian elimination.
For this purpose, given an m × n matrix A, we construct first the row augmented matrix
[
A
I
]
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}A\\\hline I\end{bmatrix}},}
where I is the n × n identity matrix.
Computing its column echelon form by Gaussian elimination (or any other suitable method), we get a matrix
[
B
C
]
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}B\\\hline C\end{bmatrix}}.}
A basis of the kernel of A consists in the non-zero columns of C such that the corresponding column of B is a zero column.
In fact, the computation may be stopped as soon as the upper matrix is in column echelon form: the remainder of the computation consists in changing the basis of the vector space generated by the columns whose upper part is zero.
For example, suppose that
A
=
[
1
0
−
3
0
2
−
8
0
1
5
0
−
1
4
0
0
0
1
7
−
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
]
.
{\displaystyle A={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&-3&0&2&-8\\0&1&5&0&-1&4\\0&0&0&1&7&-9\\0&0&0&0&0&0\end{bmatrix}}.}
Then
[
A
I
]
=
[
1
0
−
3
0
2
−
8
0
1
5
0
−
1
4
0
0
0
1
7
−
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
]
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}A\\\hline I\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&-3&0&2&-8\\0&1&5&0&-1&4\\0&0&0&1&7&-9\\0&0&0&0&0&0\\\hline 1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}.}
Putting the upper part in column echelon form by column operations on the whole matrix gives
[
B
C
]
=
[
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
−
2
8
0
1
0
−
5
1
−
4
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
−
7
9
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
]
.
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}B\\\hline C\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\0&0&0&0&0&0\\\hline 1&0&0&3&-2&8\\0&1&0&-5&1&-4\\0&0&0&1&0&0\\0&0&1&0&-7&9\\0&0&0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&0&0&1\end{bmatrix}}.}
The last three columns of B are zero columns. Therefore, the three last vectors of C,
[
3
−
5
1
0
0
0
]
,
[
−
2
1
0
−
7
1
0
]
,
[
8
−
4
0
9
0
1
]
{\displaystyle \left,\;\left,\;\left}
are a basis of the kernel of A.
Proof that the method computes the kernel: Since column operations correspond to post-multiplication by invertible matrices, the fact that
[
A
I
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}A\\\hline I\end{bmatrix}}}
reduces to
[
B
C
]
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}B\\\hline C\end{bmatrix}}}
means that there exists an invertible matrix
P
{\displaystyle P}
such that
[
A
I
]
P
=
[
B
C
]
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}A\\\hline I\end{bmatrix}}P={\begin{bmatrix}B\\\hline C\end{bmatrix}},}
with
B
{\displaystyle B}
in column echelon form. Thus
A
P
=
B
,
{\displaystyle AP=B,}
I
P
=
C
,
{\displaystyle IP=C,}
and
A
C
=
B
.
{\displaystyle AC=B.}
A column vector
v
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} }
belongs to the kernel of
A
{\displaystyle A}
(that is
A
v
=
0
{\displaystyle A\mathbf {v} =\mathbf {0} }
) if and only if
B
w
=
0
,
{\displaystyle B\mathbf {w} =\mathbf {0} ,}
where
w
=
P
−
1
v
=
C
−
1
v
.
{\displaystyle \mathbf {w} =P^{-1}\mathbf {v} =C^{-1}\mathbf {v} .}
As
B
{\displaystyle B}
is in column echelon form,
B
w
=
0
,
{\displaystyle B\mathbf {w} =\mathbf {0} ,}
if and only if the nonzero entries of
w
{\displaystyle \mathbf {w} }
correspond to the zero columns of
B
.
{\displaystyle B.}
By multiplying by
C
{\displaystyle C}
, one may deduce that this is the case if and only if
v
=
C
w
{\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =C\mathbf {w} }
is a linear combination of the corresponding columns of
C
.
{\displaystyle C.}
Numerical computation
The problem of computing the kernel on a computer depends on the nature of the coefficients.
Exact coefficients
If the coefficients of the matrix are exactly given numbers, the column echelon form of the matrix may be computed with Bareiss algorithm more efficiently than with Gaussian elimination. It is even more efficient to use modular arithmetic and Chinese remainder theorem, which reduces the problem to several similar ones over finite fields (this avoids the overhead induced by the non-linearity of the computational complexity of integer multiplication).
For coefficients in a finite field, Gaussian elimination works well, but for the large matrices that occur in cryptography and Gröbner basis computation, better algorithms are known, which have roughly the same computational complexity, but are faster and behave better with modern computer hardware.
Floating point computation
For matrices whose entries are floating-point numbers, the problem of computing the kernel makes sense only for matrices such that the number of rows is equal to their rank: because of the rounding errors, a floating-point matrix has almost always a full rank, even when it is an approximation of a matrix of a much smaller rank. Even for a full-rank matrix, it is possible to compute its kernel only if it is well conditioned, i.e. it has a low condition number.
Even for a well conditioned full rank matrix, Gaussian elimination does not behave correctly: it introduces rounding errors that are too large for getting a significant result. As the computation of the kernel of a matrix is a special instance of solving a homogeneous system of linear equations, the kernel may be computed with any of the various algorithms designed to solve homogeneous systems. A state of the art software for this purpose is the Lapack library.
See also
Kernel (algebra)
Zero set
System of linear equations
Row and column spaces
Row reduction
Four fundamental subspaces
Vector space
Linear subspace
Linear operator
Function space
Fredholm alternative
Notes and references
^ Weisstein, Eric W. "Kernel". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
^ a b "Kernel (Nullspace) | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki". brilliant.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
^ Linear algebra, as discussed in this article, is a very well established mathematical discipline for which there are many sources. Almost all of the material in this article can be found in Lay 2005, Meyer 2001, and Strang's lectures.
^ a b Weisstein, Eric W. "Rank-Nullity Theorem". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2015-04-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
Bibliography
See also: Linear algebra § Further reading
Axler, Sheldon Jay (1997), Linear Algebra Done Right (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-98259-0.
Lay, David C. (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (3rd ed.), Addison Wesley, ISBN 978-0-321-28713-7.
Meyer, Carl D. (2001), Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), ISBN 978-0-89871-454-8, archived from the original on 2009-10-31.
Poole, David (2006), Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction (2nd ed.), Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-534-99845-3.
Anton, Howard (2005), Elementary Linear Algebra (Applications Version) (9th ed.), Wiley International.
Leon, Steven J. (2006), Linear Algebra With Applications (7th ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall.
Lang, Serge (1987). Linear Algebra. Springer. ISBN 9780387964126.
Trefethen, Lloyd N.; Bau, David III (1997), Numerical Linear Algebra, SIAM, ISBN 978-0-89871-361-9.
External links
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Linear Algebra/Null Spaces
"Kernel of a matrix", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001
Khan Academy, Introduction to the Null Space of a Matrix
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kernel (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"linear map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_map"},{"link_name":"linear subspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_subspace"},{"link_name":"domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"vector spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"zero vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_vector"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"For other uses, see Kernel (disambiguation).In mathematics, the kernel of a linear map, also known as the null space or nullspace, is the part (or linear subspace) of the domain which the map maps to the zero vector.[1] That is, given a linear map L : V → W between two vector spaces V and W, the kernel of L is the vector space of all elements v of V such that L(v) = 0, where 0 denotes the zero vector in W,[2] or more symbolically:ker\n \n (\n L\n )\n =\n \n {\n \n \n v\n \n ∈\n V\n ∣\n L\n (\n \n v\n \n )\n =\n \n 0\n \n \n }\n \n =\n \n L\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n \n 0\n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ker(L)=\\left\\{\\mathbf {v} \\in V\\mid L(\\mathbf {v} )=\\mathbf {0} \\right\\}=L^{-1}(\\mathbf {0} ).}","title":"Kernel (linear algebra)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kernel_and_image_of_linear_map.svg"},{"link_name":"linear subspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_subspace"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-textbooks-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"isomorphic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space_isomorphism"},{"link_name":"quotient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_space_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"inner product space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space"},{"link_name":"orthogonal complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_complement"},{"link_name":"row space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_space"}],"text":"Kernel and image of a linear map L from V to WThe kernel of L is a linear subspace of the domain V.[3][2]\nIn the linear map \n \n \n \n L\n :\n V\n →\n W\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L:V\\to W,}\n \n two elements of V have the same image in W if and only if their difference lies in the kernel of L, that is,L\n \n (\n \n \n v\n \n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n =\n L\n \n (\n \n \n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n if and only if \n \n \n L\n \n (\n \n \n \n v\n \n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n \n v\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n )\n \n =\n \n 0\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L\\left(\\mathbf {v} _{1}\\right)=L\\left(\\mathbf {v} _{2}\\right)\\quad {\\text{ if and only if }}\\quad L\\left(\\mathbf {v} _{1}-\\mathbf {v} _{2}\\right)=\\mathbf {0} .}From this, it follows that the image of L is isomorphic to the quotient of V by the kernel:im\n \n (\n L\n )\n ≅\n V\n \n /\n \n ker\n \n (\n L\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {im} (L)\\cong V/\\ker(L).}Vfinite-dimensionalrank–nullity theoremdim\n \n (\n ker\n \n L\n )\n +\n dim\n \n (\n im\n \n L\n )\n =\n dim\n \n (\n V\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim(\\ker L)+\\dim(\\operatorname {im} L)=\\dim(V).}rankLdim\n \n (\n im\n \n L\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim(\\operatorname {im} L),}nullityLdim\n \n (\n ker\n \n L\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\dim(\\ker L).}[4]Rank\n \n (\n L\n )\n =\n dim\n \n (\n im\n \n L\n )\n \n \n and \n \n \n Nullity\n \n (\n L\n )\n =\n dim\n \n (\n ker\n \n L\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Rank} (L)=\\dim(\\operatorname {im} L)\\qquad {\\text{ and }}\\qquad \\operatorname {Nullity} (L)=\\dim(\\ker L),}Rank\n \n (\n L\n )\n +\n Nullity\n \n (\n L\n )\n =\n dim\n \n \n (\n \n domain\n \n L\n \n )\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Rank} (L)+\\operatorname {Nullity} (L)=\\dim \\left(\\operatorname {domain} L\\right).}When V is an inner product space, the quotient \n \n \n \n V\n \n /\n \n ker\n \n (\n L\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V/\\ker(L)}\n \n can be identified with the orthogonal complement in V of \n \n \n \n ker\n \n (\n L\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\ker(L)}\n \n This is the generalization to linear operators of the row space, or coimage, of a matrix.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homomorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphism"},{"link_name":"modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"submodule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submodule"}],"text":"The notion of kernel also makes sense for homomorphisms of modules, which are generalizations of vector spaces where the scalars are elements of a ring, rather than a field. The domain of the mapping is a module, with the kernel constituting a submodule. Here, the concepts of rank and nullity do not necessarily apply.","title":"Application to modules"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"topological vector spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_vector_space"},{"link_name":"continuous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_linear_operator"},{"link_name":"closed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Closed_set"}],"text":"If V and W are topological vector spaces such that W is finite-dimensional, then a linear operator L: V → W is continuous if and only if the kernel of L is a closed subspace of V.","title":"In functional analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"zero vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_vector"},{"link_name":"dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimension_(vector_space)"},{"link_name":"set-builder notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-builder_notation"},{"link_name":"system of linear equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_linear_equations"}],"text":"Consider a linear map represented as a m × n matrix A with coefficients in a field K (typically \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {R} }\n \n or \n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbb {C} }\n \n), that is operating on column vectors x with n components over K.\nThe kernel of this linear map is the set of solutions to the equation Ax = 0, where 0 is understood as the zero vector. The dimension of the kernel of A is called the nullity of A. In set-builder notation,N\n \n (\n A\n )\n =\n Null\n \n (\n A\n )\n =\n ker\n \n (\n A\n )\n =\n \n {\n \n \n x\n \n ∈\n \n K\n \n n\n \n \n ∣\n A\n \n x\n \n =\n \n 0\n \n \n }\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {N} (A)=\\operatorname {Null} (A)=\\operatorname {ker} (A)=\\left\\{\\mathbf {x} \\in K^{n}\\mid A\\mathbf {x} =\\mathbf {0} \\right\\}.}The matrix equation is equivalent to a homogeneous system of linear equations:A\n \n x\n \n =\n \n 0\n \n \n \n ⇔\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 12\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n ⋯\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 21\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 22\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n ⋯\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n m\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n m\n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n ⋯\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n m\n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbf {x} =\\mathbf {0} \\;\\;\\Leftrightarrow \\;\\;{\\begin{alignedat}{7}a_{11}x_{1}&&\\;+\\;&&a_{12}x_{2}&&\\;+\\;\\cdots \\;+\\;&&a_{1n}x_{n}&&\\;=\\;&&&0\\\\a_{21}x_{1}&&\\;+\\;&&a_{22}x_{2}&&\\;+\\;\\cdots \\;+\\;&&a_{2n}x_{n}&&\\;=\\;&&&0\\\\&&&&&&&&&&\\vdots \\ \\;&&&\\\\a_{m1}x_{1}&&\\;+\\;&&a_{m2}x_{2}&&\\;+\\;\\cdots \\;+\\;&&a_{mn}x_{n}&&\\;=\\;&&&0{\\text{.}}\\\\\\end{alignedat}}}Thus the kernel of A is the same as the solution set to the above homogeneous equations.","title":"Representation as matrix multiplication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"linear subspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_subspace"},{"link_name":"zero vector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_vector"},{"link_name":"scalar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_(mathematics)"}],"sub_title":"Subspace properties","text":"The kernel of a m × n matrix A over a field K is a linear subspace of Kn. That is, the kernel of A, the set Null(A), has the following three properties:Null(A) always contains the zero vector, since A0 = 0.\nIf x ∈ Null(A) and y ∈ Null(A), then x + y ∈ Null(A). This follows from the distributivity of matrix multiplication over addition.\nIf x ∈ Null(A) and c is a scalar c ∈ K, then cx ∈ Null(A), since A(cx) = c(Ax) = c0 = 0.","title":"Representation as matrix multiplication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dot product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dot_product"},{"link_name":"orthogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonality"},{"link_name":"row space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_space"},{"link_name":"span","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_span"},{"link_name":"orthogonal complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_complement"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"rank–nullity theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank%E2%80%93nullity_theorem"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"}],"sub_title":"The row space of a matrix","text":"The product Ax can be written in terms of the dot product of vectors as follows:A\n \n x\n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n 1\n \n \n ⋅\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ⋅\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n \n m\n \n \n ⋅\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbf {x} ={\\begin{bmatrix}\\mathbf {a} _{1}\\cdot \\mathbf {x} \\\\\\mathbf {a} _{2}\\cdot \\mathbf {x} \\\\\\vdots \\\\\\mathbf {a} _{m}\\cdot \\mathbf {x} \\end{bmatrix}}.}Here, a1, ... , am denote the rows of the matrix A. It follows that x is in the kernel of A, if and only if x is orthogonal (or perpendicular) to each of the row vectors of A (since orthogonality is defined as having a dot product of 0).The row space, or coimage, of a matrix A is the span of the row vectors of A. By the above reasoning, the kernel of A is the orthogonal complement to the row space. That is, a vector x lies in the kernel of A, if and only if it is perpendicular to every vector in the row space of A.The dimension of the row space of A is called the rank of A, and the dimension of the kernel of A is called the nullity of A. These quantities are related by the rank–nullity theorem[4]rank\n \n (\n A\n )\n +\n nullity\n \n (\n A\n )\n =\n n\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {rank} (A)+\\operatorname {nullity} (A)=n.}","title":"Representation as matrix multiplication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cokernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokernel"},{"link_name":"transpose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpose"},{"link_name":"column space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_space"},{"link_name":"cokernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cokernel"}],"sub_title":"Left null space","text":"The left null space, or cokernel, of a matrix A consists of all column vectors x such that xTA = 0T, where T denotes the transpose of a matrix. The left null space of A is the same as the kernel of AT. The left null space of A is the orthogonal complement to the column space of A, and is dual to the cokernel of the associated linear transformation. The kernel, the row space, the column space, and the left null space of A are the four fundamental subspaces associated with the matrix A.","title":"Representation as matrix multiplication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"Fredholm alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm_alternative"},{"link_name":"flat (geometry)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_(geometry)"}],"sub_title":"Nonhomogeneous systems of linear equations","text":"The kernel also plays a role in the solution to a nonhomogeneous system of linear equations:A\n \n x\n \n =\n \n b\n \n \n \n or\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 12\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n ⋯\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 1\n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 21\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 22\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n ⋯\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⋮\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n m\n 1\n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n m\n 2\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n ⋯\n \n +\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n m\n n\n \n \n \n x\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n m\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbf {x} =\\mathbf {b} \\quad {\\text{or}}\\quad {\\begin{alignedat}{7}a_{11}x_{1}&&\\;+\\;&&a_{12}x_{2}&&\\;+\\;\\cdots \\;+\\;&&a_{1n}x_{n}&&\\;=\\;&&&b_{1}\\\\a_{21}x_{1}&&\\;+\\;&&a_{22}x_{2}&&\\;+\\;\\cdots \\;+\\;&&a_{2n}x_{n}&&\\;=\\;&&&b_{2}\\\\&&&&&&&&&&\\vdots \\ \\;&&&\\\\a_{m1}x_{1}&&\\;+\\;&&a_{m2}x_{2}&&\\;+\\;\\cdots \\;+\\;&&a_{mn}x_{n}&&\\;=\\;&&&b_{m}\\\\\\end{alignedat}}}If u and v are two possible solutions to the above equation, thenA\n (\n \n u\n \n −\n \n v\n \n )\n =\n A\n \n u\n \n −\n A\n \n v\n \n =\n \n b\n \n −\n \n b\n \n =\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A(\\mathbf {u} -\\mathbf {v} )=A\\mathbf {u} -A\\mathbf {v} =\\mathbf {b} -\\mathbf {b} =\\mathbf {0} \\,}Thus, the difference of any two solutions to the equation Ax = b lies in the kernel of A.It follows that any solution to the equation Ax = b can be expressed as the sum of a fixed solution v and an arbitrary element of the kernel. That is, the solution set to the equation Ax = b is{\n \n \n v\n \n +\n \n x\n \n ∣\n A\n \n v\n \n =\n \n b\n \n ∧\n \n x\n \n ∈\n Null\n \n (\n A\n )\n \n }\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left\\{\\mathbf {v} +\\mathbf {x} \\mid A\\mathbf {v} =\\mathbf {b} \\land \\mathbf {x} \\in \\operatorname {Null} (A)\\right\\},}Geometrically, this says that the solution set to Ax = b is the translation of the kernel of A by the vector v. See also Fredholm alternative and flat (geometry).","title":"Representation as matrix multiplication"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"§ Computation by Gaussian elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Computation_by_Gaussian_elimination"},{"link_name":"R3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_coordinate_space"},{"link_name":"system of linear equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_linear_equations"},{"link_name":"Gauss–Jordan elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%E2%80%93Jordan_elimination"},{"link_name":"parametric vector form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametric_equations"},{"link_name":"free variable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_variables_(system_of_linear_equations)"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(geometry)"},{"link_name":"basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"}],"text":"The following is a simple illustration of the computation of the kernel of a matrix (see § Computation by Gaussian elimination, below for methods better suited to more complex calculations). The illustration also touches on the row space and its relation to the kernel.Consider the matrixA\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A={\\begin{bmatrix}2&3&5\\\\-4&2&3\\end{bmatrix}}.}The kernel of this matrix consists of all vectors (x, y, z) ∈ R3 for which[\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}2&3&5\\\\-4&2&3\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}x\\\\y\\\\z\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}0\\\\0\\end{bmatrix}},}which can be expressed as a homogeneous system of linear equations involving x, y, and z:2\n x\n +\n 3\n y\n +\n 5\n z\n \n \n \n =\n 0\n ,\n \n \n \n \n −\n 4\n x\n +\n 2\n y\n +\n 3\n z\n \n \n \n =\n 0.\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}2x+3y+5z&=0,\\\\-4x+2y+3z&=0.\\end{aligned}}}The same linear equations can also be written in matrix form as:[\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 5\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left[{\\begin{array}{ccc|c}2&3&5&0\\\\-4&2&3&0\\end{array}}\\right].}Through Gauss–Jordan elimination, the matrix can be reduced to:[\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n /\n \n 16\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 13\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left[{\\begin{array}{ccc|c}1&0&1/16&0\\\\0&1&13/8&0\\end{array}}\\right].}Rewriting the matrix in equation form yields:x\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n 1\n 16\n \n \n z\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n =\n −\n \n \n 13\n 8\n \n \n z\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}x&=-{\\frac {1}{16}}z\\\\y&=-{\\frac {13}{8}}z.\\end{aligned}}}The elements of the kernel can be further expressed in parametric vector form, as follows:[\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n c\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n /\n \n 16\n \n \n \n \n −\n 13\n \n /\n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n (\n \n where \n \n c\n ∈\n \n R\n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}x\\\\y\\\\z\\end{bmatrix}}=c{\\begin{bmatrix}-1/16\\\\-13/8\\\\1\\end{bmatrix}}\\quad ({\\text{where }}c\\in \\mathbb {R} )}Since c is a free variable ranging over all real numbers, this can be expressed equally well as:[\n \n \n \n x\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n z\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n c\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n 26\n \n \n \n \n 16\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}x\\\\y\\\\z\\end{bmatrix}}=c{\\begin{bmatrix}-1\\\\-26\\\\16\\end{bmatrix}}.}The kernel of A is precisely the solution set to these equations (in this case, a line through the origin in R3). Here, since the vector (−1,−26,16)T constitutes a basis of the kernel of A. The nullity of A is 1.The following dot products are zero:[\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 5\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n 26\n \n \n \n \n 16\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n \n a\n n\n d\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n 26\n \n \n \n \n 16\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n 0\n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}2&3&5\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}-1\\\\-26\\\\16\\end{bmatrix}}=0\\quad \\mathrm {and} \\quad {\\begin{bmatrix}-4&2&3\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}-1\\\\-26\\\\16\\end{bmatrix}}=0\\mathrm {,} }which illustrates that vectors in the kernel of A are orthogonal to each of the row vectors of A.These two (linearly independent) row vectors span the row space of A—a plane orthogonal to the vector (−1,−26,16)T.With the rank 2 of A, the nullity 1 of A, and the dimension 3 of A, we have an illustration of the rank-nullity theorem.","title":"Illustration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"system of linear equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_linear_equations"},{"link_name":"vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"link_name":"differentiation operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_operator"},{"link_name":"constant functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_function"},{"link_name":"direct product","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product"},{"link_name":"shift operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_operator"},{"link_name":"inner product space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_product_space"},{"link_name":"orthogonal projection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"orthogonal complement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_complement"}],"text":"If L: Rm → Rn, then the kernel of L is the solution set to a homogeneous system of linear equations. As in the above illustration, if L is the operator: \n \n \n \n L\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n =\n (\n 2\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 5\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n −\n 4\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})=(2x_{1}+3x_{2}+5x_{3},\\;-4x_{1}+2x_{2}+3x_{3})}\n \n then the kernel of L is the set of solutions to the equations \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 3\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 5\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 4\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 2\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n 3\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{alignedat}{7}2x_{1}&\\;+\\;&3x_{2}&\\;+\\;&5x_{3}&\\;=\\;&0\\\\-4x_{1}&\\;+\\;&2x_{2}&\\;+\\;&3x_{3}&\\;=\\;&0\\end{alignedat}}}\n \n\nLet C[0,1] denote the vector space of all continuous real-valued functions on the interval [0,1], and define L: C[0,1] → R by the rule \n \n \n \n L\n (\n f\n )\n =\n f\n (\n 0.3\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle L(f)=f(0.3).}\n \n Then the kernel of L consists of all functions f ∈ C[0,1] for which f(0.3) = 0.\nLet C∞(R) be the vector space of all infinitely differentiable functions R → R, and let D: C∞(R) → C∞(R) be the differentiation operator: \n \n \n \n D\n (\n f\n )\n =\n \n \n \n d\n f\n \n \n d\n x\n \n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle D(f)={\\frac {df}{dx}}.}\n \n Then the kernel of D consists of all functions in C∞(R) whose derivatives are zero, i.e. the set of all constant functions.\nLet R∞ be the direct product of infinitely many copies of R, and let s: R∞ → R∞ be the shift operator \n \n \n \n s\n (\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n =\n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 4\n \n \n ,\n …\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s(x_{1},x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},\\ldots )=(x_{2},x_{3},x_{4},\\ldots ).}\n \n Then the kernel of s is the one-dimensional subspace consisting of all vectors (x1, 0, 0, 0, ...).\nIf V is an inner product space and W is a subspace, the kernel of the orthogonal projection V → W is the orthogonal complement to W in V.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basis_(linear_algebra)"},{"link_name":"Gaussian elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_elimination"},{"link_name":"augmented matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augmented_matrix"},{"link_name":"identity matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix"},{"link_name":"column echelon form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_echelon_form"},{"link_name":"zero column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_matrix"}],"text":"A basis of the kernel of a matrix may be computed by Gaussian elimination.For this purpose, given an m × n matrix A, we construct first the row augmented matrix \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}A\\\\\\hline I\\end{bmatrix}},}\n \n where I is the n × n identity matrix.Computing its column echelon form by Gaussian elimination (or any other suitable method), we get a matrix \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}B\\\\\\hline C\\end{bmatrix}}.}\n \n A basis of the kernel of A consists in the non-zero columns of C such that the corresponding column of B is a zero column.In fact, the computation may be stopped as soon as the upper matrix is in column echelon form: the remainder of the computation consists in changing the basis of the vector space generated by the columns whose upper part is zero.For example, suppose thatA\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 8\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 7\n \n \n −\n 9\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A={\\begin{bmatrix}1&0&-3&0&2&-8\\\\0&1&5&0&-1&4\\\\0&0&0&1&7&-9\\\\0&0&0&0&0&0\\end{bmatrix}}.}Then[\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 8\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 5\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 7\n \n \n −\n 9\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}A\\\\\\hline I\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}1&0&-3&0&2&-8\\\\0&1&5&0&-1&4\\\\0&0&0&1&7&-9\\\\0&0&0&0&0&0\\\\\\hline 1&0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&1&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\0&0&0&1&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&1&0\\\\0&0&0&0&0&1\\end{bmatrix}}.}Putting the upper part in column echelon form by column operations on the whole matrix gives[\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 5\n \n \n 1\n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 7\n \n \n 9\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}B\\\\\\hline C\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&1&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&0&0\\\\\\hline 1&0&0&3&-2&8\\\\0&1&0&-5&1&-4\\\\0&0&0&1&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0&-7&9\\\\0&0&0&0&1&0\\\\0&0&0&0&0&1\\end{bmatrix}}.}The last three columns of B are zero columns. Therefore, the three last vectors of C,[\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n −\n 5\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n ,\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 7\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n ,\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 8\n \n \n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\left[\\!\\!{\\begin{array}{r}3\\\\-5\\\\1\\\\0\\\\0\\\\0\\end{array}}\\right],\\;\\left[\\!\\!{\\begin{array}{r}-2\\\\1\\\\0\\\\-7\\\\1\\\\0\\end{array}}\\right],\\;\\left[\\!\\!{\\begin{array}{r}8\\\\-4\\\\0\\\\9\\\\0\\\\1\\end{array}}\\right]}are a basis of the kernel of A.Proof that the method computes the kernel: Since column operations correspond to post-multiplication by invertible matrices, the fact that \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}A\\\\\\hline I\\end{bmatrix}}}\n \n reduces to \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}B\\\\\\hline C\\end{bmatrix}}}\n \n means that there exists an invertible matrix \n \n \n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle P}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n A\n \n \n \n \n I\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n P\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n B\n \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}A\\\\\\hline I\\end{bmatrix}}P={\\begin{bmatrix}B\\\\\\hline C\\end{bmatrix}},}\n \n with \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n in column echelon form. Thus \n \n \n \n A\n P\n =\n B\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle AP=B,}\n \n \n \n \n \n I\n P\n =\n C\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle IP=C,}\n \n and \n \n \n \n A\n C\n =\n B\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle AC=B.}\n \n A column vector \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {v} }\n \n belongs to the kernel of \n \n \n \n A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}\n \n (that is \n \n \n \n A\n \n v\n \n =\n \n 0\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\mathbf {v} =\\mathbf {0} }\n \n) if and only if \n \n \n \n B\n \n w\n \n =\n \n 0\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B\\mathbf {w} =\\mathbf {0} ,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n =\n \n P\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n v\n \n =\n \n C\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n v\n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {w} =P^{-1}\\mathbf {v} =C^{-1}\\mathbf {v} .}\n \n As \n \n \n \n B\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B}\n \n is in column echelon form, \n \n \n \n B\n \n w\n \n =\n \n 0\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B\\mathbf {w} =\\mathbf {0} ,}\n \n if and only if the nonzero entries of \n \n \n \n \n w\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {w} }\n \n correspond to the zero columns of \n \n \n \n B\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle B.}\n \n By multiplying by \n \n \n \n C\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C}\n \n, one may deduce that this is the case if and only if \n \n \n \n \n v\n \n =\n C\n \n w\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathbf {v} =C\\mathbf {w} }\n \n is a linear combination of the corresponding columns of \n \n \n \n C\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle C.}","title":"Computation by Gaussian elimination"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The problem of computing the kernel on a computer depends on the nature of the coefficients.","title":"Numerical computation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"column echelon form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Column_echelon_form"},{"link_name":"Bareiss algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareiss_algorithm"},{"link_name":"modular arithmetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_arithmetic"},{"link_name":"Chinese remainder theorem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_remainder_theorem"},{"link_name":"finite fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_field"},{"link_name":"computational complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"Gröbner basis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B6bner_basis"},{"link_name":"computational complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms"},{"link_name":"computer hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardware"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Exact coefficients","text":"If the coefficients of the matrix are exactly given numbers, the column echelon form of the matrix may be computed with Bareiss algorithm more efficiently than with Gaussian elimination. It is even more efficient to use modular arithmetic and Chinese remainder theorem, which reduces the problem to several similar ones over finite fields (this avoids the overhead induced by the non-linearity of the computational complexity of integer multiplication).[citation needed]For coefficients in a finite field, Gaussian elimination works well, but for the large matrices that occur in cryptography and Gröbner basis computation, better algorithms are known, which have roughly the same computational complexity, but are faster and behave better with modern computer hardware.[citation needed]","title":"Numerical computation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"floating-point numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating-point_number"},{"link_name":"rounding errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rounding_error"},{"link_name":"full rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_rank"},{"link_name":"well conditioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well-conditioned_problem"},{"link_name":"condition number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condition_number"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Lapack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapack"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Floating point computation","text":"For matrices whose entries are floating-point numbers, the problem of computing the kernel makes sense only for matrices such that the number of rows is equal to their rank: because of the rounding errors, a floating-point matrix has almost always a full rank, even when it is an approximation of a matrix of a much smaller rank. Even for a full-rank matrix, it is possible to compute its kernel only if it is well conditioned, i.e. it has a low condition number.[5][citation needed]Even for a well conditioned full rank matrix, Gaussian elimination does not behave correctly: it introduces rounding errors that are too large for getting a significant result. As the computation of the kernel of a matrix is a special instance of solving a homogeneous system of linear equations, the kernel may be computed with any of the various algorithms designed to solve homogeneous systems. A state of the art software for this purpose is the Lapack library.[citation needed]","title":"Numerical computation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Kernel\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mathworld.wolfram.com/Kernel.html"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"Kernel (Nullspace) | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//brilliant.org/wiki/kernel/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-textbooks_3-0"},{"link_name":"Lay 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLay2005"},{"link_name":"Meyer 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMeyer2001"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Rank-Nullity Theorem\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mathworld.wolfram.com/Rank-NullityTheorem.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Archived copy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170829031912/http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math3600/lecture11.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math3600/lecture11.pdf"},{"link_name":"cite web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title"}],"text":"^ Weisstein, Eric W. \"Kernel\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.\n\n^ a b \"Kernel (Nullspace) | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki\". brilliant.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.\n\n^ Linear algebra, as discussed in this article, is a very well established mathematical discipline for which there are many sources. Almost all of the material in this article can be found in Lay 2005, Meyer 2001, and Strang's lectures.\n\n^ a b Weisstein, Eric W. \"Rank-Nullity Theorem\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.\n\n^ \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2015-04-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linear algebra § Further reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebra#Further_reading"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-387-98259-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98259-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-321-28713-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-28713-7"},{"link_name":"Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091031193126/http://matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89871-454-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89871-454-8"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-534-99845-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-99845-3"},{"link_name":"Lang, Serge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lang"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780387964126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387964126"},{"link_name":"Numerical Linear Algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/nick.trefethen/text.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89871-361-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89871-361-9"}],"text":"See also: Linear algebra § Further readingAxler, Sheldon Jay (1997), Linear Algebra Done Right (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-98259-0.\nLay, David C. (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (3rd ed.), Addison Wesley, ISBN 978-0-321-28713-7.\nMeyer, Carl D. (2001), Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), ISBN 978-0-89871-454-8, archived from the original on 2009-10-31.\nPoole, David (2006), Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction (2nd ed.), Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-534-99845-3.\nAnton, Howard (2005), Elementary Linear Algebra (Applications Version) (9th ed.), Wiley International.\nLeon, Steven J. (2006), Linear Algebra With Applications (7th ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall.\nLang, Serge (1987). Linear Algebra. Springer. ISBN 9780387964126.\nTrefethen, Lloyd N.; Bau, David III (1997), Numerical Linear Algebra, SIAM, ISBN 978-0-89871-361-9.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Kernel and image of a linear map L from V to W","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Kernel_and_image_of_linear_map.svg/300px-Kernel_and_image_of_linear_map.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Kernel (algebra)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)"},{"title":"Zero set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_set"},{"title":"System of linear equations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_linear_equations"},{"title":"Row and column spaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_and_column_spaces"},{"title":"Row reduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Row_reduction"},{"title":"Four fundamental subspaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_fundamental_subspaces"},{"title":"Vector space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_space"},{"title":"Linear subspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_subspace"},{"title":"Linear operator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_operator"},{"title":"Function space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_space"},{"title":"Fredholm alternative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fredholm_alternative"}] | [{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Kernel\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Kernel.html","url_text":"\"Kernel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kernel (Nullspace) | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki\". brilliant.org. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://brilliant.org/wiki/kernel/","url_text":"\"Kernel (Nullspace) | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki\""}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Rank-Nullity Theorem\". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2019-12-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Rank-NullityTheorem.html","url_text":"\"Rank-Nullity Theorem\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-29. Retrieved 2015-04-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170829031912/http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math3600/lecture11.pdf","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math3600/lecture11.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Axler, Sheldon Jay (1997), Linear Algebra Done Right (2nd ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-98259-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-98259-0","url_text":"0-387-98259-0"}]},{"reference":"Lay, David C. (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (3rd ed.), Addison Wesley, ISBN 978-0-321-28713-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-28713-7","url_text":"978-0-321-28713-7"}]},{"reference":"Meyer, Carl D. (2001), Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), ISBN 978-0-89871-454-8, archived from the original on 2009-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091031193126/http://matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html","url_text":"Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89871-454-8","url_text":"978-0-89871-454-8"},{"url":"http://www.matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Poole, David (2006), Linear Algebra: A Modern Introduction (2nd ed.), Brooks/Cole, ISBN 0-534-99845-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-99845-3","url_text":"0-534-99845-3"}]},{"reference":"Anton, Howard (2005), Elementary Linear Algebra (Applications Version) (9th ed.), Wiley International.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Leon, Steven J. (2006), Linear Algebra With Applications (7th ed.), Pearson Prentice Hall.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lang, Serge (1987). Linear Algebra. Springer. ISBN 9780387964126.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Lang","url_text":"Lang, Serge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387964126","url_text":"9780387964126"}]},{"reference":"Trefethen, Lloyd N.; Bau, David III (1997), Numerical Linear Algebra, SIAM, ISBN 978-0-89871-361-9.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/nick.trefethen/text.html","url_text":"Numerical Linear Algebra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89871-361-9","url_text":"978-0-89871-361-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Kernel of a matrix\", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, EMS Press, 2001 [1994]","urls":[{"url":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Kernel_of_a_matrix","url_text":"\"Kernel of a matrix\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mathematics","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Mathematical_Society","url_text":"EMS Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Kernel.html","external_links_name":"\"Kernel\""},{"Link":"https://brilliant.org/wiki/kernel/","external_links_name":"\"Kernel (Nullspace) | Brilliant Math & Science Wiki\""},{"Link":"http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Rank-NullityTheorem.html","external_links_name":"\"Rank-Nullity Theorem\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170829031912/http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math3600/lecture11.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"https://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math3600/lecture11.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091031193126/http://matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html","external_links_name":"Matrix Analysis and Applied Linear Algebra"},{"Link":"http://www.matrixanalysis.com/DownloadChapters.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://web.comlab.ox.ac.uk/oucl/work/nick.trefethen/text.html","external_links_name":"Numerical Linear Algebra"},{"Link":"https://www.encyclopediaofmath.org/index.php?title=Kernel_of_a_matrix","external_links_name":"\"Kernel of a matrix\""},{"Link":"https://www.khanacademy.org/video/introduction-to-the-null-space-of-a-matrix","external_links_name":"Introduction to the Null Space of a Matrix"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barenboim%E2%80%93Said_Academy | Barenboim–Said Akademie | ["1 Background","2 Faculty","3 Facilities","4 Depictions in popular culture","5 Relevant publications and performances","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°30′56″N 13°23′46″E / 52.51543°N 13.39614°E / 52.51543; 13.39614German music school
Barenboim-Said AkademieTypePublic–privateEstablished2016FounderDaniel BarenboimEdward SaidStudents90LocationBerlin, GermanyWebsitebarenboimsaid.de
The Barenboim–Said Akademie (German: Barenboim-Said Akademie, Arabic: أكاديمية بارنبويم-سعيد, Hebrew: אקדמיית ברנבוים-סעיד) is an academy located in Berlin, Germany, offering bachelor's degrees and Artist Diploma certificates in music; it opened on 8 December 2016. It was co-founded by the conductor and pianist Daniel Barenboim and the literary theorist Edward Said. The academy was financed to a capacity of 90 young musicians, with an admissions focus on the Middle East and North Africa, in the spirit of the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra.
Background
The façade of the Barenboim–Said Academy on Französische Straße The creation of the Barenboim–Said Akademie in 2015 was rooted in a pre-existing peace project, the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra. Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim co-founded the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra in Weimar, Germany in 1999, named after the West–östlicher Divan (West–Eastern Divan), an anthology of poems by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who took his inspiration from the Persian poet Hafez. The first ensemble workshop took place in 1999, part of Weimar's program as the European Capital of Culture.
The academy, which emerged from the Orchestra, offers a program jointly in the music and in humanities, with the intent "to train excellent musicians who are also curious and well-educated." Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Seville, 2002 Edward Said said of the founding of the Western-Eastern Divan Orchestra,
"Separation between peoples is not a solution for any of the problems that divide peoples. And certainly ignorance of the other provides no help whatever. Cooperation and coexistence of the kind that music lived as we have lived, performed, shared and loved it together, might be."
Faculty
Radek Baborák
Frans Helmerson
Michael Naumann (retired 2021)
Emmanuel Pahud
Joseph Pearson
András Schiff
Klaus Thunemann
Jörg Widmann
Facilities
Pierre Boulez Saal
The Barenboim–Said Akademie is located in the Mitte district of Berlin, housed in the former depot for stage sets of the Staatsoper Unter den Linden. It was rebuilt after its destruction in World War II between 1951 and 1955 by the architect Richard Paulick. The building is landmark protected; its exterior and the main parts of its interior have been restored. A total of 6,500 m2 of floor space houses 21 rehearsal rooms, an auditorium, offices and ancillary spaces. The main addition to the building is a 682-seat Pierre Boulez Saal in the eastern wing of the building, based on a design by Frank Gehry and planned by Yasuhisa Toyota as chief acoustician. The design of the concert hall reflects the ideas of French composer, director and theoretician Pierre Boulez, who was also consulted on the project.
Construction costs are estimated at €36 million, financed by private donors and a €20 million grant from the German Federal Government. The Barenboim–Said Academy moved into the space in the fall of 2016. The concert hall was inaugurated on 4 March 2017.
Depictions in popular culture
The Netflix miniseries Unorthodox based its fictional music academy on the Barenboim–Said Akademie.
Relevant publications and performances
Barenboim, Daniel; West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (2012), Knowledge is the beginning (in no linguistic content), Berlin: EuroArts Music International, OCLC 1188354496
Barenboim, Daniel; Said, Edward W.; Guzelimian, Ara (2004). Parallels and paradoxes : explorations in music and society. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 1-4000-7515-7. OCLC 54858478.
"Remembering Edward W. Said. Ara Guzelimian and Daniel Barenboim in Conversation." ICLS Columbia, 1 February 2013 iTunes
Cheah, Elena (2009). Die Kraft der Musik das West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (in German). München. ISBN 978-3-570-58009-7. OCLC 437034507.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Mit einem Vorwort von Daniel Barenboim. Edition Elke Heidenreich, C. Bertelsmann.
"Palestinian-Israeli orchestra marks 10th anniversary" (al Jazeera English), 21 August 2009 on YouTube
Daniel Barenboim: Beethoven for All – Symphonies (Decca Classics), 18 January 2012 on YouTube
Yammine, Georges; Barenboim, Daniel (2014). Funkelnde Hoffnung : das West-Eastern Divan Orchestra und die Kraft der Musik (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3-7374-0704-5. OCLC 908681045.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
References
^ Smale, Alison (9 December 2016). "The Barenboim-Said Academy Opens in Berlin". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 December 2016. Print version appeared on 10 December 2016.
^ "Foundation laid for Barenboim-Said Academy". Deutsche Welle. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ a b Michael Naumann, ed. "Barenboim–Said Academy Information Brochure". Berlin: Barenboim-Said Akademie gGmbH, 2013.
^ Schmid, Rebecca (6 May 2014). "Plans for Barenboim–Said Academy in Berlin Unveiled". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2014.
^ Bach, Aya (7 May 2014). "Foundation Laid for Barenboim–Said Academy". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
^ "Barenboim-Said Academy History". Barenboim-Said Akademie Website.
^ "A New Divan: Cultural dialogue between East and West 200 years after Goethe". Deutsche Welle. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Tommasini, Anthony (21 December 2006). "Barenboim Seeks Harmony, And More Than One Type". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2009.
^ "Welcome". Barenboim-Said Akademie Website. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Iskandar, Adel; Rustom, Hakem, eds. (2010). Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25890-7.
^ a b c d e f g "Faculty". barenboimsaid.de. Berlin: Barenboim-Said-Akademie. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Hanssen, Frederik (3 June 2017). "Wenn mittags der Mond leuchtet". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ a b c d "András Schiff wird Dozent an Barenboim-Said-Akademie". Musik Heute (in German). Berlin. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ "Regula Rapp wird neue Rektorin der Barenboim-Said Akademie". Barenboim-Said Akademie (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2023.
^ Hanssen, Frederik (7 May 2014). "Barenboim-Said Akademie in Berlin. Das Charakterbildungsprogramm des Stardirigenten". Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
^ Bernau, Nikolaus (6 May 2014). "Barenboim-Said Akademie. Vom Berghain Lernen". Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved 25 July 2014.
^ "Pierre Boulez Saal: About the hall". boulezsaal.de. 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^ "The Pierre Boulez Saal". barenboimsaid.de. 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
^ Sved, Mark (6 March 2017). "Hall's sound and symbolism are dazzling". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. p. E3. Retrieved 18 May 2020.
^ Pierre Boulez: Orientations. Collected Writings. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard UP 1986, cf. p. 445 passim.
^ Burton-Hill, Clemency (25 January 2013). "An Academy Seeks to Touch the Mideast With Music". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 July 2014.
^ "Kulturstaatsministerin Monika Grütters zum Baubeginn der Barenboim-Said Akademie". Press Release. Federal Government of Germany. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ Lemaître, Frédéric (17 June 2015). "Le rêve israélo-arabe de Daniel Barenboïm prend forme à Berlin". Le Monde. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
^ Swed, Mark (5 March 2017). "New Gehry concert hall in Berlin thrills with its sound — and its symbolism". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved 16 November 2017.
^ Bramesco, Charles (26 March 2020). "Unorthodox: behind the Deutschland 83 co-creator's new Netflix series". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Thomas Abeltshauser. "Weg vom Ufer". Der Freitag Weekly Magazine. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
^ Thomas Abeltshauser (22 March 2020). "Maria Schrader: "Ich will den Blick auf die Dinge verändern"". Berliner Morgenpost. Retrieved 22 March 2020.
External links
Official website
52°30′56″N 13°23′46″E / 52.51543°N 13.39614°E / 52.51543; 13.39614
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Geographic
MusicBrainz place | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Daniel Barenboim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim"},{"link_name":"Edward Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Middle East and North Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa"},{"link_name":"West–Eastern Divan Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%E2%80%93Eastern_Divan_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MN-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"German music schoolThe Barenboim–Said Akademie (German: Barenboim-Said Akademie, Arabic: أكاديمية بارنبويم-سعيد, Hebrew: אקדמיית ברנבוים-סעיד) is an academy located in Berlin, Germany, offering bachelor's degrees and Artist Diploma certificates in music; it opened on 8 December 2016.[1] It was co-founded by the conductor and pianist Daniel Barenboim and the literary theorist Edward Said.[2] The academy was financed to a capacity of 90 young musicians, with an admissions focus on the Middle East and North Africa, in the spirit of the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra.[3][4][5]","title":"Barenboim–Said Akademie"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Barenboim-Said_Akademie_Berlin_IMG_5333_franz%C3%B6sische_strasse.jpg"},{"link_name":"West-Eastern Divan Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Eastern_Divan_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Edward Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said"},{"link_name":"Daniel Barenboim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Barenboim"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"West–östlicher Divan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West%E2%80%93%C3%B6stlicher_Divan"},{"link_name":"Johann Wolfgang von Goethe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe"},{"link_name":"Hafez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafez"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"European Capital of Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla,_2002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward Said","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Said"},{"link_name":"Western-Eastern Divan Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western-Eastern_Divan_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The façade of the Barenboim–Said Academy on Französische StraßeThe creation of the Barenboim–Said Akademie in 2015 was rooted in a pre-existing peace project, the West-Eastern Divan Orchestra.[6] Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim co-founded the West–Eastern Divan Orchestra in Weimar, Germany in 1999, named after the West–östlicher Divan (West–Eastern Divan), an anthology of poems by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, who took his inspiration from the Persian poet Hafez.[7] The first ensemble workshop took place in 1999, part of Weimar's program as the European Capital of Culture.[8]\nThe academy, which emerged from the Orchestra, offers a program jointly in the music and in humanities, with the intent \"to train excellent musicians who are also curious and well-educated.\"[9]Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Seville, 2002Edward Said said of the founding of the Western-Eastern Divan Orchestra,\"Separation between peoples is not a solution for any of the problems that divide peoples. And certainly ignorance of the other provides no help whatever. Cooperation and coexistence of the kind that music lived as we have lived, performed, shared and loved it together, might be.\"[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Radek Baborák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radek_Babor%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faculty-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hanssen-12"},{"link_name":"Frans Helmerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Helmerson"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiff-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faculty-11"},{"link_name":"Michael Naumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Naumann"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Barenboim-Said_Akademie-14"},{"link_name":"Emmanuel Pahud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_Pahud"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faculty-11"},{"link_name":"Joseph Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Pearson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiff-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faculty-11"},{"link_name":"András Schiff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Schiff"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiff-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faculty-11"},{"link_name":"Klaus Thunemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_Thunemann"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faculty-11"},{"link_name":"Jörg Widmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Widmann"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schiff-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-faculty-11"}],"text":"Radek Baborák[11][12]\nFrans Helmerson[13][11]\nMichael Naumann (retired 2021)[14]\nEmmanuel Pahud[11]\nJoseph Pearson[13][11]\nAndrás Schiff[13][11]\nKlaus Thunemann[11]\nJörg Widmann[13][11]","title":"Faculty"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pierre-Boulez-Saal_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mitte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitte"},{"link_name":"Staatsoper Unter den Linden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatsoper_Unter_den_Linden"},{"link_name":"Richard Paulick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Paulick"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez Saal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez_Saal"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez_Saal"},{"link_name":"Frank Gehry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gehry"},{"link_name":"Yasuhisa Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasuhisa_Toyota"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Pierre Boulez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Boulez"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"German Federal Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Federal_Government"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BH-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MN-3"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Pierre Boulez SaalThe Barenboim–Said Akademie is located in the Mitte district of Berlin, housed in the former depot for stage sets of the Staatsoper Unter den Linden. It was rebuilt after its destruction in World War II between 1951 and 1955 by the architect Richard Paulick. The building is landmark protected; its exterior and the main parts of its interior have been restored. A total of 6,500 m2 of floor space houses 21 rehearsal rooms, an auditorium, offices and ancillary spaces.[15][16] The main addition to the building is a 682-seat Pierre Boulez Saal [de] in the eastern wing of the building, based on a design by Frank Gehry and planned by Yasuhisa Toyota as chief acoustician.[17][18][19] The design of the concert hall reflects the ideas of French composer, director and theoretician Pierre Boulez, who was also consulted on the project.[20] \nConstruction costs are estimated at €36 million, financed by private donors and a €20 million grant from the German Federal Government.[21][22][3] The Barenboim–Said Academy moved into the space in the fall of 2016.[23] The concert hall was inaugurated on 4 March 2017.[24]","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unorthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unorthodox_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"text":"The Netflix miniseries Unorthodox based its fictional music academy on the Barenboim–Said Akademie.[25][26][27]","title":"Depictions in popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1188354496","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1188354496"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4000-7515-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-7515-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"54858478","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/54858478"},{"link_name":"Ara Guzelimian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Guzelimian"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//itunes.apple.com/us/itunes-u/icls-events/id506431392"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-570-58009-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-58009-7"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"437034507","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/437034507"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"},{"link_name":"Elke Heidenreich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elke_Heidenreich"},{"link_name":"Bertelsmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann"},{"link_name":"\"Palestinian-Israeli orchestra marks 10th anniversary\" (al Jazeera English), 21 August 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=gDJui5-zoeg"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"Daniel Barenboim: Beethoven for All – Symphonies (Decca Classics), 18 January 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=OScJZWktQUY"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-7374-0704-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7374-0704-5"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"908681045","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/908681045"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Barenboim, Daniel; West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (2012), Knowledge is the beginning (in no linguistic content), Berlin: EuroArts Music International, OCLC 1188354496\nBarenboim, Daniel; Said, Edward W.; Guzelimian, Ara (2004). Parallels and paradoxes : explorations in music and society. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 1-4000-7515-7. OCLC 54858478.\n\"Remembering Edward W. Said. Ara Guzelimian and Daniel Barenboim in Conversation.\" ICLS Columbia, 1 February 2013 iTunes [1]\nCheah, Elena (2009). Die Kraft der Musik das West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (in German). München. ISBN 978-3-570-58009-7. OCLC 437034507.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Mit einem Vorwort von Daniel Barenboim. Edition Elke Heidenreich, C. Bertelsmann.\n\"Palestinian-Israeli orchestra marks 10th anniversary\" (al Jazeera English), 21 August 2009 on YouTube\nDaniel Barenboim: Beethoven for All – Symphonies (Decca Classics), 18 January 2012 on YouTube\nYammine, Georges; Barenboim, Daniel (2014). Funkelnde Hoffnung : das West-Eastern Divan Orchestra und die Kraft der Musik (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3-7374-0704-5. OCLC 908681045.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Relevant publications and performances"}] | [{"image_text":"The façade of the Barenboim–Said Academy on Französische Straße","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Barenboim-Said_Akademie_Berlin_IMG_5333_franz%C3%B6sische_strasse.jpg/220px-Barenboim-Said_Akademie_Berlin_IMG_5333_franz%C3%B6sische_strasse.jpg"},{"image_text":"Edward Said and Daniel Barenboim in Seville, 2002","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002.jpg/220px-Edward_Said_and_Daniel_Barenboim_in_Sevilla%2C_2002.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pierre Boulez Saal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pierre-Boulez-Saal_2.jpg/220px-Pierre-Boulez-Saal_2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Barenboim, Daniel; West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (2012), Knowledge is the beginning (in no linguistic content), Berlin: EuroArts Music International, OCLC 1188354496","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1188354496","url_text":"1188354496"}]},{"reference":"Barenboim, Daniel; Said, Edward W.; Guzelimian, Ara (2004). Parallels and paradoxes : explorations in music and society. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 1-4000-7515-7. OCLC 54858478.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-7515-7","url_text":"1-4000-7515-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/54858478","url_text":"54858478"}]},{"reference":"Cheah, Elena (2009). Die Kraft der Musik das West-Eastern Divan Orchestra (in German). München. ISBN 978-3-570-58009-7. OCLC 437034507.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-570-58009-7","url_text":"978-3-570-58009-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/437034507","url_text":"437034507"}]},{"reference":"Yammine, Georges; Barenboim, Daniel (2014). Funkelnde Hoffnung : das West-Eastern Divan Orchestra und die Kraft der Musik (in German). Wiesbaden. ISBN 978-3-7374-0704-5. OCLC 908681045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7374-0704-5","url_text":"978-3-7374-0704-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/908681045","url_text":"908681045"}]},{"reference":"\"Foundation laid for Barenboim-Said Academy\". Deutsche Welle. 7 May 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/foundation-laid-for-barenboim-said-academy/a-17616955","url_text":"\"Foundation laid for Barenboim-Said Academy\""}]},{"reference":"Schmid, Rebecca (6 May 2014). \"Plans for Barenboim–Said Academy in Berlin Unveiled\". The New York Times. Retrieved 22 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/05/06/plans-for-barenboim-said-academy-in-berlin-unveiled/","url_text":"\"Plans for Barenboim–Said Academy in Berlin Unveiled\""}]},{"reference":"Bach, Aya (7 May 2014). \"Foundation Laid for Barenboim–Said Academy\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 24 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dw.de/foundation-laid-for-barenboim-said-academy/a-17616955","url_text":"\"Foundation Laid for Barenboim–Said Academy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Barenboim-Said Academy History\". Barenboim-Said Akademie Website.","urls":[{"url":"https://barenboimsaid.de/about/history","url_text":"\"Barenboim-Said Academy History\""}]},{"reference":"\"A New Divan: Cultural dialogue between East and West 200 years after Goethe\". Deutsche Welle. 25 November 2011. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/a-new-divan-cultural-dialogue-between-east-and-west-200-years-after-goethe/a-51371020","url_text":"\"A New Divan: Cultural dialogue between East and West 200 years after Goethe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"Tommasini, Anthony (21 December 2006). \"Barenboim Seeks Harmony, And More Than One Type\". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Tommasini","url_text":"Tommasini, Anthony"},{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DE0DB1031F932A15751C1A9609C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all","url_text":"\"Barenboim Seeks Harmony, And More Than One Type\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome\". Barenboim-Said Akademie Website. 22 April 2020. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://barenboimsaid.de/about/welcome","url_text":"\"Welcome\""}]},{"reference":"Iskandar, Adel; Rustom, Hakem, eds. (2010). Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-25890-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25890-7","url_text":"978-0-520-25890-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty\". barenboimsaid.de. Berlin: Barenboim-Said-Akademie. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://barenboimsaid.de/faculty","url_text":"\"Faculty\""}]},{"reference":"Hanssen, Frederik (3 June 2017). \"Wenn mittags der Mond leuchtet\". Der Tagesspiegel (in German). Berlin. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/barenboim-said-akademie-wenn-mittags-der-mond-leuchtet/19888476.html","url_text":"\"Wenn mittags der Mond leuchtet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Tagesspiegel","url_text":"Der Tagesspiegel"}]},{"reference":"\"András Schiff wird Dozent an Barenboim-Said-Akademie\". Musik Heute (in German). Berlin. 9 February 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.musik-heute.de/17339/andras-schiff-wird-dozent-an-barenboim-said-akademie/","url_text":"\"András Schiff wird Dozent an Barenboim-Said-Akademie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Regula Rapp wird neue Rektorin der Barenboim-Said Akademie\". Barenboim-Said Akademie (in German). Retrieved 28 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.barenboimsaid.de/de/presse/news/regula-rapp-wird-neue-rektorin-der-barenboim-said-akademie","url_text":"\"Regula Rapp wird neue Rektorin der Barenboim-Said Akademie\""}]},{"reference":"Hanssen, Frederik (7 May 2014). \"Barenboim-Said Akademie in Berlin. Das Charakterbildungsprogramm des Stardirigenten\". Tagesspiegel. Retrieved 25 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/barenboim-said-akademie-in-berlin-das-charakterbildungsprogramm-des-stardirigenten/9853272.html","url_text":"\"Barenboim-Said Akademie in Berlin. Das Charakterbildungsprogramm des Stardirigenten\""}]},{"reference":"Bernau, Nikolaus (6 May 2014). \"Barenboim-Said Akademie. Vom Berghain Lernen\". Berliner Zeitung. Retrieved 25 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berliner-zeitung.de/musik/barenboim-said-akademie-vom-berghain-lernen,10809182,27047346.html","url_text":"\"Barenboim-Said Akademie. Vom Berghain Lernen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pierre Boulez Saal: About the hall\". boulezsaal.de. 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://boulezsaal.de/about-the-hall","url_text":"\"Pierre Boulez Saal: About the hall\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Pierre Boulez Saal\". barenboimsaid.de. 2018. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181019122130/https://barenboimsaid.de/concert-hall","url_text":"\"The Pierre Boulez Saal\""},{"url":"https://barenboimsaid.de/concert-hall","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sved, Mark (6 March 2017). \"Hall's sound and symbolism are dazzling\". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. p. E3. Retrieved 18 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51581633/the-los-angeles-times/","url_text":"\"Hall's sound and symbolism are dazzling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Burton-Hill, Clemency (25 January 2013). \"An Academy Seeks to Touch the Mideast With Music\". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemency_Burton-Hill","url_text":"Burton-Hill, Clemency"},{"url":"https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424127887323940004578257832134948660","url_text":"\"An Academy Seeks to Touch the Mideast With Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal","url_text":"The Wall Street Journal"}]},{"reference":"\"Kulturstaatsministerin Monika Grütters zum Baubeginn der Barenboim-Said Akademie\". Press Release. Federal Government of Germany. 6 May 2014. Retrieved 26 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/DE/Pressemitteilungen/BPA/2014/05/2014-05-06-bkm-barenboim-said.html","url_text":"\"Kulturstaatsministerin Monika Grütters zum Baubeginn der Barenboim-Said Akademie\""}]},{"reference":"Lemaître, Frédéric (17 June 2015). \"Le rêve israélo-arabe de Daniel Barenboïm prend forme à Berlin\". Le Monde. Retrieved 22 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lemonde.fr/musiques/article/2015/06/17/le-reve-israelo-arabe-de-daniel-barenboim-prend-forme-a-berlin_4655809_1654986.html","url_text":"\"Le rêve israélo-arabe de Daniel Barenboïm prend forme à Berlin\""}]},{"reference":"Swed, Mark (5 March 2017). \"New Gehry concert hall in Berlin thrills with its sound — and its symbolism\". Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles. Retrieved 16 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-boulez-saal-review-20170305-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"New Gehry concert hall in Berlin thrills with its sound — and its symbolism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"Bramesco, Charles (26 March 2020). \"Unorthodox: behind the Deutschland 83 co-creator's new Netflix series\". The Guardian. Retrieved 22 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2020/mar/26/unorthodox-behind-the-deutschland-83-co-creators-new-netflix-series","url_text":"\"Unorthodox: behind the Deutschland 83 co-creator's new Netflix series\""}]},{"reference":"Thomas Abeltshauser. \"Weg vom Ufer\". Der Freitag Weekly Magazine. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_classification_of_Indian_Americans | Racial classification of Indian Americans | ["1 Initial perceptions","2 Identity","2.1 Self-identification","2.2 Identification by others","3 U.S. courts","3.1 Thind case and attempted revocations of citizenship","3.2 After World War II","4 U.S. census","4.1 Official classification","4.2 Self-identification","5 See also","6 References"] | Racial classification of Americans with ancestry from India
This article is about the racial classification of Americans with ancestry from India. For anthropological racial classifications of Indians in general, see Historical definitions of races in India.
The racial classification of Indian Americans has varied over the years and across institutions. Originally, neither the courts nor the census bureau classified Indian Americans as a race because there were only negligible numbers of Indian immigrants in the United States. Early Indian Americans were often denied their civil rights, leading to close affiliations with African Americans. For most of America's early history, the government only recognized two racial classifications, white or colored. Due to immigration laws of the time, those deemed colored were often stripped of their American citizenship or denied the ability to become citizens. For these reasons, various South Asians in America took the government to court to try to be considered white instead of colored. After advocacy from the Indian American community, the racial category of Asian Indian was finally introduced in the 1980 U.S. census.
Initial perceptions
Members of the Nansemond tribe, descendant of Asian Indian, Native American, and African American people, c. 1900, Smithsonian Institution
A Punjabi Mexican American couple, Valentina Alarez and Rullia Singh, posing for their wedding photo in 1917.
One of the first recorded Indians in America was a mixed-race girl born to an Indian father and an Irish American mother in 1680 in Maryland. Due to her Indian American father being classified as "Negro", she was classified as a mulatto and later sold into slavery. Court records from the 1700s indicate a number of "East Indians" were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware. Upon freedom, they are said to have blended into the free African American population - considered mulattoes within the African American community. Three brothers from modern day "India or Pakistan" received their freedom in 1710 and married into a Native American tribe in Virginia. The present-day Nansemond people trace their lineage to this intermarriage.
The earliest Indian immigrants into the United States were called "Hindus" even though the majority of them were Sikhs. Court clerks classified these early immigrants from the Punjab region as being "black", "white", or "brown" based on their skin color for the purpose of marriage licenses. In addition to being racialized by their color, they were also racialized as being "foreigners".
The perception of Indian Americans as foreigners sometimes helped provide for better treatment, especially in states where de jure segregation was in place. As opposed to being seen as black, in some states Indians were seen as outside of the traditional American racial spectrum, and consequently freed from the encumbrances which that system entailed.
By the mid-1950s, those who remained settled in the then vibrant black neighborhoods of Tremé in New Orleans, Black Bottom in Detroit, West Baltimore, and Harlem in New York. Many started families with Creoles, Puerto Ricans, and African Americans. An example is Indian-born Hucheshwar Gurusidha Mudgal, who became a prominent journalist in Harlem's African American community. Punjabi Sikhs in California found a closer camaraderie with Mexicans, resulting in a unique mixed-race community in the Yuba City area - the Punjabi Mexican Americans.
Identity
Self-identification
Indian independence movement fighter Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay wrote of the Indian racial identity in America as being Black. After spending years studying and living with African-American families, Chattopadhyay wrote Indians in America should form ties with African Americans, believing they share a common ancestry and a common struggle for independence. Following the George Floyd protests of the 2020s, some segments of the American-born South Asian community have renewed calls for camaraderie with African Americans.
However, South Asians often try to distance themselves from African-Americans and Hispanics. Even though South Asians "insist on being called 'brown', the plea of Indian immigrants not to be called black is what is most audible". This is due to considerable anti-blackness and anti-Hispanic prejudice in some segments of the South Asian population. This prejudice is often accompanied by a fear of being mistaken for Black or Hispanic, described as "an almost paranoid response to even being thought of as black".
Some South Asian Americans have identified themselves as being 'Brown Asians' or 'Brown South Asians', while others, like Nikki Haley, a former governor of South Carolina and of Indian descent, identified as 'white' on her voter registration card in 2001. Dick Harpootlian, chairman of the South Carolina Democrats, stated “Haley has been appearing on television interviews where she calls herself a minority—when it suits her... When she registers to vote she says she is white. She has developed a pattern of saying whatever is beneficial to her at the moment.” While some Asian Americans (including South Asian descendants) may not identify with the "Asian American" label at all, due to the terms association with East Asian Americans. As such, the 'Brown Asian' label sees some usage to further differentiate South and Southeast Asian Americans from those of East Asian descent.
The official classification of South Asian as part of the "Asian American" racial category represents an agreement of convenience for South Asians on where they fit on the black-white racial spectrum in the United States, as American society is largely dominated by only a "white" and "black" racial and skin color classification system. Depending on the social and legal context, some Indian Americans may identify as either "white" or "black". South Asian Americans and other types of Asian Americans mutually feel that there exists "profound racial difference" between themselves and the other Asian ethnic group. Furthermore, "Working-class or state school-educated second generation Indian Americans do not see a natural alliance or unity with other Asian American groups." Many South Asian Americans have noted that their perceived differences in cultural, religious and racial/physical appearance with other Asian American ethnic groups has often lead them to being excluded in Asian American studies, narratives and media representations.
Identification by others
Early Indian travellers to America, including philosopher and author Swami Vivekananda, were identified as Black by both African-Americans and white Americans. The racial prejudice associated with this identification created strong anti-racist sentiments in authors such as Vivekananda, which in turn influenced the philosophies of W. E. B. Du Bois.
In 1989, the East–West Center published a research paper about Indian Americans that said that Americans find identifying South Asians by race and color to be difficult. The paper said that a 1978 survey of Americans asked the question, "Would you classify most people from India as being white, black, or something else?" The paper said that 38% of respondents classified most people from India as "other," 23% classified them as "brown," 15% classified them as "black," 13% did not know how to classify them, and 11% classified them as "white."
In 2000, a series of interviews of second-generation Asian American college student leaders found that most of the interviewees who did not include Indian Americans as Asian Americans did not express a clear reason that was more than perceived difference in physical appearance and culture.
Indian Americans have often been misidentified as being of Arabs or Middle Eastern origin, particularly after the September 11 attacks. Assaults against turban-wearing Sikhs have become common since 9/11, due to Sikh turbans resembling the turban that Osama Bin Laden often wore in pictures. After her win in 2013, Miss America winner Nina Davuluri was taunted online and called an "Arab" and a "terrorist" due to this misconception among the American public.
In 2015, Sureshbhai Patel was described by a suspicious caller as a "skinny black guy" before he was beaten and severely injured by Alabama police officers.
The 2017 book, Indians In America, stated that Indians and other South Asians are a part of Asian Americans, yet apart from Asian Americans. While they are admitted among Asian Americans, they are not acknowledged among Asian Americans. According to this book, other Asian Americans characterize Indians and other South Asians to be "ambiguously nonwhite."
Some have attributed the general exclusion of South Asian Americans from the Asian American label due to the term being synonymous with people of East Asian origin. In 2019, it was noted that there were several presidential candidates of Asian American or Pacific Islander origin, including Andrew Yang and Kamala Harris, who are of Taiwanese and Indian descent respectively. Frequently described by the media and campaigning himself as 'the' Asian American candidate, Yang stated that his "Asian-ness kind of obvious in a way that might not be true of Kamala or even Tulsi... That's not a choice. It's just a fairly evident reality."
U.S. courts
Throughout much of the early 20th century, it was necessary for immigrants to be considered white in order to receive U.S. citizenship. U.S. courts classified Indians as both white and non-white through a number of cases.
In 1909, Bhicaji Balsara became the first Indian to gain U.S. citizenship. As a Parsi, he was ruled to be "the purest of Aryan type" and "as distinct from Hindus as are the English who dwell in India". Thirty years later, the same Circuit Court to accept Balsara ruled that Rustom Dadabhoy Wadia, another Parsi from Bombay, was colored and therefore not eligible to receive U.S. citizenship.
Thind case and attempted revocations of citizenship
In 1923, the Supreme Court decided in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that while Indians were classified as Caucasians by anthropologists, people of Indian descent were not white by common American definition, and thus not eligible to citizenship. The court conceded that, while Thind was a high caste Hindu born in the northern Punjab region and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, he was not "White" since the word Aryan "has to do with linguistic and not necessarily with physical characteristics" and since "the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences" between Indians and White Americans. The court also clarified that the decision did not reflect or imply anything related to racial superiority or inferiority, but merely an observable difference.
At the time, this decision began the process of retroactively stripping Indians of citizenship and land rights. The ruling also placated the Asiatic Exclusion League demands, spurned by growing outrage at the Hindoo Invasion alongside the pre-existing outrage at the Yellow Peril. As they became classified as colored, Indian Americans were not only denied American citizenship, but also banned by anti-miscegenation laws from marrying White Americans in the states of Arizona, Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Following the Thind case, the Bureau of Naturalization began action to strip Thind and other Indian-Americans of their citizenship, arguing it had been "illegally procured". However, these efforts were forced to end by the government's loss in court in the case against Thind's own lawyer, a Californian named Sakharam Ganesh Pandit. By the time Pandit's case came to trial in 1926, forty-two of sixty-nine citizenships granted to Indians had been revoked. Pandit, a skilled lawyer, argued that under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, he would be irreversibly harmed by the revocation of his American citizenship, which he had reasonably relied upon - he would become stateless, lose his property and law license, and his wife would lose her citizenship as well.
Judge Paul McCormick, the initial trial judge, ruled in Pandit's favor, accepting his arguments wholeheartedly. In 1927, the Ninth Circuit upheld McCormick's ruling under the doctrine of res judicata. As a result of Pandit's case, the US government subsequently dropped its other denaturalization cases against Indian Americans.
In 1935, Thind relied on his status as a veteran of the United States military during World War I to petition for naturalization through the State of New York under the Nye-Lea Act, which made World War I veterans eligible for naturalization regardless of race. The government objected his latest petition, but Thind was finally granted American citizenship; yet the Government attempted to revoke it after nearly two decades from his first petition for naturalization.
After World War II
In 1946, Congress, beginning to recognize that India would soon be independent, passed a new law that allowed Indians to become citizens, while also establishing an immigration quota.
As David E. Bernstein explains in the book Classified, The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America, by the early 1970s most federal agencies identified Indian Americans as part of the white group, partly because they were deemed to be a "successful" immigrant group not in need of minority status. When the Office of Management and Budget announced proposed official racial classifications in 1976, Asian Indians were put into the white category. However, a small Indian American group based in New York City got wind of this, and successfully lobbied the government to put South Asians into the Asian American/Pacific Islander classification. Not all Indian Americans agreed with this change, but no other organized group found out about it until the classification was final and official.
In 1993, Dale Sandhu, an Asian Indian whose origin is from the Punjab, took his former employer, Lockheed, to court on grounds of wrongful dismissal due to racial grounds. Lockheed attempted to counter Sandhu's claims by stating he is Caucasian, so he cannot allege discrimination based on race. In 1993, the California Superior Court Judge overseeing the case initially accepted Lockheed's view. However in 1994, the California Sixth District Court of Appeals reversed the 1993 decision for Dale Sandhu. Lockheed argued that the "common popular understanding that there are three major human races — Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid." The Court of Appeals denied this 19th century classification of race, stating that Indian people are a distinct ethnic group of their own. According to United States Census, "Asian Indian" is considered one of the distinct 15 races. The Court of Appeals affirmed that Sandhu was subject to discriminatory hostility, based on being a member of a distinct racial group. The Court of Appeals said that Sandhu could make a claim of racial discrimination under FEHA within the jurisdiction of the Court.
In 2015, in Dhar v. New York City Department of Transportation, Dhar, a former employee and a Christian Bangladeshi, alleged a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, based on his race, religion, and national origin. He alleged that his former supervisor, a Hindu Gujarati, illegally favored other Hindu Indian/Gujarati employees. The court dismissed the claim.
U.S. census
Official classification
Further information: Race and ethnicity in the United States census
The U.S. Census Bureau has changed over the years its own classification of Indians. In the 1930 and 1940 censuses, "Hindu" was listed as a racial category. Following India's independence in 1947, the U.S. census categorized individuals with Indian heritage, including Sikhs, as belonging to the "Other Race" category in both the 1950 and 1960 censuses, designating them as either "Asiatic Indian" or "Hindu." In 1975, the Ad Hoc Committee on Racial and Ethnic Definitions of the Federal Interagency Committee on Education made a report. The report describes how, as it was deliberating on how to classify groups for the 1970 U.S. census, South Asians presented a problem for the Ad Hoc Committee. The report presented the classification problem as how to classify South Asians, as there had been little discussion surrounding their unique ethnic identity. While some anthropologists classified them as Caucasian, they were non-white, from Asia and could be subject to some discrimination in the United States. Unsure of their status, the Ad Hoc Committee failed to designate South Asians as a minority category, and any respondents were classified as White Americans in the 1970 U.S. census.
Upon learning of the Ad Hoc Committee's decision, the Association of Indians in America (AIA) mobilized to seek better representation. Indian American groups, through their own petitioning, successfully changed their racial classification to Asian in the 1970s to have themselves included in the state and federal Asian racial category. Specifically, starting in the mid-1970s, the AIA made the argument that since Indian Americans were minorities and thus entitled to the benefits of affirmative action, Indian Americans should have "minority" group status. Without their request to be designated as minorities, Indian Americans may not have been recognized as a unique ethnic group by the U.S government.
In 1977, the Office of Management and Budget accepted the AIA's petition to have the "Asian Indian" category included in the census Due to the efforts of the AIA leaders, a new census category, "Asian Indian," was introduced for the 1980 U.S. census. In 1977, there were so few Indian Americans that the misplaced grouping of Asian Indians with European-descent Americans attracted little attention.
In 1989, the East–West Center published a research paper about Indian Americans that said that the term, "Asian Indian," one of the fourteen "races" in the 1980 U.S. census, is an "artificial census category and not a meaningful racial, ethnic, or ancestral designation" due the vast diversity of cultures, genotypes and phenotypes found within India.
Self-identification
In the U.S. census, Indians display the highest likelihood of selecting the 'African-American or black' category, while Sri Lankans followed by Pakistanis are most likely to describe themselves as 'white'. The 1990 U.S. census classified write-in responses of "Aryan" as white even though write-in responses of "Indo-Aryan" were counted as Asian, and it also classified write-in responses of "Parsi" under Iranian American, who are classified as "White" along with Arab Americans and other Middle Eastern Americans. The Asian American Institute proposed that the 2000 U.S. census make a new Middle Easterner racial category and the Punjabi from Pakistan wanted Pakistani Americans to be included in it.
Some Indian Americans who were unfamiliar with the ethnonymic conventions used in the United States, mistakenly indicated that they were "American Indian" as their race in the 1990 U.S. census, apparently unaware that this term is used in the United States to refer to Native Americans (Amerindians).
See also
Asian immigration to the United States
Political blackness
Indian Americans
A. K. Mozumdar
Judicial aspects of race in the United States
References
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^ Jha, Priya; Rajgopal, Shoba Sharad (2 January 2021). "South Asians, social justice and the black lives matter movement". South Asian Popular Culture. 19 (1): 71–72. doi:10.1080/14746689.2021.1885112. S2CID 233916410.
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^ Mazumdar, Sucheta (1 May 1989). "Racist Responses to Racism: The Aryan Myth and South Asians in the United States". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 9: 47–55. doi:10.1215/07323867-9-1-47. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ a b Schiavenza, Matt (October 19, 2016). "Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation". Asia Society. Retrieved April 22, 2022. And that, unfortunately, did not include any South Asians and only one Filipino. That caused a bit of an outcry. It raises a legitimate issue, of course, one about how 'brown Asians' often feel excluded from the Asian American conversation.
^ a b Kulkarni, Saili S. (April 24, 2021). "South Asians Are Asians Too. When Will Our Racial Reckoning Be?". Ms. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
^ "Indian Nikki Haley Says She Is White". Mother Jones. July 29, 2011.
^ Mahanta, Siddhartha. "Indian Nikki Haley Says She Is White". Mother Jones. Retrieved 9 January 2019.
^ Schiavenza, Matt (October 19, 2016). "Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation". Asia Society. Retrieved April 22, 2022. It's one of the reasons many brown Asians do not identify as Asian Americans. Perhaps we just don't feel connected to East Asian people, cultures, and lived realities. Perhaps we also don't feel welcomed and included.
^ a b Nadal, Kevin L (February 2, 2020). "The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities". Asian American Policy Review. 29. Retrieved April 22, 2022. South Asian Americans have shared how they are excluded from the Asian American umbrella because of their cultural, religious, and racial/phenotypic differences – resulting in lack of representation in Asian American Studies, narratives, and media representations.
^ Arora, Anupama. "A Black Pagan in Orange Clothes: Swami Vivekananda's American Travels". Taylor and Francis Online. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Balaji, Murali (1 August 2013). "Swami Vivekananda and his legacy of social justice". Hindu American Foundation. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
^ Xenos, P., Barringer, H., & Levin, M.J. (1989). Asian Indians in the United States: A 1980 census Profile. Papers of the East-West Population Institute, (111). Pages 1, 9-12, 15 & 18. Wayback Machine link.
^ Park, Jerry Z (2008). "Second-Generation Asian American Pan-Ethnic Identity: Pluralized Meanings of a Racial Label" (PDF). Sociological Perspectives. 51 (3): 549. doi:10.1525/sop.2008.51.3.541. S2CID 146327919.
^ Bhatia, S (2008). "9/11 and the Indian Diaspora: Narratives of Race, Place and Immigrant Identity" (PDF). Journal of Intercultural Studies. 29 (1): 27, 30 & 32. doi:10.1080/07256860701759923. S2CID 73713945. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-21.
^ Amanda Jackson and Chris Boyette (9 August 2018). "In the last week, two Sikh men have been viciously attacked in central California". CNN. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ "Being Sikh in Trump's America: 'You have to go out of your way to prove you're not a threat'". Los Angeles Times. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2020.
^ . 'Miss America Nina Davuluri brushes off racist remarks'. September 16, 2013.
^ Harpalani, V (2015). "To be White, Black, or Brown? South Asian Americans and the Race-Color Distinction". Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 14 (4): 610. Archived from the original on 2019-08-03.
^ Chakravorty, S., Kapur, D. & Singh, N. (2017). The Other One Percent: Indians in America. Page 179. New York: Oxford University Press. Google Books link.
^ Kamhampaty, Anna Purna (March 12, 2020). "At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who 'Counts' as Asian. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated". Time. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. But American culture tends not to think of all regions in Asia as equally Asian ... the SAT in 2016 tweaked its race categories, explaining to test-takers that "Asian" did include "Indian subcontinent and Philippines origin."
^ Kamhampaty, Anna Purna (March 12, 2020). "At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who 'Counts' as Asian. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated". Time. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Andrew Yang, who is of Taiwanese descent, was frequently framed by the media and his own campaign as the Asian candidate, despite his rival Kamala Harris having Indian heritage
^ Stevens, Matt (May 22, 2019). "At a Historic Moment for Asian-American Candidates, Andrew Yang Leans In". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021.
^ Postmodernism & a Sociology...(c). University of Arkansas Press. pp. 143–. ISBN 978-1-61075-322-7.
^ United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court Of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit., No. 202. Argued 11, 12 January 1923.—Decided 19 February 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204–215.
^ a b "Not All Caucasians Are White: The Supreme Court Rejects Citizenship for Asian Indians". History Matters. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
^ "Loving Day: Celebrate the Legalization of Interracial Couples". Archived from the original on 2007-12-31. Retrieved 2007-08-22.
^ a b c Coulson, Doug (2017). Race, nation, and refuge : the rhetoric of race in Asian American citizenship cases. Albany: SUNY Press. pp. 76–82. ISBN 978-1-4384-6662-0. OCLC 962141092.
^ Jacoby, Harold S. (1958-11-01). "More Thind Against Than Sinning". The Pacific Historian. II (4). Stockton, CA: College of the Pacific: 1–2, 8.
^ a b Asian American history and culture : an encyclopedia. Ling, Huping, 1956-, Austin, Allan W. London: Routledge. 2015. ISBN 978-1-315-70630-6. OCLC 958107019.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ "United States v. Sakharam Ganesh Pandit, 15 F.2d 285 | Casetext". casetext.com. Archived from the original on 2019-07-29. Retrieved 2020-01-22.
^ Rangaswamy, Padma (2007). Indian Americans. Johnston, Robert D. New York: Chelsea House. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4381-0712-7. OCLC 228654847.
^ Coulson, Doug (2015). "British Imperialism, the Indian Independence Movement, and the Racial Eligibility Provisions of the Naturalization Act: United States v. Thind Revisited". Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives (7): 1–42. SSRN 2610266.
^ Bernstein, David E. Classified: The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America (New York: Bombardier Books 2022)
^ Baum, B. (2006). The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity. New York & London: New York University Press. Page 3. Google Books link.
^ SANDHU v. LOCKHEED MISSILES AND SPACE COMPANY. (n.d.). FindLaw FOR LEGAL PROFESSIONALS. Wayback Machine link.
^ Dhar v. New York City Department of Transportation. (2019). Casetext. Link.
^ Banks, T.L. (2015). Colorism Among South Asians: Title VII and Skin Tone Discrimination. Washington University Global Studies Law Review, (14),4. Page 679. Wayback Machine link.
^ Shankar, L.D. & Rajini Srikanth, R. (1998). A Part, Yet Apart: South Asians in Asian America. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. xiv. ISBN 1-56639-577-1.
^ a b c Kurien, P. (2018). Shifting U.S. Racial and Ethnic Identities of Sikh American Activism. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 4(5). Page 88. Wayback Machine link.
^ Banks, T.L. (1998). Both Edges of the Margin: Blacks and Asians in Mississippi Masala, Barriers to Coalition Building. Asian American Law Journal, 5(2). Page 22. Wayback Machine link.
^ a b Smelser, N.J, Wilson, W.J., & Mitchell, F. (2001). America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Page 255. Wayback Machine link.
^ Prewitt, K. (2013). What Is "Your" Race?: The Census and Our Flawed Efforts to Classify Americans. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Page 101. Google Books link.
^ Cohn, D'Vera. "Race and the Census: The "Negro" Controversy". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
^ University of Michigan. Census 1990: Ancestry Codes. at the Wayback Machine (archived March 13, 2005)
^ Menon, Sridevi. Duke University. "Where is West Asia in Asian America? Asia and the Politics of Space in Asian America." 2004. April 26, 2007. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Historical definitions of races in India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_definitions_of_races_in_India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harpalani2013-1"},{"link_name":"Indian Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Americans"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"racial classifications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morning-2"},{"link_name":"1980 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_United_States_census"}],"text":"Racial classification of Americans with ancestry from IndiaThis article is about the racial classification of Americans with ancestry from India. For anthropological racial classifications of Indians in general, see Historical definitions of races in India.The racial classification of Indian Americans has varied over the years and across institutions.[1] Originally, neither the courts nor the census bureau classified Indian Americans as a race because there were only negligible numbers of Indian immigrants in the United States. Early Indian Americans were often denied their civil rights, leading to close affiliations with African Americans. For most of America's early history, the government only recognized two racial classifications, white or colored. Due to immigration laws of the time, those deemed colored were often stripped of their American citizenship[clarification needed] or denied the ability to become citizens. For these reasons, various South Asians in America took the government to court to try to be considered white instead of colored.[2] After advocacy from the Indian American community, the racial category of Asian Indian was finally introduced in the 1980 U.S. census.","title":"Racial classification of Indian Americans"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nansemond.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nansemond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansemond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SinghYubaCity.jpg"},{"link_name":"Punjabi Mexican American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans"},{"link_name":"Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_people"},{"link_name":"mixed-race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiracial_people"},{"link_name":"Irish American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Americans"},{"link_name":"Indian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Americans"},{"link_name":"mulatto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulatto"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"free African American population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Negro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heinegg-9"},{"link_name":"Nansemond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nansemond"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-10"},{"link_name":"Hindus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindus"},{"link_name":"Sikhs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhs"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"racialized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racialization"},{"link_name":"foreigners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-group_and_out-group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harpalani2013-1"},{"link_name":"de jure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_India-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tremé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trem%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Black Bottom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Bottom,_Detroit"},{"link_name":"West Baltimore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Baltimore"},{"link_name":"Harlem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Creoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people"},{"link_name":"Puerto Ricans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Ricans"},{"link_name":"African Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Americans"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Little_India-11"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Hucheshwar Gurusidha Mudgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hucheshwar_Gurusidha_Mudgal"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mugdal-15"},{"link_name":"Yuba City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuba_City"},{"link_name":"Punjabi Mexican Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sikh-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Members of the Nansemond tribe, descendant of Asian Indian, Native American, and African American people, c. 1900, Smithsonian InstitutionA Punjabi Mexican American couple, Valentina Alarez and Rullia Singh, posing for their wedding photo in 1917.One of the first recorded Indians in America was a mixed-race girl born to an Indian father and an Irish American mother in 1680 in Maryland. Due to her Indian American father being classified as \"Negro\", she was classified as a mulatto and later sold into slavery.[3][4][5][6] Court records from the 1700s indicate a number of \"East Indians\" were held as slaves in Maryland and Delaware.[7] Upon freedom, they are said to have blended into the free African American population - considered mulattoes within the African American community.[8] Three brothers from modern day \"India or Pakistan\" received their freedom in 1710 and married into a Native American tribe in Virginia.[9] The present-day Nansemond people trace their lineage to this intermarriage.[10]The earliest Indian immigrants into the United States were called \"Hindus\" even though the majority of them were Sikhs. Court clerks classified these early immigrants from the Punjab region as being \"black\", \"white\", or \"brown\" based on their skin color for the purpose of marriage licenses. In addition to being racialized by their color, they were also racialized as being \"foreigners\".[1]The perception of Indian Americans as foreigners sometimes helped provide for better treatment, especially in states where de jure segregation was in place.[11] As opposed to being seen as black, in some states Indians were seen as outside of the traditional American racial spectrum, and consequently freed from the encumbrances which that system entailed.[12][13]By the mid-1950s, those who remained settled in the then vibrant black neighborhoods of Tremé in New Orleans, Black Bottom in Detroit, West Baltimore, and Harlem in New York. Many started families with Creoles, Puerto Ricans, and African Americans.[11][14] An example is Indian-born Hucheshwar Gurusidha Mudgal, who became a prominent journalist in Harlem's African American community.[15] Punjabi Sikhs in California found a closer camaraderie with Mexicans, resulting in a unique mixed-race community in the Yuba City area - the Punjabi Mexican Americans.[16][17]","title":"Initial perceptions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"George Floyd protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Floyd_protests"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mugdal-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hispanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morning-2"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"anti-blackness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-blackness"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asia_Society-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ms._Magazine-24"},{"link_name":"Nikki Haley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Haley"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Asia_Society-23"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAPR-28"},{"link_name":"black-white racial spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morning-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morning-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morning-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AAPR-28"}],"sub_title":"Self-identification","text":"Indian independence movement fighter Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay wrote of the Indian racial identity in America as being Black.[18] After spending years studying and living with African-American families, Chattopadhyay wrote Indians in America should form ties with African Americans, believing they share a common ancestry and a common struggle for independence.[19] Following the George Floyd protests of the 2020s, some segments of the American-born South Asian community have renewed calls for camaraderie with African Americans.[15][20]However, South Asians often try to distance themselves from African-Americans and Hispanics.[2] Even though South Asians \"insist on being called 'brown', the plea of Indian immigrants not to be called black is what is most audible\".[21] This is due to considerable anti-blackness and anti-Hispanic prejudice in some segments of the South Asian population. This prejudice is often accompanied by a fear of being mistaken for Black or Hispanic, described as \"an almost paranoid response to even being thought of as black\".[22]Some South Asian Americans have identified themselves as being 'Brown Asians' or 'Brown South Asians',[23][24] while others, like Nikki Haley, a former governor of South Carolina and of Indian descent, identified as 'white' on her voter registration card in 2001.[25] Dick Harpootlian, chairman of the South Carolina Democrats, stated “Haley has been appearing on television interviews where she calls herself a minority—when it suits her... When she registers to vote she says she is white. She has developed a pattern of saying whatever is beneficial to her at the moment.”[26] While some Asian Americans (including South Asian descendants) may not identify with the \"Asian American\" label at all, due to the terms association with East Asian Americans.[27] As such, the 'Brown Asian' label sees some usage to further differentiate South and Southeast Asian Americans from those of East Asian descent.[23][28]The official classification of South Asian as part of the \"Asian American\" racial category represents an agreement of convenience for South Asians on where they fit on the black-white racial spectrum in the United States, as American society is largely dominated by only a \"white\" and \"black\" racial and skin color classification system.[2] Depending on the social and legal context, some Indian Americans may identify as either \"white\" or \"black\".[2] South Asian Americans and other types of Asian Americans mutually feel that there exists \"profound racial difference\" between themselves and the other Asian ethnic group. Furthermore, \"Working-class or state school-educated second generation Indian Americans do not see a natural alliance or unity with other Asian American groups.\"[2] Many South Asian Americans have noted that their perceived differences in cultural, religious and racial/physical appearance with other Asian American ethnic groups has often lead them to being excluded in Asian American studies, narratives and media representations.[28]","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swami Vivekananda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"W. E. B. Du Bois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"East–West Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center"},{"link_name":"research paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper"},{"link_name":"Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"South Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"color","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_terminology_for_race"},{"link_name":"survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Survey_(human_research)"},{"link_name":"people from India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_India"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people"},{"link_name":"brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Xenos1989-31"},{"link_name":"second-generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second-generation_immigrants_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Arabs or Middle Eastern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans"},{"link_name":"September 11 attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bhatia2008-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Nina Davuluri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nina_Davuluri"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Sureshbhai Patel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sureshbhai_Patel"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Harpalani2015-37"},{"link_name":"nonwhite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Person_of_color"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ms._Magazine-24"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Andrew Yang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Yang"},{"link_name":"Kamala Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamala_Harris"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Tulsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsi_Gabbard"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Identification by others","text":"Early Indian travellers to America, including philosopher and author Swami Vivekananda, were identified as Black by both African-Americans and white Americans.[29] The racial prejudice associated with this identification created strong anti-racist sentiments in authors such as Vivekananda, which in turn influenced the philosophies of W. E. B. Du Bois.[30]In 1989, the East–West Center published a research paper about Indian Americans that said that Americans find identifying South Asians by race and color to be difficult. The paper said that a 1978 survey of Americans asked the question, \"Would you classify most people from India as being white, black, or something else?\" The paper said that 38% of respondents classified most people from India as \"other,\" 23% classified them as \"brown,\" 15% classified them as \"black,\" 13% did not know how to classify them, and 11% classified them as \"white.\"[31]In 2000, a series of interviews of second-generation Asian American college student leaders found that most of the interviewees who did not include Indian Americans as Asian Americans did not express a clear reason that was more than perceived difference in physical appearance and culture.[32]Indian Americans have often been misidentified as being of Arabs or Middle Eastern origin, particularly after the September 11 attacks.[33] Assaults against turban-wearing Sikhs have become common since 9/11, due to Sikh turbans resembling the turban that Osama Bin Laden often wore in pictures.[34][35] After her win in 2013, Miss America winner Nina Davuluri was taunted online and called an \"Arab\" and a \"terrorist\" due to this misconception among the American public.[36]In 2015, Sureshbhai Patel was described by a suspicious caller as a \"skinny black guy\" before he was beaten and severely injured by Alabama police officers.[37]The 2017 book, Indians In America, stated that Indians and other South Asians are a part of Asian Americans, yet apart from Asian Americans. While they are admitted among Asian Americans, they are not acknowledged among Asian Americans. According to this book, other Asian Americans characterize Indians and other South Asians to be \"ambiguously nonwhite.\"[38]Some have attributed the general exclusion of South Asian Americans from the Asian American label due to the term being synonymous with people of East Asian origin.[24][39] In 2019, it was noted that there were several presidential candidates of Asian American or Pacific Islander origin, including Andrew Yang and Kamala Harris, who are of Taiwanese and Indian descent respectively. Frequently described by the media and campaigning himself as 'the' Asian American candidate,[40] Yang stated that his \"Asian-ness [is] kind of obvious in a way that might not be true of Kamala or even Tulsi... That's not a choice. It's just a fairly evident reality.\"[41]","title":"Identity"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bhicaji Balsara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhicaji_Balsara"},{"link_name":"Parsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsis"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Throughout much of the early 20th century, it was necessary for immigrants to be considered white in order to receive U.S. citizenship. U.S. courts classified Indians as both white and non-white through a number of cases.In 1909, Bhicaji Balsara became the first Indian to gain U.S. citizenship. As a Parsi, he was ruled to be \"the purest of Aryan type\" and \"as distinct from Hindus as are the English who dwell in India\". Thirty years later, the same Circuit Court to accept Balsara ruled that Rustom Dadabhoy Wadia, another Parsi from Bombay, was colored and therefore not eligible to receive U.S. citizenship.[42]","title":"U.S. courts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind"},{"link_name":"Caucasians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasian_race"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thind-43"},{"link_name":"White Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Americans"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thind2-44"},{"link_name":"Asiatic Exclusion League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_Exclusion_League"},{"link_name":"Hindoo Invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotypes_of_South_Asians"},{"link_name":"Yellow Peril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Peril"},{"link_name":"anti-miscegenation laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-46"},{"link_name":"Sakharam Ganesh Pandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakharam_Ganesh_Pandit"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-48"},{"link_name":"equitable estoppel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoppel"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-46"},{"link_name":"res judicata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_judicata"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-46"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-48"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Thind case and attempted revocations of citizenship","text":"In 1923, the Supreme Court decided in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that while Indians were classified as Caucasians by anthropologists, people of Indian descent were not white by common American definition, and thus not eligible to citizenship.[43] The court conceded that, while Thind was a high caste Hindu born in the northern Punjab region and classified by certain scientific authorities as of the Aryan race, he was not \"White\" since the word Aryan \"has to do with linguistic and not necessarily with physical characteristics\" and since \"the average man knows perfectly well that there are unmistakable and profound differences\" between Indians and White Americans. The court also clarified that the decision did not reflect or imply anything related to racial superiority or inferiority, but merely an observable difference.[44]At the time, this decision began the process of retroactively stripping Indians of citizenship and land rights. The ruling also placated the Asiatic Exclusion League demands, spurned by growing outrage at the Hindoo Invasion alongside the pre-existing outrage at the Yellow Peril. As they became classified as colored, Indian Americans were not only denied American citizenship, but also banned by anti-miscegenation laws from marrying White Americans in the states of Arizona, Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia.[45]Following the Thind case, the Bureau of Naturalization began action to strip Thind and other Indian-Americans of their citizenship, arguing it had been \"illegally procured\".[46] However, these efforts were forced to end by the government's loss in court in the case against Thind's own lawyer, a Californian named Sakharam Ganesh Pandit. By the time Pandit's case came to trial in 1926, forty-two of sixty-nine citizenships granted to Indians had been revoked.[47][48] Pandit, a skilled lawyer, argued that under the doctrine of equitable estoppel, he would be irreversibly harmed by the revocation of his American citizenship, which he had reasonably relied upon - he would become stateless, lose his property and law license, and his wife would lose her citizenship as well.[46]Judge Paul McCormick, the initial trial judge, ruled in Pandit's favor, accepting his arguments wholeheartedly. In 1927, the Ninth Circuit upheld McCormick's ruling under the doctrine of res judicata.[46][49] As a result of Pandit's case, the US government subsequently dropped its other denaturalization cases against Indian Americans.[48][50]In 1935, Thind relied on his status as a veteran of the United States military during World War I to petition for naturalization through the State of New York under the Nye-Lea Act, which made World War I veterans eligible for naturalization regardless of race. The government objected his latest petition, but Thind was finally granted American citizenship; yet the Government attempted to revoke it after nearly two decades from his first petition for naturalization.[51]","title":"U.S. courts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thind2-44"},{"link_name":"South Asians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Asian Indian whose origin is from the Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabis"},{"link_name":"Lockheed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation"},{"link_name":"wrongful dismissal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrongful_dismissal"},{"link_name":"racial grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_discrimination"},{"link_name":"California Superior Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_superior_courts"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Baum2006-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SandhuCaseLaw-54"},{"link_name":"California Sixth District Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Courts_of_Appeal"},{"link_name":"Mongoloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongoloid"},{"link_name":"Negroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negroid"},{"link_name":"races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"FEHA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Fair_Employment_and_Housing_Act_of_1959"},{"link_name":"New York City Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"Bangladeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshis"},{"link_name":"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964#Title_VII%E2%80%94equal_employment_opportunity"},{"link_name":"Gujarati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_people"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"After World War II","text":"In 1946, Congress, beginning to recognize that India would soon be independent, passed a new law that allowed Indians to become citizens, while also establishing an immigration quota.[44]As David E. Bernstein explains in the book Classified, The Untold Story of Racial Classification in America, by the early 1970s most federal agencies identified Indian Americans as part of the white group, partly because they were deemed to be a \"successful\" immigrant group not in need of minority status. When the Office of Management and Budget announced proposed official racial classifications in 1976, Asian Indians were put into the white category. However, a small Indian American group based in New York City got wind of this, and successfully lobbied the government to put South Asians into the Asian American/Pacific Islander classification. Not all Indian Americans agreed with this change, but no other organized group found out about it until the classification was final and official.[52]In 1993, Dale Sandhu, an Asian Indian whose origin is from the Punjab, took his former employer, Lockheed, to court on grounds of wrongful dismissal due to racial grounds. Lockheed attempted to counter Sandhu's claims by stating he is Caucasian, so he cannot allege discrimination based on race. In 1993, the California Superior Court Judge overseeing the case initially accepted Lockheed's view. [53][54] However in 1994, the California Sixth District Court of Appeals reversed the 1993 decision for Dale Sandhu. Lockheed argued that the \"common popular understanding that there are three major human races — Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.\" The Court of Appeals denied this 19th century classification of race, stating that Indian people are a distinct ethnic group of their own. According to United States Census, \"Asian Indian\" is considered one of the distinct 15 races. The Court of Appeals affirmed that Sandhu was subject to discriminatory hostility, based on being a member of a distinct racial group. The Court of Appeals said that Sandhu could make a claim of racial discrimination under FEHA within the jurisdiction of the Court.In 2015, in Dhar v. New York City Department of Transportation, Dhar, a former employee and a Christian Bangladeshi, alleged a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, based on his race, religion, and national origin. He alleged that his former supervisor, a Hindu Gujarati, illegally favored other Hindu Indian/Gujarati employees. The court dismissed the claim.[55][56]","title":"U.S. courts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"U.S. census"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Race and ethnicity in the United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"U.S. Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"1970 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"discrimination in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurien2018-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Banks1998-59"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morning-2"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurien2018-58"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smelser2001-60"},{"link_name":"Office of Management and Budget","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smelser2001-60"},{"link_name":"1980 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#1980_Census"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kurien2018-58"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"East–West Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Center"},{"link_name":"research paper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_publishing#Scholarly_paper"},{"link_name":"racial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)"},{"link_name":"ethnic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnicity"},{"link_name":"ancestral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancestor"}],"sub_title":"Official classification","text":"Further information: Race and ethnicity in the United States censusThe U.S. Census Bureau has changed over the years its own classification of Indians. In the 1930 and 1940 censuses, \"Hindu\" was listed as a racial category.[57] Following India's independence in 1947, the U.S. census categorized individuals with Indian heritage, including Sikhs, as belonging to the \"Other Race\" category in both the 1950 and 1960 censuses, designating them as either \"Asiatic Indian\" or \"Hindu.\" In 1975, the Ad Hoc Committee on Racial and Ethnic Definitions of the Federal Interagency Committee on Education made a report. The report describes how, as it was deliberating on how to classify groups for the 1970 U.S. census, South Asians presented a problem for the Ad Hoc Committee. The report presented the classification problem as how to classify South Asians, as there had been little discussion surrounding their unique ethnic identity. While some anthropologists classified them as Caucasian, they were non-white, from Asia and could be subject to some discrimination in the United States. Unsure of their status, the Ad Hoc Committee failed to designate South Asians as a minority category, and any respondents were classified as White Americans in the 1970 U.S. census.[58]Upon learning of the Ad Hoc Committee's decision, the Association of Indians in America (AIA) mobilized to seek better representation.[59] Indian American groups, through their own petitioning, successfully changed their racial classification to Asian in the 1970s to have themselves included in the state and federal Asian racial category.[2] Specifically, starting in the mid-1970s, the AIA made the argument that since Indian Americans were minorities and thus entitled to the benefits of affirmative action,[58] Indian Americans should have \"minority\" group status. Without their request to be designated as minorities, Indian Americans may not have been recognized as a unique ethnic group by the U.S government.[60]In 1977, the Office of Management and Budget accepted the AIA's petition to have the \"Asian Indian\" category included in the census[60] Due to the efforts of the AIA leaders, a new census category, \"Asian Indian,\" was introduced for the 1980 U.S. census.[58] In 1977, there were so few Indian Americans that the misplaced grouping of Asian Indians with European-descent Americans attracted little attention.[61][62]In 1989, the East–West Center published a research paper about Indian Americans that said that the term, \"Asian Indian,\" one of the fourteen \"races\" in the 1980 U.S. census, is an \"artificial census category and not a meaningful racial, ethnic, or ancestral designation\" due the vast diversity of cultures, genotypes and phenotypes found within India.","title":"U.S. census"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morning-2"},{"link_name":"1990 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan"},{"link_name":"Indo-Aryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryans"},{"link_name":"Parsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsis"},{"link_name":"Iranian American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Americans"},{"link_name":"Arab Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Americans"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"2000 U.S. census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"ethnonymic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnonym"},{"link_name":"American Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_name_controversy"},{"link_name":"Native Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morning-2"}],"sub_title":"Self-identification","text":"In the U.S. census, Indians display the highest likelihood of selecting the 'African-American or black' category, while Sri Lankans followed by Pakistanis are most likely to describe themselves as 'white'.[2] The 1990 U.S. census classified write-in responses of \"Aryan\" as white even though write-in responses of \"Indo-Aryan\" were counted as Asian, and it also classified write-in responses of \"Parsi\" under Iranian American, who are classified as \"White\" along with Arab Americans and other Middle Eastern Americans.[63] The Asian American Institute proposed that the 2000 U.S. census make a new Middle Easterner racial category and the Punjabi from Pakistan wanted Pakistani Americans to be included in it.[64]Some Indian Americans who were unfamiliar with the ethnonymic conventions used in the United States, mistakenly indicated that they were \"American Indian\" as their race in the 1990 U.S. census, apparently unaware that this term is used in the United States to refer to Native Americans (Amerindians).[2]","title":"U.S. census"}] | [{"image_text":"Members of the Nansemond tribe, descendant of Asian Indian, Native American, and African American people, c. 1900, Smithsonian Institution","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Nansemond.jpg/220px-Nansemond.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Punjabi Mexican American couple, Valentina Alarez and Rullia Singh, posing for their wedding photo in 1917.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/SinghYubaCity.jpg/220px-SinghYubaCity.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Asian immigration to the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_immigration_to_the_United_States"},{"title":"Political blackness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_blackness"},{"title":"Indian Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Americans"},{"title":"A. K. Mozumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._K._Mozumdar"},{"title":"Judicial aspects of race in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judicial_aspects_of_race_in_the_United_States"}] | [{"reference":"Morning, Ann (2001). \"The racial self-identification of South Asians in the United States\" (PDF). Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 27: 1–19. doi:10.1080/13691830125692. S2CID 15491946. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205347/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3a5f/ba0bf35af9a36b2479c3c1d28af1148e9ae6.pdf","url_text":"\"The racial self-identification of South Asians in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13691830125692","url_text":"10.1080/13691830125692"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15491946","url_text":"15491946"},{"url":"https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3a5f/ba0bf35af9a36b2479c3c1d28af1148e9ae6.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Meyers, Debra; Perreault, Melanie (2006). Colonial Chesapeake: New Perspectives. Lexington Books. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-7391-1092-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6XWZdM7rzAgC&q=%22Mary+Molloyd%22&pg=PA96","url_text":"Colonial Chesapeake: New Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1092-8","url_text":"978-0-7391-1092-8"}]},{"reference":"Heinegg, Paul (2000). Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware: From the Colonial Period to 1810. Clearfield. pp. 7, 123. ISBN 978-0-8063-5042-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YH0OAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware: From the Colonial Period to 1810"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8063-5042-4","url_text":"978-0-8063-5042-4"}]},{"reference":"Assisi, Francis C. (2003). \"First Indian-American Identified: Mary Fisher, Born 1680 in Maryland\". Indolink. Archived from the original on 2003-12-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20031224221623/http://www.indolink.com/Analysis/a121403-021037.php","url_text":"\"First Indian-American Identified: Mary Fisher, Born 1680 in Maryland\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Thomas; Sims, Leah (2006). Colonial Chesapeake : new perspectives. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. pp. 81–97. ISBN 0739110926.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739110926","url_text":"0739110926"}]},{"reference":"Heinegg, Paul (2021). Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware : from the colonial period to 1810 (Second ed.). [Baltimore, Md.] ISBN 978-0806359281.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806359281","url_text":"978-0806359281"}]},{"reference":"Heinegg, Paul (1995). Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, and Delaware: Indian Families Bass & Weaver. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing. Retrieved 24 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freeafricanamericans.com/","url_text":"Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, and Delaware: Indian Families Bass & Weaver"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian Independence And The African American Struggle\". Little India: Overseas Indian, NRI, Asian Indian, Indian American. 17 August 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://littleindia.com/indian-independence-and-the-african-american-struggle/","url_text":"\"Indian Independence And The African American Struggle\""}]},{"reference":"New York Times. \"Negro Pastor Traveled in the South in Turban\". New York Times. Retrieved 17 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://i.imgur.com/GhmDWUk.jpg","url_text":"\"Negro Pastor Traveled in the South in Turban\""}]},{"reference":"Desai, Manan (8 July 2014). \"The 'Tan Stranger' from Ceylon\". South Asian American Digital Archive. SAADA. Retrieved 17 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saada.org/tides/article/20140708-3618","url_text":"\"The 'Tan Stranger' from Ceylon\""}]},{"reference":"Bald, Vivek (23 March 2015). Bengali Harlem and the lost histories of South Asian America (First Harvard University Press paperbackition ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674503854.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674503854","url_text":"9780674503854"}]},{"reference":"\"Historical solidarity between South Asian and Black communities teaches way forward, says archive director\". CBC News. Winston Szeto. Retrieved 27 May 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/archive-solidarity-south-asians-blacks-1.5674190","url_text":"\"Historical solidarity between South Asian and Black communities teaches way forward, says archive director\""}]},{"reference":"Karen Leonard, PhD (May 1989). \"The World & I\". The Washington Times Corporation. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2019-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070609180326/http://www.sikhpioneers.org/cpma.html","url_text":"\"The World & I\""},{"url":"http://www.sikhpioneers.org/cpma.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jha, Priya; Rajgopal, Shoba Sharad (2 January 2021). \"South Asians, social justice and the black lives matter movement\". South Asian Popular Culture. 19 (1): 71–72. doi:10.1080/14746689.2021.1885112. S2CID 233916410.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349342668","url_text":"\"South Asians, social justice and the black lives matter movement\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14746689.2021.1885112","url_text":"10.1080/14746689.2021.1885112"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233916410","url_text":"233916410"}]},{"reference":"Rajagopal, A (1997). \"Transnational networks and Hindu nationalism\". Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars. 29 (3): 45–58. doi:10.1080/14672715.1997.10413093.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14672715.1997.10413093","url_text":"\"Transnational networks and Hindu nationalism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14672715.1997.10413093","url_text":"10.1080/14672715.1997.10413093"}]},{"reference":"Mazumdar, Sucheta (1 May 1989). \"Racist Responses to Racism: The Aryan Myth and South Asians in the United States\". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 9: 47–55. doi:10.1215/07323867-9-1-47. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://read.dukeupress.edu/cssaame/article-abstract/9/1/47/592/Racist-Responses-to-Racism-The-Aryan-Myth-and?redirectedFrom=fulltext","url_text":"\"Racist Responses to Racism: The Aryan Myth and South Asians in the United States\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_Studies_of_South_Asia,_Africa_and_the_Middle_East","url_text":"Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1215%2F07323867-9-1-47","url_text":"10.1215/07323867-9-1-47"}]},{"reference":"Schiavenza, Matt (October 19, 2016). \"Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation\". Asia Society. Retrieved April 22, 2022. And that, unfortunately, did not include any South Asians and only one Filipino. That caused a bit of an outcry. It raises a legitimate issue, of course, one about how 'brown Asians' often feel excluded from the Asian American conversation.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/why-some-brown-asians-feel-left-out-asian-american-conversation","url_text":"\"Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Society","url_text":"Asia Society"}]},{"reference":"Kulkarni, Saili S. (April 24, 2021). \"South Asians Are Asians Too. When Will Our Racial Reckoning Be?\". Ms. Retrieved March 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://msmagazine.com/2021/04/24/south-asian-racism-fedex-indianapolis-sikh-shooting/","url_text":"\"South Asians Are Asians Too. When Will Our Racial Reckoning Be?\""}]},{"reference":"Mahanta, Siddhartha. \"Indian Nikki Haley Says She Is White\". Mother Jones. Retrieved 9 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2011/07/indian-nikki-haley-says-she-is-white/","url_text":"\"Indian Nikki Haley Says She Is White\""}]},{"reference":"Schiavenza, Matt (October 19, 2016). \"Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation\". Asia Society. Retrieved April 22, 2022. It's one of the reasons many brown Asians do not identify as Asian Americans. Perhaps we just don't feel connected to East Asian people, cultures, and lived realities. Perhaps we also don't feel welcomed and included.","urls":[{"url":"https://asiasociety.org/blog/asia/why-some-brown-asians-feel-left-out-asian-american-conversation","url_text":"\"Why Some 'Brown Asians' Feel Left Out of the Asian American Conversation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Society","url_text":"Asia Society"}]},{"reference":"Nadal, Kevin L (February 2, 2020). \"The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities\". Asian American Policy Review. 29. Retrieved April 22, 2022. South Asian Americans have shared how they are excluded from the Asian American umbrella because of their cultural, religious, and racial/phenotypic differences – resulting in lack of representation in Asian American Studies, narratives, and media representations.","urls":[{"url":"https://aapr.hkspublications.org/2020/02/02/the-brown-asian-american-movement-advocating-for-south-asian-southeast-asian-and-filipino-american-communities/","url_text":"\"The Brown Asian American Movement: Advocating for South Asian, Southeast Asian, and Filipino American Communities\""}]},{"reference":"Arora, Anupama. \"A Black Pagan in Orange Clothes: Swami Vivekananda's American Travels\". Taylor and Francis Online. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10436928.2015.1132531","url_text":"\"A Black Pagan in Orange Clothes: Swami Vivekananda's American Travels\""}]},{"reference":"Balaji, Murali (1 August 2013). \"Swami Vivekananda and his legacy of social justice\". Hindu American Foundation. Retrieved 21 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hinduamerican.org/blog/swami-vivekananda-social-justice-legacy","url_text":"\"Swami Vivekananda and his legacy of social justice\""}]},{"reference":"Park, Jerry Z (2008). \"Second-Generation Asian American Pan-Ethnic Identity: Pluralized Meanings of a Racial Label\" (PDF). Sociological Perspectives. 51 (3): 549. doi:10.1525/sop.2008.51.3.541. S2CID 146327919.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241278559","url_text":"\"Second-Generation Asian American Pan-Ethnic Identity: Pluralized Meanings of a Racial Label\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fsop.2008.51.3.541","url_text":"10.1525/sop.2008.51.3.541"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146327919","url_text":"146327919"}]},{"reference":"Bhatia, S (2008). \"9/11 and the Indian Diaspora: Narratives of Race, Place and Immigrant Identity\" (PDF). Journal of Intercultural Studies. 29 (1): 27, 30 & 32. doi:10.1080/07256860701759923. S2CID 73713945. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190721000756/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sunil_Bhatia2/publication/248998600_911_and_the_Indian_Diaspora_Narratives_of_Race_Place_and_Immigrant_Identity/links/55dc9abb08aeb38e8a8d22bc.pdf","url_text":"\"9/11 and the Indian Diaspora: Narratives of Race, Place and Immigrant Identity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07256860701759923","url_text":"10.1080/07256860701759923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73713945","url_text":"73713945"},{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248998600","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amanda Jackson and Chris Boyette (9 August 2018). \"In the last week, two Sikh men have been viciously attacked in central California\". CNN. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/08/us/sikh-attacks-in-california-trnd/index.html","url_text":"\"In the last week, two Sikh men have been viciously attacked in central California\""}]},{"reference":"\"Being Sikh in Trump's America: 'You have to go out of your way to prove you're not a threat'\". Los Angeles Times. 11 June 2017. Retrieved 22 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/local/california/la-me-trump-sikhs-20170509-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"Being Sikh in Trump's America: 'You have to go out of your way to prove you're not a threat'\""}]},{"reference":"Harpalani, V (2015). \"To be White, Black, or Brown? South Asian Americans and the Race-Color Distinction\". Washington University Global Studies Law Review. 14 (4): 610. Archived from the original on 2019-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190803173223/https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1548&context=law_globalstudies","url_text":"\"To be White, Black, or Brown? South Asian Americans and the Race-Color Distinction\""},{"url":"https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1548&context=law_globalstudies","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kamhampaty, Anna Purna (March 12, 2020). \"At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who 'Counts' as Asian. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated\". Time. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. But American culture tends not to think of all regions in Asia as equally Asian ... the SAT in 2016 tweaked its race categories, explaining to test-takers that \"Asian\" did include \"Indian subcontinent and Philippines origin.\"","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817222403/https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/","url_text":"\"At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who 'Counts' as Asian. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated\""},{"url":"https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kamhampaty, Anna Purna (March 12, 2020). \"At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who 'Counts' as Asian. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated\". Time. Archived from the original on August 17, 2021. Andrew Yang, who is of Taiwanese descent, was frequently framed by the media and his own campaign as the Asian candidate, despite his rival Kamala Harris having Indian heritage","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210817222403/https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/","url_text":"\"At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who 'Counts' as Asian. Here's How the Answer Got So Complicated\""},{"url":"https://time.com/5800209/asian-american-census/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Stevens, Matt (May 22, 2019). \"At a Historic Moment for Asian-American Candidates, Andrew Yang Leans In\". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 29, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210729023945/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/us/politics/andrew-yang-2020-asian-candidates.html","url_text":"\"At a Historic Moment for Asian-American Candidates, Andrew Yang Leans In\""},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/22/us/politics/andrew-yang-2020-asian-candidates.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Postmodernism & a Sociology...(c). University of Arkansas Press. pp. 143–. ISBN 978-1-61075-322-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CnMon2RiFLAC&pg=PA143","url_text":"Postmodernism & a Sociology...(c)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61075-322-7","url_text":"978-1-61075-322-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Not All Caucasians Are White: The Supreme Court Rejects Citizenship for Asian Indians\". History Matters. 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Census 1990: Ancestry Codes."},{"Link":"http://socialtext.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/24/1_86/55.pdf","external_links_name":"[2]"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Costa | Mary Costa | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Later years","5 Filmography","5.1 Television","5.2 Television shows","5.3 Film","6 Discography","6.1 Opera Recordings","7 Awards and recognition","8 Notes","9 Further reading","10 External links"] | American actress and singer (born 1930)
Mary CostaCosta in 1976Born (1930-04-05) April 5, 1930 (age 94)Knoxville, Tennessee, U.S.Alma materLos Angeles Conservatory of MusicOccupationsActresssingerYears active1942–2014 (acting)Notable workVoice of Aurora in Disney's Sleeping Beauty (1959)Spouse
Frank Tashlin
(m. 1953; div. 1966)AwardsDisney Legend (1999)
Mary Costa (born April 5, 1930) is an American retired actress and singer. Her most notable film credit is providing the voice of Princess Aurora in the 1959 Disney animated film Sleeping Beauty. She is the last surviving voice actress of the three Disney Princesses created in Walt Disney's lifetime and was named a Disney Legend in 1999. She is a recipient of the 2020 National Medal of Arts.
Early life
Costa was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, where she lived for much of her childhood. Her parents were John (1875–1947) and Hazel (1892–1993). Of Italian descent, Costa was raised in a Baptist household and sang Sunday school solos at the age of six. At Knoxville High School, she sang in the chorus. When she was in her early teens, her family relocated to Los Angeles, California, where she completed high school and won a Music Sorority Award as the outstanding voice among Southern California high school seniors. Following high school, she entered the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music to study with famed maestro Gaston Usigli. Between 1948 and 1951, she appeared with Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy on the Bergen radio show. She also sang with Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis in concerts at UCLA, and made numerous commercials for Lux Radio Theatre.
Career
In 1952, after meeting people at a party with her future husband, director Frank Tashlin, she auditioned for the part of Disney's Princess Aurora, the Sleeping Beauty, in Disney's Sleeping Beauty (1959). Walt Disney called her personally within hours of the audition to inform her that the part was hers. In 1958, Costa was called upon to substitute for Elisabeth Schwarzkopf at a gala concert in the Hollywood Bowl, conducted by Carmen Dragon. Thanks to glowing reviews from that performance, she was invited to sing the lead in her first fully staged operatic production, The Bartered Bride, produced by the renowned German producer, Carl Ebert, for the Los Angeles Guild Opera. Ebert later requested she appear at the Glyndebourne Festival, where she debuted.
Costa went on to perform in 44 operatic roles on stages throughout the world, including Jules Massenet's Manon at the Metropolitan Opera, and Violetta in La traviata at the Royal Opera House in London and the Bolshoi in Moscow, and Cunegonde in the 1959 London premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Candide. In 1961, for RCA, she recorded Musetta in La bohème, opposite Anna Moffo and Richard Tucker, with the Rome Opera House Orchestra and Chorus conducted by Erich Leinsdorf.
Among roles which she sang for the San Francisco Opera, she was Tytania in the American premiere of Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961), Ninette in the world premiere of Norman Dello Joio's Blood Moon (1961), and Anne Truelove in the San Francisco premiere of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Violetta in La traviata on January 6, 1964.
Costa impressed television audiences throughout her career with guest appearances on many shows, such as Bing Crosby's Christmas Show on NBC-TV. She appeared with Crosby and Sergio Franchi on The Hollywood Palace in 1970. She also appeared on Frank Sinatra's Woman of the Year Timex Special for NBC, where, with others, she was honored as one of the Women of the Year. In 1973, Sammy Davis Jr. asked her to appear on his first NBC Follies, in which she performed a blues selection with Davis.
Jacqueline Kennedy asked her to sing at a memorial service for her husband, U.S. President John F. Kennedy, from the Los Angeles Sports Arena in 1963. At the memorial concert, Costa sang "Libera Me" from Giuseppe Verdi's Requiem under the baton of conductor Zubin Mehta. She sang for the inaugural concert of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1971. In 1972, she starred in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer feature The Great Waltz, depicting the life of Johann Strauss II. Additional movie credits include The Big Caper (1957) and Marry Me Again (1953).
Personal life
Mary married cartoonist and screenwriter Frank Tashlin in 1953. They divorced in 1966.
Later years
Having retired from acting in 2014, Costa has dedicated her later years to inspiring children and teenagers, giving motivational talks at schools and colleges across the country. She is also a celebrity endorser for child abuse prevention. She continues to do promotional appearances for Disney, most recently for the Blu-ray release of Sleeping Beauty and the 50th anniversary of the film.
In 1989, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Licia Albanese Puccini Foundation. When Disney began releasing videocassette versions of its animated films, Costa was one of three actresses to file lawsuits over royalties for their performances; at the time of Costa's 1989 filing, Peggy Lee of Lady and the Tramp (1955) later won her lawsuit in April 1990 and Ilene Woods of Cinderella (1950) filed hers in December 1990. Voice actress Jennifer Hale replaced Costa as the voice of Aurora in 2001. In November 1999, she received the Disney Legends Award, and her handprints are now a permanent part of the Disney Legends Plaza at the entrance to Disney Studios. In 2000 she was selected as the Tennessee Woman of Distinction by the American Lung Association. In April 2001, she was honored by the Metropolitan Opera Guild for Distinguished Verdi Performances of the 20th Century. In 2003 she was appointed by President George W. Bush to the National Council on the Arts, where she served until 2007. In December 2007, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree by Carson–Newman College in Jefferson City, Tennessee. On November 2, 2007, she was inducted into the Knoxville Opera Hall of Fame. Earlier she had launched the inaugural Knoxville Opera season in 1978 as Violetta in La traviata.
On April 24, 2012, Costa served as the commencement speaker at Pellissippi State graduation ceremony. On November 10, 2014, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Humane and Musical Letters from the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. In 2014, Costa was named one of the YWCA Knoxville's Tribute to Women Honorees during the 30th anniversary celebration. On March 17, 2015 she was a recipient of Tennessee's 2015 Governor's Arts Award. On her 86th birthday, Costa wrote an open letter to her fans thanking them for their support. She also announced that she would no longer directly reply to fan-mail, but she would continue to sign autographs and meet fans at events while also focusing her efforts on working with young children. In August 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Costa once again thanked fans for their continued support but also announced that she would no longer respond to any fan-mail at all due to the overwhelming amount she received following her 90th birthday. She was awarded the National Medal of Arts on January 13, 2021.
Filmography
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1954
The Great Gildersleeve
Vivian Bennett
Episode: The Water Commissioner
1955
Climax!
Host
2 episodes
1963
The Ed Sullivan Show
Opera Singer
Season 16, episode: 29
1963
The Voice of Firestone
Marguerite
Episode: Highlights from Gounod's Faust
Television shows
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1962
34th Academy Awards
Herself
Performer
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
1953
Marry Me Again
Joan
1957
The Big Caper
Kay
1959
Sleeping Beauty
Princess Aurora
Voice
1968
The Merry Widow
Anna Glawari
1972
The Great Waltz
Jetty Treffz
1999
Titus
Mourner
2014
Like Sunday, Like Rain
Mrs. Tydings
Uncredited
Discography
Opera Recordings
Year
Composer
Title
Role
Conductor
Orchestra & Chorus
1961
Giacomo Puccini
La Boheme
Musetta
Erich Leinsdorf
Rome Opera House Orchestra & Chorus
1964
Vincenzo Bellini
I Capuleti e I Montecchi
Giulietta
Lamberto Gardelli
American Opera Society Orchestra & Chorus
Awards and recognition
Year
Award
Category
Result
Nominated work
Ref.
1944
Music Sorority Awards
Outstanding Voice
Won
Best Singer
1959
Grammy Awards
Best Sound Track Album, Original Cast – Motion Picture or Television
Nominated
Sleeping Beauty
1973
Golden Globe Awards
New Star of the Year – Actress
Nominated
The Great Waltz
1999
Disney Legends
Animation—Voice
Won
Sleeping Beauty
2007
Doctor of Fine Arts degree
Honorary degree
Won
2020
National Medal of Arts
Artist
Won
Operatic soprano
Notes
^ a b c "Mary Costa". D23. The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ Moran, Kelsey (October 5, 2016). "The Real-Life Actresses Behind Your Favorite Disney Princesses". The Odyssey. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
^ a b c Russell, Melanie Vásquez (January 14, 2021). "Knoxville Opera singer, voice of 'Sleeping Beauty' Mary Costa honored at White House". WATE-TV. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ Gatto, Marianna. "Italians in Hollywood – Italian American Museum of Los Angeles". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
^ a b Brake, Jennifer (June 24, 2012). "Mary Costa: Knoxville's sleeping beauty". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2022.
^ a b "Mary Costa: Knoxville's sleeping beauty". Knox Newspaper. February 6, 2022.
^ The Trojan 1946 (Knoxville High School yearbook, "Music" section). 1946.
^ a b Noyer, Jérémie (October 7, 2008). "Once Upon A Dream: Mary Costa as Sleeping Beauty's Princess Aurora". Animated Views. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
^ "Aston-Wash: Knoxville's Costa on the go with Disney duties". Knox (Newspaper). September 12, 2022.
^ "Mary Costa". Glyndebourne. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.
^ "Mary Costa through the years". Knox News. March 17, 2022.
^ "Decades of Fashion: The 1950s in pictures". Knox News. February 12, 2023.
^ Joy, Renata (May 31, 2016). "Mary Costa Interview". Ultimate Disney. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ "'Cinderella' Sues Disney". The Washington Post. October 4, 2022.
^ "A voice like Sleeping Beauty". Los Angeles Times. July 20, 2022.
^ "Pellissippi State: Opera legend Mary Costa to serve as Commencement speaker". Pellissippi State Community College. April 24, 2012. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012.
^ "Distinguished Artist Recipient, 2015 Governor's Arts Awards". Tennessee Arts Commission. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
^ Derschowitz, Jessica (April 6, 2016). "Original Sleeping Beauty shares note to fans". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
^ Beck, Jerry (April 4, 2016). "An Open Letter From Mary Costa (The Voice of Disney's "Sleeping Beauty")". IndieWire. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
^ Paris, Lindsey (August 12, 2020). "Sleeping Beauty Actress Asks Fans to Finally Let Her Rest". Inside the Magic. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
^ Amidi, Amid (August 12, 2020). "The 90-Year-Old Voice Of Sleeping Beauty Asks Disney Fans To Stop Contacting Her". Cartoon Brew. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
^ Hutter, Victoria (January 15, 2021). "National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Congratulates Recipients of the 2020 National Medal of Arts". National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.
^ Puchko, Kristy (January 17, 2012). "Mary Costa, Aurora – Disney Princesses Then and Now". TheFW. Screencrush Network. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2014.
^ "1959 Grammy Awards". Grammy Awards. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
^ "Mary Costa | Golden Globes". Golden Globes. November 18, 2022.
Further reading
Cummings, David (ed.), "Costa, Mary, International Who's Who in Classical Music, Routledge, 2003, p. 158; ISBN 1-85743-174-X
Hayes, John "2 with Futures to Follow: Mary Costa and Marilyn Horne", Billboard, May 16, 1964, p. 38
Hollis, Tim and Ehrbar, Greg, Mouse tracks: the story of Walt Disney Records, Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2006, p. 52; ISBN 1-57806-849-5
Kennedy, Michael and Bourne, Joyce, Mary Costa profile, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music, Oxford University Press, 1996 (accessed via Encyclopedia.com on January 26, 2010)
Metropolitan Opera, Performance Record: Costa, Mary profile, metoperafamily.org; accessed August 12, 2014.
Sleeman, Elizabeth (ed.), Mary Costa profile, The International Who's Who of Women, Routledge, 2001, p. 116; ISBN 1-85743-122-7
The Walt Disney Company, Disney Legends: Mary Costa m legends.disney.go.com; accessed January 26, 2010.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Mary Costa.
Media related to Mary Costa at Wikimedia Commons
Mary Costa at IMDb
Mary Costa at the Disney Legends Website
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TheWaltDisneyCompany-1"},{"link_name":"Princess Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(Sleeping_Beauty)"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Disney Princesses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Princess"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Disney Legend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney_Legend"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WATE-TV-3"}],"text":"Mary Costa (born April 5, 1930)[1] is an American retired actress and singer. Her most notable film credit is providing the voice of Princess Aurora in the 1959 Disney animated film Sleeping Beauty. She is the last surviving voice actress of the three Disney Princesses created in Walt Disney's lifetime and was named a Disney Legend in 1999.[2] She is a recipient of the 2020 National Medal of Arts.[3]","title":"Mary Costa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Knoxville, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptist"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary-Knoxville-5"},{"link_name":"Knoxville High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knoxville_High_School_(Tennessee)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNewspaper-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Conservatory of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Conservatory_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Edgar Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Bergen"},{"link_name":"Dean Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Martin"},{"link_name":"Jerry Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Lux Radio Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Radio_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnimatedViews-8"}],"text":"Costa was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, where she lived for much of her childhood. Her parents were John (1875–1947) and Hazel (1892–1993). Of Italian descent, Costa was raised in a Baptist household[4][5] and sang Sunday school solos at the age of six. At Knoxville High School, she sang in the chorus.[6][7] When she was in her early teens, her family relocated to Los Angeles, California, where she completed high school and won a Music Sorority Award as the outstanding voice among Southern California high school seniors. Following high school, she entered the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music to study with famed maestro Gaston Usigli. Between 1948 and 1951, she appeared with Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy on the Bergen radio show. She also sang with Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis in concerts at UCLA, and made numerous commercials for Lux Radio Theatre.[8]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Tashlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tashlin"},{"link_name":"Princess Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(Sleeping_Beauty)"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"Walt Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Schwarzkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schwarzkopf"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Carmen Dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Dragon"},{"link_name":"Carl Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Glyndebourne Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyndebourne_Festival"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jules Massenet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Massenet"},{"link_name":"Manon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manon"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"La traviata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_traviata"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Leonard Bernstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Bernstein"},{"link_name":"Candide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candide_(operetta)"},{"link_name":"RCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA"},{"link_name":"La bohème","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me"},{"link_name":"Anna Moffo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Moffo"},{"link_name":"Richard Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Tucker_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"Erich Leinsdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Leinsdorf"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Opera"},{"link_name":"Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"A Midsummer Night's Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Midsummer_Night%27s_Dream_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Norman Dello Joio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Dello_Joio"},{"link_name":"The Rake's Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rake%27s_Progress"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mary-Knoxville-5"},{"link_name":"Bing Crosby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Crosby"},{"link_name":"Sergio Franchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Franchi"},{"link_name":"Frank Sinatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra"},{"link_name":"Sammy Davis Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammy_Davis_Jr."},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts"},{"link_name":"The Great Waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Waltz_(1972_film)"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II"},{"link_name":"The Big Caper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Big_Caper"},{"link_name":"Marry Me Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marry_Me_Again"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnoxNewspaper-6"}],"text":"In 1952, after meeting people at a party with her future husband, director Frank Tashlin, she auditioned for the part of Disney's Princess Aurora, the Sleeping Beauty, in Disney's Sleeping Beauty (1959). Walt Disney called her personally within hours of the audition to inform her that the part was hers. In 1958, Costa was called upon to substitute for Elisabeth Schwarzkopf at a gala concert in the Hollywood Bowl, conducted by Carmen Dragon. Thanks to glowing reviews from that performance, she was invited to sing the lead in her first fully staged operatic production, The Bartered Bride, produced by the renowned German producer, Carl Ebert, for the Los Angeles Guild Opera. Ebert later requested she appear at the Glyndebourne Festival, where she debuted.[9][10]Costa went on to perform in 44 operatic roles on stages throughout the world, including Jules Massenet's Manon at the Metropolitan Opera, and Violetta in La traviata at the Royal Opera House in London and the Bolshoi in Moscow, and Cunegonde in the 1959 London premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Candide. In 1961, for RCA, she recorded Musetta in La bohème, opposite Anna Moffo and Richard Tucker, with the Rome Opera House Orchestra and Chorus conducted by Erich Leinsdorf.Among roles which she sang for the San Francisco Opera, she was Tytania in the American premiere of Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream (1961), Ninette in the world premiere of Norman Dello Joio's Blood Moon (1961), and Anne Truelove in the San Francisco premiere of Stravinsky's The Rake's Progress. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Violetta in La traviata on January 6, 1964.[5]Costa impressed television audiences throughout her career with guest appearances on many shows, such as Bing Crosby's Christmas Show on NBC-TV. She appeared with Crosby and Sergio Franchi on The Hollywood Palace in 1970. She also appeared on Frank Sinatra's Woman of the Year Timex Special for NBC, where, with others, she was honored as one of the Women of the Year. In 1973, Sammy Davis Jr. asked her to appear on his first NBC Follies, in which she performed a blues selection with Davis.[11][better source needed]Jacqueline Kennedy asked her to sing at a memorial service for her husband, U.S. President John F. Kennedy, from the Los Angeles Sports Arena in 1963. At the memorial concert, Costa sang \"Libera Me\" from Giuseppe Verdi's Requiem under the baton of conductor Zubin Mehta. She sang for the inaugural concert of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in 1971. In 1972, she starred in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer feature The Great Waltz, depicting the life of Johann Strauss II. Additional movie credits include The Big Caper (1957) and Marry Me Again (1953).[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frank Tashlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tashlin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Mary married cartoonist and screenwriter Frank Tashlin in 1953. They divorced in 1966.[12]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blu-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray"},{"link_name":"Sleeping Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleeping_Beauty_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Peggy Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Lee"},{"link_name":"Lady and the Tramp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_and_the_Tramp"},{"link_name":"Ilene Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilene_Woods"},{"link_name":"Cinderella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinderella_(1950_film)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Jennifer Hale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Hale"},{"link_name":"American Lung Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Lung_Association"},{"link_name":"Carson–Newman College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson%E2%80%93Newman_College"},{"link_name":"Jefferson City, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pellissippi State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellissippi_State_Community_College"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"YWCA Knoxville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ywcaknox.com/"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insidethemagic-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"National Medal of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WATE-TV-3"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Having retired from acting in 2014, Costa has dedicated her later years to inspiring children and teenagers, giving motivational talks at schools and colleges across the country. She is also a celebrity endorser for child abuse prevention. She continues to do promotional appearances for Disney, most recently for the Blu-ray release of Sleeping Beauty and the 50th anniversary of the film.[13]In 1989, she received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Licia Albanese Puccini Foundation. When Disney began releasing videocassette versions of its animated films, Costa was one of three actresses to file lawsuits over royalties for their performances; at the time of Costa's 1989 filing, Peggy Lee of Lady and the Tramp (1955) later won her lawsuit in April 1990 and Ilene Woods of Cinderella (1950) filed hers in December 1990.[14] Voice actress Jennifer Hale replaced Costa as the voice of Aurora in 2001. In November 1999, she received the Disney Legends Award, and her handprints are now a permanent part of the Disney Legends Plaza at the entrance to Disney Studios. In 2000 she was selected as the Tennessee Woman of Distinction by the American Lung Association. In April 2001, she was honored by the Metropolitan Opera Guild for Distinguished Verdi Performances of the 20th Century. In 2003 she was appointed by President George W. Bush to the National Council on the Arts, where she served until 2007. In December 2007, she was awarded an honorary Doctor of Fine Arts degree by Carson–Newman College in Jefferson City, Tennessee. On November 2, 2007, she was inducted into the Knoxville Opera Hall of Fame. Earlier she had launched the inaugural Knoxville Opera season in 1978 as Violetta in La traviata.[15]On April 24, 2012, Costa served as the commencement speaker at Pellissippi State graduation ceremony.[16] On November 10, 2014, she was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Humane and Musical Letters from the College of Arts and Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville. In 2014, Costa was named one of the YWCA Knoxville's Tribute to Women Honorees during the 30th anniversary celebration. On March 17, 2015 she was a recipient of Tennessee's 2015 Governor's Arts Award.[17] On her 86th birthday, Costa wrote an open letter to her fans thanking them for their support.[18] She also announced that she would no longer directly reply to fan-mail, but she would continue to sign autographs and meet fans at events while also focusing her efforts on working with young children.[19] In August 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Costa once again thanked fans for their continued support but also announced that she would no longer respond to any fan-mail at all due to the overwhelming amount she received following her 90th birthday.[20][21] She was awarded the National Medal of Arts on January 13, 2021.[3][22]","title":"Later years"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television shows","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Opera Recordings","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TheWaltDisneyCompany_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TheWaltDisneyCompany_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TheWaltDisneyCompany_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Mary Costa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d23.com/walt-disney-legend/mary-costa/"},{"link_name":"D23","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D23_(Disney)"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney 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Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210119204336/https://www.arts.gov/about/news/2021/national-endowment-arts-chairman-congratulates-recipients-2020-national-medal-arts"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"\"Mary Costa, Aurora – Disney Princesses Then and Now\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//thefw.com/mary-costa-aurora-disney-princesses-then-and-now"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130121014155/http://thefw.com/mary-costa-aurora-disney-princesses-then-and-now"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"1959 Grammy Awards\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.grammy.com/awards/2nd-annual-grammy-awards"},{"link_name":"Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"\"Mary Costa | Golden Globes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.goldenglobes.com/person/mary-costa"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Mary Costa\". D23. The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.\n\n^ Moran, Kelsey (October 5, 2016). \"The Real-Life Actresses Behind Your Favorite Disney Princesses\". The Odyssey. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.\n\n^ a b c Russell, Melanie Vásquez (January 14, 2021). \"Knoxville Opera singer, voice of 'Sleeping Beauty' Mary Costa honored at White House\". WATE-TV. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2022.\n\n^ Gatto, Marianna. \"Italians in Hollywood – Italian American Museum of Los Angeles\". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2020.\n\n^ a b Brake, Jennifer (June 24, 2012). \"Mary Costa: Knoxville's sleeping beauty\". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2022.\n\n^ a b \"Mary Costa: Knoxville's sleeping beauty\". Knox Newspaper. February 6, 2022.\n\n^ The Trojan 1946 (Knoxville High School yearbook, \"Music\" section). 1946.\n\n^ a b Noyer, Jérémie (October 7, 2008). \"Once Upon A Dream: Mary Costa as Sleeping Beauty's Princess Aurora\". Animated Views. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2020.\n\n^ \"Aston-Wash: Knoxville's Costa on the go with Disney duties\". Knox (Newspaper). September 12, 2022.\n\n^ \"Mary Costa\". Glyndebourne. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.\n\n^ \"Mary Costa through the years\". Knox News. March 17, 2022.\n\n^ \"Decades of Fashion: The 1950s in pictures\". Knox News. February 12, 2023.\n\n^ Joy, Renata (May 31, 2016). \"Mary Costa Interview\". Ultimate Disney. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2022.\n\n^ \"'Cinderella' Sues Disney\". The Washington Post. October 4, 2022.\n\n^ \"A voice like Sleeping Beauty\". Los Angeles Times. July 20, 2022.\n\n^ \"Pellissippi State: Opera legend Mary Costa to serve as Commencement speaker\". Pellissippi State Community College. April 24, 2012. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012.\n\n^ \"Distinguished Artist Recipient, 2015 Governor's Arts Awards\". Tennessee Arts Commission. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.\n\n^ Derschowitz, Jessica (April 6, 2016). \"Original Sleeping Beauty shares note to fans\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.\n\n^ Beck, Jerry (April 4, 2016). \"An Open Letter From Mary Costa (The Voice of Disney's \"Sleeping Beauty\")\". IndieWire. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.\n\n^ Paris, Lindsey (August 12, 2020). \"Sleeping Beauty Actress Asks Fans to Finally Let Her Rest\". Inside the Magic. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2022.\n\n^ Amidi, Amid (August 12, 2020). \"The 90-Year-Old Voice Of Sleeping Beauty Asks Disney Fans To Stop Contacting Her\". Cartoon Brew. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2022.\n\n^ Hutter, Victoria (January 15, 2021). \"National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Congratulates Recipients of the 2020 National Medal of Arts\". National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.\n\n^ Puchko, Kristy (January 17, 2012). \"Mary Costa, Aurora – Disney Princesses Then and Now\". TheFW. Screencrush Network. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2014.\n\n^ \"1959 Grammy Awards\". Grammy Awards. Retrieved December 18, 2021.\n\n^ \"Mary Costa | Golden Globes\". Golden Globes. November 18, 2022.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Costa, Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=48V3kmpJEEgC&dq=%22Costa%2C+Mary%22&pg=PA158"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85743-174-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-174-X"},{"link_name":"\"2 with Futures to Follow: Mary Costa and Marilyn Horne\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=IUUEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Mary+Costa%22&pg=PA38"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mouse tracks: the story of Walt Disney Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=rw-Rffdqb1IC&q=%22mary+costa%22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-57806-849-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57806-849-5"},{"link_name":"Kennedy, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kennedy_(music_critic)"},{"link_name":"Mary Costa profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O76-CostaMary.html"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Performance Record: Costa, Mary profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/scripts/cgiip.exe/WService=BibSpeed/gisrch2k.r?Term=Costa,%20Mary%20%5BSoprano%5D&limit=5000&vsrchtype=no&xBranch=ALL&xmtype=&Start=&End=&theterm=Cos%74a,%20Ma%72%79%20%5BSop%72ano%5D&srt=&x=0&xHome=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives/bibpro.htm&xHomePath=http://archives.metoperafamily.org/archives"},{"link_name":"Mary Costa profile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=6J8xDWDqOkEC&dq=%22Costa%2C+Mary%22&pg=PA116"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85743-122-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85743-122-7"},{"link_name":"The Walt Disney Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company"},{"link_name":"Disney Legends: Mary Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d23.com/walt-disney-legend/mary-costa/"}],"text":"Cummings, David (ed.), \"Costa, Mary, International Who's Who in Classical Music, Routledge, 2003, p. 158; ISBN 1-85743-174-X\nHayes, John \"2 with Futures to Follow: Mary Costa and Marilyn Horne\", Billboard, May 16, 1964, p. 38\nHollis, Tim and Ehrbar, Greg, Mouse tracks: the story of Walt Disney Records, Univ. Press of Mississippi, 2006, p. 52; ISBN 1-57806-849-5\nKennedy, Michael and Bourne, Joyce, Mary Costa profile, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Music, Oxford University Press, 1996 (accessed via Encyclopedia.com on January 26, 2010)\nMetropolitan Opera, Performance Record: Costa, Mary profile, metoperafamily.org; accessed August 12, 2014.\nSleeman, Elizabeth (ed.), Mary Costa profile, The International Who's Who of Women, Routledge, 2001, p. 116; ISBN 1-85743-122-7\nThe Walt Disney Company, Disney Legends: Mary Costa m legends.disney.go.com; accessed January 26, 2010.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mary Costa\". D23. The Walt Disney Company. Archived from the original on January 6, 2022. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://d23.com/walt-disney-legend/mary-costa/","url_text":"\"Mary Costa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D23_(Disney)","url_text":"D23"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company","url_text":"The Walt Disney Company"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220106204617/https://d23.com/walt-disney-legend/mary-costa/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Moran, Kelsey (October 5, 2016). \"The Real-Life Actresses Behind Your Favorite Disney Princesses\". The Odyssey. Archived from the original on January 2, 2019. Retrieved January 2, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theodysseyonline.com/behind-the-princesses","url_text":"\"The Real-Life Actresses Behind Your Favorite Disney Princesses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey_(publication)","url_text":"The Odyssey"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190102205652/https://www.theodysseyonline.com/behind-the-princesses","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Russell, Melanie Vásquez (January 14, 2021). \"Knoxville Opera singer, voice of 'Sleeping Beauty' Mary Costa honored at White House\". WATE-TV. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wate.com/news/local-news/knoxville-opera-singer-voice-of-sleeping-beauty-mary-costa-honored-at-white-house/","url_text":"\"Knoxville Opera singer, voice of 'Sleeping Beauty' Mary Costa honored at White House\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WATE-TV","url_text":"WATE-TV"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210116204813/https://www.wate.com/news/local-news/knoxville-opera-singer-voice-of-sleeping-beauty-mary-costa-honored-at-white-house/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gatto, Marianna. \"Italians in Hollywood – Italian American Museum of Los Angeles\". Google Arts & Culture. Archived from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/italians-in-hollywood/bgICZnGiLUtPLA","url_text":"\"Italians in Hollywood – Italian American Museum of Los Angeles\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220320171217/https://artsandculture.google.com/story/oAUBZnGiLUtPLA","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Brake, Jennifer (June 24, 2012). \"Mary Costa: Knoxville's sleeping beauty\". The Knoxville News-Sentinel. Archived from the original on November 27, 2020. Retrieved January 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.knoxnews.com/news/local/mary-costa-knoxvilles-sleeping-beauty-ep-360667709-356911751.html/","url_text":"\"Mary Costa: Knoxville's sleeping beauty\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201127203715/http://archive.knoxnews.com/news/local/mary-costa-knoxvilles-sleeping-beauty-ep-360667709-356911751.html/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Costa: Knoxville's sleeping beauty\". Knox Newspaper. February 6, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.knoxnews.com/news/local/mary-costa-knoxvilles-sleeping-beauty-ep-360667709-356911751.html/","url_text":"\"Mary Costa: Knoxville's sleeping beauty\""}]},{"reference":"The Trojan 1946 (Knoxville High School yearbook, \"Music\" section). 1946.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Noyer, Jérémie (October 7, 2008). \"Once Upon A Dream: Mary Costa as Sleeping Beauty's Princess Aurora\". Animated Views. Archived from the original on October 18, 2011. Retrieved January 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://animatedviews.com/2008/once-upon-a-dream-mary-costa-as-sleeping-beautys-princess-aurora/","url_text":"\"Once Upon A Dream: Mary Costa as Sleeping Beauty's Princess Aurora\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111018140100/https://animatedviews.com/2008/once-upon-a-dream-mary-costa-as-sleeping-beautys-princess-aurora/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Aston-Wash: Knoxville's Costa on the go with Disney duties\". Knox (Newspaper). September 12, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.knoxnews.com/entertainment/life/aston-wash-knoxvilles-costa-on-the-go-with-disney-duties-ep-410491773-359628871.html/","url_text":"\"Aston-Wash: Knoxville's Costa on the go with Disney duties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Costa\". Glyndebourne. Archived from the original on January 2, 2020. Retrieved January 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.glyndebourne.com/persons/mary-costa/","url_text":"\"Mary Costa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyndebourne","url_text":"Glyndebourne"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200102024954/https://www.glyndebourne.com/persons/mary-costa/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Costa through the years\". Knox News. March 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/picture-gallery/shopper-news/2019/10/10/mary-costa-through-years/3906153002/","url_text":"\"Mary Costa through the years\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decades of Fashion: The 1950s in pictures\". Knox News. February 12, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knoxnews.com/picture-gallery/shopper-news/2019/07/02/1950-s-fashion-clothing-styles-and-trends-photos/1418736001/","url_text":"\"Decades of Fashion: The 1950s in pictures\""}]},{"reference":"Joy, Renata (May 31, 2016). \"Mary Costa Interview\". Ultimate Disney. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdizzy.com/sleepingbeauty-interview.html","url_text":"\"Mary Costa Interview\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715164222/https://www.dvdizzy.com/sleepingbeauty-interview.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"'Cinderella' Sues Disney\". The Washington Post. October 4, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1990/12/29/cinderella-sues-disney/85b8c09c-2189-40ed-a893-dc6357091e65/","url_text":"\"'Cinderella' Sues Disney\""}]},{"reference":"\"A voice like Sleeping Beauty\". Los Angeles Times. July 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/socal/glendale-news-press/news/tn-gnp-xpm-2001-05-17-export38157-story.html","url_text":"\"A voice like Sleeping Beauty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Pellissippi State: Opera legend Mary Costa to serve as Commencement speaker\". Pellissippi State Community College. April 24, 2012. Archived from the original on May 13, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120513202147/http://www.pstcc.edu/blogs/marketing-comm/?p=3421","url_text":"\"Pellissippi State: Opera legend Mary Costa to serve as Commencement speaker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellissippi_State_Community_College","url_text":"Pellissippi State Community College"},{"url":"http://www.pstcc.edu/blogs/marketing-comm/?p=3421","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Distinguished Artist Recipient, 2015 Governor's Arts Awards\". Tennessee Arts Commission. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://tnartscommission.org/2015-governors-arts-awards/mary-costa/","url_text":"\"Distinguished Artist Recipient, 2015 Governor's Arts Awards\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160424000524/https://tnartscommission.org/governors-arts-awards/2015-awards/mary-costa/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Derschowitz, Jessica (April 6, 2016). \"Original Sleeping Beauty shares note to fans\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on April 9, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2016/04/06/sleeping-beauty-mary-costa-princess-aurora-letter","url_text":"\"Original Sleeping Beauty shares note to fans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160409043241/https://ew.com/article/2016/04/06/sleeping-beauty-mary-costa-princess-aurora-letter/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry (April 4, 2016). \"An Open Letter From Mary Costa (The Voice of Disney's \"Sleeping Beauty\")\". IndieWire. Archived from the original on April 7, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160407041753/http://blogs.indiewire.com/animationscoop/an-open-letter-from-mary-costa-the-voice-of-disneys-sleeping-beauty-20160404","url_text":"\"An Open Letter From Mary Costa (The Voice of Disney's \"Sleeping Beauty\")\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IndieWire","url_text":"IndieWire"},{"url":"http://blogs.indiewire.com/animationscoop/an-open-letter-from-mary-costa-the-voice-of-disneys-sleeping-beauty-20160404","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paris, Lindsey (August 12, 2020). \"Sleeping Beauty Actress Asks Fans to Finally Let Her Rest\". Inside the Magic. Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://insidethemagic.net/2020/08/sleeping-beauty-actress-letter-lp1/","url_text":"\"Sleeping Beauty Actress Asks Fans to Finally Let Her Rest\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201125172936/https://insidethemagic.net/2020/08/sleeping-beauty-actress-letter-lp1/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Amidi, Amid (August 12, 2020). \"The 90-Year-Old Voice Of Sleeping Beauty Asks Disney Fans To Stop Contacting Her\". Cartoon Brew. Archived from the original on August 14, 2020. Retrieved March 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cartoonbrew.com/disney/the-90-year-old-voice-of-sleeping-beauty-asks-disney-fans-to-stop-contacting-her-195324.html","url_text":"\"The 90-Year-Old Voice Of Sleeping Beauty Asks Disney Fans To Stop Contacting Her\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200814021320/https://www.cartoonbrew.com/disney/the-90-year-old-voice-of-sleeping-beauty-asks-disney-fans-to-stop-contacting-her-195324.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hutter, Victoria (January 15, 2021). \"National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Congratulates Recipients of the 2020 National Medal of Arts\". National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved January 25, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arts.gov/about/news/2021/national-endowment-arts-chairman-congratulates-recipients-2020-national-medal-arts","url_text":"\"National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Congratulates Recipients of the 2020 National Medal of Arts\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts","url_text":"National Endowment for the Arts"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210119204336/https://www.arts.gov/about/news/2021/national-endowment-arts-chairman-congratulates-recipients-2020-national-medal-arts","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puchko, Kristy (January 17, 2012). \"Mary Costa, Aurora – Disney Princesses Then and Now\". TheFW. Screencrush Network. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved March 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://thefw.com/mary-costa-aurora-disney-princesses-then-and-now","url_text":"\"Mary Costa, Aurora – Disney Princesses Then and Now\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130121014155/http://thefw.com/mary-costa-aurora-disney-princesses-then-and-now","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1959 Grammy Awards\". Grammy Awards. Retrieved December 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/awards/2nd-annual-grammy-awards","url_text":"\"1959 Grammy Awards\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Awards","url_text":"Grammy Awards"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Costa | Golden Globes\". Golden Globes. November 18, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/mary-costa","url_text":"\"Mary Costa | Golden Globes\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ywcaknox.com/","external_links_name":"YWCA Knoxville"},{"Link":"https://d23.com/walt-disney-legend/mary-costa/","external_links_name":"\"Mary Costa\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220106204617/https://d23.com/walt-disney-legend/mary-costa/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.theodysseyonline.com/behind-the-princesses","external_links_name":"\"The Real-Life Actresses Behind Your Favorite Disney Princesses\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190102205652/https://www.theodysseyonline.com/behind-the-princesses","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.wate.com/news/local-news/knoxville-opera-singer-voice-of-sleeping-beauty-mary-costa-honored-at-white-house/","external_links_name":"\"Knoxville Opera singer, voice of 'Sleeping Beauty' Mary Costa honored at White 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Lollipop | Radio Lollipop | ["1 History","2 Locations","2.1 Australia","2.2 New Zealand","2.3 United Kingdom","2.4 United States","2.5 South Africa","3 References","4 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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Radio LollipopFounded1978Registration no.England and Wales: 280817Scotland: SC039505LocationCharlotte Building, 17 Gresse Street, London, W1T 1QLArea served AustraliaNew ZealandUnited KingdomUnited StatesSouth AfricaMethodRadio programming and play interaction at the bedside and in the playroomsWebsitehttps://radiolollipop.org
Radio Lollipop is a charitable organization providing a care, comfort, play and entertainment service for children in hospital. It organizes Volunteer Playmakers to spend time with children in wards or in special play areas, taking its name from the radio stations it runs in hospitals playing children's programming - part-presented by children themselves.
History
Radio Lollipop was founded in 1978 at Queen Mary's Hospital for Children in Surrey, England, at first primarily as a cable-wired station for the 460 children in the hospital. The station made its first broadcast on 5 May 1979, when the first Radio Lollipop went on-air.
Following the success of the first station, the International Year of the Child Committee provided funding in 1980 to develop Radio Lollipops in other British hospitals.
Over time, emphasis shifted from the radio station to volunteers spending time on wards entertaining children in person, by playing games, doing arts and crafts, and reading stories. However, the "radio", with children's programming and often presenting on-air, remains a central part of the charity. Programming consists of on-air presenter-banter with children, interspersed with request songs, comedy and competitions. In most hospitals, the programme is wired to speakers in wards, rather than actually broadcast, but a central studio, with on-air presenters, provides a focal point and base, and is open to children. There is a project under-way to carry feed from other hospitals in different time zones throughout the day, via the internet. Radio Lollipop is run entirely by unpaid volunteers, usually a mix of city business people, retirees and medical students, and usually operates in the evenings.
In 1985, the first Radio Lollipop outside the UK was started at the Princess Margaret Hospital for Children in Perth, Western Australia. It was brought to Perth by Steve and Pat Salter, a couple from the United Kingdom. From that beginning, the organisation has expanded to hospitals in the east coast of Australia, New Zealand, and America.
Radio Lollipop is in one of the largest specialist children referral hospitals in the world, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, where it provides play services to children in 390 beds on 21 wards. It originally broadcast radio from, and held play sessions in, a former Jubilee line tube train that was craned into the hospital and converted to house the Radio Lollipop studio.
Locations
Radio Lollipop, Pediatrics Ward Block B at Gold Coast University Hospital
Australia
Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
St John of God Murdoch Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia
Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia
St John of God Midland Hospital, Midland, Western Australia
Joondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, Western Australia
Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital, Armadale, Western Australia
Rockingham, Western Australia
Kalgoorlie Regional Hospital, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
Mater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland
Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland
Logan Hospital, Meadowbrook, Queensland
Gold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland
Monash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
New Zealand
Starship hospital's atrium, location of its radio station
Starship Children's Hospital, Auckland
Kidz First, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland
Waitakere Hospital, Auckland
Manukau SuperClinic, Auckland
Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch
Whangarei Base Hospital, Whangarei
United Kingdom
Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh
Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow
Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham
Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol
University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton
Manchester Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester
Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee
Great Ormond Street Hospital, London
Evelina Children's Hospital, London
United States
Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami
Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
South Africa
New Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital, Johannesburg
References
^ "Radio Lollipop Sweetens Hospital Stays". CBS News.
^ "Search Results - Great Ormond Street Hospital". www.ich.ucl.ac.uk.
^ "London Underground's old tube trains". Time Out London.
External links
Radio Lollipop website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"charitable organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization"},{"link_name":"hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital"}],"text":"Radio Lollipop is a charitable organization providing a care, comfort, play and entertainment service for children in hospital. It organizes Volunteer Playmakers to spend time with children in wards or in special play areas, taking its name from the radio stations it runs in hospitals playing children's programming - part-presented by children themselves.","title":"Radio Lollipop"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queen Mary's Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Helier_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Surrey, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrey,_England"},{"link_name":"International Year of the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Year_of_the_Child"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Princess Margaret Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Margaret_Hospital_for_Children"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Jubilee line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee_line"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Radio Lollipop was founded in 1978 at Queen Mary's Hospital for Children in Surrey, England, at first primarily as a cable-wired station for the 460 children in the hospital. The station made its first broadcast on 5 May 1979, when the first Radio Lollipop went on-air.Following the success of the first station, the International Year of the Child Committee provided funding in 1980 to develop Radio Lollipops in other British hospitals.Over time, emphasis shifted from the radio station to volunteers spending time on wards entertaining children in person, by playing games, doing arts and crafts, and reading stories. However, the \"radio\", with children's programming and often presenting on-air, remains a central part of the charity. Programming consists of on-air presenter-banter with children, interspersed with request songs, comedy and competitions. In most hospitals, the programme is wired to speakers in wards, rather than actually broadcast, but a central studio, with on-air presenters, provides a focal point and base, and is open to children. There is a project under-way to carry feed from other hospitals in different time zones throughout the day, via the internet. Radio Lollipop is run entirely by unpaid volunteers, usually a mix of city business people, retirees and medical students, and usually operates in the evenings.In 1985, the first Radio Lollipop outside the UK was started at the Princess Margaret Hospital for Children in Perth, Western Australia. It was brought to Perth by Steve and Pat Salter, a couple from the United Kingdom. From that beginning, the organisation has expanded to hospitals in the east coast of Australia, New Zealand, and America.[1]Radio Lollipop is in one of the largest specialist children referral hospitals in the world, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, where it provides play services to children in 390 beds on 21 wards.[2] It originally broadcast radio from, and held play sessions in, a former Jubilee line tube train that was craned into the hospital and converted to house the Radio Lollipop studio.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Radio_Lollipop,_Pediatrics_Ward_Block_B_at_Gold_Coast_University_Hospital.jpg"}],"text":"Radio Lollipop, Pediatrics Ward Block B at Gold Coast University Hospital","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Perth Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"St John of God Murdoch Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_of_God_Murdoch_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Fiona Stanley Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiona_Stanley_Hospital"},{"link_name":"St John of God Midland Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_John_of_God_Midland_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Joondalup Health Campus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joondalup_Health_Campus"},{"link_name":"Armadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armadale_Kelmscott_District_Memorial_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Rockingham, Western Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockingham,_Western_Australia"},{"link_name":"Kalgoorlie Regional Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalgoorlie_Regional_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mater Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mater_Children%27s_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Queensland Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Logan Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Gold Coast University Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Coast_University_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Monash Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monash_Children%27s_Hospital"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia\nSt John of God Murdoch Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia\nFiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia\nSt John of God Midland Hospital, Midland, Western Australia\nJoondalup Health Campus, Joondalup, Western Australia\nArmadale Kelmscott District Memorial Hospital, Armadale, Western Australia\nRockingham, Western Australia\nKalgoorlie Regional Hospital, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia\nMater Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland\nQueensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland\nLogan Hospital, Meadowbrook, Queensland\nGold Coast University Hospital, Southport, Queensland\nMonash Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starship_Hospital_Bottom.jpg"},{"link_name":"Starship Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Kidz First","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kidz_First&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Middlemore Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlemore_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Waitakere Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waitakere_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Manukau SuperClinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manukau_SuperClinic&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Christchurch Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Christchurch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurch"},{"link_name":"Whangarei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whangarei"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"Starship hospital's atrium, location of its radio stationStarship Children's Hospital, Auckland\nKidz First, Middlemore Hospital, Auckland\nWaitakere Hospital, Auckland\nManukau SuperClinic, Auckland\nChristchurch Hospital, Christchurch\nWhangarei Base Hospital, Whangarei","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Hospital for Sick Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hospital_for_Sick_Children,_Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Royal Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Hospital_for_Children,_Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Royal Victoria Infirmary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Infirmary"},{"link_name":"Newcastle-upon-Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle-upon-Tyne"},{"link_name":"Bristol Royal Hospital for Children","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Royal_Hospital_for_Children"},{"link_name":"Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol"},{"link_name":"University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Hospital_Southampton_NHS_Foundation_Trust"},{"link_name":"Southampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southampton"},{"link_name":"Manchester Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Manchester_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Ninewells Hospital and Medical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninewells_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"Great Ormond Street Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ormond_Street_Hospital"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Evelina Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelina_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh\nRoyal Hospital for Children, Glasgow\nBirmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham\nRoyal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne\nBristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol\nUniversity Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton\nManchester Children's Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester\nNinewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee\nGreat Ormond Street Hospital, London\nEvelina Children's Hospital, London","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicklaus Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicklaus_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Texas Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Children%27s_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Nicklaus Children's Hospital, Miami\nTexas Children's Hospital, Houston","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Nelson_Mandela_Children%27s_Hospital&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"}],"sub_title":"South Africa","text":"New Nelson Mandela Children's Hospital, Johannesburg","title":"Locations"}] | [{"image_text":"Radio Lollipop, Pediatrics Ward Block B at Gold Coast University Hospital","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Radio_Lollipop%2C_Pediatrics_Ward_Block_B_at_Gold_Coast_University_Hospital.jpg/170px-Radio_Lollipop%2C_Pediatrics_Ward_Block_B_at_Gold_Coast_University_Hospital.jpg"},{"image_text":"Starship hospital's atrium, location of its radio station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Starship_Hospital_Bottom.jpg/170px-Starship_Hospital_Bottom.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Radio Lollipop Sweetens Hospital Stays\". CBS News.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/06/25/earlyshow/main2974492.shtml","url_text":"\"Radio Lollipop Sweetens Hospital Stays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_News","url_text":"CBS News"}]},{"reference":"\"Search Results - Great Ormond Street Hospital\". www.ich.ucl.ac.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/publications/roundabout/october/lollipop.html","url_text":"\"Search Results - Great Ormond Street Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"\"London Underground's old tube trains\". Time Out London.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timeout.com/london/big-smoke/features/2817/London_Underground-s_old_tube_trains.html","url_text":"\"London Underground's old tube trains\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Radio+Lollipop%22","external_links_name":"\"Radio Lollipop\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Radio+Lollipop%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Radio+Lollipop%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Radio+Lollipop%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Radio+Lollipop%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Radio+Lollipop%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://radiolollipop.org/","external_links_name":"https://radiolollipop.org"},{"Link":"http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/06/25/earlyshow/main2974492.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Radio Lollipop Sweetens Hospital Stays\""},{"Link":"http://www.ich.ucl.ac.uk/publications/roundabout/october/lollipop.html","external_links_name":"\"Search Results - Great Ormond Street Hospital\""},{"Link":"http://www.timeout.com/london/big-smoke/features/2817/London_Underground-s_old_tube_trains.html","external_links_name":"\"London Underground's old tube trains\""},{"Link":"http://radiolollipop.org/","external_links_name":"Radio Lollipop website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis_Scimitar | Memphis Press-Scimitar | ["1 History","2 In fiction","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Newspaper based in Memphis, Tennessee
Memphis Press-ScimitarTypeDaily newspaperFormatBroadsheetOwner(s)E. W. Scripps CompanyEditorRoss B. YoungFounded1926; 98 years ago (1926)Ceased publication1983HeadquartersMemphis, Tennessee, USA
The Scimitar Building was the home of the Memphis Scimitar from 1902 to 1929.
The Memphis Press-Scimitar was an afternoon newspaper based in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, and owned by the E. W. Scripps Company. Created from a merger in 1926 between the Memphis Press and the Memphis News-Scimitar, the newspaper ceased publication in 1983. It was the main rival to The Commercial Appeal, also based in Memphis and owned by Scripps. At the time of its closure, the Press-Scimitar had lost a third of its circulation in 10 years and was down to daily sales of 80,000 copies.
From 1906 to 1931, The Memphis Press was edited by founder Ross B. Young, a journalist from Ohio brought down by local business interests looking for a voice to speak to the stranglehold that E. H. "Boss" Crump had on city government, employment, and contracts. From 1931 to 1962, The Press-Scimitar was edited by Edward J. Meeman.
History
The Memphis Evening Scimitar was published from at least 1891 to 1904 when it merged with the Memphis Morning News. It was also published as the News Scimitar.
It was partly owned by Memphis merchant tycoon Napoleon Hill who commissioned the Scimitar Building in 1902. Memphis architects August A. Chigazola (1869-1911) and William J. Hanker (1876–1958) designed it. Hill, known as Memphis' original "merchant prince", lived on the other side of Madison Avenue in a mansion on the site where the Sterick Building is now. Hill's initials are etched into the façade of the building.
The paper condemned U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt's 1901 dinner with Booker T. Washington.
In fiction
In John Grisham's novel The Client, the Memphis Press is fictionally presented as still existing and flourishing as a major Memphis paper into the 1990s.
In the 2004 movie The Ladykillers, during the basement scene where Tom Hanks's character Professor Goldthwaite Higginson Dorr describes forming the crew for the heist, he references having posted an ad in the Memphis Scimitar, which the would-be thieves responded to.
The 2013 Newberry Award-winning novel Paperboy by former Press Scimitar copy editor Vilas Vince Vawter has its main character working as a paper carrier delivering the Press Scimitar. A second novel, Copyboy, published in 2018, has the same character working as a copyboy in the paper's newsroom.
See also
List of newspapers in Tennessee
References
^ a b c "National Register Digital Assets: Scimitar Building". National Park Service. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
^ Frank, Ed. "Memphis Press-Scimitar", Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture, Tennessee Historical Society and the University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved November 7, 2010. Archived by WebCite on November 7, 2010.
^ "Memphis Press-Scimitar to shut next month", The New York Times, September 22, 1983. Retrieved November 7, 2010. (subscription required)
^ "Edward John Meeman". Tennessee Encyclopedia. January 1, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
^ "The Evening Scimitar (Memphis, Tenn.) 18??-1904". Library of Congress.
^ https://www.loc.gov/item/sn98069867/
^ "Hill, Napoleon".
^ Jacobson, Kelsey (2 August 2016). "Hotel Napoleon slated to open in Downtown Memphis by end of August". WMC Action News 5. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
^ "Scimitar Building". Historic Memphis Buildings. Historic Memphis. Retrieved 27 October 2016.
^ Faber, Madeline (16 August 2016). "Hotel Napoleon Joins Growing List of Unique Downtown Lodging". Memphis Daily News. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
^ "Theodore Roosevelt Papers: Series 1: Letters and Related Material, 1759-1919; 1901, Oct. 20-Nov. 11".
^ "Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present". ALSC. 30 November 1999.
^ "About Vince". Vince Vawter.
Further reading
"Memphis Press-Scimitar Rolls Final Edition Today", Associated Press via Ocala Star-Banner, October 31, 1983.
"Memphis Paper Quits.; Evening Appeal Is Consolidated With The Commercial Appeal", The New York Times, July 1, 1933. (subscription required)
Frank, Ed. "The History", Memphis Press-Scimitar. Retrieved November 7, 2010. Archived by WebCite on 7 November 2010.
vteE. W. Scripps Companysorted by primary channel network affiliationsABC
KATC
KERO-TV / KZKC-LD
KGTV / KZSD-LD
KGUN-TV
KIVI-TV / KSAW-LD
KMGH-TV / KZCO-LD
KNXV-TV
KTNV-TV
KXXV / KRHD-CD
WCPO-TV
WEWS-TV
WFTS-TV 9
WKBW-TV
WMAR-TV
WRTV
WTXL-TV
WXYZ-TV
CBS
KMTV-TV
KPAX-TV / KAJJ-CD
KRTV / KXLH-LD
KTVQ
KXLF-TV / KBZK
KZTV 1
WTKR
WTVF 5
WTVR-TV
The CW
KATC 3
KRIS-TV 3
KSBY 3
KTNV-TV 3 4
KWBA-TV
WGNT
WSFL-TV
WMYD 7
Fox
KSTU
WFLX 6
WFTX-TV
WSYM-TV
WXMI
NBC
KJRH-TV
KOAA-TV
KRIS-TV
KSBY
KSHB-TV
KTVH-DT / KTGF-LD
KTPX-TV 3 8
WGBA-TV
WLEX-TV
WPTV-TV
WTMJ-TV
Ion (O&O)
KFPX-TV
KKPX-TV
KPXB-TV
KPXD-TV
KPXG-TV
KPXL-TV
KPXM-TV
KPXN-TV
KPXR-TV
KRTV / KXLH-LD 3
KSPX-TV
KTPX-TV
KWPX-TV
KXLF-TV / KBZK 3
WBPX-TV / WPXG
WCPX-TV
WDPX-TV
WEPX-TV / WPXU-TV
WINP-TV
WIPL
WKOI-TV
WLPX-TV
WNPX-TV
WOPX-TV
WPPX-TV
WPXA-TV
WPXC-TV
WPXE-TV
WPXK-TV
WPXL-TV
WPXM-TV
WPXN-TV
WPXQ-TV
WPXR-TV
WPXW-TV / WWPX-TV
WQPX-TV
WRBU
WRPX-TV
WSPX-TV
WTPX-TV
WTVR-TV 3
WXPX-TV
WZRB
Other
Bounce TV
WSFJ-TV
WFPX-TV
Grit
WDPX-TV
Ion Mystery
KZCS-LD
Independent
KASW 2
KCDO-TV / KSBS-CD
KMCC
KMCI-TV
KUPX-TV
K22JA-D
WACY-TV
WHDT
MyNetworkTV
WSYM-TV 3
Scripps News
KILM
Telemundo
K47DF-D / KZTV 1 3
TV networks
Broadcast
Bounce TV
Court TV
Defy TV
Grit
Ion Television
Ion Mystery
Laff
Scripps News
OTT
Ion Plus
Defunct
Broadcast
Qubo
TrueReal
Programming
Scripps Sports
The List
Right This Minute
Yule Log
Acquisitions
Cordillera Communications
Ion Media
Journal Communications
McGraw-Hill
Katz Broadcasting
Digital
Scripps News
People
Adam P. Symson
Rich Boehne
Edward W. Estlow
Jack R. Howard
Roy W. Howard
Ted Knap
Jim G. Lucas
Ernie Pyle
Al Schottelkotte
Charles Scripps
E. W. Scripps
Related
National Journalism Awards
Newspaper Enterprise Association
National Spelling Bee
Scripps Howard Foundation
Scripps Networks Interactive
United Feature Syndicate
United Media
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
NOTES:
1 Scripps operates KZTV under a shared services agreement with SagamoreHill Broadcasting.
2 KNXV-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of sister independent station KASW for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
3 These stations broadcast these networks on their digital subchannels.
4 KTNV-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned CW station KVCW for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
5 WTVF provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of locally-owned and Sinclair Broadcast Group-operated Dabl station WNAB for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
6 Scripps operates WFLX under a shared services agreement with Gray Television.
7 WXYZ-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of sister CW station WMYD for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.
8 KJRH-TV provides a standard definition simulcast of sister station, Ion Television O&O KTPX-TV.
9 WFTS-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of Hearst Television-owned independent station WMOR-TV for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scimitar_building_memphis_1909_postcard.jpg"},{"link_name":"Scimitar Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scimitar_Building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-1"},{"link_name":"Memphis, Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"The Commercial Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Commercial_Appeal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"E. H. \"Boss\" Crump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._H._Crump"},{"link_name":"Edward J. Meeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_J._Meeman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Scimitar Building was the home of the Memphis Scimitar from 1902 to 1929.[1]The Memphis Press-Scimitar was an afternoon newspaper based in Memphis, Tennessee, United States, and owned by the E. W. Scripps Company. Created from a merger in 1926 between the Memphis Press and the Memphis News-Scimitar, the newspaper ceased publication in 1983. It was the main rival to The Commercial Appeal, also based in Memphis and owned by Scripps.[2] At the time of its closure, the Press-Scimitar had lost a third of its circulation in 10 years and was down to daily sales of 80,000 copies.[3]From 1906 to 1931, The Memphis Press was edited by founder Ross B. Young, a journalist from Ohio brought down by local business interests looking for a voice to speak to the stranglehold that E. H. \"Boss\" Crump had on city government, employment, and contracts. From 1931 to 1962, The Press-Scimitar was edited by Edward J. Meeman.[4]","title":"Memphis Press-Scimitar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Napoleon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_Hill_(Memphis_businessman)"},{"link_name":"Scimitar Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scimitar_Building"},{"link_name":"William J. Hanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanker_%26_Cairns"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-News5-8"},{"link_name":"Sterick Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterick_Building"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPS-1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HMB-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Faber-10"},{"link_name":"Theodore Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"1901 dinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_dinner_at_the_White_House"},{"link_name":"Booker T. Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booker_T._Washington"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The Memphis Evening Scimitar was published from at least 1891 to 1904[5] when it merged with the Memphis Morning News. It was also published as the News Scimitar.[6]It was partly owned by Memphis merchant tycoon Napoleon Hill who commissioned the Scimitar Building in 1902. Memphis architects August A. Chigazola (1869-1911) and William J. Hanker (1876–1958) designed it.[1][7] Hill, known as Memphis' original \"merchant prince\",[8] lived on the other side of Madison Avenue in a mansion on the site where the Sterick Building is now.[1][9] Hill's initials are etched into the façade of the building.[10]The paper condemned U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt's 1901 dinner with Booker T. Washington.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Grisham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Grisham"},{"link_name":"The Client","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Client_(novel)"},{"link_name":"The Ladykillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ladykillers_(2004_film)"},{"link_name":"Tom Hanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks"},{"link_name":"Paperboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperboy_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Vince Vawter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vince_Vawter"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"In John Grisham's novel The Client, the Memphis Press is fictionally presented as still existing and flourishing as a major Memphis paper into the 1990s.In the 2004 movie The Ladykillers, during the basement scene where Tom Hanks's character Professor Goldthwaite Higginson Dorr describes forming the crew for the heist, he references having posted an ad in the Memphis Scimitar, which the would-be thieves responded to.The 2013 Newberry Award-winning novel Paperboy[12] by former Press Scimitar copy editor Vilas Vince Vawter has its main character working as a paper carrier delivering the Press Scimitar. A second novel, Copyboy, published in 2018, has the same character working as a copyboy in the paper's newsroom.[13]","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Memphis Press-Scimitar Rolls Final Edition Today\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//news.google.com/newspapers?id=kgdFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cQYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4098,8600282&dq=memphis+press+scimitar&hl=en"},{"link_name":"Associated Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press"},{"link_name":"Ocala Star-Banner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocala_Star-Banner"},{"link_name":"\"Memphis Paper Quits.; Evening Appeal Is Consolidated With The Commercial Appeal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1933/07/01/archives/memphis-paper-quits-evening-appeal-is-consolidated-with-the.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"\"The History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.memphispressscimitar.com/THE_HISTORY.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20101204055507/http://www.memphispressscimitar.com/THE_HISTORY.html"},{"link_name":"WebCite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebCite"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:EWS_CORP"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:EWS_CORP"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:EWS_CORP"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps_Company"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"KATC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATC_(TV)"},{"link_name":"KERO-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KERO-TV"},{"link_name":"KZKC-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZKC-LD"},{"link_name":"KGTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGTV"},{"link_name":"KZSD-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZSD-LD"},{"link_name":"KGUN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGUN-TV"},{"link_name":"KIVI-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KIVI-TV"},{"link_name":"KSAW-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSAW-LD"},{"link_name":"KMGH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMGH-TV"},{"link_name":"KZCO-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZCO-LD"},{"link_name":"KNXV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNXV-TV"},{"link_name":"KTNV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTNV-TV"},{"link_name":"KXXV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXXV"},{"link_name":"KRHD-CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRHD-CD"},{"link_name":"WCPO-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPO-TV"},{"link_name":"WEWS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEWS-TV"},{"link_name":"WFTS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTS-TV"},{"link_name":"WKBW-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKBW-TV"},{"link_name":"WMAR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMAR-TV"},{"link_name":"WRTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRTV"},{"link_name":"WTXL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTXL-TV"},{"link_name":"WXYZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYZ-TV"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"KMTV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMTV-TV"},{"link_name":"KPAX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPAX-TV"},{"link_name":"KRTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRTV"},{"link_name":"KTVQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVQ"},{"link_name":"KXLF-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXLF-TV"},{"link_name":"KBZK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBZK"},{"link_name":"KZTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZTV"},{"link_name":"WTKR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTKR"},{"link_name":"WTVF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVF"},{"link_name":"WTVR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVR-TV"},{"link_name":"The CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"KATC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KATC_(TV)"},{"link_name":"KRIS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRIS-TV"},{"link_name":"KSBY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSBY"},{"link_name":"KTNV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTNV-TV"},{"link_name":"KWBA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWBA-TV"},{"link_name":"WGNT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGNT"},{"link_name":"WSFL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSFL-TV"},{"link_name":"WMYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMYD"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"KSTU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSTU"},{"link_name":"WFLX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFLX"},{"link_name":"WFTX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTX-TV"},{"link_name":"WSYM-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSYM-TV"},{"link_name":"WXMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXMI"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"},{"link_name":"KJRH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJRH-TV"},{"link_name":"KOAA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KOAA-TV"},{"link_name":"KRIS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRIS-TV"},{"link_name":"KSBY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSBY"},{"link_name":"KSHB-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSHB-TV"},{"link_name":"KTVH-DT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTVH-DT"},{"link_name":"KTPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WGBA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WGBA-TV"},{"link_name":"WLEX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLEX-TV"},{"link_name":"WPTV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPTV-TV"},{"link_name":"WTMJ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTMJ-TV"},{"link_name":"Ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Television"},{"link_name":"O&O","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned_and_operated_station"},{"link_name":"KFPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KFPX-TV"},{"link_name":"KKPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKPX-TV"},{"link_name":"KPXB-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXB-TV"},{"link_name":"KPXD-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXD-TV"},{"link_name":"KPXG-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXG-TV"},{"link_name":"KPXL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXL-TV"},{"link_name":"KPXM-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXM-TV"},{"link_name":"KPXN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXN-TV"},{"link_name":"KPXR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KPXR-TV"},{"link_name":"KRTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRTV"},{"link_name":"KXLH-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXLH-LD"},{"link_name":"KSPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSPX-TV"},{"link_name":"KTPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTPX-TV"},{"link_name":"KWPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWPX-TV"},{"link_name":"KXLF-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KXLF-TV"},{"link_name":"KBZK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBZK"},{"link_name":"WBPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WBPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXG-TV"},{"link_name":"WCPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WDPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WEPX-TV / WPXU-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WEPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WINP-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WINP-TV"},{"link_name":"WIPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIPL"},{"link_name":"WKOI-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WKOI-TV"},{"link_name":"WLPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WNPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WOPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WPPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXA-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXA-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXC-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXC-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXE-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXE-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXK-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXK-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXL-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXL-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXM-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXM-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXN-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXN-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXQ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXQ-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXR-TV"},{"link_name":"WPXW-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WPXW-TV"},{"link_name":"WWPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WQPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WQPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WRBU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRBU"},{"link_name":"WRPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WSPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WTPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WTVR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVR-TV"},{"link_name":"WXPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WZRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WZRB"},{"link_name":"Bounce TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_TV"},{"link_name":"WSFJ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSFJ-TV"},{"link_name":"WFPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFPX-TV"},{"link_name":"Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"WDPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDPX-TV"},{"link_name":"Ion Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Mystery"},{"link_name":"KZCS-LD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZCS-LD"},{"link_name":"Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station"},{"link_name":"KASW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASW"},{"link_name":"KCDO-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KCDO-TV"},{"link_name":"KSBS-CD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KSBS-CD"},{"link_name":"KMCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMCC"},{"link_name":"KMCI-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMCI-TV"},{"link_name":"KUPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KUPX-TV"},{"link_name":"K22JA-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K22JA-D"},{"link_name":"WACY-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WACY-TV"},{"link_name":"WHDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHDT"},{"link_name":"MyNetworkTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyNetworkTV"},{"link_name":"WSYM-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSYM-TV"},{"link_name":"Scripps News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_News"},{"link_name":"KILM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KILM"},{"link_name":"Telemundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telemundo"},{"link_name":"K47DF-D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K47DF-D"},{"link_name":"KZTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZTV"},{"link_name":"Bounce TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounce_TV"},{"link_name":"Court TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_TV"},{"link_name":"Defy TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defy_TV"},{"link_name":"Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grit_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Ion Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Television"},{"link_name":"Ion Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Mystery"},{"link_name":"Laff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laff_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Scripps News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_News"},{"link_name":"Ion Plus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Plus"},{"link_name":"Qubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubo"},{"link_name":"TrueReal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueReal"},{"link_name":"Scripps Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Sports"},{"link_name":"Right This Minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_This_Minute"},{"link_name":"Yule Log","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_Log_(TV_program)"},{"link_name":"Cordillera Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordillera_Communications"},{"link_name":"Ion Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Media"},{"link_name":"Journal Communications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_Media_Group"},{"link_name":"McGraw-Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%26P_Global"},{"link_name":"Katz Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Networks"},{"link_name":"Scripps News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_News"},{"link_name":"Adam P. Symson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_P._Symson"},{"link_name":"Rich Boehne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rich_Boehne"},{"link_name":"Edward W. Estlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Estlow"},{"link_name":"Jack R. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_R._Howard"},{"link_name":"Roy W. Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_W._Howard"},{"link_name":"Ted Knap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Knap"},{"link_name":"Jim G. Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_G._Lucas"},{"link_name":"Ernie Pyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernie_Pyle"},{"link_name":"Al Schottelkotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Schottelkotte"},{"link_name":"Charles Scripps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scripps"},{"link_name":"E. W. Scripps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Scripps"},{"link_name":"National Journalism Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Journalism_Awards"},{"link_name":"Newspaper Enterprise Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper_Enterprise_Association"},{"link_name":"National Spelling Bee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_National_Spelling_Bee"},{"link_name":"Scripps Howard Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Howard_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Scripps Networks Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripps_Networks_Interactive"},{"link_name":"United Feature Syndicate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Feature_Syndicate"},{"link_name":"United Media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Media"},{"link_name":"Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zacchini_v._Scripps-Howard_Broadcasting_Co."},{"link_name":"KZTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KZTV"},{"link_name":"shared services agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement"},{"link_name":"SagamoreHill Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SagamoreHill_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"KNXV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNXV-TV"},{"link_name":"ATSC 1.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_standards"},{"link_name":"independent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station"},{"link_name":"KASW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KASW"},{"link_name":"ATSC 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_3.0"},{"link_name":"KTNV-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTNV-TV"},{"link_name":"ATSC 1.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_standards"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"KVCW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KVCW"},{"link_name":"ATSC 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_3.0"},{"link_name":"WTVF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WTVF"},{"link_name":"ATSC 1.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_standards"},{"link_name":"Sinclair Broadcast Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group"},{"link_name":"Dabl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabl"},{"link_name":"WNAB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WNAB"},{"link_name":"ATSC 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_3.0"},{"link_name":"WFLX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFLX"},{"link_name":"shared services agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_marketing_agreement"},{"link_name":"Gray Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_Television"},{"link_name":"WXYZ-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WXYZ-TV"},{"link_name":"ATSC 1.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_standards"},{"link_name":"CW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_CW"},{"link_name":"WMYD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMYD"},{"link_name":"ATSC 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_3.0"},{"link_name":"KJRH-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KJRH-TV"},{"link_name":"standard definition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard-definition_television"},{"link_name":"Ion Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Television"},{"link_name":"KTPX-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTPX-TV"},{"link_name":"WFTS-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WFTS-TV"},{"link_name":"ATSC 1.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_standards"},{"link_name":"Hearst Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearst_Television"},{"link_name":"independent station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_station"},{"link_name":"WMOR-TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMOR-TV"},{"link_name":"ATSC 3.0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ATSC_3.0"}],"text":"\"Memphis Press-Scimitar Rolls Final Edition Today\", Associated Press via Ocala Star-Banner, October 31, 1983.\n\"Memphis Paper Quits.; Evening Appeal Is Consolidated With The Commercial Appeal\", The New York Times, July 1, 1933. (subscription required)\nFrank, Ed. \"The History\", Memphis Press-Scimitar. Retrieved November 7, 2010. Archived by WebCite on 7 November 2010. [Text is identical to the Tennessee Encyclopedia.]vteE. W. Scripps Companysorted by primary channel network affiliationsABC\nKATC\nKERO-TV / KZKC-LD\nKGTV / KZSD-LD\nKGUN-TV\nKIVI-TV / KSAW-LD\nKMGH-TV / KZCO-LD\nKNXV-TV\nKTNV-TV\nKXXV / KRHD-CD\nWCPO-TV\nWEWS-TV\nWFTS-TV 9\nWKBW-TV\nWMAR-TV\nWRTV\nWTXL-TV\nWXYZ-TV\nCBS\nKMTV-TV\nKPAX-TV / KAJJ-CD\nKRTV / KXLH-LD\nKTVQ\nKXLF-TV / KBZK\nKZTV 1\nWTKR\nWTVF 5\nWTVR-TV\nThe CW\nKATC 3\nKRIS-TV 3\nKSBY 3\nKTNV-TV 3 4\nKWBA-TV\nWGNT\nWSFL-TV\nWMYD 7\nFox\nKSTU\nWFLX 6\nWFTX-TV\nWSYM-TV\nWXMI\nNBC\nKJRH-TV\nKOAA-TV\nKRIS-TV\nKSBY\nKSHB-TV\nKTVH-DT / KTGF-LD\nKTPX-TV 3 8\nWGBA-TV\nWLEX-TV\nWPTV-TV\nWTMJ-TV\nIon (O&O)\nKFPX-TV\nKKPX-TV\nKPXB-TV\nKPXD-TV\nKPXG-TV\nKPXL-TV\nKPXM-TV\nKPXN-TV\nKPXR-TV\nKRTV / KXLH-LD 3\nKSPX-TV\nKTPX-TV\nKWPX-TV\nKXLF-TV / KBZK 3\nWBPX-TV / WPXG\nWCPX-TV\nWDPX-TV\nWEPX-TV / WPXU-TV\nWINP-TV\nWIPL\nWKOI-TV\nWLPX-TV\nWNPX-TV\nWOPX-TV\nWPPX-TV\nWPXA-TV\nWPXC-TV\nWPXE-TV\nWPXK-TV\nWPXL-TV\nWPXM-TV\nWPXN-TV\nWPXQ-TV\nWPXR-TV\nWPXW-TV / WWPX-TV\nWQPX-TV\nWRBU\nWRPX-TV\nWSPX-TV\nWTPX-TV\nWTVR-TV 3\nWXPX-TV\nWZRB\nOther\nBounce TV\nWSFJ-TV\nWFPX-TV\nGrit\nWDPX-TV\nIon Mystery\nKZCS-LD\nIndependent\nKASW 2\nKCDO-TV / KSBS-CD\nKMCC\nKMCI-TV\nKUPX-TV\nK22JA-D\nWACY-TV\nWHDT\nMyNetworkTV\nWSYM-TV 3\nScripps News\nKILM\nTelemundo\nK47DF-D / KZTV 1 3\nTV networks\nBroadcast\nBounce TV\nCourt TV\nDefy TV\nGrit\nIon Television\nIon Mystery\nLaff\nScripps News\nOTT\nIon Plus\nDefunct\nBroadcast\nQubo\nTrueReal\nProgramming\nScripps Sports\nThe List\nRight This Minute\nYule Log\nAcquisitions\nCordillera Communications\nIon Media\nJournal Communications\nMcGraw-Hill\nKatz Broadcasting\nDigital\nScripps News\nPeople\nAdam P. Symson\nRich Boehne\nEdward W. Estlow\nJack R. Howard\nRoy W. Howard\nTed Knap\nJim G. Lucas\nErnie Pyle\nAl Schottelkotte\nCharles Scripps\nE. W. Scripps\nRelated\nNational Journalism Awards\nNewspaper Enterprise Association\nNational Spelling Bee\nScripps Howard Foundation\nScripps Networks Interactive\nUnited Feature Syndicate\nUnited Media\nZacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.\n\nNOTES:\n1 Scripps operates KZTV under a shared services agreement with SagamoreHill Broadcasting.\n2 KNXV-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of sister independent station KASW for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.\n3 These stations broadcast these networks on their digital subchannels.\n4 KTNV-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of Sinclair Broadcast Group-owned CW station KVCW for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.\n5 WTVF provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of locally-owned and Sinclair Broadcast Group-operated Dabl station WNAB for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.\n6 Scripps operates WFLX under a shared services agreement with Gray Television.\n7 WXYZ-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of sister CW station WMYD for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.\n8 KJRH-TV provides a standard definition simulcast of sister station, Ion Television O&O KTPX-TV.\n9 WFTS-TV provides an ATSC 1.0 simulcast of Hearst Television-owned independent station WMOR-TV for non-ATSC 3.0 tuners and receivers.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"The Scimitar Building was the home of the Memphis Scimitar from 1902 to 1929.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Scimitar_building_memphis_1909_postcard.jpg/220px-Scimitar_building_memphis_1909_postcard.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of newspapers in Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Tennessee"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Digital Assets: Scimitar Building\". National Park Service. Retrieved October 27, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/83003065","url_text":"\"National Register Digital Assets: Scimitar Building\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edward John Meeman\". Tennessee Encyclopedia. January 1, 2010. Retrieved May 24, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=883","url_text":"\"Edward John Meeman\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Evening Scimitar (Memphis, Tenn.) 18??-1904\". Library of Congress.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sn98069871/","url_text":"\"The Evening Scimitar (Memphis, Tenn.) 18??-1904\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress","url_text":"Library of Congress"}]},{"reference":"\"Hill, Napoleon\".","urls":[{"url":"https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/napoleon-hill/","url_text":"\"Hill, Napoleon\""}]},{"reference":"Jacobson, Kelsey (2 August 2016). \"Hotel Napoleon slated to open in Downtown Memphis by end of August\". WMC Action News 5. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wmcactionnews5.com/story/32600246/hotel-napoleon-slated-to-open-in-downtown-memphis-by-end-of-august","url_text":"\"Hotel Napoleon slated to open in Downtown Memphis by end of August\""}]},{"reference":"\"Scimitar Building\". Historic Memphis Buildings. Historic Memphis. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://historic-memphis.com/memphis-historic/buildings-businesses/buildings-businesses.html","url_text":"\"Scimitar Building\""}]},{"reference":"Faber, Madeline (16 August 2016). \"Hotel Napoleon Joins Growing List of Unique Downtown Lodging\". Memphis Daily News. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.memphisdailynews.com/news/2016/aug/16/hotel-napoleon-joins-growing-list-of-unique-downtown-lodging//print","url_text":"\"Hotel Napoleon Joins Growing List of Unique Downtown Lodging\""}]},{"reference":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Papers: Series 1: Letters and Related Material, 1759-1919; 1901, Oct. 20-Nov. 11\".","urls":[{"url":"https://crowd.loc.gov/campaigns/rough-rider-bull-moose-theodore-roosevelt/3-sept-16-1901-dec-1902-first-year-as-president/mss382990021/mss382990021-217/","url_text":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Papers: Series 1: Letters and Related Material, 1759-1919; 1901, Oct. 20-Nov. 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present\". ALSC. 30 November 1999.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberyhonors/newberymedal#2010s","url_text":"\"Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present\""}]},{"reference":"\"About Vince\". Vince Vawter.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vincevawter.com/about/","url_text":"\"About Vince\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://focus.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/83003065","external_links_name":"\"National Register Digital Assets: Scimitar Building\""},{"Link":"http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=M078","external_links_name":"\"Memphis Press-Scimitar\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002010709/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=M078","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0E1FFE355C0C718EDDA00894DB484D81","external_links_name":"\"Memphis Press-Scimitar to shut next month\""},{"Link":"https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=883","external_links_name":"\"Edward John Meeman\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sn98069871/","external_links_name":"\"The Evening Scimitar (Memphis, Tenn.) 18??-1904\""},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sn98069867/","external_links_name":"https://www.loc.gov/item/sn98069867/"},{"Link":"https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/napoleon-hill/","external_links_name":"\"Hill, Napoleon\""},{"Link":"http://www.wmcactionnews5.com/story/32600246/hotel-napoleon-slated-to-open-in-downtown-memphis-by-end-of-august","external_links_name":"\"Hotel Napoleon slated to open in Downtown Memphis by end of August\""},{"Link":"http://historic-memphis.com/memphis-historic/buildings-businesses/buildings-businesses.html","external_links_name":"\"Scimitar Building\""},{"Link":"https://www.memphisdailynews.com/news/2016/aug/16/hotel-napoleon-joins-growing-list-of-unique-downtown-lodging//print","external_links_name":"\"Hotel Napoleon Joins Growing List of Unique Downtown Lodging\""},{"Link":"https://crowd.loc.gov/campaigns/rough-rider-bull-moose-theodore-roosevelt/3-sept-16-1901-dec-1902-first-year-as-president/mss382990021/mss382990021-217/","external_links_name":"\"Theodore Roosevelt Papers: Series 1: Letters and Related Material, 1759-1919; 1901, Oct. 20-Nov. 11\""},{"Link":"http://www.ala.org/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberyhonors/newberymedal#2010s","external_links_name":"\"Newbery Medal and Honor Books, 1922–Present\""},{"Link":"http://www.vincevawter.com/about/","external_links_name":"\"About Vince\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kgdFAAAAIBAJ&sjid=cQYEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4098,8600282&dq=memphis+press+scimitar&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Memphis Press-Scimitar Rolls Final Edition Today\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1933/07/01/archives/memphis-paper-quits-evening-appeal-is-consolidated-with-the.html","external_links_name":"\"Memphis Paper Quits.; Evening Appeal Is Consolidated With The Commercial Appeal\""},{"Link":"http://www.memphispressscimitar.com/THE_HISTORY.html","external_links_name":"\"The History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204055507/http://www.memphispressscimitar.com/THE_HISTORY.html","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatou_Diagne | Fatou Diagne | ["1 References"] | Senegalese basketball player
Fatou DiagneNo. 45 – Purdue BoilermakersPositionCenterLeagueB1GPersonal informationBorn (1996-01-20) 20 January 1996 (age 28)Thiès, SenegalNationalitySenegaleseListed height1.95 m (6 ft 5 in)Career informationCollegePurdue (2017–present)
Medals
Women's basketball
Representing Senegal
AfroBasket
2019 Senegal
2023 Rwanda
Fatou Babou Diagne (born 20 January 1996) is a Senegalese basketball player for the Purdue Boilermakers and the Senegalese national team.
She represented Senegal at the 2019 Women's Afrobasket.
References
^ Afrobasket.com profile
^ 2019 Women's Afrobasket profile
This biographical article relating to United States women's basketball is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article relating to a Senegalese basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"Purdue Boilermakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Boilermakers_women%27s_basketball"},{"link_name":"Senegalese national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal_women%27s_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"2019 Women's Afrobasket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_Afrobasket"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Fatou Babou Diagne (born 20 January 1996) is a Senegalese basketball player for the Purdue Boilermakers and the Senegalese national team.[1]She represented Senegal at the 2019 Women's Afrobasket.[2]","title":"Fatou Diagne"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://basketball.eurobasket.com/player/432225","external_links_name":"Afrobasket.com profile"},{"Link":"http://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Fatou-Babou-Diagne","external_links_name":"2019 Women's Afrobasket profile"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatou_Diagne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fatou_Diagne&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biberkopf | Biberkopf | ["1 Location and area","2 Geology","3 Ascent","4 Gallery","5 Sources and maps","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°16′14″N 10°13′56″E / 47.270528°N 10.232361°E / 47.270528; 10.232361Mountainin the Alps
BiberkopfThe Biberkopf seen from the northwest, near the Mindelheim HutHighest pointElevation2,599 m (AA) (8,527 ft)Prominence337 m ↓ Große Steinscharte → SteinschartenkopfIsolation3.5 km → Hohes LichtCoordinates47°16′14″N 10°13′56″E / 47.270528°N 10.232361°E / 47.270528; 10.232361GeographyBiberkopfon the border of Bavaria, Germany and Tyrol, Austria
Parent rangeCentral ridge, Allgäu AlpsClimbingFirst ascent1853 during topographical surveyEasiest routeRappensee Hut – marked route (roped in places) – western arête – summit
The Biberkopf is a 2,599 m high mountain in the Alps on the border between Germany and Austria.
Location and area
The Biberkopf lies on the main crest of the Allgäu Alps on the border between the Bavarian district of Oberallgäu and the Tyrolean district of Reutte. It is around 15.5 km south-southwest of Oberstdorf and only about 2.5 km east of the Schrofen Pass.
The Biberkopf is sometimes described as the most southerly point in Bavaria and Germany, although its summit lies 110 metres further north than the Haldenwanger Eck, 4,088 metres to the west.
Geology
Its fascinating shape makes the Biberkopf (literally: "beaver's head") one of the most striking mountains in the German Alps. Geologically the body of the summit is made of severely folded dolomite that was thrust up over marls. The very pure dolomite is the reason for the lack of vegetations on the mountain, because the content of clay minerals in the weathering products is insufficient for the formation of soil. By contrast, in the areas on marl strata there is a rich flora.
Ascent
From the Rappensee Hut and from Lechleiten (near Warth) marked routes run up the Biberkopf. These take about 2.5 to 3 hours. Both ascents cross exposed sections of steep rock and scree, which is why sure-footedness is required. Due to the installation of wire cables and other climbing aids the climbs may be attempted by less able climbers (UIAA grade I). An ascent is not advisable in wet weather or conditions of snow and ice. Patches of snow remain year-round on the northern slopes. The routes to the summit are maintained by the German Alpine Club's branch at Obergünzburg, which belongs to the section at Kempten/Allgäu.
The south face of the Biberkopf was first climbed in 1922 by the Allgäu alpinist, Hermann Grosselfinger.
Gallery
The summit from the south
On the way up
From the Saloberkopf to the southwest
From the Kleiner Rappenkopf to the northeast
The Walser valley settlement of Bürstegg
Sources and maps
Dieter Seibert, Alpenvereinsführer Allgäuer Alpen und Ammergauer Alpen, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-7633-1126-2
Alpenvereinskarte 1:25,000, Sheet3/2, Lechtaler Alpen, Arlberggebiet (The Biberkopf is right on the northern edge of the map, the Rappensee Hut is off the map)
Bayerisches Landervermessungsamt, 1:50.000, Sonderdruck Allgäuer Alpen, Blatt UK L8
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Biberkopf.
The Biberkopf
Authority control databases
VIAF
This Bavaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"}],"text":"Mountainin the AlpsThe Biberkopf is a 2,599 m high mountain in the Alps on the border between Germany and Austria.","title":"Biberkopf"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allgäu Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allg%C3%A4u_Alps"},{"link_name":"Bavarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Oberallgäu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberallg%C3%A4u"},{"link_name":"Reutte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezirk_Reutte"},{"link_name":"Oberstdorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberstdorf"},{"link_name":"Schrofen Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrofen_Pass"},{"link_name":"Haldenwanger Eck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haldenwanger_Eck&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The Biberkopf lies on the main crest of the Allgäu Alps on the border between the Bavarian district of Oberallgäu and the Tyrolean district of Reutte. It is around 15.5 km south-southwest of Oberstdorf and only about 2.5 km east of the Schrofen Pass.The Biberkopf is sometimes described as the most southerly point in Bavaria and Germany, although its summit lies 110 metres further north than the Haldenwanger Eck, 4,088 metres to the west.","title":"Location and area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geologically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologically"},{"link_name":"dolomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)"},{"link_name":"marls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marl"}],"text":"Its fascinating shape makes the Biberkopf (literally: \"beaver's head\") one of the most striking mountains in the German Alps. Geologically the body of the summit is made of severely folded dolomite that was thrust up over marls. The very pure dolomite is the reason for the lack of vegetations on the mountain, because the content of clay minerals in the weathering products is insufficient for the formation of soil. By contrast, in the areas on marl strata there is a rich flora.","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rappensee Hut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rappensee_Hut"},{"link_name":"Warth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warth_(Vorarlberg)"},{"link_name":"exposed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(heights)"},{"link_name":"sure-footedness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sure-footedness"},{"link_name":"UIAA grade I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(climbing)"},{"link_name":"German Alpine Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Alpine_Club"},{"link_name":"section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_(Alpine_club)"}],"text":"From the Rappensee Hut and from Lechleiten (near Warth) marked routes run up the Biberkopf. These take about 2.5 to 3 hours. Both ascents cross exposed sections of steep rock and scree, which is why sure-footedness is required. Due to the installation of wire cables and other climbing aids the climbs may be attempted by less able climbers (UIAA grade I). An ascent is not advisable in wet weather or conditions of snow and ice. Patches of snow remain year-round on the northern slopes. The routes to the summit are maintained by the German Alpine Club's branch at Obergünzburg, which belongs to the section at Kempten/Allgäu.The south face of the Biberkopf was first climbed in 1922 by the Allgäu alpinist, Hermann Grosselfinger.","title":"Ascent"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BiberkopfII.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aufstiegbiberkopf.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biberkopf.JPG"},{"link_name":"Saloberkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saloberkopf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biberkopf_vom_Rappenkoepfle.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kleiner Rappenkopf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleiner_Rappenkopf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:B%C3%BCrstegg_Biberkopf_Winter.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bürstegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C3%BCrstegg&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The summit from the south\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOn the way up\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrom the Saloberkopf to the southwest\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrom the Kleiner Rappenkopf to the northeast\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Walser valley settlement of Bürstegg","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alpenvereinsführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpenvereinsf%C3%BChrer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7633-1126-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7633-1126-2"},{"link_name":"Alpenvereinskarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpenvereinskarte"}],"text":"Dieter Seibert, Alpenvereinsführer Allgäuer Alpen und Ammergauer Alpen, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-7633-1126-2\nAlpenvereinskarte 1:25,000, Sheet3/2, Lechtaler Alpen, Arlberggebiet (The Biberkopf is right on the northern edge of the map, the Rappensee Hut is off the map)\nBayerisches Landervermessungsamt, 1:50.000, Sonderdruck Allgäuer Alpen, Blatt UK L8","title":"Sources and maps"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Biberkopf¶ms=47.270528_N_10.232361_E_type:mountain_region:AT-7/DE-BY_scale:100000","external_links_name":"47°16′14″N 10°13′56″E / 47.270528°N 10.232361°E / 47.270528; 10.232361"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Biberkopf¶ms=47.270528_N_10.232361_E_type:mountain_region:AT-7/DE-BY_scale:100000","external_links_name":"47°16′14″N 10°13′56″E / 47.270528°N 10.232361°E / 47.270528; 10.232361"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101007145338/http://fuehrer.oberstdorf-online.de/berge/biberkopf.htm","external_links_name":"The Biberkopf"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/239686555","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biberkopf&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Diez_Gergonne | Joseph Diez Gergonne | ["1 Life","2 Work","3 Quote","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | French mathematician and logician
Joseph Diez GergonneBorn(1771-06-19)19 June 1771Nancy, FranceDied4 May 1859(1859-05-04) (aged 87)Montpellier, FranceScientific careerFieldsMathematicsLogic
Joseph Diez Gergonne (19 June 1771 at Nancy, France – 4 May 1859 at Montpellier, France) was a French mathematician and logician.
Life
In 1791, Gergonne enlisted in the French army as a captain. That army was undergoing rapid expansion because the French government feared a foreign invasion intended to undo the French Revolution and restore Louis XVI to the throne of France. He saw action in the major battle of Valmy on 20 September 1792. He then returned to civilian life but soon was called up again and took part in the French invasion of Spain in 1794.
In 1795, Gergonne and his regiment were sent to Nîmes. At this point, he made a definitive transition to civilian life by taking up the chair of "transcendental mathematics" at the new École centrale. He came under the influence of Gaspard Monge, the Director of the new École polytechnique in Paris.
In 1810, in response to difficulties he encountered in trying to publish his work, Gergonne founded his own mathematics journal, officially named the Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées but generally referred to as the Annales de Gergonne. The most common subject of articles in his journal was geometry, Gergonne's specialty. Over a period of 22 years, the Annales de Gergonne published about 200 articles by Gergonne himself, and other articles by many distinguished mathematicians, including Poncelet, Servois, Bobillier, Steiner, Plücker, Chasles, Brianchon, Dupin, Lamé, even Galois.
Gergonne was appointed to the chair of astronomy at the University of Montpellier in 1816. In 1830, he was appointed Rector of the University of Montpellier, at which time he ceased publishing his journal. He retired in 1844.
Work
Gergonne was among the first mathematicians to employ the word polar. In a series of papers beginning in 1810, he contributed to elaborating the principle of duality in projective geometry, by noticing that every theorem in the plane connecting points and lines corresponds to another theorem in which points and lines are interchanged, provided that the theorem embodied no metrical notions. Gergonne was an early proponent of the techniques of analytical geometry and in 1814, he devised an elegant coordinate solution to the classical problem of Apollonius: to find a circle which touches three given circles, thus demonstrating the power of the new methods.
In 1813, Gergonne wrote the prize-winning essay for the Bordeaux Academy, Methods of synthesis and analysis in mathematics, unpublished to this day and known only via a summary. The essay is very revealing of Gergonne's philosophical ideas. He called for the abandonment of the words analysis and synthesis, claiming they lacked clear meanings. Surprisingly for a geometer, he suggested that algebra is more important than geometry at a time when algebra consisted almost entirely of the elementary algebra of the real field. He predicted that one day quasi-mechanical methods would be used to discover new results.
In 1815, Gergonne wrote the first paper on the optimal design of experiments for polynomial regression. According to S. M. Stigler, Gergonne is the pioneer of optimal design as well as response surface methodology.
He published his "Essai sur la théorie des définitions" (An essay on the theory of definition) in his Annales in 1818. This essay is generally credited for first recognizing and naming the construct of implicit definition.
Quote
"It is not possible to feel satisfied at having said the last word about some theory as long as it cannot be explained in a few words to any passer-by encountered in the street."
Notes
^ W. V. O. Quine, "Implicit Definition Sustained", The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 61, No. 2 (16 Jan. 1964), pp. 71–74.
^ Otero, Mario H. (1970). "Les définitions implicites chez Gergonne". Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leurs applications (in French). 23 (3). PERSEE Program: 251–255. doi:10.3406/rhs.1970.3143. ISSN 0048-7996.
^ Michel Chasles. Aperçu historique, Volume 2. 1875.
References
Gergonne, J. D. (November 1974) . "The application of the method of least squares to the interpolation of sequences". Historia Mathematica. 1 (4) (Translated by Ralph St. John and S. M. Stigler from the 1815 French ed.): 439–447. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(74)90034-2.
Stigler, Stephen M. (November 1974). "Gergonne's 1815 paper on the design and analysis of polynomial regression experiments". Historia Mathematica. 1 (4): 431–439. doi:10.1016/0315-0860(74)90033-0.
External links
Biography in the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive: Joseph Gergonne.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Greece
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Academics
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Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy,_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Montpellier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montpellier"},{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"logician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logician"}],"text":"Joseph Diez Gergonne (19 June 1771 at Nancy, France – 4 May 1859 at Montpellier, France) was a French mathematician and logician.","title":"Joseph Diez Gergonne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"battle of Valmy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy"},{"link_name":"Nîmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEmes"},{"link_name":"Gaspard Monge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspard_Monge"},{"link_name":"École polytechnique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_de_math%C3%A9matiques_pures_et_appliqu%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Annales de Gergonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_de_Gergonne"},{"link_name":"geometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometry"},{"link_name":"Poncelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Victor_Poncelet"},{"link_name":"Servois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Servois"},{"link_name":"Bobillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Bobillier"},{"link_name":"Steiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Steiner"},{"link_name":"Plücker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker"},{"link_name":"Chasles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Chasles"},{"link_name":"Brianchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Julien_Brianchon"},{"link_name":"Dupin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dupin"},{"link_name":"Lamé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Lam%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Galois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89variste_Galois"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)"}],"text":"In 1791, Gergonne enlisted in the French army as a captain. That army was undergoing rapid expansion because the French government feared a foreign invasion intended to undo the French Revolution and restore Louis XVI to the throne of France. He saw action in the major battle of Valmy on 20 September 1792. He then returned to civilian life but soon was called up again and took part in the French invasion of Spain in 1794.In 1795, Gergonne and his regiment were sent to Nîmes. At this point, he made a definitive transition to civilian life by taking up the chair of \"transcendental mathematics\" at the new École centrale. He came under the influence of Gaspard Monge, the Director of the new École polytechnique in Paris.In 1810, in response to difficulties he encountered in trying to publish his work, Gergonne founded his own mathematics journal, officially named the Annales de mathématiques pures et appliquées but generally referred to as the Annales de Gergonne. 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Quine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/rhs.1970.3143","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Frhs.1970.3143"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0048-7996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0048-7996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Michel Chasles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Chasles"},{"link_name":"Aperçu historique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=L9QSAQAAMAAJ"}],"text":"^ W. V. O. Quine, \"Implicit Definition Sustained\", The Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 61, No. 2 (16 Jan. 1964), pp. 71–74.\n\n^ Otero, Mario H. (1970). \"Les définitions implicites chez Gergonne\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwnie_award | Pwnie Awards | ["1 Origins","2 History","3 Winners","3.1 2022","3.2 2021","3.3 2020","3.4 2019","3.5 2018","3.6 2017","3.7 2016","3.8 2015","3.9 2014","3.10 2013","3.11 2012","3.12 2011","3.13 2010","3.14 2009","3.15 2008","3.16 2007","4 References","5 External links"] | Information security awards
Pwnie AwardsStatusActiveGenreAwards CeremonyFrequencyAnnualVenueSummercon, Black HatYears active17Inaugurated2007 (2007)FounderAlexander Sotirov, Dino Dai ZoviWebsitepwnies.com
The Pwnie Awards recognize both excellence and incompetence in the field of information security. Winners are selected by a committee of security industry professionals from nominations collected from the information security community. Nominees are announced yearly at Summercon, and the awards themselves are presented at the Black Hat Security Conference.
Origins
The name Pwnie Award is based on the word "pwn", which is hacker slang meaning to "compromise" or "control" based on the previous usage of the word "own" (and it is pronounced similarly). The name "The Pwnie Awards," pronounced as "Pony," is meant to sound like the Tony Awards, an awards ceremony for Broadway theater in New York City.
History
The Pwnie Awards were founded in 2007 by Alexander Sotirov and Dino Dai Zovi following discussions regarding Dino's discovery of a cross-platform QuickTime vulnerability (CVE-2007-2175) and Alexander's discovery of an ANI file processing vulnerability (CVE-2007-0038) in Internet Explorer.
Winners
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
2022
Lamest Vendor Response: Google's "TAG" response team for "unilaterally shutting down a counterterrorism operation."
Epic Achievement: Yuki Chen’s Windows Server-Side RCE Bugs
Most Epic Fail: HackerOne Employee Caught Stealing Vulnerability Reports for Personal Gains
Best Desktop Bug: Pietro Borrello, Andreas Kogler, Martin Schwarzl, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss, Michael Schwarz for Architecturally Leaking Data from the Microarchitecture
Most Innovative Research: Pietro Borrello, Martin Schwarzl, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss, Michael Schwarz for Custom Processing Unit: Tracing and Patching Intel Atom Microcode
Best Cryptographic Attack: Hertzbleed: Turning Power Side-Channel Attacks Into Remote Timing Attacks on x86
Best Remote Code Execution Bug: KunlunLab for Windows RPC Runtime Remote Code Execution (CVE-2022-26809)
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: Qidan He of Dawnslab, for Mystique in the House: The Droid Vulnerability Chain That Owns All Your Userspace
Best Mobile Bug: FORCEDENTRY
Most Under-Hyped Research: Yannay Livneh for Spoofing IP with IPIP
2021
Lamest Vendor Response: Cellebrite, for their response to Moxie, the creator of Signal, reverse-engineering their UFED and accompanying software and reporting a discovered exploit.
Epic Achievement: Ilfak Guilfanov, in honor of IDA's 30th Anniversary.
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: Baron Samedit of Qualys, for the discovery of a 10-year-old exploit in sudo.
Best Song: The Ransomware Song by Forrest Brazeal
Best Server-Side Bug: Orange Tsai, for his Microsoft Exchange Server ProxyLogon attack surface discoveries.
Best Cryptographic Attack: The NSA for its disclosure of a bug in the verification of signatures in Windows which breaks the certificate trust chain.
Most Innovative Research: Enes Göktaş, Kaveh Razavi, Georgios Portokalidis, Herbert Bos, and Cristiano Giuffrida at VUSec for their research on the "BlindSide" Attack.
Most Epic Fail: Microsoft, for their failure to fix PrintNightmare.
Best Client-Side Bug: Gunnar Alendal's discovery of a buffer overflow on the Samsung Galaxy S20's secure chip.
Most Under-Hyped Research: The Qualys Research Team for 21Nails, 21 vulnerabilities in Exim, the Internet's most popular mail server.
2020
Best Server-Side Bug: BraveStarr (CVE-2020-10188) – A Fedora 31 netkit telnetd remote exploit (Ronald Huizer')
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: checkm8 – A permanent unpatchable USB bootrom exploit for a billion iOS devices. (axi0mX)
Epic Achievement: "Remotely Rooting Modern Android Devices" (Guang Gong)
Best Cryptographic Attack: Zerologon vulnerability (Tom Tervoort, CVE-2020-1472)
Best Client-Side Bug: RCE on Samsung Phones via MMS (CVE-2020-8899 and -16747), a zero click remote execution attack. (Mateusz Jurczyk)
Most Under-Hyped Research: Vulnerabilities in System Management Mode (SMM) and Trusted Execution Technology (TXT) (CVE-2019-0151 and -0152) (Gabriel Negreira Barbosa, Rodrigo Rubira Branco, Joe Cihula)
Most Innovative Research: TRRespass: When Memory Vendors Tell You Their Chips Are Rowhammer-free, They Are Not. (Pietro Frigo, Emanuele Vannacci, Hasan Hassan, Victor van der Veen, Onur Mutlu, Cristiano Giuffrida, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi)
Most Epic Fail: Microsoft; for the implementation of Elliptic-curve signatures which allowed attackers to generate private pairs for public keys of any signer, allowing HTTPS and signed binary spoofing. (CVE-2020-0601)
Best Song: Powertrace by Rebekka Aigner, Daniel Gruss, Manuel Weber, Moritz Lipp, Patrick Radkohl, Andreas Kogler, Maria Eichlseder, ElTonno, tunefish, Yuki and Kater
Lamest Vendor Response: Daniel J. Bernstein (CVE-2005-1513)
2019
Best Server-Side Bug: Orange Tsai and Meh Chang, for their SSL VPN research.
Most Innovative Research: Vectorized Emulation Brandon Falk
Best Cryptographic Attack: \m/ Dr4g0nbl00d \m/ Mathy Vanhoef, Eyal Ronen
Lamest Vendor Response: Bitfi
Most Over-hyped Bug: Allegations of Supermicro hardware backdoors, Bloomberg
Most Under-hyped Bug: Thrangrycat, (Jatin Kataria, Red Balloon Security)
2018
Most Innovative Research: Spectre/Meltdown (Paul Kocher, Jann Horn, Anders Fogh, Daniel Genkin, Daniel Gruss, Werner Haas, Mike Hamburg, Moritz Lipp, Stefan Mangard, Thomas Prescher, Michael Schwarz, Yuval Yarom)
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: Spectre/Meltdown (Paul Kocher, Jann Horn, Anders Fogh, Daniel Genkin, Daniel Gruss, Werner Haas, Mike Hamburg, Moritz Lipp, Stefan Mangard, Thomas Prescher, Michael Schwarz, Yuval Yarom)
Lifetime Achievement: Michał Zalewski
Best Cryptographic Attack: ROBOT - Return Of Bleichenbacher’s Oracle Threat Hanno Böck, Juraj Somorovsky, Craig Young
Lamest Vendor Response: Bitfi - a late entry that had received thousands of nominations after multiple hackers cracked Bitfi's device following John McAfee's praising of the device for its security. Even though hackers cracked the device, by design the device does not contain private keys therefore breaking into the device would not result in a successful extraction of funds. Bitfi was eager to pay bounties and followed all the rules as stipulated. An announcement was made on September 8, 2018 with details on which bounty conditions were met and which payments would be made.
2017
Epic Achievement: Federico Bento for Finally getting TIOCSTI ioctl attack fixed
Most Innovative Research: ASLR on the line Ben Gras, Kaveh Razavi, Erik Bosman, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: DRAMMER Victor van der Veen, Yanick Fratantonio, Martina Lindorfer, Daniel Gruss, Clementine Maurice, Giovanni Vigna, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi, Cristiano Giuffrida
Best Cryptographic Attack: The first collision for full SHA-1 Marc Stevens, Elie Bursztein, Pierre Karpman, Ange Albertini, Yarik Markov
Lamest Vendor Response: Lennart Poettering - for mishandling security vulnerabilities most spectacularly for multiple critical Systemd bugs
Best Song: Hello (From the Other Side) - Manuel Weber, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss, Moritz Lipp, Rebekka Aigner
2016
Most Innovative Research: Dedup Est Machina: Memory Deduplication as an Advanced Exploitation Vector Erik Bosman, Kaveh Razavi, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida
Lifetime Achievement: Peiter Zatko aka Mudge
Best Cryptographic Attack: DROWN attack Nimrod Aviram et al.
Best Song: Cyberlier - Katie Moussouris
2015
Winner list from.
Best Server-Side Bug: SAP LZC LZH Compression Multiple Vulnerabilities, Martin Gallo
Best Client–Side Bug: Will it BLEND?, Mateusz j00ru Jurczyk
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: UEFI SMM Privilege Escalation, Corey Kallenberg
Most Innovative Research: Imperfect Forward Secrecy: How Diffie-Hellman Fails in Practice Adrian David et al.
Lamest Vendor Response: Blue Coat Systems (for blocking Raphaël Rigo‘s research presentation at SyScan 2015)
Most Overhyped Bug: Shellshock (software bug), Stephane Chazelas
Most Epic FAIL: OPM - U.S. Office of Personnel Management (for losing data on 19.7 Million applicants for US government security clearances.)
Most Epic 0wnage: China
Best Song: "Clean Slate" by YTCracker
Lifetime Achievement: Thomas Dullien aka Halvar Flake
2014
Best Server-Side Bug: Heartbleed (Neel Mehta and Codenomicon, CVE-2014-0160)
Best Client-Side Bug: Google Chrome Arbitrary Memory Read Write Vulnerability, (Geohot, CVE-2014-1705)
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: AFD.sys Dangling Pointer Vulnerability (Sebastian Apelt, CVE-2014-1767); the winner of Pwn2Own 2014.
Most Innovative Research: RSA Key Extraction via Low-Bandwidth Acoustic Cryptanalysis (Daniel Genkin, Adi Shamir, Eran Tromer); extract RSA decryption keys from laptops within an hour by using the sounds generated by the computer.
Lamest Vendor Response: AVG Remote Administration Insecure “By Design” (AVG)
Best Song: "The SSL Smiley Song" (0xabad1dea)
Most Epic Fail: Goto Fail (Apple Inc.)
Epic 0wnage: Mt. Gox, (Mark Karpelès)
2013
Best Server-Side Bug: Ruby on Rails YAML (CVE-2013-0156) Ben Murphy
Best Client-Side Bug: Adobe Reader Buffer Overflow and Sandbox Escape (CVE-2013-0641) Unknown
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: iOS incomplete codesign bypass and kernel vulnerabilities (CVE-2013-0977, CVE-2013-0978, CVE-2013-0981) David Wang aka planetbeing and the evad3rs team
Most Innovative Research: Identifying and Exploiting Windows Kernel Race Conditions via Memory Access Patterns Mateusz "j00ru" Jurczyk, Gynvael Coldwind
Best Song: "All the Things" Dual Core
Most Epic Fail: Nmap: The Internet Considered Harmful - DARPA Inference Checking Kludge Scanning Hakin9
Epic 0wnage: Joint award to Edward Snowden and the NSA
Lifetime Achievement: Barnaby Jack
2012
The award for best server-side bug went to Sergey Golubchik for his MySQL authentication bypass flaw. Two awards for best client-side bug were given to Sergey Glazunov and Pinkie Pie for their Google Chrome flaws presented as part of Google's Pwnium contest.
The award for best privilege escalation bug went to Mateusz Jurczyk ("j00ru") for a vulnerability in the Windows kernel that affected all 32-bit versions of Windows. The award for most innovative research went to Travis Goodspeed for a way to send network packets that would inject additional packets.
The award for best song went to "Control" by nerdcore rapper Dual Core. A new category of award, the "Tweetie Pwnie Award" for having more Twitter followers than the judges, went to MuscleNerd of the iPhone Dev Team as a representative of the iOS jailbreaking community.
The "most epic fail" award was presented by Metasploit creator HD Moore to F5 Networks for their static root SSH key issue, and the award was accepted by an employee of F5, unusual because the winner of this category usually does not accept the award at the ceremony. Other nominees included LinkedIn (for its data breach exposing password hashes) and the antivirus industry (for failing to detect threats such as Stuxnet, Duqu, and Flame).
The award for "epic 0wnage" went to Flame for its MD5 collision attack, recognizing it as a sophisticated and serious piece of malware that weakened trust in the Windows Update system.
2011
Best Server-Side Bug: ASP.NET Framework Padding Oracle (CVE-2010-3332) Juliano Rizzo, Thai Duong
Best Client-Side Bug: FreeType vulnerability in iOS (CVE-2011-0226) Comex
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: Windows kernel win32k user-mode callback vulnerabilities (MS11-034) Tarjei Mandt
Most Innovative Research: Securing the Kernel via Static Binary Rewriting and Program Shepherding Piotr Bania
Lifetime Achievement: pipacs/PaX Team
Lamest Vendor Response: RSA SecurID token compromise RSA
Best Song: "" Geohot
Most Epic Fail: Sony
Pwnie for Epic 0wnage: Stuxnet
2010
Best Server-Side Bug: Apache Struts2 framework remote code execution (CVE-2010-1870) Meder Kydyraliev
Best Client-Side Bug: Java Trusted Method Chaining (CVE-2010-0840) Sami Koivu
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: Windows NT #GP Trap Handler (CVE-2010-0232) Tavis Ormandy
Most Innovative Research: Flash Pointer Inference and JIT Spraying Dionysus Blazakis
Lamest Vendor Response: LANrev remote code execution Absolute Software
Best Song: "Pwned - 1337 edition" Dr. Raid and Heavy Pennies
Most Epic Fail: Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 XSS filter
2009
Best Server-Side Bug: Linux SCTP FWD Chunk Memory Corruption (CVE-2009-0065) David 'DK2' Kim
Best Privilege Escalation Bug: Linux udev Netlink Message Privilege Escalation (CVE-2009-1185) Sebastian Krahmer
Best Client-Side Bug: msvidctl.dll MPEG2TuneRequest Stack buffer overflow (CVE-2008-0015) Ryan Smith and Alex Wheeler
Mass 0wnage: Red Hat Networks Backdoored OpenSSH Packages (CVE-2008-3844) Anonymous
Best Research: From 0 to 0day on Symbian Credit: Bernhard Mueller
Lamest Vendor Response: Linux "Continually assuming that all kernel memory corruption bugs are only Denial-of-Service" Linux Project
Most Overhyped Bug: MS08-067 Server Service NetpwPathCanonicalize() Stack Overflow (CVE-2008-4250) Anonymous
Best Song: Nice Report Doctor Raid
Most Epic Fail: Twitter Gets Hacked and the "Cloud Crisis" Twitter
Lifetime Achievement Award: Solar Designer
2008
Best Server-Side Bug: Windows IGMP Kernel Vulnerability (CVE-2007-0069) Alex Wheeler and Ryan Smith
Best Client-Side Bug: Multiple URL protocol handling flaws Nate McFeters, Rob Carter, and Billy Rios
Mass 0wnage: An unbelievable number of WordPress vulnerabilities
Most Innovative Research: Lest We Remember: Cold Boot Attacks on Encryption Keys (honorable mention was awarded to Rolf Rolles for work on virtualization obfuscators) J. Alex Halderman, Seth Schoen, Nadia Heninger, William Clarkson, William Paul, Joseph Calandrino, Ariel Feldman, Rick Astley, Jacob Appelbaum, Edward Felten
Lamest Vendor Response: McAfee's "Hacker Safe" certification program
Most Overhyped Bug: Dan Kaminsky's DNS Cache Poisoning Vulnerability (CVE-2008-1447)
Best Song: Packin' the K! by Kaspersky Labs
Most Epic Fail: Debian's flawed OpenSSL Implementation (CVE-2008-0166)
Lifetime Achievement Award: Tim Newsham
2007
Best Server-Side Bug: Solaris in.telnetd remote root exploit (CVE-2007-0882), Kingcope
Best Client-Side Bug: Unhandled exception filter chaining vulnerability (CVE-2006-3648) skape & skywing
Mass 0wnage: WMF SetAbortProc remote code execution (CVE-2005-4560) anonymous
Most Innovative Research: Temporal Return Addresses, skape
Lamest Vendor Response: OpenBSD IPv6 mbuf kernel buffer overflow (CVE-2007-1365)
Most Overhyped Bug: MacBook Wi-Fi Vulnerabilities, David Maynor
Best Song: Symantec Revolution, Symantec
References
^ a b c d Buley, Taylor (July 30, 2009). "Twitter Gets 'Pwned' Again". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g Sutter, John D. (August 4, 2011). "Sony gets 'epic fail' award from hackers". CNN. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ @PwnieAwards (August 10, 2022). "Our final nomination for Lamest Vendor Response goes to:Google TAG for "unilaterally shutting down a counterterrorism operation"" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ https://www.technologyreview.com/2021/03/26/1021318/google-security-shut-down-counter-terrorist-us-ally/
^ https://www.verdict.co.uk/googles-project-zero-shuts-down-western-counter-terrorist-hacker-team/?cf-view
^ Goodin, Dan (2021-04-21). "In epic hack, Signal developer turns the tables on forensics firm Cellebrite". Archived from the original on 2023-05-23.
^ Cox, Joseph; Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (2021-04-27). "Cellebrite Pushes Update After Signal Owner Hacks Device". Archived from the original on 2023-05-11.
^ Brazeal, Forrest. "The Ransomware Song". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ Tsai, Orange. "ProxyLogon is Just the Tip of the Iceberg: A New Attack Surface on Microsoft Exchange Server!". www.blackhat.com. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "U/OO/104201-20 PP-19-0031 01/14/2020 National Security Agency | Cybersecurity Advisory 1 Patch Critical Cryptographic Vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Clients and Servers" (PDF). Defense.gov. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ Göktaş, Enes; Razavi, Kaveh; Portokalidis, Georgios; Bos, Herbert; Giuffrida, Cristiano. "Speculative Probing: Hacking Blind in the Spectre Era" (PDF).
^ Kolsek, Mitja. "Free Micropatches for PrintNightmare Vulnerability (CVE-2021-34527)". 0Patch Blog. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ Alendal, Gunnar. "Chip Chop - Smashing the Mobile Phone Secure Chip for Fun and Digital Forensics". www.blackhat.com. Black Hat.
^ "21Nails: Multiple vulnerabilities in Exim". qualys.com. Qualys. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
^ "E-Soft MX survey". securityspace.com. E-Soft Inc. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
^ Tsai, Orange. "Infiltrating Corporate Intranet Like NSA - Pre-auth RCE on Leading SSL VPNs!". www.blackhat.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
^ "Vectorized Emulation: Hardware accelerated taint tracking at 2 trillion instructions per second", Vectorized Emulation
^ "Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd"
^ a b "Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution", Spectre
^ a b "Meltdown", Meltdown
^ "Return Of Bleichenbacher’s Oracle Threat (ROBOT)"
^ "Important Statement from Bitfi", Bitfi Public Announcement
^ "Pwnie for Most Innovative Research", Pwnie Awards
^ "Pwnie for Best Privilege Escalation Bug", Pwnie Awards
^ "The 2017 Pwnie Award For Lamest Vendor Response", Pwnie Awards
^ Hello (From the Other Side) Manuel Weber, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss, Moritz Lipp, Rebekka Aigner
^ "Dedup Est Machina: Memory Deduplication as an Advanced Exploitation Vector", Erik Bosman et al.
^ "DROWN: Breaking TLS using SSLv2" Nimrod Aviram et al.
^ Cyberlier Katie Moussouris
^ https://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-threats/-will-it-blend-earns-pwnie-for-best-client-bug-opm-for-most-epic-fail
^ https://j00ru.vexillium.org/slides/2015/recon.pdf
^ https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/552286
^ "Imperfect Forward Secrecy: How Diffie-Hellman Fails in Practice", Adrian David et al.
^ "Identifying and Exploiting Windows Kernel RaceConditions via Memory Access Patterns"
^ at 09:31, John Leyden 5 Oct 2012. "Experts troll 'biggest security mag in the world' with DICKish submission". www.theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-10-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ a b c d e f g Yin, Sara (July 26, 2012). "And Your 2012 Pwnie Award Winners Are..." SecurityWatch. PCMag. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
^ a b c d e Constantin, Lucian (July 26, 2012). "Flame's Windows Update Hack Wins Pwnie Award for Epic Ownage at Black Hat". IDG-News-Service. PCWorld. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
^ a b c Sean Michael Kerner (July 25, 2012). "Black Hat: Pwnie Awards Go to Flame for Epic pwnage and F5 for epic fail". InternetNews.com. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
^ a b c d e f g h Schwartz, Mathew J. (August 4, 2011). "Pwnie Award Highlights: Sony Epic Fail And More". InformationWeek. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ "Kernel Attacks through User-Mode Callbacks"
^ "Securing the Kernel via Static Binary Rewriting and Program Shepherding"
^ "Interpreter Exploitation Pointer Inference and JIT Spraying"
^ a b c Brown, Bob (July 31, 2009). "Twitter, Linux, Red Hat, Microsoft "honored" with Pwnie Awards". NetworkWorld. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ a b c Naone, Erica (August 7, 2008). "Black Hat's Pwnie Awards". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
^ a b c d e f Naraine, Ryan (August 2, 2007). "OpenBSD team mocked at first ever 'Pwnie' awards". ZDNet. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
External links
The Pwnie Awards | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"information security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_security"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-twitter-1"},{"link_name":"Summercon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summercon"},{"link_name":"Black Hat Security Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hat_Briefings"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-sony-2"}],"text":"The Pwnie Awards recognize both excellence and incompetence in the field of information security[citation needed]. Winners are selected by a committee of security industry professionals from nominations collected from the information security community.[1] Nominees are announced yearly at Summercon, and the awards themselves are presented at the Black Hat Security Conference.[2]","title":"Pwnie Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pwn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn"},{"link_name":"own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owned_(slang)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-sony-2"},{"link_name":"Tony Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_awards"}],"text":"The name Pwnie Award is based on the word \"pwn\", which is hacker slang meaning to \"compromise\" or \"control\" based on the previous usage of the word \"own\" (and it is pronounced similarly). The name \"The Pwnie Awards,\" pronounced as \"Pony,\"[2] is meant to sound like the Tony Awards, an awards ceremony for Broadway theater in New York City.","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alexander Sotirov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Sotirov"},{"link_name":"Dino Dai Zovi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dino_Dai_Zovi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-twitter-1"},{"link_name":"CVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVE_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2007-2175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-2175"},{"link_name":"CVE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CVE_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2007-0038","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-0038"}],"text":"The Pwnie Awards were founded in 2007 by Alexander Sotirov and Dino Dai Zovi[1] following discussions regarding Dino's discovery of a cross-platform QuickTime vulnerability (CVE-2007-2175) and Alexander's discovery of an ANI file processing vulnerability (CVE-2007-0038) in Internet Explorer.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2022","text":"Lamest Vendor Response: Google's \"TAG\" response team for \"unilaterally shutting down a counterterrorism operation.\"[3][4][5]\nEpic Achievement: Yuki Chen’s Windows Server-Side RCE Bugs\nMost Epic Fail: HackerOne Employee Caught Stealing Vulnerability Reports for Personal Gains\nBest Desktop Bug: Pietro Borrello, Andreas Kogler, Martin Schwarzl, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss, Michael Schwarz for Architecturally Leaking Data from the Microarchitecture\nMost Innovative Research: Pietro Borrello, Martin Schwarzl, Moritz Lipp, Daniel Gruss, Michael Schwarz for Custom Processing Unit: Tracing and Patching Intel Atom Microcode\nBest Cryptographic Attack: Hertzbleed: Turning Power Side-Channel Attacks Into Remote Timing Attacks on x86\nBest Remote Code Execution Bug: KunlunLab for Windows RPC Runtime Remote Code Execution (CVE-2022-26809)\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: Qidan He of Dawnslab, for Mystique in the House: The Droid Vulnerability Chain That Owns All Your Userspace\nBest Mobile Bug: FORCEDENTRY\nMost Under-Hyped Research: Yannay Livneh for Spoofing IP with IPIP","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cellebrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellebrite"},{"link_name":"Moxie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moxie_Marlinspike"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ilfak Guilfanov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilfak_Guilfanov"},{"link_name":"IDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Disassembler"},{"link_name":"Qualys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualys"},{"link_name":"sudo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudo"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"ProxyLogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProxyLogon"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"NSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Security_Agency"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"VUSec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrije_Universiteit_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Microsoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft"},{"link_name":"PrintNightmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PrintNightmare"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Samsung Galaxy S20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S20"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Qualys Research Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualys"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Exim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exim"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"2021","text":"Lamest Vendor Response: Cellebrite, for their response to Moxie, the creator of Signal, reverse-engineering their UFED and accompanying software and reporting a discovered exploit.[6][7]\nEpic Achievement: Ilfak Guilfanov, in honor of IDA's 30th Anniversary.\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: Baron Samedit of Qualys, for the discovery of a 10-year-old exploit in sudo.\nBest Song: The Ransomware Song by Forrest Brazeal[8]\nBest Server-Side Bug: Orange Tsai, for his Microsoft Exchange Server ProxyLogon attack surface discoveries.[9]\nBest Cryptographic Attack: The NSA for its disclosure of a bug in the verification of signatures in Windows which breaks the certificate trust chain.[10]\nMost Innovative Research: Enes Göktaş, Kaveh Razavi, Georgios Portokalidis, Herbert Bos, and Cristiano Giuffrida at VUSec for their research on the \"BlindSide\" Attack.[11]\nMost Epic Fail: Microsoft, for their failure to fix PrintNightmare.[12]\nBest Client-Side Bug: Gunnar Alendal's discovery of a buffer overflow on the Samsung Galaxy S20's secure chip.[13]\nMost Under-Hyped Research: The Qualys Research Team for 21Nails,[14] 21 vulnerabilities in Exim, the Internet's most popular mail server.[15]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BraveStarr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//appgateresearch.blogspot.com/2020/02/bravestarr-fedora-31-netkit-telnetd_28.html"},{"link_name":"checkm8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/i/web/status/1177542201670168576"},{"link_name":"\"Remotely Rooting Modern Android Devices\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//drive.google.com/file/d/1BFMxhSkA0SF2Vx-W05zpY9r66x0SoEJ0/view"},{"link_name":"RCE on Samsung Phones via MMS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/mms-exploit-part-1-introduction-to-qmage.html"},{"link_name":"Vulnerabilities in System Management Mode (SMM) and Trusted Execution Technology (TXT)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00240.html"},{"link_name":"TRRespass: When Memory Vendors Tell You Their Chips Are Rowhammer-free, They Are Not.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vusec.net/projects/trrespass/"},{"link_name":"Elliptic-curve signatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic-curve_cryptography"}],"sub_title":"2020","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: BraveStarr (CVE-2020-10188) – A Fedora 31 netkit telnetd remote exploit (Ronald Huizer')\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: checkm8 – A permanent unpatchable USB bootrom exploit for a billion iOS devices. (axi0mX)\nEpic Achievement: \"Remotely Rooting Modern Android Devices\" (Guang Gong)\nBest Cryptographic Attack: Zerologon vulnerability (Tom Tervoort, CVE-2020-1472)\nBest Client-Side Bug: RCE on Samsung Phones via MMS (CVE-2020-8899 and -16747), a zero click remote execution attack. (Mateusz Jurczyk)\nMost Under-Hyped Research: Vulnerabilities in System Management Mode (SMM) and Trusted Execution Technology (TXT) (CVE-2019-0151 and -0152) (Gabriel Negreira Barbosa, Rodrigo Rubira Branco, Joe Cihula)\nMost Innovative Research: TRRespass: When Memory Vendors Tell You Their Chips Are Rowhammer-free, They Are Not. (Pietro Frigo, Emanuele Vannacci, Hasan Hassan, Victor van der Veen, Onur Mutlu, Cristiano Giuffrida, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi)\nMost Epic Fail: Microsoft; for the implementation of Elliptic-curve signatures which allowed attackers to generate private pairs for public keys of any signer, allowing HTTPS and signed binary spoofing. (CVE-2020-0601)\nBest Song: Powertrace by Rebekka Aigner, Daniel Gruss, Manuel Weber, Moritz Lipp, Patrick Radkohl, Andreas Kogler, Maria Eichlseder, ElTonno, tunefish, Yuki and Kater\nLamest Vendor Response: Daniel J. Bernstein (CVE-2005-1513)","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Supermicro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermicro"},{"link_name":"Thrangrycat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ang_Cui#Thrangrycat"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: Orange Tsai and Meh Chang, for their SSL VPN research.[16]\nMost Innovative Research: Vectorized Emulation[17] Brandon Falk \nBest Cryptographic Attack: \\m/ Dr4g0nbl00d \\m/ [18] Mathy Vanhoef, Eyal Ronen\nLamest Vendor Response: Bitfi\nMost Over-hyped Bug: Allegations of Supermicro hardware backdoors, Bloomberg\nMost Under-hyped Bug: Thrangrycat, (Jatin Kataria, Red Balloon Security)","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spectre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectreattack.com-19"},{"link_name":"Meltdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meltdown-20"},{"link_name":"Spectre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spectreattack.com-19"},{"link_name":"Meltdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Meltdown-20"},{"link_name":"Michał Zalewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Zalewski"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"John McAfee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McAfee"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"Most Innovative Research: Spectre[19]/Meltdown[20] (Paul Kocher, Jann Horn, Anders Fogh, Daniel Genkin, Daniel Gruss, Werner Haas, Mike Hamburg, Moritz Lipp, Stefan Mangard, Thomas Prescher, Michael Schwarz, Yuval Yarom)\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: Spectre[19]/Meltdown[20] (Paul Kocher, Jann Horn, Anders Fogh, Daniel Genkin, Daniel Gruss, Werner Haas, Mike Hamburg, Moritz Lipp, Stefan Mangard, Thomas Prescher, Michael Schwarz, Yuval Yarom)\nLifetime Achievement: Michał Zalewski\nBest Cryptographic Attack: ROBOT - Return Of Bleichenbacher’s Oracle Threat [21] Hanno Böck, Juraj Somorovsky, Craig Young\nLamest Vendor Response: Bitfi - a late entry that had received thousands of nominations after multiple hackers cracked Bitfi's device following John McAfee's praising of the device for its security. Even though hackers cracked the device, by design the device does not contain private keys therefore breaking into the device would not result in a successful extraction of funds. Bitfi was eager to pay bounties and followed all the rules as stipulated. An announcement was made on September 8, 2018 with details on which bounty conditions were met and which payments would be made.[22]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eprint.iacr.org/2017/190"},{"link_name":"Lennart Poettering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennart_Poettering"},{"link_name":"Systemd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemd"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"Epic Achievement: Federico Bento for Finally getting TIOCSTI ioctl attack fixed\nMost Innovative Research: ASLR on the line [23] Ben Gras, Kaveh Razavi, Erik Bosman, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: DRAMMER [24] Victor van der Veen, Yanick Fratantonio, Martina Lindorfer, Daniel Gruss, Clementine Maurice, Giovanni Vigna, Herbert Bos, Kaveh Razavi, Cristiano Giuffrida\nBest Cryptographic Attack: The first collision for full SHA-1 Marc Stevens, Elie Bursztein, Pierre Karpman, Ange Albertini, Yarik Markov\nLamest Vendor Response: Lennart Poettering - for mishandling security vulnerabilities most spectacularly for multiple critical Systemd bugs[25]\nBest Song: Hello (From the Other Side)[26] - Manuel Weber, Michael Schwarz, Daniel Gruss, Moritz Lipp, Rebekka Aigner","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Peiter Zatko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peiter_Zatko"},{"link_name":"DROWN attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DROWN_attack"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"Most Innovative Research: Dedup Est Machina: Memory Deduplication as an Advanced Exploitation Vector [27] Erik Bosman, Kaveh Razavi, Herbert Bos, Cristiano Giuffrida\nLifetime Achievement: Peiter Zatko aka Mudge\nBest Cryptographic Attack: DROWN attack[28] Nimrod Aviram et al.\nBest Song: Cyberlier[29] - Katie Moussouris","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Corey Kallenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corey_Kallenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Blue Coat Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Coat_Systems"},{"link_name":"Shellshock (software bug)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellshock_(software_bug)"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"Winner list from.[30]Best Server-Side Bug: SAP LZC LZH Compression Multiple Vulnerabilities, Martin Gallo\nBest Client–Side Bug: Will it BLEND?,[31] Mateusz j00ru Jurczyk\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: UEFI SMM Privilege Escalation,[32] Corey Kallenberg\nMost Innovative Research: Imperfect Forward Secrecy: How Diffie-Hellman Fails in Practice [33] Adrian David et al.\nLamest Vendor Response: Blue Coat Systems (for blocking Raphaël Rigo‘s research presentation at SyScan 2015)\nMost Overhyped Bug: Shellshock (software bug), Stephane Chazelas\nMost Epic FAIL: OPM - U.S. Office of Personnel Management (for losing data on 19.7 Million applicants for US government security clearances.)\nMost Epic 0wnage: China\nBest Song: \"Clean Slate\" by YTCracker\nLifetime Achievement: Thomas Dullien aka Halvar Flake","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heartbleed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartbleed"},{"link_name":"Geohot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Hotz"},{"link_name":"Pwn2Own","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn2Own"},{"link_name":"RSA Key Extraction via Low-Bandwidth Acoustic Cryptanalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tau.ac.il/~tromer/acoustic/"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(cryptosystem)"},{"link_name":"\"The SSL Smiley Song\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//abad1dea.tumblr.com/post/66054805317/the-ssl-smiley-song-sing-it-with"},{"link_name":"0xabad1dea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//twitter.com/0xabad1dea/"},{"link_name":"Goto Fail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreachable_code#goto_fail_bug"},{"link_name":"Apple Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc."},{"link_name":"Mark Karpelès","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Karpel%C3%A8s"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: Heartbleed (Neel Mehta and Codenomicon, CVE-2014-0160)\nBest Client-Side Bug: Google Chrome Arbitrary Memory Read Write Vulnerability, (Geohot, CVE-2014-1705)\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: AFD.sys Dangling Pointer Vulnerability (Sebastian Apelt, CVE-2014-1767); the winner of Pwn2Own 2014.\nMost Innovative Research: RSA Key Extraction via Low-Bandwidth Acoustic Cryptanalysis (Daniel Genkin, Adi Shamir, Eran Tromer); extract RSA decryption keys from laptops within an hour by using the sounds generated by the computer.\nLamest Vendor Response: AVG Remote Administration Insecure “By Design” (AVG)\nBest Song: \"The SSL Smiley Song\" (0xabad1dea)\nMost Epic Fail: Goto Fail (Apple Inc.)\nEpic 0wnage: Mt. Gox, (Mark Karpelès)","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ruby on Rails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_on_Rails"},{"link_name":"YAML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YAML"},{"link_name":"CVE-2013-0156","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0156"},{"link_name":"Adobe Reader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Reader"},{"link_name":"CVE-2013-0641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0641"},{"link_name":"Privilege Escalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"CVE-2013-0977","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0977"},{"link_name":"CVE-2013-0978","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0978"},{"link_name":"CVE-2013-0981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0981"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Nmap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nmap"},{"link_name":"DARPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Edward Snowden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Snowden"},{"link_name":"NSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSA"},{"link_name":"Barnaby Jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnaby_Jack"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: Ruby on Rails YAML (CVE-2013-0156) Ben Murphy\nBest Client-Side Bug: Adobe Reader Buffer Overflow and Sandbox Escape (CVE-2013-0641) Unknown\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: iOS incomplete codesign bypass and kernel vulnerabilities (CVE-2013-0977, CVE-2013-0978, CVE-2013-0981) David Wang aka planetbeing and the evad3rs team\nMost Innovative Research: Identifying and Exploiting Windows Kernel Race Conditions via Memory Access Patterns[34] Mateusz \"j00ru\" Jurczyk, Gynvael Coldwind\nBest Song: \"All the Things\" Dual Core\nMost Epic Fail: Nmap: The Internet Considered Harmful - DARPA Inference Checking Kludge Scanning Hakin9[35]\nEpic 0wnage: Joint award to Edward Snowden and the NSA\nLifetime Achievement: Barnaby Jack","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MySQL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MySQL"},{"link_name":"authentication bypass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Authentication_bypass&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmag-yin-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcworld-constantin-37"},{"link_name":"Google Chrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Chrome"},{"link_name":"Pwnium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwn2Own#Contest_2012"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmag-yin-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internetnews-kerner-38"},{"link_name":"privilege escalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation"},{"link_name":"Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"32-bit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmag-yin-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcworld-constantin-37"},{"link_name":"network packets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_packet"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmag-yin-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcworld-constantin-37"},{"link_name":"nerdcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerdcore"},{"link_name":"Dual Core","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Core_(hip_hop_duo)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmag-yin-36"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"iPhone Dev Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPhone_Dev_Team"},{"link_name":"iOS jailbreaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmag-yin-36"},{"link_name":"Metasploit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metasploit_Project"},{"link_name":"HD Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Moore"},{"link_name":"F5 Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F5_Networks"},{"link_name":"root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superuser"},{"link_name":"SSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcmag-yin-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internetnews-kerner-38"},{"link_name":"LinkedIn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinkedIn"},{"link_name":"hashes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_function"},{"link_name":"antivirus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software"},{"link_name":"Stuxnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet"},{"link_name":"Duqu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duqu"},{"link_name":"Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_(malware)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcworld-constantin-37"},{"link_name":"Flame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flame_(malware)"},{"link_name":"MD5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5"},{"link_name":"collision attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_attack"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-internetnews-kerner-38"},{"link_name":"Windows Update","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Update"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcworld-constantin-37"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"The award for best server-side bug went to Sergey Golubchik for his MySQL authentication bypass flaw.[36][37] Two awards for best client-side bug were given to Sergey Glazunov and Pinkie Pie for their Google Chrome flaws presented as part of Google's Pwnium contest.[36][38]The award for best privilege escalation bug went to Mateusz Jurczyk (\"j00ru\") for a vulnerability in the Windows kernel that affected all 32-bit versions of Windows.[36][37] The award for most innovative research went to Travis Goodspeed for a way to send network packets that would inject additional packets.[36][37]The award for best song went to \"Control\" by nerdcore rapper Dual Core.[36] A new category of award, the \"Tweetie Pwnie Award\" for having more Twitter followers than the judges, went to MuscleNerd of the iPhone Dev Team as a representative of the iOS jailbreaking community.[36]The \"most epic fail\" award was presented by Metasploit creator HD Moore to F5 Networks for their static root SSH key issue, and the award was accepted by an employee of F5, unusual because the winner of this category usually does not accept the award at the ceremony.[36][38] Other nominees included LinkedIn (for its data breach exposing password hashes) and the antivirus industry (for failing to detect threats such as Stuxnet, Duqu, and Flame).[37]The award for \"epic 0wnage\" went to Flame for its MD5 collision attack,[38] recognizing it as a sophisticated and serious piece of malware that weakened trust in the Windows Update system.[37]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ASP.NET","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASP.NET"},{"link_name":"CVE-2010-3332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-3332"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-sony-2"},{"link_name":"FreeType","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeType"},{"link_name":"iOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IOS"},{"link_name":"CVE-2011-0226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2011-0226"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-sony-2"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informationweek-sony-39"},{"link_name":"Privilege Escalation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"MS11-034","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/bulletin/ms11-034"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informationweek-sony-39"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informationweek-sony-39"},{"link_name":"PaX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PaX"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informationweek-sony-39"},{"link_name":"RSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RSA_(security_firm)"},{"link_name":"SecurID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SecurID"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informationweek-sony-39"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-sony-2"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informationweek-sony-39"},{"link_name":"Sony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-sony-2"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informationweek-sony-39"},{"link_name":"Stuxnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn-sony-2"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-informationweek-sony-39"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: ASP.NET Framework Padding Oracle (CVE-2010-3332) Juliano Rizzo, Thai Duong[2]\nBest Client-Side Bug: FreeType vulnerability in iOS (CVE-2011-0226) Comex[2][39]\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: Windows kernel win32k user-mode callback vulnerabilities[40] (MS11-034) Tarjei Mandt[39]\nMost Innovative Research: Securing the Kernel via Static Binary Rewriting and Program Shepherding[41] Piotr Bania[39]\nLifetime Achievement: pipacs/PaX Team[39]\nLamest Vendor Response: RSA SecurID token compromise RSA[39]\nBest Song: \"[The Light It Up Contest]\" Geohot[2][39]\nMost Epic Fail: Sony[2][39]\nPwnie for Epic 0wnage: Stuxnet[2][39]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Struts2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struts2"},{"link_name":"CVE-2010-1870","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-1870"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language)"},{"link_name":"CVE-2010-0840","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-0840"},{"link_name":"CVE-2010-0232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-0232"},{"link_name":"JIT Spraying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JIT_Spraying"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"LANrev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LANrev"},{"link_name":"remote code execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_code_execution"},{"link_name":"Pwned - 1337 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.reverbnation.com/heavypennies/song/4597167-pwned"},{"link_name":"Internet Explorer 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer_8"},{"link_name":"XSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_scripting"}],"sub_title":"2010","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: Apache Struts2 framework remote code execution (CVE-2010-1870) Meder Kydyraliev\nBest Client-Side Bug: Java Trusted Method Chaining (CVE-2010-0840) Sami Koivu\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: Windows NT #GP Trap Handler (CVE-2010-0232) Tavis Ormandy\nMost Innovative Research: Flash Pointer Inference and JIT Spraying[42] Dionysus Blazakis\nLamest Vendor Response: LANrev remote code execution Absolute Software\nBest Song: \"Pwned - 1337 edition\" Dr. Raid and Heavy Pennies\nMost Epic Fail: Microsoft Internet Explorer 8 XSS filter","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"SCTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCTP"},{"link_name":"udev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udev"},{"link_name":"Netlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netlink"},{"link_name":"CVE-2008-0015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-0015"},{"link_name":"Red Hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat"},{"link_name":"OpenSSH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSH"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-twitter-1"},{"link_name":"memory corruption","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_corruption"},{"link_name":"Denial-of-Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial-of-Service"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-networkworld-honored-43"},{"link_name":"Stack Overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_buffer_overflow"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-networkworld-honored-43"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forbes-twitter-1"},{"link_name":"Solar Designer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Designer"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-networkworld-honored-43"}],"sub_title":"2009","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: Linux SCTP FWD Chunk Memory Corruption (CVE-2009-0065) David 'DK2' Kim\nBest Privilege Escalation Bug: Linux udev Netlink Message Privilege Escalation (CVE-2009-1185) Sebastian Krahmer\nBest Client-Side Bug: msvidctl.dll MPEG2TuneRequest Stack buffer overflow (CVE-2008-0015) Ryan Smith and Alex Wheeler\nMass 0wnage: Red Hat Networks Backdoored OpenSSH Packages (CVE-2008-3844) Anonymous[1]\nBest Research: From 0 to 0day on Symbian Credit: Bernhard Mueller\nLamest Vendor Response: Linux \"Continually assuming that all kernel memory corruption bugs are only Denial-of-Service\" Linux Project[43]\nMost Overhyped Bug: MS08-067 Server Service NetpwPathCanonicalize() Stack Overflow (CVE-2008-4250) Anonymous[43]\nBest Song: Nice Report Doctor Raid\nMost Epic Fail: Twitter Gets Hacked and the \"Cloud Crisis\" Twitter[1]\nLifetime Achievement Award: Solar Designer[43]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IGMP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGMP"},{"link_name":"CVE-2007-0069","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2007-0069"},{"link_name":"WordPress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WordPress"},{"link_name":"virtualization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization"},{"link_name":"obfuscators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obfuscator"},{"link_name":"J. Alex Halderman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Alex_Halderman"},{"link_name":"Nadia Heninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Heninger"},{"link_name":"McAfee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McAfee"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technologyreview-pwnie-44"},{"link_name":"Dan Kaminsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Kaminsky"},{"link_name":"DNS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System"},{"link_name":"CVE-2008-1447","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-1447"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technologyreview-pwnie-44"},{"link_name":"Packin' the K!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHxyHlFZ778"},{"link_name":"Kaspersky Labs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaspersky_Labs"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-technologyreview-pwnie-44"},{"link_name":"Debian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian"},{"link_name":"OpenSSL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenSSL"},{"link_name":"CVE-2008-0166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-0166"},{"link_name":"Tim Newsham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Newsham"}],"sub_title":"2008","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: Windows IGMP Kernel Vulnerability (CVE-2007-0069) Alex Wheeler and Ryan Smith\nBest Client-Side Bug: Multiple URL protocol handling flaws Nate McFeters, Rob Carter, and Billy Rios\nMass 0wnage: An unbelievable number of WordPress vulnerabilities\nMost Innovative Research: Lest We Remember: Cold Boot Attacks on Encryption Keys (honorable mention was awarded to Rolf Rolles for work on virtualization obfuscators) J. Alex Halderman, Seth Schoen, Nadia Heninger, William Clarkson, William Paul, Joseph Calandrino, Ariel Feldman, Rick Astley, Jacob Appelbaum, Edward Felten\nLamest Vendor Response: McAfee's \"Hacker Safe\" certification program[44]\nMost Overhyped Bug: Dan Kaminsky's DNS Cache Poisoning Vulnerability (CVE-2008-1447)[44]\nBest Song: Packin' the K! by Kaspersky Labs[44]\nMost Epic Fail: Debian's flawed OpenSSL Implementation (CVE-2008-0166)\nLifetime Achievement Award: Tim Newsham","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"telnetd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet"},{"link_name":"remote root","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_root&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"CVE-2007-0882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2007-0882"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-openbsd-45"},{"link_name":"Unhandled exception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unhandled_exception"},{"link_name":"CVE-2006-3648","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2006-3648"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-openbsd-45"},{"link_name":"WMF SetAbortProc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Metafile_vulnerability"},{"link_name":"CVE-2005-4560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2005-4560"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-openbsd-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-openbsd-45"},{"link_name":"OpenBSD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenBSD"},{"link_name":"IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6"},{"link_name":"mbuf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbuf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"kernel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)"},{"link_name":"buffer overflow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_overflow"},{"link_name":"CVE-2007-1365","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2007-1365"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-openbsd-45"},{"link_name":"MacBook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacBook"},{"link_name":"Wi-Fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-zdnet-openbsd-45"},{"link_name":"Symantec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NortonLifeLock"}],"sub_title":"2007","text":"Best Server-Side Bug: Solaris in.telnetd remote root exploit (CVE-2007-0882), Kingcope[45]\nBest Client-Side Bug: Unhandled exception filter chaining vulnerability (CVE-2006-3648) skape & skywing[45]\nMass 0wnage: WMF SetAbortProc remote code execution (CVE-2005-4560) anonymous[45]\nMost Innovative Research: Temporal Return Addresses, skape[45]\nLamest Vendor Response: OpenBSD IPv6 mbuf kernel buffer overflow (CVE-2007-1365)[45]\nMost Overhyped Bug: MacBook Wi-Fi Vulnerabilities, David Maynor[45]\nBest Song: Symantec Revolution, Symantec","title":"Winners"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Buley, Taylor (July 30, 2009). \"Twitter Gets 'Pwned' Again\". Forbes. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130216024731/http://www.forbes.com/2009/07/30/pwnie-twitter-blackhat-technology-security-pwnie.html","url_text":"\"Twitter Gets 'Pwned' Again\""},{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/30/pwnie-twitter-blackhat-technology-security-pwnie.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Sutter, John D. (August 4, 2011). \"Sony gets 'epic fail' award from hackers\". CNN. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2011/TECH/web/08/04/pwnie.awards.hacking/index.html","url_text":"\"Sony gets 'epic fail' award from hackers\""}]},{"reference":"@PwnieAwards (August 10, 2022). \"Our final nomination for Lamest Vendor Response goes to:Google TAG for \"unilaterally shutting down a counterterrorism operation\"\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/PwnieAwards/status/1557268652197416966","url_text":"\"Our final nomination for Lamest Vendor Response goes to:Google TAG for \"unilaterally shutting down a counterterrorism operation\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"Goodin, Dan (2021-04-21). \"In epic hack, Signal developer turns the tables on forensics firm Cellebrite\". Archived from the original on 2023-05-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230523235159/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/04/in-epic-hack-signal-developer-turns-the-tables-on-forensics-firm-cellebrite/","url_text":"\"In epic hack, Signal developer turns the tables on forensics firm Cellebrite\""},{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2021/04/in-epic-hack-signal-developer-turns-the-tables-on-forensics-firm-cellebrite/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cox, Joseph; Franceschi-Bicchierai, Lorenzo (2021-04-27). \"Cellebrite Pushes Update After Signal Owner Hacks Device\". Archived from the original on 2023-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230511051709/https://www.vice.com/en/article/qj8pjm/cellebrite-pushes-update-after-signal-owner-hacks-device","url_text":"\"Cellebrite Pushes Update After Signal Owner Hacks Device\""},{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/qj8pjm/cellebrite-pushes-update-after-signal-owner-hacks-device","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brazeal, Forrest. \"The Ransomware Song\". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-21. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d2dsI8NvdCU","url_text":"\"The Ransomware Song\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/d2dsI8NvdCU","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Tsai, Orange. \"ProxyLogon is Just the Tip of the Iceberg: A New Attack Surface on Microsoft Exchange Server!\". www.blackhat.com. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackhat.com/us-21/briefings/schedule/#proxylogon-is-just-the-tip-of-the-iceberg-a-new-attack-surface-on-microsoft-exchange-server-23442","url_text":"\"ProxyLogon is Just the Tip of the Iceberg: A New Attack Surface on Microsoft Exchange Server!\""}]},{"reference":"\"U/OO/104201-20 PP-19-0031 01/14/2020 National Security Agency | Cybersecurity Advisory 1 Patch Critical Cryptographic Vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Clients and Servers\" (PDF). Defense.gov. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jan/14/2002234275/-1/-1/0/CSA-WINDOWS-10-CRYPT-LIB-20190114.PDF","url_text":"\"U/OO/104201-20 PP-19-0031 01/14/2020 National Security Agency | Cybersecurity Advisory 1 Patch Critical Cryptographic Vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Clients and Servers\""}]},{"reference":"Göktaş, Enes; Razavi, Kaveh; Portokalidis, Georgios; Bos, Herbert; Giuffrida, Cristiano. \"Speculative Probing: Hacking Blind in the Spectre Era\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://download.vusec.net/papers/blindside_ccs20.pdf","url_text":"\"Speculative Probing: Hacking Blind in the Spectre Era\""}]},{"reference":"Kolsek, Mitja. \"Free Micropatches for PrintNightmare Vulnerability (CVE-2021-34527)\". 0Patch Blog. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://blog.0patch.com/2021/07/free-micropatches-for-printnightmare.html","url_text":"\"Free Micropatches for PrintNightmare Vulnerability (CVE-2021-34527)\""}]},{"reference":"Alendal, Gunnar. \"Chip Chop - Smashing the Mobile Phone Secure Chip for Fun and Digital Forensics\". www.blackhat.com. Black Hat.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackhat.com/us-21/briefings/schedule/#chip-chop---smashing-the-mobile-phone-secure-chip-for-fun-and-digital-forensics-23566","url_text":"\"Chip Chop - Smashing the Mobile Phone Secure Chip for Fun and Digital Forensics\""}]},{"reference":"\"21Nails: Multiple vulnerabilities in Exim\". qualys.com. Qualys. Retrieved 9 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.qualys.com/2021/05/04/21nails/21nails.txt","url_text":"\"21Nails: Multiple vulnerabilities in Exim\""}]},{"reference":"\"E-Soft MX survey\". securityspace.com. E-Soft Inc. 1 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/man.202102/mxsurvey.html","url_text":"\"E-Soft MX survey\""}]},{"reference":"Tsai, Orange. \"Infiltrating Corporate Intranet Like NSA - Pre-auth RCE on Leading SSL VPNs!\". www.blackhat.com. Retrieved 7 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackhat.com/us-19/briefings/schedule/#infiltrating-corporate-intranet-like-nsa---pre-auth-rce-on-leading-ssl-vpns-15545","url_text":"\"Infiltrating Corporate Intranet Like NSA - Pre-auth RCE on Leading SSL VPNs!\""}]},{"reference":"at 09:31, John Leyden 5 Oct 2012. \"Experts troll 'biggest security mag in the world' with DICKish submission\". www.theregister.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-10-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/05/hakin9_silliness/","url_text":"\"Experts troll 'biggest security mag in the world' with DICKish submission\""}]},{"reference":"Yin, Sara (July 26, 2012). \"And Your 2012 Pwnie Award Winners Are...\" SecurityWatch. PCMag. Retrieved January 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://securitywatch.pcmag.com/none/300756-and-your-2012-pwnie-award-winners-are","url_text":"\"And Your 2012 Pwnie Award Winners Are...\""}]},{"reference":"Constantin, Lucian (July 26, 2012). \"Flame's Windows Update Hack Wins Pwnie Award for Epic Ownage at Black Hat\". IDG-News-Service. PCWorld. Retrieved January 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/259916/flames_windows_update_hack_wins_pwnie_award_for_epic_ownage_at_black_hat.html","url_text":"\"Flame's Windows Update Hack Wins Pwnie Award for Epic Ownage at Black Hat\""}]},{"reference":"Sean Michael Kerner (July 25, 2012). \"Black Hat: Pwnie Awards Go to Flame for Epic pwnage and F5 for epic fail\". InternetNews.com. Retrieved January 8, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.internetnews.com/blog/skerner/black-hat-pwnie-awards-go-to-flame-for-epic-pwnage-and-f5-for-epic-fail.html","url_text":"\"Black Hat: Pwnie Awards Go to Flame for Epic pwnage and F5 for epic fail\""}]},{"reference":"Schwartz, Mathew J. (August 4, 2011). \"Pwnie Award Highlights: Sony Epic Fail And More\". InformationWeek. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.informationweek.com/security/attacks/pwnie-award-highlights-sony-epic-fail-an/231300255","url_text":"\"Pwnie Award Highlights: Sony Epic Fail And More\""}]},{"reference":"Brown, Bob (July 31, 2009). \"Twitter, Linux, Red Hat, Microsoft \"honored\" with Pwnie Awards\". NetworkWorld. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805171646/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/073109-black-hat-pwnie-awards.html","url_text":"\"Twitter, Linux, Red Hat, Microsoft \"honored\" with Pwnie Awards\""},{"url":"http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/073109-black-hat-pwnie-awards.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Naone, Erica (August 7, 2008). \"Black Hat's Pwnie Awards\". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technologyreview.com/view/410571/black-hats-pwnie-awards/","url_text":"\"Black Hat's Pwnie Awards\""}]},{"reference":"Naraine, Ryan (August 2, 2007). \"OpenBSD team mocked at first ever 'Pwnie' awards\". ZDNet. Retrieved January 3, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/openbsd-team-mocked-at-first-ever-pwnie-awards/418","url_text":"\"OpenBSD team mocked at first ever 'Pwnie' awards\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://pwnies.com/","external_links_name":"pwnies.com"},{"Link":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-2175","external_links_name":"2007-2175"},{"Link":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2007-0038","external_links_name":"2007-0038"},{"Link":"https://appgateresearch.blogspot.com/2020/02/bravestarr-fedora-31-netkit-telnetd_28.html","external_links_name":"BraveStarr"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1177542201670168576","external_links_name":"checkm8"},{"Link":"https://drive.google.com/file/d/1BFMxhSkA0SF2Vx-W05zpY9r66x0SoEJ0/view","external_links_name":"\"Remotely Rooting Modern Android Devices\""},{"Link":"https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.com/2020/07/mms-exploit-part-1-introduction-to-qmage.html","external_links_name":"RCE on Samsung Phones via MMS"},{"Link":"https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/security-center/advisory/intel-sa-00240.html","external_links_name":"Vulnerabilities in System Management Mode (SMM) and Trusted Execution Technology (TXT)"},{"Link":"https://www.vusec.net/projects/trrespass/","external_links_name":"TRRespass: When Memory Vendors Tell You Their Chips Are Rowhammer-free, They Are Not."},{"Link":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2017/190","external_links_name":"1"},{"Link":"http://www.tau.ac.il/~tromer/acoustic/","external_links_name":"RSA Key Extraction via Low-Bandwidth Acoustic Cryptanalysis"},{"Link":"https://abad1dea.tumblr.com/post/66054805317/the-ssl-smiley-song-sing-it-with","external_links_name":"\"The SSL Smiley Song\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/0xabad1dea/","external_links_name":"0xabad1dea"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0156","external_links_name":"CVE-2013-0156"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0641","external_links_name":"CVE-2013-0641"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0977","external_links_name":"CVE-2013-0977"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0978","external_links_name":"CVE-2013-0978"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2013-0981","external_links_name":"CVE-2013-0981"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-3332","external_links_name":"CVE-2010-3332"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2011-0226","external_links_name":"CVE-2011-0226"},{"Link":"https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/bulletin/ms11-034","external_links_name":"MS11-034"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-1870","external_links_name":"CVE-2010-1870"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-0840","external_links_name":"CVE-2010-0840"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2010-0232","external_links_name":"CVE-2010-0232"},{"Link":"https://www.reverbnation.com/heavypennies/song/4597167-pwned","external_links_name":"Pwned - 1337 edition"},{"Link":"http://www.cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-0015","external_links_name":"CVE-2008-0015"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2007-0069","external_links_name":"CVE-2007-0069"},{"Link":"http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-1447","external_links_name":"CVE-2008-1447"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHxyHlFZ778","external_links_name":"Packin' the 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Just the Tip of the Iceberg: A New Attack Surface on Microsoft Exchange Server!\""},{"Link":"https://media.defense.gov/2020/Jan/14/2002234275/-1/-1/0/CSA-WINDOWS-10-CRYPT-LIB-20190114.PDF","external_links_name":"\"U/OO/104201-20 PP-19-0031 01/14/2020 National Security Agency | Cybersecurity Advisory 1 Patch Critical Cryptographic Vulnerability in Microsoft Windows Clients and Servers\""},{"Link":"https://download.vusec.net/papers/blindside_ccs20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Speculative Probing: Hacking Blind in the Spectre Era\""},{"Link":"https://blog.0patch.com/2021/07/free-micropatches-for-printnightmare.html","external_links_name":"\"Free Micropatches for PrintNightmare Vulnerability (CVE-2021-34527)\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackhat.com/us-21/briefings/schedule/#chip-chop---smashing-the-mobile-phone-secure-chip-for-fun-and-digital-forensics-23566","external_links_name":"\"Chip Chop - Smashing the Mobile Phone Secure Chip for Fun and Digital Forensics\""},{"Link":"https://www.qualys.com/2021/05/04/21nails/21nails.txt","external_links_name":"\"21Nails: Multiple vulnerabilities in Exim\""},{"Link":"http://www.securityspace.com/s_survey/data/man.202102/mxsurvey.html","external_links_name":"\"E-Soft MX survey\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackhat.com/us-19/briefings/schedule/#infiltrating-corporate-intranet-like-nsa---pre-auth-rce-on-leading-ssl-vpns-15545","external_links_name":"\"Infiltrating Corporate Intranet Like NSA - Pre-auth RCE on Leading SSL VPNs!\""},{"Link":"https://gamozolabs.github.io/fuzzing/2018/10/14/vectorized_emulation.html","external_links_name":"\"Vectorized Emulation: Hardware accelerated taint tracking at 2 trillion instructions per second\""},{"Link":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/383.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dragonblood: Analyzing the Dragonfly Handshake of WPA3 and EAP-pwd\""},{"Link":"https://spectreattack.com/spectre.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Spectre Attacks: Exploiting Speculative Execution\""},{"Link":"https://meltdownattack.com/meltdown.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Meltdown\""},{"Link":"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity18/sec18-bock.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Return Of Bleichenbacher’s Oracle Threat (ROBOT)\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/Bitfi6/status/1038339727961800704","external_links_name":"\"Important Statement from Bitfi\""},{"Link":"https://pwnies.com/winners/#research","external_links_name":"\"Pwnie for Most Innovative Research\""},{"Link":"https://pwnies.com/winners/#bestprivesc","external_links_name":"\"Pwnie for Best Privilege Escalation Bug\""},{"Link":"https://pwnies.com/systemd-bugs/","external_links_name":"\"The 2017 Pwnie Award For Lamest Vendor Response\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_TmocWyEDY","external_links_name":"Hello (From the Other Side)"},{"Link":"http://www.ieee-security.org/TC/SP2016/papers/0824a987.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Dedup Est Machina: Memory Deduplication as an Advanced Exploitation Vector\""},{"Link":"https://drownattack.com/drown-attack-paper.pdf","external_links_name":"\"DROWN: Breaking TLS using SSLv2\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZNeFHimR4lQ","external_links_name":"Cyberlier"},{"Link":"https://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-threats/-will-it-blend-earns-pwnie-for-best-client-bug-opm-for-most-epic-fail","external_links_name":"https://www.darkreading.com/vulnerabilities-threats/-will-it-blend-earns-pwnie-for-best-client-bug-opm-for-most-epic-fail"},{"Link":"https://j00ru.vexillium.org/slides/2015/recon.pdf","external_links_name":"https://j00ru.vexillium.org/slides/2015/recon.pdf"},{"Link":"https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/552286","external_links_name":"https://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/552286"},{"Link":"https://weakdh.org/imperfect-forward-secrecy-ccs15.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Imperfect Forward Secrecy: How Diffie-Hellman Fails in Practice\""},{"Link":"https://static.googleusercontent.com/media/research.google.com/pl//pubs/archive/42189.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Identifying and Exploiting Windows Kernel RaceConditions via Memory Access Patterns\""},{"Link":"https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/10/05/hakin9_silliness/","external_links_name":"\"Experts troll 'biggest security mag in the world' with DICKish submission\""},{"Link":"http://securitywatch.pcmag.com/none/300756-and-your-2012-pwnie-award-winners-are","external_links_name":"\"And Your 2012 Pwnie Award Winners Are...\""},{"Link":"http://www.pcworld.com/article/259916/flames_windows_update_hack_wins_pwnie_award_for_epic_ownage_at_black_hat.html","external_links_name":"\"Flame's Windows Update Hack Wins Pwnie Award for Epic Ownage at Black Hat\""},{"Link":"http://www.internetnews.com/blog/skerner/black-hat-pwnie-awards-go-to-flame-for-epic-pwnage-and-f5-for-epic-fail.html","external_links_name":"\"Black Hat: Pwnie Awards Go to Flame for Epic pwnage and F5 for epic fail\""},{"Link":"http://www.informationweek.com/security/attacks/pwnie-award-highlights-sony-epic-fail-an/231300255","external_links_name":"\"Pwnie Award Highlights: Sony Epic Fail And More\""},{"Link":"https://media.blackhat.com/bh-us-11/Mandt/BH_US_11_Mandt_win32k_WP.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Kernel Attacks through User-Mode Callbacks\""},{"Link":"https://www.piotrbania.com/all/articles/pbania-securing-the-kernel2012_UPDATE.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Securing the Kernel via Static Binary Rewriting and Program Shepherding\""},{"Link":"http://www.semantiscope.com/research/BHDC2010/BHDC-2010-Slides-v2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Interpreter Exploitation Pointer Inference and JIT Spraying\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805171646/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/073109-black-hat-pwnie-awards.html","external_links_name":"\"Twitter, Linux, Red Hat, Microsoft \"honored\" with Pwnie Awards\""},{"Link":"http://www.networkworld.com/news/2009/073109-black-hat-pwnie-awards.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.technologyreview.com/view/410571/black-hats-pwnie-awards/","external_links_name":"\"Black Hat's Pwnie Awards\""},{"Link":"https://www.zdnet.com/blog/security/openbsd-team-mocked-at-first-ever-pwnie-awards/418","external_links_name":"\"OpenBSD team mocked at first ever 'Pwnie' awards\""},{"Link":"http://pwnies.com/","external_links_name":"The Pwnie Awards"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._R._Raghunanthan | N. R. Raghunanthan | ["1 Discography","1.1 Film score and soundtracks","1.2 Upcoming","1.3 Independent Music","1.4 Television","2 References","3 External links"] | N. R. RaghunanthanBorn3 March 1980Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IndiaGenresFilm scoreOccupation(s)Film composer, record producer, instrumentalistYears active2010–presentMusical artist
N. R. Raghunanthan is an Indian film score and soundtrack composer. He has scored music for Tamil films.
NR R debuted as a music director in 2010 with Thenmerku Paruvakaatru directed by Seenu Ramasamy which met with critical acclaim and went on to win three National Film Awards at the 58th National Film Awards. His second film was Krishnaveni Panjaalai (2012). Meanwhile he had also composed SR Prabhakaran's Sundarapandiyan and Seenu Ramasamy's Neerparavai in the same year, while the former was a commercial success, the latter was critically well received. He also worked for music director G. V. Prakash Kumar's debutant productional movie Madha Yaanai Koottam.
Discography
Film score and soundtracks
Year
Tamil
Other Languages
Notes
2010
Thenmerku Paruvakaatru
2012
Krishnaveni Panjaalai
Sundarapandian
Neerparavai
2013
Madha Yaanai Koottam
2014
Pulivaal
Manjapai
2015
Sivappu
Mapla Singam
Mr. Mommaga (Kannada)
Kannada remake of Manja Pai
2016
Adra Machan Visilu
The Devil Executioner English film
2017
Ivan Yarendru Therikiratha
Pichuva Kaththi
Kodi Veeran
2018
Om
Film released under the title Meendum Oru Mariyadhai
Kalavani Mappillai
2020
Sinamkol
Utraan
2021
Pulikkuthi Pandi
Nayae Peyae
Endraavathu Oru Naal
2022
Nenu C/o Nuvvu (Telugu)
Karotiyin Kadhali
2023
Om Vellimalai
Ayothi
Azhagiya Kanne
2024
Yaavarum Vallavare
Aalakaalam
Upcoming
Tamil
Other Languages
Notes
Pirandhal Parasakthi
Idimuzhakkam
Independent Music
Tholadivaaram for DooPaaDoo.com with Chinmayi and Kabilan Vairamuthu
Television
Abhiyum Naanum (Sun TV)
References
^ "Audio launch party in Chennai". The Times of India. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
^ "Tamil Music Director N R Raghunanthan". nettv4u. Retrieved 30 December 2018.
^ "Film on Amma wins National honour". The Times of India. 23 May 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
External links
N. R. Raghunanthan at IMDb
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"film score","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_score"},{"link_name":"soundtrack composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack"},{"link_name":"Tamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_cinema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Thenmerku Paruvakaatru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thenmerku_Paruvakaatru"},{"link_name":"Seenu Ramasamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seenu_Ramasamy"},{"link_name":"National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"58th National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/58th_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Krishnaveni Panjaalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishnaveni_Panjaalai"},{"link_name":"Neerparavai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neerparavai"},{"link_name":"G. 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Raghunanthan"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film score and soundtracks","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Upcoming","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinmayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinmayi"},{"link_name":"Kabilan Vairamuthu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabilan_Vairamuthu"}],"sub_title":"Independent Music","text":"Tholadivaaram for DooPaaDoo.com with Chinmayi and Kabilan Vairamuthu","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abhiyum Naanum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhiyum_Naanum_(TV_series)"}],"sub_title":"Television","text":"Abhiyum Naanum (Sun TV)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Audio launch party in Chennai\". The Times of India. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130103132720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-15/regional/28217958_1_music-filmmakers-film-personalities","url_text":"\"Audio launch party in Chennai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"},{"url":"http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-15/regional/28217958_1_music-filmmakers-film-personalities","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tamil Music Director N R Raghunanthan\". nettv4u. Retrieved 30 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/music-director/n-r-raghunanthan","url_text":"\"Tamil Music Director N R Raghunanthan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Film on Amma wins National honour\". The Times of India. 23 May 2011. Archived from the original on 1 January 2014. 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R. Raghunanthan"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/741a782d-d703-4e9b-b59f-684d59687548","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontera_Hidalgo | Frontera Hidalgo | ["1 Sister cities","2 References"] | Coordinates: 14°46′N 92°10′W / 14.767°N 92.167°W / 14.767; -92.167Not to be confused with Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas.
Municipality in Chiapas, MexicoFrontera HidalgoMunicipalityMunicipality of Frontera Hidalgo in ChiapasFrontera HidalgoLocation in MexicoCoordinates: 14°46′N 92°10′W / 14.767°N 92.167°W / 14.767; -92.167Country MexicoStateChiapasMunicipal seatFrontera HidalgoArea • Total106.8 km2 (41.2 sq mi)Population (2010) • Total12,665
Frontera Hidalgo is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. It covers an area of 106.8 km2 (41.2 sq mi).
As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 12,665, up from 10,902 as of 2005.
As of 2010, the town of Frontera Hidalgo had a population of 3,519. Other than the town of Frontera Hidalgo, the municipality had 14 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Ignacio Zaragoza (2,464) and Texcaltic (1,743), classified as rural.
Sister cities
Campobasso, Molise, Italy
References
^ a b c "Frontera Hidalgo". Catálogo de Localidades. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL). Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ "Frontera Hidalgo". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal / Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2008.
vte State of ChiapasTuxtla Gutiérrez (capital)Topics
Anthem
Art
Cuisine
Government
Congress
Governors
Regions
Chiapas Depression
Chiapas Highlands
Lacandon Forest
Sierra Madre de Chiapas
Soconusco
Municipalities
Acacoyagua
Acala
Acapetahua
Aldama
Altamirano
Amatán
Amatenango de la Frontera
Amatenango del Valle
Ángel Albino Corzo
Arriaga
Bejucal de Ocampo
Bella Vista
Benemérito de las Américas
Berriozábal
Bochil
El Bosque
Cacahoatán
Capitán Luis Ángel Vidal
Catazajá
Chalchihuitán
Chamula
Chanal
Chapultenango
Chenalhó
Chiapa de Corzo
Chiapilla
Chicoasén
Chicomuselo
Chilón
Cintalapa
Coapilla
Comitán
La Concordia
Copainalá
Emiliano Zapata
Escuintla
Francisco León
Frontera Comalapa
Frontera Hidalgo
La Grandeza
Honduras de la Sierra
Huehuetán
Huixtán
Huitiupán
Huixtla
La Independencia
Ixhuatán
Ixtacomitán
Ixtapa
Ixtapangajoya
Jiquipilas
Jitotol
Juárez
Larráinzar
La Libertad
Mapastepec
Maravilla Tenejapa
Las Margaritas
Marqués de Comillas
Mazapa de Madero
Mazatán
Metapa
Mezcalapa
Mitontic
Montecristo de Guerrero
Motozintla
Nicolás Ruiz
Ocosingo
Ocotepec
Ocozocoautla de Espinosa
Ostuacán
Osumacinta
Oxchuc
Palenque (Palenque)
Pantelhó
Pantepec
El Parral
Pichucalco
Pijijiapan
El Porvenir
Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacán
Rayón
Reforma
Rincón Chamula San Pedro
Las Rosas
Sabanilla
Salto de Agua
San Andrés Duraznal
San Cristóbal de las Casas
San Fernando
San Juan Cancuc
San Lucas
Santiago el Pinar
Siltepec
Simojovel
Sitalá
Socoltenango
Solosuchiapa
Soyaló
Suchiapa
Suchiate
Sunuapa
Tapachula
Tapalapa
Tapilula
Tecpatán
Tenejapa
Teopisca
Tila
Tonalá
Totolapa
La Trinitaria
Tumbalá
Tuxtla Chico
Tuxtla Gutiérrez
Tuzantán
Tzimol
Unión Juárez
Venustiano Carranza
Villa Comaltitlán
Villa Corzo
Villaflores
Yajalón
Zinacantán
Protected areas
Cascada de Agua Azul
Chan-Kin
La Encrucijada
Lacan-Tun
Lagunas de Montebello
Montes Azules
Nahá–Metzabok
Palenque
Selva El Ocote
La Sepultura
Sumidero Canyon
El Triunfo
Volcán Tacaná
Yaxchilan
This article about a location in the Mexican state of Chiapas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciudad_Hidalgo,_Chiapas"},{"link_name":"town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Chiapas"},{"link_name":"Mexican state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Chiapas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapas"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEDESOL-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEDESOL-1"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Zaragoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Zaragoza,_Chiapas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Texcaltic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Texcaltic,_Chiapas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SEDESOL-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas.Municipality in Chiapas, MexicoFrontera Hidalgo is a town and municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico. It covers an area of 106.8 km2 (41.2 sq mi).As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 12,665,[1] up from 10,902 as of 2005.[2]As of 2010, the town of Frontera Hidalgo had a population of 3,519.[1] Other than the town of Frontera Hidalgo, the municipality had 14 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Ignacio Zaragoza (2,464) and Texcaltic (1,743), classified as rural.[1]","title":"Frontera Hidalgo"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molise"},{"link_name":"Campobasso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campobasso"},{"link_name":"Molise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molise"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"}],"text":"Campobasso, Molise, Italy","title":"Sister cities"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Frontera Hidalgo\". Catálogo de Localidades. Secretaría de Desarrollo Social (SEDESOL). Archived from the original on 29 December 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229213200/http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=035","url_text":"\"Frontera Hidalgo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretar%C3%ADa_de_Desarrollo_Social","url_text":"Secretaría de Desarrollo Social"},{"url":"http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=035","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Frontera Hidalgo\". Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México. Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal / Gobierno del Estado de Chiapas. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved July 25, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205319/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07035a.htm","url_text":"\"Frontera Hidalgo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_para_el_Federalismo_y_el_Desarrollo_Municipal","url_text":"Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal"},{"url":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07035a.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frontera_Hidalgo¶ms=14_46_N_92_10_W_region:MX_type:city(12665)","external_links_name":"14°46′N 92°10′W / 14.767°N 92.167°W / 14.767; -92.167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Frontera_Hidalgo¶ms=14_46_N_92_10_W_region:MX_type:city(12665)","external_links_name":"14°46′N 92°10′W / 14.767°N 92.167°W / 14.767; -92.167"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191229213200/http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=035","external_links_name":"\"Frontera Hidalgo\""},{"Link":"http://www.microrregiones.gob.mx/catloc/LocdeMun.aspx?tipo=clave&campo=loc&ent=07&mun=035","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927205319/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07035a.htm","external_links_name":"\"Frontera Hidalgo\""},{"Link":"http://www.e-local.gob.mx/work/templates/enciclo/chiapas/municipios/07035a.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frontera_Hidalgo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia%27s_2nd_constituency | French Polynesia's 2nd constituency | ["1 Deputies","2 Election Results","2.1 2022","2.2 2017","2.3 2012","3 References"] | Constituency of the French Fifth Republic
2nd constituency of French PolynesiainlineConstituency of the National Assembly of FranceLocation in French PolynesiaDeputySteve ChaillouxTavini HuiraatiraDepartmentFrench Polynesia (overseas collectivity)
Politics of France
Political parties
Elections
Previous
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French Polynesia's 2nd constituency is a French legislative constituency in French Polynesia. It is currently represented by Nicole Sanquer of A here ia Porinetia.
Following the 2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies, which came into application for the June 2012 legislative election, the boundaries of French Polynesia's two constituencies were redrawn so as to create a third constituency in the collectivity. Since then, the 2nd constituency contains the
communes of Anaa, Arue,
Arutua, Fakarava, Fangatau, Fatu Hiva, Gambier, Hao, Hikueru, Hitiaa O Te Ra, Hiva Oa, Mahina, Makemo, Manihi, Napuka, Nuku Hiva, Nukutavake, Papara, Pirae, Puka Puka, Rangiroa, Tahuata, Taiarapu-Est, Taiarapu-Ouest, Takaroa, Tatakoto, Teva I Uta, Tureia, Ua Huka and Ua Pou.
Deputies
Election
Member
Party
1988
Émile Vernaudon
SE
1993
Gaston Flosse
RPR
1997
Émile Vernaudon
2002
Beatrice Vernaudon
UMP
2007
Bruno Sandras
2012
Jonas Tahuaitu
Tahoera'a
2017
Nicole Sanquer
2020
A here
2022
Steve Chailloux
Tavini
Election Results
2022
Legislative Election 2022: French Polynesia's 2nd constituency
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
±%
Tapura Huiraatira (Ensemble)
Tepuaraurii Teriitahi*
8,660
33.21
-17.47
Tavini Huiraatira (NUPÉS)
Steve Chailloux
7,506
28.78
+9.21
A here
Nicole Sanquer**
4,548
17.44
N/A
Amuitahira'a o te Nuna'a Maohi (UDC)
Jonathan Tarihaa
3,300
12.65
-11.41
DIV
Sandra Manutahi Levy-Agami
567
2.17
N/A
RN
Charles Atger
562
2.15
+1.30
Others
N/A
936
3.59
Turnout
26,079
39.43
-1.60
2nd round result
Tavini Huiraatira (NUPÉS)
Steve Chailloux
19,977
58.89
N/A
Tapura Huiraatira (Ensemble)
Tepuaraurii Teriitahi
13,947
41.11
-23.17
Turnout
33,924
51.53
+6.53
Tavini Huiraatira gain from Amuitahira'a o te Nuna'a Maohi
* The swing for Tapura Huiraatira includes the 2017 results of Nicole Sanquer, the then Tapura Huiraatira candidate, and the results of LREM, who now supported the party as part of the Ensemble Citoyens alliance.
** Sanquer previously stood for Tapura Huiraatira, before founding A here ia Porinetia. As such, her previous results are counted in the swing for the Tapura Huiraatira candidate.
2017
Candidate
Label
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Nicole Sanquer
Tapura
10,085
37.60
18,282
64.18
Teura Iriti
Tahoera'a
6,453
24.06
10,204
35.82
Valentina Hina dite Tina Ebb Épse Cross
Tavini
4,644
17.32
Tepuaraurii Teriitahi
REM
3,508
13.08
Faana Taputu
DVG
701
2.61
Maire Grandin
FI
356
1.33
Tati Salmon
ECO
274
1.02
Tom Tefaaroa
DVD
264
0.98
Miri Dubief
FN
254
0.95
Yves Conroy
DIV
142
0.53
Pascal Pique
DIV
138
0.51
Votes
26,819
100.00
28,486
100.00
Valid votes
26,819
98.00
28,486
94.89
Blank votes
271
0.99
548
1.83
Null votes
276
1.01
987
3.29
Turnout
27,366
41.03
30,021
45.00
Abstentions
39,339
58.97
36,685
55.00
Registered voters
66,705
66,706
Source: Ministry of the Interior
2012
2012 legislative election in Polynesie-Francaise's 2nd constituency
Candidate
Party
First round
Second round
Votes
%
Votes
%
Jonas Tahuaitu
DVD
7,529
29.18%
16,413
53.42%
Philippe Neuffer
6,281
24.34%
14,310
46.58%
Teiva Manutahi
DLR
2,654
10.28%
Bruno Sandras
UMP
2,435
9.44%
Tearii Alpha
DVD
1,954
7.57%
Sandra Levy-Agami
DVD
1,303
5.05%
Manea Tuahu
DVD
909
3.52%
Clarenntz Vernaudon
DVD
672
2.60%
Antonio Perez
DVD
512
1.98%
Jimmy Panie
DVD
398
1.54%
Hinano Tunoa
??
371
1.44%
Antonio Soares-Pires
DVD
302
1.17%
Jaros Otcenasek
EELV
297
1.15%
Edouard Poroi
??
188
0.73%
Valid votes
25,805
98.11%
30,723
97.12%
Spoilt and null votes
498
1.89%
911
2.88%
Votes cast / turnout
26,303
44.21%
31,634
53.19%
Abstentions
33,188
55.79%
27,844
46.81%
Registered voters
59,491
100.00%
59,478
100.00%
References
^ "Circonscriptions électorales de la Polynésie française et divisions administratives associées" (in French). French National Assembly.
^ "Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Polynésie française". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-01.
vteConstituencies of the French National Assembly (2012–present)Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Ain
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Allier
1st
2nd
3rd
Ardèche
1st
2nd
3rd
Cantal
1st
2nd
Drôme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Haute-Loire
1st
2nd
Haute-Savoie
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Isère
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Puy-de-Dôme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Rhône
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
Savoie
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté
Côte-d'Or
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Doubs
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Haute-Saône
1st
2nd
Jura
1st
2nd
3rd
Nièvre
1st
2nd
Saône-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Territoire de Belfort
1st
2nd
Yonne
1st
2nd
3rd
Brittany
Cotes-d'Armor
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Finistère
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Ille-et-Vilaine
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Morbihan
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Centre-Val de Loire
Cher
1st
2nd
3rd
Eure-et-Loir
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Indre
1st
2nd
Indre-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Loir-et-Cher
1st
2nd
3rd
Loiret
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Corsica
Corse-du-Sud
1st
2nd
Haute-Corse
1st
2nd
Grand Est
Ardennes
1st
2nd
3rd
Aube
1st
2nd
3rd
Bas-Rhin
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Haute-Marne
1st
2nd
Haut-Rhin
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Meurthe-et-Moselle
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Meuse
1st
2nd
Moselle
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Vosges
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Hauts-de-France
Aisne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Nord
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
21st
Oise
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Pas-de-Calais
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Somme
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Île-de-France
Essonne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Hauts-de-Seine
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
Paris
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
Seine-et-Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Seine-Saint-Denis
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Val-d'Oise
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Val-de-Marne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Yvelines
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Normandy
Eure
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Calvados
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Manche
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Orne
1st
2nd
3rd
Seine-Maritime
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Nouvelle-Aquitaine
Charente
1st
2nd
3rd
Charente-Maritime
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Corrèze
1st
2nd
Creuse
Deux-Sèvres
1st
2nd
3rd
Dordogne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Gironde
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Haute-Vienne
1st
2nd
3rd
Landes
1st
2nd
3rd
Lot-et-Garonne
1st
2nd
3rd
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Vienne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Occitanie
Ariège
1st
2nd
Aude
1st
2nd
3rd
Aveyron
1st
2nd
3rd
Gard
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
Gers
1st
2nd
Haute-Garonne
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Hautes-Pyrénées
1st
2nd
Hérault
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Lot
1st
2nd
Lozère
Pyrénées-Orientales
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Tarn
1st
2nd
3rd
Tarn-et-Garonne
1st
2nd
Pays de la Loire
Loire-Atlantique
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
Maine-et-Loire
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Mayenne
1st
2nd
3rd
Sarthe
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Vendée
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
1st
2nd
Alpes-Maritimes
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
Bouches-du-Rhône
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
14th
15th
16th
Hautes-Alpes
1st
2nd
Var
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
Vaucluse
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
Overseas
French Guiana
1st
2nd
French Polynesia
1st
2nd
3rd
Guadeloupe
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Martinique
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
Mayotte
1st
2nd
New Caledonia
1st
2nd
Réunion
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
Saint Barthélemy and Saint-Martin
1st
Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon
1st
Wallis and Futuna
1st
Overseas citizens
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
Abolished constituencies (2010 redistricting)
Allier
4th
Charente
4th
Creuse
1st
2nd
Deux-Sèvres
4th
Haute-Saône
3rd
Hautes-Pyrénées
3rd
Haute-Vienne
4th
Haut-Rhin
7th
Indre
3rd
Loire
7th
Lozère
1st
2nd
Manche
5th
Marne
6th
Meurthe-et-Moselle
7th
Moselle
10th
Nièvre
3rd
Nord
22nd
23rd
24th
Paris
19th
20th
21st
Pas-de-Calais
13th
14th
Puy-de-Dôme
6th
Saône-et-Loire
6th
Seine-Maritime
11th
12th
Seine-Saint-Denis
13th
Somme
6th
Tarn
4th
Val-de-Marne
12th | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituency_(France)"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Nicole Sanquer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole_Sanquer"},{"link_name":"A here ia Porinetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_here_ia_Porinetia"},{"link_name":"2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Redistricting_of_French_Legislative_Constituencies"},{"link_name":"June 2012 legislative election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_French_legislative_election"},{"link_name":"third constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Polynesia%27s_3rd_constituency"},{"link_name":"communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commune_(France)"},{"link_name":"Anaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaa"},{"link_name":"Arue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arue,_French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Arutua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arutua"},{"link_name":"Fakarava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakarava"},{"link_name":"Fangatau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangatau"},{"link_name":"Fatu Hiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatu_Hiva"},{"link_name":"Gambier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gambier_(commune)"},{"link_name":"Hao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hao_(French_Polynesia)"},{"link_name":"Hikueru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hikueru"},{"link_name":"Hitiaa O Te Ra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitiaa_O_Te_Ra"},{"link_name":"Hiva Oa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiva-Oa"},{"link_name":"Mahina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahina,_French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"Makemo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makemo"},{"link_name":"Manihi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manihi"},{"link_name":"Napuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napuka"},{"link_name":"Nuku Hiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuku_Hiva"},{"link_name":"Nukutavake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nukutavake"},{"link_name":"Papara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papara"},{"link_name":"Pirae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirae"},{"link_name":"Puka Puka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puka-Puka"},{"link_name":"Rangiroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangiroa"},{"link_name":"Tahuata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahuata"},{"link_name":"Taiarapu-Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiarapu-Est"},{"link_name":"Taiarapu-Ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiarapu-Ouest"},{"link_name":"Takaroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takaroa"},{"link_name":"Tatakoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatakoto"},{"link_name":"Teva I Uta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teva_I_Uta"},{"link_name":"Tureia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tureia"},{"link_name":"Ua Huka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua_Huka"},{"link_name":"Ua Pou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua_Pou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"French Polynesia's 2nd constituency is a French legislative constituency in French Polynesia. It is currently represented by Nicole Sanquer of A here ia Porinetia.Following the 2010 redistricting of French legislative constituencies, which came into application for the June 2012 legislative election, the boundaries of French Polynesia's two constituencies were redrawn so as to create a third constituency in the collectivity. 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As such, her previous results are counted in the swing for the Tapura Huiraatira candidate.[2]","title":"Election Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","title":"Election Results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2012","title":"Election Results"}] | [{"image_text":"inline","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/50px-Flag_of_France.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Circonscriptions électorales de la Polynésie française et divisions administratives associées\" (in French). French National Assembly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/qui/circonscriptions/987.asp","url_text":"\"Circonscriptions électorales de la Polynésie française et divisions administratives associées\""}]},{"reference":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Polynésie française\". Le Monde.fr (in French). Retrieved 2022-12-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/outre-mer/polynesie-francaise/","url_text":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Polynésie française\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.interieur.gouv.fr/Elections/Les-resultats/Legislatives/elecresult__legislatives-2017/(path)/legislatives-2017/987/98702.html","external_links_name":"Ministry of the Interior"},{"Link":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/13/qui/circonscriptions/987.asp","external_links_name":"\"Circonscriptions électorales de la Polynésie française et divisions administratives associées\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/resultats-elections/outre-mer/polynesie-francaise/","external_links_name":"\"Résultats des élections législatives 2022 en Polynésie française\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_E._Catto_Jr. | Henry E. Catto Jr. | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American diplomat
Henry E. Catto Jr.Catto in 2006United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom In officeMay 17, 1989 – March 13, 1991PresidentGeorge H. W. BushPreceded byCharles H. Price IISucceeded byRaymond G. H. SeitzAssistant Secretary of Defense for Public AffairsIn officeMay 22, 1981 – September 16, 1983PresidentRonald ReaganPreceded byThomas B. RossSucceeded byMichael I. BurchAmbassador to the United Nations Office at GenevaIn officeJuly 1, 1976 – April 4, 1977PresidentGerald Ford Jimmy CarterPreceded byFrancis L. DaleSucceeded byWilliam vanden HeuvelChief of Protocol of the United StatesIn officeApril 3, 1974 – July 1, 1976PresidentRichard Nixon Gerald FordPreceded byMarion H. SmoakSucceeded byShirley Temple BlackUnited States Ambassador to El Salvador In officeOctober 21, 1971 – September 2, 1973PresidentRichard NixonPreceded byWilliam G. BowdlerSucceeded byJames F. Campbell
Personal detailsBorn(1930-12-06)December 6, 1930Dallas, Texas, United StatesDiedDecember 18, 2011(2011-12-18) (aged 81)San Antonio, Texas, United StatesProfessionDiplomat
Henry Edward Catto Jr. (December 6, 1930 – December 18, 2011) was an American businessman and public servant.
A native of San Antonio, Texas and son of a prominent insurance man, he was educated at T.M.I.—The Episcopal School of Texas, graduating in 1948, and at Williams College, graduating in 1952. In the early 1960s, Catto twice ran for the Texas Legislature as a Republican, losing both times. In his 1960 attempt, he lost to notorious San Antonio gambler V. E. "Red" Berry.
Catto held several positions within the United States government. He was the Deputy Representative to the Organization of American States from 1969 to 1971, Ambassador to El Salvador from 1971 to 1973, the Chief of Protocol of the United States from 1974 to 1976, the Ambassador to the United Nations Office at Geneva from 1976 to 1977, and the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs from 1981 to 1983.
In 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed him as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He held the position until 1991, when he became the director of the United States Information Agency.
From 1955 to 2000, he was a partner in the insurance brokerage firm Catto & Catto in San Antonio. From 1983 to 1989, he was vice chairman and president of a broadcast group at H&C Communications, operator of network television stations (Houston, Des Moines, Tucson, Nashville, Orlando-Daytona Beach, San Antonio). In 1999, he was elected chairman of the Atlantic Council of the United States, and in 2007, its chairman emeritus. He was a contributing editor of the American Journalism Review. At the time of his death, he was vice chairman of the Aspen Institute, where he and his wife, Jessica Hobby Catto, had established the Catto Fellowship for a Sustainable Future. He and his wife also supported the Aspen Center for Environmental Studies.
Catto was a member of the board of the National Public Radio Foundation, having served on the NPR Board from 1995 to 2001. He was also a member of the Smithsonian National Board, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Advisory Council of America Abroad Media. He was Diplomat-in-Residence at the University of Texas at San Antonio, held honorary LLD degrees from the University of Aberdeen in Scotland and St. Mary's University in San Antonio, and was a member of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple in London. He authored Ambassadors at Sea: The High and Low Adventures of a Diplomat (University of Texas Press, 1998).
Ambassador Catto was married to the late Jessica Hobby, daughter of William P. Hobby and Oveta Culp Hobby. Jessica Hobby Catto was a noted conservationist and journalist who wrote a blog for the Huffington Post on conservation, the media, and political issues right up until her death in 2009. Together the Cattos had four children. Henry Catto died at his home in San Antonio, Texas, on December 18, 2011.
References
^ Hevesi, Dennis (December 21, 2011). "Henry E. Catto Jr., Who Served 4 Presidents, Dies at 81". The New York Times.
^ "Henry E. Catto Jr. 1930 — 2011" (obituary). www.aspendailynews.com. Aspen Daily News. 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
^ Catto, Henry E. (1998). Ambassadors at Sea: The High and Low Adventures of a Diplomat. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-0-292-71212-6. OCLC 39045205. Retrieved August 9, 2007.
^ "Representatives of the U.S.A. to the European Office of the United Nations (Geneva)". United States Department of State. Retrieved August 14, 2011.
^ "Henry Catto". The Daily Telegraph. London. December 26, 2011.
^ "Jessica Hobby Catto" (obituary). The Austin American-Statesman. 2009. Retrieved April 25, 2010.
^ "Henry Edward Catto Jr" (obituary). The Austin American-Statesman. 2011. Retrieved December 21, 2011.
"Henry E. Catto Jr". Council of American Ambassadors. 2004. Archived from the original (biography) on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
"Henry E. Catto". Aspen Institute. 2006. Archived from the original (biography) on August 7, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
"Henry E. Catto". America Abroad Media. 2008. Archived from the original (biography) on January 5, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
External links
Appearances on C-SPAN
Diplomatic posts
Preceded byWilliam G. Bowdler
U.S. Ambassador to El Salvador October 21, 1971 – September 2, 1973
Succeeded byJames F. Campbell
Preceded byCharles H. Price II
U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom April 14, 1989 – March 13, 1991
Succeeded byRaymond G. H. Seitz
vteChiefs of Protocol of the United States
James Clement Dunn
F. Lammot Belin
Warren Delano Robbins
James Clement Dunn
Richard Southgate
George T. Summerlin
Stanley Woodward
John F. Simmons
Wiley T. Buchanan Jr.
Angier Biddle Duke
Lloyd Nelson Hand
James W. Symington
Angier Biddle Duke
Tyler Abell
Emil Mosbacher
Marion Hartzog Smoak
Henry E. Catto Jr.
Shirley Temple Black
Evan Dobelle
Edith H. J. Dobelle
Abelardo L. Valdez
Morgan Mason
Leonore Annenberg
Selwa Roosevelt
Joseph Verner Reed Jr.
John Giffen Weinmann
Molly M. Raiser
Mary Mel French
Donald Ensenat
Nancy Brinker
Capricia Marshall
Natalie Jones
Peter A. Selfridge
Sean Lawler
Mary-Kate Fisher
Cam Henderson
Asel Roberts
Rufus Gifford
Italics indicates acting
vteAmbassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James'sMinisters Plenipotentiary tothe Court of St. James's(1785–1811)
J. Adams
Pickney
King
Monroe
Pinkney
Russell (chargé d'affaires)
Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary tothe Court of St. James's(1815–1893)
J. Q. Adams
Rush
King
Gallatin
Lawrence (chargé d'affaires)
Barbour
McLane
Van Buren
Vail (chargé d'affaires)
Stevenson
Everett
McLane
Bancroft
Lawrence
Ingersoll
Buchanan
Dallas
C. Adams
R. Johnson
Motley
Schenck
Pierrepont
Welsh
Lowell
Phelps
Lincoln
Ambassadors Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary to the Court of St. James's(1893–present)
Bayard
Hay
Choate
Reid
Page
Davis
Harvey
Kellogg
Houghton
Dawes
Mellon
Bingham
Kennedy
Winant
Harriman
Douglas
Gifford
Aldrich
Whitney
Bruce
Annenberg
Richardson
Armstrong
Brewster
Louis
Price
Catto
Seitz
Crowe
Lader
Farish
Tuttle
Susman
Barzun
W. Johnson
Hartley
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
United States
Other
NARA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"T.M.I.—The Episcopal School of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.M.I.%E2%80%94The_Episcopal_School_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Williams College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_College"},{"link_name":"Texas Legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Legislature"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"V. 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Hobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_P._Hobby"},{"link_name":"Oveta Culp Hobby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby"},{"link_name":"Huffington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huffington_Post"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Henry Edward Catto Jr. (December 6, 1930 – December 18, 2011) was an American businessman and public servant.[2]A native of San Antonio, Texas and son of a prominent insurance man, he was educated at T.M.I.—The Episcopal School of Texas, graduating in 1948, and at Williams College, graduating in 1952. In the early 1960s, Catto twice ran for the Texas Legislature as a Republican, losing both times. In his 1960 attempt, he lost to notorious San Antonio gambler V. E. \"Red\" Berry.[3]Catto held several positions within the United States government. He was the Deputy Representative to the Organization of American States from 1969 to 1971, Ambassador to El Salvador from 1971 to 1973, the Chief of Protocol of the United States from 1974 to 1976, the Ambassador to the United Nations Office at Geneva from 1976 to 1977,[4] and the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs from 1981 to 1983. \nIn 1989, President George H. W. Bush appointed him as the United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom. He held the position until 1991, when he became the director of the United States Information Agency.[5]From 1955 to 2000, he was a partner in the insurance brokerage firm Catto & Catto in San Antonio. From 1983 to 1989, he was vice chairman and president of a broadcast group at H&C Communications, operator of network television stations (Houston, Des Moines, Tucson, Nashville, Orlando-Daytona Beach, San Antonio). In 1999, he was elected chairman of the Atlantic Council of the United States, and in 2007, its chairman emeritus. He was a contributing editor of the American Journalism Review. At the time of his death, he was vice chairman of the Aspen Institute, where he and his wife, Jessica Hobby Catto, had established the Catto Fellowship for a Sustainable Future. He and his wife also supported the Aspen Center for Environmental Studies.Catto was a member of the board of the National Public Radio Foundation, having served on the NPR Board from 1995 to 2001. He was also a member of the Smithsonian National Board, and a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Advisory Council of America Abroad Media. He was Diplomat-in-Residence at the University of Texas at San Antonio, held honorary LLD degrees from the University of Aberdeen in Scotland and St. Mary's University in San Antonio, and was a member of the Honourable Society of the Middle Temple in London. He authored Ambassadors at Sea: The High and Low Adventures of a Diplomat (University of Texas Press, 1998).Ambassador Catto was married to the late Jessica Hobby, daughter of William P. Hobby and Oveta Culp Hobby. Jessica Hobby Catto was a noted conservationist and journalist who wrote a blog for the Huffington Post on conservation, the media, and political issues right up until her death in 2009.[6] Together the Cattos had four children. Henry Catto died at his home in San Antonio, Texas, on December 18, 2011.[7]","title":"Henry E. Catto Jr."}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hevesi, Dennis (December 21, 2011). \"Henry E. Catto Jr., Who Served 4 Presidents, Dies at 81\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/22/us/henry-e-catto-jr-who-served-4-presidents-dies-at-81.html","url_text":"\"Henry E. Catto Jr., Who Served 4 Presidents, Dies at 81\""}]},{"reference":"\"Henry E. Catto Jr. 1930 — 2011\" (obituary). www.aspendailynews.com. Aspen Daily News. 2011. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Blind_and_Partially_Sighted_(Denmark) | Institute for the Blind and Partially Sighted (Denmark) | ["1 History","2 Headquarters","3 Organisation","4 References","5 External links"] | Organization for people with sight loss in Denmark
RNIBEstablished1858Chief ExecutiveAnne Kristine GrosbøllLocationCopenhagen, DenmarkWebsiteibos.dk
The Institute for the Blind and Partially Sighted (Danish Instituttet for Blinde og Svagsynede, IBOS), headquartered on Rymarksvej in Hellerup, Copenhagen, is a national institution offering information, support and advice to people with sight loss in Denmark. It is government-funded and has nationwide responsibilities but is operated by Copenhagen Municipality.
History
The Royal Institute for the Blind in 1850, watercolour by H.G.F. Holm
The first Institute for the Blind was established by the philanthropical Kjæden ("The Chain") society on 10 June 1811. The children were taught theoretical subjects such as religion, math, history and geography as well as needlework, spinning, knitting, paper crafting and basket making.
The building on Kastelsvej in Østerbro was built by the Kjeldsen Society in 1857–58 The institution was at the same event ceded to the Danish state and renamed the Royal Institute for the Blind. The building was one of the first civilian brick buildings to be constructed outside Copenhagen's old East Rampart when the city's fortifications were decommissioned in the 1850s. It was built next to the Institute for the Deaf which had already been completed on the glacis in front of Kastellet in 1838. The Institute for the Deaf had been built as am arrowhead-shaped revelin which could easily be converted into a defensive structure in the event of an enemy attack. Ferdinand Meldahl was charged with the design of the building. Construction began in 1957 and it was completed in 1858. The three-winged complex had room for 60 students, 30 boys and 30 girls, housed in each their lateral wing. The main wing contained various workshops and activity rooms. The institution opened in 1858 with 25 students and with J. Moldenhawer as its first principal.
The building was expanded with a new rear wing in 1880. Rooms for 40 new students were created in the main wing while most of the workshops and activity rooms were moved to the new wing.
A new institution was built in the 1960s in Hellerup's Ryvangen neighbourhood. The foundation stone was set on 25 May 1966.
Headquarters
The premises are located on Rymarksvej in Hellerup. The buildings also houses a branch of the Kennedy Vision Health Center.
Organisation
IBOS has approximately 130 employees. The current chief executive is Anne Kristine Grosbøll. The centre has the following departments:
Administration & Services
Special counselling
Job & Courses
Housing, Workshop & Activities
References
^ "Dansk Blindesamfunds historie årti for årti" (in Danish). Dansk Blindesamfund. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
^ "De bastionære fæstninger 1600-1870" (in Danish). Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
^ "Blindeinstituttet". arkark.dk. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
^ "Blindeinstituttet" (in Danish). Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
^ "1966". Selskabet for Københavns Historie. Retrieved 6 November 2015.
External links
Official website
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"Hellerup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellerup"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"sight loss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindness"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_Municipality"}],"text":"The Institute for the Blind and Partially Sighted (Danish Instituttet for Blinde og Svagsynede, IBOS), headquartered on Rymarksvej in Hellerup, Copenhagen, is a national institution offering information, support and advice to people with sight loss in Denmark. It is government-funded and has nationwide responsibilities but is operated by Copenhagen Municipality.","title":"Institute for the Blind and Partially Sighted (Denmark)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blindeinstituttet_(1859).jpg"},{"link_name":"H.G.F. 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HolmThe first Institute for the Blind was established by the philanthropical Kjæden (\"The Chain\") society on 10 June 1811. The children were taught theoretical subjects such as religion, math, history and geography as well as needlework, spinning, knitting, paper crafting and basket making.[1]The building on Kastelsvej in Østerbro was built by the Kjeldsen Society in 1857–58 The institution was at the same event ceded to the Danish state and renamed the Royal Institute for the Blind. The building was one of the first civilian brick buildings to be constructed outside Copenhagen's old East Rampart when the city's fortifications were decommissioned in the 1850s. It was built next to the Institute for the Deaf which had already been completed on the glacis in front of Kastellet in 1838. The Institute for the Deaf had been built as am arrowhead-shaped revelin which could easily be converted into a defensive structure in the event of an enemy attack.[2] Ferdinand Meldahl was charged with the design of the building. Construction began in 1957 and it was completed in 1858. The three-winged complex had room for 60 students, 30 boys and 30 girls, housed in each their lateral wing. The main wing contained various workshops and activity rooms.[3] The institution opened in 1858 with 25 students and with J. Moldenhawer as its first principal.[4]The building was expanded with a new rear wing in 1880. Rooms for 40 new students were created in the main wing while most of the workshops and activity rooms were moved to the new wing.A new institution was built in the 1960s in Hellerup's Ryvangen neighbourhood. The foundation stone was set on 25 May 1966.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The premises are located on Rymarksvej in Hellerup. The buildings also houses a branch of the Kennedy Vision Health Center.","title":"Headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"IBOS has approximately 130 employees. The current chief executive is Anne Kristine Grosbøll. The centre has the following departments:Administration & Services\nSpecial counselling\nJob & Courses\nHousing, Workshop & Activities","title":"Organisation"}] | [{"image_text":"The Royal Institute for the Blind in 1850, watercolour by H.G.F. Holm","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Blindeinstituttet_%281859%29.jpg/200px-Blindeinstituttet_%281859%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Dansk Blindesamfunds historie årti for årti\" (in Danish). Dansk Blindesamfund. Retrieved 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://blind.dk/om-os/dansk-blindesamfunds-historie/dbs-historie","url_text":"\"Dansk Blindesamfunds historie årti for årti\""}]},{"reference":"\"De bastionære fæstninger 1600-1870\" (in Danish). Selskabet for Københavns Historie. 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Retrieved 6 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/khsd/1900/1966.html","url_text":"\"1966\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ibos.dk/","external_links_name":"ibos.dk"},{"Link":"https://blind.dk/om-os/dansk-blindesamfunds-historie/dbs-historie","external_links_name":"\"Dansk Blindesamfunds historie årti for årti\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921212343/http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/gtkb/gtkb_bwd.html","external_links_name":"\"De bastionære fæstninger 1600-1870\""},{"Link":"http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/gtkb/gtkb_bwd.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.kulturarv.dk/fbb/sagvis.pub?sag=3100117","external_links_name":"\"Blindeinstituttet\""},{"Link":"http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/kko/b/kko_b-14.html","external_links_name":"\"Blindeinstituttet\""},{"Link":"http://www.kobenhavnshistorie.dk/bog/khsd/1900/1966.html","external_links_name":"\"1966\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151107211636/http://www.ibos.dk/instituttet.html","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/145289075","external_links_name":"VIAF"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_Broadway_Bus_Terminal | Broadway Bus Terminal | ["1 Facilities and service","2 Paterson public transportation","3 History","4 Paterson bus routes","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 40°55′08″N 74°10′28″W / 40.918973°N 74.174380°W / 40.918973; -74.174380 (Broadway Bus Terminal Paterson)This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
NJT bus in Downtown Paterson
The Broadway Bus Terminal is a major local and regional bus terminal in Paterson, New Jersey operated by New Jersey Transit.
It is located on Broadway between Memorial Drive and West Broadway in Downtown Paterson, putting it near Passaic County Community College and a few blocks from Paterson City Hall and the Great Falls Historic District, including the Great Falls (Passaic River).
Facilities and service
New Jersey Transit bus operations, some operated by Community Coach, make use of the terminal, one of several origination points in the city and serves an average of 1600 buses each weekday. Buses depart from four sheltered bus lanes adjacent to the indoor waiting room. Indoor and outdoor facilities were renovated and expanded in 2010. The terminal is served by the 72 (to Newark Penn Station), 74 (to Newark Subway, Branch Brook Park), 161 (to Port Authority Bus Terminal), 171 (to George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal), 190 (to Port Authority Bus Terminal), 703 (nights and weekends to Meadowlands Sports Complex), 746 (to Ridgewood), 748 (to Willowbrook Mall), and 770 (to Hackensack Bus Terminal). One of the William Paterson University campus shuttles also serves the terminal.
A ticket office is open daily (6 AM - 8 PM).
Paterson public transportation
Jitney service by Spanish Transportation-owned minibuses (doing business as Express Service) travels from Paterson to locations in Passaic, Bergen, and Hudson counties as well as the Port Authority Bus Terminal and George Washington Bridge Bus Station in New York City. Dollar vans, locally known in Spanish as guaguas are also available in the vicinity traveling to Jersey City, North Hudson and 42nd Street (Manhattan). City Hall has many buses that stop at or near it, going to various points in neighboring communities, Manhattan and regional shopping centers. The Paterson NJT regional rail train station is located 10 blocks east of the bus terminal. The Passaic-Bergen Rail Line is a proposed rail line through the city which will make a stop nearby.
History
When constructed in the 1932 and before bustitution, the Public Service Railway operated trolleys from the terminal, namely the Line 1 (Edgewater), Line 5 (Suffern), and Line 15 to Hudson Place (Hoboken). The terminal has been renovated during the course of the years, the most recent refurbishment completed in 2010.
Paterson bus routes
Route
Paterson origination
Main streets of travel
destination
72
Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal
Bloomfield Avenue, Broad Street
Newark Penn Station
74
Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal
Passaic TerminalDelawanna Station, Kingsland Avenue, Franklin Avenue or Union Avenue
Branch Brook ParkNorth Newark
151
Paterson(peak service)
Washington Avenue, Route 46, New Jersey Turnpike
Port Authority Bus Terminal
161
Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal
Washington Avenue, Route 46
Port Authority Bus Terminal
171
Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal
St. Joseph's Regional Medical CenterBroadwayGarden State PlazaRoute 4
George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal
190
Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal
Paterson Plank Road, Orient Way, Main Avenue, NJ 495-Marginal Highway
Port Authority Bus Terminal
702
St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center
Van Houten AvenuePalisade Avenue or Dayton AvenueBoulevard
Elmwood ParkBoulevard/Broadway
703
Haledonor Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal (Short turn nights and weekends)
Van Houten AvenuePalisade Avenue or Dayton AvenueBoulevard
Meadowlands Sports Complex
707
Paterson City Hall
Marshall Street/Hazel Street/Paulson AvenueHarrison and MacArthur Avenues
Saddle BrookMarket St/Caldwell Ave.
722
PatersonMain St/Crooks Ave via Paterson City Hall
Memorial DriveLafayette AvenueEast Ridgewood Avenue
Paramus Park
744
Paterson City Hall
Lakeview AvenuePresidential BoulevardPaterson-Hamburg Turnpike
PassaicMain Avenue Terminal
746
Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal
Madison AvenueMaple Avenue
RidgewoodVan Neste Square
770
Paterson Broadway Bus Terminal
Passaic StreetBroadway
Hackensack Bus Terminal
ES to GWB
Broadway & Main
Route 4 Garden State Plaza via Paramus, Hackensack, Teaneck, Fort Lee
George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal
ES to PA
Broadway & Main
via Clifton, Passaic, Rutherford, Secaucus, North Bergen, Union City and Weehawken
Port Authority Bus TerminalGate 56
References
^ "NJT Bus Terminals".
^ "Improvements On The Way For Paterson's Broadway Bus Terminal. NJ TRANSIT Board approves $1.4 million contract for renovation. NJT 09-071" (Press release). July 8, 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-05-21. Retrieved April 1, 2023.
^ http://www.northjersey.com/.../Broadway_Bus_Terminal_to_be_renovated.html Broadway Bus Terminal to be renovated Accessed 31-11-2009
^ a b "Officials Mark Completion of Renovations to Paterson's Broadway Bus Terminal. $1.4 million project offers modern facility for customers. NJT-10-092" (Press release). December 21, 2010. Archived from the original on 2011-10-19.
^ "NJT 703" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-12-16. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
^ a b http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/bus/T1746.pdf Archived 2011-12-16 at the Wayback Machine NJT746/748
^ http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/bus/T0770.pdf Archived 2010-07-05 at the Wayback Machine NJT 770
^ "Willowbrook – Paterson – Port Authority | Jitney Buses of New Jersey". Archived from the original on 2017-02-25. Retrieved 2016-11-11.
^ "Express Bus Service – Fabrica de Buses 100% Nacional". www.expresshuttle.com. Archived from the original on October 6, 2012.
^ "NJT long term transportation plans Paterson 2008" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2009-12-03.
^ http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/bus/T0072.pdf Archived 2010-01-06 at the Wayback Machine NJT Rte 72
^ "NJT Rte 74 schedule" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2010-01-17.
^ http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/bus/T0161.pdf Archived 2009-05-22 at the Wayback Machine NJT Rte 161
^ http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/bus/t0171.pdf Archived 2010-03-31 at the Wayback Machine NJY Rte 171
^ http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/bus/T0190.pdf Archived 2009-05-22 at the Wayback Machine NJT rte 190
^ http://www.njtransit.com/pdf/bus/T0722.pdf Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine NJT Rte 722
40°55′08″N 74°10′28″W / 40.918973°N 74.174380°W / 40.918973; -74.174380 (Broadway Bus Terminal Paterson)
External links
Unofficial New Jersey bus map
Paterson Jitney Bus information guide
NJ Transit route finder Archived 2017-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
NJT Bus Routes in Passaic County
NJT Bus Routes in Bergen County Archived 2009-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
NJT Bus Routes in Hudson County Archived 2009-05-22 at the Wayback Machine
vtePaterson, New JerseyNeighborhoods
Downtown Paterson
Dublin
Little Italy
Little Lima
Eastside
Eastside Park
Great Falls/Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures Historic District
Hillcrest
Lakeview
Northside
Old Great Falls Historic District
People's Park
Sandy Hill
South Paterson
Stoney Road
Totowa section
Wrigley Park
Government
Paterson Fire Department
Mayor
Paterson Police Department
Schools
Paterson Public Schools
Eastside High School
Garrett Morgan Academy
International High School
John F. Kennedy High School
Rosa L. Parks School of Fine and Performing Arts
Paterson Catholic High School (closed)
Other education
Danforth Memorial Library
Passaic County Community College Main Campus
Landmarks
Cathedral of St. John the Baptist
Center City Mall
Garret Mountain Reservation
Lambert Castle
Great Falls (Passaic River)
Hinchliffe Stadium
Passaic County Court House
Paterson Armory
Paterson City Hall
Paterson Museum
Public School Number Two
St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center
St. Michael's Roman Catholic Church
Barnert Hospital (closed)
History
1835 Paterson textile strike
1902 Paterson silk strike
1913 Paterson silk strike
Rogers Locomotive and Machine Works
Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures
Culture and Media
The Arab Voice
Paterson (poem)
Lean on Me (film)
Paterson (film)
The Record
Transportation
Broadway Bus Terminal
Bridges
Paterson NJT station
Spanish Transportation
This list is incomplete.
vteNJ Transit Bus OperationsRoutes
1–99
100–199
300–399
400–449
450–499
500–549
550–599
600–699
700–799
800–880
Wheels Suburban Transportation
Terminals
Atlantic City
Broadway (Paterson)
Exchange Place
GWB Plaza
GWB Station
Hackensack
Hoboken Terminal
Irvington
Journal Square
Lakewood
Metropark
Newark Penn Station
Nungessers
Ocean City
Passaic
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Red Bank
Ridgewood
Secaucus Junction
Trenton
Vineland
Walter Rand
Weehawken
Other
NJ Transit bus fleet
Bus rapid transit
Newark Light Rail
PABCO Transit
vteGreater New York region bus transit
Transportation in New York City
OperatorsNew York
Public
MTA Regional Bus
Clarkstown
Dutchess
Long Beach
Huntington
Nassau
Putnam
Roosevelt Island
Suffolk
Rockland
Hudson Link
Orange
Ulster
Westchester
Private
Academy
Coach USA
Community
Olympia
Rockland
Short Line
Suburban
Columbia
Hampton Jitney
Hampton Luxury Liner
Hudson Rail Link
Liberty
Monsey
Trailways
Spanish
New Jersey /Pennsylvania
Public
NJ Transit Bus
Monroe
Hunterdon
Private
Academy
Coach USA
Community
Olympia
Rockland
Short Line
Suburban
Greyhound
Klein
Lakeland
Martz
OurBus
Rutgers
Spanish
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Public
CT Transit
Stamford
New Haven
Waterbury
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Housatonic
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RoutesNew York
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Special event and park-ride
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DefunctoperatorsNew York
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Green
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New York Transportation
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Soundview
Steinway
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New Jersey /Pennsylvania
A&C
Bieber
DeCamp
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Public Service / Transport of New Jersey
TransitcentersNew York City
165th Street
Coney Island–Stillwell Avenue
Eltingville
Fordham Plaza
George Washington Bridge
Jamaica Center
Port Authority
Ridgewood Intermodal
St. George
Victor A. Moore
Williamsburg Bridge Plaza
Long Island
Long Beach
Mineola Intermodal
Rosa Parks Hempstead
Hudson Valley
New Rochelle
Mount Vernon-Petrillo Plaza
White Plains
Yonkers
Spring Valley
New Jersey
Broadway (Paterson)
Exchange Place
Hackensack
Hoboken Terminal
Irvington
Journal Square
Lakewood
Newark
Passaic
Red Bank
Ridgewood
Weehawken | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NJ_Transit_Nova_RTS_1303.jpg"},{"link_name":"Downtown Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Paterson"},{"link_name":"Paterson, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Jersey Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Transit"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Downtown Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Paterson"},{"link_name":"Passaic County Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_County_Community_College"},{"link_name":"Paterson City Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_City_Hall"},{"link_name":"Great Falls Historic District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Great_Falls_Historic_District"},{"link_name":"Great Falls (Passaic River)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Falls_(Passaic_River)"}],"text":"NJT bus in Downtown PatersonThe Broadway Bus Terminal is a major local and regional bus terminal in Paterson, New Jersey operated by New Jersey Transit.[1]\nIt is located on Broadway between Memorial Drive and West Broadway in Downtown Paterson, putting it near Passaic County Community College and a few blocks from Paterson City Hall and the Great Falls Historic District, including the Great Falls (Passaic River).","title":"Broadway Bus Terminal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Jersey Transit bus operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Jersey_Transit_bus_routes_(700-799)"},{"link_name":"Community Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Coach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NJT_09-071-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-press_release_2648-4"},{"link_name":"Newark Penn Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(Newark)"},{"link_name":"Newark Subway, Branch Brook Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_Brook_Park_(NLR_station)"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"Meadowlands Sports Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meadowlands_Sports_Complex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ridgewood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridgewood_(NJT_station)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schedule_746-6"},{"link_name":"Willowbrook Mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willowbrook_Mall_(Wayne,_New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-schedule_746-6"},{"link_name":"Hackensack Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackensack_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Paterson University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_University"}],"text":"New Jersey Transit bus operations, some operated by Community Coach, make use of the terminal, one of several origination points in the city and serves an average of 1600 buses each weekday. Buses depart from four sheltered bus lanes adjacent to the indoor waiting room. Indoor and outdoor facilities were renovated and expanded in 2010.[2][3][4] The terminal is served by the 72 (to Newark Penn Station), 74 (to Newark Subway, Branch Brook Park), 161 (to Port Authority Bus Terminal), 171 (to George Washington Bridge Bus Terminal), 190 (to Port Authority Bus Terminal), 703 (nights and weekends to Meadowlands Sports Complex),[5] 746 (to Ridgewood[6]), 748 (to Willowbrook Mall[6]), and 770 (to Hackensack Bus Terminal[7]). One of the William Paterson University campus shuttles also serves the terminal.A ticket office is open daily (6 AM - 8 PM).","title":"Facilities and service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Transportation"},{"link_name":"Passaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Port Authority Bus Terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Authority_Bus_Terminal"},{"link_name":"George Washington Bridge Bus Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge_Bus_Station"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Dollar vans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollar_van"},{"link_name":"guaguas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guagua_(minibus)"},{"link_name":"Jersey City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"North Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Hudson,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"42nd Street (Manhattan)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Paterson NJT regional rail train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paterson_(NJT_station)"},{"link_name":"Passaic-Bergen Rail Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passaic-Bergen_Rail_Line"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Jitney service by Spanish Transportation-owned minibuses (doing business as Express Service) travels from Paterson to locations in Passaic, Bergen, and Hudson counties as well as the Port Authority Bus Terminal and George Washington Bridge Bus Station in New York City.[8] Dollar vans, locally known in Spanish as guaguas are also available in the vicinity traveling to Jersey City, North Hudson and 42nd Street (Manhattan).[9] City Hall has many buses that stop at or near it, going to various points in neighboring communities, Manhattan and regional shopping centers. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Word_Child | A Word Child | ["1 References"] | Book by Iris Murdoch
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A Word Child Cover of the first editionAuthorIris MurdochCover artistChristopher CornfordLanguageEnglishPublisherChatto and WindusPublication date1975Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardback & Paperback)Pages392pp
A Word Child is the 17th novel by Iris Murdoch.
First published in 1975 by Chatto and Windus, A Word Child charts the trials and tribulations of the title character, the "word child", Hilary Burde as he attempts to recover his soul from the misery of his troubled past. Filled in the usual Murdoch style with an array of colourful, fully rounded characters who people Hilary's world, the novel is a complex and thoughtful exploration of the possibility and meaning of redemption, the nature of human memory, and the possibility of love for the tarnished soul. By turns stirring, witty, painful and joyous, the novel was received to great critical acclaim on its release.
References
^ Bromwich, David (24 August 1975). "Iris Murdoch's New Novel and Old Themes". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
^ "Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Reviews. 18 August 1975. Retrieved 29 December 2020.
vteWorks by Iris MurdochNovels
Under the Net (1954)
The Flight from the Enchanter (1956)
The Sandcastle (1957)
The Bell (1958)
A Severed Head (1961)
An Unofficial Rose (1962)
The Unicorn (1963)
The Italian Girl (1964)
The Red and the Green (1965)
The Time of the Angels (1966)
The Nice and the Good (1968)
Bruno's Dream (1969)
A Fairly Honourable Defeat (1970)
An Accidental Man (1971)
The Black Prince (1973)
The Sacred and Profane Love Machine (1974)
A Word Child (1975)
Henry and Cato (1976)
The Sea, The Sea (1978)
Nuns and Soldiers (1980)
The Philosopher's Pupil (1983)
The Good Apprentice (1985)
The Book and the Brotherhood (1987)
The Message to the Planet (1989)
The Green Knight (1993)
Jackson's Dilemma (1995)
Short stories
"Something Special" (1957)
Plays
A Severed Head (with J. B. Priestley, 1964)
The Italian Girl (with James Saunders, 1969)
The Three Arrows & the Servants and the Snow (1973)
The Servants (1980)
Acastos: Two Platonic Dialogues (1986)
The Black Prince (1987)
Poetry
A Year of Birds (1978, rev. 1984)
Poems by Iris Murdoch (1997)
Philosophy
Sartre: Romantic Rationalist (1953)
The Sovereignty of Good (1970)
The Fire and the Sun (1977)
Metaphysics as a Guide to Morals (1992)
Existentialists and Mystics (1997)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz work
This article about a 1970s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iris Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_Murdoch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Chatto and Windus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatto_and_Windus"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"A Word Child is the 17th novel by Iris Murdoch.[1]First published in 1975 by Chatto and Windus, A Word Child charts the trials and tribulations of the title character, the \"word child\", Hilary Burde as he attempts to recover his soul from the misery of his troubled past.[2] Filled in the usual Murdoch style with an array of colourful, fully rounded characters who people Hilary's world, the novel is a complex and thoughtful exploration of the possibility and meaning of redemption, the nature of human memory, and the possibility of love for the tarnished soul. By turns stirring, witty, painful and joyous, the novel was received to great critical acclaim on its release.","title":"A Word Child"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bromwich, David (24 August 1975). \"Iris Murdoch's New Novel and Old Themes\". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://movies2.nytimes.com/books/98/12/20/specials/murdoch-child.html","url_text":"\"Iris Murdoch's New Novel and Old Themes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction\". Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Reviews. 18 August 1975. Retrieved 29 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/iris-murdoch-4/a-word-child/","url_text":"\"Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22A+Word+Child%22","external_links_name":"\"A Word Child\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22A+Word+Child%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22A+Word+Child%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22A+Word+Child%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22A+Word+Child%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22A+Word+Child%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://movies2.nytimes.com/books/98/12/20/specials/murdoch-child.html","external_links_name":"\"Iris Murdoch's New Novel and Old Themes\""},{"Link":"https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/a/iris-murdoch-4/a-word-child/","external_links_name":"\"Book Reviews, Sites, Romance, Fantasy, Fiction\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/16ab1a4c-fb1e-4f3d-afeb-18f2f0810a58","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Word_Child&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikegami-Sone_Site | Ikegami-Sone Site | ["1 Overview","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 34°30′6.6″N 135°25′38.2″E / 34.501833°N 135.427278°E / 34.501833; 135.427278Japanese archaeological site
Ikegami-Sone Site池上・曽根遺跡Ikegami-Sone SiteIkegami-Sone SiteShow map of Osaka PrefectureIkegami-Sone Site (Japan)Show map of JapanLocationIzumi - Izumiōtsu, JapanRegionKansai regionCoordinates34°30′6.6″N 135°25′38.2″E / 34.501833°N 135.427278°E / 34.501833; 135.427278Typesettlement traceHistoryPeriodsYayoi periodSite notesPublic accessYes (park and museum)National Historic Site of Japan
The Ikegami-Sone site (池上・曽根遺跡, Ikegami-Sone iseki) is an archaeological site containing the ruins of a large-scale Yayoi period settlement straddling the Ikegami neighborhood in the city of Izumi and the Sone neighborhood in the city of Izumiōtsu in the Kansai region of Japan. It is a large settlement ruin with a total area of 600,000 m2, extending 1.5 kilometers north-to-south and 0.6 kilometers east-to-west. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 197 and has been maintained as an archaeological park since 2005.
Overview
The Ikegami-Sone site was discovered around 1900 when a local resident started collecting shards of Yayoi pottery but initially received no academic attention. An archaeological excavation was conducted in preparation for the 1970 Osaka Expo when the route of Japan National Route 26 was planned, and it was discovered that the site was of unprecedented size. However, the discovery of the Yoshinogari site in Kyushu drew all attention, and the investigation at Ikegami-Sone did not proceed much further due to lack of funds. In the 1990s, a re-survey was conducted to improve the historic park, at which time the foundations of a large excavated pillar building were discovered. This was one of the largest Yayoi period structures yet discovered, and measured 19.2 by 6.9 meters. The cypress pillars had a diameter of 60-centimeters, and the roots of 17 of what appear to have originally been 26 pillars have survived. Dendrochronology proved that the pillars used in the construction of this building were cut in 52 BC. The post holes had been reused three or four times, indicating that the building had been reconstructed at least that many times over a 100-year period. The purpose of this building is unknown, but it is believed to have been the center of the settlement, either as a ritual space or the residence of the chief. Next to the large building was remains of a large camphor tree with a diameter of 2.3 meters, which was hollowed out to form the sides of a well, along with the foundations of several other excavated pillar buildings. A vary large number of pit dwellings existed to the south, and a paddy field with an area of about 250,000 square meters was located to the west of these structures. The entire settlement was encircled by a double ring of moats with a width of three to four meters. On the outer circumference of the moat, a group of twenty square girder tombs surrounds the southern, eastern, and northern areas of the settlement in a band shape.
Many excavated items including Yayoi pottery, stone tools, and bird-shaped wooden products that are thought to be religious relics have been discovered. Of note were a large number of stone knives made from a green schist from the Kinokawa River basin in Wakayama Prefecture. These included 1300 finished examples and 300 unfinished products. Other weapons, such stone swords and stone spearheads have also been found. For this reasons, the Ikegami-Sone Site is thought to have been a production and distribution center for stone knives. Ironware was not excavated at the Ikegami-Sone site, and it is thought that the spread of iron working in the region during the Yayoi period was later when compared with contemporary sites in northern Kyushu.
Also of note was a long-necked jar depicting a dragon, which seems to be from the late Yayoi period. Such pottery is thought to be related to water rituals because it has been excavated at other sites from wells. The dragon is considered to be a rain-making god in China, and the jar hints at some form of contact with continental culture during this period. Many of the artifacts found are preserved and displayed at the adjacent Osaka Prefectural Museum of Yayoi Culture (大阪府立弥生文化博物館, Ōsaka Furitsu Yayoi Bunka Hakubutsukan), and much of the site is preserved as an archaeological park with many reconstructions of buildings. The site is a seven-minute walk from Shinodayama Station on the JR West Hanwa Line.
Gallery
Reconstructed building at Ikegami-Sone site
Reconstructed well at Ikegami-Sone site
Osaka Prefectural Museum of Yayoi Culture
Reconstructed building at Ikegami-Sone site
See also
List of Historic Sites of Japan (Osaka)
References
^ "池上曽根遺跡" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
^ a b c Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN 4311750404.(in Japanese)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ikegami-sone ruins.
Izumi city official site (in Japanese)
Izumiotsu city official site (in Japanese) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archaeological site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_site"},{"link_name":"Yayoi period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi_period"},{"link_name":"Izumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumi,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Izumiōtsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izumi%C5%8Dtsu,_Osaka"},{"link_name":"Kansai region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansai_region"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monuments_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"archaeological park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_park"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bunka1-1"}],"text":"Japanese archaeological siteThe Ikegami-Sone site (池上・曽根遺跡, Ikegami-Sone iseki) is an archaeological site containing the ruins of a large-scale Yayoi period settlement straddling the Ikegami neighborhood in the city of Izumi and the Sone neighborhood in the city of Izumiōtsu in the Kansai region of Japan. It is a large settlement ruin with a total area of 600,000 m2, extending 1.5 kilometers north-to-south and 0.6 kilometers east-to-west. It was designated a National Historic Site of Japan in 197 and has been maintained as an archaeological park since 2005.[1]","title":"Ikegami-Sone Site"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yayoi pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi_pottery"},{"link_name":"archaeological excavation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_excavation"},{"link_name":"1970 Osaka Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_%2770"},{"link_name":"Japan National Route 26","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_National_Route_26"},{"link_name":"Yoshinogari site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoshinogari_site"},{"link_name":"Kyushu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyushu"},{"link_name":"cypress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaecyparis_obtusa"},{"link_name":"Dendrochronology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrochronology"},{"link_name":"camphor tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora"},{"link_name":"pit dwellings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_dwelling"},{"link_name":"paddy field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paddy_field"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiseki-2"},{"link_name":"square girder tombs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofun"},{"link_name":"Yayoi pottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yayoi_pottery"},{"link_name":"stone tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_tool"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiseki-2"},{"link_name":"schist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schist"},{"link_name":"Kinokawa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinokawa_River"},{"link_name":"Wakayama Prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakayama_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"archaeological park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_park"},{"link_name":"Shinodayama Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinodayama_Station"},{"link_name":"JR West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JR_West"},{"link_name":"Hanwa Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanwa_Line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shiseki-2"}],"text":"The Ikegami-Sone site was discovered around 1900 when a local resident started collecting shards of Yayoi pottery but initially received no academic attention. 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The post holes had been reused three or four times, indicating that the building had been reconstructed at least that many times over a 100-year period. The purpose of this building is unknown, but it is believed to have been the center of the settlement, either as a ritual space or the residence of the chief. Next to the large building was remains of a large camphor tree with a diameter of 2.3 meters, which was hollowed out to form the sides of a well, along with the foundations of several other excavated pillar buildings. A vary large number of pit dwellings existed to the south, and a paddy field with an area of about 250,000 square meters was located to the west of these structures. The entire settlement was encircled by a double ring of moats with a width of three to four meters.[2] On the outer circumference of the moat, a group of twenty square girder tombs surrounds the southern, eastern, and northern areas of the settlement in a band shape.Many excavated items including Yayoi pottery, stone tools, and bird-shaped wooden products that are thought to be religious relics have been discovered.[2] Of note were a large number of stone knives made from a green schist from the Kinokawa River basin in Wakayama Prefecture. These included 1300 finished examples and 300 unfinished products. Other weapons, such stone swords and stone spearheads have also been found. For this reasons, the Ikegami-Sone Site is thought to have been a production and distribution center for stone knives. Ironware was not excavated at the Ikegami-Sone site, and it is thought that the spread of iron working in the region during the Yayoi period was later when compared with contemporary sites in northern Kyushu.Also of note was a long-necked jar depicting a dragon, which seems to be from the late Yayoi period. Such pottery is thought to be related to water rituals because it has been excavated at other sites from wells. The dragon is considered to be a rain-making god in China, and the jar hints at some form of contact with continental culture during this period. Many of the artifacts found are preserved and displayed at the adjacent Osaka Prefectural Museum of Yayoi Culture (大阪府立弥生文化博物館, Ōsaka Furitsu Yayoi Bunka Hakubutsukan), and much of the site is preserved as an archaeological park with many reconstructions of buildings. The site is a seven-minute walk from Shinodayama Station on the JR West Hanwa Line.[2]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ikegami-sone_ruins02s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ikegami-sone_ruins03s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ikegami-sone_ruins05s3200.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ikegami-sone_ruins06s3200.jpg"}],"text":"Reconstructed building at Ikegami-Sone site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReconstructed well at Ikegami-Sone site\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOsaka Prefectural Museum of Yayoi Culture\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tReconstructed building at Ikegami-Sone site","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Historic Sites of Japan (Osaka)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Historic_Sites_of_Japan_(Osaka)"}] | [{"reference":"\"池上曽根遺跡\" (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved August 20, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/138834","url_text":"\"池上曽根遺跡\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_Cultural_Affairs","url_text":"Agency for Cultural Affairs"}]},{"reference":"Isomura, Yukio; Sakai, Hideya (2012). (国指定史跡事典) National Historic Site Encyclopedia. 学生社. ISBN 4311750404.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/4311750404","url_text":"4311750404"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ikegami-Sone_Site¶ms=34_30_6.6_N_135_25_38.2_E_region:JP-27_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°30′6.6″N 135°25′38.2″E / 34.501833°N 135.427278°E / 34.501833; 135.427278"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ikegami-Sone_Site¶ms=34_30_6.6_N_135_25_38.2_E_region:JP-27_type:landmark","external_links_name":"34°30′6.6″N 135°25′38.2″E / 34.501833°N 135.427278°E / 34.501833; 135.427278"},{"Link":"https://bunka.nii.ac.jp/heritages/detail/138834","external_links_name":"\"池上曽根遺跡\""},{"Link":"https://www.city.osaka-izumi.lg.jp/kakukano/syougaibu/bunkaisan/ikegamisoneiseki.html","external_links_name":"Izumi city official site"},{"Link":"https://www.city.izumiotsu.lg.jp/kakuka/kyoikuiinkai/ikegamisoneyayoigakusyuukan/sisekiikegamisoneisekinituite.html","external_links_name":"Izumiotsu city official site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanwi | Kingdom of Sanwi | ["1 History","2 Kings and Chiefs","3 Michael Jackson's Coronation","4 Geography","4.1 Economy","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Kingdom of Sanwi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Ethnic group
Kingdom of SanwiKingdom of SanwiPre-European kingdomsTotal population20.226 (est.)Regions with significant populationsKrindjabo, AfricaLanguagesAnyi languageReligion(Akan religion and Christianity)European Delegation of Sanwi Kingdom
Kingdom of Sanwi is a traditional kingdom located in the south-east corner of the Republic of Ivory Coast in West Africa. It was established in about 1740 by Anyi migrants from Ghana with its capital at Krindjabo. In 1843 the kingdom became a protectorate of France. In 1959 it was merged with Ivory Coast and at that time the tribal population was estimated to be around 40,000 people in 119 settlements.
History
The original country of these people is in Ghana, where the conflicts between Opoku Ware I of Ashanti and the Anyi made them migrate to Ivory Coast. Amalaman Anoh, first king of the Kingdom of Sanwi, led the anyi to settle in Diby in the region of Aboisso. A leadership war then arose between the agui and the waters, the first occupants of the place. After his victory, the anyi settled in the region of 'Ciman', a valley crowned by hills. So that in time of war, the enemy cannot reach the place. Aim always in search of new lands, Aka Essoin, the henchman of the remarkable and powerful King Amalaman Anoh, responsible for the expansion of the kingdom, hand in the conquest of new lands more suitable. Krindjabo, the capital of the Sanwi kingdom is well founded, before the arrival of the white man. Côte d'Ivoire: Sanui Aboisso is the birthplace of the oldest and most powerful kingdom in the history of Côte d'Ivoire. In the early 19th century, Sanwi was a vassal to the Ashanti Empire until this status was destroyed as a result of French colonial expansion in the region. The first task Nationwide agui Involves 2 voyage (Mission Treich Laplène (1887-1889) resulted in Thurs Treaties with Sanwi to Krindjabo (Aboisso) with Bettie and Indenie (Abengourou). In the North, treaties were signed with Bonducu of the Empire of Congue and Dabacala de Louis-Gustave Binger in 1889.
Kings and Chiefs
Zena: Reigned around 1687 and made contact with the Guinea Company.
Akasini: Successor of Zena, reigns around 1700, during the return of Louis Aniaba to Assinie.
Amalaman Anoh: After the foundation of Krindjabo, Amalaman Anoh ruled the throne for a long time. He died on the throne. After him, Amondouffou Kpangni (the great) replaced him. Then he died too, giving way to Amondouffou Koutoua (the child) or Amondouffou II. In the constitution of the Sanwi kingdom, the king reigns for life. But in case of mismanagement, he can be dismissed.
Amon N'Douffou II: It was during the reign of Amondouffou that the first Europeans arrived in Ivory Coast. He is the first king to sign a treaty with them and established the current organization of the Sanwi Kingdom. Under his reign, Queen Mother Malan Alloua refused to allow whites to settle in Krindjabo. Because she found them pale and couldn't live with them. She showed them a place full of stones, Ebouesso (in stone), a name that after being corrupted resulted in the current city of Aboisso.
Kodja Assi Reis, Kodjo Adou, Amon Koutoua and Koua Malan: Kodja Assi was the first of the deposed kings of the Sanwi Kingdom. He was dismissed for mismanagement. His successor, Kodjo Adou, ruled for six years, before experiencing the same fate as his predecessor. During the reign of King Amon Koutoua, there was also a problem of mismanagement forcing the king to abdicate. After the office had been vacant for ten years, in fact, the one who had been chosen had not been accepted by the people. He was the son of the former and as he was literate he was responsible before his father's removal to interpret messages from whites to kings. But, not being fluent in the French language, he did not faithfully translate the messages. This earned him a categorical refusal to the throne, which he was promoted to. After these 10 years of emptiness, Koua Malan ascended the throne. He reigned for seven years, before being dismissed for mismanagement.
Amon N'Douffou III: After the series of deposed kings, Kakou Andoh came to the throne. He took the regnal name of Amondouffou III. He was considered a very good king, he reigned for a long time. According to various testimonies, he had the longest reign in the history of the Sanwi Kingdom.
Amon N'Douffou IV: With the death of Amondouffou III, Kassy Anzian Paul went to the throne. He reigned from 1985 to 2002. A long-challenged king, he had been rejected by the late President Félix Houphouet-Boigny, who doubted his morality and origins. It is later that this former captain of civil aviation will be revealed to the general public. It was said of him that he was a bad king, as he took all his wealth to Ghana, where he would be from. Added to that, the failure to comply with the laws he had created. After 17 years of reigning over the Sanwi people, Amondufu IV's resignation was imminent and without appeal. The impeachment, which had been premeditated twice, without success, ended up becoming a reality, one night in August 2002. The king had abdicated.
Amon N'Douffou V: resident and businessman Enan Eboua Kutwa Francis became Amon N'douffou V after the events of August 2002 (the dramatic abdication of Amondouffou IV). In the Sanwi Kingdom, successors to the throne should not be near the kingdom. So, his position as the "prodigal son" and, moreover, of the lineage of Kings, convinced the keepers of tradition, of his choice for the holy throne. Thus, he was made King of Sanwi by an enthronement that lasted three days (5th, 6th and 7th of August 2005), as required by tradition.
Michael Jackson's Coronation
The kingdom received much attention after declaring American singer Michael Jackson to be Prince of the Sanwi in 1992. Reciprocal visits by Michael Jackson and King Amon N'Douffou IV were made to Krindjabo and Los Angeles respectively. After Jackson's death in 2009, an elaborate two-day funeral was held in Sanwi. Jesse Jackson (no relation) was declared prince in August of that year when he was crowned Prince Nana by Amon N'Douffou V, Amon N'Douffou IV's successor as king of Sanwi.
Michael Joseph Jackson Jr., the eldest child of Michael Jackson was inaugurated via state visit by Amon N'Douffou IV as Prince Mikaeel Amalaman Anoh II Of the Ivory Coast Kingdom Krinjabo & Agni Empire on February 16, 1997. He was sworn in as the new health and well-being advisor and the new peace, youth and cultural ambassador of the Agni Empire by King Amon N'Douffou V on February 16, 2013 - Prince Mikaeel II Of Krinjabo, King Sani II of Sanwi, Senegal, Africa.
Geography
The Kingdom of Sanwi practically coexists with the provincial region of Sud-Comoé in Ivory Coast, but while the royal capital is located in Krindjabo, the provincial capital is located in Aboisso. The kingdom is part of a geographic space of 6,500 square kilometers, 1/7 of which are lakes and rivers. The Sanwi Kingdom is presented as a set of hills and valleys, subdivided into three specific areas: a coastal area, sandy and made of mangroves: it covers the municipalities of Adjouan, in the south of the canton Affema; a forested area from east to west and north. Kingdom of Sanwi has one of the highest rainfall in Côte d'Ivoire, with annual rainfall exceeding 1,600 mm. This geographical feature has greatly favored the exceptional development of industrial crops (rubber, coffee, cocoa, banana, palm oil, pineapple, etc.) and food (rice, taro, banana, banana, manioc, etc.).
Economy
From an economic point of view, it is the agro-industrial activities that surpass it by far, in fact, it is known for its palm oil production (about 20% of national production).
References
^ Boone, Catherine (October 17, 2003). Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780521532648.
^ Daddieh, Cyril K. (2016). Historical Dictionary of Cote d'Ivoire (The Ivory Coast). Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 422–423. ISBN 9780810873896.
^ Pflanz, Mike (August 3, 2009). "Royal Ivory Coast funeral for tribe 'prince' Michael Jackson". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
^ "Jesse Jackson named prince of African tribe". The Telegraph. August 13, 2009. Retrieved 7 February 2019.
External links
European Delegation of Sanwi Kingdom.
Authority control databases
VIAF | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Anyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyi_people"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Krindjabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krindjabo"},{"link_name":"protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boone-1"}],"text":"Ethnic groupKingdom of Sanwi is a traditional kingdom located in the south-east corner of the Republic of Ivory Coast in West Africa. It was established in about 1740 by Anyi migrants from Ghana with its capital at Krindjabo. In 1843 the kingdom became a protectorate of France. In 1959 it was merged with Ivory Coast and at that time the tribal population was estimated to be around 40,000 people in 119 settlements.[1]","title":"Kingdom of Sanwi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Opoku Ware I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opoku_Ware_I"},{"link_name":"Ashanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashanti_Empire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The original country of these people is in Ghana, where the conflicts between Opoku Ware I of Ashanti and the Anyi made them migrate to Ivory Coast. Amalaman Anoh, first king of the Kingdom of Sanwi, led the anyi to settle in Diby in the region of Aboisso. A leadership war then arose between the agui and the waters, the first occupants of the place. After his victory, the anyi settled in the region of 'Ciman', a valley crowned by hills. So that in time of war, the enemy cannot reach the place. Aim always in search of new lands, Aka Essoin, the henchman of the remarkable and powerful King Amalaman Anoh, responsible for the expansion of the kingdom, hand in the conquest of new lands more suitable. Krindjabo, the capital of the Sanwi kingdom is well founded, before the arrival of the white man. Côte d'Ivoire: Sanui Aboisso is the birthplace of the oldest and most powerful kingdom in the history of Côte d'Ivoire.[citation needed] In the early 19th century, Sanwi was a vassal to the Ashanti Empire until this status was destroyed as a result of French colonial expansion in the region.[2] The first task Nationwide agui Involves 2 voyage (Mission Treich Laplène (1887-1889) resulted in Thurs Treaties with Sanwi to Krindjabo (Aboisso) with Bettie and Indenie (Abengourou). In the North, treaties were signed with Bonducu of the Empire of Congue and Dabacala de Louis-Gustave Binger in 1889.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aboisso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboisso"},{"link_name":"Amon N'Douffou V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_N%27Douffou_V"}],"text":"Zena: Reigned around 1687 and made contact with the Guinea Company.Akasini: Successor of Zena, reigns around 1700, during the return of Louis Aniaba to Assinie.Amalaman Anoh: After the foundation of Krindjabo, Amalaman Anoh ruled the throne for a long time. He died on the throne. After him, Amondouffou Kpangni (the great) replaced him. Then he died too, giving way to Amondouffou Koutoua (the child) or Amondouffou II. In the constitution of the Sanwi kingdom, the king reigns for life. But in case of mismanagement, he can be dismissed.Amon N'Douffou II: It was during the reign of Amondouffou that the first Europeans arrived in Ivory Coast. He is the first king to sign a treaty with them and established the current organization of the Sanwi Kingdom. Under his reign, Queen Mother Malan Alloua refused to allow whites to settle in Krindjabo. Because she found them pale and couldn't live with them. She showed them a place full of stones, Ebouesso (in stone), a name that after being corrupted resulted in the current city of Aboisso.Kodja Assi Reis, Kodjo Adou, Amon Koutoua and Koua Malan: Kodja Assi was the first of the deposed kings of the Sanwi Kingdom. He was dismissed for mismanagement. His successor, Kodjo Adou, ruled for six years, before experiencing the same fate as his predecessor. During the reign of King Amon Koutoua, there was also a problem of mismanagement forcing the king to abdicate. After the office had been vacant for ten years, in fact, the one who had been chosen had not been accepted by the people. He was the son of the former and as he was literate he was responsible before his father's removal to interpret messages from whites to kings. But, not being fluent in the French language, he did not faithfully translate the messages. This earned him a categorical refusal to the throne, which he was promoted to. After these 10 years of emptiness, Koua Malan ascended the throne. He reigned for seven years, before being dismissed for mismanagement.Amon N'Douffou III: After the series of deposed kings, Kakou Andoh came to the throne. He took the regnal name of Amondouffou III. He was considered a very good king, he reigned for a long time. According to various testimonies, he had the longest reign in the history of the Sanwi Kingdom.Amon N'Douffou IV: With the death of Amondouffou III, Kassy Anzian Paul went to the throne. He reigned from 1985 to 2002. A long-challenged king, he had been rejected by the late President Félix Houphouet-Boigny, who doubted his morality and origins. It is later that this former captain of civil aviation will be revealed to the general public. It was said of him that he was a bad king, as he took all his wealth to Ghana, where he would be from. Added to that, the failure to comply with the laws he had created. After 17 years of reigning over the Sanwi people, Amondufu IV's resignation was imminent and without appeal. The impeachment, which had been premeditated twice, without success, ended up becoming a reality, one night in August 2002. The king had abdicated.Amon N'Douffou V: resident and businessman Enan Eboua Kutwa Francis became Amon N'douffou V after the events of August 2002 (the dramatic abdication of Amondouffou IV). In the Sanwi Kingdom, successors to the throne should not be near the kingdom. So, his position as the \"prodigal son\" and, moreover, of the lineage of Kings, convinced the keepers of tradition, of his choice for the holy throne. Thus, he was made King of Sanwi by an enthronement that lasted three days (5th, 6th and 7th of August 2005), as required by tradition.","title":"Kings and Chiefs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jackson"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pflanz-3"},{"link_name":"Krindjabo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krindjabo"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jesse Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jackson"},{"link_name":"Amon N'Douffou V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon_N%27Douffou_V"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jesse_Jackson-4"}],"text":"The kingdom received much attention after declaring American singer Michael Jackson to be Prince of the Sanwi in 1992.[3] Reciprocal visits by Michael Jackson and King Amon N'Douffou IV were made to Krindjabo and Los Angeles respectively. After Jackson's death in 2009, an elaborate two-day funeral was held in Sanwi. Jesse Jackson (no relation) was declared prince in August of that year when he was crowned Prince Nana by Amon N'Douffou V, Amon N'Douffou IV's successor as king of Sanwi.[4]\nMichael Joseph Jackson Jr., the eldest child of Michael Jackson was inaugurated via state visit by Amon N'Douffou IV as Prince Mikaeel Amalaman Anoh II Of the Ivory Coast Kingdom Krinjabo & Agni Empire on February 16, 1997. He was sworn in as the new health and well-being advisor and the new peace, youth and cultural ambassador of the Agni Empire by King Amon N'Douffou V on February 16, 2013 - Prince Mikaeel II Of Krinjabo, King Sani II of Sanwi, Senegal, Africa.","title":"Michael Jackson's Coronation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"palm oil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_oil"}],"text":"The Kingdom of Sanwi practically coexists with the provincial region of Sud-Comoé in Ivory Coast, but while the royal capital is located in Krindjabo, the provincial capital is located in Aboisso. The kingdom is part of a geographic space of 6,500 square kilometers, 1/7 of which are lakes and rivers. The Sanwi Kingdom is presented as a set of hills and valleys, subdivided into three specific areas: a coastal area, sandy and made of mangroves: it covers the municipalities of Adjouan, in the south of the canton Affema; a forested area from east to west and north. Kingdom of Sanwi has one of the highest rainfall in Côte d'Ivoire, with annual rainfall exceeding 1,600 mm. This geographical feature has greatly favored the exceptional development of industrial crops (rubber, coffee, cocoa, banana, palm oil, pineapple, etc.) and food (rice, taro, banana, banana, manioc, etc.).","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Economy","text":"From an economic point of view, it is the agro-industrial activities that surpass it by far, in fact, it is known for its palm oil production (about 20% of national production).","title":"Geography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Boone, Catherine (October 17, 2003). Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Husha_District | Al Husha District | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 13°45′N 44°35′E / 13.750°N 44.583°E / 13.750; 44.583District in Dhale, YemenAl Husha DistrictDistrictAl Husha DistrictLocation in YemenCoordinates: 13°45′N 44°35′E / 13.750°N 44.583°E / 13.750; 44.583Country YemenGovernorateDhalePopulation (2003) • Total60,178Time zoneUTC+3 (Yemen Standard Time)
Al Husha District is a district of the Dhale Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 60,178 inhabitants.
References
^ "Districts of Yemen". Statoids. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2010.
vte Dhale GovernorateCapital: DhaleDistricts
Ad Dhale'e District
Al Azariq District
Al Husha District
Al Hussein District
Ash Shu'ayb District
Damt District
Jahaf District
Juban District
Qa'atabah District
This article about a location in Yemen is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"Dhale Governorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhale_Governorate"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"District in Dhale, YemenAl Husha District is a district of the Dhale Governorate, Yemen. As of 2003, the district had a population of 60,178 inhabitants.[1]","title":"Al Husha District"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Districts of Yemen\". Statoids. Archived from the original on 29 November 2010. Retrieved October 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statoids.com/yye.html","url_text":"\"Districts of Yemen\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101129043227/http://statoids.com/yye.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al_Husha_District¶ms=13_45_N_44_35_E_type:city_source:kolossus-arwiki_region:YE-DA","external_links_name":"13°45′N 44°35′E / 13.750°N 44.583°E / 13.750; 44.583"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al_Husha_District¶ms=13_45_N_44_35_E_type:city_source:kolossus-arwiki_region:YE-DA","external_links_name":"13°45′N 44°35′E / 13.750°N 44.583°E / 13.750; 44.583"},{"Link":"http://www.statoids.com/yye.html","external_links_name":"\"Districts of Yemen\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101129043227/http://statoids.com/yye.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al_Husha_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddenzee | Wadden Sea | ["1 Environment","2 Fauna","3 Conservation","4 Recreation","5 Literature","6 Wadden Sea Region","7 References","8 External links"] | An intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea (Netherlands, Germany and Denmark)
Wadden SeaUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationNorth Sea in Denmark, Germany and the NetherlandsCriteriaNatural: viii, ix, xReference1314Inscription2009 (33rd Session)Extensions2011, 201412345class=notpageimage| Wadden Sea:Lauwersmeer National Park, NetherlandsLower Saxon Wadden Sea National Park, GermanyHamburg Wadden Sea National Park, GermanySchleswig-Holstein Wadden Sea National Park, GermanyWadden Sea National Park, Denmark
The Wadden Sea (Dutch: Waddenzee ⓘ; German: Wattenmeer ⓘ; Low German: Wattensee or Waddenzee; Danish: Vadehavet; West Frisian: Waadsee; North Frisian: di Heef) is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental Europe and the range of low-lying Frisian Islands, forming a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. It has a high biological diversity and is an important area for both breeding and migrating birds. In 2009, the Dutch and German parts of the Wadden Sea were inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List and the Danish part was added in June 2014.
The Wadden Sea stretches from Den Helder, in the northwest of the Netherlands, past the great river estuaries of Germany to its northern boundary at Skallingen in Denmark along a total coastline of some 500 km (310 mi) and a total area of about 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi). Within the Netherlands, it is bounded from the IJsselmeer by the Afsluitdijk. Historically, the coastal regions were often subjected to large floods, resulting in thousands of deaths, including the Saint Marcellus' floods of 1219 and 1362, Burchardi flood of 1634 and Christmas Flood of 1717. Some of these also significantly changed the coastline. Numerous dikes and several causeways have been built, and as a result recent floods have resulted in few or no fatalities (even if some dikes rarely and locally have been overrun in recent history). This makes it among the most human-altered habitats on the planet.
Environment
Map showing the Wadden Sea in dark blue
Salt marsh and mudflats in Westerhever, Germany
The word wad is Frisian and Dutch for "mud flat" (Low German and German: Watt, Danish: Vade). The area is typified by extensive tidal mud flats, deeper tidal trenches (tidal creeks) and the islands that are contained within this, a region continually contested by land and sea.
The landscape has been formed for a great part by storm tides in the 10th to 14th centuries, overflowing and carrying away former peat land behind the coastal dunes. The present islands are a remnant of the former coastal dunes.
Towards the North Sea the islands are marked by dunes and wide sandy beaches, and towards the Wadden Sea a low, tidal coast. The impact of waves and currents carrying away sediments is slowly changing both land masses and coastlines. For example, the islands of Vlieland and Ameland have moved eastwards through the centuries, having lost land on one side and added it on the other.
Fauna
The mudflats of the Pilsumer Watt near Greetsiel, Germany
Harbor seals on Terschelling, Netherlands
The Wadden Sea is famous for its rich flora and fauna, especially birds. Hundreds of thousands of waders, ducks, and geese use the area as a migration stopover or wintering site. It is also a rich habitat for gulls and terns, as well as a few species of herons, Eurasian spoonbills and birds-of-prey, including a small and increasing breeding population of white-tailed eagles. However, the biodiversity of Wadden Sea is smaller today than it once was; for birds, greater flamingos and Dalmatian pelicans used to be common as well, at least during the Holocene climatic optimum when the climate was warmer. Due to human activity and a changing environment, species have gone extinct, while others are expected to migrate in.
Larger fish including rays, Atlantic salmon and brown trout are still present in several sections of the Wadden Sea, but others like European sea sturgeon only survive in the region through a reintroduction project. The world's only remaining natural population of houting survives in the Danish part of the Wadden Sea and it has been used as a basis for reintroductions further south, but considerable taxonomic confusion remains over its status (whether it is the same as the houting that once lived further south in the Wadden Sea). European oyster once formed large beds in the region and was still present until a few decades ago, when extirpated due to a combination of disease and the continued spread of the invasive Pacific oyster, which now forms large beds in the Wadden Sea. Especially the southwestern part of the Wadden Sea has been greatly reduced. Historically, the Rhine was by far the most important river flowing into this section, but it has been greatly reduced due to dams. As a result, about 90% of all the species which historically inhabited that part of the Wadden Sea are at risk.
The Wadden Sea is an important habitat for both harbour and grey seals. Harbour porpoises and white-beaked dolphins are the sea's only resident cetaceans. They were once extinct in the southern part of the sea but have also re-colonized that area again. Many other cetaceans only visit seasonally, or occasionally. In early history, North Atlantic right whales and gray whales (now extinct in the North Atlantic) were present in the region, perhaps using the shallow, calm waters for feeding and breeding. It has been theorized that they were hunted to extinction in this region by shore-based whalers in medieval times. They are generally considered long-extinct in the region, but in the Netherlands a possible right whale was observed close to beaches on Texel in the West Frisian Islands and off Steenbanken, Schouwen-Duiveland in July 2005. Recent increases in the number of North Atlantic humpback whales and minke whales might have resulted in more visits and possible re-colonization by the species to the areas especially around Marsdiep. Future recovery of once-extinct local bottlenose dolphins is also expected.
Conservation
North Frisian Islands, (Sylt)
A number of human-introduced invasive species, including algae, plants, and smaller organisms, are causing negative effects on native species.
Each of three countries has designated Ramsar sites in the region (see Wadden Sea National Parks).
Although the Wadden Sea is not yet listed as a transboundary Ramsar site, a great part of the Wadden Sea is protected in cooperation of all three countries. The governments of the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have been working together since 1978 on the protection and conservation of the Wadden Sea. Co-operation covers management, monitoring and research, as well as political matters. Furthermore, in 1982, a Joint Declaration on the Protection of the Wadden Sea was agreed upon to co-ordinate activities and measures for the protection of the Wadden Sea. In 1997, a Trilateral Wadden Sea Plan was adopted.
In 1986, the Wadden Sea Area was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO.
In June 2009, the Wadden Sea (comprising the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area and the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) was placed on the World Heritage list by UNESCO. A minor boundary modification in 2011 added the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park to the site, and the Danish part was added to in 2014. The state of Bremen, covering part of the Weser River estuary, is not participating. Conservation efforts are coordinated by the Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, seated in Wilhelmshaven.
Recreation
People on the beach on Borkum, Germany
Mudflat hiking near Pieterburen, Netherlands
Many of the islands have been popular seaside resorts since the 19th century.
Mudflat hiking, i.e., walking on the sandy flats at low tide, has become popular in the Wadden Sea.
It is also a popular region for pleasure boating.
Literature
The German part of the Wadden Sea was the setting for the 1903 Erskine Childers novel The Riddle of the Sands and Else Ury's 1915 novel Nesthäkchen in the Children's Sanitorium.
Wadden Sea Region
The area bordering the Wadden Sea, including the Frisian islands and the mainland coastal marshes, is also called the Wadden Coast. In Germany the area is referred to as North Sea Coast (Nordseeküste). The embanked polderlands and saltmarshes in the Wadden Sea area – including the Elbe Marshes – are referred to in Germany as North Sea coastal marshes (Nordseemarschen).
More recent are terms such as Waddenland, Wadden Sea area and Wadden Sea Region. The latter term is generally understood to include all coastal regions around the Wadden Sea that participate in the trilateral cooperation between Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The entire area is known for its rich cultural heritage, dating back to the Roman Iron Age and the Middle Ages, and largely coincides with the area internationally referred to as Frisia. Between 2002 and 2023 stakeholder organizations and NGOs from the Wadden Sea Region cooperated in a platform or association called the Wadden Sea Forum (WSF).
References
^ Wadden Sea World Heritage Site. Retrieved on 29 April 2010.
^ "Six new sites inscribed on World Heritage List". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
^ a b "Tusinder af omkomne: Se listen over historiens værste stormfloder". Fyens Stiftstidende. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
^ a b "Stormfloder i Vadehavet". Nationalpark Vadehavet. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
^ "cultural-landscape" (PDF). waddensea-forum.org. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
^ "Poster" (PDF). 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
^ C. Michael Hogan (2011). "Wadden Sea". In P. Saundry; C. Cleveland (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
^ Scheffel, Richard L.; Wernet, Susan J., eds. (1980). Natural Wonders of the World. United States of America: Reader's Digest Association, Inc. pp. 408–409. ISBN 0-89577-087-3.
^ @NatGeoNL (18 December 2018). "Wandelende waddeneilanden: hoelang blijven 'onze' eilanden nog bij ons?" . National Geographic (in Dutch). Retrieved 8 September 2022.
^ Couzens, Dominic (2008). Top 100 Birding Sites of the World. University of California Press. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-0-520-25932-4.
^ "Havørne sætter ny rekord i Danmark". DR. 20 November 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
^ Alanna MitchelA., 2009. 6-Reading the vital signs: life force. pp.78. Halifax, Canada-The fate of the fish. Seasick: Ocean Change and the Extinction of Life on Earth. University of Chicago Press. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
^ Nikulina, E.A.; U. Schmölcke (2015). "First archaeogenetic results verify the mid-Holocene occurrence of Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus far out of present range". Journal of Avian Biology. 46 (4): 344–351. doi:10.1111/jav.00652.
^ "Regional Species Extinctions - Examples of regional species extinctions over the last 1000 years and more" (PDF). archive-it.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2011.
^ Karsten Reise, A natural history of the Wadden Sea – Riddled by contingencies (presentation slides). Wadden Sea Station Sylt - AWI. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
^ Carl, R. and P.R. Møller (2012). Atlas over Danske Ferskvandsfisk. Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, and DTU Aqua. ISBN 9788787519748
^ Borcherding, J.; M. Heynen; T. Jäger-Kleinicke; H. V. Winter; and R. Eckmann (2010). Re-establishment of the North Sea houting in the River Rhine. Fisheries Management and Ecology 17(3): 291–293. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2400.2009.00710.x
^ "Vi gider ikke spise unikke danske østers". Politiken. 23 October 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2019.
^ MacKinnon B.J., 2013. The Nature of Nature. The Once and Future World: Nature as It Was, as It Is, as It Could Be. pp.100. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
^ a b Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen. "NZG Marine Mammal Database - Sightings of cetaceans in The Netherlands and the Southern North sea". Archived from the original on 24 October 2021. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
^ metatags generator. "Cetaceans". Archived from the original on 5 April 2014.
^ Lotze K.H. (2005). "Radical changes in the Wadden Sea fauna and flora over the last 2,000 years". Helgoland Marine Research. 59 (1): 71. Bibcode:2005HMR....59...71L. doi:10.1007/s10152-004-0208-0.
^ Mead JG, Mitchell ED (1984). "Atlantic gray whales". In Jones ML, Swartz SL, Leatherwood S (eds.). The Gray Whale. London: Academic Press. pp. 33–53.
^ Szaro C.R., Johnston W.D., Wolff. J.W. et al. 1996. Biodiversity of the Wadden Sea. Biodiversity in Managed Landscapes: Theory and Practice. pp.539. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
^ Wolff W. J., 2000. The south-east North Sea: losses of vertebrate fauna during the past 2000 years. Biological Conservation 95: 209-21. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
^ Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen. "WHO HAS AN IDEA WHAT ANIMAL WE ARE LOOKING AT HERE?". Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2013.
^ Kees (C.J.) Camphuysen (2007). "Foraging humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae)in the Marsdiep area (Wadden Sea), May 2007 and a review of sightings and strandings in the southern North Sea, 2003-2007" (PDF) (Lutra 2007 50 (1): 31-42 ed.). Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
^ "Springende walvis gezien bij Texel" . www.zeezoogdieren.org. 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
^ Wolff W.J., Dankers N., Dilemma' K.S., Reijnders P.J.H., Smit C.J., Chapter 17: Biodiversity of the Wadden Sea (Denmark, Germany, The Netherlands): recent changes and future projections. pp.342. DLO - Institute for Forestry and Nature Research. Retrieved on 29 July 2014
^ "20th Anniversary of the Wadden Sea Plan | Wadden Sea". waddensea-secretariat.org.
^ "Trilateral Monitoring and Assessment Programme (TMAP) | Wadden Sea". waddensea-secretariat.org.
^ The Trilateral Wadden Sea Cooperation at waddensea-secretariat.org. Retrieved on 29 April 2010. Archived 27 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ UNESCO MAB Biosphere reserves directory (last updated May 2012; retrieved 2016-07-19)
^ "World heritage sites: slave outpost and Buddhist mountain on the list – but Wales has to wait". Guardian.co.uk. Retrieved on 7 July 2009.
^ "Hamburg's Wadden Sea National Park turned 30 | Wadden Sea". waddensea-secretariat.org.
^ "Tidal flat walking". Wadden Sea World Heritage. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
^ Linde Egberts and Meindert Schroor (ed.), Waddenland Outstanding. History, Landscape and Cultural Heritage of the Wadden Sea Region, Amsterdam 2018.
^ "Wadden Sea Forum". Wadden Sea Forum e.V. 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2024. The Forum of the Wadden Sea Region, called Wadden Sea Forum (WSF) was an independent multi-stakeholder, multi-actor platform from Denmark, Germany and The Netherlands and contributed to an advanced and sustainable development.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Wadden Sea.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wadden Sea.
Wadden Sea UNESCO Collection on Google Arts and Culture
Vollmer, M.; Guldberg, M.; Maluck, M.; Marrewijk, D.; Schlicksbier, G. (2001). "Landscape and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region - Project Report" (PDF). Wadden Sea Ecosystem. 12.
Knottnerus, Otto S. (2005). "History of human settlement, cultural change and interference with the marine environment".
Secretariat of The Trilateral Cooperation on the Protection of the Wadden Sea
Visit Vesterhavet – tourist information for the Danish North Sea and Wadden Sea
Official Tourist Information for the westernmost part of the German National Park
The Wadden Sea at the UNESCO World Heritage Centre
Wadden Sea World Heritage
LancewadPlan: Integrated Landscape and Cultural Heritage Management and Development Plan for the Wadden Sea Region (A collection of studies on the cultural history of the Wadden Sea Region 2004–2007, internet archive)
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈʋɑdə(n)zeː]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Nl-Waddenzee.ogg/Nl-Waddenzee.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-Waddenzee.ogg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈvatn̩ˌmeːɐ̯]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/De-Wattenmeer.ogg/De-Wattenmeer.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:De-Wattenmeer.ogg"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German_language"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"West Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"North Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Frisian_language"},{"link_name":"intertidal zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_zone"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"continental Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Europe"},{"link_name":"Frisian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_Islands"},{"link_name":"tidal flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_flat"},{"link_name":"wetlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetlands"},{"link_name":"biological diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Den Helder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_Helder"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"estuaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaries"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Skallingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skallingen"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"IJsselmeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJsselmeer"},{"link_name":"Afsluitdijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afsluitdijk"},{"link_name":"Saint Marcellus' floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Marcellus%27_flood"},{"link_name":"Burchardi flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchardi_flood"},{"link_name":"Christmas Flood of 1717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Flood_of_1717"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fyens8Jan2019-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StormflodNationalparkvadehavet-4"},{"link_name":"dikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levee"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"causeways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causeway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fyens8Jan2019-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StormflodNationalparkvadehavet-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Wadden Sea (Dutch: Waddenzee [ˈʋɑdə(n)zeː] ⓘ; German: Wattenmeer [ˈvatn̩ˌmeːɐ̯] ⓘ; Low German: Wattensee or Waddenzee; Danish: Vadehavet; West Frisian: Waadsee; North Frisian: di Heef) is an intertidal zone in the southeastern part of the North Sea. It lies between the coast of northwestern continental Europe and the range of low-lying Frisian Islands, forming a shallow body of water with tidal flats and wetlands. It has a high biological diversity and is an important area for both breeding and migrating birds. In 2009, the Dutch and German parts of the Wadden Sea were inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List and the Danish part was added in June 2014.[1][2]The Wadden Sea stretches from Den Helder, in the northwest of the Netherlands, past the great river estuaries of Germany to its northern boundary at Skallingen in Denmark along a total coastline of some 500 km (310 mi) and a total area of about 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi). Within the Netherlands, it is bounded from the IJsselmeer by the Afsluitdijk. Historically, the coastal regions were often subjected to large floods, resulting in thousands of deaths, including the Saint Marcellus' floods of 1219 and 1362, Burchardi flood of 1634 and Christmas Flood of 1717. Some of these also significantly changed the coastline.[3][4] Numerous dikes[5] and several causeways have been built,[6] and as a result recent floods have resulted in few or no fatalities (even if some dikes rarely and locally have been overrun in recent history).[3][4] This makes it among the most human-altered habitats on the planet.[7]","title":"Wadden Sea"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Morze_Wattowe.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Westerhever_salzwiesenrest.JPG"},{"link_name":"Salt marsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh"},{"link_name":"mudflats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat"},{"link_name":"Westerhever","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westerhever"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"mud flats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mud_flat"},{"link_name":"tidal creeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creek_(tidal)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-readersnatural-8"},{"link_name":"storm tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_tide"},{"link_name":"peat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sediments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment"},{"link_name":"Vlieland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlieland"},{"link_name":"Ameland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameland"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Map showing the Wadden Sea in dark blueSalt marsh and mudflats in Westerhever, GermanyThe word wad is Frisian and Dutch for \"mud flat\" (Low German and German: Watt, Danish: Vade). The area is typified by extensive tidal mud flats, deeper tidal trenches (tidal creeks) and the islands that are contained within this, a region continually contested by land and sea.[8]The landscape has been formed for a great part by storm tides in the 10th to 14th centuries, overflowing and carrying away former peat land behind the coastal dunes.[citation needed] The present islands are a remnant of the former coastal dunes.Towards the North Sea the islands are marked by dunes and wide sandy beaches, and towards the Wadden Sea a low, tidal coast. The impact of waves and currents carrying away sediments is slowly changing both land masses and coastlines. For example, the islands of Vlieland and Ameland have moved eastwards through the centuries, having lost land on one side and added it on the other.[9]","title":"Environment"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pilsumer_Watt_from_the_Leyh%C3%B6rn_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Greetsiel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greetsiel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg"},{"link_name":"Harbor seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_seal"},{"link_name":"Terschelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terschelling"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"flora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora"},{"link_name":"fauna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_(animals)"},{"link_name":"waders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wader"},{"link_name":"ducks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck"},{"link_name":"geese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geese"},{"link_name":"migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"gulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gull"},{"link_name":"terns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tern"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"herons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron"},{"link_name":"Eurasian spoonbills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_spoonbill"},{"link_name":"birds-of-prey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_of_prey"},{"link_name":"white-tailed eagles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-tailed_eagle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"greater flamingos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_flamingo"},{"link_name":"Dalmatian pelicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatian_pelican"},{"link_name":"Holocene climatic optimum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocene_climatic_optimum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikulina2015-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(fish)"},{"link_name":"Atlantic salmon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_salmon"},{"link_name":"brown trout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_trout"},{"link_name":"European sea sturgeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_sea_sturgeon"},{"link_name":"houting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houting"},{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"European oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_oyster"},{"link_name":"Pacific oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_oyster"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_seals"},{"link_name":"grey seals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_seal"},{"link_name":"Harbour porpoises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbour_porpoise"},{"link_name":"white-beaked dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-beaked_dolphin"},{"link_name":"cetaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacean"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZGDateBase-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"North Atlantic right whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_right_whale"},{"link_name":"gray whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_whale"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Texel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texel"},{"link_name":"West Frisian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Schouwen-Duiveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schouwen-Duiveland"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"humpback whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humpback_whale"},{"link_name":"minke whales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minke_whale"},{"link_name":"Marsdiep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsdiep"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"bottlenose dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottlenose_dolphin"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZGDateBase-20"}],"text":"The mudflats of the Pilsumer Watt near Greetsiel, GermanyHarbor seals on Terschelling, NetherlandsThe Wadden Sea is famous for its rich flora and fauna, especially birds. Hundreds of thousands of waders, ducks, and geese use the area as a migration stopover or wintering site. It is also a rich habitat for gulls and terns,[10] as well as a few species of herons, Eurasian spoonbills and birds-of-prey, including a small and increasing breeding population of white-tailed eagles.[11] However, the biodiversity of Wadden Sea is smaller today than it once was; for birds, greater flamingos and Dalmatian pelicans used to be common as well, at least during the Holocene climatic optimum when the climate was warmer.[12][13] Due to human activity and a changing environment, species have gone extinct, while others are expected to migrate in.[14][15]Larger fish including rays, Atlantic salmon and brown trout are still present in several sections of the Wadden Sea, but others like European sea sturgeon only survive in the region through a reintroduction project. The world's only remaining natural population of houting survives in the Danish part of the Wadden Sea and it has been used as a basis for reintroductions further south, but considerable taxonomic confusion remains over its status (whether it is the same as the houting that once lived further south in the Wadden Sea).[16][17] European oyster once formed large beds in the region and was still present until a few decades ago, when extirpated due to a combination of disease and the continued spread of the invasive Pacific oyster, which now forms large beds in the Wadden Sea.[18] Especially the southwestern part of the Wadden Sea has been greatly reduced. Historically, the Rhine was by far the most important river flowing into this section, but it has been greatly reduced due to dams. As a result, about 90% of all the species which historically inhabited that part of the Wadden Sea are at risk.[19]The Wadden Sea is an important habitat for both harbour and grey seals. Harbour porpoises and white-beaked dolphins are the sea's only resident cetaceans. They were once extinct in the southern part of the sea but have also re-colonized that area again.[20] Many other cetaceans only visit seasonally, or occasionally.[21][22] In early history, North Atlantic right whales and gray whales (now extinct in the North Atlantic)[23] were present in the region, perhaps using the shallow, calm waters for feeding and breeding. It has been theorized that they were hunted to extinction in this region by shore-based whalers in medieval times.[24][25] They are generally considered long-extinct in the region, but in the Netherlands a possible right whale was observed close to beaches on Texel in the West Frisian Islands and off Steenbanken, Schouwen-Duiveland in July 2005.[26] Recent increases in the number of North Atlantic humpback whales and minke whales might have resulted in more visits and possible re-colonization by the species to the areas especially around Marsdiep.[27][28] Future recovery of once-extinct local bottlenose dolphins is also expected.[20]","title":"Fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-05.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Frisian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Frisian_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sylt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylt"},{"link_name":"invasive species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasive_species"},{"link_name":"algae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Ramsar sites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_site"},{"link_name":"Wadden Sea National Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadden_Sea_National_Parks"},{"link_name":"Trilateral Wadden Sea Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trilateral_Wadden_Sea_Plan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"biosphere reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere_reserve"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-biospherereserve-33"},{"link_name":"World Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_Wadden_Sea_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"state of Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)"},{"link_name":"Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmshaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmshaven"}],"text":"North Frisian Islands, (Sylt)A number of human-introduced invasive species, including algae, plants, and smaller organisms, are causing negative effects on native species.[29]Each of three countries has designated Ramsar sites in the region (see Wadden Sea National Parks).Although the Wadden Sea is not yet listed as a transboundary Ramsar site, a great part of the Wadden Sea is protected in cooperation of all three countries. The governments of the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany have been working together since 1978 on the protection and conservation of the Wadden Sea. Co-operation covers management, monitoring and research, as well as political matters. Furthermore, in 1982, a Joint Declaration on the Protection of the Wadden Sea was agreed upon to co-ordinate activities and measures for the protection of the Wadden Sea. In 1997, a Trilateral Wadden Sea Plan was adopted.[30][31][32]In 1986, the Wadden Sea Area was declared a biosphere reserve by UNESCO.[33]In June 2009, the Wadden Sea (comprising the Dutch Wadden Sea Conservation Area and the German Wadden Sea National Parks of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein) was placed on the World Heritage list by UNESCO.[34] A minor boundary modification in 2011 added the Hamburg Wadden Sea National Park to the site, and the Danish part was added to in 2014.[35] The state of Bremen, covering part of the Weser River estuary, is not participating. Conservation efforts are coordinated by the Common Wadden Sea Secretariat, seated in Wilhelmshaven.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Borkum_Strandkoerbe_20070712.jpg"},{"link_name":"Borkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wadlopen_bij_Pieterburen_02a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mudflat hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat_hiking"},{"link_name":"Pieterburen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieterburen"},{"link_name":"seaside resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaside_resort"},{"link_name":"Mudflat hiking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat_hiking"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"People on the beach on Borkum, GermanyMudflat hiking near Pieterburen, NetherlandsMany of the islands have been popular seaside resorts since the 19th century.Mudflat hiking, i.e., walking on the sandy flats at low tide, has become popular in the Wadden Sea.[36]It is also a popular region for pleasure boating.","title":"Recreation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erskine Childers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Erskine_Childers"},{"link_name":"The Riddle of the Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Riddle_of_the_Sands"},{"link_name":"Else Ury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Else_Ury"},{"link_name":"Nesthäkchen in the Children's Sanitorium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesth%C3%A4kchen_in_the_Children%27s_Sanitorium"}],"text":"The German part of the Wadden Sea was the setting for the 1903 Erskine Childers novel The Riddle of the Sands and Else Ury's 1915 novel Nesthäkchen in the Children's Sanitorium.","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frisian islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_islands"},{"link_name":"coastal marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_marsh"},{"link_name":"polderlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polder"},{"link_name":"saltmarshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltmarsh"},{"link_name":"Elbe Marshes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe_Marshes"},{"link_name":"Frisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisia"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"text":"The area bordering the Wadden Sea, including the Frisian islands and the mainland coastal marshes, is also called the Wadden Coast. In Germany the area is referred to as North Sea Coast (Nordseeküste). The embanked polderlands and saltmarshes in the Wadden Sea area – including the Elbe Marshes – are referred to in Germany as North Sea coastal marshes (Nordseemarschen).More recent are terms such as Waddenland, Wadden Sea area and Wadden Sea Region. The latter term is generally understood to include all coastal regions around the Wadden Sea that participate in the trilateral cooperation between Denmark, Germany and the Netherlands. The entire area is known for its rich cultural heritage, dating back to the Roman Iron Age and the Middle Ages, and largely coincides with the area internationally referred to as Frisia.[37] Between 2002 and 2023 stakeholder organizations and NGOs from the Wadden Sea Region cooperated in a platform or association called the Wadden Sea Forum (WSF).[38]","title":"Wadden Sea Region"}] | [{"image_text":"Map showing the Wadden Sea in dark blue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Morze_Wattowe.png/220px-Morze_Wattowe.png"},{"image_text":"Salt marsh and mudflats in Westerhever, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Westerhever_salzwiesenrest.JPG/220px-Westerhever_salzwiesenrest.JPG"},{"image_text":"The mudflats of the Pilsumer Watt near Greetsiel, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pilsumer_Watt_from_the_Leyh%C3%B6rn_2.jpg/220px-Pilsumer_Watt_from_the_Leyh%C3%B6rn_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Harbor seals on Terschelling, Netherlands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg/220px-Phoca_vitulina_Terschelling.jpg"},{"image_text":"North Frisian Islands, (Sylt)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-05.jpg/220px-13-09-29-nordfriesisches-wattenmeer-RalfR-05.jpg"},{"image_text":"People on the beach on Borkum, Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Borkum_Strandkoerbe_20070712.jpg/220px-Borkum_Strandkoerbe_20070712.jpg"},{"image_text":"Mudflat hiking near Pieterburen, Netherlands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Wadlopen_bij_Pieterburen_02a.jpg/220px-Wadlopen_bij_Pieterburen_02a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of the Netherlands","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flag of Germany","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Six new sites inscribed on World Heritage List\". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1160","url_text":"\"Six new sites inscribed on World Heritage List\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO","url_text":"UNESCO"}]},{"reference":"\"Tusinder af omkomne: Se listen over historiens værste stormfloder\". Fyens Stiftstidende. 8 January 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://fyens.dk/artikel/tusinder-af-omkomne-se-listen-over-historiens-v%C3%A6rste-stormfloder","url_text":"\"Tusinder af omkomne: Se listen over historiens værste stormfloder\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyens_Stiftstidende","url_text":"Fyens Stiftstidende"}]},{"reference":"\"Stormfloder i Vadehavet\". Nationalpark Vadehavet. Archived from the original on 7 February 2019. 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Wadden Sea World Heritage. Retrieved 23 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waddensea-worldheritage.org/experience-wadden-sea/things-do/tidal-flat-walking","url_text":"\"Tidal flat walking\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wadden Sea Forum\". Wadden Sea Forum e.V. 2023. Retrieved 22 April 2024. The Forum of the Wadden Sea Region, called Wadden Sea Forum (WSF) was an independent multi-stakeholder, multi-actor platform from Denmark, Germany and The Netherlands and contributed to an advanced and sustainable development.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.waddensea-forum.org/en/","url_text":"\"Wadden Sea Forum\""}]},{"reference":"Vollmer, M.; Guldberg, M.; Maluck, M.; Marrewijk, D.; Schlicksbier, G. (2001). \"Landscape and Cultural Heritage in the Wadden Sea Region - Project Report\" (PDF). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Abitibi | Lake Abitibi | ["1 History","2 Lake Abitibi Islands","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 48°40′N 79°45′W / 48.667°N 79.750°W / 48.667; -79.750Lake on Ontario / Quebec border, Canada
For other uses, see Abitibi (disambiguation).
Lake AbitibiLake AbitibiLocation in Ontario and QuebecLocationCochrane District, Ontario / Abitibi-Ouest Regional County Municipality, QuebecCoordinates48°40′N 79°45′W / 48.667°N 79.750°W / 48.667; -79.750Primary inflowsDagenais River, Duparquet River, La Reine River, La Sarre River, Low Bush RiverPrimary outflowsAbitibi RiverBasin countriesCanadaSurface area931 km2 (359 sq mi)Average depth3.5 m (11 ft)Max. depth15.0 m (49.2 ft)Surface elevation265 m (869 ft)Islandsover 900
Lake Abitibi (French: Lac Abitibi, Ojibwe: Aabitibiiwi-zaaga’igan) is a shallow lake in northeastern Ontario and western Quebec, Canada. The lake, which lies within the vast Clay Belt, is separated in two distinct portions by a short narrows, making it actually two lakes. Its total area is 931 square kilometres (359 sq mi), and net area 903 square kilometres (349 sq mi). The lake is shallow and studded with islands. Its shores and vicinity are covered with small timber.
Its outlet is the Abitibi River, a tributary of the Moose River, which empties into James Bay. The lake takes its name from the river. "Abitibi" comes from the Algonquin words abitah, meaning middle and nipi meaning water, possibly a reference to its geographic location between the Harricana (from the Algonquin word Nanikana, meaning "the main way") to the east and the Kapuskasing–Mattagami river system to the west.
Water levels on the lake are influenced by the Twin Falls Dam on the Abitibi River.
Portions of Lake Abitibi's southern shores and a section of the Abitibi River are part of the Abitibi-de-Troyes Provincial Park. The islands in Ontario's portion of the lake are protected in the Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park. The entire McDougall Point Peninsula, that separates the lake in two, is part of the 6,036 hectares (14,920 acres) Mcdougal Point Peninsula Conservation Reserve.
Pointe Abitibi at the mouth of the Duparquet River is a National Historic Site of Canada. This 272 hectares (670 acres) site, known as Apitipik National Historic Site of Canada, was a summer gathering place for the Abitibiwinnik until 1956 and the location of several trading posts between 1686 and 1922.
History
Hudson's Bay Company post on Lake Abitibi, c. 1910
Application of Abitibi to describe the lake and the people living in the area around it was first noted in The Jesuit Relations in 1640. One of the first Europeans in this area was Pierre de Troyes, who built a post on Lake Abitibi when he was on his way to capture English HBC posts on James Bay in 1686. The Abitibi Post lay halfway between trading posts on James Bay and those on the Ottawa River and was in continuous existence throughout the French period.
The lake was part of the canoe route from James Bay to Montreal, via the Moose and Abitibi Rivers, then a series of intermediate streams and portages to Lake Temiskaming and the Ottawa River.
After the British conquered Canada in 1763, free traders either took over the French fort or built another post on the lake, providing strong trading competition to the main Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) fort at Moose Factory and the HBC outpost at Frederick House. This moved the HBC to set up a post, called Abitibi House, on Lake Abitibi in 1794, located on the peninsula at the mouth of the Duparquet River. In subsequent decades this post, as well as competing posts of the North West Company, were rebuilt or moved to various locations around the lake and its islands. Being unproductive due to competition, the HBC abandoned Abitibi House in 1811. When two companies merged in 1821, the HBC took over the trading post of the North West Company on Lake Abitibi.
The construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (now Canadian National Railway) through this district made it of some importance at the start of the 20th century.
Lake Abitibi Islands
Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial ParkIUCN category Ia (strict nature reserve)Coordinates48°45′43″N 79°55′22″W / 48.76194°N 79.92278°W / 48.76194; -79.92278Area2,721 ha (10.51 sq mi)DesignationNature reserveEstablished2005Governing bodyOntario Parks
The Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park protects nearly all the islands on the Ontario side of Lake Abitibi. It includes 786 islands, from tiny shoals to large islands of up to 550 hectares (1,400 acres). Some of the larger islands are Deer, Dominion, and St. Patrick, as well as the Mistaken Islands (the largest island in the lake, Nepawa Island, is not part of the park since it is in Clerval, Quebec). The park was created in 2005 when the Abitibi-De-Troyes Provincial Park was reconfigured.
The park is an important nesting habitat for many bird species, including great blue heron, bald eagle, osprey, and double-crested cormorant. The vegetation is characterized by intolerant hardwood and mixedwood forests, with black spruce, white spruce, and white birch as the common tree species.
It is a non-operating park, meaning that there are no facilities or services, and only accessible via air or water.
See also
Pont de l'Île - covered bridge connecting Nepawa Island to the mainland
Wahgoshig First Nation
Blake River Megacaldera Complex
List of lakes in Ontario
Notes
^ Atlas of Canada Archived 2007-04-10 at the Wayback Machine
^ Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abitibi River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.
^ Environnement Québec, North Harricana River Aquatic Reserve|http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aquatique/harricana-nord/note-en.pdf Archived 2011-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Online version
^ "Crown Land Use Policy Atlas Policy Report C1714: Mcdougal Point Peninsula Conservation Reserve". www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca. Ministry of Natural Resources. 31 January 2006. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ "Pointe Abitibi". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
^ "Apitipik National Historic Site of Canada". www.pc.gc.ca. Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ Francis, Daniel. "Lake Abitibi". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2014.
^ "The Canadian Encyclopedia". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-01-22.
^ a b c Anick, Norman (1976). "The Fur Trade in Eastern Canada Until 1870" (PDF). Manuscript Report Number. I (207). National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
^ Lake Abitibi Post Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Heritage Gallery
^ "Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.
^ a b c d "Lake Abitibi Islands". www.ontarioparks.com. Ontario Parks. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
^ "Mistaken Islands". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ "Île Nepawa". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^ "Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park Management Statement". Ontario.ca. Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
References
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Abitibbi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lake Abitibi.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abitibi (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibi_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Ojibwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_language"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Clay Belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clay_Belt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Abitibi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibi_River"},{"link_name":"Moose River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_River_(Ontario)"},{"link_name":"James Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bay"},{"link_name":"Algonquin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Harricana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harricana_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kapuskasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuskasing_River"},{"link_name":"Mattagami river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattagami_River"},{"link_name":"Abitibi-de-Troyes Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibi-de-Troyes_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Historic Site of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Site_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Abitibiwinnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibiwinni_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"trading posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trading_post"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Lake on Ontario / Quebec border, CanadaFor other uses, see Abitibi (disambiguation).Lake Abitibi (French: Lac Abitibi, Ojibwe: Aabitibiiwi-zaaga’igan) is a shallow lake in northeastern Ontario and western Quebec, Canada. The lake, which lies within the vast Clay Belt, is separated in two distinct portions by a short narrows, making it actually two lakes. Its total area is 931 square kilometres (359 sq mi), and net area 903 square kilometres (349 sq mi).[1] The lake is shallow and studded with islands. Its shores and vicinity are covered with small timber.Its outlet is the Abitibi River, a tributary of the Moose River, which empties into James Bay. The lake takes its name from the river. \"Abitibi\" comes from the Algonquin words abitah, meaning middle and nipi meaning water,[2] possibly a reference to its geographic location between the Harricana (from the Algonquin word Nanikana, meaning \"the main way\")[3] to the east and the Kapuskasing–Mattagami river system to the west.Water levels on the lake are influenced by the Twin Falls Dam on the Abitibi River.Portions of Lake Abitibi's southern shores and a section of the Abitibi River are part of the Abitibi-de-Troyes Provincial Park. The islands in Ontario's portion of the lake are protected in the Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park. The entire McDougall Point Peninsula, that separates the lake in two, is part of the 6,036 hectares (14,920 acres) Mcdougal Point Peninsula Conservation Reserve.[4]Pointe Abitibi at the mouth of the Duparquet River is a National Historic Site of Canada.[5] This 272 hectares (670 acres) site, known as Apitipik National Historic Site of Canada, was a summer gathering place for the Abitibiwinnik until 1956 and the location of several trading posts between 1686 and 1922.[6]","title":"Lake Abitibi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HBC_Post_Abitibi_Lake_1910.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree"},{"link_name":"The Jesuit Relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jesuit_Relations"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Pierre de Troyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Troyes,_Chevalier_de_Troyes"},{"link_name":"capture English HBC posts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay_expedition_(1686)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ottawa River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_River"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anick-9"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"portages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portage"},{"link_name":"Lake Temiskaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Temiskaming"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anick-9"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Moose Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Factory"},{"link_name":"Frederick House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_House_River#Frederick_House"},{"link_name":"North West Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_West_Company"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anick-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Grand Trunk Pacific Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Trunk_Pacific_Railway"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Railway"}],"text":"Hudson's Bay Company post on Lake Abitibi, c. 1910Application of Abitibi to describe the lake and the people living in the area around it was first noted in The Jesuit Relations in 1640.[7] One of the first Europeans in this area was Pierre de Troyes, who built a post on Lake Abitibi when he was on his way to capture English HBC posts on James Bay in 1686.[8] The Abitibi Post lay halfway between trading posts on James Bay and those on the Ottawa River and was in continuous existence throughout the French period.[9]The lake was part of the canoe route from James Bay to Montreal, via the Moose and Abitibi Rivers, then a series of intermediate streams and portages to Lake Temiskaming and the Ottawa River.[9]After the British conquered Canada in 1763, free traders either took over the French fort or built another post on the lake, providing strong trading competition to the main Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) fort at Moose Factory and the HBC outpost at Frederick House. This moved the HBC to set up a post, called Abitibi House, on Lake Abitibi in 1794, located on the peninsula at the mouth of the Duparquet River. In subsequent decades this post, as well as competing posts of the North West Company, were rebuilt or moved to various locations around the lake and its islands. Being unproductive due to competition, the HBC abandoned Abitibi House in 1811. When two companies merged in 1821, the HBC took over the trading post of the North West Company on Lake Abitibi.[9][10]The construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway (now Canadian National Railway) through this district made it of some importance at the start of the 20th century.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Clerval, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerval,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Abitibi-De-Troyes Provincial Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitibi-De-Troyes_Provincial_Park"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OP-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mgmt-15"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OP-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OP-12"}],"text":"The Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park protects nearly all the islands on the Ontario side of Lake Abitibi. It includes 786 islands, from tiny shoals to large islands of up to 550 hectares (1,400 acres). Some of the larger islands are Deer, Dominion, and St. Patrick, as well as the Mistaken Islands[13] (the largest island in the lake, Nepawa Island,[14] is not part of the park since it is in Clerval, Quebec). The park was created in 2005 when the Abitibi-De-Troyes Provincial Park was reconfigured.[12][15]The park is an important nesting habitat for many bird species, including great blue heron, bald eagle, osprey, and double-crested cormorant. The vegetation is characterized by intolerant hardwood and mixedwood forests, with black spruce, white spruce, and white birch as the common tree species.[12]It is a non-operating park, meaning that there are no facilities or services, and only accessible via air or water.[12]","title":"Lake Abitibi Islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Atlas of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/lakes.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20070410230512/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/lakes.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Abitibi 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Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OP_12-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OP_12-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OP_12-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-OP_12-3"},{"link_name":"\"Lake Abitibi Islands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ontarioparks.com/park/lakeabitibiislands"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210921175748/https://www.ontarioparks.com/park/lakeabitibiislands"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Mistaken Islands\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FEBXQ"},{"link_name":"Geographical Names Data Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base"},{"link_name":"Natural Resources Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Île Nepawa\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=EHJWG"},{"link_name":"Geographical Names Data Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base"},{"link_name":"Natural Resources Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mgmt_15-0"},{"link_name":"\"Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park Management Statement\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ontario.ca/page/lake-abitibi-islands-provincial-park-management-statement"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210921181302/https://www.ontario.ca/page/lake-abitibi-islands-provincial-park-management-statement"}],"text":"^ Atlas of Canada Archived 2007-04-10 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). \"Abitibi River\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.\n\n^ Environnement Québec, North Harricana River Aquatic Reserve|http://www.mddep.gouv.qc.ca/biodiversite/aquatique/harricana-nord/note-en.pdf Archived 2011-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Online version\n\n^ \"Crown Land Use Policy Atlas Policy Report C1714: Mcdougal Point Peninsula Conservation Reserve\". www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca. Ministry of Natural Resources. 31 January 2006. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Pointe Abitibi\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.\n\n^ \"Apitipik National Historic Site of Canada\". www.pc.gc.ca. Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\n\n^ Francis, Daniel. \"Lake Abitibi\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2014.\n\n^ \"The Canadian Encyclopedia\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-01-22.\n\n^ a b c Anick, Norman (1976). \"The Fur Trade in Eastern Canada Until 1870\" (PDF). Manuscript Report Number. I (207). National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.\n\n^ Lake Abitibi Post Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine Canadian Heritage Gallery\n\n^ \"Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.\n\n^ a b c d \"Lake Abitibi Islands\". www.ontarioparks.com. Ontario Parks. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Mistaken Islands\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Île Nepawa\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 21 September 2021.\n\n^ \"Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park Management Statement\". Ontario.ca. Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Hudson's Bay Company post on Lake Abitibi, c. 1910","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/HBC_Post_Abitibi_Lake_1910.jpg/220px-HBC_Post_Abitibi_Lake_1910.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Pont de l'Île","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pont_de_l%27%C3%8Ele"},{"title":"Wahgoshig First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wahgoshig_First_Nation"},{"title":"Blake River Megacaldera Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blake_River_Megacaldera_Complex"},{"title":"List of lakes in Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lakes_in_Ontario"}] | [{"reference":"Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). \"Abitibi River\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/33","url_text":"\"Abitibi River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Inc.","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica Inc."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/33","url_text":"33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8","url_text":"978-1-59339-837-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Crown Land Use Policy Atlas Policy Report C1714: Mcdougal Point Peninsula Conservation Reserve\". www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca. Ministry of Natural Resources. 31 January 2006. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca/services/CLUPA/xmlReader.aspx?xsl=web-primary.xsl&type=primary&POLICY_IDENT=C1714","url_text":"\"Crown Land Use Policy Atlas Policy Report C1714: Mcdougal Point Peninsula Conservation Reserve\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921193812/https://www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca/services/CLUPA/xmlReader.aspx?xsl=web-primary.xsl&type=primary&POLICY_IDENT=C1714","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pointe Abitibi\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=EKVSL","url_text":"\"Pointe Abitibi\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Apitipik National Historic Site of Canada\". www.pc.gc.ca. Parks Canada. Archived from the original on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1797","url_text":"\"Apitipik National Historic Site of Canada\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210922003855/https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=1797","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Francis, Daniel. \"Lake Abitibi\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/lake-abitibi","url_text":"\"Lake Abitibi\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085256/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/lake-abitibi/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Canadian Encyclopedia\". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180444/http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000013","url_text":"\"The Canadian Encyclopedia\""},{"url":"http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000013","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anick, Norman (1976). \"The Fur Trade in Eastern Canada Until 1870\" (PDF). Manuscript Report Number. I (207). National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 September 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/mrs/207-1.pdf","url_text":"\"The Fur Trade in Eastern Canada Until 1870\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210913160537/http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/mrs/207-1.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FIDRM","url_text":"\"Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Abitibi Islands\". www.ontarioparks.com. Ontario Parks. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ontarioparks.com/park/lakeabitibiislands","url_text":"\"Lake Abitibi Islands\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921175748/https://www.ontarioparks.com/park/lakeabitibiislands","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mistaken Islands\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=FEBXQ","url_text":"\"Mistaken Islands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Île Nepawa\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 21 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=EHJWG","url_text":"\"Île Nepawa\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park Management Statement\". Ontario.ca. Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ontario.ca/page/lake-abitibi-islands-provincial-park-management-statement","url_text":"\"Lake Abitibi Islands Provincial Park Management Statement\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921181302/https://www.ontario.ca/page/lake-abitibi-islands-provincial-park-management-statement","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Abitibbi\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Abitibbi","url_text":"Abitibbi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Abitibi¶ms=48_40_N_79_45_W_type:waterbody_region:CA","external_links_name":"48°40′N 79°45′W / 48.667°N 79.750°W / 48.667; -79.750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Abitibi¶ms=48_40_N_79_45_W_type:waterbody_region:CA","external_links_name":"48°40′N 79°45′W / 48.667°N 79.750°W / 48.667; -79.750"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lake_Abitibi¶ms=48_45_43_N_79_55_22_W_region:CA-ON_type:landmark_dim:5km","external_links_name":"48°45′43″N 79°55′22″W / 48.76194°N 79.92278°W / 48.76194; 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Dwight | James Dwight | ["1 Biography","2 Grand Slam finals","2.1 Singles (1 runner-up)","2.2 Doubles (5 titles)","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"] | American tennis player
James DwightDwight (before 1903)Country (sports) United StatesBornJuly 14, 1852Paris, FranceDiedJuly 13, 1917(1917-07-13) (aged 64)Mattapoisett, Massachusetts, U.S.Turned pro1876 (amateur tour)Retired1913PlaysRight-handed (one-handed backhand)Int. Tennis HoF1955 (member page)SinglesCareer record87–30 (74.3%) Career titles12 Grand Slam singles resultsWimbledonSF (1885)US OpenF (1883)DoublesGrand Slam doubles resultsWimbledonSF (1884, 1885)US OpenW (1882, 1883, 1884, 1886, 1887)
James Dwight (July 14, 1852, France – July 13, 1917) was an American tennis player who was known as the "Founding Father of American Tennis".
Biography
Dwight won the first recorded tournament in the U.S. (and probably in the world, before the first Wimbledon Championships) played in August 1876 on the property of his uncle, William Appleton, at Nahant, Massachusetts. After graduating from Harvard in 1874, he traveled in Europe, saw the new sport of lawn tennis being played, and brought the necessary equipment home. Then he persuaded his uncle to mark out a court on his smooth front lawn so he could play a game with his cousin Fred Sears.
That first attempt was disappointing. Dwight later wrote "we voted the whole thing a fraud and put it away." About a month later, they tried again as a way of passing time on a rainy day. This time, tennis seemed much more interesting, even though they were wearing rubber boots and raincoats. The 1876 tournament was a neighborhood affair: "it was played on handicap on a round robin basis. There were two players on scratch, James Dwight and Fred D Sears Jr., each of whom played against 11 other players until a final between them. Rackets scoring was used...Dwight beat Sears 12–15 15–7 15–13. By then, Dwight and Sears had taught the game to a number of people, including Richard Dudley "Dick" Sears, another cousin, who went on to win the first seven national singles championships.
Dwight was one of the founders of the U.S. National Lawn Tennis Association in 1881, and he served as its president for 21 years. He never won the singles championship, but he reached the tournament final in 1883 losing to Richard Sears, with whom he did team to take five national doubles titles, from 1882 through 1884 and from 1886 through 1887. In a rare transatlantic trip in those days, James Dwight entered the 1884 and 1885 Wimbledon tournaments, reaching the semifinals in 1885 (losing to Herbert Lawford).
His other career tournaments singles wins include the Longwood Bowl in Boston (1884), the Brighton Lawn Tennis Club Tournament (1885), Brincliffe Lawn Tennis Club Open Tournament (1885) held at Sheffield in England, the Warwickshire Championships (1885, 1887), the Northern Championships (1885), the Brookfield Isle of Wight Open (1884-1885), and the West of England Championships (1886).
He was inducted to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1955.
Grand Slam finals
Singles (1 runner-up)
Result
Year
Championship
Surface
Opponent
Score
Loss
1883
U.S. National Championships
Grass
Richard Sears
2–6, 0–6, 7–9
Doubles (5 titles)
Result
Year
Championship
Surface
Partner
Opponents
Score
Win
1882
U.S. Championships
Grass
Richard Sears
Crawford Nightingale G M Smith
6–2, 6–4, 6–4
Win
1883
U.S. Championships
Grass
Richard Sears
Alexander Van Rensselaer Arthur Newbold
6–0, 6–2, 6–2
Win
1884
U.S. Championships
Grass
Richard Sears
Alexander Van Rensselaer W.V.R. Berry
6–4, 6–1, 8–10, 6–4
Win
1886
U.S. Championships
Grass
Richard Sears
Howard Taylor Godfrey Brinley
6–3, 6–0, 6–2
Win
1887
U.S. Championships
Grass
Richard Sears
Howard Taylor Henry Slocum
6–4, 3–6, 2–6, 6–3, 6–3
See also
Mary Ewing Outerbridge
History of tennis
Notes
^ a b "Player – James Dwight". www.tennisarchives.com. Idzznew BV. Retrieved 31 July 2018.
^ Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Volume 20, 1917 (retrieved 13 April 2015).
^ Warren F. Kimball (2017). The United States Tennis Association : Raising the Game. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0803296930. By 1886 Dwight was already considered the 'father of American lawn tennis.'
^ The Guinness book of Tennis Facts & Feats, 1983 edition, page 11, by Lance Tingay
^ Collins, Bud (2016). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (3rd ed.). New York: New Chapter Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-937559-38-0.
^ Grasso, John (2011-09-16). Historical Dictionary of Tennis. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810872370.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Dwight.
James Dwight at the International Tennis Hall of Fame
Works by James Dwight at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about James Dwight at Internet Archive
vteUS Open men's doubles championsAmateur Era
1881: Clarence Clark / Frederick Winslow Taylor
1882: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1883: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1884: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1885: Richard Sears / Joseph Clark
1886: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1887: Richard Sears / James Dwight
1888: Oliver Campbell / Valentine Hall
1889: Henry Slocum / Howard Taylor
1890: Valentine Hall / Clarence Hobart
1891: Oliver Campbell / Bob Huntington
1892: Oliver Campbell / Bob Huntington
1893: Clarence Hobart / Fred Hovey
1894: Clarence Hobart / Fred Hovey
1895: Malcolm Chace / Robert Wrenn
1896: Carr Neel / Sam Neel
1897: Leo Ware / George Sheldon
1898: Leo Ware / George Sheldon
1899: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1900: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1901: Holcombe Ward / Dwight F. Davis
1902: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1903: Reginald Doherty / Laurence Doherty
1904: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1905: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1906: Holcombe Ward / Beals Wright
1907: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1908: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1909: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1910: Fred Alexander / Harold Hackett
1911: Raymond Little / Gus Touchard
1912: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1913: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1914: Maurice McLoughlin / Tom Bundy
1915: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1916: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1917: Fred Alexander / Harold Throckmorton
1918: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1919: Norman Brookes / Gerald Patterson
1920: Clarence Griffin / Bill Johnston
1921: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1922: Vincent Richards / Bill Tilden
1923: Brian Norton / Bill Tilden
1924: Howard Kinsey / Robert Kinsey
1925: Vincent Richards / R. Norris Williams
1926: Vincent Richards / R. Norris Williams
1927: Frank Hunter / Bill Tilden
1928: George Lott / John F. Hennessey
1929: George Lott / John Doeg
1930: George Lott / John Doeg
1931: Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn
1932: Ellsworth Vines / Keith Gledhill
1933: George Lott / Lester Stoefen
1934: George Lott / Lester Stoefen
1935: Wilmer Allison / John Van Ryn
1936: Don Budge / Gene Mako
1937: Gottfried von Cramm / Henner Henkel
1938: Don Budge / Gene Mako
1939: John Bromwich / Adrian Quist
1940: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1941: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1942: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1943: Jack Kramer / Frank Parker
1944: Robert Falkenburg / Don McNeill
1945: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1946: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1947: Jack Kramer / Ted Schroeder
1948: Gardnar Mulloy / Bill Talbert
1949: John Bromwich / Bill Sidwell
1950: John Bromwich / Frank Sedgman
1951: Ken McGregor / Frank Sedgman
1952: Mervyn Rose / Vic Seixas
1953: Rex Hartwig / Mervyn Rose
1954: Vic Seixas / Tony Trabert
1955: Kosei Kamo / Atsushi Miyagi
1956: Lew Hoad / Ken Rosewall
1957: Ashley Cooper / Neale Fraser
1958: Alex Olmedo / Ham Richardson
1959: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1960: Roy Emerson / Neale Fraser
1961: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1962: Rafael Osuna / Antonio Palafox
1963: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1964: Chuck McKinley / Dennis Ralston
1965: Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle
1966: Roy Emerson / Fred Stolle
1967: John Newcombe / Tony Roche
Open Era
1968: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1969: Ken Rosewall / Fred Stolle
1970: Pierre Barthès / Nikola Pilić
1971: John Newcombe / Roger Taylor
1972: Cliff Drysdale / Roger Taylor
1973: Owen Davidson / John Newcombe
1974: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1975: Jimmy Connors / Ilie Năstase
1976: Tom Okker / Marty Riessen
1977: Bob Hewitt / Frew McMillan
1978: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1979: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1980: Bob Lutz / Stan Smith
1981: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1982: Kevin Curren / Steve Denton
1983: Peter Fleming / John McEnroe
1984: John Fitzgerald / Tomáš Šmíd
1985: Ken Flach / Robert Seguso
1986: Andrés Gómez / Slobodan Živojinović
1987: Stefan Edberg / Anders Järryd
1988: Sergio Casal / Emilio Sánchez
1989: John McEnroe / Mark Woodforde
1990: Pieter Aldrich / Danie Visser
1991: John Fitzgerald / Anders Järryd
1992: Jim Grabb / Richey Reneberg
1993: Ken Flach / Rick Leach
1994: Jacco Eltingh / Paul Haarhuis
1995: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1996: Todd Woodbridge / Mark Woodforde
1997: Yevgeny Kafelnikov / Daniel Vacek
1998: Sandon Stolle / Cyril Suk
1999: Sébastien Lareau / Alex O'Brien
2000: Lleyton Hewitt / Max Mirnyi
2001: Wayne Black / Kevin Ullyett
2002: Mahesh Bhupathi / Max Mirnyi
2003: Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge
2004: Mark Knowles / Daniel Nestor
2005: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2006: Martin Damm / Leander Paes
2007: Simon Aspelin / Julian Knowle
2008: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2009: Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes
2010: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2011: Jürgen Melzer / Philipp Petzschner
2012: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2013: Leander Paes / Radek Štěpánek
2014: Mike Bryan / Bob Bryan
2015: Pierre-Hugues Herbert / Nicolas Mahut
2016: Jamie Murray / Bruno Soares
2017: Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău
2018: Mike Bryan / Jack Sock
2019: Juan Sebastián Cabal / Robert Farah
2020: Mate Pavić / Bruno Soares
2021: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2022: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
2023: Rajeev Ram / Joe Salisbury
vteMembers of the International Tennis Hall of FameMenMaster players
Manuel Alonso Areizaga
James Anderson
Mal Anderson
Bunny Austin
Wilfred Baddeley
Jean Borotra
John Bromwich
Norman Brookes
Jacques Brugnon
Clarence Clark
Henri Cochet
Ashley Cooper
Jim Courier
Jack Crawford
Owen Davidson
Sven Davidson
Jaroslav Drobný
Neale Fraser
Chuck Garland
Andrés Gimeno
Arthur Gore
Bryan Grant
Lew Hoad
Harry Hopman
Frederick Hovey
Karel Koželuh
René Lacoste
Herbert Lawford
Gene Mako
Ken McGregor
Robert Lindley Murray
Hans Nüsslein
Alex Olmedo
Manuel Orantes
Gerald Patterson
Theodore Pell
Fred Perry
Adrian Quist
Ernest Renshaw
William Renshaw
Mervyn Rose
Frank Sedgman
Pancho Segura
Gottfried von Cramm
Anthony Wilding
Players
Fred Alexander
Wilmer Allison
Karl Behr
Don Budge
Oliver Campbell
Malcolm Greene Chace
Joseph Clark
William Clothier
Dwight F. Davis
John Doeg
Laurence Doherty
Reginald Doherty
James Dwight
Bob Falkenburg
Pancho Gonzales
Harold Hackett
Joe Hunt
Francis Hunter
Bill Johnston
Jack Kramer
William Larned
Art Larsen
George Lott
Maurice McLoughlin
Frank Parker
Vincent Richards
Bobby Riggs
Ted Schroeder
Richard Sears
Frank Shields
Henry Slocum
Bill Talbert
Bill Tilden
John Van Ryn
Ellsworth Vines
Holcombe Ward
Watson Washburn
Malcolm Whitman
R. Norris Williams
Sidney Wood
Robert Wrenn
Beals Wright
Recent players
Andre Agassi
Arthur Ashe
Boris Becker
Björn Borg
Michael Chang
Jimmy Connors
Rick Draney
Stefan Edberg
Roy Emerson
David Hall
Lleyton Hewitt
Yevgeny Kafelnikov
Jan Kodeš
Gustavo Kuerten
Goran Ivanišević
Rod Laver
Ivan Lendl
John McEnroe
Chuck McKinley
Frew McMillan
Don McNeill
Gardnar Mulloy
Ilie Năstase
John Newcombe
Yannick Noah
Rafael Osuna
Budge Patty
Nicola Pietrangeli
Pat Rafter
Dennis Ralston
Tony Roche
Andy Roddick
Ken Rosewall
Marat Safin
Pete Sampras
Manuel Santana
Dick Savitt
Vic Seixas
Stan Smith
Randy Snow
Michael Stich
Fred Stolle
Tony Trabert
Guillermo Vilas
Mats Wilander
Todd Woodbridge
Mark Woodforde
Court tennis players
Pierre Etchebaster
Tom Pettitt
WomenMaster players
Daphne Akhurst
Blanche Bingley
Nancye Wynne Bolton
Lesley Turner Bowrey
Dorothy Cheney
Charlotte Cooper
Françoise Dürr
Marion Jones Farquhar
Kathleen McKane Godfree
Suzanne Lenglen
Thelma Coyne Long
Simonne Mathieu
Elisabeth Moore
Angela Mortimer
Betty Nuthall
Nancy Richey
Ellen Roosevelt
Dorothy Round
Elizabeth Ryan
Margaret Scriven
Eleonora Sears
Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling
Bertha Townsend
Marie Wagner
Players
Juliette Atkinson
Maud Barger-Wallach
Pauline Betz
Louise Brough
Mary Browne
Mabel Cahill
Maureen Connolly
Sarah Palfrey Cooke
Lottie Dod
Shirley Fry
Althea Gibson
Ellen Hansell
Darlene Hard
Doris Hart
Helen Jacobs
Ann Jones
Dorothea Lambert Chambers
Molla Mallory
Alice Marble
Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman
Helen Wills
Recent players
Tracy Austin
Maria Bueno
Jennifer Capriati
Rosemary Casals
Kim Clijsters
Margaret Court
Lindsay Davenport
Margaret Osborne duPont
Chris Evert
Gigi Fernández
Evonne Goolagong Cawley
Steffi Graf
Justine Henin
Martina Hingis
Monique Kalkman-Van Den Bosch
Billie Jean King
Li Na
Hana Mandlíková
Conchita Martínez
Amélie Mauresmo
Martina Navratilova
Jana Novotná
Mary Pierce
Gabriela Sabatini
Arantxa Sánchez Vicario
Monica Seles
Pam Shriver
Helena Suková
May Sutton
Chantal Vandierendonck
Esther Vergeer
Virginia Wade
Natasha Zvereva
Contributors
Russ Adams
George Adee
Lawrence Baker
John Barrett
Nick Bollettieri
Vic Braden
Jane Brown Grimes
Butch Buchholz
Philippe Chatrier
Gianni Clerici
Bud Collins
Joseph Cullman
Allison Danzig
Mike Davies
Herman David
Donald Dell
Cliff Drysdale
Steve Flink
David Gray
Clarence Griffin
Gustaf V
Derek Hardwick
Gladys Heldman
William Hester
Lamar Hunt
Nancy Jeffett
Robert Walter Johnson
Perry T. Jones
Robert J. Kelleher
Peachy Kellmeyer
Al Laney
Alastair Martin
Dan Maskell
William McChesney Martin
Mark McCormack
Julian Myrick
Arthur Nielsen
Original 9
Mary Ewing Outerbridge
Brad Parks
Charlie Pasarell
Gene Scott
Lance Tingay
Ted Tinling
Ion Țiriac
Brian Tobin
Jimmy Van Alen
Dennis Van der Meer
Walter Clopton Wingfield
Portal: Tennis | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"James Dwight (July 14, 1852, France – July 13, 1917[2]) was an American tennis player who was known as the \"Founding Father of American Tennis\".[3]","title":"James Dwight"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wimbledon Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Richard Dudley \"Dick\" Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Sears_(tennis)"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Lawn Tennis Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USTA"},{"link_name":"1885","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1885_Wimbledon_Championships_%E2%80%93_Gentlemen%27s_singles"},{"link_name":"Herbert Lawford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Lawford"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collins2016-5"},{"link_name":"Longwood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longwood_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Brighton Lawn Tennis Club Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Lawn_Tennis_Club_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Brincliffe Lawn Tennis Club Open Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brincliffe_Lawn_Tennis_Club_Open_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire_Championships"},{"link_name":"Northern Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Championships"},{"link_name":"Brookfield Isle of Wight Open","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookfield_Isle_of_Wight_Open"},{"link_name":"West of England Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_of_England_Championships"},{"link_name":"International Tennis Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Tennis_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Dwight won the first recorded tournament in the U.S. (and probably in the world, before the first Wimbledon Championships) played in August 1876 on the property of his uncle, William Appleton, at Nahant, Massachusetts. After graduating from Harvard in 1874, he traveled in Europe, saw the new sport of lawn tennis being played, and brought the necessary equipment home. Then he persuaded his uncle to mark out a court on his smooth front lawn so he could play a game with his cousin Fred Sears.That first attempt was disappointing. Dwight later wrote \"we voted the whole thing a fraud and put it away.\" About a month later, they tried again as a way of passing time on a rainy day. This time, tennis seemed much more interesting, even though they were wearing rubber boots and raincoats. The 1876 tournament was a neighborhood affair: \"it was played on handicap on a round robin basis. There were two players on scratch, James Dwight and Fred D Sears Jr., each of whom played against 11 other players until a final between them. Rackets scoring was used...Dwight beat Sears 12–15 15–7 15–13.[4] By then, Dwight and Sears had taught the game to a number of people, including Richard Dudley \"Dick\" Sears, another cousin, who went on to win the first seven national singles championships.Dwight was one of the founders of the U.S. National Lawn Tennis Association in 1881, and he served as its president for 21 years. He never won the singles championship, but he reached the tournament final in 1883 losing to Richard Sears, with whom he did team to take five national doubles titles, from 1882 through 1884 and from 1886 through 1887. In a rare transatlantic trip in those days, James Dwight entered the 1884 and 1885 Wimbledon tournaments, reaching the semifinals in 1885 (losing to Herbert Lawford).[5]His other career tournaments singles wins include the Longwood Bowl in Boston (1884), the Brighton Lawn Tennis Club Tournament (1885), Brincliffe Lawn Tennis Club Open Tournament (1885) held at Sheffield in England, the Warwickshire Championships (1885, 1887), the Northern Championships (1885), the Brookfield Isle of Wight Open (1884-1885), and the West of England Championships (1886).He was inducted to the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1955.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles (1 runner-up)","title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Doubles (5 titles)","title":"Grand Slam finals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tennisarchives_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-tennisarchives_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Player – James Dwight\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tennisarchives.com/player/?pl=2215"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Volume 20","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=04QfAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22James+Dwight%22+Mattapoisett&pg=PP143"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0803296930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803296930"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-collins2016_5-0"},{"link_name":"Collins, Bud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bud_Collins"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-937559-38-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-937559-38-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=W39oSS7c2xAC&q=James+Dwight+international+hall+of+fame+in+1955&pg=PA91"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780810872370","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810872370"}],"text":"^ a b \"Player – James Dwight\". www.tennisarchives.com. Idzznew BV. Retrieved 31 July 2018.\n\n^ Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Volume 20, 1917 (retrieved 13 April 2015).\n\n^ Warren F. Kimball (2017). The United States Tennis Association : Raising the Game. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0803296930. By 1886 Dwight was already considered the 'father of American lawn tennis.'\n\n^ The Guinness book of Tennis Facts & Feats, 1983 edition, page 11, by Lance Tingay\n\n^ Collins, Bud (2016). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (3rd ed.). New York: New Chapter Press. p. 441. ISBN 978-1-937559-38-0.\n\n^ Grasso, John (2011-09-16). Historical Dictionary of Tennis. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810872370.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Mary Ewing Outerbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Ewing_Outerbridge"},{"title":"History of tennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tennis"}] | [{"reference":"\"Player – James Dwight\". www.tennisarchives.com. Idzznew BV. Retrieved 31 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tennisarchives.com/player/?pl=2215","url_text":"\"Player – James Dwight\""}]},{"reference":"Warren F. Kimball (2017). The United States Tennis Association : Raising the Game. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 14. ISBN 978-0803296930. By 1886 Dwight was already considered the 'father of American lawn tennis.'","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska_Press","url_text":"University of Nebraska Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803296930","url_text":"978-0803296930"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Bud (2016). The Bud Collins History of Tennis (3rd ed.). New York: New Chapter Press. p. 441. 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ISBN 9780810872370.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W39oSS7c2xAC&q=James+Dwight+international+hall+of+fame+in+1955&pg=PA91","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Tennis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810872370","url_text":"9780810872370"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/dr-james-dwight/","external_links_name":"member page"},{"Link":"http://www.tennisarchives.com/player/?pl=2215","external_links_name":"\"Player – James Dwight\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=04QfAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22James+Dwight%22+Mattapoisett&pg=PP143","external_links_name":"Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Volume 20"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=W39oSS7c2xAC&q=James+Dwight+international+hall+of+fame+in+1955&pg=PA91","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Tennis"},{"Link":"https://www.tennisfame.com/hall-of-famers/inductees/dr-james-dwight","external_links_name":"James Dwight"},{"Link":"https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Dwight,+James","external_links_name":"Works by James Dwight"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Dwight%2C%20James%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Dwight%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dwight%2C%20James%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Dwight%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Dwight%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Dwight%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Dwight%2C%20James%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Dwight%22%29%20OR%20%28%221852-1917%22%20AND%20Dwight%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29","external_links_name":"Works by or about James Dwight"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalie_Lobela | Natalie Lobela | ["1 References"] | Congolese basketball player
Natalie LobelaPersonal informationNationalityCongoleseBorn (1973-08-02) 2 August 1973 (age 50)Kinshasa, ZaireSportSportBasketball
Natalie Lobela (born 2 August 1973) is a Congolese basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Natalie Lobela Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
This biographical article relating to a Democratic Republic of the Congo basketball figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Natalie Lobela (born 2 August 1973) is a Congolese basketball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1996 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Natalie Lobela"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Natalie Lobela Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061340/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/natalie-lobela-1.html","url_text":"\"Natalie Lobela Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/natalie-lobela-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418061340/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/natalie-lobela-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Natalie Lobela Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/natalie-lobela-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natalie_Lobela&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta | Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta | ["1 Early life and education","2 Early political career","3 President of Mali","4 2020 coup","5 Personal life and death","6 References"] | President of Mali from 2013 to 2020
Ibrahim Boubacar KeïtaKeïta in 20145th President of MaliIn office4 September 2013 – 18 August 2020Prime MinisterDjango SissokoOumar Tatam LyMoussa MaraModibo KeitaAbdoulaye Idrissa MaïgaSoumeylou Boubèye MaïgaBoubou CisséPreceded byDioncounda Traoré Succeeded byAssimi Goïta (Chairman)6th Prime Minister of MaliIn office4 February 1994 – 15 February 2000PresidentAlpha Oumar KonaréPreceded byAbdoulaye Sékou SowSucceeded byMandé SidibéPresident of the National AssemblyIn office16 September 2002 – 3 September 2007Preceded byAly Nouhoum DialloSucceeded byDioncounda Traoré
Personal detailsBorn(1945-01-29)29 January 1945Koutiala, French Sudan, French West Africa, France(now Koutiala, Mali)Died16 January 2022(2022-01-16) (aged 76)Bamako, MaliPolitical partyAlliance for Democracy in Mali (1990–2001)Rally for Mali (2001–2022)SpouseKeïta Aminata MaigaChildren4, including KarimAlma materUniversity of DakarPantheon-Sorbonne UniversityAwardsNational Order of MaliNational Order of the Ivory CoastOrder of the Republic of Serbia
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (French: ; 29 January 1945 – 16 January 2022), often known by his initials IBK, was a Malian politician who served as the president of Mali from September 2013 to August 2020, when he was forced to resign in the 2020 Malian coup d'état. He served as Mali's prime minister from February 1994 to February 2000 and as president of the National Assembly of Mali from September 2002 to September 2007.
Keïta founded the centre-left political party Rally for Mali (RPM) in 2001. After a number of unsuccessful campaigns, he was elected president in the 2013 presidential election and reelected in 2018. He was deposed by mutinous elements of the Malian Armed Forces on 18 August 2020 and officially resigned the following day.
Early life and education
Keïta was born in Koutiala, in what was then French Sudan. His great-grandfather reportedly fought on the French side during World War I and was killed at the Battle of Verdun. Keïta studied at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris and Lycée Askia-Mohamed in Bamako, continuing his education at the University of Dakar, the University of Paris I and the Institut d'Histoire des Relations Internationales Contemporaines (IHRIC; Institute of the Modern History of International Relations). He graduated with a master's degree in history and postgraduate degrees in political science and international relations.
After his studies, he was a researcher at the CNRS and taught Third World politics at the University of Paris I. Returning to Mali in 1986, he became a technical consultant for the European Development Fund, putting together the first small-scale development program for the European Union's aid activities in Mali. He went on to become Mali director for the French chapter of Terre des hommes, an international NGO aiding children in the developing world.
Early political career
Upon the founding of the Alliance for Democracy in Mali (ADEMA-PASJ), Keïta became its Secretary for African and International Relations at its constitutive congress, held on 25–26 May 1991. He was the deputy director of ADEMA candidate Alpha Oumar Konaré's successful presidential campaign in 1992. The new president named Keïta as his senior diplomatic adviser and spokesman in June 1992, and then in November 1992 Konaré appointed Keïta as Ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Burkina Faso and Niger.
In November 1993, Keïta was appointed to the Malian government as Minister of External Affairs, Malians Abroad, and African Integration. On 4 February 1994, President Konaré named him prime minister, a position he held until February 2000. At ADEMA's first ordinary congress, held in September 1994, Keïta was elected as the president of ADEMA. Following presidential and parliamentary elections held in 1997, he resigned from his post as prime minister on 13 September 1997 and was promptly reappointed by Konaré, with a new government appointed on 16 September. Keïta was re-elected as ADEMA president in October 1999, and in November 1999, he was named vice-president of the Socialist International.
Disagreements within ADEMA forced him to resign as prime minister on 14 February 2000, and then from the leadership of the party in October 2000. He then founded his own party, the Rally for Mali (RPM), which he has led since its creation was announced on 30 June 2001. He stood as a candidate in the 2002 presidential election, receiving the strong backing of many Muslim leaders and associations. Despite this support, some people doubted that Keïta's policies were particularly compatible with Islam, pointing to the creation of casinos and lotteries while he was Prime Minister. In the first round of the election, held on 28 April, he received about 21% of the vote and took third place, behind Amadou Toumani Touré and Soumaïla Cissé. He denounced the election as fraudulent, alleging that he was deliberately and falsely excluded from the second round, and along with other candidates sought the invalidation of results. On 9 May the Constitutional Court ruled that the second round should proceed with Touré and Cissé as the top two candidates, despite acknowledging significant irregularities and disqualifying a quarter of the votes because of the irregularities. According to the Constitutional Court, Keïta won 21.03% of the vote, only about 4,000 votes less than Cissé. On the same day, Keïta announced the support of his Espoir 2002 alliance for Touré in the second round; regarding the Court's ruling, he described himself as "a law-abiding person" and said that the Court had followed the law. The second round was won by Touré.
In the July 2002 parliamentary election, Keïta was elected to a seat in the National Assembly from Commune IV in Bamako District in the first round. He was then elected as President of the National Assembly on 16 September 2002, receiving broad support, including the backing of ADEMA. He received 115 votes from the 138 participating deputies; the only other candidate, Noumoutié Sogoba of African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence (SADI), received eight votes, while 15 deputies abstained.
Keïta was also elected as President of the Executive Committee of the African Parliamentary Union on 24 October 2002 at its Khartoum Conference.
He ran for president again, as the candidate of the Rally for Mali, in the April 2007 election, having been designated as the party's candidate on 28 January 2007. Touré won the election by a landslide, while Keita took second place and 19.15% of the vote. As part of the Front for Democracy and the Republic (FDR), a coalition that included Keita as well as three other presidential candidates, Keita disputed the results and sought the annulment of the election, alleging fraud. On 19 May, he said that the FDR would abide by the decision of the Constitutional Court to confirm Touré's victory.
In the July 2007 parliamentary election, Keïta ran for re-election to the National Assembly from Commune IV in Bamako, where 17 lists competed for the two available seats, on an RPM list together with Abdramane Sylla. Keïta's list received 31.52% of the vote in the first round, held on 1 July, slightly ahead of the list of independent candidate Moussa Mara, which received 30.70%. In the second round on 22 July, Keïta's list narrowly prevailed, winning 51.59% of the vote according to provisional results. He was not a candidate for re-election as President of the National Assembly at the opening of the new National Assembly on 3 September; the position was won by ADEMA President Dioncounda Traoré.
Keïta was a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Mali. As of 2007–2008, he was a member of the Commission of Foreign Affairs, Malians Living Abroad, and African Integration in the National Assembly. In addition to serving in the National Assembly, Keïta was a member of the Parliament of the Economic Community of West African States.
President of Mali
Keita at the European Parliament.
Keïta again ran for president in the July–August 2013 presidential election and was considered a front-runner. He won the election in a second round of voting, defeating Soumaïla Cissé, and was sworn in by the Supreme Court of Mali as president on 4 September 2013.
Keïta had vowed to prioritize ability rather than political considerations when appointing ministers, and on 5 September 2013 he appointed a technocrat, banking official Oumar Tatam Ly, as prime minister. After Oumar Tatam Ly's resignation, Keïta appointed Moussa Mara (5 April 2014 to 9 January 2015) and Modibo Keita (9 January 2015 to 7 April 2017). Upon Keita's resignation, Soumeylou Boubéye Maïga was appointed prime minister (31 December 2017 – 18 April 2019) but resigned on 18 April 2019 amid public protests following the Ogossagou massacre. Keita named Boubou Cissé as Maïga's replacement on 22 April.
Throughout his presidency, Keïta worked tirelessly to strengthen democracy and seek peace with the rebels and bring stability in Mali as the Mali War continued onward. He was unwavering in his determination for national dialogue and reconciliation with parties across the country whilst leading efforts against insurgents and terrorists during his presidency. Another challenge during his tenure in office was the infrastructure since income was low is undiversified and vulnerable to commodity fluctuations. As the president of Mali poverty would decrease from 94% to 80.50% when his presidency ended in the 2020 Malian coup d'état. The cause for this was a 50 million dollar agreement with the World Bank to protect poor Malians and to boost the Country’s recovery from crisis. The agreement with the world bank will support emergency recovery programs in the country’s Sustainable Recovery Plan, including strengthening social safety net protection for poor and vulnerable families, deepening controls on budget and transparency, and restoring financial sustainability and investment capacity in the power and water irrigation sectors. These activities are part of a broader policy reform agenda being carried out by the Mali Government.
Këita with Italian President Sergio Mattarella.
When taking office in 2013 the MLNA had ended ceasefire after government forces opened fire on unarmed protesters. Following the attack the MLNA launched an attack on the Malian government. Another ceasefire was agreed upon on 20 February 2015 between the Malian government and the northern rebels. In March 2020, Malian authorities recorded the country's first coronavirus infections, in two nationals who had recently arrived from France. Experts fear the country is particularly exposed to an outbreak because of its jihadist conflict, which first broke out in the north in 2012 and has since engulfed the centre. Thousands of soldiers and civilians have died in the Mali war. On 18 March, President Keita suspended flights from affected countries, closed schools and banned large public gatherings. However planned elections in March–April, which had already been postponed several times for the poor security situation in the country, went ahead as planned.
2020 coup
Crowd cheering in Bamako, Mali.
An opposition movement coalesced against Keïta's presidency and its acquiescence to the presence of French troops in the country. This movement gained international visibility through mass demonstrations organized by the June 5 Movement – Rally of Patriotic Forces (M5-RFP), continuing throughout 2020 despite the coronavirus pandemic and police repression. On 18 August 2020, Keïta and Cissé were arrested by mutinying soldiers in a coup d'état. The next day, Keïta dissolved parliament and announced his resignation, saying he wanted "no blood to be spilled" to keep him in power. He was released from custody on 27 August according to a junta spokesman.
Personal life and death
Keïta was married to Keïta Aminata Maiga, who was the First Lady of Mali while Keïta was in office as President, and had four children. His son Karim is a member of the National Assembly and married to a daughter of Issaka Sidibé, President of the National Assembly.
He died in his home in Bamako on 16 January 2022, thirteen days before his 77th birthday.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i National Assembly page for Keïta Archived 9 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
^ a b c d e f Candidate profile Archived 4 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Bamanet.net, 20 April 2007 (in French).
^ a b "L'EFFET "IBK"" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, L'Essor, number 16,026, 4 September 2007 (in French).
^ National Political Bureau of the RPM (in French).
^ "Mali's Keita resigns as president after military coup". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
^ Van Eyssen, Benita (11 November 2018). "The 'Black Army' that marched in from Africa". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 October 2023.
^ Heath-Brown, Nick (7 February 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 809. ISBN 978-1-349-57823-8.
^ a b "Profile: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, Mali's overthrown president". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ "Mali's ex-President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita dies at 76". Associated Press. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ a b "Political Trajectory of Mali's Ex-President IBK". Africanews. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ "Membres du conseil exécutif de l'Adéma-PASJ élus au congrès constitutif du 25 et 26 Mai 1991.", ADEMA website (in French).
^ "Membres du conseil exécutif de l'Adéma-PASJ élus au premier congrès ordinaire de Septembre 1994.", ADEMA website (in French).
^ "Mali: Prime Minister Keita resigns", Radio France Internationale (nl.newsbank.com), 14 September 1997.
^ "Mali: President Konare forms new cabinet", RTM radio, Bamako (nl.newsbank.com), 17 September 1997.
^ "DIRECTION NATIONALE: Comité exécutif 1999 - 2000", ADEMA website (in French).
^ "L'ancien Premier ministre, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, crée son parti" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express, number 231, 2 July 2001 (in French).
^ "Mali's Muslim leaders back ex-premier", BBC News, 26 April 2002.
^ a b "1er tour de l'élection présidentielle au Mali : Verdict de la Cour Constitutionnelle", L'Essor, 9 May 2002 (in French).
^ Joan Baxter, "Mali court reviews 'vote-rigging'", BBC News, 7 May 2002.
^ "MALI: Malians await court's decision", IRIN, 7 May 2002.
^ a b "Mali: Constitutional Court affirms second round", IRIN, 10 May 2002.
^ a b c d "Mali's opposition backs general", BBC News, 10 May 2002.
^ a b 2002 timeline Archived 4 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine on the official site of the Malian presidency.
^ a b c "Législatives au Mali: la mouvance présidentielle en tête au 1er tour" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, AFP (Jeuneafrique.com), 6 July 2007 (in French).
^ a b c d Francis Kpatindé, "Retour triomphal pour Ibrahim Boubacar Keita", Jeune Afrique, 7 October 2002 (in French).
^ a b "Démission du gouvernement, Ahmed Mohamed Ag Hamani reconduit au poste de premier ministre" Archived 10 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Afrique Express, number 257, 17 October 2002 (in French).
^ "IBK investi par son parti candidat à l’élection présidentielle prochaine au Mali" Archived 5 August 2007 at archive.today, African Press Agency, 28 January 2007 (in French).
^ "Présidentielle au Mali: la Cour constitutionnelle valide la réélection de Touré" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 12 May 2007 (in French).
^ "Mali: l'opposition conteste la présidentielle sans attendre les résultats" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 1 May 2007 (in French).
^ "Mali opposition concedes Toure's re-election", Reuters, 21 May 2007.
^ B. S. Diarra, "Faut-il abattre IBK ?" Archived 20 February 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Aurore, 18 June 2007 (in French).
^ a b c "Commune IV : DUEL SINGULIER" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, L'Essor, 19 July 2007 (in French).
^ M. Kéita, "2è tour des législatives à Bamako : AVANTAGE À L'ADEMA ET AU CNID" Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, L'Essor, number 15,996, 24 July 2007 (in French).
^ "Mali: Dioncounda Traoré élu président de l'Assemblée nationale" Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine, AFP, 3 September 2007 (in French).
^ List of members of the Pan-African Parliament Archived 12 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
^ "Liste des députés membres de la commission Affaires Etrangères-Maliens de l'extérieur et Intégration Africaine" Archived 31 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine, National Assembly website (in French).
^ "Liste des députés Membres du Parlement de la CEDEAO" Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, National Assembly website (in French).
^ R., A. (29 July 2013). "A relatively calm affair". The Economist. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ "Voters defy threats as polls close in Mali". Al-Jazeera. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
^ Tiemoko Diallo and Adama Diarra, "Mali's new president promises to bring peace, fight graft", Reuters, 4 September 2013.
^ "New Mali president names banker as first prime minister", Reuters, 6 September 2013.
^ Sahelien.com (30 December 2017). "Mali: Soumeylou Boubeye Maïga appointed Prime Minister | sahelien.com | English". Retrieved 20 August 2020.
^ "Mali names new prime minister after ethnic massacre". Deutsche Welle. 22 April 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
^ Thurston, Alex (18 August 2020). "An Apparent Military Coup in Mali: 10 Questions". Sahel Blog. Retrieved 2 October 2020. The coup comes amid a summer of protests by the "June 5 Movement – Rally of Patriotic Forces" (French acronym M5-RFP), a Bamako-centric coalition of opposition politicians, civil society actors, and the prominent Imam Mahmoud Dicko. The M5-RFP's core demand has (had?) been for President Keïta to resign. This week, the M5-RFP had planned and begun to carry out a series of protest actions, to culminate in another mass protest on Friday. Today, images and videos circulated showing civilian protesters congregating in Bamako's Place de l'Indépendance, the locale for previous M5-RFP protests. Further images and videos showed the protesters welcoming and supporting the mutineers
^ Kelly, Jeremy (18 August 2020). "Mali PM and president under arrest, claim army mutineers". The Times. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
^ Mali's Keita resigns after military mutiny
^ Mali’s president announces resignation on state television
^ Diallo, Tiemoko; (writing) Prentice, Alessandra; (ed.) Chopra, Toby (27 August 2020). "Ousted Mali president Keita has been freed by coup leaders, says junta spokesman". Reuters. Retrieved 27 August 2020. {{cite news}}: |last3= has generic name (help)
^ Issouf Sanogo (13 August 2013). "Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, the man to unify troubled Mali". Africa Review. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ "Ally of Mali's President Keita elected parliament speaker". Reuters. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
^ Mali's ousted president Ibrahim Boubacar Keita dies, former minister says
Political offices
Preceded byAbdoulaye Sékou Sow
Prime Minister of Mali 1994–2000
Succeeded byMandé Sidibé
Preceded byAly Nouhoum Diallo
President of the National Assembly 2002–2007
Succeeded byDioncounda Traoré
Preceded byDioncounda TraoréActing
President of Mali 2013–2020
Succeeded byAssimi Goïta
vtePrime ministers of MaliColonial
Koné
M. Keïta
Independent
M. Keïta
post abolished, 1965–68
Diakité†
post abolished, 1969–86
Dembelé
post abolished, 1988–91
Sacko*
Touré
Sow
I. Keïta
Mandé Sidibé
M. Keita
Hamani
O.I. Maïga
Modibo Sidibé
Kaïdama Sidibé
Diarra*
Sissoko*
Tatam Ly
Mara
M. Keita
A.I. Maïga
S.B. Maïga
Cissé
Ouane*
C.K. Maïga*
A. Maïga†*
*acting †military
vteHeads of state of Mali
Modibo Keïta
Moussa Traoré†
Amadou Toumani Touré†
Alpha Oumar Konaré
Amadou Toumani Touré
Amadou Sanogo†
Dioncounda Traoré*
Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta
Assimi Goïta†
Bah Ndaw*
Assimi Goïta†
*acting †military
Authority control databases International
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Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ibʁa.im bubakaʁ ke.ita]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"politician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politician"},{"link_name":"2020 Malian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamanet-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Effet-3"},{"link_name":"centre-left","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre-left_politics"},{"link_name":"Rally for Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rally_for_Mali"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2013 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Malian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"reelected in 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Malian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Malian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta (French: [ibʁa.im bubakaʁ ke.ita]; 29 January 1945 – 16 January 2022), often known by his initials IBK, was a Malian politician who served as the president of Mali from September 2013 to August 2020, when he was forced to resign in the 2020 Malian coup d'état. He served as Mali's prime minister from February 1994 to February 2000 and as president of the National Assembly of Mali from September 2002[1][2] to September 2007.[3]Keïta founded the centre-left political party Rally for Mali (RPM) in 2001.[4] After a number of unsuccessful campaigns, he was elected president in the 2013 presidential election and reelected in 2018. He was deposed by mutinous elements of the Malian Armed Forces on 18 August 2020 and officially resigned the following day.[5]","title":"Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Koutiala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koutiala"},{"link_name":"French Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Sudan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamanet-2"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Battle of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Lycée Janson-de-Sailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyc%C3%A9e_Janson-de-Sailly"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Lycée Askia-Mohamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lyc%C3%A9e_Askia-Mohamed&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"University of Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Dakar"},{"link_name":"University of Paris I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris_I:_Panth%C3%A9on-Sorbonne"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"master's degree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master%27s_degree"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CNRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNRS"},{"link_name":"Third World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_World"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"},{"link_name":"European Development Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Development_Fund"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Terre des hommes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terre_des_hommes"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-governmental_organization"},{"link_name":"developing world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developing_world"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-10"}],"text":"Keïta was born in Koutiala, in what was then French Sudan.[1][2] His great-grandfather reportedly fought on the French side during World War I and was killed at the Battle of Verdun.[6] Keïta studied at the Lycée Janson-de-Sailly in Paris and Lycée Askia-Mohamed in Bamako, continuing his education at the University of Dakar, the University of Paris I and the Institut d'Histoire des Relations Internationales Contemporaines (IHRIC; Institute of the Modern History of International Relations).[7][8] He graduated with a master's degree in history and postgraduate degrees in political science and international relations.[9]After his studies, he was a researcher at the CNRS and taught Third World politics at the University of Paris I.[10] Returning to Mali in 1986, he became a technical consultant for the European Development Fund, putting together the first small-scale development program for the European Union's aid activities in Mali.[8] He went on to become Mali director for the French chapter of Terre des hommes, an international NGO aiding children in the developing world.[10]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alliance for Democracy in Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance_for_Democracy_in_Mali"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Alpha Oumar Konaré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Oumar_Konar%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"spokesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spokesman"},{"link_name":"Ambassador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador"},{"link_name":"Côte d'Ivoire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamanet-2"},{"link_name":"prime minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_minister"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamanet-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"vice-president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-president"},{"link_name":"Socialist International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"2002 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Malian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Amadou Toumani Touré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Toumani_Tour%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Soumaïla Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souma%C3%AFla_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Affirms-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backs-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CC-18"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backs-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Affirms-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backs-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Backs-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-23"},{"link_name":"July 2002 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Malian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"Bamako District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamanet-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mouvance-24"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bamanet-2"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mouvance-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-23"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francis-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AE-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francis-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francis-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AE-26"},{"link_name":"Noumoutié Sogoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noumouti%C3%A9_Sogoba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Solidarity_for_Democracy_and_Independence"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Francis-25"},{"link_name":"African Parliamentary Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Parliamentary_Union"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Profile-1"},{"link_name":"April 2007 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Malian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Front for Democracy and the Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Front_for_Democracy_and_the_Republic"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"July 2007 parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Malian_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IV-32"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mouvance-24"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IV-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IV-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Dioncounda Traoré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioncounda_Traor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Effet-3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Pan-African Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Economic Community of West African States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Upon the founding of the Alliance for Democracy in Mali (ADEMA-PASJ), Keïta became its Secretary for African and International Relations at its constitutive congress, held on 25–26 May 1991.[11] He was the deputy director of ADEMA candidate Alpha Oumar Konaré's successful presidential campaign in 1992. The new president named Keïta as his senior diplomatic adviser and spokesman in June 1992, and then in November 1992 Konaré appointed Keïta as Ambassador to Côte d'Ivoire, Gabon, Burkina Faso and Niger.[1][2]In November 1993, Keïta was appointed to the Malian government as Minister of External Affairs, Malians Abroad, and African Integration. On 4 February 1994, President Konaré named him prime minister, a position he held until February 2000.[1][2] At ADEMA's first ordinary congress, held in September 1994, Keïta was elected as the president of ADEMA.[12] Following presidential and parliamentary elections held in 1997, he resigned from his post as prime minister on 13 September 1997[13] and was promptly reappointed by Konaré, with a new government appointed on 16 September.[14] Keïta was re-elected as ADEMA president in October 1999,[15] and in November 1999, he was named vice-president of the Socialist International.[1]Disagreements within ADEMA forced him to resign as prime minister on 14 February 2000, and then from the leadership of the party in October 2000. He then founded his own party, the Rally for Mali (RPM), which he has led since its creation was announced on 30 June 2001.[1][16] He stood as a candidate in the 2002 presidential election, receiving the strong backing of many Muslim leaders and associations. Despite this support, some people doubted that Keïta's policies were particularly compatible with Islam, pointing to the creation of casinos and lotteries while he was Prime Minister.[17] In the first round of the election, held on 28 April, he received about 21% of the vote and took third place, behind Amadou Toumani Touré and Soumaïla Cissé.[18] He denounced the election as fraudulent, alleging that he was deliberately and falsely excluded from the second round, and along with other candidates sought the invalidation of results.[19][20] On 9 May the Constitutional Court ruled that the second round should proceed with Touré and Cissé as the top two candidates, despite acknowledging significant irregularities and disqualifying a quarter of the votes because of the irregularities.[21][22] According to the Constitutional Court, Keïta won 21.03% of the vote, only about 4,000 votes less than Cissé.[18][22] On the same day, Keïta announced the support of his Espoir 2002 alliance for Touré in the second round;[21][22] regarding the Court's ruling, he described himself as \"a law-abiding person\" and said that the Court had followed the law.[22] The second round was won by Touré.[23]In the July 2002 parliamentary election, Keïta was elected to a seat in the National Assembly from Commune IV in Bamako District[1][2][24] in the first round.[2][24] He was then elected as President of the National Assembly on 16 September 2002,[1][23][25][26] receiving broad support, including the backing of ADEMA.[25] He received 115 votes from the 138 participating deputies;[25][26] the only other candidate, Noumoutié Sogoba of African Solidarity for Democracy and Independence (SADI), received eight votes, while 15 deputies abstained.[25]Keïta was also elected as President of the Executive Committee of the African Parliamentary Union on 24 October 2002 at its Khartoum Conference.[1]He ran for president again, as the candidate of the Rally for Mali, in the April 2007 election, having been designated as the party's candidate on 28 January 2007.[27] Touré won the election by a landslide, while Keita took second place and 19.15% of the vote.[28] As part of the Front for Democracy and the Republic (FDR), a coalition that included Keita as well as three other presidential candidates, Keita disputed the results and sought the annulment of the election, alleging fraud.[29] On 19 May, he said that the FDR would abide by the decision of the Constitutional Court to confirm Touré's victory.[30]In the July 2007 parliamentary election, Keïta ran for re-election to the National Assembly from Commune IV in Bamako, where 17 lists competed for the two available seats,[31] on an RPM list together with Abdramane Sylla.[32] Keïta's list received 31.52% of the vote in the first round, held on 1 July,[24][32] slightly ahead of the list of independent candidate Moussa Mara, which received 30.70%.[32] In the second round on 22 July, Keïta's list narrowly prevailed, winning 51.59% of the vote according to provisional results.[33] He was not a candidate for re-election as President of the National Assembly at the opening of the new National Assembly on 3 September; the position was won by ADEMA President Dioncounda Traoré.[3][34]Keïta was a member of the Pan-African Parliament from Mali.[35] As of 2007–2008, he was a member of the Commission of Foreign Affairs, Malians Living Abroad, and African Integration in the National Assembly.[36] In addition to serving in the National Assembly, Keïta was a member of the Parliament of the Economic Community of West African States.[37]","title":"Early political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta_au_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_10_d%C3%A9cembre_2013_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"European Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Parliament"},{"link_name":"July–August 2013 presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Malian_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Soumaïla Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souma%C3%AFla_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_court"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"technocrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocrat"},{"link_name":"Oumar Tatam Ly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumar_Tatam_Ly"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Moussa Mara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Mara"},{"link_name":"Modibo Keita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modibo_Keita_(born_1942)"},{"link_name":"Ogossagou massacre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogossagou_massacre"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Boubou Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boubou_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Mali War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_War"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"2020 Malian coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sergio_Mattarella_e_Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta_al_Quirinale_2020_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_President"},{"link_name":"Sergio Mattarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_parliamentary_election"}],"text":"Keita at the European Parliament.Keïta again ran for president in the July–August 2013 presidential election and was considered a front-runner.[38][39] He won the election in a second round of voting, defeating Soumaïla Cissé, and was sworn in by the Supreme Court of Mali as president on 4 September 2013.[40]Keïta had vowed to prioritize ability rather than political considerations when appointing ministers, and on 5 September 2013 he appointed a technocrat, banking official Oumar Tatam Ly, as prime minister.[41] After Oumar Tatam Ly's resignation, Keïta appointed Moussa Mara (5 April 2014 to 9 January 2015) and Modibo Keita (9 January 2015 to 7 April 2017). Upon Keita's resignation, Soumeylou Boubéye Maïga was appointed prime minister (31 December 2017 – 18 April 2019) but resigned on 18 April 2019 amid public protests following the Ogossagou massacre.[42] Keita named Boubou Cissé as Maïga's replacement on 22 April.[43]Throughout his presidency, Keïta worked tirelessly to strengthen democracy and seek peace with the rebels and bring stability in Mali as the Mali War continued onward. He was unwavering in his determination for national dialogue and reconciliation with parties across the country whilst leading efforts against insurgents and terrorists during his presidency. Another challenge during his tenure in office was the infrastructure since income was low is undiversified and vulnerable to commodity fluctuations. As the president of Mali poverty would decrease from 94% to 80.50% when his presidency ended in the 2020 Malian coup d'état. The cause for this was a 50 million dollar agreement with the World Bank to protect poor Malians and to boost the Country’s recovery from crisis. The agreement with the world bank will support emergency recovery programs in the country’s Sustainable Recovery Plan, including strengthening social safety net protection for poor and vulnerable families, deepening controls on budget and transparency, and restoring financial sustainability and investment capacity in the power and water irrigation sectors. These activities are part of a broader policy reform agenda being carried out by the Mali Government.Këita with Italian President Sergio Mattarella.When taking office in 2013 the MLNA had ended ceasefire after government forces opened fire on unarmed protesters. Following the attack the MLNA launched an attack on the Malian government. Another ceasefire was agreed upon on 20 February 2015 between the Malian government and the northern rebels. In March 2020, Malian authorities recorded the country's first coronavirus infections, in two nationals who had recently arrived from France. Experts fear the country is particularly exposed to an outbreak because of its jihadist conflict, which first broke out in the north in 2012 and has since engulfed the centre. Thousands of soldiers and civilians have died in the Mali war. On 18 March, President Keita suspended flights from affected countries, closed schools and banned large public gatherings. However planned elections in March–April, which had already been postponed several times for the poor security situation in the country, went ahead as planned.","title":"President of Mali"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_-_Malian_Army_and_crowd_02.png"},{"link_name":"June 5 Movement – Rally of Patriotic Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=June_5_Movement_%E2%80%93_Rally_of_Patriotic_Forces&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"coronavirus pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"coup d'état","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"Crowd cheering in Bamako, Mali.An opposition movement coalesced against Keïta's presidency and its acquiescence to the presence of French troops in the country. This movement gained international visibility through mass demonstrations organized by the June 5 Movement – Rally of Patriotic Forces (M5-RFP), continuing throughout 2020 despite the coronavirus pandemic and police repression.[44] On 18 August 2020, Keïta and Cissé were arrested by mutinying soldiers in a coup d'état.[45] The next day, Keïta dissolved parliament and announced his resignation, saying he wanted \"no blood to be spilled\" to keep him in power.[46][47] He was released from custody on 27 August according to a junta spokesman.[48]","title":"2020 coup"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keïta Aminata Maiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ke%C3%AFta_Aminata_Maiga"},{"link_name":"First Lady of Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Lady_of_Mali"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Karim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karim_Ke%C3%AFta"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(Mali)"},{"link_name":"Issaka Sidibé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Issaka_Sidib%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"Keïta was married to Keïta Aminata Maiga, who was the First Lady of Mali while Keïta was in office as President, and had four children.[49] His son Karim is a member of the National Assembly and married to a daughter of Issaka Sidibé, President of the National Assembly.[50]He died in his home in Bamako on 16 January 2022, thirteen days before his 77th birthday.[51]","title":"Personal life and death"}] | [{"image_text":"Keita at the European Parliament.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta_au_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_10_d%C3%A9cembre_2013_05.jpg/220px-Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta_au_Parlement_europ%C3%A9en_Strasbourg_10_d%C3%A9cembre_2013_05.jpg"},{"image_text":"Këita with Italian President Sergio Mattarella.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Sergio_Mattarella_e_Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta_al_Quirinale_2020_%283%29.jpg/220px-Sergio_Mattarella_e_Ibrahim_Boubacar_Ke%C3%AFta_al_Quirinale_2020_%283%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Crowd cheering in Bamako, Mali.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_-_Malian_Army_and_crowd_02.png/220px-2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_-_Malian_Army_and_crowd_02.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mali's Keita resigns as president after military coup\". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 19 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/mali-keita-resigns-president-military-mutiny-200819013009179.html","url_text":"\"Mali's Keita resigns as president after military coup\""}]},{"reference":"Van Eyssen, Benita (11 November 2018). \"The 'Black Army' that marched in from Africa\". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/world-war-i-the-black-army-that-marched-in-from-africa/a-46239274","url_text":"\"The 'Black Army' that marched in from Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Heath-Brown, Nick (7 February 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 809. ISBN 978-1-349-57823-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lDkUDgAAQBAJ&dq=Ibrahim+Boubacar+Ke%C3%AFta+studied+at+the+Lyc%C3%A9e+Janson-de-Sailly+in+Paris&pg=PA809","url_text":"The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-57823-8","url_text":"978-1-349-57823-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Profile: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, Mali's overthrown president\". Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/8/19/profile-ibrahim-boubacar-keita-malis-overthrown-president","url_text":"\"Profile: Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, Mali's overthrown president\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mali's ex-President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita dies at 76\". Associated Press. 16 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://apnews.com/article/africa-elections-presidential-elections-mali-ibrahim-boubacar-keita-41b687ec81364f751942cf4b7ea0e1cc","url_text":"\"Mali's ex-President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita dies at 76\""}]},{"reference":"\"Political Trajectory of Mali's Ex-President IBK\". Africanews. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.africanews.com/2020/08/19/political-trajectory-of-mali-s-ex-president-ibk/","url_text":"\"Political Trajectory of Mali's Ex-President IBK\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africanews","url_text":"Africanews"}]},{"reference":"R., A. (29 July 2013). \"A relatively calm affair\". The Economist. Retrieved 30 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2013/07/mali-s-election","url_text":"\"A relatively calm affair\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist","url_text":"The Economist"}]},{"reference":"\"Voters defy threats as polls close in Mali\". Al-Jazeera. 28 July 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2013/07/2013728193018763120.html","url_text":"\"Voters defy threats as polls close in Mali\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Arabic","url_text":"Al-Jazeera"}]},{"reference":"Sahelien.com (30 December 2017). \"Mali: Soumeylou Boubeye Maïga appointed Prime Minister | sahelien.com | English\". Retrieved 20 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://sahelien.com/en/mali-soumeylou-boubeye-maiga-appointed-prime-minister/","url_text":"\"Mali: Soumeylou Boubeye Maïga appointed Prime Minister | sahelien.com | English\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mali names new prime minister after ethnic massacre\". Deutsche Welle. 22 April 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dw.com/en/mali-names-new-prime-minister-after-ethnic-massacre/a-48438158","url_text":"\"Mali names new prime minister after ethnic massacre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Welle","url_text":"Deutsche Welle"}]},{"reference":"Thurston, Alex (18 August 2020). \"An Apparent Military Coup in Mali: 10 Questions\". Sahel Blog. Retrieved 2 October 2020. The coup comes amid a summer of protests by the \"June 5 Movement – Rally of Patriotic Forces\" (French acronym M5-RFP), a Bamako-centric coalition of opposition politicians, civil society actors, and the prominent Imam Mahmoud Dicko. The M5-RFP's core demand has (had?) been for President Keïta to resign. This week, the M5-RFP had planned and begun to carry out a series of protest actions, to culminate in another mass protest on Friday. Today, images and videos circulated showing civilian protesters congregating in Bamako's Place de l'Indépendance, the locale for previous M5-RFP protests. Further images and videos showed the protesters welcoming and supporting the mutineers","urls":[{"url":"https://sahelblog.wordpress.com/2020/08/18/an-apparent-military-coup-in-mali-10-questions/","url_text":"\"An Apparent Military Coup in Mali: 10 Questions\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Jeremy (18 August 2020). \"Mali PM and president under arrest, claim army mutineers\". The Times. Retrieved 18 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/mali-pm-and-president-under-arrest-claim-army-mutineers-nf6x5qv0b","url_text":"\"Mali PM and president under arrest, claim army mutineers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"Diallo, Tiemoko; (writing) Prentice, Alessandra; (ed.) Chopra, Toby (27 August 2020). \"Ousted Mali president Keita has been freed by coup leaders, says junta spokesman\". Reuters. Retrieved 27 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-security/ousted-mali-president-keita-has-been-freed-by-coup-leaders-says-junta-spokesman-idUSKBN25N1US","url_text":"\"Ousted Mali president Keita has been freed by coup leaders, says junta spokesman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Issouf Sanogo (13 August 2013). \"Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, the man to unify troubled Mali\". Africa Review. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151222094234/http://www.africareview.com/Analysis/Keita-the-man-to-unify-troubled-Mali--/-/979190/1946096/-/126p44lz/-/index.html","url_text":"\"Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, the man to unify troubled Mali\""},{"url":"http://www.africareview.com/Analysis/Keita-the-man-to-unify-troubled-Mali--/-/979190/1946096/-/126p44lz/-/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Ally of Mali's President Keita elected parliament speaker\". Reuters. 22 January 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mali-parliament-idUSBREA0L1KC20140122","url_text":"\"Ally of Mali's President Keita elected parliament speaker\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.insti.ml/orga_int/president/cv_prdt.htm","external_links_name":"National Assembly page for Keïta"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071009193341/http://www.assemblee-nationale.insti.ml/orga_int/president/cv_prdt.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.bamanet.net/actualite/news/3026.html","external_links_name":"Candidate profile"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070904113831/http://www.bamanet.net/actualite/news/3026.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.essor.gov.ml/jour/cgi-bin/view_article.pl?id=16528","external_links_name":"\"L'EFFET 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_awards_and_nominations_received_by_Preity_Zinta | List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta | [] | Preity Zinta awards and nominationsZinta in 2006Awards and nominationsAward
Wins
NominationsSmita Patil Memorial Award
1
-Filmfare Awards
2
10Bollywood Movie Awards
1
6Screen Awards
2
9Zee Cine Awards
3
8Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards
0
1Stardust Awards
3
5Star Guild Awards
0
2IIFA Awards
3
8Chicago International Film Festival
1
1Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards
2
3Global Indian Film Awards
0
1TotalsWins30Nominations56Note
^ Certain award groups do not simply award one winner. They recognize several different recipients, have runners-up, and have third place. Since this is a specific recognition and is different from losing an award, runner-up mentions are considered wins in this award tally. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.
Preity Zinta is an Indian actress, who has received several awards for her acting in Hindi films. Her career began in 1998 with Mani Ratnam's acclaimed drama Dil Se.. and the box office hit Soldier. Both films won her the award for Best Female Debut at the 44th Filmfare Awards. Her performance in Dil Se.. also earned her a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the same ceremony, while Soldier won her three more Best Debut awards at other major ceremonies. Zinta received her first Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her portrayal of a teenage single mother in Kya Kehna. She followed these films with several critically and commercially successful films, such as Mission Kashmir (2000) and Dil Chahta Hai (2001), and her performances in Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (2001), Dil Hai Tumhaara (2002) and Armaan (2003) were praised.
Zinta won several awards for her performance in the romantic comedy-drama Kal Ho Naa Ho, including her first and only Filmfare Award for Best Actress. She went on to star in top-grossing productions in India and abroad, including Koi... Mil Gaya (2003), Veer-Zaara (2004), Salaam Namaste (2005) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006), all of which earned her different nominations at major award ceremonies, which, in addition to Filmfare, include such organisations as Screen, Zee Cine, the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA), and Stardust, among others. After a relatively low phase, she started appearing in arthouse films, known in India as parallel cinema. She played her first international film role in Deepa Mehta's Canadian drama Heaven on Earth (2008, titled Videsh in India). Her portrayal in the film won her the Silver Hugo Award for Best Actress at the Chicago International Film Festival, and she was a Best Actress nominee at several award functions in Canada, including the Genie Awards by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television, and the Vancouver Film Critics Circle.
Apart from merit awards for her film performances, Zinta was awarded different non-acting honours at major film award functions. These include IIFA's Style Diva of the Year and Glamorous Star awards. She was named Zee Cine's Queen of Hearts in 2003 and female Superstar of the Year in 2004. In 2009, Zinta was one of five actresses nominated as "Star of the Decade – Female" at the 10th IIFA Awards.
In addition to industry honours, Zinta has received several achievement awards for both her film career and her social activities. In 2003, Zinta became the first recipient of Godfrey's Mind of Steel Award at the annual Red and White Bravery Awards, given to her for the "Courageous Act" of standing against the Mumbai underworld after she became the only witness not to retract in court her earlier statements against the Indian mafia during the 2003 Bharat Shah case. In 2010, the University of East London awarded Zinta with an Honorary Doctorate of Arts in honour of both her cultural contribution and her humanitarian work.
Awards and nominations
Awards and nominations: A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
Bibliography
References
External links
Awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta
Award
Year
Category
Nominated work
Result
Ref(s)
Anandalok Puraskar Awards
2004
Best Actress (Hindi)
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
Bollywood Movie Awards
1999
Best Female Debut
Soldier
Won
2001
Most Sensational Actress
Kya Kehna
Nominated
2003
Best Actress (Critics)
Dil Hai Tumhaara
Nominated
Best Actress
Nominated
2006
Salaam Namaste
Nominated
2007
Best Supporting Actress
Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
Nominated
Chicago International Film Festival
2008
Best Actress
Heaven on Earth
Won
FICCI Hall of FRAMES Awards
2004
Best Actress
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
Filmfare Awards
1999
Best Female Debut
Dil Se.. and Soldier
Won
Best Supporting Actress
Dil Se..
Nominated
2001
Best Actress
Kya Kehna
Nominated
2002
Best Supporting Actress
Chori Chori Chupke Chupke
Nominated
2004
Best Actress
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
Koi... Mil Gaya
Nominated
Best Villain
Armaan
Nominated
2005
Best Actress
Veer-Zaara
Nominated
2006
Salaam Namaste
Nominated
2007
Best Supporting Actress
Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
Nominated
Genie Awards
2009
Best Actress
Heaven on Earth
Nominated
Global Indian Film Awards
2007
Best Supporting Actress
Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
Nominated
Indian Telly Awards
2012
Best Anchor
Guinness World Records – Ab India Todega
Nominated
International Indian Film Academy Awards
2001
Best Actress
Kya Kehna
Nominated
2002
Dil Chahta Hai
Nominated
2004
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
Koi... Mil Gaya
Nominated
2005
Style Diva of the Year
—
Won
2006
Most Glamorous Star of the Year
—
Won
Best Actress
Salaam Namaste
Nominated
2009
Star of the Decade – Female
—
Nominated
Priyadarshini Academy Awards
2008
Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress
—
Won
Producers Guild Film Awards
2004
Best Actress
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Nominated
Best Supporting Actress
Armaan
Nominated
Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards
2001
Best Actress
Kya Kehna
Won
2004
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
Best Villain
Armaan
Nominated
Screen Awards
1999
Best Female Debut
Soldier
Won
2001
Best Actress
Kya Kehna
Nominated
2002
Jodi No. 1 (along with Aamir Khan)
Dil Chahta Hai
Nominated
2003
Best Actress
Dil Hai Tumhaara
Nominated
2004
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Nominated
Best Villain
Armaan
Nominated
2005
Best Actress
Veer-Zaara
Won
Jodi No. 1 (along with Shah Rukh Khan)
Nominated
2006
Best Actress
Salaam Namaste
Nominated
Stardust Awards
2004
Actor of the Year – Female
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Won
2005
Veer-Zaara
Won
2007
Best Supporting Actress
Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
Nominated
2009
Best Actress
The Last Lear
Nominated
2010
Heaven on Earth
Won
Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards
2009
Best Actress in a Canadian Film
Nominated
Zee Cine Awards
1999
Best Female Debut
Soldier
Won
2001
Best Actor – Female
Kya Kehna
Nominated
2003
Queen of Hearts
—
Won
2004
Star of the Year – Female
—
Won
Best Actor – Female
Kal Ho Naa Ho
Nominated
2005
Veer-Zaara
Nominated
2006
Salaam Namaste
Nominated
2007
Best Supporting Actress
Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna
Nominated
Honours and recognitions
2003: Mind of Steel Award Award at Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards, given to her for the "Courageous Act" of standing against the Mumbai underworld
2008: GR8! FLO Women Achievers Awards for achievement in films
2009: IIFA-FICCI Frames Awards, among 10 "Most Powerful Entertainers of the Decade"
2010: Honorary Doctorate of Arts, the University of East London, in honour of her cultural contribution and humanitarian work. Cited as "an international actress, pioneering star of Hindi cinema and devoted humanitarian. Preity has carved a path for women to follow."
2011: Venice Film Festival, "World Diamond Group Platinum Award for Peoples' Friendship"
2013: YFLO Young Women Achievers Award for achievement in films
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Bibliography
Clini, Clelia (14 November 2018). "Diasporic dreams and shattered desires: Displacement, identity and tradition in heaven on earth (Deepa Mehta, 2008)". In Bayman, Louis; Pinazza, Natália (eds.). Journeys on Screen: Theory, Ethics, Aesthetics. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 50–69. ISBN 978-1-4744-2184-3.
Dawar, Ramesh (2006). Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. Star Publications. ISBN 978-1-9058-630-13.
External links
Awards for Preity Zinta at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preity Zinta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preity_Zinta"},{"link_name":"Mani Ratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Ratnam"},{"link_name":"Dil Se..","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Se.."},{"link_name":"Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier_(1998_Indian_film)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawar200692-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT21-3"},{"link_name":"Best Female Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut"},{"link_name":"44th Filmfare Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/44th_Filmfare_Awards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FF98-4"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actress"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-5"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Kya Kehna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kya_Kehna"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT21-3"},{"link_name":"Mission Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Dil Chahta Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Chahta_Hai"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chori Chori Chupke Chupke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chori_Chori_Chupke_Chupke"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Dil Hai Tumhaara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Hai_Tumhaara"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Champagne-8"},{"link_name":"Armaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaan_(2003_film)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawar200692-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IT21-3"},{"link_name":"Kal Ho Naa Ho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDawar200693-10"},{"link_name":"Koi... Mil Gaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koi..._Mil_Gaya"},{"link_name":"Veer-Zaara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer-Zaara"},{"link_name":"Salaam Namaste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salaam_Namaste"},{"link_name":"Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worldwide_gross-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Overseas_market-12"},{"link_name":"Screen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Awards"},{"link_name":"Zee Cine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Awards"},{"link_name":"International Indian Film Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy"},{"link_name":"Stardust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-5"},{"link_name":"arthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthouse"},{"link_name":"parallel cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_cinema"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art_film-13"},{"link_name":"Deepa Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepa_Mehta"},{"link_name":"Heaven on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven_on_Earth_(2008_film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClini201852-14"},{"link_name":"Silver Hugo Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Hugo_Award_for_Best_Actress"},{"link_name":"Chicago International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Genie Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie_Awards"},{"link_name":"Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Canadian_Cinema_%26_Television"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Film Critics Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Film_Critics_Circle"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genienods-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VFCC-17"},{"link_name":"Style Diva of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Style_Diva_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Glamorous Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Award_for_Most_Glamorous_Star_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Queen of Hearts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_Queen_of_Hearts"},{"link_name":"Superstar of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_Cine_Award_Superstar_of_the_Year_-_Female"},{"link_name":"10th IIFA Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_IIFA_Awards"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-awards-5"},{"link_name":"Mind of Steel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Phillips_National_Bravery_Awards#Mind_of_steel_Award"},{"link_name":"Red and White Bravery Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_and_White_Bravery_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mumbai underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organised_crime_in_India#Mumbai_underworld"},{"link_name":"Bharat Shah case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preity_Zinta#Personal_life"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nation_applauded-19"},{"link_name":"University of East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_London"},{"link_name":"Honorary Doctorate of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr-20"}],"text":"Preity Zinta is an Indian actress, who has received several awards for her acting in Hindi films. Her career began in 1998 with Mani Ratnam's acclaimed drama Dil Se.. and the box office hit Soldier.[1][2] Both films won her the award for Best Female Debut at the 44th Filmfare Awards.[3] Her performance in Dil Se.. also earned her a Best Supporting Actress nomination at the same ceremony, while Soldier won her three more Best Debut awards at other major ceremonies.[4] Zinta received her first Filmfare nomination for Best Actress for her portrayal of a teenage single mother in Kya Kehna.[2] She followed these films with several critically and commercially successful films, such as Mission Kashmir (2000) and Dil Chahta Hai (2001),[5] and her performances in Chori Chori Chupke Chupke (2001),[6] Dil Hai Tumhaara (2002)[7] and Armaan (2003)[8] were praised.[1][2]Zinta won several awards for her performance in the romantic comedy-drama Kal Ho Naa Ho, including her first and only Filmfare Award for Best Actress.[9] She went on to star in top-grossing productions in India and abroad, including Koi... Mil Gaya (2003), Veer-Zaara (2004), Salaam Namaste (2005) and Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna (2006),[10][11] all of which earned her different nominations at major award ceremonies, which, in addition to Filmfare, include such organisations as Screen, Zee Cine, the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA), and Stardust, among others.[4] After a relatively low phase, she started appearing in arthouse films, known in India as parallel cinema.[12] She played her first international film role in Deepa Mehta's Canadian drama Heaven on Earth (2008, titled Videsh in India).[13] Her portrayal in the film won her the Silver Hugo Award for Best Actress at the Chicago International Film Festival,[14] and she was a Best Actress nominee at several award functions in Canada, including the Genie Awards by the Academy of Canadian Cinema & Television, and the Vancouver Film Critics Circle.[15][16]Apart from merit awards for her film performances, Zinta was awarded different non-acting honours at major film award functions. These include IIFA's Style Diva of the Year and Glamorous Star awards. She was named Zee Cine's Queen of Hearts in 2003 and female Superstar of the Year in 2004. In 2009, Zinta was one of five actresses nominated as \"Star of the Decade – Female\" at the 10th IIFA Awards.[4]\nIn addition to industry honours, Zinta has received several achievement awards for both her film career and her social activities. In 2003, Zinta became the first recipient of Godfrey's Mind of Steel Award at the annual Red and White Bravery Awards, given to her for the \"Courageous Act\" of standing against the Mumbai underworld after she became the only witness not to retract in court her earlier statements against the Indian mafia during the 2003 Bharat Shah case.[17][18] In 2010, the University of East London awarded Zinta with an Honorary Doctorate of Arts in honour of both her cultural contribution and her humanitarian work.[19]","title":"List of awards and nominations received by Preity Zinta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#A"},{"link_name":"B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#B"},{"link_name":"C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#C"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#F"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#G"},{"link_name":"I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#I"},{"link_name":"P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#P"},{"link_name":"S","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#S"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#V"},{"link_name":"Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Z"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bibliography"},{"link_name":"References","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#References"},{"link_name":"External links","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#External_links"}],"text":"Awards and nominations: A\nB\nC\nD\nE\nF\nG\nH\nI\nJ\nK\nL\nM\nN\nO\nP\nQ\nR\nS\nT\nU\nV\nW\nX\nY\nZ \n\n\nBibliography \nReferences\nExternal links","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mind of Steel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Phillips_National_Bravery_Awards#Mind_of_steel_Award"},{"link_name":"Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_Phillips_National_Bravery_Awards"},{"link_name":"Mumbai underworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organised_crime_in_India#Mumbai_underworld"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"IIFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"FICCI Frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FICCI"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Honorary Doctorate of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_degree"},{"link_name":"University of East London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_London"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dr-20"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"2003: Mind of Steel Award Award at Godfrey Phillips National Bravery Awards, given to her for the \"Courageous Act\" of standing against the Mumbai underworld[53]\n2008: GR8! FLO Women Achievers Awards for achievement in films[54]\n2009: IIFA-FICCI Frames Awards, among 10 \"Most Powerful Entertainers of the Decade\"[55]\n2010: Honorary Doctorate of Arts, the University of East London, in honour of her cultural contribution and humanitarian work.[19] Cited as \"an international actress, pioneering star of Hindi cinema and devoted humanitarian. Preity has carved a path for women to follow.\"[56]\n2011: Venice Film Festival, \"World Diamond Group Platinum Award for Peoples' Friendship\"[57]\n2013: YFLO Young Women Achievers Award for achievement in films[58][59]","title":"Honours and recognitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Diasporic dreams and shattered desires: Displacement, identity and tradition in heaven on earth (Deepa Mehta, 2008)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_JuhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA52"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4744-2184-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-2184-3"},{"link_name":"Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TO6Fmi8FraUC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-9058-630-13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9058-630-13"}],"text":"Clini, Clelia (14 November 2018). \"Diasporic dreams and shattered desires: Displacement, identity and tradition in heaven on earth (Deepa Mehta, 2008)\". In Bayman, Louis; Pinazza, Natália (eds.). Journeys on Screen: Theory, Ethics, Aesthetics. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 50–69. ISBN 978-1-4744-2184-3.\nDawar, Ramesh (2006). Bollywood: Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow. Star Publications. ISBN 978-1-9058-630-13.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Parashar, Shivam (31 January 2021). \"Mission Kashmir to Veer Zaara, a look at Preity Zinta's best Bollywood films\". India Today. Retrieved 7 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/mission-kashmir-to-veer-zaara-a-look-at-preity-zinta-s-best-bollywood-films-1764053-2021-01-31","url_text":"\"Mission Kashmir to Veer Zaara, a look at Preity Zinta's best Bollywood films\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today","url_text":"India Today"}]},{"reference":"\"The Winners – 1998\". Filmfare. The Times Group. Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. 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Retrieved 4 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150409162434/http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20020930/cinema.html","url_text":"\"The Champagne Girl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today","url_text":"India Today"},{"url":"http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20020930/cinema.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bariana, Sanjeev Singh (18 May 2003). \"Preity Zinta all the way\". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 1 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/cth2.htm#7","url_text":"\"Preity Zinta all the way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)","url_text":"The Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080315213113/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030518/cth2.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs)\". Box Office India. Archived from the original on 21 October 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Burghley | Marquess of Exeter | ["1 History","1.1 Creation as Marquess","2 Marquess of Exeter, first creation (1525)","3 Barons Burghley (1571)","4 Earls of Exeter (1605)","5 Marquesses of Exeter, second creation (1801)","6 Family tree","7 Line of succession","8 See also","9 Notes","10 References"] | Title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Marquessate of ExeterArms: Barry of ten Argent and Azure, six Escutcheons, three, two, and one, Sable, each charged with a Lion rampant Argent. Crest: On a Chapeau Gules, turned up Ermine, a Garb Or, supported by two Lions, the dexter Argent, and the sinister Azure. Supporters: On either side a Lion Ermine.Creation date4 February 1801CreationSecondCreated byKing George IIIPeeragePeerage of the United KingdomFirst holderHenry Cecil, 10th Earl of ExeterPresent holderMichael Cecil, 8th Marquess of ExeterHeir apparentAnthony Cecil, Baron BurghleyRemainder toThe 1st Marquess's heirs male of the body lawfully begottenSubsidiary titlesEarl of Exeter Baron BurghleySeat(s)Burghley HouseMottoCor unum via una (One heart, one way)
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley
Marquess of Exeter is a title that has been created twice, once in the peerage of England and once in the peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came in the peerage of England in 1525 for Henry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon. For more information on this creation, which was forfeited in 1538, see Earl of Devon.
History
The title is chiefly associated with the Cecil family, descended from the courtier Sir Richard Cecil of the parish of Stamford Baron St Martin in Northamptonshire. His only son, Sir William Cecil, was a prominent statesman and served as Secretary of State, Lord High Treasurer and Lord Privy Seal. In 1571 he was created Baron Burghley, in the County of Northampton, in the Peerage of England. His son from his second marriage to Mildred Cooke, Sir Robert Cecil, was created Earl of Salisbury in 1605 and is the ancestor of the Marquesses of Salisbury. Lord Burghley was succeeded by his son from his first marriage to Mary Cheke, Thomas, the second Baron. He represented Stamford, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire in the House of Commons, served as Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire and as President of the Council of the North and was also a distinguished soldier. In 1605 Thomas Cecil was created Earl of Exeter in the Peerage of England (on the same day his half-brother was created Earl of Salisbury).
Thomas was succeeded by his eldest son William Cecil, the second Earl. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire. Lord Exeter married as his first wife Elizabeth, 16th Baroness de Ros. Their son William succeeded his mother in the barony at the age of one. However, he died childless during his father's lifetime (when the barony was inherited by his cousin Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland). Lord Exeter had no other sons and was succeeded by his nephew, the third Earl. He was the son of Sir Richard Cecil, second son of the first Earl. He represented Peterborough in the Short Parliament. His son, the fourth Earl, was Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl. He sat as member of parliament for Northamptonshire.
His son, the sixth Earl, represented Rutland in Parliament and served as Lord Lieutenant of Rutland. His second son, the eighth Earl (who succeeded his elder brother), briefly represented Stamford in the House of Commons. His eldest son, the ninth Earl, was member of parliament for Rutland and also Lord Lieutenant of that county. He was childless and was succeeded by his nephew, the tenth Earl. He was the son of Thomas Chambers Cecil, second son of the eighth Earl.
Creation as Marquess
Lord Exeter represented Stamford in Parliament for sixteen years. In 1801 he was created Marquess of Exeter in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.
His son, the second Marquess, was a Tory politician and notably served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and Lord Steward of the Household. He was succeeded by his son, the third Marquess. He was a Conservative politician and held office as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. His eldest son, the fourth Marquess, represented Northamptonshire North in the House of Commons and served briefly as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household under his kinsman Lord Salisbury. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Marquess. He was a Colonel in the Royal Field Artillery and served as Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire.
Burghley House, the ancestral seat of the Marquesses of Exeter
His eldest son, the sixth Marquess, was a Conservative politician and prominent athlete and sports official. He won the 400-metre hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics and was later President of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and vice-president of the International Olympic Committee. Lord Exeter also represented Peterborough in the House of Commons and served as Governor of Bermuda. He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the seventh Marquess. He was proprietor of a cattle ranch at 100 Mile House, British Columbia, in Canada. In 1954 he became head of the Emissaries of Divine Light, an obscure religious group. As of 2013 the titles are held by his only son, the eighth Marquess, who succeeded in 1988. He operates the ranch; from 1988 to 1996 he also headed the Emissaries of Divine Light.
Another member of the Cecil family was the naval commander Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon (a title which became extinct on his death in 1638). He was the third son of the first Earl of Exeter. Also, Lord William Cecil, third son of the third Marquess, married Mary, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney. Their grandson William succeeded in the barony in 1919. Another member of this branch of the family is Vice-Admiral Sir Nigel Cecil. The champion racehorse trainer Sir Henry Cecil was the son of Henry Cecil, a younger brother of the third Baron. Lord John Joicey-Cecil, fourth son of the third Marquess, was Conservative Member of Parliament for Stamford.
The marquessate of Exeter is the senior marquessate in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Marquesses also hold the title of hereditary Grand Almoner and Lord Paramount of Peterborough.
The ancestral home of the Marquesses of Exeter is Burghley House, near Stamford, Lincolnshire; it is now run by a trust founded by the family. Former properties include Cecil House in London and Exeter House, Derby. The traditional burial place of the Cecils of Burghley House and the Marquesses of Exeter is the Burghley Chapel in St Martin's Church, Stamford.
Marquess of Exeter, first creation (1525)
Arms of Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (first creation): Quarterly, 1st: Royal arms of Edward IV, within a bordure counter-changed; 2nd & 3rd: Or, three torteaux gules (Courtenay); 4th: Or, a lion rampant azure (Redvers)
Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, 2nd Earl of Devon (attainted 1538, executed 1539); for his family, see Earl of Devon.
Barons Burghley (1571)
William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1521–1598)
Thomas Cecil, 2nd Baron Burghley (1542–1623) (created Earl of Exeter in 1605)
Earls of Exeter (1605)
Other titles (1st Earl onwards): Baron Burghley (Eng 1571)
Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter (1542–1623)
William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter (1566–1640)
David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter (c. 1600–1643)
John Cecil, 4th Earl of Exeter (1628–1678)
John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter (c. 1648–1700)
John Cecil, 6th Earl of Exeter (1674–1721)
John Cecil, 7th Earl of Exeter (c. 1700–1722)
Brownlow Cecil, 8th Earl of Exeter (1701–1754)
Brownlow Cecil, 9th Earl of Exeter (1725–1793)
Henry Cecil, 10th Earl of Exeter (1754–1804) (created Marquess of Exeter in 1801)
Marquesses of Exeter, second creation (1801)
Other titles (1st Marquess onwards): Baron Burghley (Eng 1571), Earl of Exeter (Eng 1605)
Henry Cecil, 1st Marquess of Exeter (1754–1804)
Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter (1795–1867)
William Alleyne Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter (1825–1895)
Brownlow Henry George Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter (1849–1898)
William Thomas Brownlow Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter (1876–1956)
David George Brownlow Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter (1905–1981)
(William) Martin Alleyne Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter (1909–1988)
(William) Michael Anthony Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter (b. 1935)
Notes:
The heir apparent is the present holder's son Anthony John Cecil, Lord Burghley (b. 1970).
The heir apparent's heir presumptive is his fourth cousin (Hugh) William Amherst Cecil, 5th Baron Amherst of Hackney (b. 1968), who is descended from the third son of the third Marquess.
His heir is his only son Jack William Cecil (b. 2001)
Family tree
vtede Redvers & Courtenay Family Tree, including:Earls of Devon (Creations of 1141, 1485, 1511 & 1553); Courtenay Barons (1299); Marquess of Exeter (1525); Viscount Courtenay (1762); Courtenay Baronets of Powderham Castle (1644)
Richard de Redvers(d. 1107)
Earl of Devon (1st creation), probably in early 1141
Baldwin de Redvers(c. 1095–1155)Created 11411st Earl of Devon
Richard de Redvers(d. 1162)2nd Earl of DevonWilliam de Redvers (aka de Vernon)(d. 1217)5th Earl of DevonRenaud de Courtenay(d. 1194)
Baldwin de Redvers(d. 1188)3rd Earl of DevonRichard de Redvers(fl. c. 1066 d. 1234)4th Earl of DevonBaldwin de Redvers(d. 1216)Mary de VernonRobert de Courtenay(d. 1242)
Baldwin de Redvers(1217–1245)6th Earl of DevonJohn de Courtenay(d. 1274)
Baldwin de Redvers(1236–1262)7th Earl of DevonIsabel de Redvers(1237–1293)suo jure8th Countess of DevonHugh Courtenay(1249–1292)
Baron Courtenay, 1299Earl of Devon (2nd creation or continuation of 1st creation), 1335
Hugh de Courtenay(1276–1340)1st Baron Courtenay1st/9th Earl of Devon
Hugh de Courtenay(1303–1377)2nd Baron Courtenay2nd/10th Earl of Devon
Hugh Courtenay(1327–1348)Edward Courtenay of Godlington(c. 1331–1368/1371)William Courtenay(c. 1342–1396)Archbishop of CanterburyPhilip Courtenay(c. 1355–1406)
Hugh Courtenay(c. 1345–1374)3rd Baron CourtenayEdward de Courtenay(1357–1419)4th Baron Courtenay3rd/11th Earl of DevonHugh CourtenayJohn Courtenay(d. before 1415)
Edward de Courtenay(c. 1385–1418)Styled Lord CourtenayHugh de Courtenay(1389–1422)5th Baron Courtenay4th/12th Earl of DevonHugh Courtenay(d. 1471)Philip Courtenay(1404–1463)
Thomas de Courtenay(1414–1458)6th Baron Courtenay5th/13th Earl of DevonEdward Courtenay(d. 1509)Created 14851st Earl of DevonForfeit at his death byhis son's attainder 1504William Courtenay(d. 1485)
Thomas Courtenay(1432–1461)7th Baron Courtenay6th/14th Earl of DevonJohn Courtenay(1435–1471)Attaider of 1461 reversedTitle restored 14707th/15th Earl of DevonTitle in Abeyance 1471–1485Attainder of 1461re-invoked 1485, title forfeitWilliam Courtenay(d. 1511)Attainted 1504Restored and Created 15111st Earl of DevonWilliam Courtenay(d. 1512)
Earldom of Devon and Barony of Courtenay forfeit, 1461Earldom of Devon forfeit, 1485
Marquess of Exeter, 1525
Henry Courtenay(1498–1538)2nd Earl of DevonCreated 15251st Marquess of ExeterAttainted 1538Titles forfeitWilliam Courtenay(1477–1535)
Marquessate of Exeter and Earldom of Devon forfeit, 1538
Earl of Devon, (2nd creation) 1553
Edward Courtenay(1527–1556)Created 15531st Earl of DevonTitle granted with remainderto heirs male whatsoeverTitle Dormant until 1831George Courtenay
William Courtenay(1529–1557)de jure2nd Earl of Devon
William Courtenay(1543–1630)de jure3rd Earl of Devon
William Courtenay(d. 1605)Francis Courtenayde jure4th Earl of Devon(c. 1576–1638)
William Courtenay(1628–1702)Created 16441st Baronet of Powderham Castlede jure5th Earl of Devon
Francis Courtenay(1650–1699)
William Courtenay(1675/6-1735)2nd Baronet of Powderham Castlede jure6th Earl of Devon
William Courtenay(1709–1762)3rd Baronet of Powderham CastleCreated 17621st Viscount Courtenayde jure7th Earl of DevonHenry Reginald Courtenay(1714–1763)
William Courtenay(1742–1788)2nd Viscount Courtenayde jure8th Earl of DevonWilliam Courtenay(1738–1783)Henry Reginald Courtenay(1741–1803)Bishop of Exeter
William Courtenay(1768–1835)3rd Viscount CourtenayClaim established1831 to Earldom9th Earl of DevonViscountcy ExtinctWilliam Courtenay(1777–1859)10th Earl of Devon
William Reginald Courtenay(1807–1888)11th Earl of DevonHenry Hugh Courtenay(1811–1904)13th Earl of DevonThomas Peregrine Courtenay(1782–1841)
Edward Baldwin Courtenay(1836–1891)12th Earl of DevonHenry Reginald Courtenay(1850–1897)Styled Lord Courtenay
Charles Pepys Courtenay(1870–1927)14th Earl of DevonHenry Hugh Courtenay(1872–1935)15th Earl of DevonFrederick Leslie Courtenay(1875–1935)16th Earl of Devon
Charles Christopher Courtenay(1916–1998)17th Earl of Devon
Hugh Rupert Courtenay(1942–2015)18th Earl of Devon
Charles Peregrine Courtenay(b. 1975)19th Earl of Devon
Jack Haydon Langer Courtenay(b. 2009)Styled Lord CourtenayHeir Apparent
vteCecil family tree, including earls of Exeter and Salisbury (1605) and marquesses of Exeter (1801) and Salisbury
David Cecilc. 1460–c. 1540
Richard Cecilc. 1495–1553
Baron Burghley, 1571
William Cecil1520–15981st Baron BurghleyMildred Cooke1526–1589
Earl of Exeter, 1605Baron Cecil, 1603Viscount Cranborne, 1604Earl of Salisbury (5th creation), 1605
Thomas Cecil1542–16231st Earl of Exeter, 2nd Baron BurghleyRobert Cecil1563–16121st Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon
Viscount Wimbledon and Baron Cecil of Putney, 1625
William Cecil1566–16002nd Earl of Exeter, 3rd Baron BurghleyRichard Cecil1570–1633Edward Cecil1572–16381st Viscount Wimbledon and Baron Cecil of PutneyThomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk1561–16261st Earl of Suffolk
Barony Cecil of Putney and viscounty Wimbledon extinct, 1638
David Cecilc. 1600–16433rd Earl of Exeter, 4th Baron BurghleyWilliam Cecil1591–16682nd Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of EssendonCatherinec. 1590–1673
John Cecil1628–16784th Earl of Exeter, 5th Baron BurghleyCharles Cecil1619–1660styled Viscount CranborneJohn Manners1604–16798th Earl of Rutland
John Cecilc. 1648–17005th Earl of Exeter, 6th Baron BurghleyJames Cecil1648–16833rd Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of EssendonMargaretd. c. 1682
John Cecil1674–17216th Earl of Exeter, 7th Baron BurghleyJames Cecil1666–16944th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of EssendonThomas Tufton1644–17296th Earl of Thanet
John Cecilc. 1700–17227th Earl of Exeter, 8th Baron BurghleyBrownlow Cecil1701–17548th Earl of Exeter, 9th Baron BurghleyJames Cecil1691–17285th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of EssendonAnne1693–1757
Brownlow Cecil1725–17939th Earl of Exeter, 10th Baron BurghleyJames Cecil1713–17806th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of EssendonWills Hill1718–17931st Marquess of Downshire
Marquess of Exeter (2nd creation), 1801Marquess of Salisbury, 1789
Henry Cecil1725–17931st Marquess of Exeter, 10th Earl of Exeter, 11th Baron BurghleyJames Cecil1743–18231st Marquess of Salisbury, 7th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of EssendonEmily1750–1835
Brownlow Cecil1795–18672nd Marquess of Exeter, 11th Earl of Exeter, 12th Baron BurghleyJames Brownlow William Gascoyne-Cecil1791–18682nd Marquess of Salisbury, 8th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon
William Allen Cecil1825–18953rd Marquess of Exeter, 12th Earl of Exeter, 13th Baron BurghleyJames Emilius William Evelyn Gascoyne-Cecil1821–1865styled Viscount CranborneRobert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil1830–19033rd Marquess of Salisbury, 9th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon
Viscount Cecil of Chelwood, 1923
Brownlow Henry George Cecil1849–18984th Marquess of Exeter, 13th Earl of Exeter, 14th Baron BurghleyMary Rothes Margaret Cecil1857–19192nd Baroness Amherst of HackneyWilliam Cecil1854–1943James Edward Hubert Gascoyne-Cecil1861–19474th Marquess of Salisbury, 10th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of EssendonEdgar Algernon Robert Gascoyne-Cecil1864–19581st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
Viscounty Cecil of Chelwood extinct, 1958
William Thomas Brownlow Cecil1876–19565th Marquess of Exeter, 14th Earl of Exeter, 15th Baron BurghleyWilliam Amherst Cecil1886–1914Robert Arthur James Gascoyne-Cecil1893–19725th Marquess of Salisbury, 11th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon
David George Brownlow Cecil1905–19816th Marquess of Exeter, 15th Earl of Exeter, 16th Baron BurghleyWilliam Martin Alleyne Cecil1909–19887th Marquess of Exeter, 16th Earl of Exeter, 17th Baron BurghleyWilliam Alexander Evering Cecil1912–19803rd Baron Amherst of HackneyRobert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecil1916–20036th Marquess of Salisbury, 12th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon
William Michael Anthony Cecilb. 19358th Marquess of Exeter, 17th Earl of Exeter, 18th Baron BurghleyWilliam Hugh Amherst Cecil1940–20094th Baron Amherst of HackneyRobert Edward Peter Gascoyne-Cecilb. 19467th Marquess of Salisbury, 13th Earl of Salisbury, Viscount Cranborne, and Baron Cecil of Essendon
Anthony Cecilb. 1970styled Lord BurghleyExeter heir apparentHugh William Amherst Cecilb. 19685th Baron Amherst of Hackney2nd in line to ExeterRobert Edward "Ned" William Gascoyne-Cecilb. 1970styled Viscount CranborneSalisbury heir apparentJames Richard Gascoyne-Cecilb. 19762nd in line to Salisbury
Line of succession
Line of succession (simplified)
William Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter (1825–1895)
Brownlow Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter (1849–1898)
William Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter (1876–1956)
(William) Martin Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter (1909–1988)
(William) Michael Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter (born 1935)
(1). Anthony John Cecil, Lord Burghley (born 1970)
Lord William Cecil (1854–1943) m. Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney (1857–1919)
William Amherst Cecil (1886–1914)
William Cecil, 3rd Baron Amherst of Hackney (1912–1980)
William Cecil, 4th Baron Amherst of Hackney (1940–2009)
(2, 1). (Hugh) William Cecil, 5th Baron Amherst of Hackney (born 1968)
(3, 2).Jack William Amherst Cecil (born 2001)
(4, 3).Anthony Henry Amherst Cecil (born 1947)
(5, 4). Henry Edward Amherst Cecil (born 1976)
(6, 5). George William Amherst Cecil (born 2009)
(7, 6). Thomas Anthony Amherst Cecil (born 1981)
Henry Kerr Auchmuty Cecil (1914–1942)
male issue and descendants in remainder
Alexander James Amherst Burnett of Leys (b. 1973)
male issue in remainder
Henry Richard Amherst Cecil (1943–2013)
male issue and descendants in remainder
David Henry Amherst Cecil (1943–2000)
male issue and descendants in remainder
Thomas James Amherst Cecil (1887–1955)
Barclay James Amherst Cecil (1913–1987)
male issue and descendants in remainder
John Francis Amherst Cecil (1890–1954)
George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil (1925–2020)
male issue and descendants in remainder
William Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil (1928–2017)
male issue and descendants in remainder
Henry Mitford Amherst Cecil (1893–1962)
Sir Oswald Nigel Amherst Cecil (1925–2017)
male issue and descendants in remainder
Lord John Pakenham Joicey-Cecil (1867–1942)
Edward Wilfred George Joicey-Cecil (1912–1985)
male issue and descendants in remainder
See also
Viscount Wimbledon
Marquess of Salisbury
Baron de Ros
Baron Rockley
Viscount Cecil of Chelwood
Baron Quickswood
Baron Amherst of Hackney
Notes
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Marquess of Exeter" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
^ "No. 15324". The London Gazette. 3 January 1801. p. 10.
^ Mosley, Charles, ed. (1999). "Amherst of Hackney". Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. Vol. 1 (106th ed.). Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. pp. 67–68. ISBN 2-940085-02-1.
^ Morris, Susan; Bosberry-Scott, Wendy; Belfield, Gervase, eds. (2019). "Amherst of Hackney, Baron". Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. Vol. 1 (150th ed.). London: Debrett's Ltd. pp. 330–334. ISBN 978-1-999767-0-5-1.
References
Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 357.
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,
Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages
vteExtant marquessates in the peerages of Britain and IrelandSorted by (historical) entity at time of grantEngland
Winchester
Scotland
Huntly
Queensberry
Tweeddale
Lothian
Great Britain
Lansdowne
Townshend
Salisbury
Bath
Hertford
Bute
Ireland
Waterford
Downshire
Donegall
Headfort
Sligo
Ely
Conyngham
Londonderry
United Kingdom
Exeter
Northampton
Camden
Anglesey
Cholmondeley
Ailesbury
Bristol
Ailsa
Normanby
Abergavenny
Zetland
Linlithgow
Aberdeen and Temair
Milford Haven
Reading | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cecilsr.JPG"},{"link_name":"William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley"},{"link_name":"peerage of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_England"},{"link_name":"peerage of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peerage_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Henry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Devon"}],"text":"William Cecil, 1st Baron BurghleyMarquess of Exeter is a title that has been created twice, once in the peerage of England and once in the peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came in the peerage of England in 1525 for Henry Courtenay, 2nd Earl of Devon. For more information on this creation, which was forfeited in 1538, see Earl of Devon.","title":"Marquess of Exeter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cecil_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Stamford Baron St Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Baron_St_Martin"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Sir William Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley"},{"link_name":"Lord High Treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer"},{"link_name":"Lord Privy Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal"},{"link_name":"Sir Robert Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Marquesses of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"William Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Northamptonshire"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth, 16th Baroness de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Manners,_16th_Baroness_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_17th_Baron_de_Ros"},{"link_name":"Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Manners,_6th_Earl_of_Rutland"},{"link_name":"third Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cecil,_3rd_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Short Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Parliament"},{"link_name":"fourth Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil,_4th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"fifth Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil,_5th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"sixth Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil,_6th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Lord Lieutenant of Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Rutland"},{"link_name":"eighth Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_8th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"ninth Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_9th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"tenth Earl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cecil,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"}],"text":"The title is chiefly associated with the Cecil family, descended from the courtier Sir Richard Cecil of the parish of Stamford Baron St Martin in Northamptonshire. His only son, Sir William Cecil, was a prominent statesman and served as Secretary of State, Lord High Treasurer and Lord Privy Seal. In 1571 he was created Baron Burghley, in the County of Northampton, in the Peerage of England. His son from his second marriage to Mildred Cooke, Sir Robert Cecil, was created Earl of Salisbury in 1605 and is the ancestor of the Marquesses of Salisbury. Lord Burghley was succeeded by his son from his first marriage to Mary Cheke, Thomas, the second Baron. He represented Stamford, Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire in the House of Commons, served as Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire and as President of the Council of the North and was also a distinguished soldier. In 1605 Thomas Cecil was created Earl of Exeter in the Peerage of England (on the same day his half-brother was created Earl of Salisbury).Thomas was succeeded by his eldest son William Cecil, the second Earl. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire. Lord Exeter married as his first wife Elizabeth, 16th Baroness de Ros. Their son William succeeded his mother in the barony at the age of one. However, he died childless during his father's lifetime (when the barony was inherited by his cousin Francis Manners, 6th Earl of Rutland). Lord Exeter had no other sons and was succeeded by his nephew, the third Earl. He was the son of Sir Richard Cecil, second son of the first Earl. He represented Peterborough in the Short Parliament. His son, the fourth Earl, was Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Earl. He sat as member of parliament for Northamptonshire.His son, the sixth Earl, represented Rutland in Parliament and served as Lord Lieutenant of Rutland. His second son, the eighth Earl (who succeeded his elder brother), briefly represented Stamford in the House of Commons. His eldest son, the ninth Earl, was member of parliament for Rutland and also Lord Lieutenant of that county. He was childless and was succeeded by his nephew, the tenth Earl. He was the son of Thomas Chambers Cecil, second son of the eighth Earl.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"second Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_2nd_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"Lord Chamberlain of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"Lord Steward of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Steward_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"third Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"Vice-Chamberlain of the Household","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Chamberlain_of_the_Household"},{"link_name":"Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_of_the_Honourable_Corps_of_Gentlemen-at-Arms"},{"link_name":"fourth Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Northamptonshire North","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Lord Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"fifth Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Royal Field Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Field_Artillery"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Burghley1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burghley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghley_House"},{"link_name":"sixth Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"400-metre hurdles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400-metre_hurdles"},{"link_name":"1928 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"International Amateur Athletic Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Amateur_Athletic_Federation"},{"link_name":"International Olympic Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee"},{"link_name":"Governor of Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Bermuda"},{"link_name":"seventh Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"100 Mile House, British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_Mile_House,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Emissaries of Divine Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissaries_of_Divine_Light"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess_of_Exeter&action=edit"},{"link_name":"eighth Marquess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cecil,_8th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Wimbledon"},{"link_name":"Lord William Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_William_Cecil_(courtier)"},{"link_name":"Vice-Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice-Admiral"},{"link_name":"Nigel Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Henry Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Lord John Joicey-Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_John_Joicey-Cecil"},{"link_name":"Grand Almoner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Almoner"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough"},{"link_name":"Burghley House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burghley_House"},{"link_name":"Stamford, Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Cecil House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_House"},{"link_name":"Exeter House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_House"},{"link_name":"St Martin's Church, Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Martin%27s_Church,_Stamford"}],"sub_title":"Creation as Marquess","text":"Lord Exeter represented Stamford in Parliament for sixteen years. In 1801 he was created Marquess of Exeter in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.[1]His son, the second Marquess, was a Tory politician and notably served as Lord Chamberlain of the Household and Lord Steward of the Household. He was succeeded by his son, the third Marquess. He was a Conservative politician and held office as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household and Captain of the Honourable Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms. His eldest son, the fourth Marquess, represented Northamptonshire North in the House of Commons and served briefly as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household under his kinsman Lord Salisbury. He was succeeded by his son, the fifth Marquess. He was a Colonel in the Royal Field Artillery and served as Lord Lieutenant of Northamptonshire.Burghley House, the ancestral seat of the Marquesses of ExeterHis eldest son, the sixth Marquess, was a Conservative politician and prominent athlete and sports official. He won the 400-metre hurdles at the 1928 Summer Olympics and was later President of the International Amateur Athletic Federation and vice-president of the International Olympic Committee. Lord Exeter also represented Peterborough in the House of Commons and served as Governor of Bermuda. He died without surviving male issue and was succeeded by his younger brother, the seventh Marquess. He was proprietor of a cattle ranch at 100 Mile House, British Columbia, in Canada. In 1954 he became head of the Emissaries of Divine Light, an obscure religious group. As of 2013[update] the titles are held by his only son, the eighth Marquess, who succeeded in 1988. He operates the ranch; from 1988 to 1996 he also headed the Emissaries of Divine Light.Another member of the Cecil family was the naval commander Edward Cecil, 1st Viscount Wimbledon (a title which became extinct on his death in 1638). He was the third son of the first Earl of Exeter. Also, Lord William Cecil, third son of the third Marquess, married Mary, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney. Their grandson William succeeded in the barony in 1919. Another member of this branch of the family is Vice-Admiral Sir Nigel Cecil. The champion racehorse trainer Sir Henry Cecil was the son of Henry Cecil, a younger brother of the third Baron. Lord John Joicey-Cecil, fourth son of the third Marquess, was Conservative Member of Parliament for Stamford.The marquessate of Exeter is the senior marquessate in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The Marquesses also hold the title of hereditary Grand Almoner and Lord Paramount of Peterborough.The ancestral home of the Marquesses of Exeter is Burghley House, near Stamford, Lincolnshire; it is now run by a trust founded by the family. Former properties include Cecil House in London and Exeter House, Derby. The traditional burial place of the Cecils of Burghley House and the Marquesses of Exeter is the Burghley Chapel in St Martin's Church, Stamford.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arms_of_Henry_Courtenay,_Marquess_of_Exeter.svg"},{"link_name":"Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Edward IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_IV"},{"link_name":"torteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roundel"},{"link_name":"Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"Redvers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Courtenay,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Devon"}],"text":"Arms of Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (first creation): Quarterly, 1st: Royal arms of Edward IV, within a bordure counter-changed; 2nd & 3rd: Or, three torteaux gules (Courtenay); 4th: Or, a lion rampant azure (Redvers)Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter, 2nd Earl of Devon (attainted 1538, executed 1539); for his family, see Earl of Devon.","title":"Marquess of Exeter, first creation (1525)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cecil, 2nd Baron Burghley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Exeter"}],"text":"William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1521–1598)\nThomas Cecil, 2nd Baron Burghley (1542–1623) (created Earl of Exeter in 1605)","title":"Barons Burghley (1571)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"David Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cecil,_3rd_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"John Cecil, 4th Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil,_4th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"John Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil,_5th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"John Cecil, 6th Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil,_6th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"John Cecil, 7th Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cecil,_7th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Brownlow Cecil, 8th Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_8th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Brownlow Cecil, 9th Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_9th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Henry Cecil, 10th Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cecil,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"}],"text":"Other titles (1st Earl onwards): Baron Burghley (Eng 1571)Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter (1542–1623)\nWilliam Cecil, 2nd Earl of Exeter (1566–1640)\nDavid Cecil, 3rd Earl of Exeter (c. 1600–1643)\nJohn Cecil, 4th Earl of Exeter (1628–1678)\nJohn Cecil, 5th Earl of Exeter (c. 1648–1700)\nJohn Cecil, 6th Earl of Exeter (1674–1721)\nJohn Cecil, 7th Earl of Exeter (c. 1700–1722)\nBrownlow Cecil, 8th Earl of Exeter (1701–1754)\nBrownlow Cecil, 9th Earl of Exeter (1725–1793)\nHenry Cecil, 10th Earl of Exeter (1754–1804) (created Marquess of Exeter in 1801)","title":"Earls of Exeter (1605)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Cecil, 1st Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cecil,_1st_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_2nd_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"William Alleyne Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Brownlow Henry George Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"William Thomas Brownlow Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"David George Brownlow Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cecil,_6th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"(William) Martin Alleyne Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"(William) Michael Anthony Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cecil,_8th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"heir apparent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_apparent"},{"link_name":"heir presumptive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heir_presumptive"},{"link_name":"5th Baron Amherst of Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Amherst_of_Hackney"}],"text":"Other titles (1st Marquess onwards): Baron Burghley (Eng 1571), Earl of Exeter (Eng 1605)Henry Cecil, 1st Marquess of Exeter (1754–1804)\nBrownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter (1795–1867)\nWilliam Alleyne Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter (1825–1895)\nBrownlow Henry George Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter (1849–1898)\nWilliam Thomas Brownlow Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter (1876–1956)\nDavid George Brownlow Cecil, 6th Marquess of Exeter (1905–1981)\n(William) Martin Alleyne Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter (1909–1988)\n(William) Michael Anthony Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter (b. 1935)Notes:The heir apparent is the present holder's son Anthony John Cecil, Lord Burghley (b. 1970).\nThe heir apparent's heir presumptive is his fourth cousin (Hugh) William Amherst Cecil, 5th Baron Amherst of Hackney (b. 1968), who is descended from the third son of the third Marquess.\nHis heir is his only son Jack William Cecil (b. 2001)","title":"Marquesses of Exeter, second creation (1801)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Family tree"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Marquess.svg"},{"link_name":"William Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Marquess.svg"},{"link_name":"Brownlow Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownlow_Cecil,_4th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Marquess.svg"},{"link_name":"William Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cecil,_5th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Marquess.svg"},{"link_name":"(William) Martin Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Cecil,_7th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Marquess.svg"},{"link_name":"(William) Michael Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Cecil,_8th_Marquess_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Lord William Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_William_Cecil_(courtier)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Baron.svg"},{"link_name":"Alexander James Amherst Burnett of Leys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Burnett_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Henry Richard Amherst Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cecil"},{"link_name":"John Francis Amherst Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Francis_Amherst_Cecil"},{"link_name":"George Henry Vanderbilt Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Vanderbilt_Cecil"},{"link_name":"William Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Amherst_Vanderbilt_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Oswald Nigel Amherst Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigel_Cecil"},{"link_name":"Lord John Pakenham Joicey-Cecil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_John_Joicey-Cecil"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Line of succession (simplified)\n\n\n\n\n William Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Exeter (1825–1895)\n Brownlow Cecil, 4th Marquess of Exeter (1849–1898)\n William Cecil, 5th Marquess of Exeter (1876–1956)\n (William) Martin Cecil, 7th Marquess of Exeter (1909–1988)\n (William) Michael Cecil, 8th Marquess of Exeter (born 1935)\n(1). Anthony John Cecil, Lord Burghley (born 1970)\nLord William Cecil (1854–1943) m. Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney (1857–1919)\nWilliam Amherst Cecil (1886–1914)\n William Cecil, 3rd Baron Amherst of Hackney (1912–1980)\n William Cecil, 4th Baron Amherst of Hackney (1940–2009)\n (2, 1). (Hugh) William Cecil, 5th Baron Amherst of Hackney (born 1968)\n(3, 2).Jack William Amherst Cecil (born 2001)\n(4, 3).Anthony Henry Amherst Cecil (born 1947)\n(5, 4). Henry Edward Amherst Cecil (born 1976)\n(6, 5). George William Amherst Cecil (born 2009)\n(7, 6). Thomas Anthony Amherst Cecil (born 1981)\nHenry Kerr Auchmuty Cecil (1914–1942)\nmale issue and descendants in remainder\nAlexander James Amherst Burnett of Leys (b. 1973)\nmale issue in remainder\nHenry Richard Amherst Cecil (1943–2013)\nmale issue and descendants in remainder\nDavid Henry Amherst Cecil (1943–2000)\nmale issue and descendants in remainder\nThomas James Amherst Cecil (1887–1955)\nBarclay James Amherst Cecil (1913–1987)\nmale issue and descendants in remainder\nJohn Francis Amherst Cecil (1890–1954)\nGeorge Henry Vanderbilt Cecil (1925–2020)\nmale issue and descendants in remainder\nWilliam Amherst Vanderbilt Cecil (1928–2017)\nmale issue and descendants in remainder\nHenry Mitford Amherst Cecil (1893–1962)\nSir Oswald Nigel Amherst Cecil (1925–2017)\nmale issue and descendants in remainder\nLord John Pakenham Joicey-Cecil (1867–1942)\nEdward Wilfred George Joicey-Cecil (1912–1985)\nmale issue and descendants in remainder\n\n[2][3]","title":"Line of succession"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"No. 15324\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15324/page/10"},{"link_name":"The London Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-940085-02-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-940085-02-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-999767-0-5-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-999767-0-5-1"}],"text":"^ \"No. 15324\". The London Gazette. 3 January 1801. p. 10.\n\n^ Mosley, Charles, ed. (1999). \"Amherst of Hackney\". Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. Vol. 1 (106th ed.). Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. pp. 67–68. ISBN 2-940085-02-1.\n\n^ Morris, Susan; Bosberry-Scott, Wendy; Belfield, Gervase, eds. (2019). \"Amherst of Hackney, Baron\". Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. Vol. 1 (150th ed.). London: Debrett's Ltd. pp. 330–334. ISBN 978-1-999767-0-5-1.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Cecilsr.JPG/250px-Cecilsr.JPG"},{"image_text":"Burghley House, the ancestral seat of the Marquesses of Exeter","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Burghley1.jpg/250px-Burghley1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arms of Henry Courtenay, 1st Marquess of Exeter (first creation): Quarterly, 1st: Royal arms of Edward IV, within a bordure counter-changed; 2nd & 3rd: Or, three torteaux gules (Courtenay); 4th: Or, a lion rampant azure (Redvers)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Arms_of_Henry_Courtenay%2C_Marquess_of_Exeter.svg/220px-Arms_of_Henry_Courtenay%2C_Marquess_of_Exeter.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Viscount Wimbledon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Wimbledon"},{"title":"Marquess of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury"},{"title":"Baron de Ros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_de_Ros"},{"title":"Baron Rockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Rockley"},{"title":"Viscount Cecil of Chelwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Viscount_Cecil_of_Chelwood"},{"title":"Baron Quickswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Quickswood"},{"title":"Baron Amherst of Hackney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baron_Amherst_of_Hackney"}] | [{"reference":"\"No. 15324\". The London Gazette. 3 January 1801. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15324/page/10","url_text":"\"No. 15324\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Mosley, Charles, ed. (1999). \"Amherst of Hackney\". Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage. Vol. 1 (106th ed.). Crans, Switzerland: Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books) Ltd. pp. 67–68. ISBN 2-940085-02-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-940085-02-1","url_text":"2-940085-02-1"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Susan; Bosberry-Scott, Wendy; Belfield, Gervase, eds. (2019). \"Amherst of Hackney, Baron\". Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage. Vol. 1 (150th ed.). London: Debrett's Ltd. pp. 330–334. ISBN 978-1-999767-0-5-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-999767-0-5-1","url_text":"978-1-999767-0-5-1"}]},{"reference":"Hesilrige, Arthur G. M. (1921). Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy. London: Dean & Son. p. 357.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/357","url_text":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London","url_text":"London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_%26_Son","url_text":"Dean & Son"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marquess_of_Exeter&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Marquess+of+Exeter%22","external_links_name":"\"Marquess of Exeter\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Marquess+of+Exeter%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Marquess+of+Exeter%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Marquess+of+Exeter%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Marquess+of+Exeter%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Marquess+of+Exeter%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/15324/page/10","external_links_name":"\"No. 15324\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/357","external_links_name":"Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191024165310/http://leighrayment.com/","external_links_name":"Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Brickell_Village | Mary Brickell Village | ["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 25°45′54″N 80°11′36″W / 25.764999°N 80.193248°W / 25.764999; -80.193248Shopping mall in Florida, United StatesThe Shops at Mary Brickell VillageThe shopping center's west entranceLocationBrickell, Miami, Florida, United StatesCoordinates25°45′54″N 80°11′36″W / 25.764999°N 80.193248°W / 25.764999; -80.193248Address901 South Miami AvenueOpening dateMay, 2006DeveloperConstructa US, Inc.ArchitectBeame Architectural Partnership, MiamiNo. of stores and services50+No. of anchor tenants1Total retail floor area200,000 square feet (19,000 m2)No. of floors3Websitemarybrickellvillage.com
The Shops at Mary Brickell Village is a lifestyle center located in the Brickell neighborhood of Miami, Florida. It has become a very popular downtown destination through bringing new stores and eateries to the area.
Mary Brickell Village is served by the Miami Metrorail at Brickell Station and by the Metromover.
Gallery
Entrance to east side
Looking south down Miami Avenue
Entrance to east side near park
See also
Miami Avenue
External links
The Shops at Mary Brickell Village official website
The Draku Sushi official website
Jimmy Johns official website
Eyetrust Vision official website
The Sudio LX official website
The Oceanaire Seasfood official website
vteGreater Miami AreaCentral business district
Downtown Miami
Arts & Entertainment District
Brickell
Central Business District
Historic District
Government Center
Park West
Major urban areas
Boca Raton
Boynton Beach
Coral Gables
Coral Springs
Deerfield Beach
Delray Beach
Doral
Fort Lauderdale
Hialeah
Hollywood
Jupiter
Kendall
Miami Beach
Miami Gardens
Miramar
Palm Beach Gardens
Pembroke Pines
Pompano Beach
Sunrise
West Palm Beach
Collegesand universities
Barry University
Broward College
Carlos Albizu University
Florida Atlantic University
Florida International University
Florida Memorial University
Johnson & Wales University
Miami Dade College
Miami International University of Art & Design
Nova Southeastern University
St. Thomas University
University of Fort Lauderdale
University of Miami
Parks and recreation
Alice Wainwright Park
Amelia Earhart Park
Arch Creek
The Barnacle Historic State Park
Bayfront Park
Big Cypress National Preserve
Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park
Biscayne National Park
Brian Piccolo Sports Park & Velodrome
Chapman Field Park
Crandon Park
Dinner Key
Everglades National Park
Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden
Fort Dallas
Fruit & Spice Park
Greynolds Park
Haulover Park
Jungle Island
The Kampong
Margaret Pace Park
Matheson Hammock Park
Miami Seaquarium
Monkey Jungle
Museum Park
Oleta River State Park
Peacock Park
Pride Park, Miami Beach FL
Shark Valley
Simpson Park Hammock
South Pointe Park
Tamiami Park
Tropical Park
The Underline
Virginia Key
Zoo Miami
Attractions
Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts
Bass Museum
Bergeron Rodeo Grounds
Biltmore Hotel
Bonita Chita Key
Broward County Convention Center
Butterfly World
Coral Castle
Downtown Miami
FIU Arena
FIU Stadium
FLA Live Arena
Florida Grand Opera
Fontainebleau Miami Beach
Fort Lauderdale Swap Shop
Frost Art Museum
Frost School of Music
Gulfstream Park
Hard Rock Stadium
HistoryMiami
Holocaust Memorial
Homestead
Jewish Museum of Florida
Kaseya Center
Las Olas Boulevard
LoanDepot Park
Lowe Art Museum
Lincoln Road
Lummus Park
MacFarlane Homestead
Miami Beach Architectural District
Miami Beach Convention Center
Miami Children's Museum
Miami City Ballet
Miami Conservatory
Museum of Contemporary Art
New World Symphony Orchestra
Normandy Isles
North Shore
Ocean Drive
Phillip and Patricia Frost Museum of Science
Pérez Art Museum Miami
Riverwalk
Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Hollywood
South Beach
The Miami Line
Vizcaya Museum and Gardens
Watsco Center
Wolfsonian-FIU
Wynwood Art District
Major shopping centers
Aventura Mall
Bal Harbour Shops
Bayside Marketplace
Boynton Beach Mall
Brickell City Centre
Broward Mall
CocoWalk
Coral Square
Dadeland Mall
Dolphin Mall
The Falls
The Galleria at Fort Lauderdale
The Gardens Mall
Lincoln Road
The Mall at 163rd Street
Mary Brickell Village
Miami International Mall
Midtown Miami
Midway Crossings
Miracle Marketplace
Pembroke Lakes Mall
The Promenade at Coconut Creek
The Shops at Sunset Place
Sawgrass Mills
Southland Mall
Shops at Merrick Park
Town Center at Boca Raton
Westland Mall
Transportation
Amtrak
Broward County Transit
Brightline
Government Center
Fort Lauderdale Executive Airport
Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
Miami-Dade Transit
Metrobus
Metromover
Metrorail
MIA Mover
MiamiCentral
Miami Intermodal Center
Miami International Airport
Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport
North Perry Airport
Palm Beach International Airport
Palm Tran
Pompano Beach Airpark
Port Everglades
Port of Miami
Tri-Rail
Major thoroughfares
East 6th Avenue
North 36th Street
North 54th Street
North 79th Street
North 103rd Street
North 125th Street
North 135th Street
West 7th Avenue
West 12th Avenue
West 27th Avenue
West 107th Avenue
Allapattah Road
Alton Road
Bird Road
Biscayne Boulevard
Brickell Avenue
Broad Causeway
Collins Avenue
Coral Reef Drive
Coral Way
County Line Road
Douglas Road
Flagler Street
Galloway Road
Gratigny
Ives Dairy Road
Julia Tuttle Causeway
Kendall Drive
John F. Kennedy Causeway
Killian
Krome Avenue
William Lehman Causeway
Le Jeune Road
Ludlam Road
MacArthur Causeway
Miami Avenue
Miami Gardens Drive
Milam Dairy Road
Miracle Mile
Okeechobee Road
Old Cutler Road
Port Boulevard
Quail Roost Drive
Red Road
Rickenbacker Causeway
South Dixie Highway
Sunset Drive
Tamiami Trail
University Drive
Venetian Causeway
West Dixie Highway
WikiProject | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lifestyle center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifestyle_center_(retail)"},{"link_name":"Brickell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickell"},{"link_name":"Miami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"Miami Metrorail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Metrorail"},{"link_name":"Brickell Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickell_Station"},{"link_name":"Metromover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metromover"}],"text":"Shopping mall in Florida, United StatesThe Shops at Mary Brickell Village is a lifestyle center located in the Brickell neighborhood of Miami, Florida. It has become a very popular downtown destination through bringing new stores and eateries to the area.Mary Brickell Village is served by the Miami Metrorail at Brickell Station and by the Metromover.","title":"Mary Brickell Village"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Brickell_Village_sign.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Brickell_Village_looking_south.jpg"},{"link_name":"Miami Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Avenue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mary_Brickell_Village_eastside.jpg"}],"text":"Entrance to east side\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLooking south down Miami Avenue\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEntrance to east side near park","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Miami Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Avenue"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mary_Brickell_Village¶ms=25.764999_N_80.193248_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"25°45′54″N 80°11′36″W / 25.764999°N 80.193248°W / 25.764999; -80.193248"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mary_Brickell_Village¶ms=25.764999_N_80.193248_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL","external_links_name":"25°45′54″N 80°11′36″W / 25.764999°N 80.193248°W / 25.764999; -80.193248"},{"Link":"http://marybrickellvillage.com/","external_links_name":"marybrickellvillage.com"},{"Link":"http://www.marybrickellvillage.com/","external_links_name":"The Shops at Mary Brickell Village official website"},{"Link":"http://www.drakusushi.com/","external_links_name":"The Draku Sushi official website"},{"Link":"http://www.jimmyjohns.com/","external_links_name":"Jimmy Johns official website"},{"Link":"http://www.brickellvision.com/","external_links_name":"Eyetrust Vision official website"},{"Link":"http://www.sudiolx.com/","external_links_name":"The Sudio LX official website"},{"Link":"http://www.theoceanaire.com/","external_links_name":"The Oceanaire Seasfood official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finney_Houses_Historic_District | Finney Houses Historic District | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 39°34′20″N 76°14′20″W / 39.57222°N 76.23889°W / 39.57222; -76.23889Historic district in Maryland, United States
United States historic placeFinney Houses Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district
Finney Houses Historic District in 2007Show map of MarylandShow map of the United StatesLocationGlenville Rd. near its junction with Maryland Route 155, Churchville, MarylandCoordinates39°34′20″N 76°14′20″W / 39.57222°N 76.23889°W / 39.57222; -76.23889Area200 acres (81 ha)Built1921 (1921)ArchitectParker & ThomasArchitectural styleColonial Revival, Gothic Revival, FederalNRHP reference No.89000502Added to NRHPJune 16, 1989
Finney Houses Historic District is a national historic district near Churchville, Harford County, Maryland, United States. It stretches along both sides of Glenville Road in central Harford County, Maryland. The district takes in four houses and their outbuildings erected by members of the locally important Finney family between 1821 and 1906.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Christopher Weeks (February 1989). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Finney Houses Historic District" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
External links
Finney Houses Historic District, Harford County, including photo dated 1979, at Maryland Historical Trust
Boundary Map of the Finney Houses Historic District, Harford County, at Maryland Historical Trust
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This article about a Registered Historic Place in Harford County, Maryland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Churchville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Harford County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harford_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mht_ihp-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Historic district in Maryland, United StatesUnited States historic placeFinney Houses Historic District is a national historic district near Churchville, Harford County, Maryland, United States. It stretches along both sides of Glenville Road in central Harford County, Maryland. The district takes in four houses and their outbuildings erected by members of the locally important Finney family between 1821 and 1906.[2]It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.[1]","title":"Finney Houses Historic District"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Weeks (February 1989). \"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Finney Houses Historic District\" (PDF). Maryland Historical Trust. Retrieved January 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-1034.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Finney Houses Historic District\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finney_Houses_Historic_District¶ms=39_34_20_N_76_14_20_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD","external_links_name":"39°34′20″N 76°14′20″W / 39.57222°N 76.23889°W / 39.57222; -76.23889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Finney_Houses_Historic_District¶ms=39_34_20_N_76_14_20_W_type:landmark_region:US-MD","external_links_name":"39°34′20″N 76°14′20″W / 39.57222°N 76.23889°W / 39.57222; -76.23889"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/89000502","external_links_name":"89000502"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://mht.maryland.gov/secure/medusa/PDF/NR_PDFs/NR-1034.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Registration: Finney Houses Historic District\""},{"Link":"https://apps.mht.maryland.gov/nr/NRDetail.aspx?NRID=1036","external_links_name":"Finney Houses Historic District, Harford County"},{"Link":"http://mht.maryland.gov/nr/map/nrb1036.jpg","external_links_name":"Boundary Map of the Finney Houses Historic District, Harford County"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Finney_Houses_Historic_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pakistan_Movement_activists | List of Pakistan Movement activists | ["1 Historical background","1.1 Occupations and finances","2 List of Founders of Pakistan","2.1 Notable activists","3 See also","4 References"] | A subset of Founding Fathers of Pakistan met in Lahore in 1940 to discuss the idea of Pakistan.
The Founders and activists of the Pakistan Movement, also known as Founding Fathers of Pakistan (Urdu:بانيڹ پاكستان; Romanization lit.:bəŋɨaɪaɪ-e-Pəkɨstəŋ), were the political leaders and statespersons who participated in the success of the political movement, following the signing of the Pakistan Resolution, that led the establishment and creation of the independent Pakistan on August 1947. Within this large group, a further and extended subset signed the Objective Resolution that was annexed to the Constitution of Pakistan in 1950.
The term was first used by the linguist and archeologist Dr. Ahmad Hasan Dani's book, the Founding Fathers of Pakistan (1998), which popularized the term in literary activities of the country. The Pakistan Movement was led by a large group of activists and statesmen who played crucial role in the politics of the British Indian Empire in 1930s and 1940s. More recently, the term was used by the government officially in explaining the foreign policy text. Authors and historians of Pakistan more broadly define the term "Founding Fathers" to mean a larger group which also includes all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesperson, soldiers, diplomats, academicians, or ordinary citizens, took part in winning the independence of four provinces in the north-west region of British India from the control of the United Kingdom and also from the influence of the Indian Congress; this creating Pakistan.
The following is a list of people who played a prominent role in making of Pakistan as independence activists, leaders, freedom fighters and revolutionaries.
Historical background
All-India Muslim League's convention held in 1938.
In 1905, the Bengal presidency's partition was decided by the English government which separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas was supported by the Muslims communities. The success of the Swadeshi movement led by Indian activists led the reintegrating the presidency and it was a catalyst in making the Muslims reformers of India realize the need for a separate homeland.
During the same year, the political efforts and initiations led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan led the establishment of the historic All-India Muslim League (AIML) to protect the interests and rights of the Muslim regions in the subcontinent. Mutual distrust among the Hindu leaders and Muslim reformers further grew. A conference held as well as chaired by Indian Viceroy, Early Minto, the Hindu-Muslim conflict was raised to the constitutional plane. In 1906, an annual meeting of Muhammadan Educational Conference was held in Dhaka led by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah, Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk, Aga Khan III and 3,000 other delegates attended the session making it the largest-ever representative gathering of Muslim India. Muslim cleric Ali Johar wrote All-India Muslim League's first agenda and Syed Ameer Ali established its European branch in the United Kingdom.
For quite sometime, the Muslim League worked on its reputation and credibility against the much influential Indian Congress. It was not until when Liaquat Ali Khan and his companion Begum Rana Liaquat Ali convinced Muhammad Ali Jinnah and among others to join the Muslim League in 1930s. The philosophical idea, Pakistan (Iqbal, 1930); the 14 points (Jinnah, 1929); the Now or Never (Ali, 1933); the Two-nation theory which was subsequently contributed by many activists and leaders played a crucial role in gaining the creation of Pakistan in 1947. Ashraf Ali Thanwi's disciples Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Zafar Ahmad Usmani were key players in religious support for the creation of Pakistan.
The newly founded country of Pakistan had to create a government and legislature to replace the British India government and the British Parliament. The founding fathers of Pakistan first established the partial Constituent Assembly (which was replaced with Parliament), and adopted the Objectives Resolution was annexed to the Constitution of Pakistan.
Occupations and finances
The founders and activists as well had different occupations and practiced a wide range of high and middle-status occupations, and many pursued more than one career simultaneously. However, the more influential founding fathers were trained and professional barristers and lawyers. Notable activist, Sir Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed, was a mathematician who helped forming in the first educational policy of the country. Ra'ana Ali Khan was an economist; and Abu Bakr Ahmad, a political scientist; M.M. Sharif, a philosopher; and Shaukat Hyatt Khan, an officer in the British Army, are the quiet few notable personalities who played an integrated role in the movement.
List of Founders of Pakistan
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (February 2014)
Listed Founders of Pakistan
Name(Birth and date)
Portrait
Place of representation and origin
Pre-independence and Post-independence notability
Muhammad Ali Jinnah(1876–1948)
Karachi, Sindh
Founder of PakistanFirst Governor-General of PakistanFirst President-Speaker of the Constituent AssemblyPresiding figure of the Muslim League
Allama Muhammad Iqbal(1877–1939)
Sialkot, Punjab
Regarded as Spiritual Father of Pakistan Presented and conceived the idea of PakistanFormalize the Two-Nation TheoryPhilosopher and Poet of Urdu language
Ashraf Ali Thanwi(1863–1943)
Thana Bhawan, Muzaffarnagar
Leader of the Ulama who supported the Pakistan Movement.
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani(1887–1949)
Bijnor, North-Western Provinces
Key player in religious support for the creation of Pakistan, Founder of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, raise the first flag of Pakistan in Karachi.
Zafar Ahmad Usmani(1892–1974)
Deoband, British India
Another key player in religious support for the creation of Pakistan, second leader of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam, raise the first flag of Pakistan in Dhaka.
Aga Khan III(1877–1957)
Karachi, Sindh
Key presiding figure of the Muslim LeagueLed the Ismailism movement in support of Pakistan movement.
Liaquat Ali Khan(1895–1951)
Karnal, Punjab
First Prime Minister of Pakistan Author of Objectives Resolution
Fatima Jinnah (1893–1967)
Karachi, Sindh
Regarded as Māder-e-PakistanWoman activistYounger sister of Muhammad Ali JinnahLeader of the Opposition during 1965 elections
Qazi Muhammad Isa(1914–1976)
Pishin, Balochistan
Organizer of Muslim League in Balochistan and NWFPYoungest member of Muslim League's working committee
Fazlul Huq(1873–1962)
Barisal, Bengal
Ascended as Interior Minister of PakistanGovernor of East Pakistan
Khawaja Nazimuddin(1894–1964)
Dhaka, Bengal
First Bengali leader of PakistanSecond Prime Minister of PakistanSecond Governor-General of Pakistan
Naseer Ahmad Malhi(1911–1991)
Sialkot, Punjab
First Minister of Education of Pakistan
Rahmat Ali(1897–1951)
Balachaur, Punjab
Coined and created "Pakstan"Author of Now or Never
Bahadur Yar Jung(1905–1944)
Hyderabad, Hyderabad Deccan
Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan (1895–1963)
Jhelum, Punjab
Leader of Pakistan Movement, close companion of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, minister and diplomat
Muhammad Arif Khan Rajbana Sial
(1913–2010)
Jhang, Punjab
Key presiding figure of the Muslim League.
Member All-India Constituent Assembly.
Chief Party Whip.
G. M. Syed(1904–1995)
Karachi, Sindh
Key presiding figure of the Muslim LeagueRallied Sindh's support for Pakistan movement
Abdur Rab Nishtar(1899–1958)
Peshawar, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
Governor of PunjabFirst Minister of communications
Huseyn Suhrawardy(1892–1963)
Dhaka, Bengal
Fifth Prime Minister of PakistanEnforcer of One Unit
Mohammad Ali Jouhar(1878–1931)
Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
Muslim cleric and leader of Khilafat MovementKey presiding figure of the Muslim League
Shaukat Ali(1873–1939)
Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
Muslim cleric and leader of Khilafat MovementKey presiding figure of the Muslim League
Jalal-ud-din Jalal Baba(1901–1981)
Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Founder of Hazara Muslim League Senior Muslim Leaguer and winner of referendum in NWFP
Zafar Ali Khan(1873–1956)
Wazirabad, Punjab
and Poet of Urdu language
Ra'ana Ali Khan (1905–1990)
Almora, United Provinces
First Lady of PakistanGovernor of SindhInitiated Women military corpsWidely known as Māder-e-Pakistan"
Jogendra Nath Mandal(1904–1968)
Barisal, Bengal
First Law Minister of Pakistan
Victor Turner(1892–1974)
London United Kingdom
Founded Federal Board of RevenueFirst Finance Secretary of PakistanFounder of Pakistan Civil Services
Syed Amir-uddin Kedwaii(1901–1973)
Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh
Designed the Pakistani Flag
Khaliq-uz-Zaman(1889–1963)
Rampur, Uttar Pradesh
Presiding figure of the Muslim League
Jahanara Shahnawaz(1896–1979)
Lahore, Punjab
Crucial role in women legislature after the independence.
Notable activists
The activities and constant public gathering of founding fathers of Pakistan attracted the people of North-West India to be politically active in the movement. Many of the activists would later becoming the future leader of the country.
Listed activists of Pakistan
Name(Birth and date)
Portrait
Place of representation and origin
Pre-independence and Post-independence notability
Shireen Jinnah(1891–1980)
Karachi, Sindh
Sister of Jinnah
Muhammad Asad(1900–1992)
Lemberg, Austria-Hungary
Honorary figure in Pakistan
Sartaj Aziz(1929–2024)
Mardan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa
National Security Adviser (2013–Present)Played key role in the political events in Pakistan, including that of nuclear tests in 1998Professor of Economics at various universities of Pakistan.
Rafiq Tarar (1929-2021)
Gujranwala, Punjab
9th President of Pakistan(1997–2001)
Mir Hazar Khoso (1929-2022)
Jaffarabad, Balochistan
Acting Prime Minister of Pakistan(25 March 2013 – 4 June 2013)
Nurul Amin(1893–1974)
Shahbazpur, Bengal
Prime Minister of Pakistan(7–20 December 1971) Only Vice-president of Pakistan
Shahzada Rehmatullah Khan Durrani(1919-1992)
Quetta, Balochistan
Politician
Alvin Robert Cornelius(1903–1991)
Agra
Chief Justice of Pakistan(1960–1968)
Pir Gohar(1931–2013)
Mardan, KP
Poet and critic(19xx–2013)
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman(1920–1975)
then Faridpur, Bengal
The leader of Pakistan's majority party in the 1970 elections and later the founder and president of Bangladesh.
See also
Pakistan
Dominion of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah
Indian independence activists
List of presidents of the All-India Muslim League
References
^ a b c Cohen, Stephen P. (2004). The idea of Pakistan (1. paperback ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815715021.
^ Akhtar, PAF, Air Marshal Masood (28 October 2011). "Six Suggested Founding Fathers' Vision Documents for Pakistan... II". Pakistan Tribune. 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
^ a b Dani, Ahmad Hasan, ed. (1998). Founding fathers of Pakistan. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 9693508300.
^ Staff editors. "Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA). Retrieved 30 January 2014. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ Hasnat, Syed Farooq (2011). Pakistan. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-34697-2.
^ Chitkara, M.G. (1996). Nuclear Pakistan. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp. ISBN 8170247675.
^ Pande, Aparna (2008). Explaining Pakistan: Escaping India. New Delhi India: Routledge. ISBN 978-1136818943.
^ a b Administrators; et al. (1 June 2003). "Partition of Bengal". Nazaria-e-Pakistan. Story of Pakistan (Pre-Independence, part-I). Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ Abdul Rashid Kahn, "All India Muhammadan Educational Conference and the Foundation of the All India Muslim League," Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society (2007) Vol. 55 Issue 1/2, pp 65–83.
^ a b staff.; et al. (1 June 2003). "Simla Deputation". Nazaria-e-Pakistan. Nazaria-e-Pakistan (Story of Pakistan, Simla Deputation). Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ a b Staff (June 2003). "Establishment of All India Muslim League". Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust (AIML). Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ Staff. "The Struggle for Independence". Nazaria-Pakistan Trust (Independence timeline). Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ a b c Naeem, Fuad (2009), "Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5, archived from the original on 25 June 2022, retrieved 2022-06-25
^ a b "The Constituent Assembly". Nazaria Pakistan, (Post-Independence, part I). 1 January 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
^ Sargana, Turab-ul-Hassan; Ahmed, Khalil; Rizvi, Shahid Hassan (2015). "The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924)" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research. 15 (1): 44. eISSN 2618-0820. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
^ Akhtar, Muhammad Naveed (2022). "Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations". Hamdard Islamicus. 45 (3): 92. doi:10.57144/hi.v45i3.326. ISSN 0250-7196. S2CID 252890505. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
^ Akhtar, Muhammad Naveed (2022). "Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations". Hamdard Islamicus. 45 (3): 92. doi:10.57144/hi.v45i3.326. ISSN 0250-7196. S2CID 252890505. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
vtePakistan MovementHistory of Pakistan (timeline: 1947–present)History
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Leaders
Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Aga Khan III
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Mohammad Ali Jauhar
Maulana Shaukat Ali
Hakim Ajmal Khan
Muhammad Iqbal
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Fatima Jinnah
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Sadeq Mohammad Khan V
Mian Muhammad Shafi
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Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk Kamboh
Mohsin-ul-Mulk
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Baba-e-Urdu Maulvi Abdul Haq
Abdul Qayyum Khan
Abdur Rab Nishtar
Chaudhry Khaliquzzaman
Choudhary Rahmat Ali
A. K. Fazlul Huq
Jamaat Ali Shah
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Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan
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K. H. Khurshid
Khawaja Nazimuddin
Mahmud Husain
Mohammad Amir Ahmed Khan
Muhammad Zafarullah Khan
Qazi Mohammad Isa
Ra'ana Liaquat Ali Khan
Ashraf Ali Thanwi
Shabbir Ahmad Usmani
Zafar Ali Khan
more
Activists
Hamid Nizami
Abdullah Haroon
Yusuf Haroon
Mahmoud Haroon
Altaf Husain
Adamjee Haji Dawood
Muhammad Shafi Deobandi
Zafar Ahmad Usmani
Ahmed Ali Lahori
Malik Barkat Ali
Aslam Khattak
Yusuf Khattak
Mian Iftikharuddin
Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot
Iftikhar Hussain Khan Mamdot
Sikandar Hayat Khan
Shaukat Hayat Khan
Muhammad Asad
Ziauddin Ahmad
Abu Bakr Ahmad Haleem
Maulana Ghulam Rasool Mehr
Hakeem Mohammad Saeed
Chaudhry Ghulam Abbas
Muhammad Abdul Qayyum Khan
Sardar Ibrahim Khan
Fida Mohammad Khan
Sheikh Sir Abdul Qadir
M. M. Sharif
Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum
Jalaludin Abdur Rahim
Z. A. Suleri
G. Allana
Ishtiaq Hussain Qureshi
Jalal Baba of NWFP
Mohammad Abdul Ghafoor Hazarvi
Muhammad Karam Shah al-Azhari
Amin ul-Hasanat (Pir of Manki Sharif)
Syed Wajid Ali
Hafeez Jalandhari
Jahanara Shahnawaz
Lady Abdullah Haroon
Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh
Fatima Begum
Naseer Ahmad Malhi
Ahmed Saeed Nagi
Niaz Ali Khan
Amir Habibullah Khan Saadi
Habib Rahimtoola
Sharif al Mujahid
Fatima Sughra Begum
Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi
Viqar-un-Nisa Noon
Amir Abdullah Khan Rokhri
Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni
Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan
more
Literature
Idea of Pakistan
Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
Notes on Afghanistan and Baluchistan
Pakistan: A Personal History
The Myth of Independence
Pakistan: A Hard Country
Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?
Causes of Indian Mutiny of 1857
Architecture
Minar-e-Pakistan
Bab-e-Pakistan
Pakistan Monument
Mazar-e-Quaid
Ziarat Residency
Iqbal's Tom'
Wazir Mansion
National Library
Deena Public Hall
Bab-e-Khyber
Jinnah Terminal
In Memory
Youm-e-Pakistan (23 March)
Youm-e-Dastur (10 April)
Youm-e-Takbir (28 May)
Youm-e-Azadi (14 August)
Youm-e-Difah (6 September)
Youm-e-Tasees (24 October)
Youm-e-Iqbal (9 November)
Youm-e-Viladat (25 December) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party,_1940_(Photo_429-6).jpg"},{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu"},{"link_name":"Romanization lit.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Urdu"},{"link_name":"political movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahore_Resolution"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"August 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteenth_of_August"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press-1"},{"link_name":"Objective Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectives_Resolution"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annex_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pakistan_Tribune._2011-2"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"archeologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeology"},{"link_name":"Ahmad Hasan Dani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Hasan_Dani"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sang-e-Meel_Publications-3"},{"link_name":"Pakistan Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_Movement"},{"link_name":"British Indian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sang-e-Meel_Publications-3"},{"link_name":"government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(MoFA)-4"},{"link_name":"four provinces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"British India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empire"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Indian Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Praeger-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A.P.H._Pub._Corp.-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Routledge-7"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brookings_Institution_Press-1"},{"link_name":"freedom fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_fighter"}],"text":"A subset of Founding Fathers of Pakistan met in Lahore in 1940 to discuss the idea of Pakistan.The Founders and activists of the Pakistan Movement, also known as Founding Fathers of Pakistan (Urdu:بانيڹ پاكستان; Romanization lit.:bəŋɨaɪaɪ-e-Pəkɨstəŋ), were the political leaders and statespersons who participated in the success of the political movement, following the signing of the Pakistan Resolution, that led the establishment and creation of the independent Pakistan on August 1947.[1] Within this large group, a further and extended subset signed the Objective Resolution that was annexed to the Constitution of Pakistan in 1950.[2]The term was first used by the linguist and archeologist Dr. Ahmad Hasan Dani's book, the Founding Fathers of Pakistan (1998), which popularized the term in literary activities of the country.[3] The Pakistan Movement was led by a large group of activists and statesmen who played crucial role in the politics of the British Indian Empire in 1930s and 1940s.[3] More recently, the term was used by the government officially in explaining the foreign policy text.[4] Authors and historians of Pakistan more broadly define the term \"Founding Fathers\" to mean a larger group which also includes all those who, whether as politicians, jurists, statesperson, soldiers, diplomats, academicians, or ordinary citizens, took part in winning the independence of four provinces in the north-west region of British India from the control of the United Kingdom and also from the influence of the Indian Congress;[1][5][6][7] this creating Pakistan.[1]The following is a list of people who played a prominent role in making of Pakistan as independence activists, leaders, freedom fighters and revolutionaries.","title":"List of Pakistan Movement activists"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:All_India_Muslim_League,_26th_Session_at_Patna,_December_1938_(Photo_429-5).jpg"},{"link_name":"All-India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"partition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)"},{"link_name":"English government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Government"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Pre-Independence,_part-I)-8"},{"link_name":"Swadeshi movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swadeshi_movement"},{"link_name":"presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Presidency"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan_(Pre-Independence,_part-I)-8"},{"link_name":"Syed Ahmad Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan"},{"link_name":"All-India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazaria-e-Pakistan_(Story_of_Pakistan,_Simla_Deputation)-10"},{"link_name":"Indian Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy_of_India"},{"link_name":"Early Minto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Earl_of_Minto"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazaria-e-Pakistan_(Story_of_Pakistan,_Simla_Deputation)-10"},{"link_name":"Khwaja Salimullah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwaja_Salimullah"},{"link_name":"Waqar-ul-Mulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawab_Waqar-ul-Mulk_Kamboh"},{"link_name":"Aga Khan III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_III"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazaria-e-Pakistan_Trust_(AIML)-11"},{"link_name":"Ali Johar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jouhar"},{"link_name":"All-India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Syed Ameer Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazaria-e-Pakistan_Trust_(AIML)-11"},{"link_name":"Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Indian Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress"},{"link_name":"Liaquat Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Begum Rana Liaquat Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idea_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Iqbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal"},{"link_name":"14 points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"link_name":"Now or Never","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Now_or_Never;_Are_We_to_Live_or_Perish_Forever%3F"},{"link_name":"Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choudhary_Rahmat_Ali"},{"link_name":"Two-nation theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-nation_theory"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazaria-Pakistan_Trust_(Independence_timeline)-12"},{"link_name":"Ashraf Ali Thanwi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashraf_Ali_Thanwi"},{"link_name":"Shabbir Ahmad Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabbir_Ahmad_Usmani"},{"link_name":"Zafar Ahmad Usmani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zafar_Ahmad_Usmani"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naeem_2009-13"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"British India government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Department"},{"link_name":"British Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazaria_Pakistan,_(Post-Independence,_part_I)-14"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Objectives Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectives_Resolution"},{"link_name":"annexed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annex_to_the_Constitution_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nazaria_Pakistan,_(Post-Independence,_part_I)-14"}],"text":"All-India Muslim League's convention held in 1938.In 1905, the Bengal presidency's partition was decided by the English government which separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas was supported by the Muslims communities.[8] The success of the Swadeshi movement led by Indian activists led the reintegrating the presidency and it was a catalyst in making the Muslims reformers of India realize the need for a separate homeland.[8]During the same year, the political efforts and initiations led by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan led the establishment of the historic All-India Muslim League (AIML) to protect the interests and rights of the Muslim regions in the subcontinent.[9] Mutual distrust among the Hindu leaders and Muslim reformers further grew.[10] A conference held as well as chaired by Indian Viceroy, Early Minto, the Hindu-Muslim conflict was raised to the constitutional plane.[10] In 1906, an annual meeting of Muhammadan Educational Conference was held in Dhaka led by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah, Nawab Waqar-ul-Mulk, Aga Khan III and 3,000 other delegates attended the session making it the largest-ever representative gathering of Muslim India.[11] Muslim cleric Ali Johar wrote All-India Muslim League's first agenda and Syed Ameer Ali established its European branch in the United Kingdom.[11]For quite sometime, the Muslim League worked on its reputation and credibility against the much influential Indian Congress. It was not until when Liaquat Ali Khan and his companion Begum Rana Liaquat Ali convinced Muhammad Ali Jinnah and among others to join the Muslim League in 1930s. The philosophical idea, Pakistan (Iqbal, 1930); the 14 points (Jinnah, 1929); the Now or Never (Ali, 1933); the Two-nation theory which was subsequently contributed by many activists and leaders played a crucial role in gaining the creation of Pakistan in 1947.[12] Ashraf Ali Thanwi's disciples Shabbir Ahmad Usmani and Zafar Ahmad Usmani were key players in religious support for the creation of Pakistan.[13]The newly founded country of Pakistan had to create a government and legislature to replace the British India government and the British Parliament.[14] The founding fathers of Pakistan first established the partial Constituent Assembly (which was replaced with Parliament), and adopted the Objectives Resolution was annexed to the Constitution of Pakistan.[14]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high and middle-status occupations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupational_prestige"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ziauddin Ahmed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Ziauddin_Ahmed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Ra'ana Ali Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%27ana_Liaquat_Ali_Khan"},{"link_name":"Abu Bakr Ahmad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Ahmad_Haleem"},{"link_name":"M.M. Sharif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M.M._Sharif"},{"link_name":"Shaukat Hyatt Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaukat_Hayat_Khan"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Occupations and finances","text":"The founders and activists as well had different occupations and practiced a wide range of high and middle-status occupations, and many pursued more than one career simultaneously. However, the more influential founding fathers were trained and professional barristers and lawyers.[citation needed] Notable activist, Sir Dr. Ziauddin Ahmed, was a mathematician who helped forming in the first educational policy of the country.[citation needed] Ra'ana Ali Khan was an economist; and Abu Bakr Ahmad, a political scientist; M.M. Sharif, a philosopher; and Shaukat Hyatt Khan, an officer in the British Army, are the quiet few notable personalities who played an integrated role in the movement.[citation needed]","title":"Historical background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of Founders of Pakistan"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Notable activists","text":"The activities and constant public gathering of founding fathers of Pakistan attracted the people of North-West India to be politically active in the movement. Many of the activists would later becoming the future leader of the country.","title":"List of Founders of Pakistan"}] | [{"image_text":"A subset of Founding Fathers of Pakistan met in Lahore in 1940 to discuss the idea of Pakistan.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/250px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"All-India Muslim League's convention held in 1938.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/All_India_Muslim_League%2C_26th_Session_at_Patna%2C_December_1938_%28Photo_429-5%29.jpg/200px-All_India_Muslim_League%2C_26th_Session_at_Patna%2C_December_1938_%28Photo_429-5%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The leaders of the Muslim League, 1940. Jinnah is seated at centre.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg/70px-Muslim_League_leaders_after_a_dinner_party%2C_1940_%28Photo_429-6%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png"},{"image_text":"State emblem of Pakistan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg/70px-State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"title":"Dominion of Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan"},{"title":"Muhammad Ali Jinnah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah"},{"title":"Indian independence activists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_independence_activists"},{"title":"List of presidents of the All-India Muslim League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_All-India_Muslim_League"}] | [{"reference":"Cohen, Stephen P. (2004). The idea of Pakistan (1. paperback ed.). Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. ISBN 0815715021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe","url_text":"The idea of Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0815715021","url_text":"0815715021"}]},{"reference":"Akhtar, PAF, Air Marshal Masood (28 October 2011). \"Six Suggested Founding Fathers' Vision Documents for Pakistan... II\". Pakistan Tribune. 2011. Retrieved 31 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://paktribune.com/articles/Six-Suggested-Founding-Fathers-Vision-Documents-for-Pakistan-II-242804.html","url_text":"\"Six Suggested Founding Fathers' Vision Documents for Pakistan... II\""}]},{"reference":"Dani, Ahmad Hasan, ed. (1998). Founding fathers of Pakistan. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications. ISBN 9693508300.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9693508300","url_text":"9693508300"}]},{"reference":"Staff editors. \"Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA). Retrieved 30 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mofa.gov.pk/content.php?pageID=Foreign%20Policy","url_text":"\"Guiding Principles of Pakistan's Foreign Policy\""}]},{"reference":"Hasnat, Syed Farooq (2011). Pakistan. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-313-34697-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yeqwIs_NoTEC&q=founding+fathers+of+pakistan&pg=PA68","url_text":"Pakistan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34697-2","url_text":"978-0-313-34697-2"}]},{"reference":"Chitkara, M.G. (1996). Nuclear Pakistan. New Delhi: A.P.H. Pub. Corp. ISBN 8170247675.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170247675","url_text":"8170247675"}]},{"reference":"Pande, Aparna (2008). Explaining Pakistan: Escaping India. New Delhi India: Routledge. ISBN 978-1136818943.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136818943","url_text":"978-1136818943"}]},{"reference":"Administrators; et al. (1 June 2003). \"Partition of Bengal\". Nazaria-e-Pakistan. Story of Pakistan (Pre-Independence, part-I). Retrieved 1 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://storyofpakistan.com/partition-of-bengal/","url_text":"\"Partition of Bengal\""}]},{"reference":"staff.; et al. (1 June 2003). \"Simla Deputation\". Nazaria-e-Pakistan. Nazaria-e-Pakistan (Story of Pakistan, Simla Deputation). Retrieved 1 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://storyofpakistan.com/simla-deputation/","url_text":"\"Simla Deputation\""}]},{"reference":"Staff (June 2003). \"Establishment of All India Muslim League\". Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust (AIML). Retrieved 1 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://storyofpakistan.com/establishment-of-all-india-muslim-league/","url_text":"\"Establishment of All India Muslim League\""}]},{"reference":"Staff. \"The Struggle for Independence\". Nazaria-Pakistan Trust (Independence timeline). Retrieved 1 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://storyofpakistan.com/the-struggle-for-independence/","url_text":"\"The Struggle for Independence\""}]},{"reference":"Naeem, Fuad (2009), \"Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī\", The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-530513-5, archived from the original on 25 June 2022, retrieved 2022-06-25","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108","url_text":"\"Thānvī, Mawlānā Ashraf ʿAlī\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530513-5","url_text":"978-0-19-530513-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220625205424/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195305135.001.0001/acref-9780195305135-e-1108","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Constituent Assembly\". Nazaria Pakistan, (Post-Independence, part I). 1 January 2007. Retrieved 1 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://storyofpakistan.com/the-constituent-assembly/","url_text":"\"The Constituent Assembly\""}]},{"reference":"Sargana, Turab-ul-Hassan; Ahmed, Khalil; Rizvi, Shahid Hassan (2015). \"The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924)\" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Islamic Research. 15 (1): 44. eISSN 2618-0820.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bzu.edu.pk/PJIR/vol15/eng3.pdf","url_text":"\"The Role of Deobandi Ulema in Strengthening the Foundations of Indian Freedom Movement (1857-1924)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"eISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2618-0820","url_text":"2618-0820"}]},{"reference":"Akhtar, Muhammad Naveed (2022). \"Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations\". Hamdard Islamicus. 45 (3): 92. doi:10.57144/hi.v45i3.326. ISSN 0250-7196. S2CID 252890505.","urls":[{"url":"https://hamdardislamicus.com.pk/index.php/hi/article/view/326","url_text":"\"Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.57144%2Fhi.v45i3.326","url_text":"10.57144/hi.v45i3.326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0250-7196","url_text":"0250-7196"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252890505","url_text":"252890505"}]},{"reference":"Akhtar, Muhammad Naveed (2022). \"Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations\". Hamdard Islamicus. 45 (3): 92. doi:10.57144/hi.v45i3.326. ISSN 0250-7196. S2CID 252890505.","urls":[{"url":"https://hamdardislamicus.com.pk/index.php/hi/article/view/326","url_text":"\"Darul Uloom Deoband: Preserving Religious And Cultural Integrity Of South Asian Muslims Through Structural And Strategic Innovations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.57144%2Fhi.v45i3.326","url_text":"10.57144/hi.v45i3.326"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0250-7196","url_text":"0250-7196"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252890505","url_text":"252890505"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Pakistan_Movement_activists&action=edit","external_links_name":"adding missing items"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/ideaofpakistan00cohe","external_links_name":"The idea of Pakistan"},{"Link":"http://paktribune.com/articles/Six-Suggested-Founding-Fathers-Vision-Documents-for-Pakistan-II-242804.html","external_links_name":"\"Six Suggested Founding Fathers' Vision Documents for Pakistan... 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Blois | Château of Blois | ["1 History","1.1 Counts of Blois","1.2 Transition to the House of Orléans","1.3 King Louis XII","1.4 King Francis I","1.5 King Henry III","1.6 King Henry IV","1.7 Duke Gaston of Orléans","1.8 Preservation as a monument","2 People linked to the Château","2.1 People born in the Château","2.2 People who died in the Château","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 47°35′08″N 1°19′51″E / 47.585501°N 1.33095°E / 47.585501; 1.33095Château in Loir-et-Cher, the Loire Valley, France
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Interior façades in Classic, Renaissance, and Gothic styles (from left to right)
Château de Blois, lithograph by C. Molle from a drawing by Charles-Caïus Renoux
The Royal Château of Blois (French: Château Royal de Blois, pronounced ) is a château located in the city center of Blois, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loire Valley, France. In addition to having been the residence of the Counts of Blois and some French Kings, Joan of Arc also went there by 1429 to be blessed by the Archbishop of Reims before departing with her army to drive against the English, who conquered Orléans the previous year.
The château effectively controlled the County of Blois up to 1397, then the Duchy of Orléans, and the Kingdom of France between 1498 and 1544. It comprises several buildings, whose construction began in the 13th century and ended in the 17th century. Four different architectural styles are represented within the rectangular edifice, including: some remainings of the 13th-century medieval fortress, the Louis XII Gothic-style wing, the Francis I Renaissance-style wing, and the Gaston of Orléans Classical-style wing. In total, there are 564 rooms, including 100 bedrooms with a fireplace in each, and 75 staircases (although only 23 were used frequently).
The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Blois (Museum of Fine Arts of Blois), located in the Louis XII wing, presents collections of painting, sculpture, and decorative arts (including numerous tapestries) dating from the 16th to the 19th century. It was created in 1850.
History
Interior of the Estates General Room
Counts of Blois
In 854, the Blois castle, known as Blisum castrum, was attacked by Viking cheftain Hastein. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the Counts of Blois, who also owned Chartres and Champagne, joined together to rebuild the fortress. Count Theobald I raised a so-called "big tower" and by the end of the 12th century, the Counts' contributions were finished by building the St-Sauveur Collegiate Church.
The "Estates General Room" (Salle des États Généraux in French), built in the beginning of the 13th century, is one of the oldest seignoral rooms preserved in France, and is also the largest remaining civilian Gothic room of the country. This room was used as a court of justice by the Counts of Blois and again in 1576 and 1588 during sessions of the Estates General.
Transition to the House of Orléans
The medieval castle was given in 1397 to Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI. After Louis' assassination, his widow, Valentina Visconti, retired to the Blois Castle. It was later inherited by their son, Charles d'Orléans the poet, who was captured at Agincourt and imprisoned in England. After 25 years as a hostage in England, Charles d'Orleans returned to his beloved Blois and partly helped rebuild the château as a more commodious dwelling. It became the favourite royal residence and the kingdom's political capital under Charles' son, when Count Louis II became King Louis XII of France in 1498.
King Louis XII
The interior of the Louis XII wing, with the chapel to the right
At the beginning of the 16th century, King Louis XII initiated a reconstruction of the entrance of the main block and the creation of an Italian garden in terraced parterres where Victor Hugo Square stands today.
This wing, of red brick and grey stone, forms the main entrance to a proper château onwards, and features a statue of the mounted king above the entrance. Although the style is principally Gothic, as the profiles of mouldings, the lobed arches and the pinnacles attest, there are elements of Renaissance architecture present, such as a small chandelier.
King Francis I
When Francis I became king in 1515, his wife Queen Claude had him refurbish Blois with the intention of moving from the Château d'Amboise to Blois. Francis initiated the construction of a new wing and created one of the period's most important libraries in the castle. After the death of his wife in 1524, he spent very little time at Blois and the massive library was moved to the royal Palace of Fontainebleau. It is this library that formed the royal library and the backbone of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.
The rear of the Francis I wing, facing over central Blois in the 1890s
The rear of the wing in 2007
The château's most renowned feature, the spiral staircase in the Francis I wing
Since King Louis XII was very committed in the Italian Wars, which imported the Renaissance movement into Blois, this wing's architecture and ornamentation are marked by Italian influence. In the middle, there is the monumental spiral staircase, covered with fine bas-relief sculptures and looking out onto the château's central court. These monumental staircases served as a draft for those of the Château de Chambord, built a few years later. Behind this wing is the "Lodges Façade" (Façade des Loges in French), characterised by a series of disconnected niches.
King Henry III
Driven from Paris during the French Wars of Religion, King Henry III took refuge in Blois, and summoned Estates General meetings there in 1576 and 1588. On 23 December 1588, the King's arch-enemy since the Day of the Barricades, Henry I, Duke of Guise, was assassinated. The following day, the Duke's brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise was also murdered within the château.
The "King's Chamber" with King Henry IV's H in the floor tiles
The "Chamber of Secrets", allegedly believed to be Catherine de' Medici's secret hiding place for poisons
King Henry IV
After this, the castle was occupied by King Henry IV, the first Bourbon monarch. On Henry's death in 1610, it became the place of exile for his widow, Marie de' Medici, when she was expelled from the court of her son, King Louis XIII.
Duke Gaston of Orléans
In 1626, King Louis XIII gave the county and the Château of Blois to his brother and heir, Gaston, Duke of Orléans as a wedding gift. In 1634, Gaston embarked on building a completely new wing to the château. The task of developing this new castle was given to François Mansart. The rear of the courtyard is where Mansart began this ambitious building project with a main dwelling house. This house should have been the first building in a large-scale reconstruction project. The project was stopped in 1638 when Gaston's nephew was born, the future Louis XIV. With Louis XIV's birth, Gaston was no longer the heir and no longer eligible for financing.
This wing makes up the rear wall of the court, directly opposite the Louis XII wing. The central section is composed of three horizontal layers where the superposition of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders can be seen.
By the time of the French Revolution, the immense castle had been neglected for more than 130 years. The contents, many of its statues, royal emblems and coats of arms of the palace were removed. In a state of near-total disrepair, the Château of Blois was scheduled to be demolished but was given a reprieve as a military barracks.
Preservation as a monument
In 1840, the initiative of Prosper Mérimée placed the château on the list of historical monuments. This allowed state funds to be used in the preservation. It was restored under the direction of the architect Félix Duban.
The château is maintained and owned by the town of Blois and has been opened to the public as a museum and tourist attraction. On view for visitors are the supposed poison cabinets of Catherine de' Medici. Most likely this room, the "Chamber of Secrets", had a much more banal purpose: exhibiting precious objects for guests.
People linked to the Château
People born in the Château
The following individuals were born inside the Château:
Charles of Blois (in 1319);
Louis XII (in 1462), King of France between 1498 and 1515;
Marguerite Louise d'Orléans (in 1645), daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans.
People who died in the Château
The following individuals died within the château:
Anne of Brittany (in 1514), last Queen of Brittany, married Louis XII in 1499;
Claude of France (in 1524), daughter of King Louis XII and Queen Anne of Brittany, married Francis I;
Henry I of Guise (in 1588), 3rd Duke of Guise, assassinated after his participation to the Day of the Barricades;
Louis II of Guise (in 1588), Duke of Guise's brother;
Catherine de' Medici (in 1589), wife of King Henry II, was exiled in Blois by her son, King Henry III;
Gaston, Duke of Orléans (in 1660), son of King Henry IV and last Count of Blois.
See also
Châteaux of the Loire Valley
Gardens of the French Renaissance
List of castles in France
References
^ "Painting of Joan of Arc, Chateau de Blois, Loire Valley, Centre, France | Manuel Cohen". manuelcohen.photoshelter.com. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
^ a b , Site Château de Blois. "Four architectural styles". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
^ a b c d e f Kucera, Miroslav (25 July 2013). Chateau de Blois: Simple Guide. pp. 224–236.
^ a b , Site Château de Blois. "Illustrious historical figures". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
^ a b , Site Château de Blois. "The historic periods". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
^ a b c d e , Site Château de Blois. "Four architectural styles". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
^ a b c , Site Château de Blois. "Rehabilitation". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Château de Blois.
Château de Blois - official site
Château de Blois - The official website of France (in English)
A gallery of over 100 high resolutions images of the Chateau de Blois taken in 2009
High-resolution 360° Panoramas of Château de Blois | Art Atlas
47°35′08″N 1°19′51″E / 47.585501°N 1.33095°E / 47.585501; 1.33095
vteChâteaux of the Loire Valley
Amboise
Angers
Azay-le-Rideau
Beauregard
Blois
La Bourdaisière
Brissac
Chambord
Chaumont
Chenonceau
Châteaudun
Cheverny
Chinon
Gizeux
Langeais
Loches
Lude
Menars
Meung-sur-Loire
Montreuil-Bellay
Montpoupon
Montrésor
Montsoreau
Plessis-Bourré
Plessis-lez-Tours
Réaux
Le Rivau
Saumur
Selles-sur-Cher
Serrant
Sully
Talcy
Tours
Troussay
Ussé
Valençay
Villandry
Villesavin
vteFrench royal residences
Château d'Amboise
Château of Blois
Château de Chambord
Château de Choisy
Palais de la Cité
Château de Compiègne
Palace of Fontainebleau
Louvre Palace
Luxembourg Palace
Château de Marly
Château de Meudon
Château de la Muette
Château de Rambouillet
Palais-Royal
Château de Saint-Cloud
Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Tuileries Palace
Palace of Versailles (including the Grand Trianon and Petit Trianon)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
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BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
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2
3
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ULAN
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Loire_Cher_Blois1_tango7174.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles-Ca%C3%AFus_Renoux,_Chateau_de_Elois.jpg"},{"link_name":"Charles-Caïus Renoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Ca%C3%AFus_Renoux"},{"link_name":"[ʃɑto ʁwajal də blwa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"},{"link_name":"Loir-et-Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loir-et-Cher"},{"link_name":"Loire Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loire_Valley"},{"link_name":"Counts of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Joan of Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_Arc"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Reims"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_England"},{"link_name":"Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"County of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Duchy of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Gothic-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Renaissance-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Classical-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"fireplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireplace"}],"text":"Château in Loir-et-Cher, the Loire Valley, FranceInterior façades in Classic, Renaissance, and Gothic styles (from left to right)Château de Blois, lithograph by C. Molle from a drawing by Charles-Caïus RenouxThe Royal Château of Blois (French: Château Royal de Blois, pronounced [ʃɑto ʁwajal də blwa]) is a château located in the city center of Blois, Loir-et-Cher, in the Loire Valley, France. In addition to having been the residence of the Counts of Blois and some French Kings, Joan of Arc also went there by 1429 to be blessed by the Archbishop of Reims before departing with her army to drive against the English, who conquered Orléans the previous year.[1]The château effectively controlled the County of Blois up to 1397, then the Duchy of Orléans, and the Kingdom of France between 1498 and 1544. It comprises several buildings, whose construction began in the 13th century and ended in the 17th century. Four different architectural styles are represented within the rectangular edifice, including: some remainings of the 13th-century medieval fortress, the Louis XII Gothic-style wing, the Francis I Renaissance-style wing, and the Gaston of Orléans Classical-style wing.[2] In total, there are 564 rooms, including 100 bedrooms with a fireplace in each, and 75 staircases (although only 23 were used frequently).The Musée des Beaux-Arts de Blois (Museum of Fine Arts of Blois), located in the Louis XII wing, presents collections of painting, sculpture, and decorative arts (including numerous tapestries) dating from the 16th to the 19th century. It was created in 1850.","title":"Château of Blois"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blois16.jpg"}],"text":"Interior of the Estates General Room","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking"},{"link_name":"Hastein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastein"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Counts of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartres"},{"link_name":"Champagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champagne_(province)"},{"link_name":"Count Theobald I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Collegiate Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"seignoral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism"},{"link_name":"Gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Estates General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_General_(France)"}],"sub_title":"Counts of Blois","text":"In 854, the Blois castle, known as Blisum castrum, was attacked by Viking cheftain Hastein. In the 10th and 11th centuries,[3] the Counts of Blois, who also owned Chartres and Champagne, joined together to rebuild the fortress. Count Theobald I raised a so-called \"big tower\" and by the end of the 12th century, the Counts' contributions were finished by building the St-Sauveur Collegiate Church.[3]The \"Estates General Room\" (Salle des États Généraux in French), built in the beginning of the 13th century, is one of the oldest seignoral rooms preserved in France, and is also the largest remaining civilian Gothic room of the country.[2] This room was used as a court of justice by the Counts of Blois and again in 1576 and 1588 during sessions of the Estates General.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Louis I, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Charles VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France"},{"link_name":"Valentina Visconti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentina_Visconti,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Charles d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Agincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Agincourt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Louis XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII"}],"sub_title":"Transition to the House of Orléans","text":"The medieval castle was given in 1397 to Louis I, Duke of Orléans, brother of Charles VI. After Louis' assassination, his widow, Valentina Visconti, retired to the Blois Castle. It was later inherited by their son, Charles d'Orléans the poet, who was captured at Agincourt and imprisoned in England.[3] After 25 years as a hostage in England, Charles d'Orleans returned to his beloved Blois and partly helped rebuild the château as a more commodious dwelling.[3] It became the favourite royal residence and the kingdom's political capital under Charles' son, when Count Louis II became King Louis XII of France in 1498.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blois_LouisXII_interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII"},{"link_name":"parterres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parterre"},{"link_name":"Renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"}],"sub_title":"King Louis XII","text":"The interior of the Louis XII wing, with the chapel to the rightAt the beginning of the 16th century, King Louis XII initiated a reconstruction of the entrance of the main block and the creation of an Italian garden in terraced parterres where Victor Hugo Square stands today.This wing, of red brick and grey stone, forms the main entrance to a proper château onwards, and features a statue of the mounted king above the entrance. Although the style is principally Gothic, as the profiles of mouldings, the lobed arches and the pinnacles attest, there are elements of Renaissance architecture present, such as a small chandelier.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Queen Claude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_of_France"},{"link_name":"Château d'Amboise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Amboise"},{"link_name":"Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anglais-4"},{"link_name":"Palace of Fontainebleau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Fontainebleau"},{"link_name":"Bibliothèque nationale de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blois1900.jpg"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChateaudeBloisFacadedesLoges.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blois_Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Blois_Innenhof_Francois-I-Fl%C3%BCgel_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Château de Chambord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord"}],"sub_title":"King Francis I","text":"When Francis I became king in 1515, his wife Queen Claude had him refurbish Blois with the intention of moving from the Château d'Amboise to Blois.[3] Francis initiated the construction of a new wing and created one of the period's most important libraries in the castle.[4] After the death of his wife in 1524, he spent very little time at Blois and the massive library was moved to the royal Palace of Fontainebleau. It is this library that formed the royal library and the backbone of the Bibliothèque nationale de France.The rear of the Francis I wing, facing over central Blois in the 1890s\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe rear of the wing in 2007\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe château's most renowned feature, the spiral staircase in the Francis I wingSince King Louis XII was very committed in the Italian Wars, which imported the Renaissance movement into Blois, this wing's architecture and ornamentation are marked by Italian influence. In the middle, there is the monumental spiral staircase, covered with fine bas-relief sculptures and looking out onto the château's central court. These monumental staircases served as a draft for those of the Château de Chambord, built a few years later. Behind this wing is the \"Lodges Façade\" (Façade des Loges in French), characterised by a series of disconnected niches.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"French Wars of Religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Day of the Barricades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades"},{"link_name":"Henry I, Duke of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Louis II, Cardinal of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Cardinal_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.chateaudeblois.fr-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SchlossBloisSchlafzimmerdesKoenigs.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChateauBloisChambredeSecrets.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"}],"sub_title":"King Henry III","text":"Driven from Paris during the French Wars of Religion, King Henry III took refuge in Blois, and summoned Estates General meetings there in 1576 and 1588. On 23 December 1588, the King's arch-enemy since the Day of the Barricades, Henry I, Duke of Guise, was assassinated. The following day, the Duke's brother, Louis II, Cardinal of Guise was also murdered within the château.[5]The \"King's Chamber\" with King Henry IV's H in the floor tilesThe \"Chamber of Secrets\", allegedly believed to be Catherine de' Medici's secret hiding place for poisons","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bourbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Bourbon"},{"link_name":"Marie de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Louis XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIII"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anglais-4"}],"sub_title":"King Henry IV","text":"After this, the castle was occupied by King Henry IV, the first Bourbon monarch. On Henry's death in 1610, it became the place of exile for his widow, Marie de' Medici, when she was expelled from the court of her son, King Louis XIII.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Blois"},{"link_name":"Gaston, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"François Mansart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mansart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Louis XIV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XIV"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-en.chateaudeblois.fr-5"}],"sub_title":"Duke Gaston of Orléans","text":"In 1626, King Louis XIII gave the county and the Château of Blois to his brother and heir, Gaston, Duke of Orléans as a wedding gift. In 1634, Gaston embarked on building a completely new wing to the château.[6] The task of developing this new castle was given to François Mansart.[6] The rear of the courtyard is where Mansart began this ambitious building project with a main dwelling house. This house should have been the first building in a large-scale reconstruction project.[6] The project was stopped in 1638 when Gaston's nephew was born, the future Louis XIV.[6] With Louis XIV's birth, Gaston was no longer the heir and no longer eligible for financing.This wing makes up the rear wall of the court, directly opposite the Louis XII wing. The central section is composed of three horizontal layers where the superposition of Doric, Ionic and Corinthian orders can be seen.[6]By the time of the French Revolution, the immense castle had been neglected for more than 130 years. The contents, many of its statues, royal emblems and coats of arms of the palace were removed. In a state of near-total disrepair, the Château of Blois was scheduled to be demolished but was given a reprieve as a military barracks.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prosper Mérimée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosper_M%C3%A9rim%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"Félix Duban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Duban"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"sub_title":"Preservation as a monument","text":"In 1840, the initiative of Prosper Mérimée placed the château on the list of historical monuments.[7] This allowed state funds to be used in the preservation.[7] It was restored under the direction of the architect Félix Duban.[3]The château is maintained and owned by the town of Blois and has been opened to the public as a museum and tourist attraction. On view for visitors are the supposed poison cabinets of Catherine de' Medici. Most likely this room, the \"Chamber of Secrets\", had a much more banal purpose: exhibiting precious objects for guests.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"People linked to the Château"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Louis XII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XII"},{"link_name":"Marguerite Louise d'Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marguerite_Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Gaston, Duke of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"}],"sub_title":"People born in the Château","text":"The following individuals were born inside the Château:Charles of Blois (in 1319);\nLouis XII (in 1462), King of France between 1498 and 1515;\nMarguerite Louise d'Orléans (in 1645), daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans.","title":"People linked to the Château"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anne of Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"Claude of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_of_France"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry I of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Day of the Barricades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Barricades"},{"link_name":"Louis II of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_II,_Cardinal_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"Catherine de' Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_de%27_Medici"},{"link_name":"Henry II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Count of Blois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Blois"}],"sub_title":"People who died in the Château","text":"The following individuals died within the château:Anne of Brittany (in 1514), last Queen of Brittany, married Louis XII in 1499;\nClaude of France (in 1524), daughter of King Louis XII and Queen Anne of Brittany, married Francis I;\nHenry I of Guise (in 1588), 3rd Duke of Guise, assassinated after his participation to the Day of the Barricades;\nLouis II of Guise (in 1588), Duke of Guise's brother;\nCatherine de' Medici (in 1589), wife of King Henry II, was exiled in Blois by her son, King Henry III;\nGaston, Duke of Orléans (in 1660), son of King Henry IV and last Count of Blois.","title":"People linked to the Château"}] | [{"image_text":"Interior façades in Classic, Renaissance, and Gothic styles (from left to right)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Loire_Cher_Blois1_tango7174.jpg/300px-Loire_Cher_Blois1_tango7174.jpg"},{"image_text":"Château de Blois, lithograph by C. Molle from a drawing by Charles-Caïus Renoux","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Charles-Ca%C3%AFus_Renoux%2C_Chateau_de_Elois.jpg/300px-Charles-Ca%C3%AFus_Renoux%2C_Chateau_de_Elois.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the Estates General Room","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Blois16.jpg/220px-Blois16.jpg"},{"image_text":"The interior of the Louis XII wing, with the chapel to the right","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Blois_LouisXII_interior.jpg/220px-Blois_LouisXII_interior.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"King's Chamber\" with King Henry IV's H in the floor tiles","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/SchlossBloisSchlafzimmerdesKoenigs.jpg/220px-SchlossBloisSchlafzimmerdesKoenigs.jpg"},{"image_text":"The \"Chamber of Secrets\", allegedly believed to be Catherine de' Medici's secret hiding place for poisons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/ChateauBloisChambredeSecrets.jpg/220px-ChateauBloisChambredeSecrets.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord_19-cleared.jpg/125px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chambord_19-cleared.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Châteaux of the Loire Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaux_of_the_Loire_Valley"},{"title":"Gardens of the French Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance"},{"title":"List of castles in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_castles_in_France"}] | [{"reference":"\"Painting of Joan of Arc, Chateau de Blois, Loire Valley, Centre, France | Manuel Cohen\". manuelcohen.photoshelter.com. Retrieved 19 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://manuelcohen.photoshelter.com/image/I0000mhLWA3F41m8","url_text":"\"Painting of Joan of Arc, Chateau de Blois, Loire Valley, Centre, France | Manuel Cohen\""}]},{"reference":"[Anglais], Site Château de Blois. \"Four architectural styles\". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 19 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2194-four-architectural-styles.htm","url_text":"\"Four architectural styles\""}]},{"reference":"Kucera, Miroslav (25 July 2013). Chateau de Blois: Simple Guide. pp. 224–236.","urls":[]},{"reference":"[Anglais], Site Château de Blois. \"Illustrious historical figures\". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 1 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2369-illustrious-historical-figures.htm","url_text":"\"Illustrious historical figures\""}]},{"reference":"[Anglais], Site Château de Blois. \"The historic periods\". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 1 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2370-the-historic-periods.htm","url_text":"\"The historic periods\""}]},{"reference":"[Anglais], Site Château de Blois. \"Four architectural styles\". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 1 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2194-four-architectural-styles.htm","url_text":"\"Four architectural styles\""}]},{"reference":"[Anglais], Site Château de Blois. \"Rehabilitation\". en.chateaudeblois.fr. Retrieved 20 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2436-rehabilitation.htm","url_text":"\"Rehabilitation\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Blois¶ms=47.585501_N_1.33095_E_region:FR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°35′08″N 1°19′51″E / 47.585501°N 1.33095°E / 47.585501; 1.33095"},{"Link":"http://manuelcohen.photoshelter.com/image/I0000mhLWA3F41m8","external_links_name":"\"Painting of Joan of Arc, Chateau de Blois, Loire Valley, Centre, France | Manuel Cohen\""},{"Link":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2194-four-architectural-styles.htm","external_links_name":"\"Four architectural styles\""},{"Link":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2369-illustrious-historical-figures.htm","external_links_name":"\"Illustrious historical figures\""},{"Link":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2370-the-historic-periods.htm","external_links_name":"\"The historic periods\""},{"Link":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2194-four-architectural-styles.htm","external_links_name":"\"Four architectural styles\""},{"Link":"http://en.chateaudeblois.fr/2436-rehabilitation.htm","external_links_name":"\"Rehabilitation\""},{"Link":"http://www.chateaudeblois.fr/?lang=en","external_links_name":"Château de Blois"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130929204121/http://www.france.fr/en/art-and-culture/chateau-de-blois","external_links_name":"Château de Blois"},{"Link":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/stephenbove/sets/72157619615264508/","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://mcid.mcah.columbia.edu/art-atlas/panoramas-world-architecture/ch%C3%A2teau-de-blois","external_links_name":"Château de Blois | Art Atlas"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ch%C3%A2teau_of_Blois¶ms=47.585501_N_1.33095_E_region:FR_type:landmark","external_links_name":"47°35′08″N 1°19′51″E / 47.585501°N 1.33095°E / 47.585501; 1.33095"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000123534775","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/151077627","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12271281v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12271281v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4409302-0","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007597059905171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2001061999","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2017974656&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/PA00098337","external_links_name":"Mérimée"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA00141119","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://www.pop.culture.gouv.fr/notice/merimee/IA00141126","external_links_name":"3"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/20009749","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500251623","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/031512003","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grinnell_Island | Grinnell Island | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Coordinates: 66°11′S 110°24′E / 66.183°S 110.400°E / -66.183; 110.400Grinnell IslandGrinnell IslandLocation in AntarcticaGeographyLocationAntarcticaCoordinates66°11′S 110°24′E / 66.183°S 110.400°E / -66.183; 110.400AdministrationAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationUninhabited
Grinnell Island is an island 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi) long, lying south of Chappel Island in the Donovan Islands of Antarctica. It was first mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and was named by Carl R. Eklund for Lieutenant Sheldon W. Grinnell of the U.S. Navy Reserve Medical Corps, a medical officer at Wilkes Station, 1957.
See also
List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands
References
^ "Grinnell Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2012-05-08.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Grinnell Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
This Wilkes Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chappel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chappel_Island"},{"link_name":"Donovan Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan_Islands"},{"link_name":"Operation Highjump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Highjump"},{"link_name":"Carl R. Eklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R._Eklund"},{"link_name":"Sheldon W. Grinnell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_W._Grinnell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wilkes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"Grinnell Island is an island 1 kilometre (0.5 nmi) long, lying south of Chappel Island in the Donovan Islands of Antarctica. It was first mapped from air photos taken by U.S. Navy Operation Highjump, 1946–47, and was named by Carl R. Eklund for Lieutenant Sheldon W. Grinnell of the U.S. Navy Reserve Medical Corps, a medical officer at Wilkes Station, 1957.[1]","title":"Grinnell Island"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of antarctic and sub-antarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_antarctic_and_sub-antarctic_islands"}] | [{"reference":"\"Grinnell Island\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2012-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:6068","url_text":"\"Grinnell Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grinnell_Island¶ms=66_11_S_110_24_E_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"66°11′S 110°24′E / 66.183°S 110.400°E / -66.183; 110.400"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grinnell_Island¶ms=66_11_S_110_24_E_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"66°11′S 110°24′E / 66.183°S 110.400°E / -66.183; 110.400"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:6068","external_links_name":"\"Grinnell Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:6068","external_links_name":"\"Grinnell Island\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grinnell_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turntable_Health | Turntable Health | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Logo
Turntable Health was a direct primary care clinic in Downtown Las Vegas, Nevada. It began as part of Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh’s $350 million economic revitalization project in Downtown Las Vegas. The clinic was founded by Zubin Damania, known by his YouTube screen name as ZDoggMD, who Hsieh recruited from the Bay Area in 2012. The clinic was made in partnership with and in substantial part modeled on Iora Health, an innovative primary care chain led by Rushika Fernandopulle.
The clinic used a population health and disease prevention approach to improve patient health and lower costs over the long term. The clinic did not use the fee-for-service model and instead charged per patient per month capitation to sponsors, or $80 monthly membership fees to members. Because they were not paid on a piecemeal basis for individual services provided, physicians were able to spend 45 minutes or more in patient consultation (vs. 13-16 minutes in a more typical primary care setting). Individuals could gain access to Turntable as a benefit offered by an employer, through insurance, and directly as a subscription. Members were granted same-day visits with providers, 24/7 access to their doctor (by email, phone, or video), and a personal health coach. Using a similar model, Iora had experienced 35-40% lower hospitalization rates and 12-15% lower total healthcare costs than their community peers.
Turntable Health had been featured on TheNextWeb as one of "eight startups changing the healthcare industry," and there were plans to expand and build new locations as the clinic approached a capacity of 5,000 patients. However, Insurers were reluctant to adopt the clinic's capitation model, and were also unwilling to front near-term expenditures in hopes of reaping cost reductions that were anticipated over the 5-10 year timeframe, during which time insured patients could switch insurers, taking the long-term health and cost dividends to a competitor. Turntable Health shut down on January 31, 2017.
References
^ Fernandopulle, Rushika (2014-01-14). "Welcome to Zappos-Style Health Innovation". Xconomy. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
^ Pogorelc, Deanna (2013-12-17). "YouTube's rapping doctor and Zappos's CEO bring a new model of primary care to Las Vegas". Medcity News. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
^ a b c d e f g Pearl, Robert (October 24, 2017). "How One U.S. Clinic Disrupted Prim/ary Care, Made Patients Healthier And Still Failed". Forbes. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
^ Rake, Launce (2013-12-17). "Downtown Clinic Promises "New Model" Of Health Care". Las Vegas CityLife. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
^ Spillmanlas, Benjamin (2013-07-21). "Downtown Project lands a provider for downtown medical clinic". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
^ Gerber, Scott (2014-01-26). "8 Ways Startups Are Changing the Healthcare Industry". Thenextweb.com. Retrieved 2014-03-25.
^ "Turntable Health: Only The Beginning of Health 3.0". ZDoggMD. 2 February 2017.
External links
Official website
This article about a United States health organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"direct primary care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_primary_care"},{"link_name":"Downtown Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevada"},{"link_name":"Tony Hsieh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Hsieh"},{"link_name":"Zubin Damania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubin_Damania"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Iora Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iora_Health&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"primary care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_care"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl2017-3"},{"link_name":"population health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_health"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl2017-3"},{"link_name":"fee-for-service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fee-for-service"},{"link_name":"per month capitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitation_(healthcare)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl2017-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl2017-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"24/7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24/7"},{"link_name":"health coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_coach"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl2017-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl2017-3"},{"link_name":"healthcare industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_industry"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pearl2017-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Turntable Health was a direct primary care clinic in Downtown Las Vegas, Nevada. It began as part of Zappos CEO Tony Hsieh’s $350 million economic revitalization project in Downtown Las Vegas. The clinic was founded by Zubin Damania, known by his YouTube screen name as ZDoggMD, who Hsieh recruited from the Bay Area in 2012.[1] The clinic was made in partnership with and in substantial part modeled on Iora Health, an innovative primary care chain led by Rushika Fernandopulle.[2][3]The clinic used a population health and disease prevention approach to improve patient health and lower costs over the long term.[3] The clinic did not use the fee-for-service model and instead charged per patient per month capitation to sponsors, or $80 monthly membership fees to members.[3] Because they were not paid on a piecemeal basis for individual services provided, physicians were able to spend 45 minutes or more in patient consultation (vs. 13-16 minutes in a more typical primary care setting).[3] Individuals could gain access to Turntable as a benefit offered by an employer, through insurance,[4] and directly as a subscription.[5] Members were granted same-day visits with providers, 24/7 access to their doctor (by email, phone, or video), and a personal health coach.[3] Using a similar model, Iora had experienced 35-40% lower hospitalization rates and 12-15% lower total healthcare costs than their community peers.[3]Turntable Health had been featured on TheNextWeb as one of \"eight startups changing the healthcare industry,\" and there were plans to expand and build new locations as the clinic approached a capacity of 5,000 patients.[6] However, Insurers were reluctant to adopt the clinic's capitation model, and were also unwilling to front near-term expenditures in hopes of reaping cost reductions that were anticipated over the 5-10 year timeframe, during which time insured patients could switch insurers, taking the long-term health and cost dividends to a competitor.[3] Turntable Health shut down on January 31, 2017.[7]","title":"Turntable Health"}] | [{"image_text":"Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Turntable_Health_logo.jpg/220px-Turntable_Health_logo.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Fernandopulle, Rushika (2014-01-14). \"Welcome to Zappos-Style Health Innovation\". Xconomy. Retrieved 2014-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2014/01/14/welcome-to-zappos-style-health-innovation/","url_text":"\"Welcome to Zappos-Style Health Innovation\""}]},{"reference":"Pogorelc, Deanna (2013-12-17). \"YouTube's rapping doctor and Zappos's CEO bring a new model of primary care to Las Vegas\". Medcity News. Retrieved 2014-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://medcitynews.com/2013/12/can-rapping-doctor-remodel-primary-care-las-vegas/","url_text":"\"YouTube's rapping doctor and Zappos's CEO bring a new model of primary care to Las Vegas\""}]},{"reference":"Pearl, Robert (October 24, 2017). \"How One U.S. Clinic Disrupted Prim/ary Care, Made Patients Healthier And Still Failed\". Forbes. Retrieved 7 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpearl/2017/10/24/primary-care/#65bfc3a52c0f","url_text":"\"How One U.S. Clinic Disrupted Prim/ary Care, Made Patients Healthier And Still Failed\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Rake, Launce (2013-12-17). \"Downtown Clinic Promises \"New Model\" Of Health Care\". Las Vegas CityLife. Retrieved 2014-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://lasvegascitylife.com/blog/town/downtown-clinic-promises-new-model-health-care.html","url_text":"\"Downtown Clinic Promises \"New Model\" Of Health Care\""}]},{"reference":"Spillmanlas, Benjamin (2013-07-21). \"Downtown Project lands a provider for downtown medical clinic\". Las Vegas Review-Journal. Retrieved 2014-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/business/economic-development/downtown-project-lands-provider-downtown-medical-clinic","url_text":"\"Downtown Project lands a provider for downtown medical clinic\""}]},{"reference":"Gerber, Scott (2014-01-26). \"8 Ways Startups Are Changing the Healthcare Industry\". Thenextweb.com. Retrieved 2014-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2014/01/26/8-ways-startups-revolutionizing-health-care/#!xgeYK","url_text":"\"8 Ways Startups Are Changing the Healthcare Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turntable Health: Only The Beginning of Health 3.0\". ZDoggMD. 2 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://zdoggmd.com/turntablehealth/","url_text":"\"Turntable Health: Only The Beginning of Health 3.0\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2014/01/14/welcome-to-zappos-style-health-innovation/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to Zappos-Style Health Innovation\""},{"Link":"http://medcitynews.com/2013/12/can-rapping-doctor-remodel-primary-care-las-vegas/","external_links_name":"\"YouTube's rapping doctor and Zappos's CEO bring a new model of primary care to Las Vegas\""},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/sites/robertpearl/2017/10/24/primary-care/#65bfc3a52c0f","external_links_name":"\"How One U.S. Clinic Disrupted Prim/ary Care, Made Patients Healthier And Still Failed\""},{"Link":"http://lasvegascitylife.com/blog/town/downtown-clinic-promises-new-model-health-care.html","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Clinic Promises \"New Model\" Of Health Care\""},{"Link":"http://www.reviewjournal.com/business/economic-development/downtown-project-lands-provider-downtown-medical-clinic","external_links_name":"\"Downtown Project lands a provider for downtown medical clinic\""},{"Link":"https://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2014/01/26/8-ways-startups-revolutionizing-health-care/#!xgeYK","external_links_name":"\"8 Ways Startups Are Changing the Healthcare Industry\""},{"Link":"https://zdoggmd.com/turntablehealth/","external_links_name":"\"Turntable Health: Only The Beginning of Health 3.0\""},{"Link":"http://www.turntablehealth.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turntable_Health&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon_International_Center_for_the_Study_of_Antisemitism | Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism | ["1 Publications","2 Conferences, symposia and lectures","3 References","4 External links"] | Israeli research centre
Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of AntisemitismAddressHebrew University of JerusalemMount Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel9190501Websitesicsa.huji.ac.il
Part of a series onAntisemitism
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Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (SICSA) (Hebrew: המרכז הבינלאומי לחקר האנטישמיות ע"ש וידאל ששון) is a research center affiliated with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. It was named for Vidal Sassoon, who financed its establishment in 1983.
The Vidal Sassoon center is as an interdisciplinary research center devoted to the independent, non-political accumulation and dissemination of materials related to antisemitism. The director is Prof. Manuela Consonni who replaced Robert Wistrich after his death in 2015.
Over 120 studies have been conducted under the auspices of the center, covering a wide range of disciplines — history, psychology, sociology, anthropology, literature and art. The center awards Felix Posen Fellowships to doctoral candidates whose dissertation focuses on some aspect of antisemitism.
Publications
The center has produced numerous publications, including book-length studies, collections of papers presented at conferences, occasional papers, and a journal.
The ACTA series is an annual report from a special SICSA research unit that provides in-depth analysis of current trends in antisemitism and explores the influence of anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist ideology on public opinion, and the arts, mass media, and political movements. Papers in this series are available in print and online.
As a supplement to the ACTA series, the Posen Papers aim to provide a more rapid response to issues of global antisemitism. Antisemitism International is a semi-annual research journal that focuses on topics of current importance.
In 1984, the Center initiated a bibliographic project on antisemitism. It comprises the most comprehensive computerized database of works published in most English and most European languages about antisemitism throughout the world in every period, including the events of the Holocaust. Each entry is accompanied by an English abstract.
A massive and increasing number of books and articles have been written on the topic since 1945; whether popular or scholarly, descriptive or interpretative. Prior to the establishment of the bibliographic project these publications were not listed in a way that permitted optimal use of them by scholars and students, as well as to enhance public awareness of the subject.
For the purpose of the bibliography, antisemitism is defined as antagonism toward Jews and Judaism as expressed in writings (i.e. in religious texts, polemical literature, and works of fiction), in the visual arts (i.e. art, caricatures, posters, and film), and in actions (i.e. massacres and pogroms, discriminatory legislation, and the Holocaust).
The online data base is accessible through the Israel University Inter-Library Network and the Center’s website(go to “search the bibliography”). It also appears as a series of printed volumes entitled Antisemitism — An Annotated Bibliography published by K. G. Saur Verlag, Munich, Germany.
Conferences, symposia and lectures
Throughout the academic year, the Center sponsors international conferences on such topics as Demonizing the Other and Antisemitism and Multiculturalism. A number of lectures and presentations from its conferences are available as streaming audio and/or video files on the Center’s website.
Monthly lectures on topics currently researched by scholars supported by or affiliated with the Center are held on the Hebrew University campus.
References
^ Recollections of a conversation with Vidal Sassoon, Haaretz
^ "Resources for the Study of Antisemitism". Archived from the original on 2009-12-08. Retrieved 2010-01-20.
^ "Columbia University Libraries, Publishers in Jewish Studies".
^ "Jerusalem Post, "Never at a loss for words"".
^ "University of Pittsburgh, Hebrew University Antisemitism Database Description".
External links
SICSA Official Website
Official Facebook Page
The Felix Posen Bibliographic Project on Antisemitism
Voices on Antisemitism Interview with Vidal Sassoon from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Vidal Sassoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidal_Sassoon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"interdisciplinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdisciplinarity"},{"link_name":"research center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_research"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Robert Wistrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wistrich"}],"text":"Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism (SICSA) (Hebrew: המרכז הבינלאומי לחקר האנטישמיות ע\"ש וידאל ששון) is a research center affiliated with the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 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Saur Verlag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._G._Saur_Verlag"}],"text":"The center has produced numerous publications,[3] including book-length studies, collections of papers presented at conferences, occasional papers, and a journal.The ACTA series is an annual report from a special SICSA research unit that provides in-depth analysis of current trends in antisemitism and explores the influence of anti-Jewish and anti-Zionist ideology on public opinion, and the arts, mass media, and political movements. Papers in this series are available in print and online.As a supplement to the ACTA series, the Posen Papers aim to provide a more rapid response to issues of global antisemitism. Antisemitism International is a semi-annual research journal that focuses on topics of current importance.In 1984, the Center initiated a bibliographic project on antisemitism. It comprises the most comprehensive computerized database of works published in most English and most European languages about antisemitism throughout the world in every period, including the events of the Holocaust.[4][5] Each entry is accompanied by an English abstract.A massive and increasing number of books and articles have been written on the topic since 1945; whether popular or scholarly, descriptive or interpretative. Prior to the establishment of the bibliographic project these publications were not listed in a way that permitted optimal use of them by scholars and students, as well as to enhance public awareness of the subject.For the purpose of the bibliography, antisemitism is defined as antagonism toward Jews and Judaism as expressed in writings (i.e. in religious texts, polemical literature, and works of fiction), in the visual arts (i.e. art, caricatures, posters, and film), and in actions (i.e. massacres and pogroms, discriminatory legislation, and the Holocaust).The online data base is accessible through the Israel University Inter-Library Network and the Center’s website(go to “search the bibliography”). It also appears as a series of printed volumes entitled Antisemitism — An Annotated Bibliography published by K. G. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Hamilton | Agnes Hamilton | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 Legacy","5 External links","6 References"] | American social worker (1868–1961)
For the Scottish reformer, public lecturer and phrenologist, see Agnes Sillars Hamilton.
Theodate Pope, Alice Hamilton, and a student believed to be Agnes Hamilton, 1888. Courtesy of Miss Porter’s School.
Agnes Hamilton (November 21, 1868 – November 11, 1961) was a social worker and cousin, and intimate friend, of Alice Hamilton.
Early life
Agnes Hamilton was born on November 21, 1868, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the daughter of Andrew Holman Hamilton (1834-1895) and Phoebe Taber (1841-1932). She had two sisters, Katherine Hamilton (1862-1932) and Jessie Hamilton (1865-1960), both artists like her, and two brothers, Allen Hamilton (1874-1961) and Taber Hamilton (1876-1942). Her cousins are Edith Hamilton, Alice Hamilton, Margaret Hamilton and Norah Hamilton.
Since childhood, she had a close bond with her cousins, Alice and Allen Hamilton Williams (1868-1960), the three As, as they called themselves.
Like her four cousins, Edith, Alice, Margaret and Norah, Agnes Hamilton attended Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. After the death of her father in 1895, together with her sister Jessie, attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia from 1898 to 1900 studying under Cecilia Beaux. After school, of the three sisters, only Agnes left home.
Career
She considered various career choices, architecture and art among them, but then became a social worker. Among her achievements: was a liaison between the First Presbyterian Church in Fort Wayne and Nebraska, a Mission School in a poor neighborhood; was a leader in the Women's Club movement; was the leader of the Students' Art League; was the founder and first president of the Local YWCA; opened the first library in Fort Wayne; was among the founders of the Bethany Presbyterian Church.
She was deeply religious and enthusiastically adhered to an evangelical religious movement founded by Frank Buchman, the Oxford Group, that promoted personal reformation and public confessions.
Her first experience of settlement life was in 1897 when she visited her cousin Alice at Hull House. In 1902 she became a resident of the Lighthouse, a Philadelphia settlement house, where she served as a director and member of the executive committee until the early 1930s.
Personal life
Following their mother's death, Jessie and Agnes moved to their summer home in Connecticut, close to their cousins.
She died on November 11, 1961, and is buried at Lindenwood Cemetery, Fort Wayne, with her family.
Legacy
A statue to Edith, Alice and Agnes Hamilton is dedicated in Headwaters Park in downtown Fort Wayne.
In 2005, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne formed the Society of Hamilton Sisters to honor the achievements, service contributions, and outstanding accomplishments of middle and high school girls.
External links
Agnes Hamilton at Find a Grave
References
^ a b c d e f Sicherman, Barbara (2003). Alice Hamilton: A Life in Letters. University of Illinois Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780252071522. Retrieved 5 January 2018.
^ a b c d e Carson, Mina J. (March 1984). "Agnes Hamilton of Fort Wayne: The Education of a Christian Settlement Worker". Indiana Magazine of History. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
^ a b c "Hamilton Sisters Statue to be Rededicated". Indiana University. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agnes Sillars Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Sillars_Hamilton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Theodate_Pope,_Alice_Hamilton,_and_a_student_believed_to_be_Agnes_Hamilton,_1888.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alice Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hamilton"}],"text":"For the Scottish reformer, public lecturer and phrenologist, see Agnes Sillars Hamilton.Theodate Pope, Alice Hamilton, and a student believed to be Agnes Hamilton, 1888. Courtesy of Miss Porter’s School.Agnes Hamilton (November 21, 1868 – November 11, 1961) was a social worker and cousin, and intimate friend, of Alice Hamilton.","title":"Agnes Hamilton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Wayne, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Katherine Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Jessie Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Edith Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Alice Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Margaret Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(educator)"},{"link_name":"Norah Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norah_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sicherman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sicherman-1"},{"link_name":"Miss Porter's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Porter%27s_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMH-2"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Academy_of_the_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Cecilia Beaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Beaux"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sicherman-1"}],"text":"Agnes Hamilton was born on November 21, 1868, in Fort Wayne, Indiana, the daughter of Andrew Holman Hamilton (1834-1895) and Phoebe Taber (1841-1932). She had two sisters, Katherine Hamilton (1862-1932) and Jessie Hamilton (1865-1960), both artists like her, and two brothers, Allen Hamilton (1874-1961) and Taber Hamilton (1876-1942). Her cousins are Edith Hamilton, Alice Hamilton, Margaret Hamilton and Norah Hamilton.[1]Since childhood, she had a close bond with her cousins, Alice and Allen Hamilton Williams (1868-1960), the three As, as they called themselves. [1]Like her four cousins, Edith, Alice, Margaret and Norah, Agnes Hamilton attended Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut.[2] After the death of her father in 1895, together with her sister Jessie, attended the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia from 1898 to 1900 studying under Cecilia Beaux. After school, of the three sisters, only Agnes left home.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMH-2"},{"link_name":"YWCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YWCA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sicherman-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statue-3"},{"link_name":"Frank Buchman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Buchman"},{"link_name":"Oxford Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sicherman-1"},{"link_name":"Hull House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_House"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMH-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sicherman-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMH-2"}],"text":"She considered various career choices, architecture and art among them, but then became a social worker. Among her achievements: was a liaison between the First Presbyterian Church in Fort Wayne and Nebraska, a Mission School in a poor neighborhood;[2] was a leader in the Women's Club movement; was the leader of the Students' Art League; was the founder and first president of the Local YWCA;[1] opened the first library in Fort Wayne; was among the founders of the Bethany Presbyterian Church.[3]She was deeply religious and enthusiastically adhered to an evangelical religious movement founded by Frank Buchman, the Oxford Group, that promoted personal reformation and public confessions.[1]Her first experience of settlement life was in 1897 when she visited her cousin Alice at Hull House.[2] In 1902 she became a resident of the Lighthouse, a Philadelphia settlement house, where she served as a director and member of the executive committee until the early 1930s.[1][2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IMH-2"}],"text":"Following their mother's death, Jessie and Agnes moved to their summer home in Connecticut, close to their cousins.[2]She died on November 11, 1961, and is buried at Lindenwood Cemetery, Fort Wayne, with her family.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statue-3"},{"link_name":"Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University%E2%80%93Purdue_University_Fort_Wayne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Statue-3"}],"text":"A statue to Edith, Alice and Agnes Hamilton is dedicated in Headwaters Park in downtown Fort Wayne.[3]In 2005, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne formed the Society of Hamilton Sisters to honor the achievements, service contributions, and outstanding accomplishments of middle and high school girls.[3]","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Theodate Pope, Alice Hamilton, and a student believed to be Agnes Hamilton, 1888. Courtesy of Miss Porter’s School.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Theodate_Pope%2C_Alice_Hamilton%2C_and_a_student_believed_to_be_Agnes_Hamilton%2C_1888.jpg/220px-Theodate_Pope%2C_Alice_Hamilton%2C_and_a_student_believed_to_be_Agnes_Hamilton%2C_1888.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Sicherman, Barbara (2003). Alice Hamilton: A Life in Letters. University of Illinois Press. p. 21. ISBN 9780252071522. Retrieved 5 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IvFkk1JSxz4C&pg=PA21","url_text":"Alice Hamilton: A Life in Letters"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252071522","url_text":"9780252071522"}]},{"reference":"Carson, Mina J. (March 1984). \"Agnes Hamilton of Fort Wayne: The Education of a Christian Settlement Worker\". Indiana Magazine of History. Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/10522/14755","url_text":"\"Agnes Hamilton of Fort Wayne: The Education of a Christian Settlement Worker\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hamilton Sisters Statue to be Rededicated\". Indiana University. Archived from the original on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120211/http://www.ipfw.edu/news/detail.html?id=101026","url_text":"\"Hamilton Sisters Statue to be Rededicated\""},{"url":"http://www.ipfw.edu/news/detail.html?id=101026","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/57743761","external_links_name":"Agnes Hamilton"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=IvFkk1JSxz4C&pg=PA21","external_links_name":"Alice Hamilton: A Life in Letters"},{"Link":"https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/imh/article/view/10522/14755","external_links_name":"\"Agnes Hamilton of Fort Wayne: The Education of a Christian Settlement Worker\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180106120211/http://www.ipfw.edu/news/detail.html?id=101026","external_links_name":"\"Hamilton Sisters Statue to be Rededicated\""},{"Link":"http://www.ipfw.edu/news/detail.html?id=101026","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_universities_and_colleges_by_country | Lists of universities and colleges by country | ["1 By continent","1.1 Africa","1.2 Americas","1.3 Asia","1.4 Europe","1.5 Oceania","2 International","3 See also","4 External links"] | This is a list of lists of universities and colleges by country, sorted by continent and region. The lists represent educational institutions throughout the world which provide higher education in tertiary, quaternary, and post-secondary education.
By continent
Africa
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cameroon
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Chad
Comoros
Congo
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Equatorial Guinea
Eswatini
Gabon
The Gambia
Ghana
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivory Coast
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Niger
Nigeria
Rwanda
São Tomé and Príncipe
Senegal
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Somaliland
South Sudan
Sudan
South Africa
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Americas
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Bahamas
Barbados
Belize
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Cayman Islands
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Grenada
Guatemala
Guyana
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Suriname
Trinidad and Tobago
United States
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Afghanistan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China (mainland)
East Timor
Hong Kong
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Macau
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
North Korea
Oman
Pakistan
Palestine
Philippines
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
South Korea
Sri Lanka
Syria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
Europe
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Faroe Islands
Greenland
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Gibraltar
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Moldova
Monaco
Montenegro
Netherlands
Northern Cyprus
North Macedonia
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom: Universities; Colleges offering HE courses
England
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Wales
Vatican City
Oceania
Australia
Cook Islands
Fiji
French Polynesia
New Zealand
Nauru
Niue
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Tokelau
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Wallis and Futuna
International
List of international schools
See also
List of education articles by country
List of for-profit universities and colleges
List of largest universities and university networks by enrollment
Lists of universities and colleges
External links
World Universities and Colleges
University Directory Worldwide
International college database
vteLists of European universities and colleges by eraEurope
Middle Ages (pre-1500)
Early modern age (1501–1800)
Late modern age (1801–1945)
Contemporary (post-1945)
Colonies
Hispanic America (1538–1812)
Spanish Philippines (1589–1898)
Thirteen Colonies (1636–1769)
List of oldest universities in continuous operation
This article includes an education-related list of lists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"educational institutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_institution"},{"link_name":"higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education"},{"link_name":"tertiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"quaternary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education"}],"text":"This is a list of lists of universities and colleges by country, sorted by continent and region. The lists represent educational institutions throughout the world which provide higher education in tertiary, quaternary, and post-secondary education.","title":"Lists of universities and colleges by country"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"By continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Algeria"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Angola"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Benin"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Burundi"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Chad"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of the Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Gabon"},{"link_name":"The Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ghana"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Libya"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malawi"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mali"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Morocco"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Namibia"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Niger"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Rwanda"},{"link_name":"São Tomé and Príncipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Senegal"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Somalia"},{"link_name":"Somaliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Somaliland"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sudan"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Togo"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Uganda"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Zambia"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Zimbabwe"}],"sub_title":"Africa","text":"Algeria\nAngola\nBenin\nBotswana\nBurkina Faso\nBurundi\nCameroon\nCape Verde\nCentral African Republic\nChad\nComoros\nCongo\nDemocratic Republic of the Congo\nDjibouti\nEgypt\nEritrea\nEthiopia\nEquatorial Guinea\nEswatini\nGabon\nThe Gambia\nGhana\nGuinea\nGuinea-Bissau\nIvory Coast\nKenya\nLesotho\nLiberia\nLibya\nMadagascar\nMalawi\nMali\nMauritania\nMauritius\nMorocco\nMozambique\nNamibia\nNiger\nNigeria\nRwanda\nSão Tomé and Príncipe\nSenegal\nSeychelles\nSierra Leone\nSomalia\nSomaliland\nSouth Sudan\nSudan\nSouth Africa\nTanzania\nTogo\nTunisia\nUganda\nZambia\nZimbabwe","title":"By continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belize"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Brazil_by_state"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Cayman Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Cayman_Islands"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Chile"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ecuador"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Guyana"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Haiti"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Panama"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Peru"},{"link_name":"Saint Kitts and Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_de_Kom_University_of_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_American_universities_and_colleges"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Venezuela"}],"sub_title":"Americas","text":"Antigua and Barbuda\nArgentina\nBahamas\nBarbados\nBelize\nBolivia\nBrazil\nCanada\nCayman Islands\nChile\nColombia\nCosta Rica\nCuba\nDominica\nDominican Republic\nEcuador\nEl Salvador\nGrenada\nGuatemala\nGuyana\nHaiti\nHonduras\nJamaica\nMexico\nNicaragua\nPanama\nParaguay\nPeru\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines\nSuriname\nTrinidad and Tobago\nUnited States\nUruguay\nVenezuela","title":"By continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Brunei"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"China (mainland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China"},{"link_name":"East Timor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_higher_education_institutions_in_Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_India"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iraq"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israeli_universities_and_colleges"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Japan"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Laos"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Macau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Macau"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Nepal"},{"link_name":"North Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_North_Korea"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Qatar"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Syria"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Thailand"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Yemen"}],"sub_title":"Asia","text":"Afghanistan\nBahrain\nBangladesh\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nChina (mainland)\nEast Timor\nHong Kong\nIndia\nIndonesia\nIran\nIraq\nIsrael\nJapan\nJordan\nKazakhstan\nKuwait\nKyrgyzstan\nLaos\nLebanon\nMalaysia\nMacau\nMongolia\nMyanmar\nNepal\nNorth Korea\nOman\nPakistan\nPalestine\nPhilippines\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nSingapore\nSouth Korea\nSri Lanka\nSyria\nTaiwan\nTajikistan\nThailand\nTurkmenistan\nUnited Arab Emirates\nUzbekistan\nVietnam\nYemen","title":"By continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Albania"},{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_d%27Andorra"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Armenia"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Austria"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Belgium"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Croatia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Faroe Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education_in_the_Faroe_Islands#Higher_education"},{"link_name":"Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greenland"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Estonia"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Finland"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_France"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Germany"},{"link_name":"Gibraltar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Gibraltar"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Greece"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iceland"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-level_education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland#List_of_higher_education_establishments"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Latvia"},{"link_name":"Liechtenstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Liechtenstein"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Malta"},{"link_name":"Moldova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Moldova"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_University_of_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Montenegro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Montenegro"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Northern Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Norway"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Portugal"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Spain"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Colleges offering HE courses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colleges_in_the_United_Kingdom_offering_higher_education_courses"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_Vatican_City"}],"sub_title":"Europe","text":"Albania\nAndorra\nArmenia\nAustria\nAzerbaijan\nBelarus\nBelgium\nBosnia and Herzegovina\nBulgaria\nCroatia\nCyprus\nCzech Republic\nDenmark\nFaroe Islands\nGreenland\nEstonia\nFinland\nFrance\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGibraltar\nGreece\nHungary\nIceland\nIreland\nItaly\nKosovo\nLatvia\nLiechtenstein\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalta\nMoldova\nMonaco\nMontenegro\nNetherlands\nNorthern Cyprus\nNorth Macedonia\nNorway\nPoland\nPortugal\nRomania\nRussia\nSan Marino\nSerbia\nSlovakia\nSlovenia\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTurkey\nUkraine\nUnited Kingdom: Universities; Colleges offering HE courses\nEngland\nNorthern Ireland\nScotland\nWales\nVatican City","title":"By continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Melanesia#Fiji"},{"link_name":"French Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#French_Polynesia"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#Nauru"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#Niue"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Papua_New_Guinea#Universities_and_tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#Samoa"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Melanesia#Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Tokelau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#Tokelau"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#Tonga"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Melanesia#Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Wallis and Futuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Polynesia#Wallis_and_Futuna"}],"sub_title":"Oceania","text":"Australia\nCook Islands\nFiji\nFrench Polynesia\nNew Zealand\nNauru\nNiue\nPapua New Guinea\nSamoa\nSolomon Islands\nTokelau\nTonga\nTuvalu\nVanuatu\nWallis and Futuna","title":"By continent"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of international schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_international_schools"}],"text":"List of international schools","title":"International"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of education articles by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_education_articles_by_country"},{"title":"List of for-profit universities and colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_for-profit_universities_and_colleges"},{"title":"List of largest universities and university networks by enrollment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_universities_and_university_networks_by_enrollment"},{"title":"Lists of universities and colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_universities_and_colleges"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.4icu.org/","external_links_name":"World Universities and Colleges"},{"Link":"http://www.university-directory.eu/","external_links_name":"University Directory Worldwide"},{"Link":"http://www.collegetimes.tv/reviews/","external_links_name":"International college database"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheick_Tiot%C3%A9 | Cheick Tioté | ["1 Early life","2 Club career","2.1 Anderlecht","2.2 Twente","2.3 Newcastle United","2.4 Beijing Enterprises Group","3 International career","4 Personal life","5 Death","6 Career statistics","6.1 Club","6.2 International","7 Honours","8 References","9 External links"] | Ivorian footballer (1986–2017)
Cheick Tioté
Tioté representing the Ivory Coast in 2012Personal informationFull name
Cheick Ismaël TiotéDate of birth
(1986-06-21)21 June 1986Place of birth
Yamoussoukro, Ivory CoastDate of death
5 June 2017(2017-06-05) (aged 30)Place of death
Beijing, ChinaHeight
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s)
Defensive midfielderYouth career1998–2005
FC BiboSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)2005–2008
Anderlecht
4
(0)2007–2008
→ Roda JC (loan)
26
(2)2008–2010
Twente
58
(1)2010–2017
Newcastle United
139
(1)2017
Beijing Enterprises Group
11
(0)Total
238
(4)International career2009–2015
Ivory Coast
55
(1)
Medal record
Representing Ivory Coast
Men's football
Africa Cup of Nations
Runner-up
2012 Eguatorial Guinea-Gabon
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Cheick Ismaël Tioté (French pronunciation: ; 21 June 1986 – 5 June 2017) was an Ivorian professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.
After playing youth football for FC Bibo in his hometown of Yamoussoukro, he made his professional debut in 2005 with Belgian First Division A club Anderlecht. In 2008, following a loan at Roda JC, he joined Eredivisie club FC Twente, winning the title in his second season. In August 2010, he signed for Premier League club Newcastle United in England for a fee of £3.5 million. Tioté played 156 games for Newcastle over six-and-a-half seasons, scoring one goal. In February 2017, he joined China League One club Beijing Enterprises Group. He died of cardiac arrest in June 2017, during a training session, aged 30.
Tioté played 55 times for the Ivory Coast national team from 2009 to 2015, scoring once. He represented the country at two FIFA World Cups and four Africa Cup of Nations, winning the 2015 edition of the latter.
Early life
Born in Yamoussoukro, Tioté started out playing barefoot street football at the age of 10, not owning a pair of boots until he was 15. He played youth football for Ivorian minor league side FC Bibo.
In an interview with the Evening Chronicle, Tioté said he had nine brothers and sisters. Growing up in Abidjan, he gave up his studies at a young age. He stated that "football has always been the biggest thing to me ... I knew what I wanted to do and made sure that this was going to be my life. But I worked and worked and worked for it and it is because of that hard work that I have managed to make it."
Club career
Anderlecht
In 2005, he was scouted by Belgian club Anderlecht and signed a three-year contract with the club. After spending months at the club's reserve, he made his debut for Anderlecht in a Belgian Cup match which they lost to Geel after Tioté missed his penalty. The following month, Tioté made his UEFA Champions League debut, where he made his first start in Matchday 6 Group Stage, in a 1–0 loss against Real Betis. It was not until 18 March 2006 that he made his league debut for the club, coming on as a late substitute, in a 4–0 win over Beveren. After making another league appearance, Tioté went on to make four appearances in all competitions in the 2005–06 season. The following season saw Tioté make three appearances in all competitions, due to spending the most of the season with injuries.
In the 2007–08 season, he played on loan for Roda JC on a season-long loan deal, where he played alongside his countryman Sekou Cissé. After making his first start on his Roda JC debut, in a 5–3 win over VVV-Venlo on 2 September 2007, he scored his first goal for the club, in a 3–1 loss against Feyenoord. Since making an impact at Roda JC, he became the club's fan favourite there. On 27 December 2007 he scored his second Roda JC goal, in a 1–0 win over Heerenveen. On 4 April 2008, however, Tioté was sent off in the 33rd minute, in a 2–0 loss against NEC, which turns out to be his last appearance. After serving two match suspension for the rest of the season, he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.
Twente
Tioté playing for Twente in 2008
At the end of the season, Roda JC expressed interest in signing Tioté, along with Cercle Brugge. Eventually, on 12 June 2008, Tioté signed for Dutch Eredivisie side Twente for a fee reported to be around €750,000, signing a four-year contract, with an option for another year. Upon joining the club, Tioté said he doubted of having first team football at Anderlecht should he have stayed.
Tioté made his competitive debut for the club on 13 August 2008, in a UEFA Champions League qualification round, in a 2–0 loss against Arsenal. Weeks later, on 30 August 2008, he made his league debut, making his first start, in a 1–1 draw against Roda JC in the opening game of the season. However, in a match against Feyenoord on 18 April 2009, he was sent off after a second bookable offence, which saw Twente lose 1–0. After returning to the first team from suspension, Tioté played the whole game in the final of KNVB Cup against Heerenveen, but lost out in the penalty-shootout after the game played 120 minutes, drawing 2–2. Despite this, Tioté established himself in the first team in his first season, as he made forty-one appearances in all competitions.
Tioté playing for Twente in 2009
Ahead of his second season at the club, Tioté was linked a move away from Twente, with French clubs expressing interest in signing him. After staying at the club throughout the summer, Tioté continued to be a first team regular and was sent-off on 20 September 2009, in a 3–2 win over Utrecht after a second bookable offence. On 10 April 2010, Tioté then scored his first goal for Twente, in a 2–0 win over Heerenveen. After receiving a yellow card during a 1–0 loss against AZ Alkmaar on 13 April 2010, Tioté served a one match suspension for this. Tioté made his return from suspension in the last game of the season, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 2–0 win over NAC Breda to win the club's first ever league title. He also featured in the Europa League and Champions League, as he made forty-two appearances and scoring once in all competitions.
During his two years time at Twente, he gained his reputation for being a determined and resilient midfielder with a keen eye for a pass, making fifty-eight league appearances scoring one goal with fourteen assists. Following his performance in the World Cup, Tioté further attracted interests from clubs, including Birmingham City, but newly appointed manager Michel Preud'homme insisted on keeping him at the club. In the 2010–11 season, he went on to make two appearances, before signing for Newcastle United.
Newcastle United
On 26 August 2010, Tioté joined English Premier League side Newcastle United for a fee of £3.5 million, after he was granted a work permit. Upon joining the club, Tioté spoke to the local newspaper, the Evening Chronicle, about the move, saying: "It's a great thrill for me to be joining such a famous club as Newcastle United." He was given the number 24 shirt.
He made his debut on 18 September against Everton at Goodison Park. He completed all of his 64 passes, made two interceptions, completed all five of his attempted tackles, and his only shot was on target. Tioté quickly became a favourite among supporters. On 8 January 2011, he was sent off during Newcastle's third round FA Cup match against Stevenage. Newcastle attempted to appeal the decision, but the FA decided to uphold it, and Tioté was suspended for three matches. On 5 February, Tioté scored his first and what was to be his only goal for the club, a 25-yard volley for the late equaliser in a 4–4 draw against Arsenal after Newcastle had trailed 4–0 at half time. On 25 February 2011, Newcastle announced that Tioté had signed a new six-and-a-half-year contract to show his commitment to the club, keeping him at Newcastle until 2017. Upon signing his new deal, Tioté said: "The experience of playing in the Premier League has been better than I ever hoped it could be. This is a great club and the fans have been brilliant – I have never known support like it." Despite setback from suspensions, he made 28 appearances and scored once in all competitions.
In the 2011–12 season, Tioté started the season well for the club when he set up two goals in two matches between 17 and 24 September 2011, against Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers, which resulted in a draw and a win respectively. However, during a 1–0 win over Wigan Athletic on 22 October, he suffered a broken nose and knee injury that resulted him out for two months. He returned on 17 December, playing 82 minutes before being substituted in a 0–0 draw against Swansea City. After the end of the African Cup of Nations, Tioté returned to the first team, where he set up one of the goals, in a 2–2 draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 25 February 2012. As the 2011–12 season progressed, he went on to make 24 appearances in all competitions.
After two seasons at Newcastle, Tioté picked up 25 yellow cards from 50 league games, a return of one yellow card every two games, but only received one sending off, against local rivals Sunderland. He was sent off in Newcastle's 1–1 draw at the Stadium of Light on 21 October 2012, for a late challenge on Steven Fletcher. In a 1–0 win against Queens Park Rangers on 22 December, Tioté received a yellow card, picking up his fifth booking of the season and resulting in him being suspended for one match. However, throughout the 2012–13 season, Tioté suffered a setback, due to international commitment on two occasions and injury. Despite this, he went on to make 31 appearances in all competitions in the 2012–13 season.
In the 2013–14 season, Tioté captained Newcastle for the first time, replacing Fabricio Coloccini and Yohan Cabaye, both ruled out by injury, and performed well in a 2–2 draw on 19 October 2013. Following the match, his role as captain was praised by manager Alan Pardew, who wanted him to captain another match. On 12 January 2014, and with Newcastle trailing 1–0 at home to Manchester City, Tioté had a goal controversially disallowed, when referee Mike Jones ruled that Yoan Gouffran had blocked the goalkeeper's view from an offside position, and pundits criticised the decision to disallow the goal. Later that month, Cabaye left the club to join Paris Saint-Germain, thus disrupting the successful partnership between the two men. As a result, his form suffered, with replacement Dan Gosling not up to the preferred standard. However, Tioté was given the captain's armband in the absence of Coloccini, who had suffered a knee injury against West Bromwich Albion. By the end of the 2013–14 season, Tioté had made 36 appearances in all competitions.
A hamstring injury meant that Tioté started the following season later than his teammates; it would be in September that he finally made his first appearance, against Hull City, in which he set up one of the goals, in a 2–2 draw. He would go on to make eleven more appearances in the league, before going on international duty for the 2015 African Cup of Nations. He sustained a knee injury, and had to have surgery on it, ruling him out for the rest of the season. This came as a blow for the player; he had stated to Ivorian press that he wanted to leave Newcastle. He had been previously linked with Arsenal and Manchester United, and admitted there had been contacts for him from Arsenal and an unnamed Russian club.
In the 2015–16 season, Tioté made 20 league appearances, firstly under Steve McClaren, and then under Rafael Benítez. Despite this, he could not displace the midfield pairing of Moussa Sissoko and Georginio Wijnaldum, and often played in positions not suited to him. On 6 February 2016, against West Bromwich Albion, Tioté had another goal disallowed in similar circumstances to the one two years earlier. This time, referee Lee Mason ruled that Aleksandar Mitrović had blocked the goalkeeper's view from an offside position, but the decision did not cost the team, as Mitrović would score the winner a few minutes later. The following summer saw Tioté linked with moves to Turkey and China, but nothing came to fruition. Benítez decided to keep him on as a squad player, and he fell further down the pecking order with Jonjo Shelvey, Jack Colback and Isaac Hayden all starting ahead of him. He made three more appearances for the club – once in the league, in a 1–1 draw with Aston Villa, and twice in the FA Cup, in both third round ties against Birmingham City.
Beijing Enterprises Group
On 9 February 2017, Tioté joined China League One side Beijing Enterprises Group for an undisclosed fee. Tioté made his Beijing Enterprises Group debut, in the opening game of the season, playing the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against Qingdao Huanghai. He appeared in 11 of 12 matches for the club until his last match on 3 June against Baoding Yingli ETS with a 4–2 win.
International career
Tioté playing for the Ivory Coast in 2012
On 23 March 2009, Tioté was called up for the first time by the Ivory Coast, but did not play. After being called up once more in May, he made his international debut on 12 August in a friendly match against Tunisia. He was selected in the Ivory Coast's squad for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations squad and given the squad number 9.
He started in all three of Les Éléphants' matches before their quarter final elimination by Algeria. Tioté also started each of the Ivory Coast's 2010 FIFA World Cup matches in South Africa, but the team did not advance to the second round. During one of the match against Brazil, Tioté was involved in a challenge with Elano that saw him suffer an injury and sidelined for the rest of the tournament.
On 13 January 2012, Tioté was sent off for a "crazy challenge" in an 2012 Africa Cup of Nations warm up match against Tunisia. However, he was in the starting line-up for the Ivory Coast's opening two group matches and both the semi-final and final, in which he scored the team's first kick in the penalty shootout defeat to Zambia. Following the end of the tournament, Tioté revealed that he gave away his medal to his friend because of the loss.
At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, Tioté scored his first international goal in the 50th minute of their 2–1 quarter-final loss to Nigeria. At the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Tioté featured in all three matches in the group stage.
At the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, Tioté started in the first two group matches. He injured his ankle in the match against Mali, which ended his involvement in the tournament that the Ivory Coast went on to on to win.
Personal life
Tioté was a devout Muslim. He observed fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan.
In May 2011, Tioté's car was seized by the police for motoring offences. On 13 February 2013, he was arrested on suspicion of fraud, and had his car seized by the police. After admitting to possessing a forged Belgian driving licence, he was given a suspended sentence, as well as a six-month ban from driving.
In 2012, after Newcastle United announced their sponsorship deal with Wonga, Tioté, alongside his teammates Papiss Cissé, Hatem Ben Arfa and Demba Ba, initially refused to wear the new sponsor's name on their shirts. As Wonga was a payday loan firm, according to Sharia law, Muslims must not benefit from either lending money or receiving money from another person – meaning that charging interest is prohibited. The matter was settled the following season.
He had two children with his first wife, Madah. During his time at Newcastle, the couple lived in the village of Ponteland in Northumberland, and were married some time before his move to Tyneside. On 29 September 2014, it was reported by the Evening Chronicle that Tioté had married a second wife, Laeticia Doukrou, in the capital of the Ivory Coast, Abidjan. The marriage had taken place before the start of the season. His agent Jean Musampa, confirmed the marriage to the local newspaper, saying "I can say that he did get married and that it is his second marriage." Shortly afterwards, it was reported that his mistress Nkosiphile Mpofu, with whom he had a child, had ended their relationship.
Death
On 5 June 2017, Tioté died in Beijing, China, after suffering a cardiac arrest in training. Demba Ba was amongst the first to pay tribute to the Ivorian via social media, and soon afterwards, many of his former Newcastle teammates followed suit. His former managers were similarly effusive with praise: Rafael Benítez labelled him "a true professional", Alan Pardew described him as "everything that you want in a Newcastle player", Steve McClaren (who had managed him at both Twente and Newcastle) remembered him as the toughest player he had ever seen, and Chris Hughton (who had brought him to Newcastle) spoke of his humility and called him "the perfect fit".
On 13 June, Tioté's memorial service was held in Beijing, which was attended by his Beijing Enterprises Group teammates and Papiss Cissé, who had played with him at Newcastle. On 15 June, his body was flown back to the Ivory Coast for a private funeral, amidst a dispute between his family and the Ivory Coast Football Federation over the location of his burial. He was given a military funeral in Abidjan on 18 June, attended by his national teammates and politicians including prime minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly. Beijing Enterprises Group retired Tioté's number 24 shirt on 24 June.
Career statistics
Club
Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
Club
Season
League
National Cup
League Cup
Continental
Total
Division
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Apps
Goals
Anderlecht
2005–06
Belgian First Division
2
0
1
0
—
1
0
4
0
2006–07
2
0
0
0
—
0
0
2
0
Total
4
0
1
0
—
1
0
6
0
Roda JC (loan)
2007–08
Eredivisie
26
2
0
0
—
—
26
2
Twente
2008–09
Eredivisie
28
0
3
0
—
10
0
41
0
2009–10
28
1
3
0
—
12
0
43
1
2010–11
2
0
0
0
—
0
0
2
0
Total
58
1
6
0
—
22
0
86
1
Newcastle United
2010–11
Premier League
26
1
1
0
1
0
—
28
1
2011–12
24
0
0
0
0
0
—
24
0
2012–13
24
0
0
0
1
0
6
0
31
0
2013–14
33
0
1
0
2
0
—
36
0
2014–15
11
0
1
0
0
0
—
12
0
2015–16
20
0
1
0
1
0
—
22
0
2016–17
Championship
1
0
2
0
0
0
—
3
0
Total
139
1
6
0
5
0
6
0
156
1
Beijing Enterprises Group
2017
China League One
11
0
0
0
—
—
11
0
Career total
238
4
13
0
5
0
29
0
285
4
^ Includes Belgian Cup, KNVB Cup, FA Cup, Chinese FA Cup.
^ Includes League Cup.
^ Appearance(s) in the UEFA Champions League.
^ Two appearances in the UEFA Champions League, eight appearances in the UEFA Cup.
^ Two appearances in the UEFA Champions League, ten appearances in the UEFA Europa League.
^ Appearances in the UEFA Europa League.
International
Appearances and goals by national team and year
National team
Year
Apps
Goals
Ivory Coast
2009
3
0
2010
15
0
2011
4
0
2012
11
0
2013
8
1
2014
10
0
2015
4
0
Total
55
1
Scores and results list Ivory Coast's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Tioté goal.
List of international goals scored by Cheick Tioté
No.
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1
3 February 2013
Royal Bafokeng Stadium, Rustenburg, South Africa
Nigeria
1–1
1–2
2013 Africa Cup of Nations
Honours
Tioté, standing next to Serge Aurier, celebrates winning the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations with the Ivory Coast national team
Anderlecht
Belgian League: 2005–06, 2006–07
Belgian Super Cup: 2006
Twente
Eredivisie: 2009–10
Dutch Super Cup: 2010
Ivory Coast
Africa Cup of Nations: 2015
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^ "Cheick Tioté Career Stats". Soccerbase. Archived from the original on 11 September 2012. Retrieved 30 November 2010.
^ a b "Tioté, Cheick". National Football Teams. Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann. Retrieved 7 January 2018.
^ "Cheick Tioté - Player Profile - Football". Eurosport UK. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
^ "FC Twente wint JC Schaal na rood Suarez". FCUpdate.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 5 April 2018.
External links
Media related to Cheick Ismael Tioté at Wikimedia Commons
Cheick Tioté at National-Football-Teams.com
Cheick Tioté at Soccerway
"Kicker Profile". Archived from the original on 5 May 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Cheick Tioté at Soccerbase
Ivory Coast squads
vteIvory Coast squad – 2010 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Barry
2 Angoua
3 Boka
4 K. Touré
5 Zokora
6 Y. Touré
7 Faé
8 Kalou
9 Tioté
10 Gervinho
11 Drogba
12 Méïté
13 Gosso
14 B. Koné
15 Dindane
16 Zogbo
17 Tiéné
18 Keïta
19 E. Koné
20 Demel
21 Eboué
22 Bamba
23 Angban
Coach: Halilhodžić
vteIvory Coast squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup
1 Barry
2 Angoua
3 Boka
4 K. Touré
5 Zokora
6 Gohouri
7 Doumbia
8 Kalou
9 Tioté
10 Gervinho
11 Drogba (c)
12 Gosso
13 Romaric
14 Koné
15 Dindane
16 Zogbo
17 Tiéné
18 Keïta
19 Y. Touré
20 Demel
21 Eboué
22 Bamba
23 Yeboah
Coach: Eriksson
vteIvory Coast squad – 2012 Africa Cup of Nations runners-up
1 Barry
2 Angoua
3 Boka
4 K. Touré
5 Zokora
6 Gosso
7 Doumbia
8 Kalou
9 Tioté
10 Gervinho
11 Drogba
12 Bony
13 Ya Konan
14 Coulibaly
15 Gradel
16 Yeboah
17 Tiéné
18 Keïta
19 Y. Touré
20 Lolo
21 Eboué
22 Bamba
23 Gnanhouan
Coach: Zahoui
vteIvory Coast squad – 2013 Africa Cup of Nations
1 Barry
2 Koné
3 Boka
4 K. Touré
5 Zokora
6 Romaric
7 Razak
8 Kalou
9 Tioté
10 Gervinho
11 Drogba (c)
12 Bony
13 Ya Konan
14 I. Traoré
15 Gradel
16 Yeboah
17 Tiéné
18 L. Traoré
19 Y. Touré
20 Lolo
21 Eboué
22 Bamba
23 Sangaré
Coach: Lamouchi
vteIvory Coast squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup
1 Barry
2 Viera
3 Boka
4 K. Touré
5 Zokora
6 Bolly
7 Akpa Akpro
8 Kalou
9 Tioté
10 Gervinho
11 Drogba (c)
12 Bony
13 Ya Konan
14 Diomandé
15 Gradel
16 Gbohouo
17 Aurier
18 Djakpa
19 Y. Touré
20 Dié
21 Sio
22 Bamba
23 Mandé
Coach: Lamouchi
vteIvory Coast squad – 2015 Africa Cup of Nations winners (2nd title)
1 Barry
2 Viera
3 Assalé
4 K. Touré
5 Tiéné
6 Doukouré
7 Doumbia
8 Kalou
9 Tioté
10 Gervinho
11 Tallo
12 Bony
13 Akpa Akpro
14 Diomandé
15 Gradel
16 Gbohouo
17 Aurier
18 Traoré
19 Y. Touré (c)
20 Dié
21 Bailly
22 Kanon
23 Mandé
Coach: Renard | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ʃɛik ismaɛl tjote]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"defensive midfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_midfielder"},{"link_name":"FC Bibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bibo"},{"link_name":"Yamoussoukro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukro"},{"link_name":"Belgian First Division A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Roda JC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_JC"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"FC Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente"},{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"China League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_League_One"},{"link_name":"Beijing Enterprises Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Sport_University_F.C."},{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"FIFA World Cups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2015 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"}],"text":"Cheick Ismaël Tioté (French pronunciation: [ʃɛik ismaɛl tjote]; 21 June 1986 – 5 June 2017) was an Ivorian professional footballer who played as a defensive midfielder.After playing youth football for FC Bibo in his hometown of Yamoussoukro, he made his professional debut in 2005 with Belgian First Division A club Anderlecht. In 2008, following a loan at Roda JC, he joined Eredivisie club FC Twente, winning the title in his second season. In August 2010, he signed for Premier League club Newcastle United in England for a fee of £3.5 million. Tioté played 156 games for Newcastle over six-and-a-half seasons, scoring one goal. In February 2017, he joined China League One club Beijing Enterprises Group. He died of cardiac arrest in June 2017, during a training session, aged 30.Tioté played 55 times for the Ivory Coast national team from 2009 to 2015, scoring once. He represented the country at two FIFA World Cups and four Africa Cup of Nations, winning the 2015 edition of the latter.","title":"Cheick Tioté"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yamoussoukro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamoussoukro"},{"link_name":"street football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_football"},{"link_name":"boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_boot"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FC Bibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Bibo"},{"link_name":"Evening Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Born in Yamoussoukro, Tioté started out playing barefoot street football at the age of 10, not owning a pair of boots until he was 15.[3] He played youth football for Ivorian minor league side FC Bibo.In an interview with the Evening Chronicle, Tioté said he had nine brothers and sisters. Growing up in Abidjan, he gave up his studies at a young age. He stated that \"football has always been the biggest thing to me ... I knew what I wanted to do and made sure that this was going to be my life. But I worked and worked and worked for it and it is because of that hard work that I have managed to make it.\"[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Anderlecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.S.C._Anderlecht"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"Geel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.F.C._Verbroedering_Geel"},{"link_name":"penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_kick_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Real Betis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Betis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beveren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K.S.K._Beveren"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Roda JC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roda_JC_Kerkrade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sekou Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekou_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"VVV-Venlo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VVV-Venlo"},{"link_name":"Feyenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Heerenveen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Heerenveen"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"NEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N.E.C._(football_club)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Anderlecht","text":"In 2005, he was scouted by Belgian club Anderlecht and signed a three-year contract with the club.[5] After spending months at the club's reserve, he made his debut for Anderlecht in a Belgian Cup match which they lost to Geel after Tioté missed his penalty.[6] The following month, Tioté made his UEFA Champions League debut, where he made his first start in Matchday 6 Group Stage, in a 1–0 loss against Real Betis.[7] It was not until 18 March 2006 that he made his league debut for the club, coming on as a late substitute, in a 4–0 win over Beveren.[8] After making another league appearance, Tioté went on to make four appearances in all competitions in the 2005–06 season. The following season saw Tioté make three appearances in all competitions, due to spending the most of the season with injuries.[9][10]In the 2007–08 season, he played on loan for Roda JC on a season-long loan deal,[11] where he played alongside his countryman Sekou Cissé.[12] After making his first start on his Roda JC debut, in a 5–3 win over VVV-Venlo on 2 September 2007, he scored his first goal for the club, in a 3–1 loss against Feyenoord.[13] Since making an impact at Roda JC, he became the club's fan favourite there.[14] On 27 December 2007 he scored his second Roda JC goal, in a 1–0 win over Heerenveen.[15] On 4 April 2008, however, Tioté was sent off in the 33rd minute, in a 2–0 loss against NEC, which turns out to be his last appearance.[16] After serving two match suspension for the rest of the season, he went on to make thirty appearances and scoring two times in all competitions.[17]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheik_Tiote.jpg"},{"link_name":"Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente"},{"link_name":"Cercle Brugge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercle_Brugge_K.S.V."},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Twente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Twente"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"final of KNVB Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_KNVB_Cup#Final"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheik_Ismael_Tiote_Fc_Twente.jpg"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"AZ Alkmaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AZ_Alkmaar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"NAC Breda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAC_Breda"},{"link_name":"first ever league title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Michel Preud'homme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Preud%27homme"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"2010–11 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."}],"sub_title":"Twente","text":"Tioté playing for Twente in 2008At the end of the season, Roda JC expressed interest in signing Tioté, along with Cercle Brugge.[18][19] Eventually, on 12 June 2008, Tioté signed for Dutch Eredivisie side Twente for a fee reported to be around €750,000, signing a four-year contract, with an option for another year.[20][21] Upon joining the club, Tioté said he doubted of having first team football at Anderlecht should he have stayed.[22]Tioté made his competitive debut for the club on 13 August 2008, in a UEFA Champions League qualification round, in a 2–0 loss against Arsenal.[23] Weeks later, on 30 August 2008, he made his league debut, making his first start, in a 1–1 draw against Roda JC in the opening game of the season.[24] However, in a match against Feyenoord on 18 April 2009, he was sent off after a second bookable offence, which saw Twente lose 1–0.[25] After returning to the first team from suspension, Tioté played the whole game in the final of KNVB Cup against Heerenveen, but lost out in the penalty-shootout after the game played 120 minutes, drawing 2–2.[26] Despite this, Tioté established himself in the first team in his first season, as he made forty-one appearances in all competitions.Tioté playing for Twente in 2009Ahead of his second season at the club, Tioté was linked a move away from Twente, with French clubs expressing interest in signing him.[27] After staying at the club throughout the summer, Tioté continued to be a first team regular and was sent-off on 20 September 2009, in a 3–2 win over Utrecht after a second bookable offence.[28] On 10 April 2010, Tioté then scored his first goal for Twente, in a 2–0 win over Heerenveen.[29] After receiving a yellow card during a 1–0 loss against AZ Alkmaar on 13 April 2010, Tioté served a one match suspension for this.[30][31] Tioté made his return from suspension in the last game of the season, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 2–0 win over NAC Breda to win the club's first ever league title.[32] He also featured in the Europa League and Champions League, as he made forty-two appearances and scoring once in all competitions.During his two years time at Twente, he gained his reputation for being a determined and resilient midfielder with a keen eye for a pass, making fifty-eight league appearances scoring one goal with fourteen assists. Following his performance in the World Cup, Tioté further attracted interests from clubs, including Birmingham City,[33] but newly appointed manager Michel Preud'homme insisted on keeping him at the club.[34] In the 2010–11 season, he went on to make two appearances, before signing for Newcastle United.","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_League"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"work permit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_permit"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Evening Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Everton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everton_F.C."},{"link_name":"Goodison Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodison_Park"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Everton_v_Newcastle-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Stevenage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevenage_F.C."},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"volley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volley_(football)"},{"link_name":"Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenal_F.C."},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"2011–12 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%E2%80%9312_Newcastle_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"Blackburn Rovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackburn_Rovers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Wigan Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigan_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Swansea City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_Wanderers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Sunderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Stadium of Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadium_of_Light"},{"link_name":"Steven Fletcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Fletcher_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Queens Park Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queens_Park_Rangers_F.C."},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"2012–13 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_Newcastle_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"2013–14 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Newcastle_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Fabricio Coloccini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabricio_Coloccini"},{"link_name":"Yohan Cabaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohan_Cabaye"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Alan Pardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Pardew"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Mike Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Jones_(referee)"},{"link_name":"Yoan Gouffran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoan_Gouffran"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Paris Saint-Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Saint-Germain_F.C."},{"link_name":"Dan Gosling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Gosling"},{"link_name":"West Bromwich Albion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bromwich_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"following season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Newcastle_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Hull City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"2015 African Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_African_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"Manchester United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"2015–16 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Newcastle_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"Steve McClaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McClaren"},{"link_name":"Rafael Benítez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Moussa Sissoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moussa_Sissoko"},{"link_name":"Georginio Wijnaldum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georginio_Wijnaldum"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Lee Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Mason"},{"link_name":"Aleksandar Mitrović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Mitrovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"Jonjo Shelvey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonjo_Shelvey"},{"link_name":"Jack Colback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Colback"},{"link_name":"Isaac Hayden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Hayden"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"Aston Villa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aston_Villa_F.C."},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"sub_title":"Newcastle United","text":"On 26 August 2010, Tioté joined English Premier League side Newcastle United for a fee of £3.5 million, after he was granted a work permit.[35] Upon joining the club, Tioté spoke to the local newspaper, the Evening Chronicle, about the move, saying: \"It's a great thrill for me to be joining such a famous club as Newcastle United.\"[36] He was given the number 24 shirt.[37]He made his debut on 18 September against Everton at Goodison Park. He completed all of his 64 passes, made two interceptions, completed all five of his attempted tackles, and his only shot was on target.[38] Tioté quickly became a favourite among supporters.[39] On 8 January 2011, he was sent off during Newcastle's third round FA Cup match against Stevenage.[40] Newcastle attempted to appeal the decision,[41] but the FA decided to uphold it, and Tioté was suspended for three matches.[42] On 5 February, Tioté scored his first and what was to be his only goal for the club, a 25-yard volley for the late equaliser in a 4–4 draw against Arsenal after Newcastle had trailed 4–0 at half time.[43] On 25 February 2011, Newcastle announced that Tioté had signed a new six-and-a-half-year contract to show his commitment to the club, keeping him at Newcastle until 2017. Upon signing his new deal, Tioté said: \"The experience of playing in the Premier League has been better than I ever hoped it could be. This is a great club and the fans have been brilliant – I have never known support like it.\"[44] Despite setback from suspensions, he made 28 appearances and scored once in all competitions.[45][46][47]In the 2011–12 season, Tioté started the season well for the club when he set up two goals in two matches between 17 and 24 September 2011, against Aston Villa and Blackburn Rovers, which resulted in a draw and a win respectively.[48][49] However, during a 1–0 win over Wigan Athletic on 22 October, he suffered a broken nose and knee injury that resulted him out for two months.[50] He returned on 17 December, playing 82 minutes before being substituted in a 0–0 draw against Swansea City.[51] After the end of the African Cup of Nations, Tioté returned to the first team, where he set up one of the goals, in a 2–2 draw against Wolverhampton Wanderers on 25 February 2012.[52] As the 2011–12 season progressed, he went on to make 24 appearances in all competitions.After two seasons at Newcastle, Tioté picked up 25 yellow cards from 50 league games, a return of one yellow card every two games, but only received one sending off, against local rivals Sunderland. He was sent off in Newcastle's 1–1 draw at the Stadium of Light on 21 October 2012, for a late challenge on Steven Fletcher.[53] In a 1–0 win against Queens Park Rangers on 22 December, Tioté received a yellow card, picking up his fifth booking of the season and resulting in him being suspended for one match.[54] However, throughout the 2012–13 season, Tioté suffered a setback, due to international commitment on two occasions and injury.[55][56][57] Despite this, he went on to make 31 appearances in all competitions in the 2012–13 season.In the 2013–14 season, Tioté captained Newcastle for the first time, replacing Fabricio Coloccini and Yohan Cabaye, both ruled out by injury, and performed well in a 2–2 draw on 19 October 2013.[58] Following the match, his role as captain was praised by manager Alan Pardew, who wanted him to captain another match.[59] On 12 January 2014, and with Newcastle trailing 1–0 at home to Manchester City, Tioté had a goal controversially disallowed,[60] when referee Mike Jones ruled that Yoan Gouffran had blocked the goalkeeper's view from an offside position, and pundits criticised the decision to disallow the goal.[61][62] Later that month, Cabaye left the club to join Paris Saint-Germain, thus disrupting the successful partnership between the two men. As a result, his form suffered, with replacement Dan Gosling not up to the preferred standard. However, Tioté was given the captain's armband in the absence of Coloccini, who had suffered a knee injury against West Bromwich Albion.[63] By the end of the 2013–14 season, Tioté had made 36 appearances in all competitions.A hamstring injury meant that Tioté started the following season later than his teammates; it would be in September that he finally made his first appearance, against Hull City, in which he set up one of the goals, in a 2–2 draw.[64] He would go on to make eleven more appearances in the league, before going on international duty for the 2015 African Cup of Nations. He sustained a knee injury, and had to have surgery on it, ruling him out for the rest of the season.[65] This came as a blow for the player; he had stated to Ivorian press that he wanted to leave Newcastle. He had been previously linked with Arsenal and Manchester United,[66][67] and admitted there had been contacts for him from Arsenal and an unnamed Russian club.[68]In the 2015–16 season, Tioté made 20 league appearances, firstly under Steve McClaren, and then under Rafael Benítez.[69] Despite this, he could not displace the midfield pairing of Moussa Sissoko and Georginio Wijnaldum, and often played in positions not suited to him. On 6 February 2016, against West Bromwich Albion, Tioté had another goal disallowed in similar circumstances to the one two years earlier.[70] This time, referee Lee Mason ruled that Aleksandar Mitrović had blocked the goalkeeper's view from an offside position, but the decision did not cost the team, as Mitrović would score the winner a few minutes later.[71] The following summer saw Tioté linked with moves to Turkey and China, but nothing came to fruition. Benítez decided to keep him on as a squad player, and he fell further down the pecking order with Jonjo Shelvey, Jack Colback and Isaac Hayden all starting ahead of him.[72] He made three more appearances for the club – once in the league, in a 1–1 draw with Aston Villa,[73] and twice in the FA Cup, in both third round ties against Birmingham City.[74][75]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China League One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_League_One"},{"link_name":"Beijing Enterprises Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Sport_University_F.C."},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Qingdao Huanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qingdao_Huanghai_F.C."},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"Baoding Yingli ETS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoding_Yingli_ETS"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"}],"sub_title":"Beijing Enterprises Group","text":"On 9 February 2017, Tioté joined China League One side Beijing Enterprises Group for an undisclosed fee.[76] Tioté made his Beijing Enterprises Group debut, in the opening game of the season, playing the whole game, in a 2–1 loss against Qingdao Huanghai.[77] He appeared in 11 of 12 matches for the club until his last match on 3 June against Baoding Yingli ETS with a 4–2 win.[78]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheick_Ismael_Tiote_9030.JPG"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"2010 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"squad number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squad_number"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"2010 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Elano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elano"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"2012 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Final"},{"link_name":"penalty shootout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"2013 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"2014 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"2015 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"}],"text":"Tioté playing for the Ivory Coast in 2012On 23 March 2009, Tioté was called up for the first time by the Ivory Coast, but did not play.[79] After being called up once more in May, he made his international debut on 12 August in a friendly match against Tunisia.[80][81] He was selected in the Ivory Coast's squad for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations squad and given the squad number 9.[82]He started in all three of Les Éléphants' matches before their quarter final elimination by Algeria.[83][84] Tioté also started each of the Ivory Coast's 2010 FIFA World Cup matches in South Africa, but the team did not advance to the second round.[85] During one of the match against Brazil, Tioté was involved in a challenge with Elano that saw him suffer an injury and sidelined for the rest of the tournament.[86][87]On 13 January 2012, Tioté was sent off for a \"crazy challenge\" in an 2012 Africa Cup of Nations warm up match against Tunisia.[88] However, he was in the starting line-up for the Ivory Coast's opening two group matches and both the semi-final and final, in which he scored the team's first kick in the penalty shootout defeat to Zambia.[89] Following the end of the tournament, Tioté revealed that he gave away his medal to his friend because of the loss.[90]At the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, Tioté scored his first international goal in the 50th minute of their 2–1 quarter-final loss to Nigeria.[91] At the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Tioté featured in all three matches in the group stage.[92][93]At the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, Tioté started in the first two group matches.[94][95] He injured his ankle in the match against Mali,[96] which ended his involvement in the tournament that the Ivory Coast went on to on to win.[97]","title":"International career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"Ramadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leazesterrace-99"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"Newcastle United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonga.com"},{"link_name":"Papiss Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiss_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Hatem Ben Arfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatem_Ben_Arfa"},{"link_name":"Demba Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demba_Ba"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"Ponteland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponteland"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Evening Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"the season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_Newcastle_United_F.C._season"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"}],"text":"Tioté was a devout Muslim.[98] He observed fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan.[99]In May 2011, Tioté's car was seized by the police for motoring offences.[100] On 13 February 2013, he was arrested on suspicion of fraud, and had his car seized by the police.[101] After admitting to possessing a forged Belgian driving licence, he was given a suspended sentence, as well as a six-month ban from driving.[102][103]In 2012, after Newcastle United announced their sponsorship deal with Wonga, Tioté, alongside his teammates Papiss Cissé, Hatem Ben Arfa and Demba Ba, initially refused to wear the new sponsor's name on their shirts.[104] As Wonga was a payday loan firm, according to Sharia law, Muslims must not benefit from either lending money or receiving money from another person – meaning that charging interest is prohibited. The matter was settled the following season.[105]He had two children with his first wife, Madah.[106][107] During his time at Newcastle, the couple lived in the village of Ponteland in Northumberland, and were married some time before his move to Tyneside.[108] On 29 September 2014, it was reported by the Evening Chronicle that Tioté had married a second wife, Laeticia Doukrou, in the capital of the Ivory Coast, Abidjan. The marriage had taken place before the start of the season. His agent Jean Musampa, confirmed the marriage to the local newspaper, saying \"I can say that he did get married and that it is his second marriage.\"[109] Shortly afterwards, it was reported that his mistress Nkosiphile Mpofu, with whom he had a child, had ended their relationship.[110]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Whaling_20170605_Mirror-111"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Demba Ba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demba_Ba"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"Rafael Benítez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Ben%C3%ADtez"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"Alan Pardew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Pardew"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"Steve McClaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_McClaren"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Chris Hughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Hughton"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"Beijing Enterprises Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Sport_University_F.C."},{"link_name":"Papiss Cissé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papiss_Ciss%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Amadou Gon Coulibaly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amadou_Gon_Coulibaly"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"}],"text":"On 5 June 2017, Tioté died in Beijing, China, after suffering a cardiac arrest in training.[111][112] Demba Ba was amongst the first to pay tribute to the Ivorian via social media,[113] and soon afterwards, many of his former Newcastle teammates followed suit.[114] His former managers were similarly effusive with praise: Rafael Benítez labelled him \"a true professional\",[115] Alan Pardew described him as \"everything that you want in a Newcastle player\",[116] Steve McClaren (who had managed him at both Twente and Newcastle) remembered him as the toughest player he had ever seen,[117] and Chris Hughton (who had brought him to Newcastle) spoke of his humility and called him \"the perfect fit\".[118]On 13 June, Tioté's memorial service was held in Beijing, which was attended by his Beijing Enterprises Group teammates and Papiss Cissé, who had played with him at Newcastle.[119] On 15 June, his body was flown back to the Ivory Coast for a private funeral, amidst a dispute between his family and the Ivory Coast Football Federation over the location of his burial.[120] He was given a military funeral in Abidjan on 18 June, attended by his national teammates and politicians including prime minister Amadou Gon Coulibaly.[121] Beijing Enterprises Group retired Tioté's number 24 shirt on 24 June.[122]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-125"},{"link_name":"Belgian Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Cup"},{"link_name":"KNVB Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNVB_Cup"},{"link_name":"FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"Chinese FA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_FA_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-126"},{"link_name":"League Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_League_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ucl_127-0"},{"link_name":"UEFA Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-128"},{"link_name":"UEFA Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Cup"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-129"},{"link_name":"UEFA Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-uel_130-0"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"^ Includes Belgian Cup, KNVB Cup, FA Cup, Chinese FA Cup.\n\n^ Includes League Cup.\n\n^ Appearance(s) in the UEFA Champions League.\n\n^ Two appearances in the UEFA Champions League, eight appearances in the UEFA Cup.\n\n^ Two appearances in the UEFA Champions League, ten appearances in the UEFA Europa League.\n\n^ Appearances in the UEFA Europa League.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"International","text":"Scores and results list Ivory Coast's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Tioté goal.","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Acon_final_2015_(16331506630).jpg"},{"link_name":"Serge Aurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Aurier"},{"link_name":"2015 Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Belgian League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_First_Division_A"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-06_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"2006–07","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006-07_Belgian_First_Division"},{"link_name":"Belgian Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Belgian_Super_Cup"},{"link_name":"Eredivisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"2009–10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009-10_Eredivisie"},{"link_name":"Dutch Super Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Cruyff_Shield"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Johan_Cruyff_Shield"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"Africa Cup of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Africa_Cup_of_Nations_Final"}],"text":"Tioté, standing next to Serge Aurier, celebrates winning the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations with the Ivory Coast national team[125]AnderlechtBelgian League: 2005–06, 2006–07\nBelgian Super Cup: 2006TwenteEredivisie: 2009–10\nDutch Super Cup: 2010[126]Ivory CoastAfrica Cup of Nations: 2015","title":"Honours"}] | [{"image_text":"Tioté playing for Twente in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cheik_Tiote.jpg/190px-Cheik_Tiote.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tioté playing for Twente in 2009","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Cheik_Ismael_Tiote_Fc_Twente.jpg/250px-Cheik_Ismael_Tiote_Fc_Twente.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tioté playing for the Ivory Coast in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Cheick_Ismael_Tiote_9030.JPG/185px-Cheick_Ismael_Tiote_9030.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tioté, standing next to Serge Aurier, celebrates winning the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations with the Ivory Coast national team","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Acon_final_2015_%2816331506630%29.jpg/260px-Acon_final_2015_%2816331506630%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"List of Players\" (PDF). Confederation of African Football (CAF). Retrieved 24 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cafonline.com/userfiles/file/Comp/CAN2013/The%20list%20of%2016finals_not_confirmed.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newcastle United Player profile\". Archived from the original on 5 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161105002100/http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Teams/PlayerProfile/0,,10278~44277,00.html","url_text":"\"Newcastle United Player profile\""},{"url":"http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Teams/PlayerProfile/0,,10278~44277,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Douglas, Mark (28 November 2010). \"Cheik's gunning for his big hero\". Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 23 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/cheiks-gunning-big-hero-1423259","url_text":"\"Cheik's gunning for his big hero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mbo Mpenza niet gelukkig op Anderlecht\" (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad. 11 March 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/ghkd7d5g","url_text":"\"Mbo Mpenza niet gelukkig op Anderlecht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tweedeklasser Geel wipt Anderlecht\" (in Dutch). De Standaard. 11 November 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standaard.be/cnt/b284269051110","url_text":"\"Tweedeklasser Geel wipt Anderlecht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kompany bezorgt Anderlecht eerste punten in Champions League\" (in Dutch). De Standaard. 6 December 2005. Retrieved 22 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf06122005_064","url_text":"\"Kompany bezorgt Anderlecht eerste punten in Champions League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anderlecht houdt geslaagde generale\" (in Dutch). De Standaard. 20 March 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.standaard.be/cnt/gacpoo32","url_text":"\"Anderlecht houdt geslaagde generale\""}]},{"reference":"\"Groen licht voor De Man\" (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad. 4 October 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/gnc12ljs3_1","url_text":"\"Groen licht voor De Man\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lambrecht zoekt al alternatief voor Muslin\" (in Dutch). Nieuwsblad. 14 November 2006. Retrieved 22 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nieuwsblad.be/cnt/gtn14e2ep","url_text":"\"Lambrecht zoekt al alternatief voor Muslin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anderlecht-talenten Lamah en Tioté op huurbasis bij Roda JC\" (in Dutch). HLN.be. 2 August 2007. Archived from the original on 22 March 2017. 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Newcastle United Midfielder Tiote Rumbled As His Two Wives & Mistress Are Revealed\". Caughtoffside.com. 29 September 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.caughtoffside.com/2014/09/29/cheick-mate-newcastle-united-midfielder-tiote-rumbled-as-his-two-wives-mistress-are-revealed/","url_text":"\"Cheick Mate! Newcastle United Midfielder Tiote Rumbled As His Two Wives & Mistress Are Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"Whaling, James (5 June 2017). \"Cheick Tiote dies aged 30 after collapsing during training in Beijing\". Daily Mirror.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/cheick-tiote-dead-newcastle-beijing-10565305","url_text":"\"Cheick Tiote dies aged 30 after collapsing during training in Beijing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Mirror","url_text":"Daily Mirror"}]},{"reference":"\"北控发布蒂奥特去世公告 在球队训练时突发昏厥\" (in Chinese). Sports Sina. 5 June 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Lewis_(baseball) | Grover Lewis (baseball) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American baseball player
Baseball player
Grover LewisThird basemanBorn: 1895Tulsa, OklahomaBatted: RightThrew: RightNegro league baseball debut1928, for the Homestead GraysLast appearance1928, for the Homestead Grays
Teams
Homestead Grays (1928)
Grover Lewis (1895 – death date unknown) was an American Negro league third baseman in the 1920s.
A native of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Lewis played for the Homestead Grays in 1928. In five recorded games, he posted five hits in 18 plate appearances.
References
^ "Grover Lewis". seamheads.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
^ "Grover Lewis". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
External links
Baseball statistics and player information from Baseball-Reference Black Baseball Stats and Seamheads
This Negro league baseball infielder article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Negro league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negro_league"},{"link_name":"third baseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_baseman"},{"link_name":"Tulsa, Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Homestead Grays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homestead_Grays"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Baseball playerGrover Lewis (1895 – death date unknown) was an American Negro league third baseman in the 1920s.A native of Tulsa, Oklahoma, Lewis played for the Homestead Grays in 1928. In five recorded games, he posted five hits in 18 plate appearances.[1][2]","title":"Grover Lewis (baseball)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Grover Lewis\". seamheads.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/player.php?playerID=lewis01gro","url_text":"\"Grover Lewis\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grover Lewis\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved August 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=lewis-000gro","url_text":"\"Grover Lewis\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/player.php?playerID=lewis01gro","external_links_name":"\"Grover Lewis\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=lewis-000gro","external_links_name":"\"Grover Lewis\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=lewis-000gro","external_links_name":"Baseball-Reference Black Baseball Stats"},{"Link":"https://www.seamheads.com/NegroLgs/player.php?playerID=lewis01gro","external_links_name":"Seamheads"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grover_Lewis_(baseball)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Hitzig | Ferdinand Hitzig | ["1 Life and works","2 Belshazzar and his historicity","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"] | German biblical critic (1807–1875)
Ferdinand Hitzig (23 June 1807 – 22 January 1875) was a German biblical critic.
Life and works
Hitzig was born at Hauingen (now a part of Lörrach), Baden, where his father was a pastor.
He studied theology at Heidelberg under H.E.G. Paulus, at Halle under Wilhelm Gesenius and at Göttingen under Ewald. Returning to Heidelberg he became Privatdozent in theology in 1829, and in 1831 published his Begriff der Kritik am Alten Testamente praktisch erörtert, a study of Old Testament criticism in which he explained the critical principles of the grammatico-historical school, and his Des Propheten Jonas Orakel über Moab, an exposition of the 5th and 16th chapters of the Book of Isaiah attributed by him to the prophet Jonah mentioned in 2 Kings xiv. 25.
In 1833 he was called to the University of Zürich as professor ordinarius of theology. His next work was a commentary on Isaiah with a translation (Übersetzung und Auslegung des Propheten Jesaias), which he dedicated to Heinrich Ewald, and which Hermann Hupfeld (1796–1866), well known as a commentator on the Psalms (1855–1861), pronounced to be his best exegetical work. At Zürich he laboured for a period of twenty-eight years, during which, besides commentaries on The Psalms (1835–1836; 2nd ed., 1863–1865), The Minor Prophets (1838; 3rd ed., 1863), Jeremiah (1841; 2nd ed., 1866), Ezekiel (1847), Daniel (1850), Ecclesiastes (1847), Canticles (1855), and Proverbs (1858), he published a monograph, Über Johannes Markus und seine Schriften (1843), in which he maintained the chronological priority of the second gospel. He wrote works of archaeological interest, of which the most important are Die Erfindung des Alphabets (1840), Urgeschichte und Mythologie der Philister (1845), and Die Grabschrift des Eschmunezar (1855).
After the death in 1860 of Friedrich Umbreit, one of the founders of the well-known Studien und Kritiken, Hitzig was called to succeed him as professor of theology at Heidelberg. Here he wrote his Geschichte des Volkes Israel (1869–1870), in two parts, extending respectively to the end of the Persian domination and to the fall of Masada, 72 AD, as well as a work on the Pauline epistles, Zur Kritik Paulinischer Briefe (1870), on the Moabite Stone, Die Inschrift des Mescha (1870), and on Assyrian, Sprache und Sprachen Assyriens (1871), besides revising the commentary on Job by Ludwig Hirzel, first published in 1839.
He was also a contributor to the Monatsschrift des wissenschaftlichen Vereins in Zürich, the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, the Theologische Studien und Kritiken, Eduard Zeller's Theologische Jahrbücher, and Adolf Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie. Hitzig died at Heidelberg.
His lectures on biblical theology (Vorlesungen über biblische Theologie und messianische Weissagungen) were published in 1880 after his death, along with a portrait and biographical sketch by his pupil, J. J. Kneucker (b. 1840), professor of theology at Heidelberg.
Belshazzar and his historicity
It has been charged that certain "fundamentalists" were wrong in citing Hitzig as an example of those who denied the historicity of Belshazzar. But Hitzig really did hold the erroneous position ascribed to him by conservative scholars, as shown by what he wrote in his commentary on the Book of Daniel.Selbst den Fall gesetzt, dass der fragliche Koenig Mediens existiert habe, wurde der Name, unter welchen er bei Daniel auftritt, zu beanstanden sein. Jene zweiheit in Nabonned = Baltasar wiederholt sich in Cyaxares = Darius, und wieder zu Daniels nachteil.
Translation:
Even supposing that the king of the Medes in question had existed, the objection is the name under which he is referenced in Daniel. Each of the two were standardized in Nabonidus = Belshazzar which is repeated in Cyaxares = Darius, to Daniel’s discredit.
Hitzig thought that, historically, there was no such person as Belshazzar, or alternately, that the deluded author of the book of Daniel made two mistakes: he gave Nabonidus the name Belshazzar and Cyraxares the name Darius. Hitzig's position logically followed from his presupposition that the book of Daniel was a fraud perpetrated by a nameless author in Maccabean times. Such a deceiver could not have known a genuine name of Belshazzar from the sixth century BC, because at the time Hitzig wrote, all resources available to him outside of the Bible and texts derived from the Bible named Nabonidus as the last king of Babylon, without any mention of Belshazzar. This conclusion was therefore a natural consequence of the starting assumptions, which were the presuppositions accepted by the radical criticism of the day. As the Jewish Encyclopedia explains: The name "Belshazzar" was previously held to have been invented by the author of the Book of Daniel, which has long been recognized as a Maccabean production (see DANIEL). Since the discovery and decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions, however, "Belshazzar" is now generally admitted to be the Hebrew-Aramaic equivalent of the Babylonian form ‘Belsharuṣur’ (Bel preserve the king), which has been found in the cuneiform documents as the name of the eldest son of Nabonidus (Nabuna'id), the last native king of Babylon (555-538 B.C.).
A modern evaluation of Hitzig's scholarship should take into consideration not only his starting presuppositions, but also how the deductions from those presuppositions have led to numerous errors in judgment that have later proved to be unsustainable.
Publications
Begriff der Kritik, am Alten Testament praktisch erörtert, 1831
Die 12 kleinen Propheten, ("The 12 Minor Prophets"), 1838
Über die Erfindung des Alphabetes, ("About the Invention of the Alphabet"), 1840
Urgeschichte u. Mythologie der Philistäer, ("Prehistory and Mythology of the Philistines"), 1845
Das buch Daniel, 1850
Die proph. Bücher des Alten Testaments, 1854
Geschichte des Volkes Israel, ("History of the People of Israel"), 1869/70
References
^ a b c d Chisholm 1911.
^ Ferdinant Hitzig, Das Buch Daniel (Leipzig: Weidman, 1850) p. 77.
^ The Jewish Encyclopedia, "Belshazzar" (NY and London: Funk and Wagnalls, 1909).
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Hitzig, Ferdinand". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 13 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 540.
External links
Ferdinand Hitzig at Jewish Encyclopedia
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His next work was a commentary on Isaiah with a translation (Übersetzung und Auslegung des Propheten Jesaias), which he dedicated to Heinrich Ewald, and which Hermann Hupfeld (1796–1866), well known as a commentator on the Psalms (1855–1861), pronounced to be his best exegetical work. At Zürich he laboured for a period of twenty-eight years, during which, besides commentaries on The Psalms (1835–1836; 2nd ed., 1863–1865), The Minor Prophets (1838; 3rd ed., 1863), Jeremiah (1841; 2nd ed., 1866), Ezekiel (1847), Daniel (1850), Ecclesiastes (1847), Canticles (1855), and Proverbs (1858), he published a monograph, Über Johannes Markus und seine Schriften (1843), in which he maintained the chronological priority of the second gospel. He wrote works of archaeological interest, of which the most important are Die Erfindung des Alphabets (1840), Urgeschichte und Mythologie der Philister (1845), and Die Grabschrift des Eschmunezar (1855).[1]After the death in 1860 of Friedrich Umbreit, one of the founders of the well-known Studien und Kritiken, Hitzig was called to succeed him as professor of theology at Heidelberg. Here he wrote his Geschichte des Volkes Israel (1869–1870), in two parts, extending respectively to the end of the Persian domination and to the fall of Masada, 72 AD, as well as a work on the Pauline epistles, Zur Kritik Paulinischer Briefe (1870), on the Moabite Stone, Die Inschrift des Mescha (1870), and on Assyrian, Sprache und Sprachen Assyriens (1871), besides revising the commentary on Job by Ludwig Hirzel, first published in 1839.He was also a contributor to the Monatsschrift des wissenschaftlichen Vereins in Zürich, the Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenländischen Gesellschaft, the Theologische Studien und Kritiken, Eduard Zeller's Theologische Jahrbücher, and Adolf Hilgenfeld's Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie. Hitzig died at Heidelberg.[1]His lectures on biblical theology (Vorlesungen über biblische Theologie und messianische Weissagungen) were published in 1880 after his death, along with a portrait and biographical sketch by his pupil, J. J. Kneucker (b. 1840), professor of theology at Heidelberg.[1]","title":"Life and works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belshazzar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It has been charged that certain \"fundamentalists\" were wrong in citing Hitzig as an example of those who denied the historicity of Belshazzar. But Hitzig really did hold the erroneous position ascribed to him by conservative scholars, as shown by what he wrote in his commentary on the Book of Daniel.Selbst den Fall gesetzt, dass der fragliche Koenig Mediens existiert habe, wurde der Name, unter welchen er bei Daniel auftritt, zu beanstanden sein. Jene zweiheit in Nabonned = Baltasar wiederholt sich in Cyaxares = Darius, und wieder zu Daniels nachteil.[2]\nTranslation:\n\nEven supposing that the king of the Medes in question [i.e., Darius; Dan 5:31] had existed, the objection is the name under which he is referenced in Daniel. Each of the two were standardized in Nabonidus = Belshazzar which is repeated in Cyaxares = Darius, to Daniel’s discredit.Hitzig thought that, historically, there was no such person as Belshazzar, or alternately, that the deluded author of the book of Daniel made two mistakes: he gave Nabonidus the name Belshazzar and Cyraxares the name Darius. Hitzig's position logically followed from his presupposition that the book of Daniel was a fraud perpetrated by a nameless author in Maccabean times. Such a deceiver could not have known a genuine name of Belshazzar from the sixth century BC, because at the time Hitzig wrote, all resources available to him outside of the Bible and texts derived from the Bible named Nabonidus as the last king of Babylon, without any mention of Belshazzar. This conclusion was therefore a natural consequence of the starting assumptions, which were the presuppositions accepted by the radical criticism of the day. As the Jewish Encyclopedia explains:The name \"Belshazzar\" was previously held to have been invented by the author of the Book of Daniel, which has long been recognized as a Maccabean production (see DANIEL). Since the discovery and decipherment of the cuneiform inscriptions, however, \"Belshazzar\" is now generally admitted to be the Hebrew-Aramaic equivalent of the Babylonian form ‘Belsharuṣur’ (Bel preserve the king), which has been found in the cuneiform documents as the name of the eldest son of Nabonidus (Nabuna'id), the last native king of Babylon (555-538 B.C.).[3]A modern evaluation of Hitzig's scholarship should take into consideration not only his starting presuppositions, but also how the deductions from those presuppositions have led to numerous errors in judgment that have later proved to be unsustainable.","title":"Belshazzar and his historicity"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Begriff der Kritik, am Alten Testament praktisch erörtert, 1831\nDie 12 kleinen Propheten, (\"The 12 Minor Prophets\"), 1838\nÜber die Erfindung des Alphabetes, (\"About the Invention of the Alphabet\"), 1840\nUrgeschichte u. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_1990%E2%80%931994 | 1990–1994 Swedish financial crisis | ["1 Relation to Japan","2 References"] | The Sweden financial crisis 1990–1994 was a housing bubble that took place in Sweden that deflated during 1991 and 1992, and resulted in a severe credit crunch and widespread bank insolvency. Similar crises took place in other countries around the same time, such as in Finland and the Savings and loan crisis in the United States. The causes of the crisis were similar to those of the subprime mortgage crisis of 2007–2008. In response, the government took the following actions:
The government announced the state would guarantee all bank deposits and creditors of the nation's 114 banks.
Sweden's government assumed bad bank debts, but banks had to write down losses and issue an ownership interest (common stock) to the government. Shareholders at the remaining large banks were diluted by private recapitalizations (meaning that they sold equity to new investors). Bondholders at all banks were protected.
Nordbanken and Götabanken were granted financial support and nationalized at a cost of 64 billion kronor. The firms' bad debts were transferred to the asset-management companies Securum and Retriva which sold off the assets, mainly real estate, that the banks held as collateral for these debts.
When distressed assets were later sold, the proceeds flowed to the state, and the government was able to recoup more money later by selling its shares in the nationalized banks in public offerings.
Sweden formed the Bank Support Authority to supervise institutions that needed recapitalization.
This bailout initially cost about 4% of Sweden's GDP, later lowered to between 0–2% of GDP depending on various assumptions due to the value of stock later sold when the nationalized banks were privatized.
In September 2008, economists Brad DeLong and Paul Krugman proposed the Swedish experiment as a model for what should be done to solve the economic crisis that was affecting the United States at the time. Swedish leaders who played a role in devising the Swedish solution and have spoken about the implications for other countries include Urban Bäckström and Bo Lundgren.
Relation to Japan
Japan, which was struggling to handle the deflationary situation due to the Japanese asset price bubble, since the early 1990s, were considering restructuring their economic policies around Sweden's, during that of the Swedish financial crisis, however, such policies never took place.
References
Banks portal
^ Dougherty, Carter (2008-09-22). "Stopping a Financial Crisis, the Swedish Way". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^ Drees, Burkhard; Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla (1998). The Nordic Banking Crisis: Pitfalls in Financial Liberalization. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 1-55775-700-3.
^ "History". Financial Supervisory Authority. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^ Krugman, Paul (2008-09-28). "The good, the bad, and the ugly". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-10-04.
^ Bertoldi, Moreno (February 2003). "Whither Japan's Economy?". Retrieved 2021-01-19.
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List of stock market crashes and bear markets | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bad bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_bank"},{"link_name":"common stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_stock"},{"link_name":"Nordbanken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordbanken"},{"link_name":"Götabanken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6tabanken"},{"link_name":"kronor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_krona"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Securum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Brad DeLong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Bradford_DeLong"},{"link_name":"Paul Krugman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugman"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Urban Bäckström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_B%C3%A4ckstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"Bo Lundgren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo_Lundgren"}],"text":"The government announced the state would guarantee all bank deposits and creditors of the nation's 114 banks.\nSweden's government assumed bad bank debts, but banks had to write down losses and issue an ownership interest (common stock) to the government. Shareholders at the remaining large banks were diluted by private recapitalizations (meaning that they sold equity to new investors). Bondholders at all banks were protected.\nNordbanken and Götabanken were granted financial support and nationalized at a cost of 64 billion kronor.[2] The firms' bad debts were transferred to the asset-management companies Securum and Retriva which sold off the assets, mainly real estate, that the banks held as collateral for these debts.\nWhen distressed assets were later sold, the proceeds flowed to the state, and the government was able to recoup more money later by selling its shares in the nationalized banks in public offerings.\nSweden formed the Bank Support Authority[3] to supervise institutions that needed recapitalization.This bailout initially cost about 4% of Sweden's GDP, later lowered to between 0–2% of GDP depending on various assumptions due to the value of stock later sold when the nationalized banks were privatized.In September 2008, economists Brad DeLong and Paul Krugman proposed the Swedish experiment as a model for what should be done to solve the economic crisis that was affecting the United States at the time.[4] Swedish leaders who played a role in devising the Swedish solution and have spoken about the implications for other countries include Urban Bäckström and Bo Lundgren.","title":"1990–1994 Swedish financial crisis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Japanese asset price bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_asset_price_bubble"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Japan, which was struggling to handle the deflationary situation due to the Japanese asset price bubble, since the early 1990s, were considering restructuring their economic policies around Sweden's, during that of the Swedish financial crisis, however, such policies never took place.[5]","title":"Relation to Japan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Dougherty, Carter (2008-09-22). \"Stopping a Financial Crisis, the Swedish Way\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/worldbusiness/23krona.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Stopping a Financial Crisis, the Swedish Way\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Drees, Burkhard; Pazarbasioglu, Ceyla (1998). The Nordic Banking Crisis: Pitfalls in Financial Liberalization. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 1-55775-700-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/nordicbankingcri0000dree","url_text":"The Nordic Banking Crisis: Pitfalls in Financial Liberalization"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55775-700-3","url_text":"1-55775-700-3"}]},{"reference":"\"History\". Financial Supervisory Authority. Retrieved 2012-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fi.se/Folder-EN/Startpage/About-FI/Who-we-are/History/","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Supervisory_Authority_(Sweden)","url_text":"Financial Supervisory Authority"}]},{"reference":"Krugman, Paul (2008-09-28). \"The good, the bad, and the ugly\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-10-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/","url_text":"\"The good, the bad, and the ugly\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Bertoldi, Moreno (February 2003). \"Whither Japan's Economy?\". Retrieved 2021-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/reader/4384471","url_text":"\"Whither Japan's Economy?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/23/business/worldbusiness/23krona.html?_r=0","external_links_name":"\"Stopping a Financial Crisis, the Swedish Way\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/nordicbankingcri0000dree","external_links_name":"The Nordic Banking Crisis: Pitfalls in Financial Liberalization"},{"Link":"https://www.fi.se/Folder-EN/Startpage/About-FI/Who-we-are/History/","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/09/28/the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/","external_links_name":"\"The good, the bad, and the ugly\""},{"Link":"https://core.ac.uk/reader/4384471","external_links_name":"\"Whither Japan's Economy?\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_knot | Blood knot | ["1 Tying the knot","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | This article is about the knot. For the play by Athol Fugard, see Blood Knot. For the film, see Blood Knot (film).
Blood knotNamesBlood knot, Barrel knotCategoryBendEfficiency80%Typical useJoining monofilament nylon lineABoK#295, #345, #1413
A blood knot (barrel knot) is a bend knot most usefully employed for joining sections of monofilament nylon line while maintaining a high portion of the line's inherent strength. Other knots used for this purpose can cause a substantial loss of strength. In fly fishing, this serves to build a leader of gradually decreasing diameter with the castable fly line attached at the large diameter end and the fly or hook at the small diameter end. The principal drawback to the blood knot is the dexterity required to tie it. It is also likely to jam, which is not a concern in fishing line, which is no great loss to cut, but may be a concern in normal rope. "Blood knot" may refer to "a double overhand knot tied in a cat-o'-nine-tails."
The barrel knot, called blood knot by Keith Rollo, is the best bend there is for small, stiff or slippery line. The ends may be trimmed short and the knot offers the least resistance possible when drawn through water.— The Ashley Book of Knots
A half blood knot (also clinch knot) is a knot that is used for securing a fishing line to a fishing lure, snap or swivel. When two half blood knots are used to join two lines they are considered as one knot and called a blood knot. A half blood knot is one of the strongest knots for tying a medium-size hook to a medium-size line such as hooksize 4 to 4/0 onto line size 6 lb to 30 lb.
Tying the knot
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In tying the blood knot, the two lines to be joined are overlapped for 6–8 cm with the short ends of the two lines in opposite directions. The short end of one line is then wrapped 4–6 times around the second line and the remaining portion of the first short end brought back and passed between the lines at the beginning of the wraps.
The short end of the second line is then wrapped 4–6 times around the first line and the end of this line brought back and passed through what is now an oval space between the first wrap of each set.
Blood knot step by step
The above method has been called by Stanle Barnes (Anglers' Knots in Gut & Nylon, 2nd ed., 1951) "outcoil", and is contrasted with the method that resembles the finished knot from the start, "incoil". In fishing line, and in other material if not deliberately set snug and maybe re-set after some initial tensioning, the outcoil form will transform into the incoil form.
The knot is tightened by moistening it and pulling on the long ends of the line. This causes the wraps to tighten and compress, creating two short sections of "barrel", which look much like a hangman's knot, that slide together. The short ends of the line are then trimmed close to the wraps, or one of the ends may be left intact to be used for a second fly or lure, called a "dropper".
See also
List of bend knots
List of knots
References
^ Ashley, Clifford W. (1944). The Ashley Book of Knots, p.82. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04025-3.
^ Ashley, Clifford W. (1944). The Ashley Book of Knots, p.259. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04025-3.
^ Geoff Wilson (2003). Encyclopedia of Fishing Knots & Rigs. Australian Fishing Network. ISBN 1865130400.
^ Kreh, Lefty (2007). Fishing Knots: Proven to Work for Light Tackle and Fly Fishing. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3407-3.
External links
Grog. "Blood Knot". Animated Knots. Retrieved September 5, 2016.
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Commons | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blood Knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Knot"},{"link_name":"Blood Knot (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Knot_(film)"},{"link_name":"bend knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bend_knot"},{"link_name":"monofilament nylon line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monofilament_line"},{"link_name":"double overhand knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_overhand_knot"},{"link_name":"cat-o'-nine-tails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat-o%27-nine-tails"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Ashley Book of Knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ashley_Book_of_Knots"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot"},{"link_name":"fishing line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_line"},{"link_name":"fishing lure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_lure"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about the knot. For the play by Athol Fugard, see Blood Knot. For the film, see Blood Knot (film).A blood knot (barrel knot) is a bend knot most usefully employed for joining sections of monofilament nylon line while maintaining a high portion of the line's inherent strength. Other knots used for this purpose can cause a substantial loss of strength. In fly fishing, this serves to build a leader of gradually decreasing diameter with the castable fly line attached at the large diameter end and the fly or hook at the small diameter end. The principal drawback to the blood knot is the dexterity required to tie it. It is also likely to jam, which is not a concern in fishing line, which is no great loss to cut, but may be a concern in normal rope. \"Blood knot\" may refer to \"a double overhand knot tied in a cat-o'-nine-tails.\"[1]The barrel knot, called blood knot by Keith Rollo, is the best bend there is for small, stiff or slippery line. The ends may be trimmed short and the knot offers the least resistance possible when drawn through water.— The Ashley Book of Knots[2]A half blood knot (also clinch knot) is a knot that is used for securing a fishing line to a fishing lure, snap or swivel. When two half blood knots are used to join two lines they are considered as one knot and called a blood knot. A half blood knot is one of the strongest knots for tying a medium-size hook to a medium-size line such as hooksize 4 to 4/0 onto line size 6 lb to 30 lb.[3]","title":"Blood knot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BloodKnot_HowTo.jpg"},{"link_name":"hangman's knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangman%27s_knot"}],"text":"In tying the blood knot, the two lines to be joined are overlapped for 6–8 cm with the short ends of the two lines in opposite directions. The short end of one line is then wrapped 4–6 times around the second line and the remaining portion of the first short end brought back and passed between the lines at the beginning of the wraps. \nThe short end of the second line is then wrapped 4–6 times around the first line and the end of this line brought back and passed through what is now an oval space between the first wrap of each set.[4]Blood knot step by stepThe above method has been called by Stanle Barnes (Anglers' Knots in Gut & Nylon, 2nd ed., 1951) \"outcoil\", and is contrasted with the method that resembles the finished knot from the start, \"incoil\". In fishing line, and in other material if not deliberately set snug and maybe re-set after some initial tensioning, the outcoil form will transform into the incoil form.The knot is tightened by moistening it and pulling on the long ends of the line. This causes the wraps to tighten and compress, creating two short sections of \"barrel\", which look much like a hangman's knot, that slide together. The short ends of the line are then trimmed close to the wraps, or one of the ends may be left intact to be used for a second fly or lure, called a \"dropper\".","title":"Tying the knot"}] | [{"image_text":"Blood knot step by step","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/BloodKnot_HowTo.jpg/220px-BloodKnot_HowTo.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of bend knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bend_knots"},{"title":"List of knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_knots"}] | [{"reference":"Geoff Wilson (2003). Encyclopedia of Fishing Knots & Rigs. Australian Fishing Network. 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Retrieved September 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animatedknots.com/bloodknot/","url_text":"\"Blood Knot\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YxnU3Ggj1DoC&q=blood+knot","external_links_name":"Fishing Knots: Proven to Work for Light Tackle and Fly Fishing"},{"Link":"http://www.animatedknots.com/bloodknot/","external_links_name":"\"Blood Knot\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornhill_College | Thornhill College | ["1 History","2 Motto","3 Academics","4 Debating","5 Music","6 Notable former pupils","7 References","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°02′06″N 7°17′02″W / 55.035°N 7.284°W / 55.035; -7.28455°02′06″N 7°17′02″W / 55.035°N 7.284°W / 55.035; -7.284
Grammar school in Derry, Northern IrelandThornhill CollegeColáiste Chnoc na nDealgAddressCulmore RoadDerry, BT48 8JFNorthern IrelandInformationTypeGrammar schoolMottoAdveniat Regnum Tuum (Thy Kingdom come)Religious affiliation(s)Roman CatholicEstablished1886Local authorityEducation Authority (Western)PrincipalSharon Mallett, BSSc PGDFHE MSc PQMStaff100Grades6-12GenderGirlsAge11 to 18Enrolment1409Colour(s) Websitewww.thornhillcollege.org.uk
Thornhill College is a Roman Catholic grammar school for girls. Located in Derry, Northern Ireland, it has a student population of approximately 1500 and a staff of 100 teachers.
History
The nucleus of the present Thornhill College commenced shortly after the Sisters of Mercy came to Derry in 1848. The Sisters started a private school for girls in Pump Street. The school started in Artillery Street, Derry in 1887 as the Ard Scoil na Maighdine Mhuire - Convent of Our Lady of Mercy School. Its first Scheme of Government under the then Ministry of Education was drawn up in February 1925. When Watt's Distillery closed in Derry, and the Estate at Thornhill, on the outskirts of Derry, became available for sale, the Sisters, with the kind assistance of Robert Boyle, a builder in Derry, completed the purchase of the property in 1929. The house was adapted to the needs of the nuns and of the boarders. The Sisters involved moved to Thornhill Convent along with the boarders, and the Convent of Our Lady of Mercy School was officially transferred and opened on 8 September 1932 with an intake of 120 pupils, and a staff of about seven Sisters and three lay teachers.
After the Education Act, Northern Ireland in 1947, the number of pupils had increased rapidly as grammar school education became available to more and more children through the eleven plus examination. The school also had a change of name to Thornhill College, Convent of Mercy Voluntary Maintained Grammar School and various new buildings completed but these were insufficient. After many years of much effort, the present building was approved and opened in 2002 across the road from the old site in the new Thornhill College. At that time, the Sisters of Mercy withdrew from trusteeship, and gave it over to the Bishop and the Diocese of Derry.
Motto
The school motto is the Latin phrase "Adveniat Regnum Tuum", which translates as "Thy Kingdom come".
Academics
In 2009, Thornhill College became a Specialist School in Mathematics and Physics.
In 2018, Thornhill College was ranked 17th out of 192 schools in Northern Ireland in terms of its A-level performance. A total of 84.3% of its students entered for A-Levels achieved a grade of A* – C.
In 2018, 97.4% of its entrants achieved five or more GCSEs at grades A* to C, including the core subjects English and Maths and the college was ranked 28th out of 191 schools in Northern Ireland.
In 2017, the college took first place in the Northern Ireland Schools' Analyst Competition which is organised by the local Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry and involved 12 schools from across Northern Ireland.
Debating
Thornhill College has a Senior Debating Society, established in 1954. The team were runners-up in the final of the Northern Ireland Schools Debating Competition in 2007, and is known throughout the school for wearing the gold stripe around the lapel of the debating blazer. Thornhill had two teams in the semi-finals of this competition who debated against each other on 30 March 2007 in Belfast. In 2017, the society had two teams in the final of the Queen's Literific Society Debating Competition one of which was the outright winner. The society meets regularly to debate topical subjects and research up and coming competitions. The school also has an established Junior Debating Society who meet after school as part of the homework club. A member from the senior debating society made the national debating team and competed in the 2018 and 2019 World Schools Competition.
Music
The college has a very active choir. In 2018, it won the School Choir of the Year at the International Choral Festival in Derry. The following year it won the BBC Northern Ireland School Choir of the Year.
Notable former pupils
See also: Category:People educated at Thornhill College
Sheila McClean, artist
Dana Rosemary Scallon, singer, politician
Sheila McClean (1932-2011) - artist
Nell McCafferty (b. 1944) – journalist, writer and playwright
Dana Rosemary Scallon (b. 1951) – singer and former MEP
Roma Downey (b. 1960) – actress
Terri Scott – educator
Colette Bryce (b. 1970) – poet
Lisa McGee - creator of TV show Derry Girls, set in a fictionalised version of Thornhill College
Sinead McLaughlin - SDLP politician; Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for Foyle 2020-2022
Elisha McCallion (b. 1982) - Sinn Féin politician; Mayor of Derry from 2015 to 2016
Nadine Coyle (b. 1985) – member of girlband Girls Aloud
Avilla Bergin (b. 1991) - association football player
References
^ "Seachtain na Gaeilge 2017". Thornhill College. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
^ "THORNHILL COLLEGE YEARBOOK 2018/19" (PDF). Thornhill College. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^ "Sister Emmanuel's years at the heart of Thornhill College". Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ Education Minister announces nine new specialist schools Northern Ireland Executive, 4 June 2008, Retrieved 31 July 2012
^ "A-Level: Northern Ireland School League Table 2018". Retrieved 22 September 2018.
^ "Belfast Telegraph GCSE 2018". Retrieved 22 September 2018.
^ "Thornhill College takes first place". Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ "Queen's Literific Society Debating Competition". Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ "Thornhill College Yearbook 2018/19" (PDF). Thornhill College. Retrieved 16 August 2021.
^ "Sheila McClean's vibrant personality". Retrieved 27 November 2017.
^ McClements, Freya (3 February 2018). "Real-life Derry Girls: 'The nuns are gone but the pupils are the same'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
External links
Thornhill College official web site | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"55°02′06″N 7°17′02″W / 55.035°N 7.284°W / 55.035; -7.284","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thornhill_College¶ms=55.035_N_7.284_W_region:GB_scale:10000"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"}],"text":"55°02′06″N 7°17′02″W / 55.035°N 7.284°W / 55.035; -7.284Grammar school in Derry, Northern IrelandThornhill College is a Roman Catholic grammar school for girls. Located in Derry, Northern Ireland, it has a student population of approximately 1500 and a staff of 100 teachers.","title":"Thornhill College"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sisters of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The nucleus of the present Thornhill College commenced shortly after the Sisters of Mercy came to Derry in 1848. The Sisters started a private school for girls in Pump Street. The school started in Artillery Street, Derry in 1887 as the Ard Scoil na Maighdine Mhuire - Convent of Our Lady of Mercy School.[2] Its first Scheme of Government under the then Ministry of Education was drawn up in February 1925. When Watt's Distillery closed in Derry, and the Estate at Thornhill, on the outskirts of Derry, became available for sale, the Sisters, with the kind assistance of Robert Boyle, a builder in Derry, completed the purchase of the property in 1929. The house was adapted to the needs of the nuns and of the boarders. The Sisters involved moved to Thornhill Convent along with the boarders, and the Convent of Our Lady of Mercy School was officially transferred and opened on 8 September 1932 with an intake of 120 pupils, and a staff of about seven Sisters and three lay teachers.After the Education Act, Northern Ireland in 1947, the number of pupils had increased rapidly as grammar school education became available to more and more children through the eleven plus examination. The school also had a change of name to Thornhill College, Convent of Mercy Voluntary Maintained Grammar School and various new buildings completed but these were insufficient. After many years of much effort, the present building was approved and opened in 2002 across the road from the old site in the new Thornhill College. At that time, the Sisters of Mercy withdrew from trusteeship, and gave it over to the Bishop and the Diocese of Derry.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The school motto is the Latin phrase \"Adveniat Regnum Tuum\", which translates as \"Thy Kingdom come\".","title":"Motto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Specialist School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specialist_school"},{"link_name":"Mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_and_Computing_College"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 2009, Thornhill College became a Specialist School in Mathematics and Physics.[4]In 2018, Thornhill College was ranked 17th out of 192 schools in Northern Ireland in terms of its A-level performance. A total of 84.3% of its students entered for A-Levels achieved a grade of A* – C.[5]In 2018, 97.4% of its entrants achieved five or more GCSEs at grades A* to C, including the core subjects English and Maths and the college was ranked 28th out of 191 schools in Northern Ireland.[6]In 2017, the college took first place in the Northern Ireland Schools' Analyst Competition which is organised by the local Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry and involved 12 schools from across Northern Ireland.[7]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northern Ireland Schools Debating Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Schools_Debating_Competition"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"homework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homework"}],"text":"Thornhill College has a Senior Debating Society, established in 1954. The team were runners-up in the final of the Northern Ireland Schools Debating Competition in 2007, and is known throughout the school for wearing the gold stripe around the lapel of the debating blazer. Thornhill had two teams in the semi-finals of this competition who debated against each other on 30 March 2007 in Belfast. In 2017, the society had two teams in the final of the Queen's Literific Society Debating Competition one of which was the outright winner.[8] The society meets regularly to debate topical subjects and research up and coming competitions. The school also has an established Junior Debating Society who meet after school as part of the homework club. A member from the senior debating society made the national debating team and competed in the 2018 and 2019 World Schools Competition.","title":"Debating"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The college has a very active choir. In 2018, it won the School Choir of the Year at the International Choral Festival in Derry. The following year it won the BBC Northern Ireland School Choir of the Year.[9]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:People educated at Thornhill College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_educated_at_Thornhill_College"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SheilaMcCleanArtisit_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sheila McClean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_McClean"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dana_Rosemary_Scallon_EU_parliament_official_portrait.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dana Rosemary Scallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Rosemary_Scallon"},{"link_name":"Sheila McClean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_McClean"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Nell McCafferty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nell_McCafferty"},{"link_name":"Dana Rosemary Scallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Rosemary_Scallon"},{"link_name":"Roma Downey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roma_Downey"},{"link_name":"Terri Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terri_Scott"},{"link_name":"Colette Bryce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colette_Bryce"},{"link_name":"Lisa McGee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_McGee"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Derry Girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derry_Girls"},{"link_name":"Sinead McLaughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinead_McLaughlin"},{"link_name":"SDLP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SDLP"},{"link_name":"Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Foyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foyle_(Assembly_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Elisha McCallion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_McCallion"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Derry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Derry"},{"link_name":"Nadine Coyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Coyle"},{"link_name":"Girls Aloud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Aloud"},{"link_name":"Avilla Bergin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avilla_Bergin"},{"link_name":"association football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"}],"text":"See also: Category:People educated at Thornhill CollegeSheila McClean, artistDana Rosemary Scallon, singer, politicianSheila McClean (1932-2011) - artist[10]\nNell McCafferty (b. 1944) – journalist, writer and playwright\nDana Rosemary Scallon (b. 1951) – singer and former MEP\nRoma Downey (b. 1960) – actress\nTerri Scott – educator\nColette Bryce (b. 1970) – poet\nLisa McGee[11] - creator of TV show Derry Girls, set in a fictionalised version of Thornhill College\nSinead McLaughlin - SDLP politician; Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly (MLA) for Foyle 2020-2022\nElisha McCallion (b. 1982) - Sinn Féin politician; Mayor of Derry from 2015 to 2016\nNadine Coyle (b. 1985) – member of girlband Girls Aloud\nAvilla Bergin (b. 1991) - association football player","title":"Notable former pupils"}] | [{"image_text":"Sheila McClean, artist","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SheilaMcCleanArtisit_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg/140px-SheilaMcCleanArtisit_2004_SeanMcClean.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dana Rosemary Scallon, singer, politician","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dana_Rosemary_Scallon_EU_parliament_official_portrait.jpg/130px-Dana_Rosemary_Scallon_EU_parliament_official_portrait.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Seachtain na Gaeilge 2017\". Thornhill College. Retrieved 29 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/irishgaeilge/seachtain-na-gaeilge-2017","url_text":"\"Seachtain na Gaeilge 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"THORNHILL COLLEGE YEARBOOK 2018/19\" (PDF). Thornhill College. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/uploads/file/5cda014748866.pdf","url_text":"\"THORNHILL COLLEGE YEARBOOK 2018/19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sister Emmanuel's years at the heart of Thornhill College\". Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.derryjournal.com/news/sister-emmanuel-s-years-at-the-heart-of-thornhill-college-1-2122495://www.derryjournal.com/news/sister-emmanuel-s-years-at-the-heart-of-thornhill-college-1-2122495","url_text":"\"Sister Emmanuel's years at the heart of Thornhill College\""}]},{"reference":"\"A-Level: Northern Ireland School League Table 2018\". Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/education/league-tables/alevel-northern-ireland-school-league-table-2018-36704527.html","url_text":"\"A-Level: Northern Ireland School League Table 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belfast Telegraph GCSE 2018\". Retrieved 22 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/education/league-tables/gcse-northern-ireland-school-league-table-2018-36708204.html","url_text":"\"Belfast Telegraph GCSE 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thornhill College takes first place\". Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/may/northern-ireland-schools-analyst-competition/","url_text":"\"Thornhill College takes first place\""}]},{"reference":"\"Queen's Literific Society Debating Competition\". Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/public-speaking/queens-literific-society-debating-competition-2017","url_text":"\"Queen's Literific Society Debating Competition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thornhill College Yearbook 2018/19\" (PDF). Thornhill College. Retrieved 16 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/uploads/file/5cda014748866.pdf","url_text":"\"Thornhill College Yearbook 2018/19\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sheila McClean's vibrant personality\". Retrieved 27 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishnews.com/notices/livesremembered/2016/08/13/news/sheila-mcclean-s-vibrant-personality-and-life-matched-her-art-648761/","url_text":"\"Sheila McClean's vibrant personality\""}]},{"reference":"McClements, Freya (3 February 2018). \"Real-life Derry Girls: 'The nuns are gone but the pupils are the same'\". The Irish Times. Retrieved 14 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/real-life-derry-girls-the-nuns-are-gone-but-the-pupils-are-the-same-1.3377991","url_text":"\"Real-life Derry Girls: 'The nuns are gone but the pupils are the same'\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thornhill_College¶ms=55.035_N_7.284_W_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"55°02′06″N 7°17′02″W / 55.035°N 7.284°W / 55.035; -7.284"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Thornhill_College¶ms=55.035_N_7.284_W_region:GB_scale:10000","external_links_name":"55°02′06″N 7°17′02″W / 55.035°N 7.284°W / 55.035; -7.284"},{"Link":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.thornhillcollege.org.uk"},{"Link":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/irishgaeilge/seachtain-na-gaeilge-2017","external_links_name":"\"Seachtain na Gaeilge 2017\""},{"Link":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/uploads/file/5cda014748866.pdf","external_links_name":"\"THORNHILL COLLEGE YEARBOOK 2018/19\""},{"Link":"http://www.derryjournal.com/news/sister-emmanuel-s-years-at-the-heart-of-thornhill-college-1-2122495://www.derryjournal.com/news/sister-emmanuel-s-years-at-the-heart-of-thornhill-college-1-2122495","external_links_name":"\"Sister Emmanuel's years at the heart of Thornhill College\""},{"Link":"http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-de/news-de-june-2008/news-de-040608-education-minister-announces.htm","external_links_name":"Education Minister announces nine new specialist schools"},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/education/league-tables/alevel-northern-ireland-school-league-table-2018-36704527.html","external_links_name":"\"A-Level: Northern Ireland School League Table 2018\""},{"Link":"https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/education/league-tables/gcse-northern-ireland-school-league-table-2018-36708204.html","external_links_name":"\"Belfast Telegraph GCSE 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.rsc.org/news-events/community/2017/may/northern-ireland-schools-analyst-competition/","external_links_name":"\"Thornhill College takes first place\""},{"Link":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/public-speaking/queens-literific-society-debating-competition-2017","external_links_name":"\"Queen's Literific Society Debating Competition\""},{"Link":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/uploads/file/5cda014748866.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Thornhill College Yearbook 2018/19\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishnews.com/notices/livesremembered/2016/08/13/news/sheila-mcclean-s-vibrant-personality-and-life-matched-her-art-648761/","external_links_name":"\"Sheila McClean's vibrant personality\""},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/real-life-derry-girls-the-nuns-are-gone-but-the-pupils-are-the-same-1.3377991","external_links_name":"\"Real-life Derry Girls: 'The nuns are gone but the pupils are the same'\""},{"Link":"http://www.thornhillcollege.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Thornhill College official web site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_E._Harris | Stephen E. Harris | ["1 Education","2 Awards","3 Honours","4 References","5 External links"] | American physicist (born 1936)
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Stephen E. Harris" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Stephen E. HarrisStephen HarrisBorn (1936-11-29) November 29, 1936 (age 87)Brooklyn, New YorkNationalityAmericanAlma materStanford UniversityRensselaer Polytechnic InstituteScientific careerFieldsPhysicsInstitutionsStanford UniversityDoctoral advisorAnthony E. SiegmanDoctoral studentsRobert L. Byer, Ataç İmamoğlu
Stephen Ernest Harris (born November 29, 1936) is an American physicist known for his contributions to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT), modulation of single photons, and x-ray emission.
In a diverse career, he has collaborated with others to produce results in many areas, including the 1999 paper titled “Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold gas,” in which Lene Hau and Harris, Cyrus Behroozi and Zachary Dutton describe how they used EIT to slow optical pulses to the speed of a bicycle. He has also contributed to developments in the use of the laser, generating paired photons with single driving lasers He has also shown the development of such pairs of photons using waveforms
His more recent work has sought to address restraints imposed on the types of waveforms that can be produced by the single-cycle barrier Harris and colleagues succeeded in this endeavour in 2005 during a series of experiments aimed at obtaining full control of waveforms, noting "we were able to vary the shape of the pulse to generate different prescribed waveforms." It is hoped that these results will lead to coherent control of chemical reactions, as a probe for ever-shorter physical processes, and for highly efficient generation of far infra-red and vacuum ultra-violet radiation.
Harris was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 1977 for contributions in the field of coherent and non-linear optics.
Education
1959 B.S., Electrical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
1961 M.S., Electrical Engineering, Stanford University
1963 Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, Stanford University
Awards
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Stephen E. Harris" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1973 Curtis W. McGraw Research Award (American Society for Engineering Education)
1978 David Sarnoff Award (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
1984 Davies Medal for Engineering Achievement (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)
1985 Charles Hard Townes Award (Optical Society of America)
1991 Einstein Prize for Laser Science (International Conference on Lasers and Applications)
1992 Optical Society of America (Stanford Chapter) Teaching Award
1994 Quantum Electronics Award (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
1999 Frederic Ives Medal (highest award of the Optical Society of America)
2002 Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science (American Physical Society)
2007 Harvey Prize (Awarded by the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology)
2020 Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics
Honours
1968 Fellow of the Optical Society of America
1972 Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1975 Fellow of American Physical Society
1976 Guggenheim Fellowship
1977 Elected to the National Academy of Engineering
1981 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
1988 Kenneth and Barbara Oshman Professor of Engineering Endowed Chair (Stanford University)
1994 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1995 Elected to Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
2005 Stephen E. Harris Endowed Professorship in Quantum Optics (Texas A&M University)
References
^ Harris, S. E. (1989). "Lasers without inversion: Interference of lifetime-broadened resonances". Physical Review Letters. 62 (9): 1033–1036. Bibcode:1989PhRvL..62.1033H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.1033. PMID 10040407.
^ Boller, K.-J.; Imamoğlu, A.; Harris, S. E. (1991). "Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency". Physical Review Letters. 66 (20): 2593–2596. Bibcode:1991PhRvL..66.2593B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2593. PMID 10043562.
^ Hau, Lene Vestergaard; Harris, S. E.; Dutton, Zachary; Behroozi, Cyrus H. (February 1999). "Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas". Nature. 397 (6720): 594–598. doi:10.1038/17561. S2CID 4423307.
^ Du, Shengwang; Kolchin, Pavel; Belthangady, Chinmay; Yin, G. Y.; Harris, S. E. (2006). "Generation of Narrow Bandwidth Paired Photons: Use of a Single Driving Laser". Slow and Fast Light. pp. TuA2. doi:10.1364/SL.2006.TuA2. ISBN 1-55752-816-0.
^ V. Balic, D. A. Braje, P. Kolchin, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, "Generation of Paired Photons with Controllable Waveforms," Archived 2007-02-03 at the Wayback Machine Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 183601-1/183601-4 (May 2005).
^ M. Y. Shverdin, D. R. Walker, S. Goda, G. Y. Yin, and S. E. Harris, "Breaking the Single-Cycle Barrier," Photonics Spectra 39, 92-105 (February 2005).
^ Breaking the Single-Cycle Barrier
^ The Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics
External links
Harris page at Stanford
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Academics
Mathematics Genealogy Project
Scopus
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electromagnetically induced transparency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetically_induced_transparency"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lene Hau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lene_Hau"},{"link_name":"Zachary Dutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Dutton"},{"link_name":"laser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"waveforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waveform"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"}],"text":"Stephen Ernest Harris (born November 29, 1936) is an American physicist known for his contributions to electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT),[1][2] modulation of single photons, and x-ray emission.In a diverse career, he has collaborated with others to produce results in many areas, including the 1999 paper titled “Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold gas,”[3] in which Lene Hau and Harris, Cyrus Behroozi and Zachary Dutton describe how they used EIT to slow optical pulses to the speed of a bicycle. He has also contributed to developments in the use of the laser, generating paired photons with single driving lasers[4] He has also shown the development of such pairs of photons using waveforms[5]His more recent work has sought to address restraints imposed on the types of waveforms that can be produced by the single-cycle barrier[6] Harris and colleagues succeeded in this endeavour in 2005 during a series of experiments aimed at obtaining full control of waveforms, noting \"we were able to vary the shape of the pulse to generate different prescribed waveforms.\"[7] It is hoped that these results will lead to coherent control of chemical reactions, as a probe for ever-shorter physical processes, and for highly efficient generation of far infra-red and vacuum ultra-violet radiation.Harris was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering in 1977 for contributions in the field of coherent and non-linear optics.","title":"Stephen E. Harris"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"}],"text":"1959 B.S., Electrical Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute\n1961 M.S., Electrical Engineering, Stanford University\n1963 Ph.D., Electrical Engineering, Stanford University","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Curtis W. McGraw Research Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curtis_W._McGraw_Research_Award&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Society for Engineering Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Engineering_Education"},{"link_name":"David Sarnoff Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sarnoff_Award"},{"link_name":"The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Davies Medal for Engineering Achievement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davies_Medal_for_Engineering_Achievement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rensselaer_Polytechnic_Institute"},{"link_name":"Charles Hard Townes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Hard_Townes"},{"link_name":"Optical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Einstein Prize for Laser Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_Prize_for_Laser_Science"},{"link_name":"International Conference on Lasers and Applications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Conference_of_Laser_Applications"},{"link_name":"Optical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Quantum Electronics Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Electronics_Award"},{"link_name":"The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Frederic Ives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Ives"},{"link_name":"Optical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_L._Schawlow_Prize_in_Laser_Science"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"Harvey Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Prize"},{"link_name":"Technion-Israel Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion-Israel_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Willis E. Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willis_E._Lamb"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"1973 Curtis W. McGraw Research Award (American Society for Engineering Education)\n1978 David Sarnoff Award (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)\n1984 Davies Medal for Engineering Achievement (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute)\n1985 Charles Hard Townes Award (Optical Society of America)\n1991 Einstein Prize for Laser Science (International Conference on Lasers and Applications)\n1992 Optical Society of America (Stanford Chapter) Teaching Award\n1994 Quantum Electronics Award (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)\n1999 Frederic Ives Medal (highest award of the Optical Society of America)\n2002 Arthur L. Schawlow Prize in Laser Science (American Physical Society)\n2007 Harvey Prize (Awarded by the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology)\n2020 Willis E. Lamb Award for Laser Science and Quantum Optics[8]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fellow of the Optical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSA_Fellow"},{"link_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers"},{"link_name":"American Physical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Physical_Society"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Kenneth and Barbara Oshman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kenneth_and_Barbara_Oshman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Association for the Advancement of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science"},{"link_name":"American Academy of Arts and Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Texas A&M University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University"}],"text":"1968 Fellow of the Optical Society of America\n1972 Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers\n1975 Fellow of American Physical Society\n1976 Guggenheim Fellowship\n1977 Elected to the National Academy of Engineering\n1981 Elected to the National Academy of Sciences\n1988 Kenneth and Barbara Oshman Professor of Engineering Endowed Chair (Stanford University)\n1994 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science\n1995 Elected to Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences\n2005 Stephen E. Harris Endowed Professorship in Quantum Optics (Texas A&M University)","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Harris, S. E. (1989). \"Lasers without inversion: Interference of lifetime-broadened resonances\". Physical Review Letters. 62 (9): 1033–1036. Bibcode:1989PhRvL..62.1033H. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.1033. PMID 10040407.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PhRvL..62.1033H","url_text":"1989PhRvL..62.1033H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.62.1033","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.1033"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10040407","url_text":"10040407"}]},{"reference":"Boller, K.-J.; Imamoğlu, A.; Harris, S. E. (1991). \"Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency\". Physical Review Letters. 66 (20): 2593–2596. Bibcode:1991PhRvL..66.2593B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2593. PMID 10043562.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.66.2593","url_text":"\"Observation of electromagnetically induced transparency\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PhRvL..66.2593B","url_text":"1991PhRvL..66.2593B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.66.2593","url_text":"10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.2593"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10043562","url_text":"10043562"}]},{"reference":"Hau, Lene Vestergaard; Harris, S. E.; Dutton, Zachary; Behroozi, Cyrus H. (February 1999). \"Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas\". Nature. 397 (6720): 594–598. doi:10.1038/17561. S2CID 4423307.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lene_Vestergaard_Hau","url_text":"Hau, Lene Vestergaard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Dutton","url_text":"Dutton, Zachary"},{"url":"http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3636967","url_text":"\"Light speed reduction to 17 metres per second in an ultracold atomic gas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2F17561","url_text":"10.1038/17561"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4423307","url_text":"4423307"}]},{"reference":"Du, Shengwang; Kolchin, Pavel; Belthangady, Chinmay; Yin, G. Y.; Harris, S. E. (2006). \"Generation of Narrow Bandwidth Paired Photons: Use of a Single Driving Laser\". Slow and Fast Light. pp. TuA2. doi:10.1364/SL.2006.TuA2. ISBN 1-55752-816-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1364%2FSL.2006.TuA2","url_text":"10.1364/SL.2006.TuA2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55752-816-0","url_text":"1-55752-816-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Stephen+E.+Harris%22","external_links_name":"\"Stephen E. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer-animated_films | List of computer-animated films | ["1 Released films","2 Upcoming films","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "List of computer-animated films" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. The reason given is: The inclusion crtiera isn't clear -- in particular, the difference between 2D- and 3D animations is not expressed. "entirely computer-animated" seems difficult to verify, and as a result this list has a lot of unverifiable entries; even those with a reference don't seem to substantiate "entirely". (March 2023)
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A computer-animated film is an animated film that was created using computer software to appear three-dimensional. While traditional 2D animated films are now made primarily with the help of computers, the technique to render realistic 3D computer graphics (CG) or 3D computer-generated imagery (CGI), is unique to computer animation.
This is a list of theatrically released feature films that are entirely computer-animated.
Released films
Release date listed is the first public theatrical screening of the completed film. This may mean that the dates listed here may not be representative of when the film came out in a particular country.
The country or countries listed reflects the places where the production companies for each title are based. This means that the countries listed for a film might not reflect the location where the film was produced or the countries where the film received a theatrical release. If a title is a multi-country production, the country listed first corresponds with the production company that had the most significant role in the film's creation.
Film
Release date
Studio
Country
.hack//The Movie
January 21, 2012
CyberConnect2Anima
Japan
3 Bahadur
May 22, 2015
Waadi AnimationsSOC Films
Pakistan
3 Bahadur: The Revenge of Baba Balaam
December 15, 2016
3 to the rescue
January 6, 2011
Raycast Animation StudioAntena Latina Films
Dominican Republic
9
September 11, 2009
Focus FeaturesRelativity MediaLuxAnimation
United States
25 April
September 14, 2015
General Film CorporationTransmission Films
New Zealand
100% Wolf
May 29, 2020
Flying Bark Productions
Australia
108 Demon Kings108 rois-démons
December 4, 2014
Fundamental Films
FranceBelgiumLuxembourg
Abominable
September 27, 2019
DreamWorks AnimationPearl StudioZhong Ming You Ying Film
United States
Action Man: X Missions – The Movie
2005
Reel FX Creative StudiosHasbro
United States
The Addams Family
October 11, 2019
Bron StudiosMetro-Goldwyn-MayerThe Jackal GroupCinesite StudiosCinesite Vancouver
CanadaUnited States
The Addams Family 2
October 1, 2021
Metro-Goldwyn-MayerBron StudiosCinesite StudiosCinesite Vancouver The Jackal GroupGlickmania
CanadaUnited States
The Adventures of Alyonushka and Yeryoma Приключения Алёнушки и Ерёмы (Priklyucheniya Alyonushki i Yeryomy)
November 29, 2008
Paradise Group
Russia
The Adventures of Dragon Fruit 火龍果大冒險
2006
CGCG Inc
Taiwan
The Adventures of Tintin
December 21, 2011
Nickelodeon MoviesWingNut FilmsThe Kennedy/Marshall CompanyAmblin EntertainmentHemisphere Media CapitalParamount PicturesColumbia Pictures
United StatesNew Zealand
Adventures in Zambezia
July 3, 2012
Cinema Management GroupWonderful WorksIndustrial Development Corporation of South Africa120db FilmsNational Film & Video Foundation of South AfricaTriggerfish Animation StudiosDepartment of Trade & Industry of South Africa
South Africa
After School Midnighters
August 25, 2012
Koo-Ki
Japan
Agent F.O.X.
May 4, 2014
Phase 4 Films
South KoreaChina
Ainbo: Spirit of the Amazon
February 13, 2021
Tunche FilmsKatuni AnimationCool BeansEPIC CineComet Film
PeruNetherlandsGermany
A.Li.Ce
February 5, 2000
GAGA Communications
Japan
Alibaba
July 26, 2002
Pentamedia Graphics
India
All I Want for Christmas Is You
November 13, 2017
Splash EntertainmentUniversal Animation Studios
United States
Allahyar and the Legend of Markhor
February 2, 2018
3rd World StudiosARY Films
Pakistan
Alpha and Omega
September 17, 2010
Crest Animation ProductionsLionsgate Films
United StatesCanada
Alpha and Omega 2: A Howl-iday Adventure
October 8, 2013
LionsgateCrest Animation Productions
United StatesCanada
Alpha and Omega 3: The Great Wolf Games
March 25, 2014
LionsgateCrest Animation Productions
United States
Alpha and Omega: Dino Digs
May 10, 2016
LionsgateCrest Animation Productions
United StatesCanada
Alpha and Omega: Family Vacation
August 4, 2015
LionsgateCrest Animation Productions
United StatesCanada
Alpha and Omega: Journey to Bear Kingdom
May 9, 2017
LionsgateCrest Animation Productions
United States
Alpha and Omega: The Big Fureeze
November 8, 2016
LionsgateCrest Animation Productions
United States
Alpha and Omega: The Legend of the Saw Tooth Cave
October 7, 2014
LionsgateCrest Animation Productions
United States
Ana and Bruno Ana y Bruno
June 12, 2017
Lo Coloco FilmsAnima Estudios
Mexico
Anchors UpElias og Storegaps Hemmelighet
October 6, 2017
AnimandoSteamheads Studios
Norway
The Angry Birds Movie
May 20, 2016
Columbia PicturesRovio Animation
FinlandUnited States
The Angry Birds Movie 2
August 13, 2019
Columbia PicturesRovio AnimationSony Pictures Animation
FinlandUnited States
Animal Crackers
September 1, 2017
Blue Dream Studios
United StatesSpain
Animal Kingdom: Let's Go ApePourquoi j'ai pas mangé mon père
April 8, 2015
BelgiumFranceItaly
Animals UnitedKonferenz der Tiere
October 7, 2010
Constantin Film
Germany
Anjé: The Legend of the Pyrenees Anjé, La leyenda del pirineo
December 5, 2002
Baleuko S.L.
Spain
The Ant Bully
July 28, 2006
DNA ProductionsPlaytoneLegendary PicturesWarner Bros. Pictures
United States
Antz
October 2, 1998
DreamWorks AnimationPacific Data ImagesDreamWorks Pictures
United States
A Bug's Life
November 20, 1998
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
A Christmas Carol
November 6, 2009
ImageMovers DigitalWalt Disney Pictures
United States
AppleseedAppurushîdo
March 5, 2004
Appleseed Film PartnersDigital FrontierGeneon Entertainment
Japan
Appleseed Ex MachinaEkusu makina
October 20, 2007
Digital FrontierEx Machina Film PartnersMicott & Basara K.K.
Japan
Appleseed AlphaAppleseed α
July 15, 2014
Sola Digital Arts
Japan
Arctic Dogs
November 29, 2019
AMBI Media GroupAIC StudiosTATATUAssemblage Entertainment
CanadaUnited Kingdom
Ark
September 9, 2003
Digital Rim
United StatesSouth Korea
Arthur Christmas
November 4, 2011
Columbia PicturesSony Pictures AnimationAardman Animations
United KingdomUnited States
Asterix: The Mansions of the GodsAstérix : Le Domaine des dieux
November 26, 2014
SND Films Mac Guff
FranceBelgium
Asterix: The Secret of the Magic PotionAstérix: Le Secret de la Potion Magique
December 5, 2018
SND Films Mac Guff
FranceBelgium
Astro Boy
October 23, 2009
Imagi Animation StudiosSummit Entertainment
United StatesHong Kong
Astro Kid''Terra Willy
April 5, 2019
TAT ProductionsBAC FilmsMaster Films
France
Atagoal: Cat's Magical Forestアタゴオルは猫の森
October 14, 2006
Digital Frontier
Japan
Azur & Asmar: The Princes' Quest Azur et Asmar
October 25, 2006
Diaphana Films
FranceBelgiumSpain Italy
Back to the Outback
December 10, 2021
Netflix AnimationReel FX Animation StudiosWeed Road Pictures
United StatesAustraliaCanada
Backkom Bear: Agent 008
January 13, 2017
Alpha PicturesHarbin Pinge MediaPinngoRG Animation Studios
China
Bad CatKötü Kedi Serafettin
February 5, 2016
Anima IstanbulKare Kare Film Yapim
Turkey
The Bad Guys
April 22, 2022
DreamWorks AnimationUniversal Pictures
United States
Ballerina Leap!
December 14, 2016
Quad ProductionsMain JourneyCaramel Film
Canada
Barbaricina History
April 13, 2017
Slyers Animation Studios
Russia
Barbie & Chelsea: The Lost Birthday
April 16, 2021
Mattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie & Her Sisters in A Pony Tale
October 22, 2013
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie & Her Sisters in The Great Puppy Adventure
October 20, 2015
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie & Her Sisters in A Puppy Chase
October 18, 2016
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie: A Fairy Secret
March 15, 2011
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie: A Fashion Fairy Tale
September 14, 2010
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie: A Perfect Christmas
November 8, 2011
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie and the Diamond Castle
September 7, 2008
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie and the Magic of Pegasus 3-D
September 18, 2005
Mainframe EntertainmentMattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie and the Secret Door
August 7, 2014
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie and the Three Musketeers
September 15, 2009
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie as Rapunzel
October 1, 2002
Mainframe EntertainmentMattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie as the Island Princess
September 18, 2007
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie as the Princess and the Pauper
September 28, 2004
LionsgateRainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie: Big City, Big Dreams
September 1, 2021
Mattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie Diaries
April 30, 2006
Curios PicturesMattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie: Dolphin Magic
September 18, 2017
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie: Fairytopia
March 6, 2005
Mainframe EntertainmentMattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie Fairytopia: Magic of the Rainbow
March 11, 2007
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie in a Christmas Carol
November 4, 2008
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie in A Mermaid Tale
March 9, 2010
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie in A Mermaid Tale 2
February 27, 2012
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie in Rock'n Royals
September 8, 2015
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie in the 12 Dancing Princesses
September 10, 2006
Mainframe EntertainmentMattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie in the Pink Shoes
February 28, 2013
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie in Princess Power
March 3, 2015
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie in the Nutcracker
October 2, 2001
Mainframe EntertainmentMattel Entertainment
Canada United States
Barbie Mariposa
February 26, 2008
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie: Mariposa & the Fairy Princess
August 27, 2013
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie of Swan Lake
September 30, 2003
Mainframe EntertainmentMattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie: Princess Adventure
September 1, 2020
Mattel Entertainment
United States
Barbie: Princess Charm School
September 13, 2011
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie: The Pearl Princess
February 15, 2014
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie: The Princess & the Popstar
September 11, 2012
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie: Spy Squad
January 15, 2016
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie: Star Light Adventure
July 30, 2016
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barbie Thumbelina
March 17, 2009
Rainmaker Entertainment
United States
Barbie: Video Game Hero
January 31, 2017
Universal StudiosArc ProductionsRainmaker Studios
United States
Barnyard
August 4, 2006
O EntertainmentNickelodeon MoviesParamount Pictures
United States
Battle for Terra
May 1, 2009
Snoot EntertainmentLionsgate Films
United States
The Bee Julia and Mrs. VitaL'Apetta Giulia e la signora Vita
September 19, 2003
Esse Ci CinematograficaKino Bez Granits
Italy
Bee Movie
November 2, 2007
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Beowulf
November 16, 2007
ImageMovers Shangri-La EntertainmentParamount PicturesWarner Bros. Pictures
United States
Betizu izar artean
October 31, 2003
Baleuko S.L.
Spain
Big Hero 6
November 26, 2014
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Bigfoot Family
August 5, 2020
nWave PicturesOctopolis
BelgiumFrance
Bilal: A New Breed of Hero
September 8, 2016
Barajoun Entertainment
Saudi ArabiaUAE
Bionicle: Mask of Light
September 16, 2003
Buena Vista Home EntertainmentMiramax Films
United States
Birds Like UsPtice kao mi
May 5, 2017
PrimeTimeTurkish Radio
Bosnia and HerzegovinaTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
Birdvillage: Second Nest
Cawthon Entertainment
United States
Blame!
May 20, 2017
Polygon Pictures
Japan
Blinky Bill the Movie
September 17, 2015
Flying Bark ProductionsStudioCanal
Australia
Blue Remains
August 22, 2001
GAGA Communications
Japan
Bob the Builder: Mega Machines
May 27, 2017
HIT Entertainment
United States
BoBoiBoy: The Movie
March 3, 2016
Animonsta StudiosPrimework Studios
Malaysia
Bolt
November 21, 2008
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Bonobono: Kumomo no Ki no Koto
August 10, 2002
Amuse Pictures (now Showgate Inc.)
Japan
Boo, Zino & the Snurks
March 18, 2004
Ambient Entertainment GmbHRecorded Picture CompanyMorena FilmesHanWay Films
GermanySpainUKNetherlandsDenmark
The Book of Life
October 17, 2014
Reel FX Creative Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Boonie Bears: Entangled Worlds
January 28, 2017
Le vision pictures
China
The Boss Baby
March 31, 2017
DreamWorks Animation20th Century Fox
United States
The Boss Baby: Family Business
July 2, 2021
DreamWorks AnimationUniversal Pictures
United States
The Boxcar Children
August 25, 2014
Phase 4 films
United States
The Boxcar Children: Surprise Island
May 8, 2018
Blueberry Pictures
United States
Brave
June 22, 2012
Pixar Walt Disney Pictures
United States
Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie
June 2, 2017
DreamWorks Animation20th Century Fox
United States
Capture the Flag
July 25, 2015
Lightbox EntertainmentParamount Pictures
Spain
Cars
June 16, 2006
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Cars 2
June 17, 2011
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Cars 3
June 16, 2017
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Casper's Haunted Christmas
October 31, 2000
The Harvey Entertainment Company Mainframe Entertainment
Canada
Cassiopeia
April 1, 1996
NDR Filmes
Brazil
Chaar Sahibzaade
November 6, 2014
Interactive Realities International Pvt. Ltd.Baweja Movies
India
Chaar Sahibzaade 2: Rise of Banda Singh Bahadur
November 11, 2016
Interactive Realities International Pvt. Ltd.Baweja Movies
India
Chickenhare and the Hamster of Darkness
January 23, 2022
Sony Pictures International ProductionsnWave Pictures
France
Chicken Little
November 4, 2005
Walt Disney Feature AnimationWalt Disney Pictures
United States
A Christmas Carol: Scrooge's Ghostly Tale
November 6, 2006
BKN
United States
Cinderella the CatGatta Cenerentola
September 14, 2017
Mad Entertainment
Italy
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs
September 25, 2009
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 2
September 27, 2013
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
Coco
November 22, 2017
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Condorito The MovieCondorito La Pelicula
November 12, 2017
Pajarraco Films20th Century Fox
ChilePeru
Combat Wombat
October 11, 2020
The Tales from Sanctuary City
Australia
The Croods
March 22, 2013
DreamWorks Animation20th Century Fox
United States
The Croods: A New Age
November 25, 2020
DreamWorks AnimationUniversal Pictures
United States
Daddy, I'm a ZombiePapá, soy una zombi
November 25, 2011
Abra ProduccionesDigital Dreams Films
Spain
Dajjal: The Slayer and His Followers
December 2018
WBJ MediaMessenger2050
Pakistan
DC League of Super-Pets
July 29, 2022
Warner Animation GroupDC ComicsWarner Bros. Pictures
United States
Deep
August 25, 2017
The ThinklabGrid AnimationKraken Films
SpainUnited States
Delhi Safari
October 19, 2012
Krayon Pictures
India
Delgo
December 12, 2008
Fathom StudiosFreestyle Releasing
United States
Despicable Me
July 9, 2010
IlluminationUniversal Pictures
United States
Despicable Me 2
July 5, 2013
IlluminationUniversal Pictures
United States
Despicable Me 3
June 30, 2017
IlluminationUniversal Pictures
United States
Dheera
January 15, 2013
AdlabsOrcher Studios
India
Diary of a Wimpy Kid
December 3, 2021
20th Century AnimationBardel EntertainmentWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Dinosaur
May 19, 2000
Walt Disney Feature AnimationWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Dino Time
November 30, 2012
CJ EntertainmentClarius Entertainment
South Korea
Disco Worms
January 16, 2009
Disco Ormene
Denmark Germany
Dog Gone Trouble
August 8, 2019
Vanguard Animation3QU MediaWV EnterprisesCinesiteComic Animations
United StatesCanada
Dominator
May 21, 2003
Renga Media
United Kingdom
The Donkey King
October 13, 2018
Talisman StudiosGeo Films
Pakistan
Donkey Xote
November 22, 2007
Lumiq StudiosFilmax
ItalySpain
Doru
July 7, 2017
Anibera Animation Studios
Turkey
Dragon Age: Dawn of the Seeker
February 11, 2012
Funimation EntertainmentOxybot
Japan
DragonBlade: The Legend of Lang龍刀奇緣
January 6, 2005
DCDCChina Film
Hong Kong
Dragons: Destiny of FireDragones: destino de fuego
July 27, 2006
AlpaMayo Ent.
Peru
Dragon HuntersChasseurs de dragons
March 19, 2008
Futurikon
FranceGermanyLuxembourg
Dragon Nest: Rise of the Black Dragon
May 20, 2014
China
Dreambuilders
February 6, 2020
First Lady Film
Denmark
Duck Duck Goose
April 20, 2018
Original Force AnimationOpen Road Films
United StatesChina
Egon & Dönci
November 29, 2007
Tax Free Film
Hungary
El Americano: The Movie
August 28, 2015
Animex Producciones
United StatesMexico
Elemental
June 16, 2023
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
The Elephant King (2018 film)
May 1, 2017
Honarpooya Group
IranLebanon
The Elfkins – Baking a Difference
October 8, 2019
Akkord Film
Germany
Elias and the Royal YachtElias og Kongeskipet
February 23, 2007
Filmkameratene A/S
Norway
Elysium
August 15, 2003
Big Film Entertainment
South Korea
The Emoji Movie
July 28, 2017
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
The Emperor's SecretKeisarin salaisuus
September 8, 2006
Helsinki Filmi Oy
Finland
Encanto
November 24, 2021
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Epic
May 24, 2013
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Escape from Planet Earth
February 15, 2013
Rainmaker EntertainmentThe Weinstein Company
United StatesCanada
EspecialОсобенный (Osobennyy)
August 2006
Animagic
Russia
Everyone's Hero
September 15, 2006
IDT EntertainmentDan Krech Productions20th Century Fox
United StatesCanada
Extinct
February 11, 2021
China LionHB Wink AnimationHuayi BrothersTolerable EntertainmentCinesiteTimeless Films
CanadaUnited StatesChina
Fantastic Journey to OZ
April 20, 2017
Melnitsa Animation Studio
Russia
Fantastic Return to OzУрфин Джюс возвращается
October 24, 2019
Melnitsa Animation Studio
Russia
Fearless
August 14, 2020
3QU MediaVanguard AnimationNew HeroCinesiteComic Animations
CanadaUnited States
Ferdinand
December 15, 2017
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Final Fantasy VII Advent Children
September 14, 2005
Square Enix
Japan
Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within
July 2, 2001
Square Pictures Columbia Pictures
United StatesJapan
Finding Nemo
May 30, 2003
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Finding Dory
June 17, 2016
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
The Fixies: Top SecretФиксики: Большой секрет
October 28, 2017
Aeroplane ProductionsPetersburg Animation Studio
Russia
Fixies Vs. CrabotsФиксики против кработов
December 21, 2019
Aeroplane ProductionsPetersburg Animation Studio
Russia
The Flight Before ChristmasNiko - Lentäjän poika
September 22, 2008
Cinemaker OyAnima VitaeA. Film A/SPictorion Magma Animation
FinlandDenmarkGermanyIreland
Flushed Away
November 3, 2006
DreamWorks AnimationAardman AnimationsParamount Pictures
United StatesUK
Fly Me to the Moon
January 30, 2008
nWave PicturesIlluminata Pictures
United StatesBelgium
A Fox's TaleKis Vuk
April 17, 2008
DYN EntertainmentBudapest Film Rt.
UKHungary
Foodfight!
August 17, 2012
Threshold EntertainmentViva Pictures
United States
Freddy FrogfaceOrla Frøsnapper
June 1, 2011
Crone Film Produktion A/S
Denmark
Free Birds
November 8, 2013
Reel FX Creative StudiosRelativity Media
United States
Free JimmySlipp Jimmy fri
March 17, 2006
Free Jimmy Productions
NorwayUK
The Frogville桃蛙源记
October 3, 2014
Taiwan
Frozen
November 27, 2013
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Frozen II
November 27, 2019
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Friends: Naki on Monster Islandfriends もののけ島のナキ
December 17, 2011
Toho
Japan
Foosball Metegol
July 18, 2013
Illusion Studios100 Bares
Argentina
Gantz: O
October 14, 2016
Digital Frontier
Japan
Garm Wars: the Last D ruid
October 25, 2014
Production I.GBandai Namco Entertainment
JapanCanada
Gaturro
September 9, 2010
Illusion StudiosÁnima Estudios
ArgentinaMexico
Geng: The Adventure BeginsGeng: Pengembaraan Bermula
February 12, 2009
Les' Copaque Production
Malaysia
G.I. Joe: Spy Troops
September 27, 2003
Reel FX Creative StudiosHasbro
United States
Gladiators of RomeGladiatori di Roma
October 18, 2012
Rainbow CGI Paramount Pictures
Italy
Gnome Alone
March 2, 2018
Vanguard AnimationCinesiteSmith Global Media
United StatesCanada
Gnomeo & Juliet
February 11, 2011
Starz AnimationRocket PicturesMiramax FilmsTouchstone Pictures
United StatesUK
Gnomes and Trolls: The Secret Chamber Tomtar & troll - Den hemliga kammaren
January 31, 2008
White Shark ABSvensk Filmindustri
Sweden
Goat Story - The Old Prague LegendsKozí příbêh - povêsti staré Prahy
October 16, 2008
Art and Animation Studio
Czech Republic
Goat Story 2Kozí příbêh se sýrem
October 25, 2012
Art and Animation Studio
Czech Republic
God's Faithful Servant: Barla
November 4, 2011
Samanyolu TV
Turkey
Godzilla: Planet of the Monsters 怪獣惑星
November 17, 2017
Polygon PicturesToho
Japan
The Good Dinosaur
November 25, 2015
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
The Great BearDen kæmpestore bjørn
February 10, 2011
Copenhagen Bombay
Denmark
Green Election Campaign
May 2, 2018
SN Animations
Pakistan
The Grinch
November 9, 2018
IlluminationUniversal Pictures
United States
Guardians of OzGuardianes de Oz
April 10, 2015
Ánima Estudios
Mexico India
Gulliver Returns
August 19, 2021
B&H Film DistributionAll Rights Entertainment
Ukraine
Happily N'Ever After
January 5, 2007
Vanguard AnimationOdyssey EntertainmentLionsgate Films
United States
The Happy Cricket and the Giant BugsO Grilo Feliz e os Insetos Gigantes
January 9, 2009
Start Desenhos Animados
Brazil
Happy Feet
November 17, 2006
Animal LogicVillage Roadshow PicturesWarner Bros. Pictures
United StatesAustralia
Happy Feet Two
November 23, 2011
Dr. D StudiosVillage Roadshow PicturesWarner Bros. Pictures
United StatesAustralia
Harvie and the Magic Museum Гурвинек: Волшебная игра Hurvínek a kouzelné muzeum
August 31, 2017
KinoAtisGrid AnimationRolling Pictures
RussiaCzech RepublicBelgium
The Hero of Color City
October 3, 2014
Exodus Film GroupMagnolia Pictures
United States
Home
March 27, 2015
DreamWorks Animation20th Century Fox
United States
Hoodwinked!
January 13, 2006
Kanbar EntertainmentThe Weinstein Company
United States
Hoodwinked Too! Hood vs. Evil
April 29, 2011
Kanbar EntertainmentThe Weinstein Company
United States
Horton Hears a Who!
March 14, 2008
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Hotel Transylvania
September 28, 2012
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
Hotel Transylvania 2
September 25, 2015
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation
July 13, 2018
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
Hotel Transylvania: Transformania
January 14, 2022
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
The House of Magic
December 25, 2013
nWave PicturesAnton Capital EntertainmentuMedia
Belgium
How to Train Your Dragon
March 26, 2010
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
How to Train Your Dragon 2
June 13, 2014
DreamWorks Animation20th Century Fox
United States
How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden World
February 22, 2019
DreamWorks AnimationUniversal Pictures
United States
Ice Age
March 15, 2002
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
The Ice Age Adventures of Buck Wild
January 28, 2022
20th Century AnimationWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Ice Age: Collision Course
July 22, 2016
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Ice Age: Continental Drift
July 13, 2012
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs
June 26, 2009
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Ice Age: The Meltdown
March 31, 2006
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Igor
September 19, 2008
Sparx Animation StudiosExodus Film GroupMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer
United StatesFrance
Immortal
March 24, 2004
Duran Entertainment
France
Impy's IslandUrmel aus dem Eis
August 3, 2006
Ambient Entertainment GmbH
Germany
Impy's WonderlandUrmel voll in Fahrt
May 1, 2008
Ambient Entertainment GmbH
Germany
The Incredibles
November 5, 2004
Pixar Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Incredibles 2
June 15, 2018
Pixar Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
The Incredible Story of the Giant PearDen utrolige historie om den kæmpestore pære
October 12, 2017
Level K
Denmark
Inside Out
June 19, 2015
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Izzie's Way Home
May 17, 2016
The Asylum
United States
Jack and the Cuckoo-Clock HeartJack et la Mécanique du cœur
February 5, 2014
EuropaCorpThe Weinstein Company
FranceBelgium
Janus: Prajurit Terakhir
2003
Multivision Plus
Indonesia
Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius
December 21, 2001
Nickelodeon MoviesO EntertainmentDNA ProductionsParamount Pictures
United States
Jock of the Bushveld
July 29, 2011
Jock Animation
South Africa
Jonah: A VeggieTales Movie
October 4, 2002
Big Idea ProductionsFHE Pictures
United States
Journey to SaturnRejsen til Saturn
September 26, 2008
A. FilmNordisk Film
Denmark
Jungo Goes Bananas: Jungo IIIJungledyret Hugo: Fræk, flabet og fri
December 2, 2007
A. FilmNordisk Film
DenmarkNorwayLatvia
The Jungle Book
April 15, 2016
Walt Disney Pictures
United States
Jungle Beat: The Movie
June 15, 2020
Sunrise ProductionsSandcastle Studios
South AfricaMauritius
The Jungle BunchLes As de la jungle
July 26, 2017
TAT ProductionsSND Groupe M6
France
Jungle Master
January 19, 2013
Hippo Animation
China
Justin and the Knights of ValourJustin y la espada del valor
September 20, 2013
ONOAliwood Mediterráneo ProduccionesKandor GraphicsOut Of The Box FeaturesTimeless FilmsEntertainment OneSony Pictures Entertainment
Spain
Kaena: The Prophecy Kaena: La prophétie
June 4, 2003
Xilam Films SAS
FranceCanada
Khan Kluay
May 18, 2006
Kantana AnimationSahamongkol Film International
Thailand
Khan Kluay 2
March 26, 2009
Kantana AnimationSahamongkol Film International
Thailand
Khumba
October 25, 2013
Triggerfish Animation Studios
South Africa
Kikoriki Смешарики. Начало
December 22, 2011
Petersburg Animation StudioBazelevs
Russia
Kikoriki. Deja VuСмешарики. Дежавю
April 26, 2018
Petersburg Animation Studio
Russia
Kikoriki: Legend of the Golden DragonСмешарики. Легенда о золотом драконе
March 17, 2016
Petersburg Animation StudioArt Pictures Studio
Russia
Kingsglaive: Final Fantasy XV
July 9, 2016
Digic PicturesImage EngineSony Pictures Home Entertainment
Japan
Kirikou and the Men and Women
October 3, 2012
Les ArmateursStudioCanal
France
Knight Kris
November 22, 2017
Viva Fantasia
Indonesia
Kochadaiiyaan
April 10, 2014
Eros InternationalMedia One Global Entertainment
India
Kung Fu Panda
May 23, 2008
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Kung Fu Panda 2
May 27, 2011
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Kung Fu Panda 3
March 25, 2016
DreamWorks AnimationOriental DreamWorks20th Century Fox
United States
Kurt Turns EvilKurt blir grusom
June 19, 2009
Nordisk FilmA. Film
NorwayDenmark
Land of the Child أرض الطف (Ard Al Taaf)أرض الطف
January 19, 2007
Onyx FilmsSola Digital Arts
Lebanon
The Legend of Sarila
February 22, 2013
10th Ave ProductionsCarpeDiem Film & TVPhase 4 Films
Canada
Legend of the Guardians: The Owls of Ga'Hoole
September 24, 2010
Animal LogicVillage Roadshow PicturesWarner Bros. Pictures
United StatesAustralia
Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return
May 9, 2014
Summertime EntertainmentPrana StudiosClarius Entertainment
United StatesIndia
Legends of Valhalla: ThorHetjur Valhallar - Þór
October 14, 2011
CAOZUlysses FilmproduktionMagma Films
Iceland
The Lego Batman Movie
February 10, 2017
Warner Animation GroupAnimal LogicDC ComicsLego System A/SWarner Bros. Pictures
United StatesAustraliaDenmark
The Lego Movie
February 7, 2014
Warner Animation GroupAnimal LogicVillage Roadshow PicturesLego System A/SWarner Bros. Pictures
United StatesAustraliaDenmark
The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part
February 8, 2019
Warner Animation GroupAnimal LogicLego System A/SWarner Bros. Pictures
United StatesAustraliaDenmark
The Lego Ninjago Movie
September 22, 2017
Warner Animation GroupAnimal LogicLego System A/SWarner Bros. Pictures
United StatesAustraliaDenmark
Levity - Xero Error Minus1
April 10, 2010
Xpanse CGI
UAE
Lightyear
June 17, 2022
Walt Disney PicturesPixar Animation Studios
United States
Little Brother, Big Trouble: A Christmas Adventure
October 12, 2012
Anima VitaeCinemaker OY
FinlandDenmarkGermanyIreland
Little Heroes Pequeños héroes
May 6, 2017
Orinoco FilmsFundación Villa del Cine
Venezuela
The Little Prince
May 29, 2015
On Animation StudiosM6 FilmsParamount Pictures
France
The Little Vampire 3DDer kleine Vampir
October 5, 2017
Ambient Entertainment
Germany
The Littlest Angel
2011
Cinepix AnimationPortsmouth PicturesAnchor Bay
United States
Lino: An Adventure of Nine Livesbr:Lino: Uma Aventura de Sete Vidas
September 7, 2017
Start Desenhos Animados
Brazil
The Lion King
July 19, 2019
Walt Disney Pictures
United States
The Lion of Judah
June 3, 2011
Animated Family FilmsRocky Mountain Pictures
United States
Lissi und der wilde Kaiser
October 25, 2007
Constantin FilmHerbx Film
Germany
The Living ForestEl bosque animado, sentirás su magia
August 3, 2001
Dygra Films
Spain
The Lorax
March 2, 2012
Illumination
United States
Luca
June 18, 2021
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Luis and the Aliens
May 24, 2018
Ulysses FilmsFabrique d'ImagesA-Film APS
GermanyLuxembourgDenmark
Luke and Lucy: The Texas RangersSuske en Wiske: De Texas-Rakkers
July 21, 2009
Skyline EntertainmentCoToonLuxAnimationBosBrosWAT Productions
BelgiumLuxembourgNetherlands
Madagascar
May 27, 2005
DreamWorks AnimationDreamWorks Pictures
United States
Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa
November 7, 2008
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted
June 8, 2012
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
The Magic Crystal fi:Maaginen kristalli
November 18, 2011
Cartoon OneConnectoonEpidemNelonenuFilm
Finland
The Magic Roundabout
February 2, 2005
Action SynthesePathé
United KingdomFrance
The Magician's Elephant
March 17, 2023
Netflix AnimationPistor Productions
United StatesAustralia
Malice@Doll
April 27, 2001
GAGA Communications Soeishinsha
Japan
Marmaduke
May 6, 2022
One Cool AnimationAndrews McMeel EntertainmentLegacy Classics Family EntertainmentStoryBerry
United StatesCanadaHong KongSouth Korea
Mars Needs Moms
March 11, 2011
ImageMovers DigitalWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Marvin the Martian in 3D
December 26, 1997
Warner Bros. Animation
United States
Maya the Bee
November 1, 2014
Flying Bark ProductionsScreen AustraliaBuzz StudiosStudio 100 Animation
AustraliaGermanyBelgium
Maya the Bee: The Honey Games
July 26, 2018
Flying Bark ProductionsScreen AustraliaBuzz StudiosStudio 100 Animation
AustraliaGermany
Maya the Bee: The Golden Orb
January 7, 2021
Flying Bark ProductionsStudio 100 Animation
Australia
Meet the Robinsons
March 30, 2007
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Mee Maakana The Movie
September 14, 2010
Cellmin Animation Studio
Maldives
Megamind
November 5, 2010
DreamWorks AnimationPacific Data ImagesParamount Pictures
United States
Mercano, the Martian Mercano, el marciano
October 3, 2002
Argentina
Midsummer DreamEl Sueño de una noche de San Juan
July 1, 2005
Dygra Films
Spain
Minions
July 10, 2015
IlluminationUniversal Pictures
United States
Minions: The Rise of Gru
July 1, 2022
Illumination
United States
Minuscule: Valley of the Lost AntsMinuscule: La Vallée des Fourmis Perdues
November 17, 2013
Entre Chien et LoupFuturikonNozonVivi FilmWarner Chappel France
FranceBelgium
The Missing LynxEl lince perdido
December 25, 2008
Kandor GraphicsYaYa! Films
SpainUK
Mission Kathmandu: The Adventures of Nelly & Simon Nelly et Simon: Mission Yéti
October 5, 2017
Productions 10th Ave
Canada
The Mitchells vs. the Machines
April 30, 2021
NetflixSony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
Moana
November 23, 2016
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Money, A Mythology of Darkness
November 17, 1998
Greek Film Centre Horme Pictures Oionos
Greece
A Monster in ParisUn monstre à Paris
October 12, 2011
Bibo FilmsEuropaCorpMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer
FranceBelgium
Monsters, Inc.
November 2, 2001
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Monsters University
June 21, 2013
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Monsters vs. Aliens
March 27, 2009
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Monster Family
February 9, 2018
Viva Pictures
Germany
Monster House
July 21, 2006
ImageMoversColumbia Pictures
United States
Monster IslandIsla Calaca
September 14, 2017
Anima Estudios
Brazil
Mortadelo and Filemon: Mission Implausible
November 28, 2014
Ilion Animation StudiosTelevisión EspañolaWarner Bros.
Spain
Mr. Peabody & Sherman
March 7, 2014
DreamWorks AnimationPacific Data ImagesBullwinkle Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Mug Travel 빼꼼의 머그잔 여행Backkom-eui Mug-jan Yeo-haeng
March 22, 2007
RG Animation StudiosCJ-CGV
South Korea
Mummy, I'm a ZombieMamá, soy una zombi
September 21, 2014
Abra Producciones
Spain
Mune: Guardian of the MoonMune, le gardien de la lune
October 14, 2015
On Animation StudiosOnyx FilmsParamount Pictures
France
My Little Pony: A New Generation
September 24, 2021
NetflixEntertainment One
United States
Nak
April 3, 2008
beboydcg
Thailand
Next Gen
September 7, 2018
BaozouAlibaba PicturesNetflix
United StatesCanadaChina
Norm of the North
January 15, 2016
Assemblage EntertainmentSplash EntertainmentLionsgate Films
United StatesIndiaIreland
The Nut Job
January 17, 2014
ToonBox EntertainmentRed Rover InternationalGulfstream PicturesOpen Road Films
CanadaSouth KoreaUnited States
The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature
August 11, 2017
Toonbox EntertainmentRed Rover InternationalGulfstream PicturesOpen Road Films
CanadaSouth KoreaUnited States
Oblivion Island: Haruka and the Magic Mirror ホッタラケの島 遥と魔法の鏡
August 22, 2009
Fuji Television Production I.G
Japan
Olsen Gang Gets PolishedOlsen-banden på de bonede gulve
October 14, 2010
Nordisk Film
Denmark
Onward
March 6, 2020
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Ooops! Noah is Gone...
April 9, 2015
Ulysses FilmproduktionFabrique d'Images Skyline EntertainmentMoetion FilmsStudio Rakete
GermanyBelgiumLuxembourgIreland
Open Season
September 29, 2006
Columbia PicturesSony Pictures Animation
United States
Open Season 2
January 27, 2009
Sony Pictures AnimationReel FX Entertainment
United States
Open Season 3
January 25, 2011
Sony Pictures Animation
United States
Open Season: Scared Silly
March 8, 2016
Sony Pictures Animation
United States
Opera Imaginaire Opéra imaginaire (Imaginary Opera)
March 12, 1993
Pascavision Club d'Investissement Média (in association with) F3 (in association with) Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (INA) (in association with) Aniway (camera) (segment "Noi siamo zingarelle") Ex Machina (computer graphics) (segments "Lakmé", "Carmen" and introduction sequences) Cel Out Films (trace and paint) (segment "Le Veau d'Or") Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (INA) (computer graphics) (segment "Du also bist mein Braütigam?") Colour Crew (coloring) (segment "Cendrillon") Mike Hibbert Animation (xerox) (segment "Pêcheurs de perles") Cosgrove Hall Films (production services) (segment "Pêcheurs de perles") Framestore (production services) (segment "Madame Butterfly") Nederlands Fonds voor de Film (financial support) (segment "La donna è mobile") Co-Productiefonds Binnenlandse Omroep (financial support) (segment "La donna è mobile") Bareboards Productions (production services) (segment "Vesti la Giubba") The Foundation for Sport and the Arts (financial support) (segment "Vesti la Giubba")
France
Orion and the Dark
February 2, 2024
DreamWorks Animation
United States
Our Masha and Magical NutНаша Маша и волшебный орех
December 10, 2009
Amedia FilmsGala Film
Russia
Over the Hedge
May 19, 2006
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Ozzy
Oct 14, 2016
Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures SpainEntertainment One Films
SpainCanada
Panda vs. Aliens
April 9, 2021
Arcana Studio
CanadaChina
Pandavas: The Five Warriors
December 23, 2000
Pentamedia Graphics
India
PAW Patrol: The Mighty Movie
September 23, 2023
Nickelodeon MoviesSpin Master Entertainment
Canada
PAW Patrol: The Movie
August 20, 2021
Nickelodeon MoviesSpin Master Entertainment
Canada
Paws of Fury: The Legend of Hank
July 15, 2022
Flying Tigers EntertainmentAlignGFM AnimationHB Wink AnimationAniventureCinesite
United KingdomUnited StatesChina
The Peanuts Movie
November 6, 2015
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Penguins of Madagascar
November 7, 2014
DreamWorks Animation20th Century Fox
United States
Petualangan Si Adi
October 24, 2013
Batavia Pictures
Indonesia
Pil
2021
TAT ProductionsSND Groupe M6
France
Pinocchio 3000
February 9, 2004
CinéGroupe
CanadaFranceGermanySpain
The Pirate Fairy
April 1, 2014
DisneyToon Studios
United States
Pirates in CallaoPiratas en el Callao aka. Piratas en el Pacifico
February 24, 2005
AlpaMayo Ent.
Peru
The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything: A VeggieTales Movie
January 11, 2008
Big Idea ProductionsStarz AnimationUniversal Pictures
United StatesCanada
Planes
August 9, 2013
DisneyToon StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Planes: Fire & Rescue
July 18, 2014
DisneyToon StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Planet 51
November 20, 2009
Ilion Animation StudiosHandMade Films InternationalTriStar Pictures
United StatesUKSpain
Planzet
May 22, 2010
CoMix Wave
Japan
Playmobil: The Movie
August 16, 2019
Method AnimationWild BunchPathéGlobal Road Entertainment
CanadaFranceGermany
Plumíferos
February 18, 2010
Manos DigitalesSony Pictures Releasing
Argentina
The Polar Express
November 10, 2004
ImageMoversWarner Bros. Pictures
United States
Pororo, The Racing Adventure
January 23, 2013
Ocon Studios
South Korea
Postman Pat: The Movie
May 23, 2014
Classic MediaRubicon Group HoldingTimeless FilmsIcon ProductionsLionsgate
UK
The Princess and the DragonПринцесса и Дракон
August 23, 2018
Licensing Brands
Russia
The Prodigies
May 2011
Onyx FilmsStudio 37Fidelite FilmsDQ EntertainmentLuxAnimation
FranceBelgiumLuxembourg
Puss in Boots
November 11, 2011
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
QuackerzКрякнутые каникулы
February 18, 2016
Asymmetric VFX StudioROME Animation & Film Studio
Russia
The Queen's Corgi
January 16, 2019
Belga ProductionsnWave Pictures
Belgium
Rabbit School: Guardians of the Golden EggDie Häschenscule – Jagd nach dem Goldenen Ei
March 16, 2017
Akkord Film Produktion GmbH
Germany
RaggieSipsik
February 19, 2020
A. Film ProductionCopenhagen Bombay
EstoniaDenmark
Ralph Breaks the Internet
November 21, 2018
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Rango
March 4, 2011
Nickelodeon MoviesIndustrial Light & MagicParamount Pictures
United States
Ratatouille
June 22, 2007
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Ratchet & Clank
April 29, 2016
Rainmaker EntertainmentBlockade EntertainmentSony Interactive EntertainmentPlayStation OriginalsGramercy Pictures
United StatesCanada
Raya and the Last Dragon
March 5, 2021
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
ReBoot: Daemon Rising
November 18, 2001
AAC KidsMainframe Entertainment
Canada
ReBoot: My Two Bobs
November 25, 2001
AAC KidsMainframe Entertainment
Canada
The Reef 2: High Tide
October 30, 2012
CJ Entertainment The Weinstein Company Warner Bros.
United StatesSouth Korea
Rescue Heroes: The Movie
November 18, 2003
Canada
Resident Evil: Damnation
October 27, 2012
Capcom Studios Sony Pictures Entertainment Japan Digital Frontier
Japan
Resident Evil: Degeneration Baiohazādo: Dijenerēshon
February 4, 2009
Capcom StudiosSony Pictures EntertainmentDigital Frontier
United StatesJapan
Resident Evil: Vendetta Baiohazādo: Vendetta
May 27, 2017
Capcom StudiosMarza Animation PlanetSony Pictures EntertainmentKadokawa
United StatesJapan
Richard the Stork Überflieger – Kleine Vögel, großes Geklapper
February 12, 2017
Knudsen & Streuber MedienmanufakturUlysses FilmproduktionMelusine ProductionsDen Siste SkillingWalking The Dog
BelgiumGermanyLuxembourgNorway
Rio
April 15, 2011
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Rio 2
April 11, 2014
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Rise of the Guardians
November 2, 2012
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Roadside Romeo
October 24, 2008
Yash Raj FilmsWalt Disney Pictures
United StatesIndia
Robots
March 11, 2005
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Rock Dog
February 24, 2017
Huayi BrothersSummit Entertainment
United States
Rolie Polie Olie: The Baby Bot Chase
June 3, 2003
NelvanaSparx*
Canada United States
Rolie Polie Olie: The Great Defender of Fun
August 12, 2002
NelvanaSparx*
Canada France
Ron's Gone Wrong
October 22, 2021
20th Century AnimationLocksmith Animation20th Century Studios
United StatesUnited Kingdom
Ronal the Barbarian
September 29, 2011
Einstein FilmNordisk Film
Denmark
Rudolf the Black Cat
August 6, 2016
Sprite Animation Studios
Japan
Rumble
December 15, 2021
Paramount AnimationWWE StudiosWalden MediaReel FX Creative StudiosParamount Pictures
United States
RPG: Metanoia
December 25, 2010
Thaumatrope AnimationStar CinemaAmbient Media
Philippines
Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer and the Island of Misfit Toys
October 30, 2001
Golden Books Family EntertainmentTundra ProductionsGoodTimes Entertainment
Canada
S.O.S. Planet
November 2002
United States Belgium
SadkoСадко
March 24, 2018
Melnitsa Animation StudioInlayFilm
Russia
Sahara
May 12, 2017
La Station AnimationMandarin ProductionTransfilm International
FranceCanada
Saint Seiya: Legend of SanctuarySeinto Seiya Rejendo Obu Sankuchuari
June 21, 2014
Toei Animation
Japan
Sammy's Adventures: The Secret PassageSammy's avonturen: De geheime doorgang
August 4, 2010
nWave Pictures Illuminata Pictures
Belgium
Sammy's Adventures: Sammy's Great Escape
August 15, 2012
nWave PicturesIlluminata Pictures
Belgium
The Santa Claus Brothers
December 13, 2001
CanadaUnited States
Sausage Party
August 12, 2016
Columbia PicturesAnnapurna PicturesPoint Grey PicturesNitrogen Studios
United StatesCanada
Scoob!
May 15, 2020
Warner Animation GroupAtlas Entertainment1492 Pictures
United States
Seal Team
December 31, 2021
Industrial DevelopmentTriggerfish Animation StudiosCorporation of South Africa
South Africa
Secret of the Wings
October 23, 2012
DisneyToon Studios
United States
The Secret Princess
February 14, 2016
Transtales Entertainment
Nigeria
The Secret Life of Pets
July 8, 2016
Illumination
United States
The Secret Life of Pets 2
June 7, 2019
Illumination
United States
Secret Magic Control Agency
March 18, 2021
Wizart AnimationCTB Film Company
Russia
SeeFood
October 7, 2011
Silver Ant
MalaysiaChina
The Seventh Dwarf
September 25, 2014
Zipfelmützen GmbH & Co. KG
Germany
Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero
April 13, 2018
Mikros ImageFun Academy Motion Pictures
United StatesCanadaFrance
Shark Bait
July 7, 2006
Digi ArtDigiart ProductionsFX DigitalSilver Nitrate FilmsWonderworld Studios
United StatesSouth Korea
Shark Tale
October 1, 2004
DreamWorks AnimationDreamWorks Pictures
United States
Sheep and Wolves
April 28, 2016
Wizart AnimationCTB Film Company
Russia
Sheep and Wolves: Pig Deal
January 29, 2019
Wizart AnimationCTB Film Company
Russia
Shenmue: The Movie
January 20, 2001
Japan
Sherlock Gnomes
March 23, 2018
Paramount AnimationMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRocket PicturesParamount Pictures
United StatesUnited Kingdom
Sheep and Wolves 2: Pig Deal
January 24, 2019
Wizart AnimationCTB Film Company
Russia
Shrek
May 18, 2001
DreamWorks AnimationPDI/DreamWorksDreamWorks Pictures
United States
Shrek 2
May 21, 2004
DreamWorks AnimationPDI/DreamWorksDreamWorks Pictures
United States
Shrek the Third
May 18, 2007
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Shrek Forever After
May 21, 2010
DreamWorks AnimationParamount Pictures
United States
Sinbad: Beyond the Veil of Mists
February 18, 2000
Improvision Corporation Pentafour Software
India United States
Sing
December 21, 2016
IlluminationUniversal Pictures
United States
Sing 2
December 22, 2021
IlluminationUniversal Pictures
United States
Smallfoot
September 28, 2018
Warner Animation GroupWarner Bros. Pictures
United States
Smurfs: The Lost Village
April 7, 2017
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
The Snow Queen
December 31, 2012
Wizart AnimationInlayFilm
Russia
The Snow Queen 2: The Snow King
December 12, 2014
Wizart AnimationInlay Film
Russia
The Snow Queen 3: Fire and Ice
December 29, 2016
Wizart Animation
Russia
The Snow Queen: Mirrorlands
December 21, 2018
Wizart Animation
Russia
Snowtime!La Bataille géante de boules de neige
November 13, 2015
CarpeDiem Film & TV
Canada
Son of Aladdin
August 29, 2003
Pentamedia Graphics
India
The Son of Bigfoot
August 11, 2017
nWave PicturesStudioCanalBelga ProductionsIlluminata PicturesWaterman Entertainment
BelgiumFrance
Soul
December 25, 2020
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Space Chimps
July 18, 2008
Vanguard AnimationOdyssey EntertainmentStarz Animation20th Century Fox
United States
Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back
October 5, 2010
Vanguard AnimationPrana Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Space Dogs
March 18, 2010
KinoAtisCentre of National Film
Russia
Space Dogs 2Белка и Стрелка. Лунные Приключения
February 6, 2014
KinoAtis
Russia
Space Dogs: Return to Earth
September 24, 2020
KinoAtis
Russia
Space Pirate Captain Harlock
September 7, 2013
Toei Animation
Japan
Spark
April 14, 2017
Red Rover InternationalToonbox EntertainmentOpen Road Films
CanadaSouth KoreaUnited States
Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse
December 14, 2018
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
Spies in Disguise
December 25, 2019
Blue Sky Studios20th Century Fox
United States
Spirit of the ForestEspíritu del Bosque
September 12, 2008
Dygra Films
Spain
Spirit Untamed
June 4, 2021
DreamWorks AnimationUniversal Pictures
United States
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge on the Run
August 14, 2020
Paramount AnimationNickelodeon MoviesUnited Plankton PicturesMRC
United States
The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water
February 6, 2015
Paramount AnimationNickelodeon MoviesUnited Plankton Pictures
United States
Stand By Me DoraemonSTAND BY ME ドラえもん
August 8, 2014
Fujiko Movie StudioToho
Japan
Starship Troopers: Invasion
July 21, 2012
Sola Digital Arts
United StatesJapan
Starship Troopers: Traitor of Mars
August 21, 2017
Sola Digital ArtsStage 6 Films
United StatesJapan
Sprung! The Magic Roundabout aka. Doogal Pollux, le manège enchanté
February 2, 2005
Action Synthese StudioPathe PicturesThe Weinstein Company
UKFrance
Star Wars: The Clone Wars
August 15, 2008
Lucasfilm AnimationLucasfilm Ltd.Warner Bros. Pictures
United States
The Star
November 3, 2017
Sony Pictures AnimationAffirm FilmsThe Jim Henson CompanyWalden MediaColumbia Pictures
United States
The Stolen Princess
March 7, 2018
Animagrad Animation StudioFacebook
Ukraine
Storks
September 23, 2016
Warner Animation GroupWarner Bros. Pictures
United States
Strange Magic
January 23, 2015
LucasFilm AnimationTouchstone Pictures
United States
Strange World
November 23, 2022
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Strawberry Shortcake: The Sweet Dreams Movie
September 4, 2006
DIC EntertainmentTwentieth Century Fox
United States
Sunshine Barry & The Disco WormsDisco Ormene
September 7, 2008
Denmark
Surf's Up
June 8, 2007
Sony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
Surf's Up 2: WaveMania
January 17, 2017
Sony Pictures Animation
United States
The Swan Princess: A Royal Family Tale
February 25, 2014
Crest Animation ProductionsNest Family Entertainment
United States
The Swan Princess: A Royal Myztery
March 27, 2018
Sony Pictures Home EntertainmentCrest Animation Productions
United States
The Swan Princess: A Royal Wedding
August 4, 2020
Sony Pictures Home EntertainmentCrest Animation Productions
United States
The Swan Princess: Kingdom of Music
August 6, 2019
Sony Pictures Home EntertainmentCrest Animation Productions
United States
The Swan Princess Christmas
November 6, 2012
Nest Family EntertainmentStreetLight Animation Productions
United States
The Swan Princess: Princess Tomorrow, Pirate Today
September 6, 2016
LionsgateCrest Animation Productions
United StatesIndia
The Swan Princess: Royally Undercover
March 28, 2017
Nest Family EntertainmentStreetLight Animation Productions
United States
Tad Jones: The Hero Returns Tadeo Jones 2: El secreto del Rey Midas
June 13, 2017
Lightbox EntertainmentTelecinco CinemaTelefónica Studios
Spain
Tad, The Lost Explorer Las aventuras de Tadeo Jones
June 4, 2012
Lightbox EntertainmentTelecinco CinemaEl Toro Pictures
Spain
The Tale of Despereaux
December 19, 2008
Framestore Feature AnimationUniversal Pictures
United States
Tales of the Night
July 20, 2011
StudioCanalNord-Ouest FilmsStudio O
France
Tall TalesDrôles de petites bêtes
June 13, 2017
Onyx Films
France
Tangled
November 24, 2010
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Tarzan
October 17, 2013
Constantin FilmSummit Entertainment
Germany
Tea Pets
May 20, 2017
Light Chaser Animation Studios
China
Tekken: Blood Vengeance
July 26, 2011
Digital FrontierAsmik Ace Entertainment
United StatesJapan
Terkel in Trouble Terkel i knibe
April 2, 2004
Nordisk FilmA. Film A/S
Denmark
The Thief of Dreams El Ladrón de sueños
December 15, 2000
Dibulitoon Studio, S.L.
Spain
Thomas & Friends: Journey Beyond Sodor
June 23, 2017
Hit Entertainment
United Kingdom
Throne of Elves
August 19, 2016
Beijing Enlight Pictures
China
Thru the Moebius Strip
December 30, 2005
BloodWorksGDC Productions
United StatesChina
TMNT
March 23, 2007
Imagi Animation StudiosThe Weinstein CompanyWarner Bros. Pictures
United StatesHong Kong
Tofu
July 28, 2017
Kingkey Animation Studios
China
Toy Story
November 22, 1995
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Toy Story 2
November 24, 1999
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Toy Story 3
June 18, 2010
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Toy Story 4
June 21, 2019
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Tristan & Isolde Tristan et Iseut
April 3, 2002
France Luxembourg
Trolls
November 4, 2016
DreamWorks Animation20th Century Fox
United States
Trolls World Tour
April 10, 2020
DreamWorks AnimationUniversal Pictures
United States
The True Story Of Puss'N BootsLa Véritable Histoire du chat botté
April 1, 2009
Herold and FamilyMK2 ProductionsFrance 3 Cinéma
FranceBelgiumSwitzerland
Turbo
June 7, 2013
DreamWorks Animation20th Century Fox
United States
Turning Red
March 11, 2022
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
The Ugly Duckling and Me!
September 10, 2006
A. Film A/SDisney Television FranceFuturikonMagma FilmsTPS StarTV2 DanmarkTarget Media EntertainmentUlysses Film Production
FranceGermanyIrelandUKDenmark
UglyDolls
May 3, 2019
STX Entertainment
United States
A Rooster With Many EggsUn Gallo Con Muchos Huevos
August 17, 2014
Huevocartoon ProduccionesPantelion Films
Mexico
Up
May 29, 2009
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Upin & Ipin: The Lone Gibbon KrisUpin & Ipin: Keris Siamang Tunggal
March 21, 2019
Les' Copaque ProductionsGSC Movies
Malaysia
Ultramarines: A Warhammer 40,000 Movie
December 13, 2010
Good Story ProductionsCodex PicturesPOP6
United Kingdom
Uzay Kuvvetleri 2911
May 16, 2014
Animaj Film
Turkey
Valiant
March 25, 2005
Vanguard AnimationOdyssey EntertainmentEaling Studios
UK
Vexille Bekushiru 2077 Nihon sakoku
August 18, 2007
Oxybot
Japan
Visitor
November 7, 1998
GAGA PicturesavexJICWOWOWAmuse Soft Entertainment, Inc.
Japan
Vivo
August 6, 2021
NetflixSony Pictures AnimationColumbia Pictures
United States
A Warrior's TailСавва. Сердце воина
November 12, 2015
Art Pictures StudioGlukoza Production
Russia
WALL-E
June 20, 2008
PixarWalt Disney Pictures
United States
White Snake白蛇：缘起
January 11, 2019
Light Chaser Animation Studios
China
The Wild
April 14, 2006
C.O.R.E. Feature AnimationWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Wicked Flying MonkeysGuardianes de Oz
April 10, 2015
Ánima EstudiosFilmSharks International
MexicoIndia
The Wild LifeRobinson Crusoe
March 30, 2016
nWave PicturesStudioCanal
Belgium
The Willoughbys
April 22, 2020
Netflix AnimationBron StudiosCreative Wealth Media
CanadaUnited States
WingsОт винта 3D
August 19, 2012
Paradiz ProdakshnzTouch FX Animation Studio
RussiaArmenia
Winx Club 3D: Magical Adventure
October 29, 2010
Rainbow CGI
Italy
Winx Club: The Mystery of the AbyssWinx Club - Il mistero degli abissi
September 4, 2014
Rainbow CGI
Italy
Winx Club: The Secret of the Lost KingdomWinx Club - Il Segreto Del Regno Perduto
November 30, 2007
Rainbow CGI
Italy
Wish
November 22, 2023
Walt Disney Animation StudiosWalt Disney Pictures
United States
Wish Dragon
January 15, 2021
Columbia PicturesSony Pictures AnimationBeijing Sparkle Roll Media CorporationTencent Pictures Base MediaFlagship Entertainment GroupBoss CollaborationCultural Investment Holdings
United StatesChina
Wonderful Days
July 17, 2003
Endgame Productions Inc.Masquerade FilmsMaxmediaTin House Productions
South Korea
Wonder Park
March 15, 2019
Paramount AnimationNickelodeon MoviesIlion Animation Studios
United States
Wreck-It Ralph
November 21, 2012
Walt Disney PicturesWalt Disney Animation Studios
United States
Yak: The Giant King
October 4, 2012
Workpoint Picture
Thailand
Yellowbird
February 4, 2015 (France)
TeamTOHaut et Court SC Films International
FranceBelgium
Yona Yona Penguin
December 23, 2009
Madhouse Dynamo PicturesDef2shootStorm LionDenis Friedman Productions
FranceJapanUnited States
Yugo & Lala
August 10, 2012
China
Zodiac: The Race Begins
January 26, 2006
Shaw Organisation
Singapore
Zombillenium
May 24, 2017
Maybe MoviesBelvision
France
Zootopia
March 4, 2016
Walt Disney Animation Studios
United States
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TBA
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200% Wolf
2024
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Australia
The Bad Guys 2
August 1, 2025
Universal PicturesDreamWorks Animation
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Big Tree
TBA
Universal PicturesIllumination
United States
Black Knight
TBA
Columbia PicturesSony Pictures Animation
United States
C.O.S.M.O.S.
TBA
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United States
The Cat in the Hat
March 26, 2026
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Century Goddess
TBA
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United States
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July 3, 2024
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United States
Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw
TBA
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January 31, 2025
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June 13, 2025
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2025
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2026
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May 24, 2024
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TBA
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TBA
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2026
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Inside Out 2
June 14, 2024
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TBA
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2025
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2025
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Moana 2
November 27, 2024
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TBA
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TBA
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United States
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2025
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TBA
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TBA
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TBA
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The Secret Life of Pets 3
TBA
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TBA
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2024
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June 19, 2026
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September 13, 2024
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2024
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September 27, 2024
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November 26, 2025
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United States
See also
Animation portal
History of animation
Timeline of CGI in film and television
List of animated feature films
List of stop motion films
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
References
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (2019-10-07). "DreamWorks Animation & Universal To Release 'Spirit Riding Free' & 'The Bad Guys' In 2021". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2019-12-13.
^ "Jim Parsons and Rihanna to Voice DreamWorks Animation's Happy Smekday!". DreamWorks Animation. ComingSoon.net. June 20, 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2012.
^ Hayes, Dade (October 6, 2021). "Amazon Prime Video Sets Streaming Date For 'Hotel Transylvania: Transformania'". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on October 6, 2021. Retrieved October 6, 2021.
^ Palmer, Roger (November 12, 2021). ""Ice Age: Adventures Of Buck Wild" Trailer Released". What's On Disney Plus. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
^ "Universal Dates Minions Movie Dec. 19, 2014". Deadline. August 21, 2012. Retrieved August 22, 2012.
^ Busch, Anita (January 25, 2017). "Universal Dates 'Minions 2' & 'Sing 2,' Moves 'Secret Life of Pets 2' Back a Year". Deadline. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
^ Tartaglione, Nancy (April 1, 2020). "'Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
^ Beck, Jerry (November 30, 2017). "TRAILER: "Monster Family"". Retrieved December 11, 2017.
^ ‘My Little Pony’ Movie Skipping Theaters to Debut on Netflix (EXCLUSIVE)
^ Galuppo, Mia (January 21, 2022). "Paramount Lands Animated Blazing Samurai Starring Mel Brooks, Michael Cera (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 16, 2018). "'Angry Birds 2' To Fly In Late Summer 2019". Deadline. Retrieved October 28, 2018.
^ N'Duka, Amanda (October 12, 2017). "20th Century Fox & Locksmith Animation Slate 'Ron's Gone Wrong' As First Project". Deadline. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
^ Ritman, Alex (October 12, 2017). "Fox, Locksmith Animation Unveil 'Ron's Gone Wrong'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 17, 2018.
^ "FIRST LOOK: 'Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero' ". Cartoon Brew. June 21, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.
^ D'Alessandro, Anthony (April 12, 2019). "'Sing 2' To Croon Summer 2021; 'The Croods 2' Moves To Holiday Season 2020". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
^ Tartaglione, Nancy (April 1, 2020). "'Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved April 1, 2020.
^ "Snow Queen 3". Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.
External links
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1979
1980
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Lost or unfinished | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"three-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-dimensional"},{"link_name":"2D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"render","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"3D computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"computer-generated imagery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery"}],"text":"A computer-animated film is an animated film that was created using computer software to appear three-dimensional. 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Retrieved April 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/","url_text":"\"'Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry (November 30, 2017). \"TRAILER: \"Monster Family\"\". Retrieved December 11, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animationscoop.com/trailer-monster-family/","url_text":"\"TRAILER: \"Monster Family\"\""}]},{"reference":"Galuppo, Mia (January 21, 2022). \"Paramount Lands Animated Blazing Samurai Starring Mel Brooks, Michael Cera (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/paramount-lands-animation-blazing-samurai-starring-mel-brooks-michael-cera-exclucive-1235078920/","url_text":"\"Paramount Lands Animated Blazing Samurai Starring Mel Brooks, Michael Cera (Exclusive)\""}]},{"reference":"D'Alessandro, Anthony (October 16, 2018). \"'Angry Birds 2' To Fly In Late Summer 2019\". Deadline. Retrieved October 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2018/10/angry-birds-2-release-date-change-august-2019-1202484302/","url_text":"\"'Angry Birds 2' To Fly In Late Summer 2019\""}]},{"reference":"N'Duka, Amanda (October 12, 2017). \"20th Century Fox & Locksmith Animation Slate 'Ron's Gone Wrong' As First Project\". Deadline. Retrieved February 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/10/20th-century-fox-locksmith-animation-rons-gone-wrong-animated-film-1202187132/amp/","url_text":"\"20th Century Fox & Locksmith Animation Slate 'Ron's Gone Wrong' As First Project\""}]},{"reference":"Ritman, Alex (October 12, 2017). \"Fox, Locksmith Animation Unveil 'Ron's Gone Wrong'\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 17, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/amp/news/fox-locksmith-animation-unveil-rons-gone-wrong-1048037","url_text":"\"Fox, Locksmith Animation Unveil 'Ron's Gone Wrong'\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIRST LOOK: 'Sgt. Stubby: An American Hero' [Teaser]\". Cartoon Brew. June 21, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/first-look-sgt-stubby-american-hero-teaser-151697.html","url_text":"\"FIRST LOOK: 'Sgt. 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Retrieved April 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/","url_text":"\"'Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood","url_text":"Deadline Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Snow Queen 3\". Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150620090215/http://www.wizartanimation.com/projects/snowqueen3","url_text":"\"Snow Queen 3\""},{"url":"http://www.wizartanimation.com/projects/snowqueen3","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22List+of+computer-animated+films%22","external_links_name":"\"List of computer-animated films\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22List+of+computer-animated+films%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22List+of+computer-animated+films%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22List+of+computer-animated+films%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22List+of+computer-animated+films%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22List+of+computer-animated+films%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080401150225/http://www.paradisegroup.ru/movies/?id=986363","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.friends-movie.jp/","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8m3jq-Y37k&feature=PlayList&p=4DBB8207E2292041&index=4","external_links_name":"[3]"},{"Link":"http://www.tivarati.com/news/2008-03-19/33247595/","external_links_name":"[4]"},{"Link":"http://www.bangkokpost.com/070308_Realtime/07Mar2008_real001.php","external_links_name":"[5]"},{"Link":"http://www.production-ig.com/contents/works_sp/71_/index.html","external_links_name":"[6]"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2019/10/dreamworks-animation-2021-releases-spirit-riding-free-the-bad-guys-1202753767/","external_links_name":"\"DreamWorks Animation & Universal To Release 'Spirit Riding Free' & 'The Bad Guys' In 2021\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191205053635/https://deadline.com/2019/10/dreamworks-animation-2021-releases-spirit-riding-free-the-bad-guys-1202753767/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=91699","external_links_name":"\"Jim Parsons and Rihanna to Voice DreamWorks Animation's Happy Smekday!\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2021/10/amazon-studios-hotel-transylvania-transformania-sony-pictures-animation-streaming-1234850680/","external_links_name":"\"Amazon Prime Video Sets Streaming Date For 'Hotel Transylvania: Transformania'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211006194824/https://deadline.com/2021/10/amazon-studios-hotel-transylvania-transformania-sony-pictures-animation-streaming-1234850680/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://whatsondisneyplus.com/ice-age-adventures-of-buck-wild-trailer-released/","external_links_name":"\"\"Ice Age: Adventures Of Buck Wild\" Trailer Released\""},{"Link":"https://www.deadline.com/2012/08/untitled-minions-movied-slated-for-december-19-2014/","external_links_name":"\"Universal Dates Minions Movie Dec. 19, 2014\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2017/01/minions-2-sing-2-secret-life-of-pets-2-release-dates-1201894439//","external_links_name":"\"Universal Dates 'Minions 2' & 'Sing 2,' Moves 'Secret Life of Pets 2' Back a Year\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2020/04/minions-the-rise-of-gru-sing-2-wicked-release-date-change-global-international-box-office-coronavirus-1202897417/","external_links_name":"\"'Minions: The Rise Of Gru', 'Sing 2' Set New 2021 Release Dates; 'Wicked' Still Brewing Slot\""},{"Link":"http://www.animationscoop.com/trailer-monster-family/","external_links_name":"\"TRAILER: \"Monster Family\"\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/film/news/paramount-my-little-pony-movie-netflix-1234902328/","external_links_name":"‘My Little Pony’ Movie Skipping Theaters to Debut on Netflix (EXCLUSIVE)"},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/paramount-lands-animation-blazing-samurai-starring-mel-brooks-michael-cera-exclucive-1235078920/","external_links_name":"\"Paramount Lands Animated Blazing Samurai Starring Mel Brooks, Michael Cera (Exclusive)\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2018/10/angry-birds-2-release-date-change-august-2019-1202484302/","external_links_name":"\"'Angry Birds 2' To Fly In Late Summer 2019\""},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2017/10/20th-century-fox-locksmith-animation-rons-gone-wrong-animated-film-1202187132/amp/","external_links_name":"\"20th Century Fox & Locksmith Animation Slate 'Ron's Gone Wrong' As First Project\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/amp/news/fox-locksmith-animation-unveil-rons-gone-wrong-1048037","external_links_name":"\"Fox, Locksmith Animation Unveil 'Ron's Gone Wrong'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cartoonbrew.com/feature-film/first-look-sgt-stubby-american-hero-teaser-151697.html","external_links_name":"\"FIRST LOOK: 'Sgt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschimbanga_Bangla_Academy | Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi | ["1 History","1.1 Bangiya Sahitya Parishad","1.2 Regulations of the University of Calcutta","1.3 Bangla Academy in East Bengal","1.4 Unofficial regulators of the Bengali language in West Bengal","1.5 History of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi","2 Members","3 Functions","4 Work of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi","5 Festivals Conducted by Bangla Akademi","6 Awards awarded by Bangla Akademi","7 Selected bibliography","7.1 Dictionaries and terminologies","7.2 Complete and selected works of legendary authors","7.3 Collected essays","8 Criticism","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"] | Bangla language authority in India
Not to be confused with Bangla Academy.
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Pashchimbanga Bangla Akademiপশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমিLogo of the Pashchimbanga Bangla AkademiMain building of the Bangla AkademiAbbreviationPBANicknameBangla AkademiPronunciation Named afterAcadémie FrançaiseFormation20 May 1986; 38 years ago (1986-05-20)TypeAutonomous governmental bodyLegal statusOfficial language regulatorPurposeReforming Bengali spelling and grammar, compiling dictionaries, encyclopediæ and terminologies, and promoting the Bengali language and culture in West BengalHeadquartersRabindra Sadan and Rabindra-Okakura BhawanLocationKolkata, West Bengal, IndiaRegion served West Bengal, Tripura, Barak ValleyOfficial language BengaliPresidentBratya BasuParent organizationDepartment of Information and Cultural AffairsFundingGovernment of West BengalWebsiteOfficial website
The Pashchimbanga Bangla Akademi (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি, pronounced , transl. West Bengal Bengali Academy) is the official regulatory body of the Bengali language in West Bengal, India. It was founded on 20 May 1986 in Kolkata to act as the official authority of the language and is entrusted with the responsibility of reforming Bengali spelling and grammar, compiling dictionaries, encyclopedias and terminologies and promoting Bengali language and culture in West Bengal. Though the Akademi has no enforcement power over their rules and regulations, they are widely accepted by the Governments of West Bengal and Tripura as well as a considerable number of private publishing houses and institutions such as the Oxford University Press and the Ramakrishna Mission.
The Akademi is housed in two separate buildings, one at Nandan-Rabindra Sadan Complex (also mentioned as Bangla Akademi-Rabindra Sadan or Nandan-Bangla Akademi Complex during the Akademi festivals and book fairs) in South Kolkata and the other at Rabindra-Okakura Bhaban, Bidhannagar (Salt Lake). Annadashankar Roy became the first President and Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay the first secretary of the Akademi.
The Bangla Akademi has been successful in extending its activities and programs to different districts of West Bengal and even to other states in India. In Kolkata, the Bangla Akademi organises different programs in collaboration with such bodies like Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, Sahitya Akademi, Publishers and Book Sellers' Guild, Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, National Book Trust and also with different universities and cultural organizations.
History
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Bangiya Sahitya Parishad - Kolkata
Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
Main article: Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
Bengal Academy of Literature, the first academic association to regulate and promote Bengali language and literature was set up in Kolkata under the chairmanship of Benoy Krishna Dev in 1893. In April 1894, the academy was reorganized and rechristened as Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, and Romesh Chunder Dutt became the first president of it. Scholars like Chandranath Bose, Dwijendranath Tagore, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy, Satyendranath Tagore, Haraprasad Shastri, Ramendra Sundar Trivedi later served the Parishad as presidents. Rabindranth Tagore (Vice-president: 1894–96, 1901, 1905–1909, 1917; Special Delegate: 1910) himself was closely associated to the institution since its inception.
Bangiya Sahitya Parishad is the first academic institution on matters pertaining to Bengali language. It endeavored to compile standard Bengali dictionary, grammar and terminologies, both philosophical and scientific, to collect and publish old and medieval Bengali manuscripts, and to carry out translation from other language into Bengali and research on history, philosophy and science.
Regulations of the University of Calcutta
During the 20th century, the affairs concerning the promotion of Bengali language did not remain a sole responsibility of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. As language prospered and literature enriched, a need of linguistic reform as well as an authority to enforce the reforms was felt by the scholars of the time.
In the late 1930s, Rabindranath Tagore asked the University of Calcutta to determine the rules of Bengali spelling and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the then Vice-Chancellor of the university, set up a committee to look over the subject in November 1935. In May 1936, a standard rule for Bengali spelling was first imposed. These rules were later amended by Rabindranath Tagore and other scholars and practiced at academic level in all over Bengal for next 70 years.
Bangla Academy in East Bengal
Main article: Bangla Academy
After the partition of India in 1947, the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) felt a need for a new Bengali linguistic body suiting their new nationality. As a result, Bangla Academy in Dhaka was established in 1955. In 1990, the Bangla Academy enforced new regulations for Bengali spelling.
Unofficial regulators of the Bengali language in West Bengal
In West Bengal, various prominent institutions backed the process of development of the language, but that resulted in inconsistencies in it. For example, Rajsekhar Basu and Ananda Bazaar Patrika tried to simplify Bengali spelling; but instead of rationalizing the spelling system, it aroused controversy over the authority of such bodies. Even institutions like Visva-Bharati University failed in the task.
History of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi
In 1962, the Government of West Bengal started using Bengali for all official purposes. Since then, a need for an official regulator of the language has been felt. In 1986, with the general consent of Bengali intellectuals of the time, Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, a wing of the Information and Cultural Affairs Department of the Government of West Bengal was set up. Afterward it was converted into a society and registered under Societies Registration Act. On 8 December 1994, it was declared an autonomous Governmental body.
Members
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Presidents
Annadashankar Roy, 1986–2002
Asitkumar Bandyopadhyay, 2002–2003
Nirendranath Chakravarty, 2003–2011
Mahashweta Devi, 2011–2016
At the time of its foundation, the Akademi had 30 members in its Karma Samiti (Working Committee) and 78 in Sadharan Parishad (General Council) including the government delegation. The chairman is called Sabhapati and Vice-Chairman is called Saha-Sabhapati. Members, officially known as Sadasyas, remain in the Akademi for life. However, any member can resign from his office by his will. In 2007, after the Nandigram massacre, some of Akademi members including Sankha Ghosh and Ashru Kumar Sikdar resigned from the Akademi. There is also a post of Secretary, or Sachib, who is the chief governmental delegation at the Akademi. The office of the Secretary of the Akademi is held by Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay since its inception.
The members of the first Working Committee were: Annadashankar Roy (chairman), Prabodh Chandra Sen (Vice-chairman, but died after the foundation of working committee), Nanda Gopal Sengupta (Vice-chairmen), Leela Majumdar, Khudiram Das, Nepal Majumdar, Shubhendu Shekhar Mukhopadhyay, Chinmohan Sehanbish, Pabitra Sarkar, Kanak Mukhopadhyay, Krishno Dhar, Jagadish Bhattacharya, Bhabatosh Dutta, Jyotirmoy Ghosh, Sankha Ghosh, Arun Kumar Basu, Nirmalya Acharya, Ashru Kumar Shikdar, Arun Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Prabir Roy Chowdhuri, Bhudeb Chowdhuri, Somendranath Bandyopadhyay, Bijit Kumar Dutta, Pallab Sengupta, Bhakti Prasad Mallick, Prashanta Kumar Dasgupta, Nirmal Das, Santosh Chakravarty (Later Ashok Dutta) – Director of Culture, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay- Secretary (Government Delegate), Amitabha Mukhopadhyay- Officer-in-Charge (Government Delegate).
Statue of Rabindranath Tagore at Bangla Akademi campus, Nandan
The members of the first General Council were: (including the members of the Working Committee) Hirendranath Dutta, Manmatha Roy, Gopal Haldar, Debipada Bhattacharya, Sushil Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Gourinath Shastri, Rama Ranjan Mukhopadhyay, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Manindranath Ghosh, Manindra Kumar Ghosh, Dr. Asit Kumar Bandyopadhyay, Rabindra Kumar DasGupta, Haraprasad Mitra, Arun Mitra, Satyajit Ray, Satyendranath Roy, Ajit Kumar Ghosh, Khsetra Gupta, Arabinda Poddar, Nirendranath Chakravarty, Golum Kuddus, Ashin Dasgupta, Khsitindra Narayan Bhattacharya, Saroj Mohan Mitra, Sukumari Bhattacharya, Subir Roy Chowdhuri, Manabendra Bandyopadhyay, Sourin Bhattacharya, Ashok Mukhopadhyay, Malini Bhattacharya, Bratindranath Mukhopadhyay, Manas Majumdar, Mohit Chattopadhyay, Narayan Chowdhuri, Samarendra Sengupta, Amitabha Dasgupta, Debesh Roy, Purnendu Patri, Shyam Sundar Dey, Amitabha Chowdhuri, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Debesh Das, Manas Roy Chowdhuri, Shibendranath Kanjilal, Sabitendranath Roy, Bibhas Bhattacharya, Dipankar Sen, Prasun Dutta, Dilip Bhattacharya – secretary, Information and Cultural Affairs Department.
Now the Akademi works under various sub-committees and editorial boards concerning different affairs. Some of these bodies are depicted below:
Akademi Banan Upo-Samiti or Akademi Spelling Sub-Committee was created to reform and rationalize Bengali orthography. This Sub-Committee includes Nirendranath Chakravarty, Sankha Ghosh, Pabitra Sarkar, Jyoti Bhushan Chaki, Nirmal Das, Ashok Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Bhattacharya, Amitabha Chowdhuri, Amitabha Mukhopadhyay, Sourin Bhattacharya, Prasun Dutta, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay, Arun Kumar Basu and Shubhomoy Mondal. On the recommendation of this Sub-Committee, the Akademi did its historical reforms on Bengali spelling.
Another important sub-committee is Paribhasha Upo-Samiti or Terminology Sub-Committee which is entrusted to compile standard Bengali terminology for both academic and administrative purposes. This sub-committee includes Ananda Ghosh Hazra, Alapan Bandyaopadhyay, I.A.S., Krishno Dhar, Jyoti Bhushan Chaki, Nirendranath Chakravarty, Pabitra Sarkar, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay, Swapan Chowdhuri and Bhabatosh Tapadar.
Editorial boards are generally founded to edit works of great authors. One of such bodies that compiled the Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, includes Annadashankar Roy (advisor), Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, ex-Chief Minister of West Bengal (advisor), Kalpataru Sengupta, Arun Kumar Basu, Pabitra Sarkar, Golum Kuddus, Krishno Dhar, Manas Majumdar, Sumita Chakravarty, Bandhan Sengupta, Manas Khanda, Biswanath Roy, Prabhat Kumar Das, Shyamal Moitra And Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay.
Functions
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Rabindra-Okakura Bhaban at Bidhannagar, Bangla Akademi's second building
The Akademi is the official authority on Bengali language in West Bengal; although its recommendations carry no legal power — but still the educational boards and the universities of West Bengal and Tripura have deep regard for its rulings.
The Akademi accomplishes all its activities in close liaison with other academic and educational institutions including universities engaged in various aspects of Bengali language, literature and culture. Apart from its own programs, it also arranges programs in cooperation with different such societies. Such activities are not confined to Kolkata only, but also in districts and sub-divisions, even in the other states.
The function of the Akademi was initially settled by a seminar held at Sisir Mancha, Kolkata from 24 February to 1 March. These seminars determined the rationale of the Akademi and proposed to make a design and blue print to achieve its goals.
The tasks entrusted on Bangla Akademi are:
The rationalization and reform of Bengali script and orthography.
Compilation of standard dictionaries, encyclopedias and grammars.
Compilation of terminologies.
Bridging the gap between Bengali and other languages through translations and other activities.
Publication of children books.
Performing research-oriented works on Bengali language, literature and culture as well as arranging scholarships for researchers.
Distribution of civil literary prizes.
Publication of publish books on different subjects
Publication of the Akademi Magazine.
Preservation of an outstanding library.
Preservation of a world-class archive and museum.
To conduct seminars and conferences and cultural festivals and fairs.
Work of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi
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Scholars at the Bangla Akademi work to promote the Bengali language in various ways. They are doing research on spelling, grammar and the origin and development of Bengali. They are publishing works by prominent writers in the language. They have built a large library to preserve original manuscripts. The government of Japan has donated Rs. 500000 for research in the academy. The government of West Bengal has also given a lump some amount of money. The Akademi is spending the money on the Indo-Japan Cultural Center in Bidhannagar. The Akademi has also developed a Bengali font designed according to the changes made by them in the Bengali script. The font is available from this link.
Festivals Conducted by Bangla Akademi
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Various festivals are being conducted nowadays by Bangla Akademi, e.g., Kabita Utsab (Poetry Festival), Little Magazine Mela (Little Magazine Fair), Kathasahitya Utsab (Fiction Festival), Chhora Utsab (Rhyme Festival) etc.
Awards awarded by Bangla Akademi
Rabindra Puraskar
Selected bibliography
Dictionaries and terminologies
Cover of the Bangla Akademi Spelling Dictionary
Akademi Bidyarthi Abidhan (Bangla Akademi Bengali Dictionary for Students)
Akademi Banan Abidhan (Bangla Akademi Spelling Dictionary)
Paribhasha Sankalan – Prashashan (Collection of Administrative Terminologies)
Sahityer Shabdartho-Kosh (Dictionary of Literary Terms)
Bhasha-Tattwer Paribhasha (Terminology of Linguistics)
Byutpatti-Sidhyartha-Bangla Kosmh (Dictionary of Bengali Word Origin)
Bangla Bhashay Arthaniti Charcha Granthapanji (Catalogue of Economic Studies in Bengali)
Bangla Bhashay Itihaas Charcha Granthapanji (Catalogue of Historical Studies in Bengali)
Dhatubidya Paribhasha (Terminology of Metallurgy)
Saontali-Bangla Samashabda Abidhan (A Dictionary of Santali-Bengali Identical Words)
Complete and selected works of legendary authors
Sanchayita, Vol. II, (Ed. By Arun Kumar Basu) – an alternative anthology of Tagore Poems other than Sanchayita
Manik Bandyopadhyay Rachana Samagra, (Ek-Ekadash Khanda) – Complete Works of Manik Bandopadhyay, Vols. I-XI
Manik Bandyopadhyay Kishor Rachana Sambhar, (Ed. By. Parthojit Gangopadhyay) – Collected Juvenile Literature of Manik Bandopadhyay
Kazi Nazrul Islam Rachana Samagra (Ek-Saptam Khanda) – Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, Vols. I-VII
Budhhadeb Bose Prabandha Samagra (Ek-dui Khanda) – Complete Essays of Budhhadeva Basu, Vols. I-IV
Nirendranath Chakravarty Gadya Samagra (Ek-Tritiya) – Complete Prose Works of Nirendranath Chakravarty, Vols. I-III
Rezaul Karim Prabandha Samagra – Complete Essays of Rezaul Karim
Jyoti Bhattacharya Prabandha Samagra – Complete Essays of Jyoti Bhattacharya
Dwijendra-Giti Samagra – Complete Songs of Dwijendra Lal Roy
Somen Chanda Nirbachito Galpa Sangraha – Selected Stories of Somen Chanda
Samparka (Sampriti Bishayak Galpa) – Samparka: Stories on Communal Harmony (Ed. By Ashok Kumar Mitra and Bishnu Basu)
Collected essays
Bhasha-Bhabna: Unish-Bish Shatak – Thoughts on Language, A Collection of 37 Essays on Bengali dated from 1850 to 1950.
Prasanga Bangla Byakaran, Prothom Khanda- On Bengali Grammar, Vol. I, (20 essays on Bengali grammar from old periodicals)
Prasanga Bangla Byakaran, Dwitiyo Khanda- On Bengali Grammar, Vol. II, (Contemporary Essays on Bengali Grammar)
Saraswat – A History of Bengali Literary Academies (Ed. By Arun Kumar Basu)
Bangalir Gaan – Songs of Bengal, A Golden Treasury of Bengali Music (Ed. By. Durgadas Lahiri)
Akademi Pratishtha Barshiki Bhashan Sankalan – Akademi Collection of Foundation Day Lectures
Akademi Bhashan Sankalan – Akademi Collection of Lectures
Puratan Gadyagrantha Sangraha – Collection of Old Texts (Ed. By Dr. Asit Kumar Bandyaopadhyay)
Sangbad-Samayikpatre Unish Shataker Bangali Samaj (Ek-Dui Khanda) – Nineteenth Century Bengali Society in Periodicals, Vols. I-II (Col. & Ed. By Swapan Bose)
Manaswi Annadashankar – Annadashankar Roy, A Great Thinker (Ed. By Dhiman Dasgupta)
Bangla Primer Sangraha – A Collection of Bengali Primers (Ed. By Ashish Khastogir)
Criticism
In May 2022, the academies decision to give Bangla Akademi Literature Award to Mamata Banerjee for her poems was met with fierce criticism. Mamata Banerjee in the end gave back the prize.
See also
Bangla Academy – Bangladeshi counterpart
Paschim Banga Natya Akademi
Annadashankar Roy
Bangiya Sahitya Parishad
University of Calcutta
Rabindranath Tagore
Manipuri Sahitya Parishad
References
^ নিউজডেস্ক, বিডিনিউজ টোয়েন্টিফোর ডটকম. "মমতার 'বাংলা আকাদেমি' সাহিত্য পুরস্কার পাওয়া নিয়ে প্রতিবাদের ঝড়". bangla.bdnews24.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব. "Mamata Banerjee: ক্ষমতার অপব্যবহারেই মমতাকে পুরস্কার, আকাদেমির মর্যাদা ক্ষুণ্ণ, চিঠি বাম বিশিষ্টদের". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 11 July 2022.
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States of India by Bengali speakers | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangla Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla_Academy"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"[pɔʃtʃimbɔŋɡo baŋla akad̪emi]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali"},{"link_name":"official regulatory body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_language_regulators"},{"link_name":"Bengali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Tripura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishna Mission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Mission"},{"link_name":"Nandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandan_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"Rabindra Sadan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Sadan"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Annadashankar Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annadashankar_Roy"},{"link_name":"Bangiya Sahitya Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad"},{"link_name":"Sahitya Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahitya_Akademi"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Bangla Academy.The Pashchimbanga Bangla Akademi (Bengali: পশ্চিমবঙ্গ বাংলা আকাদেমি, pronounced [pɔʃtʃimbɔŋɡo baŋla akad̪emi], transl. West Bengal Bengali Academy) is the official regulatory body of the Bengali language in West Bengal, India. It was founded on 20 May 1986 in Kolkata to act as the official authority of the language and is entrusted with the responsibility of reforming Bengali spelling and grammar, compiling dictionaries, encyclopedias and terminologies and promoting Bengali language and culture in West Bengal. Though the Akademi has no enforcement power over their rules and regulations, they are widely accepted by the Governments of West Bengal and Tripura as well as a considerable number of private publishing houses and institutions such as the Oxford University Press and the Ramakrishna Mission.The Akademi is housed in two separate buildings, one at Nandan-Rabindra Sadan Complex (also mentioned as Bangla Akademi-Rabindra Sadan or Nandan-Bangla Akademi Complex during the Akademi festivals and book fairs) in South Kolkata and the other at Rabindra-Okakura Bhaban, Bidhannagar (Salt Lake). Annadashankar Roy became the first President and Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay the first secretary of the Akademi.The Bangla Akademi has been successful in extending its activities and programs to different districts of West Bengal and even to other states in India. In Kolkata, the Bangla Akademi organises different programs in collaboration with such bodies like Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, Sahitya Akademi, Publishers and Book Sellers' Guild, Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre, National Book Trust and also with different universities and cultural organizations.","title":"Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad_-_Kolkata.JPG"}],"text":"Bangiya Sahitya Parishad - Kolkata","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bangiya Sahitya Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad"},{"link_name":"Romesh Chunder Dutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt"},{"link_name":"Dwijendranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwijendranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Jagadish Chandra Bose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose"},{"link_name":"Prafulla Chandra Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafulla_Chandra_Roy"},{"link_name":"Satyendranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyendranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Rabindranth Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranth_Tagore"}],"sub_title":"Bangiya Sahitya Parishad","text":"Bengal Academy of Literature, the first academic association to regulate and promote Bengali language and literature was set up in Kolkata under the chairmanship of Benoy Krishna Dev in 1893. In April 1894, the academy was reorganized and rechristened as Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, and Romesh Chunder Dutt became the first president of it. Scholars like Chandranath Bose, Dwijendranath Tagore, Jagadish Chandra Bose, Prafulla Chandra Roy, Satyendranath Tagore, Haraprasad Shastri, Ramendra Sundar Trivedi later served the Parishad as presidents. Rabindranth Tagore (Vice-president: 1894–96, 1901, 1905–1909, 1917; Special Delegate: 1910) himself was closely associated to the institution since its inception.Bangiya Sahitya Parishad is the first academic institution on matters pertaining to Bengali language. It endeavored to compile standard Bengali dictionary, grammar and terminologies, both philosophical and scientific, to collect and publish old and medieval Bengali manuscripts, and to carry out translation from other language into Bengali and research on history, philosophy and science.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"link_name":"Shyama Prasad Mukherjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyama_Prasad_Mukherjee"}],"sub_title":"Regulations of the University of Calcutta","text":"During the 20th century, the affairs concerning the promotion of Bengali language did not remain a sole responsibility of Bangiya Sahitya Parishad. As language prospered and literature enriched, a need of linguistic reform as well as an authority to enforce the reforms was felt by the scholars of the time.In the late 1930s, Rabindranath Tagore asked the University of Calcutta to determine the rules of Bengali spelling and Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, the then Vice-Chancellor of the university, set up a committee to look over the subject in November 1935. In May 1936, a standard rule for Bengali spelling was first imposed. These rules were later amended by Rabindranath Tagore and other scholars and practiced at academic level in all over Bengal for next 70 years.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Bangla Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla_Academy"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"}],"sub_title":"Bangla Academy in East Bengal","text":"After the partition of India in 1947, the people of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) felt a need for a new Bengali linguistic body suiting their new nationality. As a result, Bangla Academy in Dhaka was established in 1955. In 1990, the Bangla Academy enforced new regulations for Bengali spelling.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rajsekhar Basu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajsekhar_Basu"},{"link_name":"Ananda Bazaar Patrika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Bazaar_Patrika"},{"link_name":"Visva-Bharati University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visva-Bharati_University"}],"sub_title":"Unofficial regulators of the Bengali language in West Bengal","text":"In West Bengal, various prominent institutions backed the process of development of the language, but that resulted in inconsistencies in it. For example, Rajsekhar Basu and Ananda Bazaar Patrika tried to simplify Bengali spelling; but instead of rationalizing the spelling system, it aroused controversy over the authority of such bodies. Even institutions like Visva-Bharati University failed in the task.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Societies Registration Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Societies_Registration_Act&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"autonomous Governmental body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autonomous_Governmental_body&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"History of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi","text":"In 1962, the Government of West Bengal started using Bengali for all official purposes. Since then, a need for an official regulator of the language has been felt. In 1986, with the general consent of Bengali intellectuals of the time, Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi, a wing of the Information and Cultural Affairs Department of the Government of West Bengal was set up. Afterward it was converted into a society and registered under Societies Registration Act. On 8 December 1994, it was declared an autonomous Governmental body.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sankha Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankha_Ghosh"},{"link_name":"Annadashankar Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annadashankar_Roy"},{"link_name":"Leela Majumdar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leela_Majumdar"},{"link_name":"Bhabatosh Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabatosh_Datta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tagore-at-Akademi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"link_name":"Nandan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandan_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"Nisith Ranjan Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisith_Ranjan_Ray"},{"link_name":"Rabindra Kumar DasGupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Kumar_DasGupta"},{"link_name":"Arun Mitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Mitra"},{"link_name":"Satyajit Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Ray"},{"link_name":"Malini Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malini_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"Mohit Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohit_Chattopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Purnendu Patri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purnendu_Patri"},{"link_name":"Shakti Chattopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_Chattopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Nirendranath Chakravarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirendranath_Chakravarty"},{"link_name":"Nirendranath Chakravarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirendranath_Chakravarty"},{"link_name":"Annadashankar Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annadashankar_Roy"},{"link_name":"Buddhadeb Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhadeb_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"}],"text":"At the time of its foundation, the Akademi had 30 members in its Karma Samiti (Working Committee) and 78 in Sadharan Parishad (General Council) including the government delegation. The chairman is called Sabhapati and Vice-Chairman is called Saha-Sabhapati. Members, officially known as Sadasyas, remain in the Akademi for life. However, any member can resign from his office by his will. In 2007, after the Nandigram massacre, some of Akademi members including Sankha Ghosh and Ashru Kumar Sikdar resigned from the Akademi. There is also a post of Secretary, or Sachib, who is the chief governmental delegation at the Akademi. The office of the Secretary of the Akademi is held by Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay since its inception.The members of the first Working Committee were: Annadashankar Roy (chairman), Prabodh Chandra Sen (Vice-chairman, but died after the foundation of working committee), Nanda Gopal Sengupta (Vice-chairmen), Leela Majumdar, Khudiram Das, Nepal Majumdar, Shubhendu Shekhar Mukhopadhyay, Chinmohan Sehanbish, Pabitra Sarkar, Kanak Mukhopadhyay, Krishno Dhar, Jagadish Bhattacharya, Bhabatosh Dutta, Jyotirmoy Ghosh, Sankha Ghosh, Arun Kumar Basu, Nirmalya Acharya, Ashru Kumar Shikdar, Arun Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Prabir Roy Chowdhuri, Bhudeb Chowdhuri, Somendranath Bandyopadhyay, Bijit Kumar Dutta, Pallab Sengupta, Bhakti Prasad Mallick, Prashanta Kumar Dasgupta, Nirmal Das, Santosh Chakravarty (Later Ashok Dutta) – Director of Culture, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay- Secretary (Government Delegate), Amitabha Mukhopadhyay- Officer-in-Charge (Government Delegate).Statue of Rabindranath Tagore at Bangla Akademi campus, NandanThe members of the first General Council were: (including the members of the Working Committee) Hirendranath Dutta, Manmatha Roy, Gopal Haldar, Debipada Bhattacharya, Sushil Kumar Mukhopadhyay, Gourinath Shastri, Rama Ranjan Mukhopadhyay, Nisith Ranjan Ray, Manindranath Ghosh, Manindra Kumar Ghosh, Dr. Asit Kumar Bandyopadhyay, Rabindra Kumar DasGupta, Haraprasad Mitra, Arun Mitra, Satyajit Ray, Satyendranath Roy, Ajit Kumar Ghosh, Khsetra Gupta, Arabinda Poddar, Nirendranath Chakravarty, Golum Kuddus, Ashin Dasgupta, Khsitindra Narayan Bhattacharya, Saroj Mohan Mitra, Sukumari Bhattacharya, Subir Roy Chowdhuri, Manabendra Bandyopadhyay, Sourin Bhattacharya, Ashok Mukhopadhyay, Malini Bhattacharya, Bratindranath Mukhopadhyay, Manas Majumdar, Mohit Chattopadhyay, Narayan Chowdhuri, Samarendra Sengupta, Amitabha Dasgupta, Debesh Roy, Purnendu Patri, Shyam Sundar Dey, Amitabha Chowdhuri, Shakti Chattopadhyay, Debesh Das, Manas Roy Chowdhuri, Shibendranath Kanjilal, Sabitendranath Roy, Bibhas Bhattacharya, Dipankar Sen, Prasun Dutta, Dilip Bhattacharya – secretary, Information and Cultural Affairs Department.Now the Akademi works under various sub-committees and editorial boards concerning different affairs. Some of these bodies are depicted below:Akademi Banan Upo-Samiti or Akademi Spelling Sub-Committee was created to reform and rationalize Bengali orthography. This Sub-Committee includes Nirendranath Chakravarty, Sankha Ghosh, Pabitra Sarkar, Jyoti Bhushan Chaki, Nirmal Das, Ashok Mukhopadhyay, Subhash Bhattacharya, Amitabha Chowdhuri, Amitabha Mukhopadhyay, Sourin Bhattacharya, Prasun Dutta, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay, Arun Kumar Basu and Shubhomoy Mondal. On the recommendation of this Sub-Committee, the Akademi did its historical reforms on Bengali spelling.Another important sub-committee is Paribhasha Upo-Samiti or Terminology Sub-Committee which is entrusted to compile standard Bengali terminology for both academic and administrative purposes. This sub-committee includes Ananda Ghosh Hazra, Alapan Bandyaopadhyay, I.A.S., Krishno Dhar, Jyoti Bhushan Chaki, Nirendranath Chakravarty, Pabitra Sarkar, Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay, Swapan Chowdhuri and Bhabatosh Tapadar.Editorial boards are generally founded to edit works of great authors. One of such bodies that compiled the Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, includes Annadashankar Roy (advisor), Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, ex-Chief Minister of West Bengal (advisor), Kalpataru Sengupta, Arun Kumar Basu, Pabitra Sarkar, Golum Kuddus, Krishno Dhar, Manas Majumdar, Sumita Chakravarty, Bandhan Sengupta, Manas Khanda, Biswanath Roy, Prabhat Kumar Das, Shyamal Moitra And Sanat Kumar Chattopadhyay.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rabindra-Okakura_Bhaban_at_Bidhannagar.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Bengali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Tripura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripura"},{"link_name":"Bengali language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Sisir Mancha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisir_Mancha"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"}],"text":"Rabindra-Okakura Bhaban at Bidhannagar, Bangla Akademi's second buildingThe Akademi is the official authority on Bengali language in West Bengal; although its recommendations carry no legal power — but still the educational boards and the universities of West Bengal and Tripura have deep regard for its rulings.The Akademi accomplishes all its activities in close liaison with other academic and educational institutions including universities engaged in various aspects of Bengali language, literature and culture. Apart from its own programs, it also arranges programs in cooperation with different such societies. Such activities are not confined to Kolkata only, but also in districts and sub-divisions, even in the other states.The function of the Akademi was initially settled by a seminar held at Sisir Mancha, Kolkata from 24 February to 1 March. These seminars determined the rationale of the Akademi and proposed to make a design and blue print to achieve its goals.The tasks entrusted on Bangla Akademi are:The rationalization and reform of Bengali script and orthography.\nCompilation of standard dictionaries, encyclopedias and grammars.\nCompilation of terminologies.\nBridging the gap between Bengali and other languages through translations and other activities.\nPublication of children books.\nPerforming research-oriented works on Bengali language, literature and culture as well as arranging scholarships for researchers.\nDistribution of civil literary prizes.\nPublication of publish books on different subjects\nPublication of the Akademi Magazine.\nPreservation of an outstanding library.\nPreservation of a world-class archive and museum.\nTo conduct seminars and conferences and cultural festivals and fairs.","title":"Functions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling"},{"link_name":"grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar"},{"link_name":"library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript"},{"link_name":"government of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Indo-Japan Cultural Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Japan_Cultural_Center&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar"},{"link_name":"Bengali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_language"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Font"},{"link_name":"Bengali script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_alphabet"},{"link_name":"this link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120401081524/http://www.banglarmukh.com/BanglarMukh/Download?AlfrescoPath=Documents%2FTTF&FileName=Bangla%20Akademi.ttf"}],"text":"Scholars at the Bangla Akademi work to promote the Bengali language in various ways. They are doing research on spelling, grammar and the origin and development of Bengali. They are publishing works by prominent writers in the language. They have built a large library to preserve original manuscripts. The government of Japan has donated Rs. 500000 for research in the academy. The government of West Bengal has also given a lump some amount of money. The Akademi is spending the money on the Indo-Japan Cultural Center in Bidhannagar. The Akademi has also developed a Bengali font designed according to the changes made by them in the Bengali script. The font is available from this link.","title":"Work of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabita Utsab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kabita_Utsab&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Little Magazine Mela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Magazine_Mela&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kathasahitya Utsab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathasahitya_Utsab&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chhora Utsab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chhora_Utsab&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Various festivals are being conducted nowadays by Bangla Akademi, e.g., Kabita Utsab (Poetry Festival), Little Magazine Mela (Little Magazine Fair), Kathasahitya Utsab (Fiction Festival), Chhora Utsab (Rhyme Festival) etc.","title":"Festivals Conducted by Bangla Akademi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rabindra Puraskar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Puraskar"}],"text":"Rabindra Puraskar","title":"Awards awarded by Bangla Akademi"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cover-Banan-Abhidhan.JPG"}],"sub_title":"Dictionaries and terminologies","text":"Cover of the Bangla Akademi Spelling DictionaryAkademi Bidyarthi Abidhan (Bangla Akademi Bengali Dictionary for Students)\nAkademi Banan Abidhan (Bangla Akademi Spelling Dictionary)\nParibhasha Sankalan – Prashashan (Collection of Administrative Terminologies)\nSahityer Shabdartho-Kosh (Dictionary of Literary Terms)\nBhasha-Tattwer Paribhasha (Terminology of Linguistics)\nByutpatti-Sidhyartha-Bangla Kosmh (Dictionary of Bengali Word Origin)\nBangla Bhashay Arthaniti Charcha Granthapanji (Catalogue of Economic Studies in Bengali)\nBangla Bhashay Itihaas Charcha Granthapanji (Catalogue of Historical Studies in Bengali)\nDhatubidya Paribhasha (Terminology of Metallurgy)\nSaontali-Bangla Samashabda Abidhan (A Dictionary of Santali-Bengali Identical Words)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manik Bandopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Manik Bandopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manik_Bandopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Kazi Nazrul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazi_Nazrul_Islam"},{"link_name":"Nirendranath Chakravarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirendranath_Chakravarty"},{"link_name":"Somen Chanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somen_Chanda"}],"sub_title":"Complete and selected works of legendary authors","text":"Sanchayita, Vol. II, (Ed. By Arun Kumar Basu) – an alternative anthology of Tagore Poems other than Sanchayita\nManik Bandyopadhyay Rachana Samagra, (Ek-Ekadash Khanda) – Complete Works of Manik Bandopadhyay, Vols. I-XI\nManik Bandyopadhyay Kishor Rachana Sambhar, (Ed. By. Parthojit Gangopadhyay) – Collected Juvenile Literature of Manik Bandopadhyay\nKazi Nazrul Islam Rachana Samagra (Ek-Saptam Khanda) – Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, Vols. I-VII\nBudhhadeb Bose Prabandha Samagra (Ek-dui Khanda) – Complete Essays of Budhhadeva Basu, Vols. I-IV\nNirendranath Chakravarty Gadya Samagra (Ek-Tritiya) – Complete Prose Works of Nirendranath Chakravarty, Vols. I-III\nRezaul Karim Prabandha Samagra – Complete Essays of Rezaul Karim\nJyoti Bhattacharya Prabandha Samagra – Complete Essays of Jyoti Bhattacharya\nDwijendra-Giti Samagra – Complete Songs of Dwijendra Lal Roy\nSomen Chanda Nirbachito Galpa Sangraha – Selected Stories of Somen Chanda\nSamparka (Sampriti Bishayak Galpa) – Samparka: Stories on Communal Harmony (Ed. By Ashok Kumar Mitra and Bishnu Basu)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengali grammar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_grammar"},{"link_name":"Annadashankar Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annadashankar_Roy"}],"sub_title":"Collected essays","text":"Bhasha-Bhabna: Unish-Bish Shatak – Thoughts on Language, A Collection of 37 Essays on Bengali dated from 1850 to 1950.\nPrasanga Bangla Byakaran, Prothom Khanda- On Bengali Grammar, Vol. I, (20 essays on Bengali grammar from old periodicals)\nPrasanga Bangla Byakaran, Dwitiyo Khanda- On Bengali Grammar, Vol. II, (Contemporary Essays on Bengali Grammar)\nSaraswat – A History of Bengali Literary Academies (Ed. By Arun Kumar Basu)\nBangalir Gaan – Songs of Bengal, A Golden Treasury of Bengali Music (Ed. By. Durgadas Lahiri)\nAkademi Pratishtha Barshiki Bhashan Sankalan – Akademi Collection of Foundation Day Lectures\nAkademi Bhashan Sankalan – Akademi Collection of Lectures\nPuratan Gadyagrantha Sangraha – Collection of Old Texts (Ed. By Dr. Asit Kumar Bandyaopadhyay)\nSangbad-Samayikpatre Unish Shataker Bangali Samaj (Ek-Dui Khanda) – Nineteenth Century Bengali Society in Periodicals, Vols. I-II (Col. & Ed. By Swapan Bose)\nManaswi Annadashankar – Annadashankar Roy, A Great Thinker (Ed. By Dhiman Dasgupta)\nBangla Primer Sangraha – A Collection of Bengali Primers (Ed. By Ashish Khastogir)","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mamata Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In May 2022, the academies decision to give Bangla Akademi Literature Award to Mamata Banerjee for her poems was met with fierce criticism.[1] Mamata Banerjee in the end gave back the prize.[2]","title":"Criticism"}] | [{"image_text":"Bangiya Sahitya Parishad - Kolkata","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad_-_Kolkata.JPG/200px-Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad_-_Kolkata.JPG"},{"image_text":"Statue of Rabindranath Tagore at Bangla Akademi campus, Nandan","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Tagore-at-Akademi.jpg/250px-Tagore-at-Akademi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rabindra-Okakura Bhaban at Bidhannagar, Bangla Akademi's second building","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rabindra-Okakura_Bhaban_at_Bidhannagar.JPG/250px-Rabindra-Okakura_Bhaban_at_Bidhannagar.JPG"},{"image_text":"Cover of the Bangla Akademi Spelling Dictionary","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/Cover-Banan-Abhidhan.JPG/250px-Cover-Banan-Abhidhan.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Bangla Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla_Academy"},{"title":"Bangladeshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"title":"Paschim Banga Natya Akademi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschim_Banga_Natya_Akademi"},{"title":"Annadashankar Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annadashankar_Roy"},{"title":"Bangiya Sahitya Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangiya_Sahitya_Parishad"},{"title":"University of Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Calcutta"},{"title":"Rabindranath Tagore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore"},{"title":"Manipuri Sahitya Parishad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipuri_Sahitya_Parishad"}] | [{"reference":"নিউজডেস্ক, বিডিনিউজ টোয়েন্টিফোর ডটকম. \"মমতার 'বাংলা আকাদেমি' সাহিত্য পুরস্কার পাওয়া নিয়ে প্রতিবাদের ঝড়\". bangla.bdnews24.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bangla.bdnews24.com/neighbour/article2059006.bdnews","url_text":"\"মমতার 'বাংলা আকাদেমি' সাহিত্য পুরস্কার পাওয়া নিয়ে প্রতিবাদের ঝড়\""}]},{"reference":"সংবাদদাতা, নিজস্ব. \"Mamata Banerjee: ক্ষমতার অপব্যবহারেই মমতাকে পুরস্কার, আকাদেমির মর্যাদা ক্ষুণ্ণ, চিঠি বাম বিশিষ্টদের\". www.anandabazar.com (in Bengali). Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/prominent-people-of-bengal-criticized-awarding-mamata-banerjee-in-an-open-letter-dgtl/cid/1343759","url_text":"\"Mamata Banerjee: ক্ষমতার অপব্যবহারেই মমতাকে পুরস্কার, আকাদেমির মর্যাদা ক্ষুণ্ণ, চিঠি বাম বিশিষ্টদের\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Paschimbanga+Bangla+Akademi%22","external_links_name":"\"Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Paschimbanga+Bangla+Akademi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Paschimbanga+Bangla+Akademi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Paschimbanga+Bangla+Akademi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Paschimbanga+Bangla+Akademi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Paschimbanga+Bangla+Akademi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://wb.gov.in/government-departments-page.aspx","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120401081524/http://www.banglarmukh.com/BanglarMukh/Download?AlfrescoPath=Documents%2FTTF&FileName=Bangla%20Akademi.ttf","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://bangla.bdnews24.com/neighbour/article2059006.bdnews","external_links_name":"\"মমতার 'বাংলা আকাদেমি' সাহিত্য পুরস্কার পাওয়া নিয়ে প্রতিবাদের ঝড়\""},{"Link":"https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/prominent-people-of-bengal-criticized-awarding-mamata-banerjee-in-an-open-letter-dgtl/cid/1343759","external_links_name":"\"Mamata Banerjee: ক্ষমতার অপব্যবহারেই মমতাকে পুরস্কার, আকাদেমির মর্যাদা ক্ষুণ্ণ, চিঠি বাম বিশিষ্টদের\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080708210236/http://paschimbangabanglaakademi.org/images/index.html.htm","external_links_name":"Akademi Gallery"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bennett_(Australian_politician) | James Bennett (Australian politician) | ["1 Early life","2 Politics","3 Later life","4 References"] | Australian politician
James BennettMember of the Australian Parliamentfor GippslandIn office31 May 1913 – 5 September 1914Preceded byGeorge WiseSucceeded byGeorge Wise
Personal detailsBorn1874South AustraliaDied23 November 1951 (aged 76–77)Political partyLiberalOther politicalaffiliationsPeople's]OccupationFarmer
James Bennett (1874 – 23 November 1951) was an Australian farmer and politician. He was one of the founders of Victoria's People's Party and served a single term in the House of Representatives from 1913 to 1914. He represented the Victorian seat of Gippsland and sat as a Liberal in parliament.
Early life
Bennett was born in 1874 in South Australia, either in Rapid Bay or Glenelg. He grew up on the Yorke Peninsula, leaving school at the age of 13. He and his parents moved to the Mallee region of Victoria two years later, settling on a 2,000-acre (810 ha) property located 6 miles (9.7 km) outside of Warracknabeal. Bennett bought his own farm in 1900, during the Federation Drought. He grew experimental varieties of wheat and conducted scientific tests on the effectiveness of different varieties of fertiliser, in cooperation with the state agricultural department. He was involved with various farmers' advocacy groups.
Politics
Bennett was one of the co-founders of the People's Party in 1910, serving as the inaugural honorary secretary. He became a paid organiser for the party. In July 1912, he was selected as the endorsed candidate of the People's Party and the Australian Women's National League (AWNL) for the Division of Gippsland. He defeated the incumbent independent member George Wise at the 1913 federal election on a swing of 12.7 points. However, Wise reversed the result at the 1914 election on a swing of 6 points, winning by 610 votes. He was a supporter of preferential voting, and was described by Melbourne's Punch as "sound and reliable - a farmers' representative for a farmers' seat".
Later life
Bennett later worked in Melbourne as a real estate agent and builder. He died on 21 November 1951.
References
^ a b c d e "People We Know". Punch. Melbourne. 13 November 1913.
^ a b "Commonwealth of Australia Legislative Election of 31 May 1913 / House of Representatives / Voting By Constituency / Victoria". Australian Election Archive. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Federation wheat". The Bendigo Independent. 23 January 1909.
^ "Tailings as Manure". Gympie Times and Mary River Mining Gazette. 4 January 1910.
^ "An Australian party". Yea Chronicle. 25 August 1910.
^ "Gippsland". The Age. 2 July 1912.
^ a b "Commonwealth of Australia Legislative Election of 5 September 1914 / House of Representatives / Voting By Constituency / Victoria". Australian Election Archive. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
^ "Mr. James Bennett at Stratford". Stratford Sentinel and Briagolong Express. 16 August 1912.
Parliament of Australia
Preceded byGeorge Wise
Member for Gippsland 1913–1914
Succeeded byGeorge Wise
Authority control databases International
FAST
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
People
Australian Parliament
Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Gippsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Gippsland"},{"link_name":"Liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Australia,_1909)"}],"text":"James Bennett (1874 – 23 November 1951) was an Australian farmer and politician. He was one of the founders of Victoria's People's Party and served a single term in the House of Representatives from 1913 to 1914. He represented the Victorian seat of Gippsland and sat as a Liberal in parliament.","title":"James Bennett (Australian politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rapid Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid_Bay,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Glenelg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenelg,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punch-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1913-2"},{"link_name":"Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Mallee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mallee_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"Warracknabeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warracknabeal"},{"link_name":"Federation Drought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_Drought"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punch-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punch-1"}],"text":"Bennett was born in 1874 in South Australia, either in Rapid Bay or Glenelg.[1][2] He grew up on the Yorke Peninsula, leaving school at the age of 13. He and his parents moved to the Mallee region of Victoria two years later, settling on a 2,000-acre (810 ha) property located 6 miles (9.7 km) outside of Warracknabeal. Bennett bought his own farm in 1900, during the Federation Drought.[1] He grew experimental varieties of wheat and conducted scientific tests on the effectiveness of different varieties of fertiliser, in cooperation with the state agricultural department.[3][4] He was involved with various farmers' advocacy groups.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Party_(Victoria)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punch-1"},{"link_name":"Australian Women's National League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Women%27s_National_League"},{"link_name":"Division of Gippsland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_of_Gippsland"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"George Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Wise_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"1913 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1913_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1913-2"},{"link_name":"1914 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_Australian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1914-7"},{"link_name":"preferential voting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preferential_voting"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Punch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_Punch"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-punch-1"}],"text":"Bennett was one of the co-founders of the People's Party in 1910, serving as the inaugural honorary secretary.[5] He became a paid organiser for the party.[1] In July 1912, he was selected as the endorsed candidate of the People's Party and the Australian Women's National League (AWNL) for the Division of Gippsland.[6] He defeated the incumbent independent member George Wise at the 1913 federal election on a swing of 12.7 points.[2] However, Wise reversed the result at the 1914 election on a swing of 6 points, winning by 610 votes.[7] He was a supporter of preferential voting,[8] and was described by Melbourne's Punch as \"sound and reliable - a farmers' representative for a farmers' seat\".[1]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1914-7"}],"text":"Bennett later worked in Melbourne as a real estate agent and builder. He died on 21 November 1951.[7]","title":"Later life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"People We Know\". Punch. Melbourne. 13 November 1913.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/176551231","url_text":"\"People We Know\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Legislative Election of 31 May 1913 / House of Representatives / Voting By Constituency / Victoria\". Australian Election Archive. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/1913/1913repsvic.txt","url_text":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Legislative Election of 31 May 1913 / House of Representatives / Voting By Constituency / Victoria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Federation wheat\". The Bendigo Independent. 23 January 1909.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/227902636","url_text":"\"Federation wheat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tailings as Manure\". Gympie Times and Mary River Mining Gazette. 4 January 1910.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/227902636","url_text":"\"Tailings as Manure\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Australian party\". Yea Chronicle. 25 August 1910.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59674415","url_text":"\"An Australian party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gippsland\". The Age. 2 July 1912.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/196256865","url_text":"\"Gippsland\""}]},{"reference":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Legislative Election of 5 September 1914 / House of Representatives / Voting By Constituency / Victoria\". Australian Election Archive. Retrieved 13 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/1914/1914repsvic.txt","url_text":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Legislative Election of 5 September 1914 / House of Representatives / Voting By Constituency / Victoria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. James Bennett at Stratford\". Stratford Sentinel and Briagolong Express. 16 August 1912.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/132995139","url_text":"\"Mr. James Bennett at Stratford\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/176551231","external_links_name":"\"People We Know\""},{"Link":"http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/1913/1913repsvic.txt","external_links_name":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Legislative Election of 31 May 1913 / House of Representatives / Voting By Constituency / Victoria\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/227902636","external_links_name":"\"Federation wheat\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/227902636","external_links_name":"\"Tailings as Manure\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/59674415","external_links_name":"\"An Australian party\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/196256865","external_links_name":"\"Gippsland\""},{"Link":"http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/a/australia/1914/1914repsvic.txt","external_links_name":"\"Commonwealth of Australia Legislative Election of 5 September 1914 / House of Representatives / Voting By Constituency / Victoria\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/132995139","external_links_name":"\"Mr. James Bennett at Stratford\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/446493/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/35688449","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpYCtCDv8JT3cfqH94rMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n00066294","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://handbook.aph.gov.au/Parliamentarian/JOY","external_links_name":"Australian Parliament"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xb4v0h","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Sempill | James Sempill | ["1 Early life","2 Scottish diplomat","3 Works","4 Family","5 Notes","6 Further reading"] | Sir James Sempill (1566–1626) was a Scottish courtier and diplomat. He was known by the name of his family estate, Beltrees or Beltries.
Early life
James Sempill was the eldest son of John Sempill of Beltrees, and Mary Livingston, one of the "Four Marys", companions of Mary, Queen of Scots.
Sempill was brought up with James VI under George Buchanan at Stirling Castle in the royal household supervised by Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar. He completed his education at the University of St. Andrews, and used the title "Mr." or Master on account of his degree.
Sempill assisted James VI in the preparation of his Basilikon Doron in 1599, and may have taken the text with him to England. He was on good terms with the Kirk minister Andrew Melville, and caused a furore by showing Melville the contents of Basilikon Doron in advance. Via James Melville the text reached the synod of Fife. Sempill later supported Andrew Melville in 1606 when he was committed to the Tower of London. Robert Boyd of Trochrig considered Sempill an enemy of the bishops.
Scottish diplomat
Sempill was Ambassador to England in the years 1591-1600 and was knighted on Christmas Day 1600. Another Scot employed by the King in London, James Hudson, referred to Sempill's youth and inexperience in March 1599. Hudson wrote that Sempill was "a raw piece to employ and one unskilful, only a scholar". The mission concerned the Valentine Thomas affair and the rebel Earl of Bothwell.
Roger Aston, an English courtier of James VI, wrote in August 1599 that "Beltries was plain and honest, and by the means of Sir George Elphinstone (of Blythswood) whose sister he married, he may do good offices." Hudson wrote again to Sir Robert Cecil, the English Secretary of State in September 1599, praising Sempill's good nature, and mentioning that his paternal grandmother was English. Hudson added that Sempill would be "the true Lord Sempill if he had his due." Sempill sent newsletters to Cecil, and in English correspondence he was known by the cipher "99".
In August 1599 James Sempill was sent to London to take the place of David Foulis and collect the "gratuity" for James VI, a sum of money which Elizabeth I of England sent to Scotland to support James VI. He delivered £400 sterling of this money to George Heriot for the queen's jewels. A Scottish servant of Lady Kildare named Dicksoun ingratiated himself with Sempill, and said she had spoken in favour of the king's succession to the English throne at dinner with the Lord Admiral.
He seems to have carried letters from Anthony Bacon and the Earl of Essex to Lord Willoughby in January 1600. He obtained £3000 as subsidy for King James. On his return to Scotland, in April 1600, Anne of Denmark asked him what Elizabeth had said about her, and she disbelieved him at first, based on the reports of others. A joke was made about young Prince Henry's involvement in diplomacy. Sempill was privy to correspondence between Anne of Denmark and Albert VII, Archduke of Austria.
He became involved in the discussions following the kidnap of Edmund Ashfield by English agent at Leith. In 1601 he was sent to France, and accompanied the Duke of Lennox from Dieppe to London in October.
In November 1601 the Earl of Northampton wrote to the Earl of Mar that in London the king's agent James Hamilton stirred up Frances Howard, Countess of Kildare, the Duke of Lennox, and Sempill, who 'like an organ, sowndes when the other blowes'.
Back in Scotland, in April 1602 Anne of Denmark asked him to mention her in a letter to Robert Cecil. She told Sempill that Sir Thomas Erskine of Gogar had been the author of slanders against her which were current in France and England. Erskine kept the King busy writing to England, and she wished she knew what these letters were about, and would have intercepted them if she could. She had had an offer from a courtier to destroy the career of the Earl of Mar if she undermined the Duke of Lennox, which she knew how to do, and understandably wanted Sempill to keep this secret. Sempill hoped Cecil would cut off this part of the letter and burn it. Sempill wrote to Cecil again in May 1602. Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar had written to her brother the Duke of Lennox complaining he was the Earl of Mar's main opponent in Scotland. Sir Thomas Erskine was blamed for their trouble, and slanders against the Duke in France and England.
On 3 February 1603 James gave him a jewel which had belonged to Mary, Queen of Scots for his good service abroad and at home, and faithful conduct of diplomatic negotiations. The jewel was a carcatt (necklace chain) with a diamond in one piece and a ruby in another, with a tablet (locket) set with a carbuncle of a diamond and ruby, set around with diamonds.
James Sempill of Beltrees died at Paisley in 1626.
Works
He wrote some theological works:
Cassander Scotiana to Cassander Anglicanus (1616);
Sacrilege sacredly handled (1619), written against Joseph Justus Scaliger and John Selden;
Sacrilege saved by Cassander (1619);
An Answer to Tilenus' Defence of the Bishops and the Five Articles (1622). This was written against Daniel Tilenus at the suggestion of Andrew Melville.
He is now chiefly remembered for the poem The Packmans Pater Noster, a vigorous attack on the Roman Catholic Church. An edition was published at Edinburgh in 1669 entitled A Pick-tooth for the Pope, or the Packmans Pater Noster, translated out of Dutch by S. I. S., and newly augmented and enlarged by his son R. S. (reprinted by Paterson). Seven poems, chiefly of an amorous character, are printed in T. G. Stevenson's edition of The Sempill Ballates.
Family
His wife was Egidia or Geillis Elphinstone, daughter of George Elphinstone (the elder) of Blythswood and Marion Scot. They had two sons, Robert Sempill the younger and George (who died young), and five daughters, of whom Marion was married to Colin Campbell of Ardkinglas, and Margaret to Walter Macfarlane of Macfarlane.
Notes
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 632.
^ Alexander Courtney, James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603 (Routledge, 2024), pp. 209, 211.
^ John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 425 no. 340.
^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 524, 552-3: vol. 13, part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 758-9.
^ HMC 9th Report: Lord Elphinstone, part 2 (London, 1884), p. 196: William Fraser, Elphinstone Family Book, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1897), p. 140.
^ William Fraser, Memoirs of the Maxwells of Pollok, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1863), p. 35
^ HMC Earl of Ancaster (London, 1929), pp. 348-9.
^ Alexander Courtney, James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603 (Routledge, 2024), p. 215.
^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 635.
^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 728.
^ David Laing, Original Letters of Mr. John Colville (Edinburgh, Bannatyne Club, 1858), pp. 199, 204-5, 296-8
^ HMC Manuscripts Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 11 (London, 1906), pp. 462, 508.
^ HMC Mar & Kellie, I (1904), p. 56; HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 14 (London, 1923), p. 211 mentions the return of Hamilton and his wife Alison Penicuik.
^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 976 no. 793.
^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 994 no. 806.
^ Register of the Privy Council: 1599-1604, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1884), p. 533.
^ "Semple".
^ Chisholm 1911, p. 633.
Further reading
Fergusson, Margaret, "The Bards o Beltrees", in Annand, J.K. (ed.), Lallans, Number 19, Mairtinmas 1982, Scots Language Society, pp. 15 - 19, ISSN 1359-3587
Attribution:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: "Sempill, James". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Sempill, Sir James, Robert and Francis s.v. Sir James Sempill". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 632–633.
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"James Sempill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Sempill of Beltrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sempill_of_Beltrees"},{"link_name":"Mary Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911632-1"},{"link_name":"James VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VI"},{"link_name":"George Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Buchanan_(humanist)"},{"link_name":"Stirling Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Castle"},{"link_name":"Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabell_Murray,_Countess_of_Mar"},{"link_name":"University of St. Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Andrews"},{"link_name":"Basilikon Doron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilikon_Doron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Andrew Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Melville"},{"link_name":"James Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Melville_(1556%E2%80%931614)"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"Robert Boyd of Trochrig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Boyd_of_Trochrig"}],"text":"James Sempill was the eldest son of John Sempill of Beltrees, and Mary Livingston, one of the \"Four Marys\", companions of Mary, Queen of Scots.[1]Sempill was brought up with James VI under George Buchanan at Stirling Castle in the royal household supervised by Annabell Murray, Countess of Mar. He completed his education at the University of St. Andrews, and used the title \"Mr.\" or Master on account of his degree.Sempill assisted James VI in the preparation of his Basilikon Doron in 1599, and may have taken the text with him to England.[2] He was on good terms with the Kirk minister Andrew Melville, and caused a furore by showing Melville the contents of Basilikon Doron in advance. Via James Melville the text reached the synod of Fife. Sempill later supported Andrew Melville in 1606 when he was committed to the Tower of London. 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Another Scot employed by the King in London, James Hudson, referred to Sempill's youth and inexperience in March 1599. Hudson wrote that Sempill was \"a raw piece to employ and one unskilful, only a scholar\". The mission concerned the Valentine Thomas affair and the rebel Earl of Bothwell.[3]Roger Aston, an English courtier of James VI, wrote in August 1599 that \"Beltries was plain and honest, and by the means of Sir George Elphinstone (of Blythswood) whose sister he married, he may do good offices.\" Hudson wrote again to Sir Robert Cecil, the English Secretary of State in September 1599, praising Sempill's good nature, and mentioning that his paternal grandmother was English. Hudson added that Sempill would be \"the true Lord Sempill if he had his due.\" Sempill sent newsletters to Cecil, and in English correspondence he was known by the cipher \"99\".[4]In August 1599 James Sempill was sent to London to take the place of David Foulis and collect the \"gratuity\" for James VI, a sum of money which Elizabeth I of England sent to Scotland to support James VI. He delivered £400 sterling of this money to George Heriot for the queen's jewels.[5] A Scottish servant of Lady Kildare named Dicksoun ingratiated himself with Sempill, and said she had spoken in favour of the king's succession to the English throne at dinner with the Lord Admiral.[6]He seems to have carried letters from Anthony Bacon and the Earl of Essex to Lord Willoughby in January 1600.[7] He obtained £3000 as subsidy for King James.[8] On his return to Scotland, in April 1600, Anne of Denmark asked him what Elizabeth had said about her, and she disbelieved him at first, based on the reports of others. A joke was made about young Prince Henry's involvement in diplomacy.[9] Sempill was privy to correspondence between Anne of Denmark and Albert VII, Archduke of Austria.[10]He became involved in the discussions following the kidnap of Edmund Ashfield by English agent at Leith.[11] In 1601 he was sent to France, and accompanied the Duke of Lennox from Dieppe to London in October.[12]In November 1601 the Earl of Northampton wrote to the Earl of Mar that in London the king's agent James Hamilton stirred up Frances Howard, Countess of Kildare, the Duke of Lennox, and Sempill, who 'like an organ, sowndes when the other blowes'.[13]Back in Scotland, in April 1602 Anne of Denmark asked him to mention her in a letter to Robert Cecil. She told Sempill that Sir Thomas Erskine of Gogar had been the author of slanders against her which were current in France and England. Erskine kept the King busy writing to England, and she wished she knew what these letters were about, and would have intercepted them if she could. She had had an offer from a courtier to destroy the career of the Earl of Mar if she undermined the Duke of Lennox, which she knew how to do, and understandably wanted Sempill to keep this secret. Sempill hoped Cecil would cut off this part of the letter and burn it.[14] Sempill wrote to Cecil again in May 1602. Marie Stewart, Countess of Mar had written to her brother the Duke of Lennox complaining he was the Earl of Mar's main opponent in Scotland. Sir Thomas Erskine was blamed for their trouble, and slanders against the Duke in France and England.[15]On 3 February 1603 James gave him a jewel which had belonged to Mary, Queen of Scots for his good service abroad and at home, and faithful conduct of diplomatic negotiations. The jewel was a carcatt (necklace chain) with a diamond in one piece and a ruby in another, with a tablet (locket) set with a carbuncle of a diamond and ruby, set around with diamonds.[16]James Sempill of Beltrees died at Paisley in 1626.","title":"Scottish diplomat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Justus Scaliger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Justus_Scaliger"},{"link_name":"John Selden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Selden"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Daniel Tilenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Tilenus"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911633-18"}],"text":"He wrote some theological works:Cassander Scotiana to Cassander Anglicanus (1616);\nSacrilege sacredly handled (1619), written against Joseph Justus Scaliger and John Selden;\nSacrilege saved by Cassander (1619);\nAn Answer to Tilenus' Defence of the Bishops and the Five Articles (1622).[17] This was written against Daniel Tilenus at the suggestion of Andrew Melville.He is now chiefly remembered for the poem The Packmans Pater Noster, a vigorous attack on the Roman Catholic Church. An edition was published at Edinburgh in 1669 entitled A Pick-tooth for the Pope, or the Packmans Pater Noster, translated out of Dutch by S. I. S., and newly augmented and enlarged by his son R. S. (reprinted by Paterson). Seven poems, chiefly of an amorous character, are printed in T. G. Stevenson's edition of The Sempill Ballates.[18]","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Elphinstone"},{"link_name":"Blythswood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blythswood_Hill"},{"link_name":"Robert Sempill the younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Sempill_the_younger"},{"link_name":"Ardkinglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardkinglas"}],"text":"His wife was Egidia or Geillis Elphinstone, daughter of George Elphinstone (the elder) of Blythswood and Marion Scot. They had two sons, Robert Sempill the younger and George (who died young), and five daughters, of whom Marion was married to Colin Campbell of Ardkinglas, and Margaret to Walter Macfarlane of Macfarlane.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911632_1-0"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"John Duncan Mackie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Duncan_Mackie"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"William Fraser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fraser_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Memoirs of the Maxwells of Pollok, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1863), p. 35","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/memoirsofmaxwev200fras/page/34/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Original Letters of Mr. John Colville (Edinburgh, Bannatyne Club, 1858), pp. 199, 204-5, 296-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/originalletterso00bann"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Semple\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.electricscotland.com/history/nation/semple.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911633_18-0"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"}],"text":"^ Chisholm 1911, p. 632.\n\n^ Alexander Courtney, James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603 (Routledge, 2024), pp. 209, 211.\n\n^ John Duncan Mackie, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 425 no. 340.\n\n^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:1 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 524, 552-3: vol. 13, part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), pp. 758-9.\n\n^ HMC 9th Report: Lord Elphinstone, part 2 (London, 1884), p. 196: William Fraser, Elphinstone Family Book, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1897), p. 140.\n\n^ William Fraser, Memoirs of the Maxwells of Pollok, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1863), p. 35\n\n^ HMC Earl of Ancaster (London, 1929), pp. 348-9.\n\n^ Alexander Courtney, James VI, Britannic Prince: King of Scots and Elizabeth's Heir, 1566–1603 (Routledge, 2024), p. 215.\n\n^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 635.\n\n^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, 13:2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 728.\n\n^ David Laing, Original Letters of Mr. John Colville (Edinburgh, Bannatyne Club, 1858), pp. 199, 204-5, 296-8\n\n^ HMC Manuscripts Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 11 (London, 1906), pp. 462, 508.\n\n^ HMC Mar & Kellie, I (1904), p. 56; HMC Salisbury Hatfield, vol. 14 (London, 1923), p. 211 mentions the return of Hamilton and his wife Alison Penicuik.\n\n^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 976 no. 793.\n\n^ Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 13 part 2 (Edinburgh, 1969), p. 994 no. 806.\n\n^ Register of the Privy Council: 1599-1604, vol. 6 (Edinburgh, 1884), p. 533.\n\n^ \"Semple\".\n\n^ Chisholm 1911, p. 633.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annand, J.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._K._Annand"},{"link_name":"Lallans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lallans_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Mairtinmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinmas"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1359-3587","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1359-3587"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Sempill, James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Sempill,_James"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of National Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Sempill, Sir James, Robert and Francis s.v. Sir James Sempill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Sempill,_Sir_James,_Robert_and_Francis"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6142929#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000066089723"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/11301715"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxqphXtydPD6KTJtMQMP"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1055211519"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85310531"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/jgvz3t322dm3f56"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q52v3h"}],"text":"Fergusson, Margaret, \"The Bards o Beltrees\", in Annand, J.K. (ed.), Lallans, Number 19, Mairtinmas 1982, Scots Language Society, pp. 15 - 19, ISSN 1359-3587Attribution:\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: \"Sempill, James\". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900. \n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Sempill, Sir James, Robert and Francis s.v. Sir James Sempill\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 632–633.Authority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nSweden\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Semple\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electricscotland.com/history/nation/semple.htm","url_text":"\"Semple\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/memoirsofmaxwev200fras/page/34/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Memoirs of the Maxwells of Pollok, vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 1863), p. 35"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/originalletterso00bann","external_links_name":"Original Letters of Mr. John Colville (Edinburgh, Bannatyne Club, 1858), pp. 199, 204-5, 296-8"},{"Link":"http://www.electricscotland.com/history/nation/semple.htm","external_links_name":"\"Semple\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1359-3587","external_links_name":"1359-3587"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000066089723","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/11301715","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvxqphXtydPD6KTJtMQMP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055211519","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85310531","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/jgvz3t322dm3f56","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q52v3h","external_links_name":"SNAC"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haywire_(Hopsin_and_SwizZz_mixtape) | Funk Volume | ["1 History","1.1 Formation and success (2007–2015)","1.2 Dame Ritter and Hopsin feud (2016)","2 Former acts","3 Discography","4 References"] | Funk VolumeFounded2007 (2007)FounderHopsinDamien RitterDefunct2016 (2016)StatusDefunctDistributor(s)Warner Bros. RecordsCountry of originU.S.LocationLos Angeles, California
Funk Volume was an American independent record label founded by American rapper Hopsin and Damien Ritter in 2007. The label was home to artists Dizzy Wright, Jarren Benton, SwizZz, and producers DJ Hoppa and Kato before its 2016 dissolution. It did so due to financial alterations, and following their feud, Hopsin decided to leave the label, which resulted in its signees following suit. The label was shut down soon after, although Hopsin and Ritter reconciled in 2021.
History
Formation and success (2007–2015)
Following an ill-fated record deal with Ruthless Records rapper Hopsin founded the independent record label Funk Volume, while Dame Ritter acted as business manager over all the artists and the label. To start the label, Hopsin went on LegalZoom, set up the business, and got the papers in the mail. The first rapper to be signed to Funk Volume would be Damien Ritter's younger brother and high school friend of Hopsin, SwizZz. The first project released by Funk Volume would be a collaboration mixtape between the two flagship artists, Hopsin and SwizZz titled Haywire on June 18, 2009. They originally wanted to sell it for retail sale, but were unable due to Hopsin still being contracted by Ruthless Records at the time. The first official album to be released on Funk Volume would be Hopsin's second studio album Raw in November 2010, which was supported by the singles "Sag My Pants" and "Nocturnal Rainbows".
In November 2011, Las Vegas rapper Dizzy Wright was signed to Funk Volume after they were "impressed by his smooth flow, confident stage presence, and energy that won over the crowd." In early 2012, Hopsin would expand his roster by signing Atlanta rapper Jarren Benton, who would then release a mixtape Freebasing With Kevin Bacon in June 2012. Dizzy Wright would be the first artist besides Hopsin, to release an official studio album on Funk Volume, which would be titled, SmokeOutConversations on April 20, 2012. It was followed by an EP titled The First Agreement in December 2012. Both peaked in the top 50 of the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Jarren Benton would release his debut studio album My Grandma's Basement on June 11, 2013. My Grandma's Basement peaked at number four on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart and number 152 on the Billboard 200.
On August 9, 2013, SwizZz released the first single, "Zoom In" from his untitled 2014 debut album. On August 20, 2013, Damien Ritter revealed in an interview that he had talked to many labels about distribution deals, but decided against it until the label built its brand more. He also stated that a Funk Volume compilation album would be released in the future. On September 18, 2013, Funk Volume revealed they had expanded their production division to include Kato and Rikio. The label then released Hopsin's Knock Madness on November 26, 2013. With the help of Empire Distribution, Knock Madness became the first Funk Volume release to be distributed in CD format to retail stores. In May 2014, Jarren Benton became the third Funk Volume artist in as many years to be named to the XXL freshman class. In 2015 Funk Volume signed a distribution deal with Warner Bros. Records.
Dame Ritter and Hopsin feud (2016)
On January 7, 2016, Hopsin posted on Instagram that Funk Volume was officially "dead". He cited the reason as co-founder Dame Ritter "wanting to control too much". Upset with the disrespect from his co-worker, Hopsin went on Instagram and threatened to leave Funk Volume if Ritter did not. Hopsin officially left the label 2 months later and is now under his own company, Undercover Prodigy.
Former acts
Act
Years on the label
Projects under Funk Volume
Description
Hopsin
2009–2016
4
Rapper from Panorama City, Los Angeles, he co-founded the label with Damien Ritter in 2009. He released three albums and a collaborative mixtape with SwizZz under the label.
SwizZz
2009–2016
2
Rapper from Panorama City, Los Angeles. Although he was the first artist to be signed to Funk Volume, other than Hopsin, he never released an album under the label. He did release one mixtape, and a collaborative mixtape with Hopsin.
Dizzy Wright
2012–2016
6
Rapper from Las Vegas, Nevada. He was signed after Funk Volume co-founder, Dame Ritter, found him on YouTube and showed him to Hopsin. He released two albums, two EPs and two mixtapes under the label.
Jarren Benton
2012–2016
3
Rapper from Decatur, Georgia. He was signed to the label after one of Hopsin's friends showed him the video for Jarren's song "Skitzo". He released two albums "My Grandma's Basement" and "Freebasing With Kevin Bacon" and an EP under the label.
DJ Hoppa
2012–2016
1
DJ/producer from Panorama City, Los Angeles. He has been the touring DJ and an in-house producer for the label since 2011. He released one album under the label
Kato
2012–2016
1
In-house producer for the label. He was introduced to the label through being affiliated with Jarren Benton prior to his signing to Funk Volume. A year after Jarren was signed, they signed Kato as well. He released one album under the label.
Discography
Artist
Album
Album details
SwizZz & Hopsin
Haywire
Released: June 18, 2009.
Hopsin
Raw
Released: November 19, 2010.
Peaked at number 46 on the US Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.
Dizzy Wright
SmokeOutConversations
Released: April 20, 2012.
Peaked at number 42 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
Dizzy Wright
The First Agreement EP
Released: December 3, 2012
Peaked at number 41 on the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart.
Jarren Benton
My Grandma's Basement
Released: June 11, 2013
Peaked at number 152 on the US Billboard 200 chart.
Hopsin
Knock Madness
Released: November 26, 2013
Peaked at number 76 on the US Billboard 200 chart.
Dizzy Wright
State of Mind
Released: April 15, 2014
Peaked at number 54 on the US Billboard 200 chart.
Jarren Benton
Slow Motion, Vol. 1
Released: January 27, 2015
DJ Hoppa
Hoppa and Friends
Released: March 31, 2015
Dizzy Wright
The Growing Process
Released: May 26, 2015
Kato
Pathomania EP
Released: June 5, 2015
Hopsin
Pound Syndrome
Released: July 24, 2015
Peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 chart.
References
^ "About Funk Volume". Funk Volume Record Label.
^ a b "Hopsin, Dame Ritter Talk Funk Volume's Inner-Workings, Growth". BallerStatus.com. 2013-08-20. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "SwizZz & Hopsin - Funk Volume Mixtape: Haywire // Free Mixtape @". Datpiff.com. 2009-06-18. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ Max Bell (2013-08-08). "Funk Volume: Valley-Based Rap Label Builds an Independent Empire - Page 1 - Music - Los Angeles". LA Weekly. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "Dizzy Wright - Funk Volume ArtistFunk Volume". Myfunkvolume.com. 2013-06-04. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "The Come Up: Jarren Benton - Page 6 of 7 - XXL". Xxlmag.com. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "Jarren Benton - Freebasing With Kevin Bacon - Stream". Djbooth.net. Archived from the original on 2014-01-05. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "iTunes - Music - SmokeOut Conversations by Dizzy Wright". Itunes.apple.com. 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "The Come Up: Jarren Benton - Page 7 of 7 - XXL". Xxlmag.com. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ Artist Biography by Jason Lymangrover. "Jarren Benton | Awards". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "iTunes - Music - Zoom In - Single by SwizZz". Itunes.apple.com. 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "Kato Announces Signing to Funk Volume! | Funk VolumeFunk Volume". Myfunkvolume.com. 2013-09-18. Retrieved 2013-10-08.
^ "SwizZz Says Hopsin's "Knock Madness" is Important for Rap | Get the Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-11-25.
^ "Check Out Jarren Benton's XXL Freshmen 2014 Profile - XXL".
^ "Hopsin on Instagram: "Funk volume is officially dead now thanks to the monster Damien Ritter. There is nobody else to blame at all. I have officially separated myself from everything and I am fully independent now. It's very sad but idiots like dame wanna control too Much and now he end up destroying a great fuckin team. Having a crew like FV has been my vision since I was 14 years old and this man just destroyed it. Jarren, Dizzy, Swizzz, Dj Hoppa and I are all still on good terms. They will forever be my brothers and I support them in whatever they do. I will let u guys know the full story soon. You know ama keep it RAW for real. Ain't no holdin back. Im so sorry to all the FV fans. There's a brighter future though. #undercoverprodigy photo by @opticperspective"".
^ Mansell, Henry (January 3, 2016). "Hopsin Threatens To Leave Funk Volume Following "Issues" With CEO Damien Ritter". HipHopDX. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ Hernandez, Victoria (March 8, 2016). "Hopsin Finds Freedom After Leaving Funk Volume". HipHopDX. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
^ "Dizzy Wright Announces "State of Mind" EP". HNHH. 18 February 2014.
vteHopsinDiscographyStudio albums
Knock Madness
Pound Syndrome
No Shame
Mixtapes
Emurge
Haywire (with SwizZz)
Singles
"Sag My Pants"
"Ill Mind of Hopsin 5"
"Hop Is Back"
"Ill Mind of Hopsin 8"
"Happy Ending"
Featured singles
"Am I a Psycho?"
"Lost"
Related articles
Funk Volume
Ruthless Records
Undercover Prodigy
XXL Freshman Class 2012
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz label | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"independent record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_record_label"},{"link_name":"Hopsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopsin"},{"link_name":"Dizzy Wright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizzy_Wright"},{"link_name":"Jarren Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarren_Benton"},{"link_name":"SwizZz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SwizZz"},{"link_name":"DJ Hoppa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ_Hoppa"}],"text":"Funk Volume was an American independent record label founded by American rapper Hopsin and Damien Ritter in 2007. The label was home to artists Dizzy Wright, Jarren Benton, SwizZz, and producers DJ Hoppa and Kato before its 2016 dissolution. It did so due to financial alterations, and following their feud, Hopsin decided to leave the label, which resulted in its signees following suit. 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Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros._Records"}],"sub_title":"Formation and success (2007–2015)","text":"Following an ill-fated record deal with Ruthless Records rapper Hopsin founded the independent record label Funk Volume, while Dame Ritter acted as business manager over all the artists and the label. To start the label, Hopsin went on LegalZoom, set up the business, and got the papers in the mail.[2] The first rapper to be signed to Funk Volume would be Damien Ritter's younger brother and high school friend of Hopsin, SwizZz. The first project released by Funk Volume would be a collaboration mixtape between the two flagship artists, Hopsin and SwizZz titled Haywire on June 18, 2009.[3] They originally wanted to sell it for retail sale, but were unable due to Hopsin still being contracted by Ruthless Records at the time.[4] The first official album to be released on Funk Volume would be Hopsin's second studio album Raw in November 2010, which was supported by the singles \"Sag My Pants\" and \"Nocturnal Rainbows\".In November 2011, Las Vegas rapper Dizzy Wright was signed to Funk Volume after they were \"impressed by his smooth flow, confident stage presence, and energy that won over the crowd.\"[5] In early 2012, Hopsin would expand his roster by signing Atlanta rapper Jarren Benton, who would then release a mixtape Freebasing With Kevin Bacon in June 2012.[6][7] Dizzy Wright would be the first artist besides Hopsin, to release an official studio album on Funk Volume, which would be titled, SmokeOutConversations on April 20, 2012.[8] It was followed by an EP titled The First Agreement in December 2012. Both peaked in the top 50 of the US Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. Jarren Benton would release his debut studio album My Grandma's Basement on June 11, 2013.[9] My Grandma's Basement peaked at number four on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart and number 152 on the Billboard 200.[10]On August 9, 2013, SwizZz released the first single, \"Zoom In\" from his untitled 2014 debut album.[11] On August 20, 2013, Damien Ritter revealed in an interview that he had talked to many labels about distribution deals, but decided against it until the label built its brand more. He also stated that a Funk Volume compilation album would be released in the future.[2] On September 18, 2013, Funk Volume revealed they had expanded their production division to include Kato and Rikio.[12] The label then released Hopsin's Knock Madness on November 26, 2013. With the help of Empire Distribution, Knock Madness became the first Funk Volume release to be distributed in CD format to retail stores.[13] In May 2014, Jarren Benton became the third Funk Volume artist in as many years to be named to the XXL freshman class.[14] In 2015 Funk Volume signed a distribution deal with Warner Bros. Records.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopsin-threats-to-leave-Funk-Volume-16"},{"link_name":"Undercover Prodigy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover_Prodigy"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hopsin-leaves-Funk-Volume-17"}],"sub_title":"Dame Ritter and Hopsin feud (2016)","text":"On January 7, 2016, Hopsin posted on Instagram that Funk Volume was officially \"dead\".[15] He cited the reason as co-founder Dame Ritter \"wanting to control too much\". Upset with the disrespect from his co-worker, Hopsin went on Instagram and threatened to leave Funk Volume if Ritter did not.[16] Hopsin officially left the label 2 months later and is now under his own company, Undercover Prodigy.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Former acts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"About Funk Volume\". Funk Volume Record Label.","urls":[{"url":"http://myfunkvolume.com/about-funk-volume/","url_text":"\"About Funk Volume\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hopsin, Dame Ritter Talk Funk Volume's Inner-Workings, Growth\". BallerStatus.com. 2013-08-20. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003223/http://www.ballerstatus.com/2013/08/20/hopsin-dame-ritter-talk-funk-volumes-inner-workings-growth/","url_text":"\"Hopsin, Dame Ritter Talk Funk Volume's Inner-Workings, Growth\""},{"url":"http://www.ballerstatus.com/2013/08/20/hopsin-dame-ritter-talk-funk-volumes-inner-workings-growth/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"SwizZz & Hopsin - Funk Volume Mixtape: Haywire // Free Mixtape @\". Datpiff.com. 2009-06-18. Archived from the original on 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021336/http://www.datpiff.com/SwizZz-Hopsin-Funk-Volume-Mixtape-Haywire-mixtape.51509.html","url_text":"\"SwizZz & Hopsin - Funk Volume Mixtape: Haywire // Free Mixtape @\""},{"url":"http://www.datpiff.com/SwizZz-Hopsin-Funk-Volume-Mixtape-Haywire-mixtape.51509.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Max Bell (2013-08-08). \"Funk Volume: Valley-Based Rap Label Builds an Independent Empire - Page 1 - Music - Los Angeles\". LA Weekly. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.laweekly.com/2013-08-08/music/funk-volume-hopsin-dame-swizzz/","url_text":"\"Funk Volume: Valley-Based Rap Label Builds an Independent Empire - Page 1 - Music - Los Angeles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dizzy Wright - Funk Volume ArtistFunk Volume\". Myfunkvolume.com. 2013-06-04. Archived from the original on 2012-07-09. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120709005821/http://myfunkvolume.com/artist/dizzy-wright/","url_text":"\"Dizzy Wright - Funk Volume ArtistFunk Volume\""},{"url":"http://myfunkvolume.com/artist/dizzy-wright/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Come Up: Jarren Benton - Page 6 of 7 - XXL\". Xxlmag.com. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/2013/06/the-come-up-jarren-benton/6/","url_text":"\"The Come Up: Jarren Benton - Page 6 of 7 - XXL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jarren Benton - Freebasing With Kevin Bacon - Stream\". Djbooth.net. Archived from the original on 2014-01-05. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140105011137/http://www.djbooth.net/index/albums/review/jarren-benton-freebasing-with-kevin-bacon","url_text":"\"Jarren Benton - Freebasing With Kevin Bacon - Stream\""},{"url":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/albums/review/jarren-benton-freebasing-with-kevin-bacon","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - SmokeOut Conversations by Dizzy Wright\". Itunes.apple.com. 2012-04-20. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/smokeout-conversations/id534784055","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - SmokeOut Conversations by Dizzy Wright\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Come Up: Jarren Benton - Page 7 of 7 - XXL\". Xxlmag.com. 2013-06-05. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/2013/06/the-come-up-jarren-benton/7/","url_text":"\"The Come Up: Jarren Benton - Page 7 of 7 - XXL\""}]},{"reference":"Artist Biography by Jason Lymangrover. \"Jarren Benton | Awards\". AllMusic. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jarren-benton-mn0002812644/awards","url_text":"\"Jarren Benton | Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"iTunes - Music - Zoom In - Single by SwizZz\". Itunes.apple.com. 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/zoom-in-single/id686755811","url_text":"\"iTunes - Music - Zoom In - Single by SwizZz\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kato Announces Signing to Funk Volume! | Funk VolumeFunk Volume\". Myfunkvolume.com. 2013-09-18. Retrieved 2013-10-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://myfunkvolume.com/kato-announces-signing-funk-volume/","url_text":"\"Kato Announces Signing to Funk Volume! | Funk VolumeFunk Volume\""}]},{"reference":"\"SwizZz Says Hopsin's \"Knock Madness\" is Important for Rap | Get the Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX\". Archived from the original on 2013-12-13. Retrieved 2013-11-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213062252/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.26394/title.swizzz-says-hopsin-s-knock-madness-is-important-for-rap-","url_text":"\"SwizZz Says Hopsin's \"Knock Madness\" is Important for Rap | Get the Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX\""},{"url":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.26394/title.swizzz-says-hopsin-s-knock-madness-is-important-for-rap-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Check Out Jarren Benton's XXL Freshmen 2014 Profile - XXL\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/05/jarren-benton-xxl-freshmen-2014/","url_text":"\"Check Out Jarren Benton's XXL Freshmen 2014 Profile - XXL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hopsin on Instagram: \"Funk volume is officially dead now thanks to the monster Damien Ritter. There is nobody else to blame at all. I have officially separated myself from everything and I am fully independent now. It's very sad but idiots like dame wanna control too Much and now he end up destroying a great fuckin team. Having a crew like FV has been my vision since I was 14 years old and this man just destroyed it. Jarren, Dizzy, Swizzz, Dj Hoppa and I are all still on good terms. They will forever be my brothers and I support them in whatever they do. I will let u guys know the full story soon. You know ama keep it RAW for real. Ain't no holdin back. Im so sorry to all the FV fans. There's a brighter future though. #undercoverprodigy photo by @opticperspective\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BAN9XNPn9dB/","url_text":"\"Hopsin on Instagram: \"Funk volume is officially dead now thanks to the monster Damien Ritter. There is nobody else to blame at all. I have officially separated myself from everything and I am fully independent now. It's very sad but idiots like dame wanna control too Much and now he end up destroying a great fuckin team. Having a crew like FV has been my vision since I was 14 years old and this man just destroyed it. Jarren, Dizzy, Swizzz, Dj Hoppa and I are all still on good terms. They will forever be my brothers and I support them in whatever they do. I will let u guys know the full story soon. You know ama keep it RAW for real. Ain't no holdin back. Im so sorry to all the FV fans. There's a brighter future though. #undercoverprodigy photo by @opticperspective\"\""}]},{"reference":"Mansell, Henry (January 3, 2016). \"Hopsin Threatens To Leave Funk Volume Following \"Issues\" With CEO Damien Ritter\". HipHopDX. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.36870/title.hopsin-threatens-to-leave-funk-volume-following-issues-with-ceo-damien-ritter","url_text":"\"Hopsin Threatens To Leave Funk Volume Following \"Issues\" With CEO Damien Ritter\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"}]},{"reference":"Hernandez, Victoria (March 8, 2016). \"Hopsin Finds Freedom After Leaving Funk Volume\". HipHopDX. Retrieved 8 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.37805/title.hopsin-finds-freedom-after-leaving-funk-volume","url_text":"\"Hopsin Finds Freedom After Leaving Funk Volume\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"}]},{"reference":"\"Dizzy Wright Announces \"State of Mind\" EP\". HNHH. 18 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/dizzy-wright-announces-state-of-mind-ep-news.9399.html","url_text":"\"Dizzy Wright Announces \"State of Mind\" EP\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://myfunkvolume.com/about-funk-volume/","external_links_name":"\"About Funk Volume\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003223/http://www.ballerstatus.com/2013/08/20/hopsin-dame-ritter-talk-funk-volumes-inner-workings-growth/","external_links_name":"\"Hopsin, Dame Ritter Talk Funk Volume's Inner-Workings, Growth\""},{"Link":"http://www.ballerstatus.com/2013/08/20/hopsin-dame-ritter-talk-funk-volumes-inner-workings-growth/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151117021336/http://www.datpiff.com/SwizZz-Hopsin-Funk-Volume-Mixtape-Haywire-mixtape.51509.html","external_links_name":"\"SwizZz & Hopsin - Funk Volume Mixtape: Haywire // Free Mixtape @\""},{"Link":"http://www.datpiff.com/SwizZz-Hopsin-Funk-Volume-Mixtape-Haywire-mixtape.51509.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.laweekly.com/2013-08-08/music/funk-volume-hopsin-dame-swizzz/","external_links_name":"\"Funk Volume: Valley-Based Rap Label Builds an Independent Empire - Page 1 - Music - Los Angeles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120709005821/http://myfunkvolume.com/artist/dizzy-wright/","external_links_name":"\"Dizzy Wright - Funk Volume ArtistFunk Volume\""},{"Link":"http://myfunkvolume.com/artist/dizzy-wright/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/2013/06/the-come-up-jarren-benton/6/","external_links_name":"\"The Come Up: Jarren Benton - Page 6 of 7 - XXL\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140105011137/http://www.djbooth.net/index/albums/review/jarren-benton-freebasing-with-kevin-bacon","external_links_name":"\"Jarren Benton - Freebasing With Kevin Bacon - Stream\""},{"Link":"http://www.djbooth.net/index/albums/review/jarren-benton-freebasing-with-kevin-bacon","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/smokeout-conversations/id534784055","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Music - SmokeOut Conversations by Dizzy Wright\""},{"Link":"http://www.xxlmag.com/rap-music/2013/06/the-come-up-jarren-benton/7/","external_links_name":"\"The Come Up: Jarren Benton - Page 7 of 7 - XXL\""},{"Link":"http://www.allmusic.com/artist/jarren-benton-mn0002812644/awards","external_links_name":"\"Jarren Benton | Awards\""},{"Link":"https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/zoom-in-single/id686755811","external_links_name":"\"iTunes - Music - Zoom In - Single by SwizZz\""},{"Link":"http://myfunkvolume.com/kato-announces-signing-funk-volume/","external_links_name":"\"Kato Announces Signing to Funk Volume! | Funk VolumeFunk Volume\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131213062252/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.26394/title.swizzz-says-hopsin-s-knock-madness-is-important-for-rap-","external_links_name":"\"SwizZz Says Hopsin's \"Knock Madness\" is Important for Rap | Get the Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales | HipHop DX\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/news/id.26394/title.swizzz-says-hopsin-s-knock-madness-is-important-for-rap-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.xxlmag.com/news/2014/05/jarren-benton-xxl-freshmen-2014/","external_links_name":"\"Check Out Jarren Benton's XXL Freshmen 2014 Profile - XXL\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/BAN9XNPn9dB/","external_links_name":"\"Hopsin on Instagram: \"Funk volume is officially dead now thanks to the monster Damien Ritter. There is nobody else to blame at all. I have officially separated myself from everything and I am fully independent now. It's very sad but idiots like dame wanna control too Much and now he end up destroying a great fuckin team. Having a crew like FV has been my vision since I was 14 years old and this man just destroyed it. Jarren, Dizzy, Swizzz, Dj Hoppa and I are all still on good terms. They will forever be my brothers and I support them in whatever they do. I will let u guys know the full story soon. You know ama keep it RAW for real. Ain't no holdin back. Im so sorry to all the FV fans. There's a brighter future though. #undercoverprodigy photo by @opticperspective\"\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.36870/title.hopsin-threatens-to-leave-funk-volume-following-issues-with-ceo-damien-ritter","external_links_name":"\"Hopsin Threatens To Leave Funk Volume Following \"Issues\" With CEO Damien Ritter\""},{"Link":"http://hiphopdx.com/news/id.37805/title.hopsin-finds-freedom-after-leaving-funk-volume","external_links_name":"\"Hopsin Finds Freedom After Leaving Funk Volume\""},{"Link":"http://www.hotnewhiphop.com/dizzy-wright-announces-state-of-mind-ep-news.9399.html","external_links_name":"\"Dizzy Wright Announces \"State of Mind\" EP\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/729cca08-a970-43fc-8767-37bf917505d6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Kyte | Rachel Kyte | ["1 Education","2 Career","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | British academic
Rachel KyteDean of the Fletcher School of Law and DiplomacyIncumbentAssumed office October 1, 2019Special Representative of the Secretary-General of the United Nations for Sustainable Energy for AllIn officeJanuary 1, 2016 – September 30, 2019
Personal detailsBornMarch 6th, 1965Domestic partnerIlyse ZableChildren2EducationUniversity of London (BA)Tufts University (MA)
Rachel Elizabeth Kyte CMG is a British academic who served as the 14th dean of The Fletcher School at Tufts University from October 2019 to June 2023, and the first woman to lead the oldest graduate-only school of international affairs in the United States. She was the former Chief Executive Officer of Sustainable Energy for All, and Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All.
Education
Kyte was raised in Eastern England. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and politics from the University of London and a master's degree in international relations from the Fletcher School.
Career
Kyte has focused on affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy as the key to combating both poverty and climate change. From 2016 to 2019, Kyte managed SEforALL's work to mobilize action towards its 2030 goals of ensuring universal access to modern energy services; doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency; and doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. As Special Representative for the Secretary-General, she was also the point person in the United Nations for action towards the Sustainable Development Goal 7 on sustainable energy.
Kyte served until December 2015 as World Bank Group Vice President and Special Envoy for Climate Change, leading the Bank Group's efforts to campaign for an ambitious agreement at the 21st Convention of the Parties of the UNFCCC (COP 21). She was previously World Bank Vice President for Sustainable Development and was the International Finance Corporation Vice President for Business Advisory Services.
Recipient of numerous awards for women's leadership, climate action, and sustainable development, she is a professor of practice in sustainable development at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. On April 8, 2019, it was announced that Kyte would become the next Dean of the Fletcher School, effective October 1, 2019.
She was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to energy and combating climate change.
Kyte joined the advisory board of General Atlantic's climate change fund, BeyondNetZero, in July 2021.
On June 22, 2023, Kyte announced her intent to step down as Dean of the Fletcher School almost immediately, effective June 30, 2023. In the Tufts announcement, her decision was described as a progression of her "decades-long fight to address the impacts of climate change and energy scarcity."
See also
Biography portalEnvironment portalClimate change portal
Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development Goals
Sustainable Energy for All
Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy
United Nations
University of London
World Bank Group
References
^ a b "Rachel Kyte Named Fletcher School Dean". Tufts Now. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
^ "Rachel Kyte steps down as dean of the Fletcher School". tuftsdaily.com. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.
^ "Mobilizing the Billions and Trillions for Climate Finance". Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ "Closing the $70 Billion Climate Finance Gap". Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ "BB plans to launch green' bond, says Atiur | TRADE & MARKET | The financial express". Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ "Dean Announcement". Retrieved 8 April 2019.
^ "No. 62866". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 2019. p. N4.
^ Karsh, Melissa (16 July 2021). "General Atlantic Targets $4 Billion for New Climate Strategy". Bloomberg Law.
^ Vos, Daniel (22 June 2023). "Rachel Kyte steps down as dean of the Fletcher School". Tufts Daily.
^ Monaco, Anthony P.; Genco, Caroline Attardo (22 June 2023). "Announcement Regarding Fletcher School Leadership". Tufts University. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
External links
Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL)
Twitter
This business-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"The Fletcher School at Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fletcher_School_at_Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Energy for All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Energy_for_All"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"}],"text":"British academicRachel Elizabeth Kyte CMG is a British academic who served as the 14th dean of The Fletcher School at Tufts University from October 2019 to June 2023, and the first woman to lead the oldest graduate-only school of international affairs in the United States.[1][2] She was the former Chief Executive Officer of Sustainable Energy for All, and Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Sustainable Energy for All.","title":"Rachel Kyte"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_England"},{"link_name":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"link_name":"the Fletcher School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_School_of_Law_and_Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dean-1"}],"text":"Kyte was raised in Eastern England. She earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in history and politics from the University of London and a master's degree in international relations from the Fletcher School.[1]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Sustainable Development Goal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"link_name":"World Bank Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group"},{"link_name":"COP 21","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"International Finance Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_School_of_Law_and_Diplomacy"},{"link_name":"Tufts University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"2020 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"combating climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"General Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Kyte has focused on affordable, reliable, and sustainable energy as the key to combating both poverty and climate change.[3][4][5] From 2016 to 2019, Kyte managed SEforALL's work to mobilize action towards its 2030 goals of ensuring universal access to modern energy services; doubling the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency; and doubling the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix. As Special Representative for the Secretary-General, she was also the point person in the United Nations for action towards the Sustainable Development Goal 7 on sustainable energy.Kyte served until December 2015 as World Bank Group Vice President and Special Envoy for Climate Change, leading the Bank Group's efforts to campaign for an ambitious agreement at the 21st Convention of the Parties of the UNFCCC (COP 21). She was previously World Bank Vice President for Sustainable Development and was the International Finance Corporation Vice President for Business Advisory Services.Recipient of numerous awards for women's leadership, climate action, and sustainable development, she is a professor of practice in sustainable development at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University. On April 8, 2019, it was announced that Kyte would become the next Dean of the Fletcher School, effective October 1, 2019.[6]She was appointed Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) in the 2020 New Year Honours for services to energy and combating climate change.[7]Kyte joined the advisory board of General Atlantic's climate change fund, BeyondNetZero, in July 2021.[8]On June 22, 2023, Kyte announced her intent to step down as Dean of the Fletcher School almost immediately, effective June 30, 2023.[9] In the Tufts announcement, her decision was described as a progression of her \"decades-long fight to address the impacts of climate change and energy scarcity.\"[10]","title":"Career"}] | [] | [{"title":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg"},{"title":"Environment portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Environment"},{"title":"Climate change portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Climate_change"},{"title":"Sustainable Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development"},{"title":"Sustainable Development Goals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals"},{"title":"Sustainable Energy for All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Energy_for_All"},{"title":"Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fletcher_School_of_Law_and_Diplomacy"},{"title":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"title":"University of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_London"},{"title":"World Bank Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank_Group"}] | [{"reference":"\"Rachel Kyte Named Fletcher School Dean\". Tufts Now. 8 April 2019. Retrieved 30 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://now.tufts.edu/articles/rachel-kyte-named-fletcher-school-dean","url_text":"\"Rachel Kyte Named Fletcher School Dean\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rachel Kyte steps down as dean of the Fletcher School\". tuftsdaily.com. 22 June 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuftsdaily.com/article/2023/06/breaking-rachel-kyte-steps-down-as-dean-of-fletcher-school","url_text":"\"Rachel Kyte steps down as dean of the Fletcher School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mobilizing the Billions and Trillions for Climate Finance\". Retrieved 17 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/04/18/raising-trillions-for-climate-finance","url_text":"\"Mobilizing the Billions and Trillions for Climate Finance\""}]},{"reference":"\"Closing the $70 Billion Climate Finance Gap\". Retrieved 17 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/04/09/closing-the-climate-finance-gap","url_text":"\"Closing the $70 Billion Climate Finance Gap\""}]},{"reference":"\"BB plans to launch green' bond, says Atiur | TRADE & MARKET | The financial express\". Retrieved 17 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2015/04/18/89217","url_text":"\"BB plans to launch green' bond, says Atiur | TRADE & MARKET | The financial express\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dean Announcement\". Retrieved 8 April 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://fletcher.tufts.edu/dean-announcement","url_text":"\"Dean Announcement\""}]},{"reference":"\"No. 62866\". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 December 2019. p. N4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62866/supplement/N4","url_text":"\"No. 62866\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_London_Gazette","url_text":"The London Gazette"}]},{"reference":"Karsh, Melissa (16 July 2021). \"General Atlantic Targets $4 Billion for New Climate Strategy\". Bloomberg Law.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/private-equity/general-atlantic-starts-new-strategy-to-pursue-climate-deals","url_text":"\"General Atlantic Targets $4 Billion for New Climate Strategy\""}]},{"reference":"Vos, Daniel (22 June 2023). \"Rachel Kyte steps down as dean of the Fletcher School\". Tufts Daily.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tuftsdaily.com/article/2023/06/breaking-rachel-kyte-steps-down-as-dean-of-fletcher-school","url_text":"\"Rachel Kyte steps down as dean of the Fletcher School\""}]},{"reference":"Monaco, Anthony P.; Genco, Caroline Attardo (22 June 2023). \"Announcement Regarding Fletcher School Leadership\". Tufts University. Archived from the original on 27 June 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Monaco","url_text":"Monaco, Anthony P."},{"url":"https://president.tufts.edu/news/2023/06/22/announcement-regarding-fletcher-school-leadership-2/","url_text":"\"Announcement Regarding Fletcher School Leadership\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufts_University","url_text":"Tufts University"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230627235252/https://president.tufts.edu/news/2023/06/22/announcement-regarding-fletcher-school-leadership-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://now.tufts.edu/articles/rachel-kyte-named-fletcher-school-dean","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Kyte Named Fletcher School Dean\""},{"Link":"https://www.tuftsdaily.com/article/2023/06/breaking-rachel-kyte-steps-down-as-dean-of-fletcher-school","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Kyte steps down as dean of the Fletcher School\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/04/18/raising-trillions-for-climate-finance","external_links_name":"\"Mobilizing the Billions and Trillions for Climate Finance\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/04/09/closing-the-climate-finance-gap","external_links_name":"\"Closing the $70 Billion Climate Finance Gap\""},{"Link":"http://print.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2015/04/18/89217","external_links_name":"\"BB plans to launch green' bond, says Atiur | TRADE & MARKET | The financial express\""},{"Link":"https://fletcher.tufts.edu/dean-announcement","external_links_name":"\"Dean Announcement\""},{"Link":"https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/62866/supplement/N4","external_links_name":"\"No. 62866\""},{"Link":"https://news.bloomberglaw.com/private-equity/general-atlantic-starts-new-strategy-to-pursue-climate-deals","external_links_name":"\"General Atlantic Targets $4 Billion for New Climate Strategy\""},{"Link":"https://www.tuftsdaily.com/article/2023/06/breaking-rachel-kyte-steps-down-as-dean-of-fletcher-school","external_links_name":"\"Rachel Kyte steps down as dean of the Fletcher School\""},{"Link":"https://president.tufts.edu/news/2023/06/22/announcement-regarding-fletcher-school-leadership-2/","external_links_name":"\"Announcement Regarding Fletcher School Leadership\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230627235252/https://president.tufts.edu/news/2023/06/22/announcement-regarding-fletcher-school-leadership-2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.seforall.org/","external_links_name":"Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL)"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/rkyte365","external_links_name":"Twitter"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rachel_Kyte&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WERN | WERN | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°03′22″N 89°32′06″W / 43.056°N 89.535°W / 43.056; -89.535Public radio station in Madison, Wisconsin
This article is about the American FM radio station. For the German river, see Wern.
WERNMadison, WisconsinBroadcast areaMadison, WisconsinFrequency88.7 MHzBrandingWisconsin Public RadioProgrammingFormatPublic radio - News and TalkSubchannelsHD2: WPR MusicAffiliationsNPRAmerican Public MediaClassical 24OwnershipOwnerWisconsin Educational Communications BoardSister stationsWHAHistoryFirst air dateMarch 30, 1947; 77 years ago (1947-03-30)Former call signsWHA-FM (1947–1974)Call sign meaningWisconsin Educational Radio Network (early branding for network)Technical informationLicensing authorityFCCFacility ID63030ClassBERP20,500 wattsHAAT385 meters (1,263 ft)Translator(s)HD2: 90.5 W213CE (Madison)LinksPublic license information Public fileLMSWebcastListen LiveWebsitewpr.org
WERN (88.7 FM) is a non-commercial public radio station in Madison, Wisconsin. It is part of Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR), and is the flagship of WPR's News Network along with AM sister station WHA. The studios are at 821 University Avenue in Madison.
WERN is a Class B FM station, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 20,500 watts. The transmitter is off South Pleasant View Road on Madison's southwest side in the Junction Ridge neighborhood, on a tower shared with WIBA-FM. WERN broadcasts using HD Radio technology. Its HD-2 digital subchannel carries all classical nusic. Its HD-2 signal serves as the flagship of the WPR Music network and feeds FM translators W213CE at 90.5 MHz and W300BM 107.9 both in Madison.
History
The station signed on the air on March 30, 1947; 77 years ago (1947-03-30). It was the first FM station in the network that would become Wisconsin Public Radio. The call sign was WHA-FM, co-owned with its sister station, WHA 970 AM. At first, the two stations simulcast their programming, a mix of classical music, news, university lectures and public affairs shows. Originally WHA 970 was a daytimer station. When it had to go off the air at night, 88.7 WHA-FM continued its programming.
By the late 1960s, WHA-FM began airing some programming that was separate from 970 AM. Eventually, simulcasting was reduced and the FM station sought its own identity.
The call letters became WERN in 1974.
Because WHA-FM/WERN began broadcasting before current maximum levels were set by the Federal Communications Commission, the station's signal is grandfathered. It runs at a higher power for its height above average terrain (HAAT) than would be permitted today. It covers a large area which affords WPR's "News and Classical Network" a strong signal across Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois including the Rockford area and Metro Milwaukee.
As part of a major realignment of WPR's offerings to take effect on May 20, 2024; WHA and WERN will become the flagships of the WPR News Network, successor to the Ideas Network. Two low-powered translators that served to improve WHA's coverage when that station dramatically reduces its power at sunset will air the all-classical WPR Music network. This will substantially improve coverage of NPR news programming in Madison, since WERN penetrates further into south-central Wisconsin than the two translators.
See also
Wisconsin Public Radio
References
^ "Facility Technical Data for WERN". Licensing and Management System. Federal Communications Commission.
^ Radio-Locator.com/WERN
^ "HD Radio Guide for Madison, Wisconsin"
^ Radio-Locator.com/W213CE
^ Broadcasting Yearbook 1977 page C-233, Broadcasting & Cable. Retrieved Aug. 25, 2023.
^ http://www.wpr.org/about/hd_innovation.cfm
^ "Welcome to the new WPR!". WPR. Retrieved 2024-04-10.
External links
Wisconsin Public Radio
WERN in the FCC FM station database
WERN in Nielsen Audio's FM station database
W213CE in the FCC FM station database
W213CE at FCCdata.org
vteRadio stations in the Madison, Wisconsin, metropolitan areaBy AM frequency
810
900
940
970
1070
1190
1240
1260
1310
1350
14801
1550
1580
1670
By FM frequency
88.1
88.7
89.5
89.9
90.3
91.3
91.7
92.1
92.7
93.1
93.7
94.1
94.9
95.9
96.3
98.1
99.3
99.9
100.1
100.5
101.5
102.5
104.1
105.1
105.5
105.9
106.3
106.7
106.9
107.3
LPFM
88.1
92.5
95.5
96.9
97.1
98.7
99.1
102.9
103.5
Translators
90.1
90.5
91.1
94.51
95.5
96.7
96.9
96.9
97.3
97.7
98.5
99.5
100.9
101.1
101.9
103.3
104.7
107.9
NOAA Weather Radiofrequency
162.45
162.55
Digital radioby frequency & subchannel
970-1
88.7-1
88.7-2
88.7-3
92.1-1
94.9-1
94.9-2
96.3-1
96.3-2
101.5-1
101.5-2
102.5-1
102.5-2
104.1-1
104.1-2
104.1-3
105.5-1
107.3-1
107.3-2
107.3-3
107.3-4
By call sign
KHA147
W211AU
W213CE
W216BL
W233CN
W238CB
W244DR
W245DE
W247CI
W249DH
W253DH
W255DE
W258CM
W265CV
W270AU
W277AE
W277DV
W284CW
W300BM
WAUN
WBGR-FM
WBKY
WCNP
WDDC
WDLS
WDMP-FM
WEKZ
WERN
HD2
HD3
WFAW
WHA
WHFA
WHIT
WHHI
WIBA
WIBA-FM
WIDE-LP
WISY-LP
WIXL-LP
WJJO
WJQM
WJVL
WJTY
WJWD
WLMV
WLSP-LP
WMAD
HD2
WMDX
WMGN
WMHX
WMMM-FM
HD2
WNNO
WNWC
WNWC-FM
WMUU-LP
WOLX-FM
HD2
WORT
WOZN
WQWA-LP
WRIS-FM
WSJY
HD2
HD3
HD4
WSUM
WTLX
WTMJ
WTSO
WULD-LP
WVMO-LP
WWHG
WWMV-LP
WWQM-FM
WXJ87
WXXM
WZEE
HD2
HD3
WZRK
Nearby regions
Appleton-Oshkosh
Chicago
Dubuque
Janesville-Beloit/Jefferson County
Milwaukee–Racine
Rockford
Wisconsin Dells–Baraboo
See also
List of radio stations in Wisconsin
1 = Broadcast in Spanish (fulltime)
vteNPR station networks/member stations in the state of WisconsinWisconsin Public RadioNPR News & Classical Network
WERN Madison
WGTD Kenosha/Racine
WHND Sister Bay/N. Door County
WHRM Wausau
WHSA Brule/Hayward
WHWA Washburn/Ashland/Bayfield
WLSU La Crosse
WPNE Green Bay
WSSU Superior
WSSW Platteville
WUEC Eau Claire
WVSS Menomonie
Wisconsin Public Radio Ideas Network
KUWS Superior
WHA Madison
WHAA Adams/Wisconsin Rapids/Wisconsin Dells
WHAD Delafield/Milwaukee
W300BM Madison/E. Dane County
WHBM Park Falls
WHDI Sister Bay/N. Door County
WHHI Highland/W. Dane County
WHID Green Bay
WHLA La Crosse
WHWC Menomonie
WLBL Auburndale/Stevens Point
WLBL-FM Wausau
WRFW River Falls
WRST-FM Oshkosh/Fond du Lac
WSHS Sheboygan
WUWS Ashland
Wisconsin Public Radio HD2 Classical Network(HD/Internet radio network)
KUWS-HD2 Superior/Duluth
WERN-HD2 Madison
WHAD-HD2 Delafield/Milwaukee
WHRM-HD2 Wausau
WERN-HD2 Madison
WLSU-HD2 La Crosse
WPNE-HD2 Green Bay
Milwaukee Public Radio
WUWM
Radio Milwaukee
WYMS
WXPR Public Radio
WXPR Rhinelander
WXPW Wausau
W265AI Ironwood, Michigan
Woodland Community RadioWOJB Reserve/HaywardSee also List of NPR stations
See also
adult contemporary
classic hits
college
country
news/talk
NPR
oldies
religious
rock
sports
top 40
urban
other radio stations in Wisconsin
43°03′22″N 89°32′06″W / 43.056°N 89.535°W / 43.056; -89.535 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wern"},{"link_name":"FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FM_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"non-commercial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-commercial_educational_station"},{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_radio"},{"link_name":"radio station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_station"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagship_(broadcasting)"},{"link_name":"Class B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_broadcast_station_classes"},{"link_name":"effective radiated power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_radiated_power"},{"link_name":"watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt"},{"link_name":"transmitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmitter"},{"link_name":"tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_masts_and_towers"},{"link_name":"WIBA-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIBA-FM"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HD Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_Radio"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"digital subchannel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subchannel"},{"link_name":"FM translators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FM_translators&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Public radio station in Madison, WisconsinThis article is about the American FM radio station. For the German river, see Wern.WERN (88.7 FM) is a non-commercial public radio station in Madison, Wisconsin. It is part of Wisconsin Public Radio (WPR), and is the flagship of WPR's News Network along with AM sister station WHA. The studios are at 821 University Avenue in Madison.WERN is a Class B FM station, with an effective radiated power (ERP) of 20,500 watts. The transmitter is off South Pleasant View Road on Madison's southwest side in the Junction Ridge neighborhood, on a tower shared with WIBA-FM.[2] WERN broadcasts using HD Radio technology.[3] Its HD-2 digital subchannel carries all classical nusic. 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The call sign was WHA-FM, co-owned with its sister station, WHA 970 AM. At first, the two stations simulcast their programming, a mix of classical music, news, university lectures and public affairs shows. Originally WHA 970 was a daytimer station. When it had to go off the air at night, 88.7 WHA-FM continued its programming.By the late 1960s, WHA-FM began airing some programming that was separate from 970 AM. Eventually, simulcasting was reduced and the FM station sought its own identity. \nThe call letters became WERN in 1974.[6]Because WHA-FM/WERN began broadcasting before current maximum levels were set by the Federal Communications Commission, the station's signal is grandfathered. It runs at a higher power for its height above average terrain (HAAT) than would be permitted today. It covers a large area which affords WPR's \"News and Classical Network\" a strong signal across Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois including the Rockford area and Metro Milwaukee.As part of a major realignment of WPR's offerings to take effect on May 20, 2024; WHA and WERN will become the flagships of the WPR News Network, successor to the Ideas Network. Two low-powered translators that served to improve WHA's coverage when that station dramatically reduces its power at sunset will air the all-classical WPR Music network.[7] This will substantially improve coverage of NPR news programming in Madison, since WERN penetrates further into south-central Wisconsin than the two translators.","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Wisconsin Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Public_Radio"}] | [{"reference":"\"Facility Technical Data for WERN\". Licensing and Management System. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stocking_fetishism | Underwear fetishism | ["1 Prevalence","2 Panties","3 Stockings and pantyhose","4 Silk and satin","5 Jockstraps","6 See also","7 References","8 Bibliography"] | Sexual fetishism relating to undergarments
One type of underwear fetishism involves stockings.
Underwear fetishism is a sexual fetishism relating to undergarments, and refers to preoccupation with the sexual excitement of certain types of underwear, including panties, stockings, pantyhose, bras, or other items. Some people can experience sexual excitement from wearing, while others get their excitement when observing, handling, or smelling the underwear worn by another, or watching somebody putting underwear on or taking it off.
Underwear fetishism is not considered as paraphilia unless it causes distress or serious problems for the person or those associated with them.
Prevalence
To determine relative prevalences of different fetishes, Italian researchers obtained an international sample of 5,000 individuals from 381 fetish-themed discussion groups. The relative prevalences were estimated based on (a) the number of groups devoted to a particular fetish, (b) the number of individuals participating in the groups and (c) the number of messages exchanged. Within the sample population (a population of adults online involved in sexual discussion), 12% indicated a sexual preference for underwear.
Panties
A Japanese vending machine selling used panties for Burusera
See also: Panty raid and panchira
Panty fetishism is a fetish in which one eroticizes panties (or similar styles of underwear).
In Japan, a common types of panty fetish involves used panties; this industry has a long-established brick-and-mortar presence, known as burusera shops.
Stockings and pantyhose
A man wearing nude pantyhose and nylon leggings
Some people experience sexual excitement from the look or feel of women's stockings and pantyhose.
Stocking fetishism may include other feminine clothing which contributes to enhancing the fantasy. Some men find it arousing to collect and wear stockings, panties, and suspender belts. In some cases, this is done for the purpose of momentary sexual stimulation. Others wear such a complete combination under a pair of trousers or beneath a business suit on a regular daily basis.
The growth of internet purchasing has enabled men to browse through many different assorted underwear offerings anonymously, and some manufacturers and retailers specializing in lingerie and associated women's apparel cater to the needs of men who are interested in acquiring and wearing these garments.
Such fetishists may also be divided into many subcategories relative to their attraction to certain types of stocking/pantyhose. Some find fishnet stockings more arousing compared to other forms, for example. Other preferences include fully fashioned (seamed) stockings, seamless stockings, designer stockings, luxury stockings, reinforced heel and toe stockings (RHT), stay-ups, etc.
Silky full stockings and slip
Silk and satin
Some people experience sexual excitement from the look or feel of articles made of silk or satin fabric. Such interest is usually directed towards the person wearing silk or satin, but it can also be directed towards the garment itself, or to the feel of the garment when worn.
The principal materials which are considered erotic are charmeuse silk (silk woven so that it has a sheen) and satins (such as acetate satin and rayon satin), but other materials with similar properties, such as polyester and spandex are also admired.
Jockstraps
Jockstrap fetishism is the term applied to the sexual arousal from handling, wearing a jockstrap, watching another put one on, or sniffing a jockstrap. To quote on jockstrap sniffing, "jock sniffing specifically refers to the practice of inhaling odors from unlaundered jockstraps for the purpose of sexual stimulation. Practitioners, (usually male) are known as 'jock sniffers' and acquire unlaundered jockstraps either by swapping such garments with like-minded individuals or by swiping them from locker rooms, lockers or unattended gym bags".
See also
Clothing fetish
Cross-dressing
Elmer Batters
Rubber and PVC fetishism
Upskirt
Underwear as outerwear
Uniform fetishism
References
^ Scorolli C, Ghirlanda S, Enquist M, Zattoni S, Jannini EA (2007). "Relative prevalence of different fetishes". Int. J. Impot. Res. 19 (4): 432–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901547. PMID 17304204. (Table 3)
^ Dobson, Roger (2007). Heels are the world's No 1 fetish. The Independent Online Edition, "Heels are the world's No 1 fetish - Science, News - the Independent". Archived from the original on 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2007-02-01., accessed February 2007.
^ "The economics of pricing used panties". April's Body. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.
^ Natalie Paris (3 February 2014). "The world's weirdest vending machines". Telegraph. UK.
^ Charles Waterstreet (21 June 2014). "Vending machines reveal cultural tolerance of abuse". The Sydney Morning Herald.
^ Jeanette, Doris (2011). "Sexual Empowerment for Men: Love and Understanding for Men Who Wear Panties". drjeanette.com. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
^ "Lingerie Tips for Men". HerRoom. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
^ "The Stocking Passion". Archived from the original on 12 May 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.
^ Steele, Valerie (1985). Fashion and eroticism: Ideals of feminine beauty from the Victorian era to the Jazz age. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-503530-5.
^ Browne, Ray B. (1982). Objects of special devotion: Fetishism in popular culture. Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-191-X.
^ Pronger, Brian (May 15, 1992). The arena of masculinity. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0312062934.
Bibliography
Kunzle, David (2004). Fashion and fetishism. Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3808-0.
vteSexual fetishismActions, states
Aquaphilia
Autassassinophilia
Coprophilia
Cuckold / Cuckquean
Emetophilia
Erotic hypnosis
Erotic lactation
Erotic spanking
Exhibitionism
Forced seduction
Gaining and feeding
Impregnation
Macrophilia
Medical fetishism
Omorashi
Paraphilic infantilism (adult baby)
Pregnancy
Smoking
Tickling
Total enclosure
Transvestic
Tightlacing
Tamakeri
Urolagnia
Vorarephilia
Wet and messy fetishism
Body parts
Armpit
Breast
Belly
Buttocks
Eyeball
Fat
Feet
Hands
Height
Hair
Legs
Navels
Noses
Clothing
Boots
Ballet boots
Boot worship
Thigh-high boots
Boot fetishism
Clowns
Corset
Diapers
Gloves
Pantyhose
Latex
Rubber and PVC
Shoes
Spandex
Underwear
Uniforms
Objects
Balloons
Dolls
Latex and PVC
Robots
Spandex
Controversial / illegal
Lust murder
Necrophilia
Rape fantasy
Zoophilia
Culture / media
Artists
Fetish art
Fetish clubs
Fashion
Magazines
Models
Websites
FetLife
wikiFeet
Race
Asian fetish
Ethnic pornography
Sexual racism
Related topics
BDSM
International Fetish Day
Kink
Leather subculture
Leather Pride flag
Sexual roleplay
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_with_stockings_and_necklace.jpg"},{"link_name":"sexual fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"undergarments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergarment"},{"link_name":"sexual excitement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_excitement"},{"link_name":"paraphilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphilia"}],"text":"Sexual fetishism relating to undergarmentsOne type of underwear fetishism involves stockings.Underwear fetishism is a sexual fetishism relating to undergarments, and refers to preoccupation with the sexual excitement of certain types of underwear, including panties, stockings, pantyhose, bras, or other items. Some people can experience sexual excitement from wearing, while others get their excitement when observing, handling, or smelling the underwear worn by another, or watching somebody putting underwear on or taking it off.Underwear fetishism is not considered as paraphilia unless it causes distress or serious problems for the person or those associated with them.","title":"Underwear fetishism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"To determine relative prevalences of different fetishes, Italian researchers obtained an international sample of 5,000 individuals from 381 fetish-themed discussion groups. The relative prevalences were estimated based on (a) the number of groups devoted to a particular fetish, (b) the number of individuals participating in the groups and (c) the number of messages exchanged. Within the sample population (a population of adults online involved in sexual discussion), 12% indicated a sexual preference for underwear.[1][2]","title":"Prevalence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Underwear-fetish-vending-machine_-_chiba-area-jan23-2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"Burusera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusera"},{"link_name":"Panty raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panty_raid"},{"link_name":"panchira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchira"},{"link_name":"panties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panties"},{"link_name":"burusera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burusera"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A Japanese vending machine selling used panties for BuruseraSee also: Panty raid and panchiraPanty fetishism is a fetish in which one eroticizes panties (or similar styles of underwear).In Japan, a common types of panty fetish involves used panties; this industry has a long-established brick-and-mortar presence, known as burusera shops.[3][4][5]","title":"Panties"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoseman.jpg"},{"link_name":"women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women"},{"link_name":"stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockings"},{"link_name":"pantyhose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantyhose"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"fishnet stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishnet_(material)"},{"link_name":"seamed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"seamless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seam_(sewing)"},{"link_name":"stay-ups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stay-ups"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fullslipandstockings.jpg"}],"text":"A man wearing nude pantyhose and nylon leggingsSome people experience sexual excitement from the look or feel of women's stockings and pantyhose.Stocking fetishism may include other feminine clothing which contributes to enhancing the fantasy. Some men find it arousing to collect and wear stockings, panties, and suspender belts. In some cases, this is done for the purpose of momentary sexual stimulation. Others wear such a complete combination under a pair of trousers or beneath a business suit on a regular daily basis.[6]The growth of internet purchasing has enabled men to browse through many different assorted underwear offerings anonymously, and some manufacturers and retailers specializing in lingerie and associated women's apparel cater to the needs of men who are interested in acquiring and wearing these garments.[7]Such fetishists may also be divided into many subcategories relative to their attraction to certain types of stocking/pantyhose. Some find fishnet stockings more arousing compared to other forms, for example. Other preferences include fully fashioned (seamed) stockings, seamless stockings, designer stockings, luxury stockings, reinforced heel and toe stockings (RHT), stay-ups, etc.[8]Silky full stockings and slip","title":"Stockings and pantyhose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"satin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin"},{"link_name":"polyester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyester"},{"link_name":"spandex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandex_fetishism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Some people experience sexual excitement from the look or feel of articles made of silk or satin fabric. Such interest is usually directed towards the person wearing silk or satin, but it can also be directed towards the garment itself, or to the feel of the garment when worn.The principal materials which are considered erotic are charmeuse silk (silk woven so that it has a sheen) and satins (such as acetate satin and rayon satin), but other materials with similar properties, such as polyester and spandex are also admired.[9][10]","title":"Silk and satin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jockstrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockstrap"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Jockstrap fetishism is the term applied to the sexual arousal from handling, wearing a jockstrap, watching another put one on, or sniffing a jockstrap. To quote on jockstrap sniffing, \"jock[strap] sniffing specifically refers to the practice of inhaling odors from unlaundered jockstraps for the purpose of sexual stimulation. Practitioners, (usually male) are known as 'jock sniffers' and acquire unlaundered jockstraps either by swapping such garments with like-minded individuals or by swiping them from locker rooms, lockers or unattended gym bags\".[11]","title":"Jockstraps"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fashion and fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/fashionfetishism0000kunz"},{"link_name":"Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7509-3808-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3808-0"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sexual_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Sexual 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murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust_murder"},{"link_name":"Necrophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necrophilia"},{"link_name":"Rape fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Zoophilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoophilia"},{"link_name":"Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fetish_artists"},{"link_name":"Fetish art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_art"},{"link_name":"Fetish clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_club"},{"link_name":"Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_fashion"},{"link_name":"Magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_magazine"},{"link_name":"Models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetish_model"},{"link_name":"FetLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FetLife"},{"link_name":"wikiFeet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiFeet"},{"link_name":"Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_fetishism"},{"link_name":"Asian fetish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_fetish"},{"link_name":"Ethnic pornography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_pornography"},{"link_name":"Sexual racism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_racism"},{"link_name":"BDSM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BDSM"},{"link_name":"International Fetish Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Fetish_Day"},{"link_name":"Kink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kink_(sexual)"},{"link_name":"Leather subculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_subculture"},{"link_name":"Leather Pride flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather_Pride_flag"},{"link_name":"Sexual roleplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_roleplay"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sexual_fetishism"}],"text":"Kunzle, David (2004). Fashion and fetishism. Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3808-0.vteSexual fetishismActions, states\nAquaphilia\nAutassassinophilia\nCoprophilia\nCuckold / Cuckquean\nEmetophilia\nErotic hypnosis\nErotic lactation\nErotic spanking\nExhibitionism\nForced seduction\nGaining and feeding\nImpregnation\nMacrophilia\nMedical fetishism\nOmorashi\nParaphilic infantilism (adult baby)\nPregnancy\nSmoking\nTickling\nTotal enclosure\nTransvestic\nTightlacing\nTamakeri\nUrolagnia\nVorarephilia\nWet and messy fetishism\nBody parts\nArmpit\nBreast\nBelly\nButtocks\nEyeball\nFat\nFeet\nHands\nHeight\nHair\nLegs\nNavels\nNoses\nClothing\nBoots\nBallet boots\nBoot worship\nThigh-high boots\nBoot fetishism\nClowns\nCorset\nDiapers\nGloves\nPantyhose\nLatex\nRubber and PVC\nShoes\nSpandex\nUnderwear\nUniforms\nObjects\nBalloons\nDolls\nLatex and PVC\nRobots\nSpandex\nControversial / illegal\nLust murder\nNecrophilia\nRape fantasy\nZoophilia\nCulture / media\nArtists\nFetish art\nFetish clubs\nFashion\nMagazines\nModels\nWebsites\nFetLife\nwikiFeet\nRace\nAsian fetish\nEthnic pornography\nSexual racism\nRelated topics\nBDSM\nInternational Fetish Day\nKink\nLeather subculture\nLeather Pride flag\nSexual roleplay\n\n Category","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"One type of underwear fetishism involves stockings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Jan_with_stockings_and_necklace.jpg/200px-Jan_with_stockings_and_necklace.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Japanese vending machine selling used panties for Burusera","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Underwear-fetish-vending-machine_-_chiba-area-jan23-2009.jpg/180px-Underwear-fetish-vending-machine_-_chiba-area-jan23-2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"A man wearing nude pantyhose and nylon leggings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hoseman.jpg/220px-Hoseman.jpg"},{"image_text":"Silky full stockings and slip","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Fullslipandstockings.jpg/220px-Fullslipandstockings.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Clothing fetish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_fetish"},{"title":"Cross-dressing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-dressing"},{"title":"Elmer Batters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Batters"},{"title":"Rubber and PVC fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber_and_PVC_fetishism"},{"title":"Upskirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upskirt"},{"title":"Underwear as outerwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwear_as_outerwear"},{"title":"Uniform fetishism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_fetishism"}] | [{"reference":"Scorolli C, Ghirlanda S, Enquist M, Zattoni S, Jannini EA (2007). \"Relative prevalence of different fetishes\". Int. J. Impot. Res. 19 (4): 432–7. doi:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901547. PMID 17304204.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuele_A._Jannini","url_text":"Jannini EA"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ijir.3901547","url_text":"\"Relative prevalence of different fetishes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ijir.3901547","url_text":"10.1038/sj.ijir.3901547"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17304204","url_text":"17304204"}]},{"reference":"\"Heels are the world's No 1 fetish - Science, News - the Independent\". Archived from the original on 2008-05-20. Retrieved 2007-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080520112041/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article2303022.ece","url_text":"\"Heels are the world's No 1 fetish - Science, News - the Independent\""},{"url":"http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article2303022.ece","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The economics of pricing used panties\". April's Body. 13 January 2014. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174634/http://aprilsbody.com/used-panties-prices-explained/","url_text":"\"The economics of pricing used panties\""},{"url":"http://aprilsbody.com/used-panties-prices-explained/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Natalie Paris (3 February 2014). \"The world's weirdest vending machines\". Telegraph. UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/weird-wide-world/10609971/The-worlds-weirdest-vending-machines.html","url_text":"\"The world's weirdest vending machines\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Waterstreet (21 June 2014). \"Vending machines reveal cultural tolerance of abuse\". The Sydney Morning Herald.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.smh.com.au/comment/vending-machines-reveal-cultural-tolerance-of-abuse-20140620-zsh50.html","url_text":"\"Vending machines reveal cultural tolerance of abuse\""}]},{"reference":"Jeanette, Doris (2011). \"Sexual Empowerment for Men: Love and Understanding for Men Who Wear Panties\". drjeanette.com. Retrieved 31 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.drjeanette.com/galstuff.html","url_text":"\"Sexual Empowerment for Men: Love and Understanding for Men Who Wear Panties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lingerie Tips for Men\". HerRoom. Retrieved 31 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.herroom.com/lingerie-for-men.aspx","url_text":"\"Lingerie Tips for Men\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Stocking Passion\". Archived from the original on 12 May 2007. Retrieved 9 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070512142024/http://www.wofs.dk/s/fetish.htm","url_text":"\"The Stocking Passion\""},{"url":"http://www.wofs.dk/s/fetish.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steele, Valerie (1985). Fashion and eroticism: Ideals of feminine beauty from the Victorian era to the Jazz age. Oxford University Press, New York. ISBN 0-19-503530-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Steele","url_text":"Steele, Valerie"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fashioneroticism0000stee","url_text":"Fashion and eroticism: Ideals of feminine beauty from the Victorian era to the Jazz age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-503530-5","url_text":"0-19-503530-5"}]},{"reference":"Browne, Ray B. (1982). Objects of special devotion: Fetishism in popular culture. Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-191-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_B._Browne","url_text":"Browne, Ray B."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/apocalypticvisio0000unse","url_text":"Objects of special devotion: Fetishism in popular culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87972-191-X","url_text":"0-87972-191-X"}]},{"reference":"Pronger, Brian (May 15, 1992). The arena of masculinity. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0312062934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312062934","url_text":"978-0312062934"}]},{"reference":"Kunzle, David (2004). Fashion and fetishism. Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3808-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fashionfetishism0000kunz","url_text":"Fashion and fetishism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_History_Press","url_text":"Sutton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3808-0","url_text":"0-7509-3808-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ijir.3901547","external_links_name":"\"Relative prevalence of different fetishes\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ijir.3901547","external_links_name":"10.1038/sj.ijir.3901547"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17304204","external_links_name":"17304204"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080520112041/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article2303022.ece","external_links_name":"\"Heels are the world's No 1 fetish - Science, News - the Independent\""},{"Link":"http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article2303022.ece","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140222174634/http://aprilsbody.com/used-panties-prices-explained/","external_links_name":"\"The economics of pricing used panties\""},{"Link":"http://aprilsbody.com/used-panties-prices-explained/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/weird-wide-world/10609971/The-worlds-weirdest-vending-machines.html","external_links_name":"\"The world's weirdest vending machines\""},{"Link":"http://www.smh.com.au/comment/vending-machines-reveal-cultural-tolerance-of-abuse-20140620-zsh50.html","external_links_name":"\"Vending machines reveal cultural tolerance of abuse\""},{"Link":"http://www.drjeanette.com/galstuff.html","external_links_name":"\"Sexual Empowerment for Men: Love and Understanding for Men Who Wear Panties\""},{"Link":"http://www.herroom.com/lingerie-for-men.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Lingerie Tips for Men\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070512142024/http://www.wofs.dk/s/fetish.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Stocking Passion\""},{"Link":"http://www.wofs.dk/s/fetish.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fashioneroticism0000stee","external_links_name":"Fashion and eroticism: Ideals of feminine beauty from the Victorian era to the Jazz age"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/apocalypticvisio0000unse","external_links_name":"Objects of special devotion: Fetishism in popular culture"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fashionfetishism0000kunz","external_links_name":"Fashion and fetishism"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLennan_Community_College | McLennan Community College | ["1 Campus","2 Organization and administration","3 Academics","4 Sports","5 Notable alumni","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 31°35′17″N 97°10′22″W / 31.588047°N 97.172748°W / 31.588047; -97.172748Public college in Waco, Texas, US
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McLennan Community CollegeTypePublic community collegeEstablished1965 (1965)PresidentJohnette McKownUndergraduates8,900LocationWaco, Texas, United States31°35′17″N 97°10′22″W / 31.588047°N 97.172748°W / 31.588047; -97.172748NicknameHighlanders/HighlassiesWebsitewww.mclennan.edu
McLennan Community College (MCC) is a public community college in Waco, Texas. It opened in 1965 and now serves about 9,000 students and has more than 700 employees. It is governed by a board of trustees elected from single-member districts in the county.
Campus
McLennan is one of three colleges in Waco along with Baylor University and Texas State Technical College. McLennan Community College is located on 200 acres (81 ha) on the north side of town near the Bosque River and Cameron Park. The college also owns Highlander Ranch, a 200-acre (81 ha) farm about 5 miles (8.0 km) from the main campus.
The campus was recently expanded to include three new buildings, which were built with funding from a bond passed by voters in November 2006: the Michaelis Academic Center, New Science Building and Emergency Services Education Center.
MCC's campus also includes the Bosque River Stage, a 530-seat amphitheater located along the banks of the Bosque River. This outdoor venue was renovated in 2001 to expand the stage and update the lighting, sound and concessions area.
Organization and administration
As defined by the Texas Legislature, the official service area of McLennan Community College consists of the following:
All of McLennan and Falls Counties, and
The Calvert and Bremond school districts.
Academics
MCC offers associate degrees in arts and sciences for students who want to transfer to other colleges and universities. The school also has training programs — associate degrees in applied science and certificates — for students who want to enter the workforce. The college also offers continuing education courses for community members.
The University Center at MCC is a partnership with several public universities that offer degree programs on MCC's campus. It offers students the opportunity to earn affordable bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degrees without leaving central Texas. Partner universities are Midwestern State University, Tarleton State University, University of Texas Medical Branch, The University of Texas at Brownsville, and Texas Tech University.
Sports
The school has several student organizations and athletic teams. The mascot is a Scottish Highlander; the men's athletic teams are referred as the Highlanders, and the women's teams are the Highlassies. MCC's athletics program includes men's and women's basketball, baseball, softball, and men's and women's golf. There is also a dance team
Notable alumni
Jay Buhner, professional baseball player
Ruthie Foster, singer-songwriter of blues and folk music
Sean Henn, professional baseball player
Vinnie Johnson, professional basketball player
Danny Kaspar, college basketball coach
Pat Listach, professional baseball player
Sean Lowe, professional baseball player
Chris Martin, professional baseball player
Craig McMurtry, professional baseball player
Ryan Merritt, professional baseball player
Rodrick Monroe, professional football player
Logan Ondrusek, professional baseball player
Ken Patterson, professional baseball player
Leonard Perry, college basketball coach
Richie Ramsay, professional golfer
Jason Scobie, professional baseball player
Members of the Sons of the Desert, late 1990s country music group
Dave van Horn, professional baseball player and college baseball coach
Sam Worthen, professional basketball player
References
^ Texas Education Code, Section 130.187, "McLennan Community College District Service Area".
^ "University Center at MCC".
External links
Official website
vte Community colleges in TexasCollege districts
Alamo Colleges District
Austin Community College District
Blinn College
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Dallas College
El Paso Community College
Houston Community College System
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Southwest Texas Junior College
Tarrant County College
Trinity Valley Community College
Wharton County Junior College
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Northwest Vista
Palo Alto
St. Philip's
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Richland
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CyFair
Kingwood
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Alvin
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Central Texas
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Coastal Bend
College of the Mainland
Collin
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Frank Phillips
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McLennan
Midland
Navarro
Northeast Texas
Odessa
Panola
Paris
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Tyler
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Victoria
Weatherford
See also: Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_college"},{"link_name":"community college","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_college"},{"link_name":"Waco, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco,_Texas"},{"link_name":"single-member districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-member_district"}],"text":"Public college in Waco, Texas, USMcLennan Community College (MCC) is a public community college in Waco, Texas. It opened in 1965 and now serves about 9,000 students and has more than 700 employees. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchabelli_(disambiguation) | Matchabelli | ["1 See also"] | Matchabelli or Matchabeli may refer to:
Machabeli, a Georgian princely house of nobility
Ivane Machabeli, a Georgian writer
Georges V. Matchabelli, Georgian nobleman and co-founder of the perfume line
Norina Matchabelli, Italian actress and co-founder of Prince Matchabelli perfume line, wife of Georges V. Matchabelli
See also
Prince Matchabelli, an American perfume line by Georges V. Matchabelli
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Matchabelli.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Machabeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machabeli"},{"link_name":"Ivane Machabeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivane_Machabeli"},{"link_name":"Georges V. Matchabelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_V._Matchabelli"},{"link_name":"Norina Matchabelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norina_Matchabelli"}],"text":"Machabeli, a Georgian princely house of nobility\nIvane Machabeli, a Georgian writer\nGeorges V. Matchabelli, Georgian nobleman and co-founder of the perfume line\nNorina Matchabelli, Italian actress and co-founder of Prince Matchabelli perfume line, wife of Georges V. Matchabelli","title":"Matchabelli"}] | [] | [{"title":"Prince Matchabelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Matchabelli"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Matchabelli&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Matchabelli&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocius | Mocius | ["1 Life","2 Legacy","2.1 Church of St Mokios","3 References"] | For the Chinese philosopher, see Mozi.
SaintMocius of AmphipolisMosaic in Hosios LoukasPriestDied288–295Byzantium, Roman EmpireVenerated inCatholic ChurchEastern Orthodox ChurchFeast11 May
Painting showing the Martyrs Silvanus the Bishop of Emesa, Luke the deacon, and Mocius from the Menologion of Basil II (c. 1000 AD)
Saint Mocius (Greek: Μώκιος; died 288–295) was a Christian priest of Roman ancestry who lived in Amphipolis, Macedonia and became a Catholic and Orthodox saint.
Life
During a persecution against Christians under the emperor Diocletian (284-305), St Mocius exhorted the pagans who had assembled for the pagan festival of Dionysus (Bacchus), to abandon the customs which accompanied this celebration. He urged them to repent, be converted to Christianity, and be baptized. At the temple of Dionysus, he destroyed a statue of the god.
Mocius was brought to trial before the governor of Laodicea and subjected to torture. After this he was put into a red-hot oven, where he remained unharmed, but the flames coming out of the oven scorched the governor. Then he was given to wild beasts to be eaten, but they did not touch him. The lions lay down at his feet. The people, seeing such miracles, urged that the saint be set free. The governor ordered the saint to be sent to the city of Perinthus, and from there to Byzantium, where St Mocius was beheaded.
His feast day is May 11 in both the Catholic and Orthodox Church.
Legacy
The Emperor Anastasius I Dicorus (491-518) built an open air cistern, to supply water to the city of Constantinople (today's Istanbul). It is the third of the Late Roman Period cisterns and the largest in the city, named after the saint who was venerated in a nearby church. In Turkish, it is called "Altı Mermer Çukurbostanı". It has been converted into the Fatih Educational Park, but the ancient walls are still standing.
Church of St Mokios
A church dedicated to saint Mocius is said to have been built by Constantine I on top of a temple of Zeus. It was rebuilt by Pulcheria, Marcian or possibly Justinian I and restored again by Basil I in the 9th century. It was located between the Theodosian and Constantinian walls, perhaps to the west of the cistern named after the saint and close to the monastery of Theotokos ta Mikra Romaiou. The monastery also included a hospital and xenodochium and it is possible that the 11th century physician Ibn Butlan wrote his work The Physicians' Banquet in this monastery during his stay in Constantinople.
References
^ a b "Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia", Orthodox Church in America
^ Martirologio Romano (PDF). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2004. pp. 242–244. Retrieved 2 April 2024.
^ (in Greek) Ὁ Ἅγιος Μώκιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας. 11 Μαΐου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ.
^ "Mocius Cistern", Istanbul
^ Halsall, Paul (1996). "Life of St. Thomais of Lesbos". Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints' Lives in English Translation. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-88402-248-0. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
^ Oltean, Daniel (2021-02-01). "From Baghdad to Antioch and Constantinople: Ibn Buṭlān and the Byzantines". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 114 (1): 362–363. doi:10.1515/bz-2021-9015. ISSN 1868-9027. S2CID 233328301.
This biographical article about a Greek religious figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a saint is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mozi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyrs_Silvanus_the_Bishop_of_Emesa,_Luke_the_deacon,_and_Mocius_(Mucius)_the_reader_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg"},{"link_name":"Menologion of Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II"},{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Christian priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_priest"},{"link_name":"Amphipolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphipolis"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"saint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint"}],"text":"For the Chinese philosopher, see Mozi.Painting showing the Martyrs Silvanus the Bishop of Emesa, Luke the deacon, and Mocius from the Menologion of Basil II (c. 1000 AD)Saint Mocius (Greek: Μώκιος; died 288–295) was a Christian priest of Roman ancestry who lived in Amphipolis, Macedonia and became a Catholic and Orthodox saint.","title":"Mocius"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"Dionysus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oca-1"},{"link_name":"Laodicea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laodicea_on_the_Lycus"},{"link_name":"Perinthus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perinthus"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oca-1"},{"link_name":"feast day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_day"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"During a persecution against Christians under the emperor Diocletian (284-305), St Mocius exhorted the pagans who had assembled for the pagan festival of Dionysus (Bacchus), to abandon the customs which accompanied this celebration. He urged them to repent, be converted to Christianity, and be baptized.[1] At the temple of Dionysus, he destroyed a statue of the god.Mocius was brought to trial before the governor of Laodicea and subjected to torture. After this he was put into a red-hot oven, where he remained unharmed, but the flames coming out of the oven scorched the governor. Then he was given to wild beasts to be eaten, but they did not touch him. The lions lay down at his feet. The people, seeing such miracles, urged that the saint be set free. The governor ordered the saint to be sent to the city of Perinthus, and from there to Byzantium, where St Mocius was beheaded.[1]His feast day is May 11 in both the Catholic and Orthodox Church.[2][3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anastasius I Dicorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus"},{"link_name":"an open air cistern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistern_of_Mocius"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Emperor Anastasius I Dicorus (491-518) built an open air cistern, to supply water to the city of Constantinople (today's Istanbul). It is the third of the Late Roman Period cisterns and the largest in the city, named after the saint who was venerated in a nearby church. In Turkish, it is called \"Altı Mermer Çukurbostanı\". It has been converted into the Fatih Educational Park, but the ancient walls are still standing.[4]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pulcheria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulcheria"},{"link_name":"Marcian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian"},{"link_name":"Justinian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justinian_I"},{"link_name":"Basil I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_I"},{"link_name":"Theodosian and Constantinian walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"xenodochium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenodochium"},{"link_name":"Ibn Butlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Butlan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Church of St Mokios","text":"A church dedicated to saint Mocius is said to have been built by Constantine I on top of a temple of Zeus. It was rebuilt by Pulcheria, Marcian or possibly Justinian I and restored again by Basil I in the 9th century. It was located between the Theodosian and Constantinian walls, perhaps to the west of the cistern named after the saint and close to the monastery of Theotokos ta Mikra Romaiou.[5] The monastery also included a hospital and xenodochium and it is possible that the 11th century physician Ibn Butlan wrote his work The Physicians' Banquet in this monastery during his stay in Constantinople.[6]","title":"Legacy"}] | [{"image_text":"Painting showing the Martyrs Silvanus the Bishop of Emesa, Luke the deacon, and Mocius from the Menologion of Basil II (c. 1000 AD)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Martyrs_Silvanus_the_Bishop_of_Emesa%2C_Luke_the_deacon%2C_and_Mocius_%28Mucius%29_the_reader_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/260px-Martyrs_Silvanus_the_Bishop_of_Emesa%2C_Luke_the_deacon%2C_and_Mocius_%28Mucius%29_the_reader_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Martirologio Romano (PDF). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 2004. pp. 242–244. Retrieved 2 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://vidaeremitica.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/MARTIROLOGIO-ROMANO.pdf","url_text":"Martirologio Romano"}]},{"reference":"Halsall, Paul (1996). \"Life of St. Thomais of Lesbos\". Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints' Lives in English Translation. Dumbarton Oaks. p. 319. ISBN 978-0-88402-248-0. Retrieved 3 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SaViaGCeiZIC","url_text":"Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints' Lives in English Translation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-248-0","url_text":"978-0-88402-248-0"}]},{"reference":"Oltean, Daniel (2021-02-01). \"From Baghdad to Antioch and Constantinople: Ibn Buṭlān and the Byzantines\". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 114 (1): 362–363. doi:10.1515/bz-2021-9015. ISSN 1868-9027. S2CID 233328301.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2021-9015","url_text":"\"From Baghdad to Antioch and Constantinople: Ibn Buṭlān and the Byzantines\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbz-2021-9015","url_text":"10.1515/bz-2021-9015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1868-9027","url_text":"1868-9027"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233328301","url_text":"233328301"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://oca.org/saints/lives/2013/05/11/101349-hieromartyr-mocius-the-presbyter-of-amphipolis-in-macedonia","external_links_name":"\"Hieromartyr Mocius the Presbyter of Amphipolis in Macedonia\", Orthodox Church in America"},{"Link":"https://vidaeremitica.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/MARTIROLOGIO-ROMANO.pdf","external_links_name":"Martirologio Romano"},{"Link":"http://www.synaxarion.gr/gr/sid/3101/sxsaintinfo.aspx","external_links_name":"Ὁ Ἅγιος Μώκιος ὁ Ἱερομάρτυρας"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923195627/http://www.byzantiumistanbul.com/eng/detay.asp?detayid=353","external_links_name":"\"Mocius Cistern\", Istanbul"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=SaViaGCeiZIC","external_links_name":"Holy Women of Byzantium: Ten Saints' Lives in English Translation"},{"Link":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bz-2021-9015","external_links_name":"\"From Baghdad to Antioch and Constantinople: Ibn Buṭlān and the Byzantines\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fbz-2021-9015","external_links_name":"10.1515/bz-2021-9015"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1868-9027","external_links_name":"1868-9027"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233328301","external_links_name":"233328301"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mocius&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mocius&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paskha_(dish) | Paskha | ["1 Gallery","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Slavic festive dish
This article is about the Slavic festive dish. For the lunar phase in the Hindu calendar, see Paksha. For other uses, see Pascha.
Not to be confused with Paska.
Two paskhas with candles (with a kulich and Easter eggs in the background)
Paskha (also spelled pascha, or pasha; Russian: па́сха; ; "Easter") is a Slavic festive dish made in Eastern Orthodox countries which consists of food that is forbidden during the fast of Great Lent. It is made during Holy Week and then brought to Church on Great Saturday to be blessed after the Paschal Vigil. The name of the dish comes from Pascha, the Eastern Orthodox celebration of Easter. Besides Russia, Ukraine, etc. Pasha is also often served in Finland.
Cheese paskha is a traditional Easter dish made from tvorog (like cottage cheese, Russian: творог, romanized: tvorog), which is white, symbolizing the purity of Christ, the Paschal Lamb, and the joy of the Resurrection. It is formed in a mold, traditionally in the shape of a truncated pyramid which symbolizes the first Passover in Egypt, a nod to Christianity's early Jewish beginnings and a reminder that the Last Supper of Jesus was a Passover Seder. Others believe the pyramid is a symbol of the Trinity, the Church; Tomb of Christ). It is usually served as an accompaniment to rich Easter breads called paska in Ukraine and kulich in Russia (where the "paskha" name is also used in the Southern regions) and Poland “Pascha”. The Easter foods; bread and cheese paska are very rich and made of many dairy items given up during Great Lent. They are brought to church on Easter to be blessed by the priest.
The pascha is decorated with traditional religious symbols, such as the Orthodox three-bar cross, and the letters X and B (Cyrillic letters which stands for Христосъ Воскресе which translates to Christ is Risen.A paskha mould
In addition to the main ingredient (tvorog), additional ingredients, such as butter, eggs, smetana (sour cream), raisin, almonds, vanilla, spices, and candied fruits can be used.
The paskha can either be cooked or uncooked (raw). Cooked paskha is made in the form of an egg custard, to which the remaining ingredients are folded in. An uncooked paskha is made simply of the raw curd and the other ingredients mixed at room temperature. Since uncooked curd cannot be conserved for a long period of time, these paskhas are typically made smaller.
The tvorog is first pressed in order to eliminate the maximum amount of liquid possible, then put twice through a sieve to make a homogeneous mass. If the paskha is cooked, this mass is then heated. The pan containing the mixture is then placed in a container of cold water and progressively cooled. Afterward, it is placed in a traditional wooden mould assembly called pasochnitsa (пасочница), with a layer of cheesecloth protecting the mould. The wooden mould can be taken apart for cleaning; however, more modern materials, such as plastics, are used nowadays. The mould is cooled for twelve hours in a cold, but not freezing place (typically in a cellar or refrigerator). Finally, the paskha is turned out of the mould, the cheesecloth removed, and put on a dish. It may then be decorated with candied fruits, nuts, or flowers. In contemporary times, cheese paska is not always formed in a mould and is sometimes served in a mound on a plate.
The paskha (or at least a portion of it) will be placed in an Easter basket together with other festal foods, and taken to church to be blessed.
Gallery
An 18th-century Troitskaya church in St. Petersburg , known as "Kulich and Paskha", because the rotunda of the church resembles kulich, while the adjacent belfry has a pyramidal form reminiscent of paskha.
Boris Kustodiev's Easter Greetings (1912) shows traditional Russian khristosovanie (exchanging a triple kiss of peace), with such foods as Easter eggs, kulich and a white, triangular cheese paskha in the background
Postcard design by Ivan Bilibin displaying cheese paskhas around kulich. "Kulich-city is standing, glorifying itself; Lauding itself over other cities; There is no other place better than me!; For I am all tvorog and dough!"
See also
Paska
List of Russian dishes
Food portal
References
^ "Pashka definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary". Collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "How to Make Eastern European Molded Cheese (Paska) Easter Dessert". Easteuropeanfood.about.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Easter recipes: Kulich & Paskha". Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2014-04-11.
^ "Paskha (Russian-Style Farmers' Cheese)". Saveur.com. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "BBC - Radio 4 Woman's Hour -Easter Cooking: Provencal Easter Soup and Pashka, Russia's traditional Easter dessert". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Paskha". Recipes.latimes.com. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
^ "Paskha". Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2017-11-08.
^ "Wandering Camera - Notes about St.Petersburg and its suburbs". Enlight.ru. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paskha (dish).
"Paskha". Marthastewart.com. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
"Paskha Cheese". Epicurious.com. 20 August 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
"Sweetened Easter cheese (paskha)". Sbs.com.au. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
"Happy Easter! Recipe - RecipeStudio". Recipestudio.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Design, Pallasart Web. "Easter in Imperial Times - Blog & Alexander Palace Time Machine". Alexanderpalace.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
vteCheese dishesDishes
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Alivenci
Almogrote
Älplermagronen
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Baked potato
Bagel and cream cheese
Barfi
Beer cheese
Bryndzové halušky
Calzone
Carbonara
Cauliflower cheese
Cervelle de canut
Cheese and crackers
Cheese ball
Cheese bun
Cheese fries
Cheese on toast
Cheese pudding
Cheese puffs
Cheese roll
Cheese slaw
Cheese spread
Cheesecake
Chèvre chaud
Chhena gaja
Chhena jalebi
Chhena kheeri
Chhena poda
Chicharron de queso
Chile con queso
Curd snack
Empanada
Fondue
Frico
Fried cheese
Frito pie
Gougère
Gratin
Gujia
Gulab jamun
Hauskyjza
Insalata Caprese
Jalapeño popper
Kaasstengels
Kasseropita
Khachapuri
Khira sagara
Lasagna
Lazy varenyky
Liptauer
Macaroni and cheese
Macaroni schotel
Machas a la parmesana
Malakoff
Mattar paneer
Meatloaf
Moretum
Mornay sauce
Mozzarella sticks
Mote de queso
Nachos
Obatzda
Ostkaka
Papanași
Parmigiana
Pască
Paskha
Pastel (Brazilian version)
Pastizz
Peda
Pepperoni roll
Pierogi
Pimento cheese
Pizza
Plăcintă
Polpettone
Poulet au fromage
Poutine
Provoleta
Quarkkäulchen
Quesadilla
Quesito
Queso flameado
Queso ice cream
Raclette
Ras malai
Rasabali
Rasgulla
Saganaki
Sandesh
Shahi paneer
Smažený sýr
Spanakopita
Stromboli
Stuffed peppers
Supplì
Syrniki
Tirokafteri
Tiropita
Túró Rudi
Túrós csusza
Urnebes
Vatrushka
Welsh rarebit
Sandwiches
Bacon, egg and cheese sandwich
Breakfast sandwich
Carrozza
Cheese dog
Cheese dream
Cheese sandwich
Cheese and pickle sandwich
Cheeseburger
Cheesesteak
Croissan'Wich
Croque monsieur
Cuban sandwich
Dagwood sandwich
Grilled cheese
Ham and cheese sandwich
Jucy/Juicy Lucy
McMuffin
Monte Cristo sandwich
Patty melt
Reuben sandwich
Roti bakar
Sándwich de miga
Sub sandwich | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paksha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paksha"},{"link_name":"Pascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascha_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Paska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paska_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paskha2.jpg"},{"link_name":"kulich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulich"},{"link_name":"Easter eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_egg"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"[ˈpasxə]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian"},{"link_name":"Easter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Eastern Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"fast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting"},{"link_name":"Great Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lent"},{"link_name":"Holy Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Week"},{"link_name":"Great Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Saturday"},{"link_name":"Paschal Vigil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_Vigil"},{"link_name":"Pascha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Easter dish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_food"},{"link_name":"tvorog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvorog"},{"link_name":"cottage cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottage_cheese"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Paschal Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_of_God"},{"link_name":"Resurrection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection"},{"link_name":"pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Passover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover"},{"link_name":"Last Supper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Supper"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Passover Seder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passover_Seder"},{"link_name":"Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity"},{"link_name":"Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Church"},{"link_name":"Tomb of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Easter breads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_bread"},{"link_name":"paska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paska_(bread)"},{"link_name":"kulich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulich"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Great Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lent"},{"link_name":"three-bar cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-bar_cross"},{"link_name":"Cyrillic letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrillic_script"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pasha_mould1.jpg"},{"link_name":"butter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butter"},{"link_name":"smetana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smetana_(dairy_product)"},{"link_name":"raisin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisin"},{"link_name":"almonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond"},{"link_name":"vanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla"},{"link_name":"spices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spice"},{"link_name":"candied fruits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candied_fruit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"custard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custard"},{"link_name":"tvorog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvorog"},{"link_name":"pressed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"cheesecloth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheesecloth"},{"link_name":"cellar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cellar"},{"link_name":"refrigerator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigerator"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Easter basket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_basket"}],"text":"This article is about the Slavic festive dish. For the lunar phase in the Hindu calendar, see Paksha. For other uses, see Pascha.Not to be confused with Paska.Two paskhas with candles (with a kulich and Easter eggs in the background)Paskha (also spelled pascha, or pasha; Russian: па́сха; [ˈpasxə]; \"Easter\") is a Slavic festive dish made in Eastern Orthodox countries which consists of food that is forbidden during the fast of Great Lent. It is made during Holy Week and then brought to Church on Great Saturday to be blessed after the Paschal Vigil. The name of the dish comes from Pascha, the Eastern Orthodox celebration of Easter. Besides Russia, Ukraine, etc. Pasha is also often served in Finland.Cheese paskha is a traditional Easter dish made from tvorog (like cottage cheese, Russian: творог, romanized: tvorog),[1] which is white, symbolizing the purity of Christ, the Paschal Lamb, and the joy of the Resurrection. It is formed in a mold, traditionally in the shape of a truncated pyramid which symbolizes the first Passover in Egypt, a nod to Christianity's early Jewish beginnings and a reminder that the Last Supper of Jesus was a Passover Seder. Others believe the pyramid is a symbol of the Trinity, the Church; Tomb of Christ).[2] It is usually served as an accompaniment to rich Easter breads called paska in Ukraine and kulich in Russia (where the \"paskha\" name is also used in the Southern regions) and Poland “Pascha”.[3] The Easter foods; bread and cheese paska are very rich and made of many dairy items given up during Great Lent. They are brought to church on Easter to be blessed by the priest.The pascha is decorated with traditional religious symbols, such as the Orthodox three-bar cross, and the letters X and B (Cyrillic letters which stands for Христосъ Воскресе which translates to Christ is Risen.A paskha mouldIn addition to the main ingredient (tvorog), additional ingredients, such as butter, eggs, smetana (sour cream), raisin, almonds, vanilla, spices, and candied fruits can be used.[4][5]The paskha can either be cooked or uncooked (raw). Cooked paskha is made in the form of an egg custard, to which the remaining ingredients are folded in. An uncooked paskha is made simply of the raw curd and the other ingredients mixed at room temperature. Since uncooked curd cannot be conserved for a long period of time, these paskhas are typically made smaller.The tvorog is first pressed in order to eliminate the maximum amount of liquid possible, then put twice through a sieve to make a homogeneous mass. If the paskha is cooked, this mass is then heated. The pan containing the mixture is then placed in a container of cold water and progressively cooled. Afterward, it is placed in a traditional wooden mould assembly called pasochnitsa (пасочница), with a layer of cheesecloth protecting the mould. The wooden mould can be taken apart for cleaning; however, more modern materials, such as plastics, are used nowadays. The mould is cooled for twelve hours in a cold, but not freezing place (typically in a cellar or refrigerator). Finally, the paskha is turned out of the mould, the cheesecloth removed, and put on a dish. It may then be decorated with candied fruits, nuts, or flowers. In contemporary times, cheese paska is not always formed in a mould and is sometimes served in a mound on a plate.[6][7]The paskha (or at least a portion of it) will be placed in an Easter basket together with other festal foods, and taken to church to be blessed.","title":"Paskha"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%22_%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%22.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"kulich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulich"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paskhakustodiev.jpg"},{"link_name":"Boris Kustodiev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Kustodiev"},{"link_name":"khristosovanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschal_greeting"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ivan_Bilibin_107.gif"},{"link_name":"Ivan Bilibin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Bilibin"},{"link_name":"tvorog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tvorog"}],"text":"An 18th-century Troitskaya church in St. Petersburg , known as \"Kulich and Paskha\", because the rotunda of the church resembles kulich, while the adjacent belfry has a pyramidal form reminiscent of paskha.[8]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBoris Kustodiev's Easter Greetings (1912) shows traditional Russian khristosovanie (exchanging a triple kiss of peace), with such foods as Easter eggs, kulich and a white, triangular cheese paskha in the background\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPostcard design by Ivan Bilibin displaying cheese paskhas around kulich. \"Kulich-city is standing, glorifying itself; Lauding itself over other cities; There is no other place better than me!; For I am all tvorog and dough!\"","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Two paskhas with candles (with a kulich and Easter eggs in the background)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Paskha2.jpg/220px-Paskha2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A paskha mould","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pasha_mould1.jpg/220px-Pasha_mould1.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Paska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paska_(bread)"},{"title":"List of Russian dishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_dishes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg"},{"title":"Food portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Food"}] | [{"reference":"\"Pashka definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary\". Collinsdictionary.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pashka","url_text":"\"Pashka definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"\"How to Make Eastern European Molded Cheese (Paska) Easter Dessert\". Easteuropeanfood.about.com. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215082539/http://easteuropeanfood.about.com/od/crossculturaldesserts/r/paskacheese.htm","url_text":"\"How to Make Eastern European Molded Cheese (Paska) Easter Dessert\""},{"url":"http://easteuropeanfood.about.com/od/crossculturaldesserts/r/paskacheese.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Easter recipes: Kulich & Paskha\". Archived from the original on 2013-03-27. Retrieved 2014-04-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130327040815/http://www.pravmir.com/article_178.html","url_text":"\"Easter recipes: Kulich & Paskha\""},{"url":"http://www.pravmir.com/article_178.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Paskha (Russian-Style Farmers' Cheese)\". Saveur.com. 20 April 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Russian-Style-Farmers-Cheese-Paskha","url_text":"\"Paskha (Russian-Style Farmers' Cheese)\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC - Radio 4 Woman's Hour -Easter Cooking: Provencal Easter Soup and Pashka, Russia's traditional Easter dessert\". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/food/recipe201.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC - Radio 4 Woman's Hour -Easter Cooking: Provencal Easter Soup and Pashka, Russia's traditional Easter dessert\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paskha\". Recipes.latimes.com. 26 April 2000. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://recipes.latimes.com/recipe-paskha/","url_text":"\"Paskha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paskha\". Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2017-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109081033/https://www.sainsburysmagazine.co.uk/recipes/desserts/paskha","url_text":"\"Paskha\""},{"url":"https://www.sainsburysmagazine.co.uk/recipes/desserts/paskha","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Wandering Camera - Notes about St.Petersburg and its suburbs\". Enlight.ru. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.enlight.ru/camera/110/index_e.html","url_text":"\"Wandering Camera - Notes about St.Petersburg and its suburbs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paskha\". Marthastewart.com. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.marthastewart.com/1144159/paskha","url_text":"\"Paskha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Paskha Cheese\". Epicurious.com. 20 August 2004. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/paskha-cheese-109329","url_text":"\"Paskha Cheese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sweetened Easter cheese (paskha)\". Sbs.com.au. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/sweetened-easter-cheese-paskha","url_text":"\"Sweetened Easter cheese (paskha)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Easter! Recipe - RecipeStudio\". Recipestudio.com. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.recipestudio.com/2011/04/happy-easter.html","url_text":"\"Happy Easter! Recipe - RecipeStudio\""}]},{"reference":"Design, Pallasart Web. \"Easter in Imperial Times - Blog & Alexander Palace Time Machine\". Alexanderpalace.org. Retrieved 28 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/imperialeaster.html","url_text":"\"Easter in Imperial Times - Blog & Alexander Palace Time Machine\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/pashka","external_links_name":"\"Pashka definition and meaning - Collins English Dictionary\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170215082539/http://easteuropeanfood.about.com/od/crossculturaldesserts/r/paskacheese.htm","external_links_name":"\"How to Make Eastern European Molded Cheese (Paska) Easter Dessert\""},{"Link":"http://easteuropeanfood.about.com/od/crossculturaldesserts/r/paskacheese.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130327040815/http://www.pravmir.com/article_178.html","external_links_name":"\"Easter recipes: Kulich & Paskha\""},{"Link":"http://www.pravmir.com/article_178.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.saveur.com/article/Recipes/Russian-Style-Farmers-Cheese-Paskha","external_links_name":"\"Paskha (Russian-Style Farmers' Cheese)\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/food/recipe201.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC - Radio 4 Woman's Hour -Easter Cooking: Provencal Easter Soup and Pashka, Russia's traditional Easter dessert\""},{"Link":"http://recipes.latimes.com/recipe-paskha/","external_links_name":"\"Paskha\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171109081033/https://www.sainsburysmagazine.co.uk/recipes/desserts/paskha","external_links_name":"\"Paskha\""},{"Link":"https://www.sainsburysmagazine.co.uk/recipes/desserts/paskha","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.enlight.ru/camera/110/index_e.html","external_links_name":"\"Wandering Camera - Notes about St.Petersburg and its suburbs\""},{"Link":"https://www.marthastewart.com/1144159/paskha","external_links_name":"\"Paskha\""},{"Link":"https://www.epicurious.com/recipes/food/views/paskha-cheese-109329","external_links_name":"\"Paskha Cheese\""},{"Link":"http://www.sbs.com.au/food/recipes/sweetened-easter-cheese-paskha","external_links_name":"\"Sweetened Easter cheese (paskha)\""},{"Link":"http://www.recipestudio.com/2011/04/happy-easter.html","external_links_name":"\"Happy Easter! Recipe - RecipeStudio\""},{"Link":"http://www.alexanderpalace.org/palace/imperialeaster.html","external_links_name":"\"Easter in Imperial Times - Blog & Alexander Palace Time Machine\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koz%C5%82y_Pozna%C5%84 | Kozły Poznań | ["1 History","2 Season-by-season records","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Kozły PoznańFounded2005Folded2018Based inPoznań, PolandHead coachJacek WalluschLeaguePolish American Football LeagueColoursBlue and White WebsiteKozlyPoznan.eu
'Kozły' (2018)
The Kozły Poznań (English: Goats Poznań) are an American football team based in Poznań, Poland, which currently competes in the Topliga, the top division of Polish American Football League. In 2018, the team has merged with other American Football team from Poznań - Patrioci Poznań. The new team plays as Armia Poznań.
History
The team was founded in June 2005 and joined to the Polish American Football League in the 2007 season. 2009 PLFA season was the best season in the Kozły' history: they finished fourth in the regular season and was qualified to the post-season game (lost to The Crew Wrocław in the semi-final). 2009 season was the only winning Kozły' season (4-3).
Season-by-season records
PLFA champions (2006–2007) PLFA I champions (2008–present)
PLFA II champions (2008–present)
Championship Game appearances
Season
League
Division
Finish
Wins
Losses
Ties
Postseason results
Ref
2007
PLFA
North
3rd
1
5
0
—
2008
PLFA I
—
7th
2
5
0
Won barrage (Torpedy) 22–0
2009
PLFA I
—
4th
4
3
0
Lost semi-final (The Crew) 8–28
2010
PLFA I
—
5th
3
4
0
—
2011
PLFA I
—
6th
3
6
0
—
See also
Sports in Poznań
References
^ "Kozły i Patrioci łączą siły. Armia Poznań ma walczyć o mistrzostwo :: Codzienny Poznań". www.codziennypoznan.pl. Retrieved 2020-07-10.
^ "PLFA 2007". pzfa.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 28 Jul 2011.
^ "PLFA I 2008". pzfa.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 28 Jul 2011.
^ "PLFA I 2009". pzfa.pl. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 28 Jul 2011.
^ "PLFA I 2010". pzfa.pl. Archived from the original on 2010-09-29. Retrieved 28 Jul 2011.
^ "PLFA I 2011". pzfa.pl. Archived from the original on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 28 Jul 2011.
External links
Official website
vtePolish American Football League 2015Topliga
Husaria Szczecin
Kozły Poznań
Lowlanders Białystok
Panthers Wrocław
Seahawks Gdynia
Warsaw Eagles
Warsaw Sharks
Zagłębie Steelers
PLFAI
Angels Toruń
Cougars Szczecin
Gliwice Lions
Kraków Kings
Saints Częstochowa
Seahawks Sopot
Silesia Rebels
Tychy Falcons
Tytani Lublin
Wilki Łódzkie
PLFAII
Bielawa Owls
Broncos Sucha Beskidzka
Bydgoszcz Archers
Crusaders Warszawa
Dragons Zielona Góra
Green Ducks Radom
Griffons Słupsk
Mustangs Płock
Olsztyn Lakers
Panthers B Wrocław
Patrioci Poznań
Pretorians Skoczów
Ravens Rzeszów
Rybnik Thunders
Silvers Olkusz
Warsaw Beagles
Warsaw Sharks B
Warsaw Werewolves
Wolverines Opole
Wrocław Outlaws
PLFA8
Aviators Mielec
Crusaders Warszawa B
Gorzów Grizzlies
Kozły Poznań B
Koźmiński Leons
Kurpie Ostrołęka
Leszno Hunters
Olsztyn Lakers B
Przemyśl Bears
Seahawks Trójmiasto
Silesia Rebels B
Warsaw Eagles C
Zagłębie Steelers B
PLFAJ
Angels Toruń J
Bielawa Owls J
Bydgoszcz Archers J
Gorzów Grizzlies J
Griffons Słupsk J
Gryfici Szczecin
Patrioci Poznań J
Panthers Wrocław J
Kozły Poznań J
Kraków Kings J
Mustangs Płock J
Olsztyn Lakers J
Seahawks Gdynia J
Silesia Rebels J
Tychy Falcons J
Tytani Lublin J
Warsaw Eagles J
Warsaw Sharks J
Zagłębie Steelers J
Seasons
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Championship
Polish Bowl
PLFA Cup Game
other: Poland national team
This article about a Polish sports club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This American football team article is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaaf_Deloor | Gustaaf Deloor | ["1 Biography","2 Major results","3 References","4 External links"] | Belgian cyclist
Gustaaf DeloorPersonal informationFull nameGustaaf DeloorBorn(1913-06-24)24 June 1913De Klinge, BelgiumDied28 January 2002(2002-01-28) (aged 88)Mechelen, BelgiumTeam informationDisciplineRoadRoleRiderProfessional teams1933Dilecta – Wolber1934De Dion – Bouton1934Catalunya Cycles1935–1937Colin – Wolber1938De Dion – Bouton1939Colin
Major winsGrand Tours
Tour de France
1 individual stage (1937)
Vuelta a España
General classification (1935, 1936)
6 individual stages (1935, 1936)
Gustaaf Deloor (24 June 1913 – 28 January 2002) was a Belgian road racing cyclist and the winner of the first two editions of the Vuelta a España in 1935 and 1936. The 1936 edition remains the longest winning finish time of the Vuelta in 150:07:54, the race consisted of 22 stages with a total length of 4,407 km. Gustaaf finished first and his older brother Alfons finished second overall.
Biography
Deloor was professional from 1932 until 1939 when World War II caused the end of his career. Deloor was serving in the Belgian army at Fort Eben-Emael near Maastricht when the German army invaded the fort on 10 May 1940, but Deloor together with some 1,200 Belgians were taken prisoner. In Stalag II-B or the prisoner-of-war camp II-B, Deloor was able to work in the kitchen due to a German officer that was interested in sports. When Deloor returned from the war, he came back to a plundered house and decided to start a new life in the United States of America in 1949. After ten years in New York he moved to Los Angeles. He worked as a mechanic until, in 1956, an affluent client helped him find a job at Cape Canaveral aerospace centre. Here he worked for the Marquardt Corporation, the aeronautical engineering firm, in the development and design of the ramjet engine for NASA that was used on the Apollo 11 Saturn V rocket. He lost his first wife in 1966 but remarried. In 1980, Deloor returned to Belgium.
Major results
1931
3rd GP Dr. Eugeen Roggeman
1932
1st Tour of Flanders amateurs
1934
1st Heistse Pijl
1st GP Dr. Eugeen Roggeman
4th Overall Tour of Belgium
1935
1st Overall Vuelta a España
1st Stages 3, 11 & 14
3rd Scheldeprijs
3rd Circuit de Paris
1936
1st Overall Vuelta a España
1st Stages 2, 4 & 6
2nd Overall Tour de Suisse
1937
1st Stage 6 Tour de France
2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège
3rd De Drie Zustersteden
1939
1st GP Stad Sint-Niklaas
1st Grote 1-MeiPrijs
References
^ "Gustaaf Deloor". FirstCycling.com. 2023.
^ "Re-Cycle: When Belgian brothers Gustaaf and Alfons Deloor ruled the Vuelta a España". Eurosport. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
^ "Gustaaf Deloor". de wielersite. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2007.
External links
Gustaaf Deloor at Cycling Archives
Official Tour de France results for Gustaaf Deloor
vteVuelta a España general classification winners
1935–36: Gustaaf Deloor
1937–40 Spanish Civil War
1941–42: Julián Berrendero
1943–44 World War II
1945: Delio Rodríguez
1946: Dalmacio Langarica
1947: Edward Van Dijck
1948: Bernardo Ruiz
1949 Race not held
1950: Emilio Rodríguez
1951–54 Race not held
1955: Jean Dotto
1956: Angelo Conterno
1957: Jesús Loroño
1958: Jean Stablinski
1959: Antonio Suárez
1960: Frans De Mulder
1961: Angelino Soler
1962: Rudi Altig
1963: Jacques Anquetil
1964: Raymond Poulidor
1965: Rolf Wolfshohl
1966: Francisco Gabica
1967: Jan Janssen
1968: Felice Gimondi
1969: Roger Pingeon
1970: Luis Ocaña
1971: Ferdinand Bracke
1972: José Manuel Fuente
1973: Eddy Merckx
1974: José Manuel Fuente
1975: Agustín Tamames
1976: José Pesarrodona
1977: Freddy Maertens
1978: Bernard Hinault
1979: Joop Zoetemelk
1980: Faustino Ruperez
1981: Giovanni Battaglin
1982: Marino Lejarreta
1983: Bernard Hinault
1984: Éric Caritoux
1985: Pedro Delgado
1986: Álvaro Pino
1987: Luis Herrera
1988: Sean Kelly
1989: Pedro Delgado
1990: Marco Giovannetti
1991: Melcior Mauri
1992–93–94: Tony Rominger
1995: Laurent Jalabert
1996–97: Alex Zülle
1998: Abraham Olano
1999: Jan Ullrich
2000: Roberto Heras
2001: Ángel Casero
2002: Aitor González
2003–04–05: Roberto Heras
2006: Alexander Vinokourov
2007: Denis Menchov
2008: Alberto Contador
2009: Alejandro Valverde
2010: Vincenzo Nibali
2011: Chris Froome
2012: Alberto Contador
2013: Chris Horner
2014: Alberto Contador
2015: Fabio Aru
2016: Nairo Quintana
2017: Chris Froome
2018: Simon Yates
2019–20–21: Primož Roglič
2022: Remco Evenepoel
2023: Sepp Kuss | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"road racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_road_racing"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Alfons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Deloor"}],"text":"Gustaaf Deloor (24 June 1913 – 28 January 2002) was a Belgian road racing cyclist and the winner of the first two editions of the Vuelta a España in 1935 and 1936.[1] The 1936 edition remains the longest winning finish time of the Vuelta in 150:07:54, the race consisted of 22 stages with a total length of 4,407 km. Gustaaf finished first and his older brother Alfons finished second overall.","title":"Gustaaf Deloor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Belgian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Fort Eben-Emael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Eben-Emael"},{"link_name":"Maastricht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maastricht"},{"link_name":"Stalag II-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalag_II-B"},{"link_name":"prisoner-of-war camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp"},{"link_name":"NASA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA"},{"link_name":"Apollo 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_11"},{"link_name":"Saturn V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Deloor was professional from 1932 until 1939 when World War II caused the end of his career. Deloor was serving in the Belgian army at Fort Eben-Emael near Maastricht when the German army invaded the fort on 10 May 1940, but Deloor together with some 1,200 Belgians were taken prisoner. In Stalag II-B or the prisoner-of-war camp II-B, Deloor was able to work in the kitchen due to a German officer that was interested in sports. When Deloor returned from the war, he came back to a plundered house and decided to start a new life in the United States of America in 1949. After ten years in New York he moved to Los Angeles. He worked as a mechanic until, in 1956, an affluent client helped him find a job at Cape Canaveral aerospace centre. Here he worked for the Marquardt Corporation, the aeronautical engineering firm, in the development and design of the ramjet engine for NASA that was used on the Apollo 11 Saturn V rocket.[2] He lost his first wife in 1966 but remarried. In 1980, Deloor returned to Belgium.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GP Dr. Eugeen Roggeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP_Dr._Eugeen_Roggeman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Dr._Eugeen_Roggeman"},{"link_name":"Tour of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Heistse Pijl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heistse_Pijl"},{"link_name":"GP Dr. Eugeen Roggeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GP_Dr._Eugeen_Roggeman&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Dr._Eugeen_Roggeman"},{"link_name":"Tour of Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_of_Belgium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_orange.svg"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Scheldeprijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheldeprijs"},{"link_name":"Circuit de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circuit_de_Paris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_de_Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_orange.svg"},{"link_name":"Vuelta a España","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Tour de Suisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1936_Tour_de_Suisse"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Liège–Bastogne–Liège","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1937_Li%C3%A8ge%E2%80%93Bastogne%E2%80%93Li%C3%A8ge"},{"link_name":"De Drie Zustersteden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Drie_Zustersteden"},{"link_name":"GP Stad Sint-Niklaas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Stad_Sint-Niklaas"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP_Stad_Sint-Niklaas"},{"link_name":"Grote 1-MeiPrijs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grote_1-MeiPrijs"}],"text":"1931\n3rd GP Dr. Eugeen Roggeman [nl]\n1932\n1st Tour of Flanders amateurs\n1934\n1st Heistse Pijl\n1st GP Dr. Eugeen Roggeman [nl]\n4th Overall Tour of Belgium\n1935\n1st Overall Vuelta a España\n1st Stages 3, 11 & 14\n3rd Scheldeprijs\n3rd Circuit de Paris [fr]\n1936\n1st Overall Vuelta a España\n1st Stages 2, 4 & 6\n2nd Overall Tour de Suisse\n1937\n1st Stage 6 Tour de France\n2nd Liège–Bastogne–Liège\n3rd De Drie Zustersteden\n1939\n1st GP Stad Sint-Niklaas [nl]\n1st Grote 1-MeiPrijs","title":"Major results"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gustaaf Deloor\". FirstCycling.com. 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://firstcycling.com/rider.php?r=2198#racedata","url_text":"\"Gustaaf Deloor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Re-Cycle: When Belgian brothers Gustaaf and Alfons Deloor ruled the Vuelta a España\". Eurosport. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurosport.co.uk/cycling/vuelta-a-espana/2019/re-cycle-when-belgian-brothers-gustaaf-and-alfons-deloor-ruled-the-vuelta-a-espana_sto7453474/story.shtml","url_text":"\"Re-Cycle: When Belgian brothers Gustaaf and Alfons Deloor ruled the Vuelta a España\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gustaaf Deloor\". de wielersite. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727112821/http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=8685","url_text":"\"Gustaaf Deloor\""},{"url":"http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=8685","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://firstcycling.com/rider.php?r=2198#racedata","external_links_name":"\"Gustaaf Deloor\""},{"Link":"https://www.eurosport.co.uk/cycling/vuelta-a-espana/2019/re-cycle-when-belgian-brothers-gustaaf-and-alfons-deloor-ruled-the-vuelta-a-espana_sto7453474/story.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Re-Cycle: When Belgian brothers Gustaaf and Alfons Deloor ruled the Vuelta a España\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727112821/http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=8685","external_links_name":"\"Gustaaf Deloor\""},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=8685","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cyclingarchives.com/coureurfiche.php?coureurid=8685","external_links_name":"Gustaaf Deloor"},{"Link":"http://histo.letour.fr/HISTO/TDF/riders/us/2841.html","external_links_name":"Official Tour de France results for Gustaaf Deloor"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Francis_Atkinson | George Francis Atkinson | ["1 Career","2 Eponymous taxa","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | American botanist and mycologist
This article is about the American mycologist and naturalist. For others, see George Atkinson.
George Francis AtkinsonBorn(1854-01-26)January 26, 1854Raisinville, Michigan, U.S.DiedNovember 14, 1918(1918-11-14) (aged 64)Tacoma, Washington, U.S.Alma materCornell UniversityOccupationsMycologistbotanistentomologistornithologistnaturalistphotographerwriter
George Francis Atkinson (January 26, 1854 – November 14, 1918) was an American botanist and mycologist.: 6–8
He was born on January 26, 1854, in Raisinville, Michigan, and died on November 14, 1918. He was the son of Joseph and Josephine Atkinson (née Fish). He studied at Olivet College from 1878 to 1883 and obtained his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1885. He is best known for his contributions to the fields of mycology and botany.
Career
He was an assistant professor of entomology and zoology from 1885 to 1886, and associate professor in 1886 to 1888 at the University of North Carolina. He was a professor of botany and zoology at the University of South Carolina from 1888 to 1889 and a botanist at the Experiment Station of the University. From 1889 to 1892 he taught biology at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama; from 1892 to 1893 he was an assistant professor of cryptogamic botany at Cornell University, then associate professor (1893–1896), and from 1896, Chairman of the Botany Department. He was President of the Botanical Society of America in 1907, elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1913, and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in the Spring of 1918. His herbarium of fungus specimens is at the Cornell Plant Pathology Herbarium (CUP).
Atkinson died from influenza and pneumonia on November 14, 1918.
Eponymous taxa
Atkinsonella Diehl
Amanita atkinsoniana Coker
Armillaria atkinsoniana (Coker) Locq.
Boletus atkinsonianus
Calonectria atkinsonii
Cercospora atkinsonii
Ceriomyces atkinsonianus
Conocybe atkinsonii
Corticium atkinsonii
Cortinarius atkinsonianus
Galerina atkinsoniana
Ganoderma atkinsonii
Kirschsteiniothelia atkinsonii
Kneiffia atkinsonii
Lachnocladium atkinsonii
Mycena atkinsoniana
Mycena atkinsonii
Peniophora atkinsonii
Phaeophleospora atkinsonii
Phlebia atkinsoniana
Puccinia atkinsoniana
Puccinia atkinsonii
Pulveroboletus atkinsonianus
Ramaria atkinsonii
Scoleciasis atkinsonii
Scoleconectria atkinsonii
The standard author abbreviation G.F.Atk. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
See also
List of mycologists
References
^ Makers of American Botany, Harry Baker Humphrey, Ronald Press Company, Library of Congress Card Number 61-18435
^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved November 13, 2023.
^ WG Farlow; LH Bailey; R Thaxter (1919). "George Francis Atkinson". American Journal of Botany. 6 (7): 301–302. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1919.tb05543.x. JSTOR 2434981.
^ Thom, Charles (1956). "George Francis Atkinson 1854-1918" (PDF). National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs.
^ International Plant Names Index. G.F.Atk.
External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
Works by George Francis Atkinson at Project Gutenberg
Works by or about George Francis Atkinson at Internet Archive
vtePresidents of the Botanical Society of America1894–1924
William Trelease (1894)
Charles Edwin Bessey (1895)
John Merle Coulter (1896)
Nathaniel Lord Britton (1897)
Lucien Marcus Underwood (1898)
Benjamin Lincoln Robinson (1899)
Byron Halsted (1900)
Joseph Charles Arthur (1901)
Beverly Thomas Galloway (1902)
Charles Reid Barnes (1903)
Robert Almer Harper (1904)
William Ashbrook Kellerman (1905)
Franklin Sumner Earle (1906)
George Francis Atkinson (1907)
William Francis Ganong (1908)
Roland Thaxter (1909)
Erwin Frink Smith (1910)
William Gilson Farlow (1911)
Lewis Ralph Jones (1912)
Douglas Houghton Campbell (1913)
A. S. Hitchcock (1914)
John Merle Coulter (1915)
Robert Almer Harper (1916)
Frederick Charles Newcombe (1917)
William Trelease (1918)
Joseph Charles Arthur (1919)
Nathaniel Lord Britton (1920)
Charles Elmer Allen (1921)
Henry Chandler Cowles (1922)
Benjamin Minge Duggar (1923)
William Chambers Coker (1924)
1925–1949
Jacob R. Schramm (1925)
Liberty Hyde Bailey (1926)
Harley Harris Bartlett (1927)
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller (1928)
Margaret Clay Ferguson (1929)
Lester W. Sharp (1930)
Charles Joseph Chamberlain (1931)
George James Peirce (1932)
Ezra Jacob Kraus (1933)
E. D. Merrill (1934)
Aven Nelson (1935)
C. Stuart Gager (1936)
Edmund Ware Sinnott (1937)
Arthur Johnson Eames (1938)
Karl McKay Wiegand (1939)
Edgar Nelson Transeau (1940)
John Theodore Buchholz (1941)
Merritt Lyndon Fernald (1942)
William Jacob Robbins (1943)
Gilbert Morgan Smith (1944)
Irving Widmer Bailey (1945)
Neil Everett Stevens (1946)
Ralph Erskine Cleland (1947)
Henry Allan Gleason (1948)
Ivey Foreman Lewis (1949)
1950–1974
Albert Francis Blakeslee (1950)
Katherine Esau (1951)
Edgar Anderson (1952)
Ralph H. Wetmore (1953)
Adriance S. Foster (1954)
Oswald Tippo (1955)
Harriet Creighton (1956)
George Sherman Avery, Jr. (1957)
Frits Warmolt Went (1958)
William Campbell Steere (1959)
Kenneth V. Thimann (1960)
Vernon Cheadle (1961)
G. Ledyard Stebbins (1962)
Constantine John Alexopoulos (1963)
Paul J. Kramer (1964)
Aaron John Sharp (1965)
Harold Charles Bold (1966)
Ralph Emerson (1967)
Arthur Galston (1968)
Harlan Parker Banks (1969)
Lincoln Constance (1970)
Richard C. Starr (1971)
Charles Heimsch (1972)
Arthur Cronquist (1973)
Theodore Delevoryas (1974)
1975–1999
Peter H. Raven (1975)
Barbara Frances Palser (1976)
Warren H. Wagner (1977)
William August Jensen ( 1978)
Herbert George Baker (1979)
Charles Bixler Heiser (1980)
Patricia Kern Holmgren (1981)
Ernest M. Gifford, Jr. (1982)
Barbara D. Webster (1983)
Mildred Esther Mathias (1984)
William Louis Stern (1985–86)
Ray Franklin Evert (1986–87)
Shirley Cotter Tucker (1987–88)
W. Hardy Eshbaugh (1988–89)
David Leonard Dilcher (1989–90)
Beryl B. Simpson (1990–91)
William Louis Culberson (1991–92)
Gregory Joseph Anderson (1992–93)
Grady Webster (1993–94)
Harry T. Horner (1994–95)
Barbara A. Schaal (1995–96)
Daniel Crawford (1996–97)
Nancy Dengler (1997–98)
Carol C. Baskin (1998–99)
2000–present
Douglas E. Soltis (1999–2000)
Patricia G. Gensel (2000–1)
Judy Jernstedt (2001–2)
Scott D. Russell (2002–3)
Linda E. Graham (2003–4)
Allison A. Snow (2004–5)
Edward L. Schneider (2005–6)
Christopher H. Haufler (2006–7)
Pamela S. Soltis (2007–8)
Karl J. Niklas (2008–9)
Kent Holsinger (2009–10)
Judith Skog (2010–11)
Stephen G. Weller (2011–12)
Elizabeth Kellogg (2012–13)
Pamela Diggle (2013–14)
Tom Ranker (2014–15)
Richard Olmstead (2015–16)
Gordon Uno (2016–17)
Loren Rieseberg (2017–18)
Andrea Wolfe (2018–19)
Linda Watson (2019–20)
Cynthia S. Jones (2020–21)
Michael Donoghue (2021-22)
Vivian Negron-Ortiz (2022-23)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Catalonia
Germany
Italy
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
Australia
Netherlands
Vatican
Academics
International Plant Names Index
CiNii
People
Deutsche Biographie
Trove
Other
SNAC
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Atkinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Atkinson_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"botanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanist"},{"link_name":"mycologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycologist"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MAB-1"},{"link_name":"Raisinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raisinville,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Olivet College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivet_College"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"mycology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycology"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"}],"text":"This article is about the American mycologist and naturalist. For others, see George Atkinson.George Francis Atkinson (January 26, 1854 – November 14, 1918) was an American botanist and mycologist.[1]: 6–8He was born on January 26, 1854, in Raisinville, Michigan, and died on November 14, 1918. He was the son of Joseph and Josephine Atkinson (née Fish). He studied at Olivet College from 1878 to 1883 and obtained his bachelor's degree from Cornell University in 1885. He is best known for his contributions to the fields of mycology and botany.","title":"George Francis Atkinson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"University of South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_and_Mechanical_College_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Cornell University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_University"},{"link_name":"Botanical Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"American Philosophical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Farlow1919-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thom1956-4"},{"link_name":"Cornell Plant Pathology Herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.plantpath.cornell.edu/CUPpages/"},{"link_name":"influenza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza"},{"link_name":"pneumonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia"}],"text":"He was an assistant professor of entomology and zoology from 1885 to 1886, and associate professor in 1886 to 1888 at the University of North Carolina. He was a professor of botany and zoology at the University of South Carolina from 1888 to 1889 and a botanist at the Experiment Station of the University. From 1889 to 1892 he taught biology at the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama; from 1892 to 1893 he was an assistant professor of cryptogamic botany at Cornell University, then associate professor (1893–1896), and from 1896, Chairman of the Botany Department. He was President of the Botanical Society of America in 1907, elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1913,[2] and was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in the Spring of 1918.[3][4] His herbarium of fungus specimens is at the Cornell Plant Pathology Herbarium (CUP).Atkinson died from influenza and pneumonia on November 14, 1918.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atkinsonella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkinsonella"},{"link_name":"Amanita atkinsoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanita_atkinsoniana"},{"link_name":"Armillaria atkinsoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armillaria_atkinsoniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Boletus atkinsonianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boletus_atkinsonianus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calonectria atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calonectria_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cercospora atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cercospora_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ceriomyces atkinsonianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceriomyces_atkinsonianus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Conocybe atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conocybe_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corticium atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corticium_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cortinarius atkinsonianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cortinarius_atkinsonianus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Galerina atkinsoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galerina_atkinsoniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ganoderma atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganoderma_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kirschsteiniothelia atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirschsteiniothelia_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kneiffia atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kneiffia_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lachnocladium atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lachnocladium_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mycena atkinsoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycena_atkinsoniana"},{"link_name":"Mycena atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycena_atkinsonii"},{"link_name":"Peniophora atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peniophora_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phaeophleospora atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phaeophleospora_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phlebia atkinsoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phlebia_atkinsoniana"},{"link_name":"Puccinia atkinsoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puccinia_atkinsoniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Puccinia atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puccinia_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pulveroboletus atkinsonianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pulveroboletus_atkinsonianus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ramaria atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramaria_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scoleciasis atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scoleciasis_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scoleconectria atkinsonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scoleconectria_atkinsonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"author abbreviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)"},{"link_name":"citing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)"},{"link_name":"botanical name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_name"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Atkinsonella Diehl\nAmanita atkinsoniana Coker\nArmillaria atkinsoniana (Coker) Locq.\nBoletus atkinsonianus\nCalonectria atkinsonii\nCercospora atkinsonii\nCeriomyces atkinsonianus\nConocybe atkinsonii\nCorticium atkinsonii\nCortinarius atkinsonianus\nGalerina atkinsoniana\nGanoderma atkinsonii\nKirschsteiniothelia atkinsonii\nKneiffia atkinsonii\nLachnocladium atkinsonii\nMycena atkinsoniana\nMycena atkinsonii\nPeniophora atkinsonii\nPhaeophleospora atkinsonii\nPhlebia atkinsoniana\nPuccinia atkinsoniana\nPuccinia atkinsonii\nPulveroboletus atkinsonianus\nRamaria atkinsonii\nScoleciasis atkinsonii\nScoleconectria atkinsoniiThe standard author abbreviation G.F.Atk. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[5]","title":"Eponymous taxa"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of mycologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mycologists"}] | [{"reference":"\"APS Member History\". search.amphilsoc.org. 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National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/atkinson-george-f.pdf","url_text":"\"George Francis Atkinson 1854-1918\""}]},{"reference":"International Plant Names Index. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duilio_Davino | Duilio Davino | ["1 Playing career","2 Personal life","3 Honours","4 Career statistics","5 References","6 External links"] | Mexican footballer (born 1976)
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Davino and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez.
Duilio DavinoPersonal informationFull name
Duilio César Jean Pierre Davino RodríguezDate of birth
(1976-03-21) 21 March 1976 (age 48)Place of birth
León, Guanajuato, MexicoHeight
1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Position(s)
DefenderSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1993–1997
Tecos UAG
69
(3)1997–2007
América
323
(11)2008
FC Dallas
23
(0)2009
Puebla
19
(1)2009–2011
Monterrey
66
(0)2011–2012
Tecos UAG
24
(1)Total
524
(16)International career1996–2006
Mexico
84
(2)
Medal record
Representing Mexico
Winner
CONCACAF Gold Cup
1998
Copa America
1997
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Duilio César Jean Pierre Davino Rodríguez (born 21 March 1976) is a Mexican former professional footballer and executive who last served as Sporting Chairman of Liga MX club Monterrey.
Playing career
Davino was called up to play in the 1995 Pan American games and played for Mexico in the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta. He made his professional debut for the Tecos UAG in 1994. Two years later, he played for the national team's senior side in the CONCACAF Gold Cup. In 1997, he moved to Club America. Davino's success at the club level helped him reach the 1998 World Cup in France, where he played under Manuel Lapuente, who later became his coach at América. He earned a total of 84 caps, scoring 2 goals.
On 9 January 2008, Davino joined FC Dallas in Major League Soccer. Davino chose not to continue at FC Dallas and left at the end of the 2008 season terminating his 2-year contract. He played as a defensive player for CF Monterrey until May 2011 when he announced his departure from the club to Estudiantes Tecos.
Personal life
He is the son of the former Argentine footballer Jorge Davino, and the brother of Flavio Davino, a fellow defenseman who played for Tecos UAG and retired from soccer in 2006. Duilio also had another brother Jorge Davino, who died in a car accident and it is said that Jorge had more potential than his two brothers. Davino is also of Italian descent which would have allowed him to play for the Italy national team.
Honours
UAG
Mexican Primera División: 1993–94
CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup: 1995
América
Mexican Primera División: Verano 2002, Clausura 2005
Campeón de Campeones: 2005
CONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2006
CONCACAF Giants Cup: 2001
Monterrey
Mexican Primera División: Apertura 2009, Apertura 2010
CONCACAF Champions League: 2010–11
Mexico
CONCACAF Gold Cup: 1996, 1998
Individual
Mexican Primera División Rookie of the Tournament: 1995–96
Mexican Primera División Center Back of the Tournament: Apertura 2009
Career statistics
Goal
Date
Venue
Opponent
Score
Result
Competition
1.
8 October 2000
Estadio Azteca, Mexico City, Mexico
Trinidad and Tobago
5–0
7–0
2002 FIFA World Cup qualification
2.
19 June 2004
Alamodome, San Antonio, United States
Dominica
8–0
10–0
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification
References
^ "Duilio DAVINO". olympic.org. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ a b "FC Dallas Signs Defender Duilio Davino". mlssoccer.com. MLS. 23 January 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ "CONCACAF GOLD CUP : Spotlight". Los Angeles Times. 22 January 1996. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ Appearances for Mexico National Team - RSSSF
^ "FC Dallas sign Mexican defender Duilio Davino". sbisoccer.com. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
^ "FC Dallas cuts ties with Mexican defender Davino". Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
External links
Duilio Davino – Liga MX stats at MedioTiempo.com (archived) (in Spanish)
DuilioDavino.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 26 January 2003)
Duilio Davino at National-Football-Teams.com
Duilio Davino at esmas.com at the Wayback Machine (archived 15 June 2006) (in Spanish)
Mexico squads
vteMexico squad – 1996 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners (2nd title)
1 O. Sánchez
2 Suárez
3 Carmona
4 F. Sánchez
5 Davino
6 Lara
7 Ramírez
8 García Aspe
9 Peláez
10 L. García (c)
11 Hernández
12 Briones
13 Oteo
14 del Olmo
15 Blanco
16 Astivia
17 Villa
18 A. García
19 Campos
20 Rizo
21 Gutiérrez
Coach: Milutinović
vteMexico men's football squad – 1996 Summer Olympics
1 O. Sánchez
2 Suárez
3 Oteo
4 Villa
5 Davino
6 Lara
7 R. García
8 Sol
9 Campos
10 L. García
11 Blanco
12 F. Sánchez
13 Pardo
14 Alvarado
15 Arellano
16 Alfaro
17 Palencia
18 Abundis
Coach: de los Cobos
vteMexico squad – 1997 Copa América third place
1 Ríos
2 Suárez
3 Sánchez
4 Villa
5 Davino
6 Lara
7 García
8 Ramírez
9 Chávez
10 Rizo
11 Blanco
12 Pineda
13 Pardo
14 Romero
15 Hernández
16 Jiménez
17 Palencia
18 Saavedra
19 Gabriel
20 Abundis
21 Sancho
22 Zuñiga
Coach: Milutinović
vteMexico squad – 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup
1 Sánchez
2 Suárez (c)
3 Gabriel
4 Villa
5 Davino
6 Lara
7 Ramírez
8 Luna
9 Chávez
10 García
11 Blanco
12 Pérez
13 Pardo
14 Terrazas
15 Hernández
16 López
17 Palencia
18 Carmona
19 Zárate
20 Abundis
Coach: Lapuente
vteMexico squad – 1998 CONCACAF Gold Cup winners (3rd title)
1 Pérez
2 Suárez
3 Gabriel
4 Villa
5 Davino
6 Lara
7 Ramírez
8 Luna
9 Alfaro
10 Lozano
11 Blanco
12 Martínez
13 Pardo
14 Medina
15 Hernández
16 López
17 Palencia
18 Carmona
19 Mercado
20 Mora
Coach: Lapuente
vteMexico squad – 1998 FIFA World Cup
1 Campos
2 Suárez
3 J. Sánchez
4 Villa
5 Davino
6 Bernal
7 Ramírez
8 García Aspe (c)
9 Peláez
10 García
11 Blanco
12 O. Sánchez
13 Pardo
14 Lara
15 Hernández
16 Terrazas
17 Palencia
18 Carmona
19 Luna
20 Ordiales
21 Arellano
22 Pérez
Coach: Lapuente
vteMexico squad – 2001 FIFA Confederations Cup
1 Sánchez
2 Suárez (c)
3 Beltrán
4 Oteo
5 Davino
6 M. Ruiz
7 Rangel
8 Rodríguez
9 Abundis
10 Borgetti
11 Osorno
12 Cabuto
13 Pardo
14 Villa
15 De Nigris
16 Coyote
17 Valdez
18 Victorino
19 Reyes
20 V. Ruiz
21 Pérez
22 Chávez
23 Dautt
Coach: Meza
vteMexico squad – 2004 Copa América
1 Sánchez
2 Suárez
3 Briceño
4 Márquez (c)
5 Davino
6 Torrado
7 Valdez
8 Pardo
9 Borgetti
10 Bautista
11 Osorno
12 Pérez
13 Muñoz
14 Morales
15 Oteo
16 Méndez
17 Palencia
18 Carmona
19 Lozano
20 Osorio
21 Arellano
22 Altamirano
Coach: La Volpe
This biographical article related to a Mexican association football defender is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Liga MX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX"},{"link_name":"Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Monterrey"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Davino and the second or maternal family name is Rodríguez.Duilio César Jean Pierre Davino Rodríguez (born 21 March 1976) is a Mexican former professional footballer and executive who last served as Sporting Chairman of Liga MX club Monterrey.","title":"Duilio Davino"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1996 Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Tecos UAG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecos_UAG"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mls2010-2"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mls2010-2"},{"link_name":"1998 World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Manuel Lapuente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Lapuente"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"FC Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dallas"},{"link_name":"Major League Soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Soccer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"CF Monterrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF_Monterrey"},{"link_name":"Estudiantes Tecos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estudiantes_Tecos"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Davino was called up to play in the 1995 Pan American games[citation needed] and played for Mexico in the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta.[1] He made his professional debut for the Tecos UAG in 1994.[2] Two years later, he played for the national team's senior side in the CONCACAF Gold Cup.[3] In 1997, he moved to Club America.[2] Davino's success at the club level helped him reach the 1998 World Cup in France, where he played under Manuel Lapuente, who later became his coach at América. He earned a total of 84 caps, scoring 2 goals.[4][better source needed]On 9 January 2008, Davino joined FC Dallas in Major League Soccer.[5] Davino chose not to continue at FC Dallas and left at the end of the 2008 season terminating his 2-year contract.[6] He played as a defensive player for CF Monterrey until May 2011 when he announced his departure from the club to Estudiantes Tecos.[citation needed]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Jorge Davino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jorge_Davino&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Flavio Davino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavio_Davino"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"Italy national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_football_team"}],"text":"He is the son of the former Argentine footballer Jorge Davino, and the brother of Flavio Davino, a fellow defenseman who played for Tecos UAG and retired from soccer in 2006. Duilio also had another brother Jorge Davino, who died in a car accident and it is said that Jorge had more potential than his two brothers. Davino is also of Italian descent which would have allowed him to play for the Italy national team.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX"},{"link_name":"1993–94","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993%E2%80%9394_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Cup Winners Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Cup_Winners_Cup"},{"link_name":"1995","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_CONCACAF_Cup_Winners_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mexican Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX"},{"link_name":"Verano 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico_Verano_2002"},{"link_name":"Clausura 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_M%C3%A9xico_Clausura_2005"},{"link_name":"Campeón de Campeones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campe%C3%B3n_de_Campeones"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Campe%C3%B3n_de_Campeones"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Champions' Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_CONCACAF_Champions%27_Cup"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Giants Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Giants_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Giants_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mexican Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_MX"},{"link_name":"Apertura 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season#Torneo_Apertura"},{"link_name":"Apertura 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season#Torneo_Apertura"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Champions League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"2010–11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010%E2%80%9311_CONCACAF_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"CONCACAF Gold Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_CONCACAF_Gold_Cup"},{"link_name":"Mexican Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"1995–96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995%E2%80%9396_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season"},{"link_name":"Mexican Primera División","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Apertura 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%E2%80%9310_Mexican_Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_season#Torneo_Apertura"}],"text":"UAGMexican Primera División: 1993–94\nCONCACAF Cup Winners Cup: 1995AméricaMexican Primera División: Verano 2002, Clausura 2005\nCampeón de Campeones: 2005\nCONCACAF Champions' Cup: 2006\nCONCACAF Giants Cup: 2001MonterreyMexican Primera División: Apertura 2009, Apertura 2010\nCONCACAF Champions League: 2010–11MexicoCONCACAF Gold Cup: 1996, 1998IndividualMexican Primera División Rookie of the Tournament: 1995–96\nMexican Primera División Center Back of the Tournament: Apertura 2009","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Duilio DAVINO\". olympic.org. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympic.org/duilio-davino","url_text":"\"Duilio DAVINO\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Dallas Signs Defender Duilio Davino\". mlssoccer.com. MLS. 23 January 2010. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2010/01/23/fc-dallas-signs-defender-duilio-davino","url_text":"\"FC Dallas Signs Defender Duilio Davino\""}]},{"reference":"\"CONCACAF GOLD CUP : Spotlight\". Los Angeles Times. 22 January 1996. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-01-22/sports/sp-27387_1_concacaf-gold-cup","url_text":"\"CONCACAF GOLD CUP : Spotlight\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"FC Dallas sign Mexican defender Duilio Davino\". sbisoccer.com. 9 January 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://sbisoccer.com/2008/01/fc-dallas-sign","url_text":"\"FC Dallas sign Mexican defender Duilio Davino\""}]},{"reference":"\"FC Dallas cuts ties with Mexican defender Davino\". Sports Illustrated. Time Inc. 5 December 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/soccer/2008/12/05/fcd-davino","url_text":"\"FC Dallas cuts ties with Mexican defender Davino\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.olympic.org/duilio-davino","external_links_name":"\"Duilio DAVINO\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlssoccer.com/post/2010/01/23/fc-dallas-signs-defender-duilio-davino","external_links_name":"\"FC Dallas Signs Defender Duilio Davino\""},{"Link":"http://articles.latimes.com/1996-01-22/sports/sp-27387_1_concacaf-gold-cup","external_links_name":"\"CONCACAF GOLD CUP : Spotlight\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/mex-recintlp.html","external_links_name":"Appearances for Mexico National Team"},{"Link":"https://sbisoccer.com/2008/01/fc-dallas-sign","external_links_name":"\"FC Dallas sign Mexican defender Duilio Davino\""},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/soccer/2008/12/05/fcd-davino","external_links_name":"\"FC Dallas cuts ties with Mexican defender Davino\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/1/https://www.mediotiempo.com/jugador/futbol/duilio-davino","external_links_name":"Duilio Davino"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030126234514/http://duiliodavino.com/","external_links_name":"DuilioDavino.com"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/4349.html","external_links_name":"Duilio Davino"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060615171502/http://www.esmas.com/deportes/biografias/336380.html","external_links_name":"Duilio Davino at esmas.com"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duilio_Davino&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshaali_Malhotra | Harshaali Malhotra | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Films","3.2 Television","4 Awards and nominations","5 References","6 External links"] | Indian child actress (born 2008)
Harshaali MalhotraMalhotra in 2022Born (2008-06-03) 3 June 2008 (age 16)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaNationalityIndianOccupationsActorModelYears active2011–presentNotable workMunni in Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015)
Harshaali Malhotra (born 3 June 2008) is an Indian actress and model who works in Hindi films and television series. She is best known for her role as Munni in Kabir Khan's drama film Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015) which earned her nomination for a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut.
Early life
Harshaali was born on 3 June 2008 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India into a Punjabi Hindu family.
Career
Malhotra made her film debut with a leading role in Kabir Khan's 2015 drama film Bajrangi Bhaijaan, alongside Salman Khan, Kareena Kapoor and Nawazuddin Siddiqui. She played the role of Shahida also known as 'Munni', a Pakistani Muslim girl. Her performance as a mute girl was critically praised and earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut nomination, making her the youngest person to be nominated in the category and won the Screen Award for Best Child Artist among several other awards and nominations. She also received the Bharat Ratna Dr. Ambedkar Award in 2022 for her performance in Bajrangi Bhaijaan.
She has acted in serials such as Qubool Hai (2014) and Laut Aao Trisha (2014).
Filmography
Films
Year
Title
Role
Ref.
2015
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
Shahida "Munni" Aziz
TBA
Nastik
Aalia
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2012
Qubool Hai
Young Zoya Farooqui
Laut Aao Trisha
Sania Swaika
Savdhaan India
Honey
2017
Sabse Bada Kalakar
Herself
Guest
Awards and nominations
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Harshaali Malhotra" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Year
Award
Category
Film
Result
2015
Big Star Entertainment Awards
Most Entertaining Child Artist
Bajrangi Bhaijaan
Won
Most Entertaining Actor (Film) - Female
Nominated
Star Guild Awards
Best Child Artist
Won
Best Debut Female
Nominated
Filmfare Awards
Best Debut Female
Nominated
Stardust Awards
Best Child Artist
Won
Screen Awards
Best Child Artist
Won
Zee Cine Awards
Best Debutant Female
Won
References
^ a b "Harshali Malhotra: 14 साल की हुई सलमान खान की 'मुन्नी', जल्द अर्जुन रामपाल के साथ आएंगी नजर". Times Now (in Hindi). 4 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
^ "Salman Khan's 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan': The making". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
^ "Not Salman Khan, Harshali Malhotra is the reel star of 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan': Kareena Kapoor". The Indian Express. 20 June 2015.
^ "Salman Khan's Bajrangi Bhaijaan co star Harshaali shares Diwali celebration pics; Fan says 'Munni badi hogayi'". 17 November 2020.
^ Mukherjee, Anindita (10 January 2022). "Bajrangi Bhaijaan's Harshaali Malhotra dedicates Bharat Ratna Dr Ambedkar Award to Salman Khan, Kabir Khan". India Today. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ "Bajrangi Bhaijaan fame Harshaali Malhotra honoured with Bharat Ratna Dr. Ambedkar Award; dedicates it to Salman Khan, Kabir Khan, Mukesh Chhabra : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. 10 January 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ Thakur, Shreya (1 December 2017). "Arjun Rampal-Harshaali Malhotra's 'Nastik' to be a thought-provoking drama". The Times of India. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harshaali Malhotra.
Harshaali Malhotra at IMDb
Harshaali Malhotra on Facebook
vteZee Cine Award for Best Female Debut
Mahima Chaudhry (1998)
Preity Zinta (1999)
Rinke Khanna (2000)
Amisha Patel (2001)
Gracy Singh (2002)
Malini Sharma (2003)
Bhumika Chawla (2004)
Gayatri Joshi (2005)
Vidya Balan & Konkona Sen Sharma (2006)
Kangana Ranaut (2007)
Deepika Padukone (2008)
No Award (2009)
No Award (2010)
Sonakshi Sinha (2011)
Parineeti Chopra (2012)
Ileana D'Cruz & Yami Gautam (2013)
Vaani Kapoor (2014)
No Award (2015)
Harshaali Malhotra & Bhumi Pednekar (2016)
Ritika Singh (2017)
Nidhhi Agerwal (2018)
Janhvi Kapoor (2019)
Tara Sutaria & Ananya Panday (2020)
No Award (2021)
No Award (2022)
Rashmika Mandanna (2023)
Medha Shankr & Alizeh Agnihotri (2024) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi_cinema"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_in_India"},{"link_name":"Kabir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir_Khan_(director)"},{"link_name":"Bajrangi Bhaijaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrangi_Bhaijaan"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indianexpress.com-3"}],"text":"Harshaali Malhotra (born 3 June 2008) is an Indian actress and model who works in Hindi films and television series. She is best known for her role as Munni in Kabir Khan's drama film Bajrangi Bhaijaan (2015) which earned her nomination for a Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut.[2][3]","title":"Harshaali Malhotra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Maharashtra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth_date,_times_now-1"},{"link_name":"Punjabi Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_Hindu"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Harshaali was born on 3 June 2008 in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India[1] into a Punjabi Hindu family.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabir Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabir_Khan_(director)"},{"link_name":"Bajrangi Bhaijaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajrangi_Bhaijaan"},{"link_name":"Salman Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman_Khan"},{"link_name":"Kareena Kapoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareena_Kapoor"},{"link_name":"Nawazuddin Siddiqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nawazuddin_Siddiqui"},{"link_name":"Pakistani Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_Muslim"},{"link_name":"Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award_for_Best_Female_Debut"},{"link_name":"Screen Award for Best Child Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Award_for_Best_Child_Artist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Qubool Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubool_Hai"},{"link_name":"Laut Aao Trisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Aao_Trisha"}],"text":"Malhotra made her film debut with a leading role in Kabir Khan's 2015 drama film Bajrangi Bhaijaan, alongside Salman Khan, Kareena Kapoor and Nawazuddin Siddiqui. She played the role of Shahida also known as 'Munni', a Pakistani Muslim girl. Her performance as a mute girl was critically praised and earned her the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut nomination, making her the youngest person to be nominated in the category and won the Screen Award for Best Child Artist among several other awards and nominations. She also received the Bharat Ratna Dr. Ambedkar Award in 2022 for her performance in Bajrangi Bhaijaan.[5][6]She has acted in serials such as Qubool Hai (2014) and Laut Aao Trisha (2014).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Harshali Malhotra: 14 साल की हुई सलमान खान की 'मुन्नी', जल्द अर्जुन रामपाल के साथ आएंगी नजर\". Times Now (in Hindi). 4 June 2018. 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Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/bajrangi-bhaijaan-s-harshaali-malhotra-dedicates-bharat-ratna-dr-ambedkar-award-to-salman-khan-kabir-khan-1898304-2022-01-10","url_text":"\"Bajrangi Bhaijaan's Harshaali Malhotra dedicates Bharat Ratna Dr Ambedkar Award to Salman Khan, Kabir Khan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bajrangi Bhaijaan fame Harshaali Malhotra honoured with Bharat Ratna Dr. Ambedkar Award; dedicates it to Salman Khan, Kabir Khan, Mukesh Chhabra : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama\". Bollywood Hungama. 10 January 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poul_Martin_M%C3%B8ller | Poul Martin Møller | ["1 Life and career","2 Writings","3 Relationship with Kierkegaard","3.1 Philosophy","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Poul Martin MøllerBust of Møller by L. HasselriisBorn21 March 1794Uldum near VejleDied13 March 1838 (aged 43)CopenhagenOccupationPoet, academicNationalityDanish
Poul Martin Møller (21 March 1794 – 13 March 1838) was a Danish academic, writer, and poet. During his lifetime, he gained renown in Denmark for his poetry. After his death, his posthumously published fiction and philosophical writings were well received. He also devoted several decades of study to classical languages and literature. While serving as a professor at the University of Copenhagen, he was a mentor to the philosopher Søren Kierkegaard.
Life and career
Møller was born near Vejle and raised on the island of Lolland, where his father served as a pastor. As a young man, his father tutored him in classical languages and literature. In 1812 he enrolled in the University of Copenhagen and studied theology. He also taught religion at a nearby school during this time. He graduated as the valedictorian of his class three and a half years later. In 1815 he published his first poem. After a stint as the tutor of two young counts, he returned to Copenhagen to study classical philology. After an unsuccessful proposal of marriage to his childhood sweetheart, he left Copenhagen to serve as the pastor of a ship during its two-year journey to China. While on the journey, he read the complete works of Cicero, wrote poetry, and wrote in his journal. After returning to Copenhagen, he began teaching Greek and writing poetry and fiction. He later successfully proposed to his first wife, with whom he had four sons. From 1826 to 1832, he taught at the Royal Frederick University in Christiania. Although he rose from assistant professor to full professor, he disliked living in Norway and returned to Denmark. Poul Martin Møller on his deathbed. Lithography of the death mask.Although eccentric, notoriously disheveled, and prone to becoming distracted during lessons, his good nature and pleasant disposition allowed him to become a popular teacher. In 1831, he was promoted to Professor Extraordinary at the University of Copenhagen, where he taught Hegel, classical literature, and moral philosophy. His first wife died in 1834, an event which left him shaken to the core and almost unable to function. Two years later, he married a friend of his late wife. He fathered a daughter with his second wife before succumbing to what was most likely liver cancer in March 1838.
Writings
While working as a teacher he wrote extensively, working on poetry, a novel, and translating literature into Danish. He published translations of both contemporary and classical authors, including Lord Byron's "The Dream" and a portion of The Odyssey. Due to his habit of writing very slowly and later rewriting his work, he was never able to publish much of his work. The largest work that he published during his lifetime was a translation of the first six books of The Odyssey. He was most successful as a poet; his poem "Joy Over Denmark" ("Glæde over Danmark") became one of the most famous Danish poems. Though unfinished, Møller's novel Adventures of a Danish Student also gained lasting fame. It tells the comedic story of the romantic escapades of an eccentric student and his philosophical musings. Years later it became a favorite book of the Danish physicist and thinker Niels Bohr, who often quoted it during lectures. Shortly before his death, he charged his stepbrother Christian Winter and his colleague Fredrick Olsen with the task of publishing his writing posthumously. Although Møller's unfocused nature made this a difficult task, they were eventually able to publish nine volumes by 1850. After these volumes were published, Møller's reputation greatly improved among the Danish public. However, only a small portion of his philosophical writings were able to be published.
Relationship with Kierkegaard
Møller is perhaps best known for relationship with Søren Kierkegaard. They first met when Møller was teaching at the University of Copenhagen and they also lived in the same square in Copenhagen from 1836 to 1838. Møller was also well acquainted with Søren's brother Peter. Six years after Møller's death, Kierkegaard dedicated his work The Concept of Anxiety to him with remarks which were unusually personal for Kierkegaard. An unpublished draft of the dedication was even more emphatic, referring to Møller as the "inspiration of my youth" and "the mighty trumpet of my awakening".
To the late Professor Poul Martin Møller, The happy lover of Greek culture, the admirer of Homer, the confidant of Socrates, the interpreter of Aristotle, Denmark’s joy in "Joy over Denmark", though "widely traveled" always "remembered in the Danish summer", the object of my profound admiration, my profound loss, this work is dedicated. The Concept of Anxiety, dedication Poul Moller has correctly pointed out that a court fool uses more wit in one year than many a witty author in his whole life, and why is that if it is not because the former is an existing person who every moment of the day must have witnesses at his disposal, whereas the other is witty only momentarily. Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Hong p. 351-352
In his journals, Kierkegaard notes that Møller provided him advice about the study of philosophy and communication. Part of Møller's influence came through his lectures on moral philosophy and the Greek and Roman classics that Kierkegaard attended while a student at the University of Copenhagen. In addition to classroom instructions, they also frequented Møller's favorite tea house. Kierkegaard adopted Møller's preferred method of writing, recording his thoughts in a short mixture of poetry and prose, into his own journals. Kierkegaard records that shortly before his death, Møller cautioned him regarding the polemical tone that he had adopted. Kierkegaard, however, viewed his tone as consistent with the New Testament writers.
Philosophy
There is also significant common ground between the philosophical views of Møller and Kierkegaard, in large part due to Møller's tutelage. After Møller's writings were published posthumously, Kierkegaard studied them in great detail. It is generally believed that Møller had a maieutic relationship with Kierkegaard, hence Kierkegaard's description of Møller as, "the confidant of Socrates”. They often debated the subjects of irony and humor, favorite topics of Kierkegaard's. Although Møller had studied the works of Hegel in great depth, he later became skeptical of Hegel's philosophy. He felt that Hegel's philosophy was limited because of its abstractness. In his attack on Hegelianism in Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, Kierkegaard cites Møller as an opponent of Hegel. Another similarity is the dislike both men felt toward philosophical systems that emphasized thought without feeling. Møller highly valued personal authenticity in philosophy and preferred the use of aphorisms over discursive arguments. Kierkegaard greatly appreciated the lighthearted satirical tone of Møller's as a departure from the serious scholarly tone of many of their contemporary philosophers.
Møller's philosophy was also influenced by the theological work of the speculative theist philosopher Immanuel Hermann Fichte.
Notes
^ Jensen 2009, p. 101
^ a b c d e Hannay 2001, p. 48
^ a b c d Garff 2004, p. 87
^ a b c Jensen 2009, p. 102
^ a b c d Jensen 2009, p. 103
^ a b c d e f Garff 2004, p. 88
^ a b Hannay 2001, p. 47
^ a b Jensen 2009, p. 104
^ a b c Jensen 2009, p. 107
^ Jensen 2009, p. 122
^ Aaserud 2005, p. 344
^ a b Jensen 2009, p. 110
^ a b Jensen 2009, p. 109
^ a b Jensen 2009, p. 117
^ Hannay 2001, p. 97
^ Garff 2004, p. 97
^ Jensen 2009, p. 116
^ Jensen 2009, p. 160
^ Garff 2004, p. 89
^ Garff 2004, p. 94
^ Jon Stewart (ed.), A Companion to Kierkegaard, John Wiley & Sons, 2015, p. 68.
References
Aaserud, Finn (2005), Collected Works: The political arena (1934-1961), Niels Bohr Collected Works, vol. 11, London: Elsevier Science, ISBN 978-0-444-51336-6
Garff, Joakim (2004), Kierkegaard: A Biography, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691091655
Hannay, Alastair (2001), Søren Kierkegaard: A Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-53181-8
Jensen, Finn Gredal (2009), Stewart, Jon (ed.), Kierkegaard and his Danish Contemporaries - Philosophy, Politics and Social Theory, Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception, Resources, vol. 7, Farnham: Ashgate, ISBN 978-0-7546-6872-5
External links
A book of Danish verse (Poul Møller) Translated into English (1922)
Poul Martin Møller page at Kalliope.org (in Danish)
Biography at Project Runeberg (in Danish)
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen2009p101-1"},{"link_name":"classical languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_language"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannay2001p48-2"}],"text":"Poul Martin Møller (21 March 1794 – 13 March 1838)[1] was a Danish academic, writer, and poet. During his lifetime, he gained renown in Denmark for his poetry. After his death, his posthumously published fiction and philosophical writings were well received. He also devoted several decades of study to classical languages and literature. 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Lithography of the death mask.Although eccentric, notoriously disheveled,[3] and prone to becoming distracted during lessons, his good nature and pleasant disposition allowed him to become a popular teacher.[7][8][9] In 1831, he was promoted to Professor Extraordinary at the University of Copenhagen, where he taught Hegel, classical literature, and moral philosophy.[2] His first wife died in 1834, an event which left him shaken to the core and almost unable to function.[6][9] Two years later, he married a friend of his late wife. 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Although Møller's unfocused nature made this a difficult task, they were eventually able to publish nine volumes by 1850. After these volumes were published, Møller's reputation greatly improved among the Danish public.[12][13] However, only a small portion of his philosophical writings were able to be published.[6]","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Søren Kierkegaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soren_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kierkegaard"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen2009p117-14"},{"link_name":"The Concept of Anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen2009p110-12"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannay2001p97-15"},{"link_name":"The Concept of Anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Concept_of_Anxiety"},{"link_name":"Concluding Unscientific Postscript","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannay2001p48-2"},{"link_name":"tea house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_house"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garff2004p88-6"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garff2004p97-16"},{"link_name":"polemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polemic"},{"link_name":"New Testament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen2009p116-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen2009p60-18"}],"text":"Møller is perhaps best known for relationship with Søren Kierkegaard. They first met when Møller was teaching at the University of Copenhagen and they also lived in the same square in Copenhagen from 1836 to 1838. Møller was also well acquainted with Søren's brother Peter.[14] Six years after Møller's death, Kierkegaard dedicated his work The Concept of Anxiety to him with remarks which were unusually personal for Kierkegaard.[12] An unpublished draft of the dedication was even more emphatic, referring to Møller as the \"inspiration of my youth\" and \"the mighty trumpet of my awakening\".[15]To the late Professor Poul Martin Møller, The happy lover of Greek culture, the admirer of Homer, the confidant of Socrates, the interpreter of Aristotle, Denmark’s joy in \"Joy over Denmark\", though \"widely traveled\" always \"remembered in the Danish summer\", the object of my profound admiration, my profound loss, this work is dedicated. The Concept of Anxiety, dedicationPoul Moller has correctly pointed out that a court fool uses more wit in one year than many a witty author in his whole life, and why is that if it is not because the former is an existing person who every moment of the day must have witnesses at his disposal, whereas the other is witty only momentarily. Concluding Unscientific Postscript, Hong p. 351-352In his journals, Kierkegaard notes that Møller provided him advice about the study of philosophy and communication. Part of Møller's influence came through his lectures on moral philosophy and the Greek and Roman classics that Kierkegaard attended while a student at the University of Copenhagen.[2] In addition to classroom instructions, they also frequented Møller's favorite tea house.[6] Kierkegaard adopted Møller's preferred method of writing, recording his thoughts in a short mixture of poetry and prose, into his own journals.[16] Kierkegaard records that shortly before his death, Møller cautioned him regarding the polemical tone that he had adopted. Kierkegaard, however, viewed his tone as consistent with the New Testament writers.[17][18]","title":"Relationship with Kierkegaard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garff2004p89-19"},{"link_name":"maieutic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maieutics"},{"link_name":"Socrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socrates"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen2009p109-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jensen2009p117-14"},{"link_name":"Hegel's philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegelianism"},{"link_name":"Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannay2001p48-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garff2004p87-3"},{"link_name":"aphorisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphorism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hannay2001p48-2"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garff2004p94-20"},{"link_name":"speculative theist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_theist"},{"link_name":"Immanuel Hermann Fichte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel_Hermann_Fichte"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Philosophy","text":"There is also significant common ground between the philosophical views of Møller and Kierkegaard, in large part due to Møller's tutelage. After Møller's writings were published posthumously, Kierkegaard studied them in great detail.[19] It is generally believed that Møller had a maieutic relationship with Kierkegaard, hence Kierkegaard's description of Møller as, \"the confidant of Socrates”.[13] They often debated the subjects of irony and humor, favorite topics of Kierkegaard's.[14] Although Møller had studied the works of Hegel in great depth, he later became skeptical of Hegel's philosophy. He felt that Hegel's philosophy was limited because of its abstractness. In his attack on Hegelianism in Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, Kierkegaard cites Møller as an opponent of Hegel.[2] Another similarity is the dislike both men felt toward philosophical systems that emphasized thought without feeling.[3] Møller highly valued personal authenticity in philosophy and preferred the use of aphorisms over discursive arguments.[2] Kierkegaard greatly appreciated the lighthearted satirical tone of Møller's as a departure from the serious scholarly tone of many of their contemporary philosophers.[20]Møller's philosophy was also influenced by the theological work of the speculative theist philosopher Immanuel Hermann Fichte.[21]","title":"Relationship with Kierkegaard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jensen2009p101_1-0"},{"link_name":"Jensen 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2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHannay2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Garff2004p97_16-0"},{"link_name":"Garff 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarff2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jensen2009p116_17-0"},{"link_name":"Jensen 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJensen2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Jensen2009p60_18-0"},{"link_name":"Jensen 2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJensen2009"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Garff2004p89_19-0"},{"link_name":"Garff 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarff2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Garff2004p94_20-0"},{"link_name":"Garff 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGarff2004"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"}],"text":"^ Jensen 2009, p. 101\n\n^ a b c d e Hannay 2001, p. 48\n\n^ a b c d Garff 2004, p. 87\n\n^ a b c Jensen 2009, p. 102\n\n^ a b c d Jensen 2009, p. 103\n\n^ a b c d e f Garff 2004, p. 88\n\n^ a b Hannay 2001, p. 47\n\n^ a b Jensen 2009, p. 104\n\n^ a b c Jensen 2009, p. 107\n\n^ Jensen 2009, p. 122\n\n^ Aaserud 2005, p. 344\n\n^ a b Jensen 2009, p. 110\n\n^ a b Jensen 2009, p. 109\n\n^ a b Jensen 2009, p. 117\n\n^ Hannay 2001, p. 97\n\n^ Garff 2004, p. 97\n\n^ Jensen 2009, p. 116\n\n^ Jensen 2009, p. 160\n\n^ Garff 2004, p. 89\n\n^ Garff 2004, p. 94\n\n^ Jon Stewart (ed.), A Companion to Kierkegaard, John Wiley & Sons, 2015, p. 68.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Poul Martin Møller on his deathbed. Lithography of the death mask.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Poul_Martin_M%C3%B8ller_p%C3%A5_d%C3%B8dslejet.jpg/220px-Poul_Martin_M%C3%B8ller_p%C3%A5_d%C3%B8dslejet.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Aaserud, Finn (2005), Collected Works: The political arena (1934-1961), Niels Bohr Collected Works, vol. 11, London: Elsevier Science, ISBN 978-0-444-51336-6","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51336-6","url_text":"978-0-444-51336-6"}]},{"reference":"Garff, Joakim (2004), Kierkegaard: A Biography, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691091655","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691091655","url_text":"9780691091655"}]},{"reference":"Hannay, Alastair (2001), Søren Kierkegaard: A Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-53181-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53181-8","url_text":"978-0-521-53181-8"}]},{"reference":"Jensen, Finn Gredal (2009), Stewart, Jon (ed.), Kierkegaard and his Danish Contemporaries - Philosophy, Politics and Social Theory, Kierkegaard Research: Sources, Reception, Resources, vol. 7, Farnham: Ashgate, ISBN 978-0-7546-6872-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6872-5","url_text":"978-0-7546-6872-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/bookofdanishvers00friiiala#page/62/mode/2up/","external_links_name":"A book of Danish verse"},{"Link":"http://www.kalliope.org/ffront.cgi?fhandle=moellerpm","external_links_name":"Poul Martin Møller page at Kalliope.org"},{"Link":"https://runeberg.org/dbl/12/0092.html","external_links_name":"Biography at Project Runeberg"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/139208/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000061415403","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/32127567","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtX936pwQ4HgBkYhtjpyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90546364","external_links_name":"Norway"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12918591n","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12918591n","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118734407","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007454034505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84054830","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://libris.kb.se/fcrtxtkz1n8099f","external_links_name":"Sweden"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p192775367","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118734407.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/146927095","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drishti_(film) | Drishti (film) | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Soundtrack","5 Reception","6 Awards","7 Legacy","8 References","9 External links"] | 1990 Indian filmDrishtiDVD coverDirected byGovind NihalaniWritten byGovind NihalaniShashi DeshpandeProduced byUdbhav ProductionsStarringDimple KapadiaShekhar KapurIrrfanMita VasishtCinematographyGovind NihalaniEdited byDeepak SegalMusic byKishori AmonkarRelease date
31 August 1990 (1990-08-31)
Running time171 minutesCountryIndiaLanguageHindi
Drishti (transl. Vision) is a 1990 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Govind Nihalani, starring Dimple Kapadia, Shekhar Kapur and Irrfan. The film depicts the marital life of an urban couple from an upper-class milieu in Mumbai and follow their trials and tribulations, infidelity, divorce, and meeting after years of separation.
It is the only film to have music direction by classical singer Kishori Amonkar, with lyrics by Vasant Dev. In 1991, it won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi at the 38th National Film Awards, and was named the 5th Best Indian Film at the 55th Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards, where Dimple Kapadia and Mita Vasisht were named Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress in the Hindi section.
Plot
Happily married for eight years, Mumbai-based couple Sandhya and Nikhil live an affluent lifestyle in an urban, intellectual milieu along with their daughter Rashmi. Originally coming from middle-class families, the couple has managed to rise in their professional lives through merit and hard work: Sandhya is an editor in a publishing house and Nikhil is a research scientist. On their eighth wedding anniversary, a friend of theirs brings his nephew Rahul, who is a classical singer. Sandhya soon develops an attraction towards Rahul and, despite loving her husband, embroils in an affair with him, which lasts a couple of months. Her friend Prabha is the only one who Sandhya confides in and let's know of the affair. Around this time, Sandhya finds out she is pregnant but they abort the child. About a year later, it is Nikhil who notifies Sandhya of his intention to leave, having fallen in love with a much younger Vrinda, his lab assistant. Sandhya is shattered by his decision, and although she pleads for him not to leave, they eventually separate. Four years after the divorce, Nikhil realizes he has never really loved Vrinda and wants to re-enter Sandhya's life. When he finally meets Sandhya after years of separation, wanting to reunite, in a very candid move, she decides to confess to him her affair with Rahul.
Cast
The cast members are listed below:
Dimple Kapadia as Sandhya
Shekhar Kapur as Nikhil
Mita Vasisht as Prabha
Irrfan Khan as Rahul
Vijay Kashyap as Ramesh
Neena Gupta as Revati
Navneet Nishan as Gita
Production
Drishti is one film where Govind Nihalani decided to shift from socio-political themes on to love and marriage. He explained that this film was "one from the heart". He said he decided to employ an unusual format of "no plot, all peaks" and explained the film's purpose to "redefine the relationship between man and woman, to show the passage of woman to independence as an individual".
Naseeruddin Shah was originally cast as the male lead in 1989. Nihalani cast Kapadia to play opposite him—the first time he opted for a mainstream actress—calling her a "finely tuned instrument". For Kapadia too, the film was her first tryst with art cinema, and she said she was "totally involved in Sandhya". Nihalani eventually called her "the perfect choice" for the part.
Novelist Shashi Deshpande wrote the film's script, her only screenplay. The film was said to be adapted from or inspired by Ingmar Bergman's Scenes from a Marriage (1973). Nihalani constructed the film in eleven movements, each marked by a background song.
Soundtrack
The film's music was composed by Kishori Amonkar, who also performed all the songs, with lyrics authored by Vasant Dev. This was the only Hindi film for which Amonkar composed music, and only the second after Geet Gaya Patharon Ne (1964) in which she sang.
#
Song
Singer(s)
Duration
1
"Bajat Ghan Mridung"
Kishori Amonkar
4:45
2
"Ek Hi Sang Hote I"
Kishori Amonkar
5:24
3
"Ek Hi Sang Hote II"
Kishori Amonkar
4:31
4
"Megha Jhar Jhar Barsat Re"
Kishori Amonkar
5:03
Reception
Drishti was a critical success, with the performances, particularly that of Kapadia, drawing praise. N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express called it a "taut psychological drama" and commended Nihalani's "photographic style", as well as the "sensitive" performances from the main cast, as well as the "haunting alaaps and soaring songs" composed and performed by Amonkar, all of which make the film "a searching look at upper-class marriages". In another review for The Indian Express, V. Shankar called the film "a sensitive, often brilliant portrayal of the oldest game in town", and argued that its distinctiveness lies in it being "everybody's film".
Subramani, in his book Altering Imagination (1995), wrote that the film shows Nihalani "in a new phase of development", credited the film's "supple pacing" with deepening the film's emotional effect, and believed the direction presented the film as "a mode of inquiry". He further asserted that "Drishti also shows Dimple Kapadia as an actress with hidden resources. Kapadia's Sandhya is vulnerable and intense and full of feminine wiles. It's an intelligent portrayal; at least in this film she appears to have filled the gap left by Smita Patil's absence".
In his book about Indian art cinema, author John W. Hood noted the film being a departure for Nihalani, who "explores a notably different approach" as evidenced in the film's "microcosmic" scope and "intense and concentrated" style. Hood praised the film as technically "superb", appreciating "Nihalani's genius for ensuring a relationship between actor and camera that is rarely predictable and never static" as well as his "fastidious concern for detail". According to Wood, "Particularly memorable in this film is the consistency of the direction over the remarkably realistic acting, especially in the brilliant performances of the two women, Dimple Kapadia as Sandhya and Mita Vasisht as Prabha".
Awards
Year
Award
Category
Recipients
Result
Ref
1991
38th National Film Awards
Best Feature Film in Hindi
Govind Nihalani
Won
1991
55th Bengal Film Journalists'Association Awards
5th Best Indian Film
Drishti
Won
Best Actress (Hindi)
Dimple Kapadia
Won
Best Supporting Actress (Hindi)
Mita Vasisht
Won
Legacy
A 1993 issue of Frontline magazine, writing of Kapadia's win of the National Film Award for Best Actress for Rudaali (1993), suggested that Kapadia should have already earned the award for Drishti. In a review of Rudaali for Cinemaya in the same year, Chidananda Dasgupta made reference to Drishti, calling it "a sort of take-off on Bergman's Scenes From A Marriage" in which Kapadia "proved her fine acting ability" and wrote that in both Drishti and Rudaali, she "carries the film on her fine-boned but sturdy shoulders".
In 2002, The Tribune listed the film as one of the masterpieces of 1990. In a retrospective review, The Telegraph wrote in 2006 that "Drishti brings up an issue that’s universal". In 2018, the Film Heritage Foundation restored the film's negatives, which were in a poor condition. A 2020 article by Filmfare, listing Kapadia's best films, described the film as "a harsh look at monogamy", and wrote, "Dimple brought out all three facets of Sandhya through her bravura performance".
References
^ a b Sharma, Deven (8 June 2020). "Filmfare recommends: Best films of Dimple Kapadia". Filmfare. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ a b Arunachalam, Param (2019). BollySwar: 1991 – 2000. Mavrix Infotech Private Limited. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-938482-1-0.
^ a b Jain, Madhu (15 May 1990). "Beloved infidels". India Today. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ Singh, Nonika (28 August 1998). "A cerebral, sensitive filmmaker". The Tribune. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ Sharma, Mukul (5 February 1989). "Idiot Box". The Illustrated Weekly of India. The Times Group. p. 73. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ a b Das Gupta, Ranjan (8 June 2018). "Birthday present for Dimple Kapadia: Her film, Drishti, is going to be restored". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ Shuchi, Agrawal (January–June 2016). "Reconciliation of Self-identity and Marital Bond in Shashi Deshpande's Roots and Shadows and That Long Silence". Journal of English Language Teaching and Literary Studies. 5 (1).
^ Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. p. 496. ISBN 978-1-135-94325-7.
^ Ghosh, Devarsi (4 April 2020). "Goodbye Kishori Amonkar: Exploring the legendary singer's tryst with Bollywood". India Today. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ Raj, Ashok (2009). Hero Vol.2. Hay House, Inc. p. 205. ISBN 978-93-81398-03-6.
^ a b Dhawan, M. L. (17 November 2002). "Year of filmi masterpieces". The Tribune. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ Krishnaswamy, N. (13 January 1991). "Near, and yet so far". The Indian Express. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ Shankar, V. (4 November 1990). "A man and a woman". The Indian Express. p. 3. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
^ Subramani (1995). Altering Imagination. Fiji Writers' Association. p. 144. ISBN 978-982-328-001-1.
^ Hood, John W. (2000). The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema. Orient BlackSwan. pp. 339–344. ISBN 978-81-250-1870-4.
^ "38th National Film Awards" (PDF). iffi.nic.in. Directorate of Film Festivals. 1991. p. 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ a b c "1992 – 55th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards for the Year 1991". BFJA. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
^ Rangarajan, S. (1993). "1993 National Film Awards". Frontline. Vol. 10, no. 1–9. The Hindu Group. p. 99.
^ Dasgupta, Chidananda (1993). "Rudali (The Mourner)". Cinemaya. pp. 30–31.
^ "DVD/VCD reviews". The Telegraph. 22 September 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2020.
External links
Drishti at IMDb
vteNational Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi1954–1960
Mirza Ghalib (1954)
Jhanak Jhanak Payal Baaje (1955)
– (1956)
Do Aankhen Barah Haath (1957)
Madhumati (1958)
Anari (1959)
Mughal-e-Azam (1960)
Certificate of Merit
Jagriti (1954)
Shree 420 and Devdas (1955)
Basant Bahar (1956)
Mother India and Musafir (1957)
Lajwanti and Karigar (1958)
– (1959)
Jis Desh Mein Ganga Behti Hai and Kanoon (1960)
1961–1980
Dharmputra (1961)
Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam (1962)
Bandini (1963)
Dosti (1964)
Shaheed (1965)
Anupama (1966)
Hamraaz (1967)
Aashirwad (1968)
Satyakam (1969)
Anand (1970)
– (1971)
Maya Darpan (1972)
27 Down (1973)
– (1974)
Nishant (1975)
– (1976)
Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players) (1977)
Kasturi and Junoon (1978)
Sparsh (1979)
Aakrosh (1980)
Certificate of Merit
Gunga Jumna and Pyaar Ki Pyaas (1961)
– (1962)
Mere Mehboob and Gumrah (1963)
Yaadein and Geet Gaya Patharon Ne (1964)
Oonche Log and Guide (1965)
Discontinued after 1965
1981–2000
Arohan (1981)
Katha (1982)
Ardh Satya (1983)
Paar (1984)
Anantyatra (1985)
Mirch Masala (1986)
Pestonjee (1987)
Salaam Bombay! (1988)
Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro (1989)
Drishti (1990)
Diksha and Dharavi (1991)
Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda (1992)
Patang (1993)
Mammo (1994)
Bandit Queen (1995)
Gudia (1996)
Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa (1997)
Godmother (1998)
Shool (1999)
Zubeidaa (2000)
2001–2020
Dil Chahta Hai (2001)
The Legend of Bhagat Singh (2002)
Raghu Romeo (2003)
Raincoat (2004)
Black (2005)
Khosla Ka Ghosla (2006)
1971 (2007)
Rock On!! (2008)
Paa (2009)
Do Dooni Chaar (2010)
I Am (2011)
Filmistaan (2012)
Jolly LLB (2013)
Queen (2014)
Dum Laga Ke Haisha (2015)
Neerja (2016)
Newton (2017)
Andhadhun (2018)
Chhichhore (2019)
Toolsidas Junior (2020)
2021–present
Sardar Udham (2021)
vteFilms directed by Govind Nihalani
Aakrosh (1980)
Vijeta (1982)
Ardh Satya (1983)
Party (1984)
Aghaat (1985)
Tamas (1987)
Drishti (1990)
Pita (1991)
Rukmavati Ki Haveli (1991)
Drohkaal (1994)
Sanshodhan (1996)
Hazaar Chaurasi Ki Maa (1997)
Thakshak (1999)
Deham (2001)
Dev (2004) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Govind Nihalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govind_Nihalani"},{"link_name":"Dimple Kapadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia"},{"link_name":"Shekhar Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur"},{"link_name":"Irrfan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrfan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmfare-1"},{"link_name":"Kishori Amonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar"},{"link_name":"Vasant Dev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasant_Dev"},{"link_name":"National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Feature_Film_in_Hindi"},{"link_name":"38th National Film Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/38th_National_Film_Awards"},{"link_name":"5th Best Indian Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Film_Journalists%27_Association_%E2%80%93_Best_Films#1991"},{"link_name":"55th Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Film_Journalists%27_Association_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Film_Journalists%27_Association_Award_for_Best_Actress_(Hindi)"},{"link_name":"Best Supporting Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BFJA_Awards_for_Best_Supporting_Actress_(Hindi)"}],"text":"1990 Indian filmDrishti (transl. Vision) is a 1990 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Govind Nihalani, starring Dimple Kapadia, Shekhar Kapur and Irrfan. The film depicts the marital life of an urban couple from an upper-class milieu in Mumbai and follow their trials and tribulations, infidelity, divorce, and meeting after years of separation.[1]It is the only film to have music direction by classical singer Kishori Amonkar, with lyrics by Vasant Dev. In 1991, it won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi at the 38th National Film Awards, and was named the 5th Best Indian Film at the 55th Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards, where Dimple Kapadia and Mita Vasisht were named Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress in the Hindi section.","title":"Drishti (film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Happily married for eight years, Mumbai-based couple Sandhya and Nikhil live an affluent lifestyle in an urban, intellectual milieu along with their daughter Rashmi. Originally coming from middle-class families, the couple has managed to rise in their professional lives through merit and hard work: Sandhya is an editor in a publishing house and Nikhil is a research scientist. On their eighth wedding anniversary, a friend of theirs brings his nephew Rahul, who is a classical singer. Sandhya soon develops an attraction towards Rahul and, despite loving her husband, embroils in an affair with him, which lasts a couple of months. Her friend Prabha is the only one who Sandhya confides in and let's know of the affair. Around this time, Sandhya finds out she is pregnant but they abort the child. About a year later, it is Nikhil who notifies Sandhya of his intention to leave, having fallen in love with a much younger Vrinda, his lab assistant. Sandhya is shattered by his decision, and although she pleads for him not to leave, they eventually separate. Four years after the divorce, Nikhil realizes he has never really loved Vrinda and wants to re-enter Sandhya's life. When he finally meets Sandhya after years of separation, wanting to reunite, in a very candid move, she decides to confess to him her affair with Rahul.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BollySwar-2"},{"link_name":"Dimple Kapadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimple_Kapadia"},{"link_name":"Shekhar Kapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhar_Kapur"},{"link_name":"Mita Vasisht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mita_Vasisht"},{"link_name":"Irrfan Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrfan_Khan"},{"link_name":"Vijay Kashyap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay_Kashyap"},{"link_name":"Neena Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neena_Gupta"},{"link_name":"Navneet Nishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navneet_Nishan"}],"text":"The cast members are listed below:[2]Dimple Kapadia as Sandhya\nShekhar Kapur as Nikhil\nMita Vasisht as Prabha\nIrrfan Khan as Rahul\nVijay Kashyap as Ramesh\nNeena Gupta as Revati\nNavneet Nishan as Gita","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITJain-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Naseeruddin Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeruddin_Shah"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITJain-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT18-6"},{"link_name":"Shashi Deshpande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashi_Deshpande"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ingmar Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Scenes from a Marriage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenes_from_a_Marriage"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Drishti is one film where Govind Nihalani decided to shift from socio-political themes on to love and marriage. He explained that this film was \"one from the heart\". He said he decided to employ an unusual format of \"no plot, all peaks\" and explained the film's purpose to \"redefine the relationship between man and woman, to show the passage of woman to independence as an individual\".[3][4]Naseeruddin Shah was originally cast as the male lead in 1989.[5] Nihalani cast Kapadia to play opposite him—the first time he opted for a mainstream actress—calling her a \"finely tuned instrument\".[3] For Kapadia too, the film was her first tryst with art cinema, and she said she was \"totally involved in Sandhya\". Nihalani eventually called her \"the perfect choice\" for the part.[6]Novelist Shashi Deshpande wrote the film's script, her only screenplay.[7] The film was said to be adapted from or inspired by Ingmar Bergman's Scenes from a Marriage (1973). Nihalani constructed the film in eleven movements, each marked by a background song.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kishori Amonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishori_Amonkar"},{"link_name":"Vasant Dev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasant_Dev"},{"link_name":"Geet Gaya Patharon Ne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geet_Gaya_Patharon_Ne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BollySwar-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The film's music was composed by Kishori Amonkar, who also performed all the songs, with lyrics authored by Vasant Dev. This was the only Hindi film for which Amonkar composed music, and only the second after Geet Gaya Patharon Ne (1964) in which she sang.[2][9]","title":"Soundtrack"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-11"},{"link_name":"The Indian Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Indian_Express"},{"link_name":"alaaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alap"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Smita Patil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smita_Patil"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Indian art cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_cinema"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Drishti was a critical success, with the performances, particularly that of Kapadia, drawing praise.[10][11] N. Krishnaswamy of The Indian Express called it a \"taut psychological drama\" and commended Nihalani's \"photographic style\", as well as the \"sensitive\" performances from the main cast, as well as the \"haunting alaaps and soaring songs\" composed and performed by Amonkar, all of which make the film \"a searching look at upper-class marriages\".[12] In another review for The Indian Express, V. Shankar called the film \"a sensitive, often brilliant portrayal of the oldest game in town\", and argued that its distinctiveness lies in it being \"everybody's film\".[13]Subramani, in his book Altering Imagination (1995), wrote that the film shows Nihalani \"in a new phase of development\", credited the film's \"supple pacing\" with deepening the film's emotional effect, and believed the direction presented the film as \"a mode of inquiry\". He further asserted that \"Drishti also shows Dimple Kapadia as an actress with hidden resources. Kapadia's Sandhya is vulnerable and intense and full of feminine wiles. It's an intelligent portrayal; at least in this film she appears to have filled the gap left by Smita Patil's absence\".[14]In his book about Indian art cinema, author John W. Hood noted the film being a departure for Nihalani, who \"explores a notably different approach\" as evidenced in the film's \"microcosmic\" scope and \"intense and concentrated\" style. Hood praised the film as technically \"superb\", appreciating \"Nihalani's genius for ensuring a relationship between actor and camera that is rarely predictable and never static\" as well as his \"fastidious concern for detail\". According to Wood, \"Particularly memorable in this film is the consistency of the direction over the remarkably realistic acting, especially in the brilliant performances of the two women, Dimple Kapadia as Sandhya and Mita Vasisht as Prabha\".[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frontline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Rudaali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudaali"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Cinemaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinemaya"},{"link_name":"Chidananda Dasgupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidananda_Dasgupta"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"The Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tribune-11"},{"link_name":"The Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Film Heritage Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_Heritage_Foundation"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HT18-6"},{"link_name":"Filmfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmfare-1"}],"text":"A 1993 issue of Frontline magazine, writing of Kapadia's win of the National Film Award for Best Actress for Rudaali (1993), suggested that Kapadia should have already earned the award for Drishti.[18] In a review of Rudaali for Cinemaya in the same year, Chidananda Dasgupta made reference to Drishti, calling it \"a sort of take-off on Bergman's Scenes From A Marriage\" in which Kapadia \"proved her fine acting ability\" and wrote that in both Drishti and Rudaali, she \"carries the film on her fine-boned but sturdy shoulders\".[19]In 2002, The Tribune listed the film as one of the masterpieces of 1990.[11] In a retrospective review, The Telegraph wrote in 2006 that \"Drishti brings up an issue that’s universal\".[20] In 2018, the Film Heritage Foundation restored the film's negatives, which were in a poor condition.[6] A 2020 article by Filmfare, listing Kapadia's best films, described the film as \"a harsh look at monogamy\", and wrote, \"Dimple brought out all three facets of Sandhya through her bravura performance\".[1]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Sharma, Deven (8 June 2020). \"Filmfare recommends: Best films of Dimple Kapadia\". Filmfare. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-films-of-dimple-kapadia-41420-1.html","url_text":"\"Filmfare recommends: Best films of Dimple Kapadia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare","url_text":"Filmfare"}]},{"reference":"Arunachalam, Param (2019). BollySwar: 1991 – 2000. Mavrix Infotech Private Limited. p. 35. ISBN 978-81-938482-1-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35","url_text":"BollySwar: 1991 – 2000"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-938482-1-0","url_text":"978-81-938482-1-0"}]},{"reference":"Jain, Madhu (15 May 1990). \"Beloved infidels\". India Today. Retrieved 24 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19900515-cinema-turns-lens-on-adult-love-812555-1990-05-15","url_text":"\"Beloved infidels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Today","url_text":"India Today"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Nonika (28 August 1998). \"A cerebral, sensitive filmmaker\". The Tribune. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug28/art-trib.htm#1","url_text":"\"A cerebral, sensitive filmmaker\""}]},{"reference":"Sharma, Mukul (5 February 1989). \"Idiot Box\". The Illustrated Weekly of India. The Times Group. p. 73. Retrieved 24 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101052/page/n77/mode/2up","url_text":"\"Idiot Box\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Illustrated_Weekly_of_India","url_text":"The Illustrated Weekly of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_Group","url_text":"The Times Group"}]},{"reference":"Das Gupta, Ranjan (8 June 2018). \"Birthday present for Dimple Kapadia: Her film, Drishti, is going to be restored\". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/b-day-present-for-dimple-kapadia-her-film-drishti-is-going-to-be-restored/story-h5nApiKI6PITYPjaGUYGjM.html","url_text":"\"Birthday present for Dimple Kapadia: Her film, Drishti, is going to be restored\""}]},{"reference":"Shuchi, Agrawal (January–June 2016). \"Reconciliation of Self-identity and Marital Bond in Shashi Deshpande's Roots and Shadows and That Long Silence\". Journal of English Language Teaching and Literary Studies. 5 (1).","urls":[{"url":"https://sites.google.com/site/jeltals/archive/3-1/3-reconciliation-of-self-identity-and-marital-bond-in-shashi-deshpande-s-roots-and-shadows-and-that-long-silence--dr-shuchi-agrawal","url_text":"\"Reconciliation of Self-identity and Marital Bond in Shashi Deshpande's Roots and Shadows and That Long Silence\""}]},{"reference":"Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul (1999). Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema. Routledge. p. 496. ISBN 978-1-135-94325-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/496/mode/2up?q=drishti","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94325-7","url_text":"978-1-135-94325-7"}]},{"reference":"Ghosh, Devarsi (4 April 2020). \"Goodbye Kishori Amonkar: Exploring the legendary singer's tryst with Bollywood\". India Today. Retrieved 24 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/rip-kishori-amonkar-death-geet-gaya-patthharon-ne-drishti-969399-2017-04-04","url_text":"\"Goodbye Kishori Amonkar: Exploring the legendary singer's tryst with Bollywood\""}]},{"reference":"Raj, Ashok (2009). Hero Vol.2. Hay House, Inc. p. 205. ISBN 978-93-81398-03-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT205","url_text":"Hero Vol.2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81398-03-6","url_text":"978-93-81398-03-6"}]},{"reference":"Dhawan, M. L. (17 November 2002). \"Year of filmi masterpieces\". The Tribune. Retrieved 24 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021117/spectrum/main3.htm","url_text":"\"Year of filmi masterpieces\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)","url_text":"The Tribune"}]},{"reference":"Krishnaswamy, N. (13 January 1991). \"Near, and yet so far\". The Indian Express. Retrieved 24 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910113&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","url_text":"\"Near, and yet so far\""}]},{"reference":"Shankar, V. (4 November 1990). \"A man and a woman\". The Indian Express. p. 3. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DoBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA17","url_text":"\"A man and a woman\""}]},{"reference":"Subramani (1995). Altering Imagination. Fiji Writers' Association. p. 144. ISBN 978-982-328-001-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t-tlAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Altering Imagination"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-982-328-001-1","url_text":"978-982-328-001-1"}]},{"reference":"Hood, John W. (2000). The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema. Orient BlackSwan. pp. 339–344. ISBN 978-81-250-1870-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood/page/338/mode/2up","url_text":"The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-1870-4","url_text":"978-81-250-1870-4"}]},{"reference":"\"38th National Film Awards\" (PDF). iffi.nic.in. Directorate of Film Festivals. 1991. p. 62. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114615/http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf","url_text":"\"38th National Film Awards\""},{"url":"http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1992 – 55th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards for the Year 1991\". BFJA. Archived from the original on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100108211219/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/199255.htm","url_text":"\"1992 – 55th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards for the Year 1991\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal_Film_Journalists%27_Association_Awards","url_text":"BFJA"},{"url":"http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/199255.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rangarajan, S. (1993). \"1993 National Film Awards\". Frontline. Vol. 10, no. 1–9. The Hindu Group. p. 99.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Rangarajan","url_text":"Rangarajan, S."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontline_(magazine)","url_text":"Frontline"}]},{"reference":"Dasgupta, Chidananda (1993). \"Rudali (The Mourner)\". Cinemaya. pp. 30–31.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chidananda_Dasgupta","url_text":"Dasgupta, Chidananda"}]},{"reference":"\"DVD/VCD reviews\". The Telegraph. 22 September 2006. Retrieved 25 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/dvd-vcd-reviews/cid/970837","url_text":"\"DVD/VCD reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Kolkata)","url_text":"The Telegraph"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-films-of-dimple-kapadia-41420-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Filmfare recommends: Best films of Dimple Kapadia\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3vbyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35","external_links_name":"BollySwar: 1991 – 2000"},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19900515-cinema-turns-lens-on-adult-love-812555-1990-05-15","external_links_name":"\"Beloved infidels\""},{"Link":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug28/art-trib.htm#1","external_links_name":"\"A cerebral, sensitive filmmaker\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101052/page/n77/mode/2up","external_links_name":"\"Idiot Box\""},{"Link":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/b-day-present-for-dimple-kapadia-her-film-drishti-is-going-to-be-restored/story-h5nApiKI6PITYPjaGUYGjM.html","external_links_name":"\"Birthday present for Dimple Kapadia: Her film, Drishti, is going to be restored\""},{"Link":"https://sites.google.com/site/jeltals/archive/3-1/3-reconciliation-of-self-identity-and-marital-bond-in-shashi-deshpande-s-roots-and-shadows-and-that-long-silence--dr-shuchi-agrawal","external_links_name":"\"Reconciliation of Self-identity and Marital Bond in Shashi Deshpande's Roots and Shadows and That Long Silence\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/496/mode/2up?q=drishti","external_links_name":"Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema"},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/rip-kishori-amonkar-death-geet-gaya-patthharon-ne-drishti-969399-2017-04-04","external_links_name":"\"Goodbye Kishori Amonkar: Exploring the legendary singer's tryst with Bollywood\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT205","external_links_name":"Hero Vol.2"},{"Link":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021117/spectrum/main3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Year of filmi masterpieces\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910113&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Near, and yet so far\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DoBlAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA17","external_links_name":"\"A man and a woman\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=t-tlAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Altering Imagination"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/essentialmystery00hood/page/338/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Essential Mystery: The Major Filmmakers of Indian Art Cinema"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114615/http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf","external_links_name":"\"38th National Film Awards\""},{"Link":"http://dff.nic.in/2011/38th_nff_1991.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100108211219/http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/199255.htm","external_links_name":"\"1992 – 55th Annual BFJA Awards – Awards for the Year 1991\""},{"Link":"http://www.bfjaawards.com/legacy/pastwin/199255.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/dvd-vcd-reviews/cid/970837","external_links_name":"\"DVD/VCD reviews\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099467/","external_links_name":"Drishti"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-cubic_interpolation | Bicubic interpolation | ["1 Computation","2 Extension to rectilinear grids","3 Finding derivatives from function values","4 Bicubic convolution algorithm","5 Use in computer graphics","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"] | Extension of cubic spline interpolation
Comparison of Bicubic interpolation with some 1- and 2-dimensional interpolations. Black and red/yellow/green/blue dots correspond to the interpolated point and neighbouring samples, respectively. Their heights above the ground correspond to their values.
In mathematics, bicubic interpolation is an extension of cubic spline interpolation (a method of applying cubic interpolation to a data set) for interpolating data points on a two-dimensional regular grid. The interpolated surface (meaning the kernel shape, not the image) is smoother than corresponding surfaces obtained by bilinear interpolation or nearest-neighbor interpolation. Bicubic interpolation can be accomplished using either Lagrange polynomials, cubic splines, or cubic convolution algorithm.
In image processing, bicubic interpolation is often chosen over bilinear or nearest-neighbor interpolation in image resampling, when speed is not an issue. In contrast to bilinear interpolation, which only takes 4 pixels (2×2) into account, bicubic interpolation considers 16 pixels (4×4). Images resampled with bicubic interpolation can have different interpolation artifacts, depending on the b and c values chosen.
Computation
Bicubic interpolation on the square
[
0
,
4
]
×
[
0
,
4
]
{\displaystyle \times }
consisting of 25 unit squares patched together. Bicubic interpolation as per Matplotlib's implementation. Colour indicates function value. The black dots are the locations of the prescribed data being interpolated. Note how the color samples are not radially symmetric.
Bilinear interpolation on the same dataset as above. Derivatives of the surface are not continuous over the square boundaries.
Nearest-neighbor interpolation on the same dataset as above.
Suppose the function values
f
{\displaystyle f}
and the derivatives
f
x
{\displaystyle f_{x}}
,
f
y
{\displaystyle f_{y}}
and
f
x
y
{\displaystyle f_{xy}}
are known at the four corners
(
0
,
0
)
{\displaystyle (0,0)}
,
(
1
,
0
)
{\displaystyle (1,0)}
,
(
0
,
1
)
{\displaystyle (0,1)}
, and
(
1
,
1
)
{\displaystyle (1,1)}
of the unit square. The interpolated surface can then be written as
p
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
0
3
∑
j
=
0
3
a
i
j
x
i
y
j
.
{\displaystyle p(x,y)=\sum \limits _{i=0}^{3}\sum _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}x^{i}y^{j}.}
The interpolation problem consists of determining the 16 coefficients
a
i
j
{\displaystyle a_{ij}}
.
Matching
p
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle p(x,y)}
with the function values yields four equations:
f
(
0
,
0
)
=
p
(
0
,
0
)
=
a
00
,
{\displaystyle f(0,0)=p(0,0)=a_{00},}
f
(
1
,
0
)
=
p
(
1
,
0
)
=
a
00
+
a
10
+
a
20
+
a
30
,
{\displaystyle f(1,0)=p(1,0)=a_{00}+a_{10}+a_{20}+a_{30},}
f
(
0
,
1
)
=
p
(
0
,
1
)
=
a
00
+
a
01
+
a
02
+
a
03
,
{\displaystyle f(0,1)=p(0,1)=a_{00}+a_{01}+a_{02}+a_{03},}
f
(
1
,
1
)
=
p
(
1
,
1
)
=
∑
i
=
0
3
∑
j
=
0
3
a
i
j
.
{\displaystyle f(1,1)=p(1,1)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=0}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}.}
Likewise, eight equations for the derivatives in the
x
{\displaystyle x}
and the
y
{\displaystyle y}
directions:
f
x
(
0
,
0
)
=
p
x
(
0
,
0
)
=
a
10
,
{\displaystyle f_{x}(0,0)=p_{x}(0,0)=a_{10},}
f
x
(
1
,
0
)
=
p
x
(
1
,
0
)
=
a
10
+
2
a
20
+
3
a
30
,
{\displaystyle f_{x}(1,0)=p_{x}(1,0)=a_{10}+2a_{20}+3a_{30},}
f
x
(
0
,
1
)
=
p
x
(
0
,
1
)
=
a
10
+
a
11
+
a
12
+
a
13
,
{\displaystyle f_{x}(0,1)=p_{x}(0,1)=a_{10}+a_{11}+a_{12}+a_{13},}
f
x
(
1
,
1
)
=
p
x
(
1
,
1
)
=
∑
i
=
1
3
∑
j
=
0
3
a
i
j
i
,
{\displaystyle f_{x}(1,1)=p_{x}(1,1)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}i,}
f
y
(
0
,
0
)
=
p
y
(
0
,
0
)
=
a
01
,
{\displaystyle f_{y}(0,0)=p_{y}(0,0)=a_{01},}
f
y
(
1
,
0
)
=
p
y
(
1
,
0
)
=
a
01
+
a
11
+
a
21
+
a
31
,
{\displaystyle f_{y}(1,0)=p_{y}(1,0)=a_{01}+a_{11}+a_{21}+a_{31},}
f
y
(
0
,
1
)
=
p
y
(
0
,
1
)
=
a
01
+
2
a
02
+
3
a
03
,
{\displaystyle f_{y}(0,1)=p_{y}(0,1)=a_{01}+2a_{02}+3a_{03},}
f
y
(
1
,
1
)
=
p
y
(
1
,
1
)
=
∑
i
=
0
3
∑
j
=
1
3
a
i
j
j
.
{\displaystyle f_{y}(1,1)=p_{y}(1,1)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=0}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=1}^{3}a_{ij}j.}
And four equations for the
x
y
{\displaystyle xy}
mixed partial derivative:
f
x
y
(
0
,
0
)
=
p
x
y
(
0
,
0
)
=
a
11
,
{\displaystyle f_{xy}(0,0)=p_{xy}(0,0)=a_{11},}
f
x
y
(
1
,
0
)
=
p
x
y
(
1
,
0
)
=
a
11
+
2
a
21
+
3
a
31
,
{\displaystyle f_{xy}(1,0)=p_{xy}(1,0)=a_{11}+2a_{21}+3a_{31},}
f
x
y
(
0
,
1
)
=
p
x
y
(
0
,
1
)
=
a
11
+
2
a
12
+
3
a
13
,
{\displaystyle f_{xy}(0,1)=p_{xy}(0,1)=a_{11}+2a_{12}+3a_{13},}
f
x
y
(
1
,
1
)
=
p
x
y
(
1
,
1
)
=
∑
i
=
1
3
∑
j
=
1
3
a
i
j
i
j
.
{\displaystyle f_{xy}(1,1)=p_{xy}(1,1)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=1}^{3}a_{ij}ij.}
The expressions above have used the following identities:
p
x
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
1
3
∑
j
=
0
3
a
i
j
i
x
i
−
1
y
j
,
{\displaystyle p_{x}(x,y)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}ix^{i-1}y^{j},}
p
y
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
0
3
∑
j
=
1
3
a
i
j
x
i
j
y
j
−
1
,
{\displaystyle p_{y}(x,y)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=0}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=1}^{3}a_{ij}x^{i}jy^{j-1},}
p
x
y
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
1
3
∑
j
=
1
3
a
i
j
i
x
i
−
1
j
y
j
−
1
.
{\displaystyle p_{xy}(x,y)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=1}^{3}a_{ij}ix^{i-1}jy^{j-1}.}
This procedure yields a surface
p
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle p(x,y)}
on the unit square
[
0
,
1
]
×
[
0
,
1
]
{\displaystyle \times }
that is continuous and has continuous derivatives. Bicubic interpolation on an arbitrarily sized regular grid can then be accomplished by patching together such bicubic surfaces, ensuring that the derivatives match on the boundaries.
Grouping the unknown parameters
a
i
j
{\displaystyle a_{ij}}
in a vector
α
=
[
a
00
a
10
a
20
a
30
a
01
a
11
a
21
a
31
a
02
a
12
a
22
a
32
a
03
a
13
a
23
a
33
]
T
{\displaystyle \alpha =\left^{T}}
and letting
x
=
[
f
(
0
,
0
)
f
(
1
,
0
)
f
(
0
,
1
)
f
(
1
,
1
)
f
x
(
0
,
0
)
f
x
(
1
,
0
)
f
x
(
0
,
1
)
f
x
(
1
,
1
)
f
y
(
0
,
0
)
f
y
(
1
,
0
)
f
y
(
0
,
1
)
f
y
(
1
,
1
)
f
x
y
(
0
,
0
)
f
x
y
(
1
,
0
)
f
x
y
(
0
,
1
)
f
x
y
(
1
,
1
)
]
T
,
{\displaystyle x=\left^{T},}
the above system of equations can be reformulated into a matrix for the linear equation
A
α
=
x
{\displaystyle A\alpha =x}
.
Inverting the matrix gives the more useful linear equation
A
−
1
x
=
α
{\displaystyle A^{-1}x=\alpha }
, where
A
−
1
=
[
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
−
3
3
0
0
−
2
−
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
−
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
−
3
3
0
0
−
2
−
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
−
2
0
0
1
1
0
0
−
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
−
2
0
−
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
−
3
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
−
2
0
−
1
0
9
−
9
−
9
9
6
3
−
6
−
3
6
−
6
3
−
3
4
2
2
1
−
6
6
6
−
6
−
3
−
3
3
3
−
4
4
−
2
2
−
2
−
2
−
1
−
1
2
0
−
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
−
2
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
−
6
6
6
−
6
−
4
−
2
4
2
−
3
3
−
3
3
−
2
−
1
−
2
−
1
4
−
4
−
4
4
2
2
−
2
−
2
2
−
2
2
−
2
1
1
1
1
]
,
{\displaystyle A^{-1}=\left,}
which allows
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
to be calculated quickly and easily.
There can be another concise matrix form for 16 coefficients:
[
f
(
0
,
0
)
f
(
0
,
1
)
f
y
(
0
,
0
)
f
y
(
0
,
1
)
f
(
1
,
0
)
f
(
1
,
1
)
f
y
(
1
,
0
)
f
y
(
1
,
1
)
f
x
(
0
,
0
)
f
x
(
0
,
1
)
f
x
y
(
0
,
0
)
f
x
y
(
0
,
1
)
f
x
(
1
,
0
)
f
x
(
1
,
1
)
f
x
y
(
1
,
0
)
f
x
y
(
1
,
1
)
]
=
[
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
2
3
]
[
a
00
a
01
a
02
a
03
a
10
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
20
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
30
a
31
a
32
a
33
]
[
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
3
]
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}f(0,0)&f(0,1)&f_{y}(0,0)&f_{y}(0,1)\\f(1,0)&f(1,1)&f_{y}(1,0)&f_{y}(1,1)\\f_{x}(0,0)&f_{x}(0,1)&f_{xy}(0,0)&f_{xy}(0,1)\\f_{x}(1,0)&f_{x}(1,1)&f_{xy}(1,0)&f_{xy}(1,1)\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\1&1&1&1\\0&1&0&0\\0&1&2&3\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a_{00}&a_{01}&a_{02}&a_{03}\\a_{10}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{20}&a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\a_{30}&a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&1&0&0\\0&1&1&1\\0&1&0&2\\0&1&0&3\end{bmatrix}},}
or
[
a
00
a
01
a
02
a
03
a
10
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
20
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
30
a
31
a
32
a
33
]
=
[
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
−
3
3
−
2
−
1
2
−
2
1
1
]
[
f
(
0
,
0
)
f
(
0
,
1
)
f
y
(
0
,
0
)
f
y
(
0
,
1
)
f
(
1
,
0
)
f
(
1
,
1
)
f
y
(
1
,
0
)
f
y
(
1
,
1
)
f
x
(
0
,
0
)
f
x
(
0
,
1
)
f
x
y
(
0
,
0
)
f
x
y
(
0
,
1
)
f
x
(
1
,
0
)
f
x
(
1
,
1
)
f
x
y
(
1
,
0
)
f
x
y
(
1
,
1
)
]
[
1
0
−
3
2
0
0
3
−
2
0
1
−
2
1
0
0
−
1
1
]
,
{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}a_{00}&a_{01}&a_{02}&a_{03}\\a_{10}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{20}&a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\a_{30}&a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\end{bmatrix}}={\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&0&1&0\\-3&3&-2&-1\\2&-2&1&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}f(0,0)&f(0,1)&f_{y}(0,0)&f_{y}(0,1)\\f(1,0)&f(1,1)&f_{y}(1,0)&f_{y}(1,1)\\f_{x}(0,0)&f_{x}(0,1)&f_{xy}(0,0)&f_{xy}(0,1)\\f_{x}(1,0)&f_{x}(1,1)&f_{xy}(1,0)&f_{xy}(1,1)\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&0&-3&2\\0&0&3&-2\\0&1&-2&1\\0&0&-1&1\end{bmatrix}},}
where
p
(
x
,
y
)
=
[
1
x
x
2
x
3
]
[
a
00
a
01
a
02
a
03
a
10
a
11
a
12
a
13
a
20
a
21
a
22
a
23
a
30
a
31
a
32
a
33
]
[
1
y
y
2
y
3
]
.
{\displaystyle p(x,y)={\begin{bmatrix}1&x&x^{2}&x^{3}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}a_{00}&a_{01}&a_{02}&a_{03}\\a_{10}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\a_{20}&a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\a_{30}&a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}1\\y\\y^{2}\\y^{3}\end{bmatrix}}.}
Extension to rectilinear grids
Often, applications call for bicubic interpolation using data on a rectilinear grid, rather than the unit square. In this case, the identities for
p
x
,
p
y
,
{\displaystyle p_{x},p_{y},}
and
p
x
y
{\displaystyle p_{xy}}
become
p
x
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
1
3
∑
j
=
0
3
a
i
j
i
x
i
−
1
y
j
Δ
x
,
{\displaystyle p_{x}(x,y)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=0}^{3}{\frac {a_{ij}ix^{i-1}y^{j}}{\Delta x}},}
p
y
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
0
3
∑
j
=
1
3
a
i
j
x
i
j
y
j
−
1
Δ
y
,
{\displaystyle p_{y}(x,y)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=0}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=1}^{3}{\frac {a_{ij}x^{i}jy^{j-1}}{\Delta y}},}
p
x
y
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
1
3
∑
j
=
1
3
a
i
j
i
x
i
−
1
j
y
j
−
1
Δ
x
Δ
y
,
{\displaystyle p_{xy}(x,y)=\textstyle \sum \limits _{i=1}^{3}\sum \limits _{j=1}^{3}{\frac {a_{ij}ix^{i-1}jy^{j-1}}{\Delta x\Delta y}},}
where
Δ
x
{\displaystyle \Delta x}
is the
x
{\displaystyle x}
spacing of the cell containing the point
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle (x,y)}
and similar for
Δ
y
{\displaystyle \Delta y}
.
In this case, the most practical approach to computing the coefficients
α
{\displaystyle \alpha }
is to let
x
=
[
f
(
0
,
0
)
f
(
1
,
0
)
f
(
0
,
1
)
f
(
1
,
1
)
Δ
x
f
x
(
0
,
0
)
Δ
x
f
x
(
1
,
0
)
Δ
x
f
x
(
0
,
1
)
Δ
x
f
x
(
1
,
1
)
Δ
y
f
y
(
0
,
0
)
Δ
y
f
y
(
1
,
0
)
Δ
y
f
y
(
0
,
1
)
Δ
y
f
y
(
1
,
1
)
Δ
x
Δ
y
f
x
y
(
0
,
0
)
Δ
x
Δ
y
f
x
y
(
1
,
0
)
Δ
x
Δ
y
f
x
y
(
0
,
1
)
Δ
x
Δ
y
f
x
y
(
1
,
1
)
]
T
,
{\displaystyle x=\left^{T},}
then to solve
α
=
A
−
1
x
{\displaystyle \alpha =A^{-1}x}
with
A
{\displaystyle A}
as before. Next, the normalized interpolating variables are computed as
x
¯
=
x
−
x
0
x
1
−
x
0
,
y
¯
=
y
−
y
0
y
1
−
y
0
{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\overline {x}}&={\frac {x-x_{0}}{x_{1}-x_{0}}},\\{\overline {y}}&={\frac {y-y_{0}}{y_{1}-y_{0}}}\end{aligned}}}
where
x
0
,
x
1
,
y
0
,
{\displaystyle x_{0},x_{1},y_{0},}
and
y
1
{\displaystyle y_{1}}
are the
x
{\displaystyle x}
and
y
{\displaystyle y}
coordinates of the grid points surrounding the point
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle (x,y)}
. Then, the interpolating surface becomes
p
(
x
,
y
)
=
∑
i
=
0
3
∑
j
=
0
3
a
i
j
x
¯
i
y
¯
j
.
{\displaystyle p(x,y)=\sum \limits _{i=0}^{3}\sum _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}{\overline {x}}^{i}{\overline {y}}^{j}.}
Finding derivatives from function values
If the derivatives are unknown, they are typically approximated from the function values at points neighbouring the corners of the unit square, e.g. using finite differences.
To find either of the single derivatives,
f
x
{\displaystyle f_{x}}
or
f
y
{\displaystyle f_{y}}
, using that method, find the slope between the two surrounding points in the appropriate axis. For example, to calculate
f
x
{\displaystyle f_{x}}
for one of the points, find
f
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle f(x,y)}
for the points to the left and right of the target point and calculate their slope, and similarly for
f
y
{\displaystyle f_{y}}
.
To find the cross derivative
f
x
y
{\displaystyle f_{xy}}
, take the derivative in both axes, one at a time. For example, one can first use the
f
x
{\displaystyle f_{x}}
procedure to find the
x
{\displaystyle x}
derivatives of the points above and below the target point, then use the
f
y
{\displaystyle f_{y}}
procedure on those values (rather than, as usual, the values of
f
{\displaystyle f}
for those points) to obtain the value of
f
x
y
(
x
,
y
)
{\displaystyle f_{xy}(x,y)}
for the target point. (Or one can do it in the opposite direction, first calculating
f
y
{\displaystyle f_{y}}
and then
f
x
{\displaystyle f_{x}}
from those. The two give equivalent results.)
At the edges of the dataset, when one is missing some of the surrounding points, the missing points can be approximated by a number of methods. A simple and common method is to assume that the slope from the existing point to the target point continues without further change, and using this to calculate a hypothetical value for the missing point.
Bicubic convolution algorithm
Bicubic spline interpolation requires the solution of the linear system described above for each grid cell. An interpolator with similar properties can be obtained by applying a convolution with the following kernel in both dimensions:
W
(
x
)
=
{
(
a
+
2
)
|
x
|
3
−
(
a
+
3
)
|
x
|
2
+
1
for
|
x
|
≤
1
,
a
|
x
|
3
−
5
a
|
x
|
2
+
8
a
|
x
|
−
4
a
for
1
<
|
x
|
<
2
,
0
otherwise
,
{\displaystyle W(x)={\begin{cases}(a+2)|x|^{3}-(a+3)|x|^{2}+1&{\text{for }}|x|\leq 1,\\a|x|^{3}-5a|x|^{2}+8a|x|-4a&{\text{for }}1<|x|<2,\\0&{\text{otherwise}},\end{cases}}}
where
a
{\displaystyle a}
is usually set to −0.5 or −0.75. Note that
W
(
0
)
=
1
{\displaystyle W(0)=1}
and
W
(
n
)
=
0
{\displaystyle W(n)=0}
for all nonzero integers
n
{\displaystyle n}
.
This approach was proposed by Keys, who showed that
a
=
−
0.5
{\displaystyle a=-0.5}
produces third-order convergence with respect to the sampling interval of the original function.
If we use the matrix notation for the common case
a
=
−
0.5
{\displaystyle a=-0.5}
, we can express the equation in a more friendly manner:
p
(
t
)
=
1
2
[
1
t
t
2
t
3
]
[
0
2
0
0
−
1
0
1
0
2
−
5
4
−
1
−
1
3
−
3
1
]
[
f
−
1
f
0
f
1
f
2
]
{\displaystyle p(t)={\tfrac {1}{2}}{\begin{bmatrix}1&t&t^{2}&t^{3}\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}0&2&0&0\\-1&0&1&0\\2&-5&4&-1\\-1&3&-3&1\end{bmatrix}}{\begin{bmatrix}f_{-1}\\f_{0}\\f_{1}\\f_{2}\end{bmatrix}}}
for
t
{\displaystyle t}
between 0 and 1 for one dimension. Note that for 1-dimensional cubic convolution interpolation 4 sample points are required. For each inquiry two samples are located on its left and two samples on the right. These points are indexed from −1 to 2 in this text. The distance from the point indexed with 0 to the inquiry point is denoted by
t
{\displaystyle t}
here.
For two dimensions first applied once in
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and again in
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{\displaystyle y}
:
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{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}b_{-1}&=p(t_{x},f_{(-1,-1)},f_{(0,-1)},f_{(1,-1)},f_{(2,-1)}),\\b_{0}&=p(t_{x},f_{(-1,0)},f_{(0,0)},f_{(1,0)},f_{(2,0)}),\\b_{1}&=p(t_{x},f_{(-1,1)},f_{(0,1)},f_{(1,1)},f_{(2,1)}),\\b_{2}&=p(t_{x},f_{(-1,2)},f_{(0,2)},f_{(1,2)},f_{(2,2)}),\end{aligned}}}
p
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.
{\displaystyle p(x,y)=p(t_{y},b_{-1},b_{0},b_{1},b_{2}).}
Use in computer graphics
The lower half of this figure is a magnification of the upper half, showing how the apparent sharpness of the left-hand line is created. Bicubic interpolation causes overshoot, which increases acutance.
The bicubic algorithm is frequently used for scaling images and video for display (see bitmap resampling). It preserves fine detail better than the common bilinear algorithm.
However, due to the negative lobes on the kernel, it causes overshoot (haloing). This can cause clipping, and is an artifact (see also ringing artifacts), but it increases acutance (apparent sharpness), and can be desirable.
See also
Mathematics portal
Spatial anti-aliasing
Bézier surface
Bilinear interpolation
Cubic Hermite spline, the one-dimensional analogue of bicubic spline
Lanczos resampling
Natural neighbor interpolation
Sinc filter
Spline interpolation
Tricubic interpolation
Directional Cubic Convolution Interpolation
References
^ R. Keys (1981). "Cubic convolution interpolation for digital image processing". IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 29 (6): 1153–1160. Bibcode:1981ITASS..29.1153K. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.776. doi:10.1109/TASSP.1981.1163711.
External links
Application of interpolation to elevation samples
Interpolation theory
Explanation and Java/C++ implementation of (bi)cubic interpolation
Excel Worksheet Function for Bicubic Lagrange Interpolation | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Comparison_of_1D_and_2D_interpolation.svg"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"cubic spline interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_interpolation#Interpolation_on_a_single_interval"},{"link_name":"interpolating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation"},{"link_name":"two-dimensional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-dimensional"},{"link_name":"regular grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_grid"},{"link_name":"smoother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_function"},{"link_name":"bilinear interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolation"},{"link_name":"nearest-neighbor interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest-neighbor_interpolation"},{"link_name":"Lagrange polynomials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange_polynomial"},{"link_name":"cubic splines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_spline"},{"link_name":"cubic convolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bicubic_convolution_algorithm"},{"link_name":"image processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing"},{"link_name":"image resampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resampling_(bitmap)"},{"link_name":"pixels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel"},{"link_name":"artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing"}],"text":"Comparison of Bicubic interpolation with some 1- and 2-dimensional interpolations. Black and red/yellow/green/blue dots correspond to the interpolated point and neighbouring samples, respectively. Their heights above the ground correspond to their values.In mathematics, bicubic interpolation is an extension of cubic spline interpolation (a method of applying cubic interpolation to a data set) for interpolating data points on a two-dimensional regular grid. The interpolated surface (meaning the kernel shape, not the image) is smoother than corresponding surfaces obtained by bilinear interpolation or nearest-neighbor interpolation. Bicubic interpolation can be accomplished using either Lagrange polynomials, cubic splines, or cubic convolution algorithm.In image processing, bicubic interpolation is often chosen over bilinear or nearest-neighbor interpolation in image resampling, when speed is not an issue. In contrast to bilinear interpolation, which only takes 4 pixels (2×2) into account, bicubic interpolation considers 16 pixels (4×4). Images resampled with bicubic interpolation can have different interpolation artifacts, depending on the b and c values chosen.","title":"Bicubic interpolation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interpolation-bicubic.svg"},{"link_name":"Matplotlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matplotlib"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interpolation-bilinear.svg"},{"link_name":"Bilinear interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interpolation-nearest.svg"},{"link_name":"Nearest-neighbor interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nearest-neighbor_interpolation"},{"link_name":"mixed partial derivative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_partial_derivative"},{"link_name":"unit square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_square"},{"link_name":"regular grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_grid"}],"text":"Bicubic interpolation on the square \n \n \n \n [\n 0\n ,\n 4\n ]\n ×\n [\n 0\n ,\n 4\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,4]\\times [0,4]}\n \n consisting of 25 unit squares patched together. Bicubic interpolation as per Matplotlib's implementation. Colour indicates function value. The black dots are the locations of the prescribed data being interpolated. Note how the color samples are not radially symmetric.Bilinear interpolation on the same dataset as above. Derivatives of the surface are not continuous over the square boundaries.Nearest-neighbor interpolation on the same dataset as above.Suppose the function values \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n and the derivatives \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{xy}}\n \n are known at the four corners \n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0,0)}\n \n, \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1,0)}\n \n, \n \n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (0,1)}\n \n, and \n \n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (1,1)}\n \n of the unit square. The interpolated surface can then be written asp\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n \n y\n \n j\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x,y)=\\sum \\limits _{i=0}^{3}\\sum _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}x^{i}y^{j}.}The interpolation problem consists of determining the 16 coefficients \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{ij}}\n \n.\nMatching \n \n \n \n p\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x,y)}\n \n with the function values yields four equations:f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n p\n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 00\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(0,0)=p(0,0)=a_{00},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n p\n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 00\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 10\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 20\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 30\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(1,0)=p(1,0)=a_{00}+a_{10}+a_{20}+a_{30},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n p\n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 00\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 01\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 02\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 03\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(0,1)=p(0,1)=a_{00}+a_{01}+a_{02}+a_{03},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n p\n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(1,1)=p(1,1)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=0}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}.}Likewise, eight equations for the derivatives in the \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and the \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n directions:f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 10\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}(0,0)=p_{x}(0,0)=a_{10},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 10\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n a\n \n 20\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n a\n \n 30\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}(1,0)=p_{x}(1,0)=a_{10}+2a_{20}+3a_{30},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 10\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 12\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 13\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}(0,1)=p_{x}(0,1)=a_{10}+a_{11}+a_{12}+a_{13},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n i\n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}(1,1)=p_{x}(1,1)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=1}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}i,}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 01\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}(0,0)=p_{y}(0,0)=a_{01},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 01\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 21\n \n \n +\n \n a\n \n 31\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}(1,0)=p_{y}(1,0)=a_{01}+a_{11}+a_{21}+a_{31},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 01\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n a\n \n 02\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n a\n \n 03\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}(0,1)=p_{y}(0,1)=a_{01}+2a_{02}+3a_{03},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n j\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}(1,1)=p_{y}(1,1)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=0}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=1}^{3}a_{ij}j.}And four equations for the \n \n \n \n x\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle xy}\n \n mixed partial derivative:f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{xy}(0,0)=p_{xy}(0,0)=a_{11},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n a\n \n 21\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n a\n \n 31\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{xy}(1,0)=p_{xy}(1,0)=a_{11}+2a_{21}+3a_{31},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n +\n 2\n \n a\n \n 12\n \n \n +\n 3\n \n a\n \n 13\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{xy}(0,1)=p_{xy}(0,1)=a_{11}+2a_{12}+3a_{13},}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n p\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n i\n j\n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{xy}(1,1)=p_{xy}(1,1)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=1}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=1}^{3}a_{ij}ij.}The expressions above have used the following identities:p\n \n x\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n i\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n y\n \n j\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{x}(x,y)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=1}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}ix^{i-1}y^{j},}p\n \n y\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n j\n \n y\n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{y}(x,y)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=0}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=1}^{3}a_{ij}x^{i}jy^{j-1},}p\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n i\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n j\n \n y\n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{xy}(x,y)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=1}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=1}^{3}a_{ij}ix^{i-1}jy^{j-1}.}This procedure yields a surface \n \n \n \n p\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x,y)}\n \n on the unit square \n \n \n \n [\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ]\n ×\n [\n 0\n ,\n 1\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,1]\\times [0,1]}\n \n that is continuous and has continuous derivatives. Bicubic interpolation on an arbitrarily sized regular grid can then be accomplished by patching together such bicubic surfaces, ensuring that the derivatives match on the boundaries.Grouping the unknown parameters \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle a_{ij}}\n \n in a vectorα\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 00\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 10\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 20\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 30\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 01\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 21\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 31\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 02\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 12\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 22\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 32\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 03\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 13\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 23\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 33\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n T\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =\\left[{\\begin{smallmatrix}a_{00}&a_{10}&a_{20}&a_{30}&a_{01}&a_{11}&a_{21}&a_{31}&a_{02}&a_{12}&a_{22}&a_{32}&a_{03}&a_{13}&a_{23}&a_{33}\\end{smallmatrix}}\\right]^{T}}x\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n T\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=\\left[{\\begin{smallmatrix}f(0,0)&f(1,0)&f(0,1)&f(1,1)&f_{x}(0,0)&f_{x}(1,0)&f_{x}(0,1)&f_{x}(1,1)&f_{y}(0,0)&f_{y}(1,0)&f_{y}(0,1)&f_{y}(1,1)&f_{xy}(0,0)&f_{xy}(1,0)&f_{xy}(0,1)&f_{xy}(1,1)\\end{smallmatrix}}\\right]^{T},}A\n α\n =\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A\\alpha =x}Inverting the matrix gives the more useful linear equation \n \n \n \n \n A\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n x\n =\n α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{-1}x=\\alpha }\n \n, whereA\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n =\n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 9\n \n \n −\n 9\n \n \n −\n 9\n \n \n 9\n \n \n 6\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 6\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 6\n \n \n −\n 6\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 4\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n 6\n \n \n 6\n \n \n 6\n \n \n −\n 6\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n 4\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 6\n \n \n 6\n \n \n 6\n \n \n −\n 6\n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 4\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n 4\n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n −\n 4\n \n \n 4\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A^{-1}=\\left[{\\begin{smallmatrix}{\\begin{array}{rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr}1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\\\-3&3&0&0&-2&-1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\\\2&-2&0&0&1&1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&1&0&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&-3&3&0&0&-2&-1&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&0&0&0&0&2&-2&0&0&1&1&0&0\\\\-3&0&3&0&0&0&0&0&-2&0&-1&0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&-3&0&3&0&0&0&0&0&-2&0&-1&0\\\\9&-9&-9&9&6&3&-6&-3&6&-6&3&-3&4&2&2&1\\\\-6&6&6&-6&-3&-3&3&3&-4&4&-2&2&-2&-2&-1&-1\\\\2&0&-2&0&0&0&0&0&1&0&1&0&0&0&0&0\\\\0&0&0&0&2&0&-2&0&0&0&0&0&1&0&1&0\\\\-6&6&6&-6&-4&-2&4&2&-3&3&-3&3&-2&-1&-2&-1\\\\4&-4&-4&4&2&2&-2&-2&2&-2&2&-2&1&1&1&1\\end{array}}\\end{smallmatrix}}\\right],}α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }There can be another concise matrix form for 16 coefficients:[\n \n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 00\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 01\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 02\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 03\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 10\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 12\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 13\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 20\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 21\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 22\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 23\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 30\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 31\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 32\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 33\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}f(0,0)&f(0,1)&f_{y}(0,0)&f_{y}(0,1)\\\\f(1,0)&f(1,1)&f_{y}(1,0)&f_{y}(1,1)\\\\f_{x}(0,0)&f_{x}(0,1)&f_{xy}(0,0)&f_{xy}(0,1)\\\\f_{x}(1,0)&f_{x}(1,1)&f_{xy}(1,0)&f_{xy}(1,1)\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\\\1&1&1&1\\\\0&1&0&0\\\\0&1&2&3\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}a_{00}&a_{01}&a_{02}&a_{03}\\\\a_{10}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\\\a_{20}&a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\\\a_{30}&a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}1&1&0&0\\\\0&1&1&1\\\\0&1&0&2\\\\0&1&0&3\\end{bmatrix}},}[\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 00\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 01\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 02\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 03\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 10\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 12\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 13\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 20\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 21\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 22\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 23\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 30\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 31\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 32\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 33\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n −\n 2\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{bmatrix}a_{00}&a_{01}&a_{02}&a_{03}\\\\a_{10}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\\\a_{20}&a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\\\a_{30}&a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\\end{bmatrix}}={\\begin{bmatrix}1&0&0&0\\\\0&0&1&0\\\\-3&3&-2&-1\\\\2&-2&1&1\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}f(0,0)&f(0,1)&f_{y}(0,0)&f_{y}(0,1)\\\\f(1,0)&f(1,1)&f_{y}(1,0)&f_{y}(1,1)\\\\f_{x}(0,0)&f_{x}(0,1)&f_{xy}(0,0)&f_{xy}(0,1)\\\\f_{x}(1,0)&f_{x}(1,1)&f_{xy}(1,0)&f_{xy}(1,1)\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}1&0&-3&2\\\\0&0&3&-2\\\\0&1&-2&1\\\\0&0&-1&1\\end{bmatrix}},}p\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n x\n \n \n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 00\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 01\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 02\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 03\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 10\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 11\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 12\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 13\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 20\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 21\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 22\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 23\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 30\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 31\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 32\n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n 33\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x,y)={\\begin{bmatrix}1&x&x^{2}&x^{3}\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}a_{00}&a_{01}&a_{02}&a_{03}\\\\a_{10}&a_{11}&a_{12}&a_{13}\\\\a_{20}&a_{21}&a_{22}&a_{23}\\\\a_{30}&a_{31}&a_{32}&a_{33}\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}1\\\\y\\\\y^{2}\\\\y^{3}\\end{bmatrix}}.}","title":"Computation"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Often, applications call for bicubic interpolation using data on a rectilinear grid, rather than the unit square. In this case, the identities for \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n p\n \n y\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{x},p_{y},}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n x\n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{xy}}\n \n becomep\n \n x\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n i\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n y\n \n j\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{x}(x,y)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=1}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=0}^{3}{\\frac {a_{ij}ix^{i-1}y^{j}}{\\Delta x}},}p\n \n y\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n x\n \n i\n \n \n j\n \n y\n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n y\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{y}(x,y)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=0}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=1}^{3}{\\frac {a_{ij}x^{i}jy^{j-1}}{\\Delta y}},}p\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n i\n \n x\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n j\n \n y\n \n j\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n Δ\n x\n Δ\n y\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p_{xy}(x,y)=\\textstyle \\sum \\limits _{i=1}^{3}\\sum \\limits _{j=1}^{3}{\\frac {a_{ij}ix^{i-1}jy^{j-1}}{\\Delta x\\Delta y}},}Δ\n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta x}x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}(\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y)}Δ\n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\Delta y}α\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha }x\n =\n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n f\n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n Δ\n x\n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n Δ\n y\n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n Δ\n y\n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n Δ\n y\n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n Δ\n y\n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n Δ\n x\n Δ\n y\n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n Δ\n x\n Δ\n y\n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n Δ\n x\n Δ\n y\n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n Δ\n x\n Δ\n y\n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n T\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x=\\left[{\\begin{smallmatrix}f(0,0)&f(1,0)&f(0,1)&f(1,1)&\\Delta xf_{x}(0,0)&\\Delta xf_{x}(1,0)&\\Delta xf_{x}(0,1)&\\Delta xf_{x}(1,1)&\\Delta yf_{y}(0,0)&\\Delta yf_{y}(1,0)&\\Delta yf_{y}(0,1)&\\Delta yf_{y}(1,1)&\\Delta x\\Delta yf_{xy}(0,0)&\\Delta x\\Delta yf_{xy}(1,0)&\\Delta x\\Delta yf_{xy}(0,1)&\\Delta x\\Delta yf_{xy}(1,1)\\end{smallmatrix}}\\right]^{T},}α\n =\n \n A\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\alpha =A^{-1}x}A\n \n \n {\\displaystyle A}x\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n x\n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n x\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ¯\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n y\n −\n \n y\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n \n y\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}{\\overline {x}}&={\\frac {x-x_{0}}{x_{1}-x_{0}}},\\\\{\\overline {y}}&={\\frac {y-y_{0}}{y_{1}-y_{0}}}\\end{aligned}}}x\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n x\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n y\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x_{0},x_{1},y_{0},}y\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle y_{1}}x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}(\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,y)}p\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n \n ∑\n \n i\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n ∑\n \n j\n =\n 0\n \n \n 3\n \n \n \n a\n \n i\n j\n \n \n \n \n \n x\n ¯\n \n \n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n y\n ¯\n \n \n \n j\n \n \n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x,y)=\\sum \\limits _{i=0}^{3}\\sum _{j=0}^{3}a_{ij}{\\overline {x}}^{i}{\\overline {y}}^{j}.}","title":"Extension to rectilinear grids"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finite differences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_differences"}],"text":"If the derivatives are unknown, they are typically approximated from the function values at points neighbouring the corners of the unit square, e.g. using finite differences.To find either of the single derivatives, \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}}\n \n or \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}}\n \n, using that method, find the slope between the two surrounding points in the appropriate axis. For example, to calculate \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}}\n \n for one of the points, find \n \n \n \n f\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f(x,y)}\n \n for the points to the left and right of the target point and calculate their slope, and similarly for \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}}\n \n.To find the cross derivative \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{xy}}\n \n, take the derivative in both axes, one at a time. For example, one can first use the \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}}\n \n procedure to find the \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n derivatives of the points above and below the target point, then use the \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}}\n \n procedure on those values (rather than, as usual, the values of \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n for those points) to obtain the value of \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n y\n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{xy}(x,y)}\n \n for the target point. (Or one can do it in the opposite direction, first calculating \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n y\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{y}}\n \n and then \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n x\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle f_{x}}\n \n from those. The two give equivalent results.)At the edges of the dataset, when one is missing some of the surrounding points, the missing points can be approximated by a number of methods. A simple and common method is to assume that the slope from the existing point to the target point continues without further change, and using this to calculate a hypothetical value for the missing point.","title":"Finding derivatives from function values"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolution"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keys-1"}],"text":"Bicubic spline interpolation requires the solution of the linear system described above for each grid cell. An interpolator with similar properties can be obtained by applying a convolution with the following kernel in both dimensions:W\n (\n x\n )\n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n (\n a\n +\n 2\n )\n \n |\n \n x\n \n \n |\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n (\n a\n +\n 3\n )\n \n |\n \n x\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n \n for \n \n \n |\n \n x\n \n |\n \n ≤\n 1\n ,\n \n \n \n \n a\n \n |\n \n x\n \n \n |\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 5\n a\n \n |\n \n x\n \n \n |\n \n \n 2\n \n \n +\n 8\n a\n \n |\n \n x\n \n |\n \n −\n 4\n a\n \n \n \n for \n \n 1\n <\n \n |\n \n x\n \n |\n \n <\n 2\n ,\n \n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n otherwise\n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle W(x)={\\begin{cases}(a+2)|x|^{3}-(a+3)|x|^{2}+1&{\\text{for }}|x|\\leq 1,\\\\a|x|^{3}-5a|x|^{2}+8a|x|-4a&{\\text{for }}1<|x|<2,\\\\0&{\\text{otherwise}},\\end{cases}}}a\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a}W\n (\n 0\n )\n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W(0)=1}W\n (\n n\n )\n =\n 0\n \n \n {\\displaystyle W(n)=0}n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}This approach was proposed by Keys, who showed that \n \n \n \n a\n =\n −\n 0.5\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a=-0.5}\n \n produces third-order convergence with respect to the sampling interval of the original function.[1]If we use the matrix notation for the common case \n \n \n \n a\n =\n −\n 0.5\n \n \n {\\displaystyle a=-0.5}\n \n, we can express the equation in a more friendly manner:p\n (\n t\n )\n =\n \n \n \n 1\n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 1\n \n \n t\n \n \n \n t\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n t\n \n 3\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n 0\n \n \n 2\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n 1\n \n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n −\n 5\n \n \n 4\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n \n 1\n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n [\n \n \n \n \n f\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n f\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n ]\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(t)={\\tfrac {1}{2}}{\\begin{bmatrix}1&t&t^{2}&t^{3}\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}0&2&0&0\\\\-1&0&1&0\\\\2&-5&4&-1\\\\-1&3&-3&1\\end{bmatrix}}{\\begin{bmatrix}f_{-1}\\\\f_{0}\\\\f_{1}\\\\f_{2}\\end{bmatrix}}}t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}t\n \n \n {\\displaystyle t}For two dimensions first applied once in \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n and again in \n \n \n \n y\n \n \n {\\displaystyle y}\n \n:b\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n p\n (\n \n t\n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n −\n 1\n ,\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 0\n ,\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 1\n ,\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 2\n ,\n −\n 1\n )\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n p\n (\n \n t\n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n −\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 2\n ,\n 0\n )\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n p\n (\n \n t\n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n −\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 2\n ,\n 1\n )\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n p\n (\n \n t\n \n x\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n −\n 1\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 0\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 1\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n ,\n \n f\n \n (\n 2\n ,\n 2\n )\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}b_{-1}&=p(t_{x},f_{(-1,-1)},f_{(0,-1)},f_{(1,-1)},f_{(2,-1)}),\\\\[1ex]b_{0}&=p(t_{x},f_{(-1,0)},f_{(0,0)},f_{(1,0)},f_{(2,0)}),\\\\[1ex]b_{1}&=p(t_{x},f_{(-1,1)},f_{(0,1)},f_{(1,1)},f_{(2,1)}),\\\\[1ex]b_{2}&=p(t_{x},f_{(-1,2)},f_{(0,2)},f_{(1,2)},f_{(2,2)}),\\end{aligned}}}p\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n =\n p\n (\n \n t\n \n y\n \n \n ,\n \n b\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n b\n \n 0\n \n \n ,\n \n b\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n b\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x,y)=p(t_{y},b_{-1},b_{0},b_{1},b_{2}).}","title":"Bicubic convolution algorithm"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accutance.svg"},{"link_name":"acutance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acutance"},{"link_name":"bitmap resampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resampling_(bitmap)"},{"link_name":"bilinear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_filtering"},{"link_name":"overshoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overshoot_(signal)"},{"link_name":"clipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(signal_processing)"},{"link_name":"ringing artifacts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringing_artifacts"},{"link_name":"acutance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acutance"}],"text":"The lower half of this figure is a magnification of the upper half, showing how the apparent sharpness of the left-hand line is created. Bicubic interpolation causes overshoot, which increases acutance.The bicubic algorithm is frequently used for scaling images and video for display (see bitmap resampling). It preserves fine detail better than the common bilinear algorithm.However, due to the negative lobes on the kernel, it causes overshoot (haloing). This can cause clipping, and is an artifact (see also ringing artifacts), but it increases acutance (apparent sharpness), and can be desirable.","title":"Use in computer graphics"}] | [{"image_text":"Comparison of Bicubic interpolation with some 1- and 2-dimensional interpolations. Black and red/yellow/green/blue dots correspond to the interpolated point and neighbouring samples, respectively. Their heights above the ground correspond to their values.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Comparison_of_1D_and_2D_interpolation.svg/250px-Comparison_of_1D_and_2D_interpolation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bicubic interpolation on the square \n \n \n \n [\n 0\n ,\n 4\n ]\n ×\n [\n 0\n ,\n 4\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle [0,4]\\times [0,4]}\n \n consisting of 25 unit squares patched together. Bicubic interpolation as per Matplotlib's implementation. Colour indicates function value. The black dots are the locations of the prescribed data being interpolated. Note how the color samples are not radially symmetric.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Interpolation-bicubic.svg/220px-Interpolation-bicubic.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Bilinear interpolation on the same dataset as above. Derivatives of the surface are not continuous over the square boundaries.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Interpolation-bilinear.svg/220px-Interpolation-bilinear.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Nearest-neighbor interpolation on the same dataset as above.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Interpolation-nearest.svg/220px-Interpolation-nearest.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The lower half of this figure is a magnification of the upper half, showing how the apparent sharpness of the left-hand line is created. Bicubic interpolation causes overshoot, which increases acutance.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Accutance.svg/250px-Accutance.svg.png"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg"},{"title":"Mathematics portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Mathematics"},{"title":"Spatial anti-aliasing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spatial_anti-aliasing"},{"title":"Bézier surface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_surface"},{"title":"Bilinear interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilinear_interpolation"},{"title":"Cubic Hermite spline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubic_Hermite_spline"},{"title":"Lanczos resampling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanczos_resampling"},{"title":"Natural neighbor interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_neighbor_interpolation"},{"title":"Sinc filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinc_filter"},{"title":"Spline interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spline_interpolation"},{"title":"Tricubic interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricubic_interpolation"},{"title":"Directional Cubic Convolution Interpolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_Cubic_Convolution_Interpolation"}] | [{"reference":"R. Keys (1981). \"Cubic convolution interpolation for digital image processing\". IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 29 (6): 1153–1160. Bibcode:1981ITASS..29.1153K. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belforte_Monferrato | Belforte Monferrato | ["1 References"] | Comune in Piedmont, ItalyBelforte MonferratoComuneComune di Belforte MonferratoPanorama
Coat of armsLocation of Belforte Monferrato
Belforte MonferratoLocation of Belforte Monferrato in ItalyShow map of ItalyBelforte MonferratoBelforte Monferrato (Piedmont)Show map of PiedmontCoordinates: 44°38′N 8°40′E / 44.633°N 8.667°E / 44.633; 8.667CountryItalyRegionPiedmontProvinceAlessandria (AL)Government • MayorNadia IncerpiArea • Total8.33 km2 (3.22 sq mi)Elevation233 m (764 ft)Population (2021) • Total503 • Density60/km2 (160/sq mi)DemonymBelfortesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code15070Dialing code0143
Belforte Monferrato (Italian pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Province of Alessandria, region of Piedmont, Italy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Alessandria.
It is home to a castle, built in the 15th to 17th centuries around a 12th-century tower of the Republic of Genoa.
The 8 and 9 June 2024 will be the administrative election to elect the new mayor for the next 2024/2029 legislature. Three lists are competing, in addition to the list of the outgoing mayor, also the list of Prof. Alessandro Figus (Concezione 2051 Belforte) and the list of Pisciotto.
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
vtePiedmont · Comuni of the Province of Alessandria
Acqui Terme
Albera Ligure
Alessandria
Alfiano Natta
Alice Bel Colle
Alluvioni Piovera
Altavilla Monferrato
Alzano Scrivia
Arquata Scrivia
Avolasca
Balzola
Basaluzzo
Bassignana
Belforte Monferrato
Bergamasco
Berzano di Tortona
Bistagno
Borghetto di Borbera
Borgo San Martino
Borgoratto Alessandrino
Bosco Marengo
Bosio
Bozzole
Brignano-Frascata
Cabella Ligure
Camagna Monferrato
Camino
Cantalupo Ligure
Capriata d'Orba
Carbonara Scrivia
Carentino
Carezzano
Carpeneto
Carrega Ligure
Carrosio
Cartosio
Casal Cermelli
Casale Monferrato
Casaleggio Boiro
Casalnoceto
Casasco
Cassano Spinola
Cassine
Cassinelle
Castellania Coppi
Castellar Guidobono
Castellazzo Bormida
Castelletto Merli
Castelletto Monferrato
Castelletto d'Erro
Castelletto d'Orba
Castelnuovo Bormida
Castelnuovo Scrivia
Castelspina
Cavatore
Cella Monte
Cereseto
Cerreto Grue
Cerrina Monferrato
Coniolo
Conzano
Costa Vescovato
Cremolino
Denice
Dernice
Fabbrica Curone
Felizzano
Fraconalto
Francavilla Bisio
Frascaro
Frassinello Monferrato
Frassineto Po
Fresonara
Frugarolo
Fubine Monferrato
Gabiano
Gamalero
Garbagna
Gavi
Giarole
Gremiasco
Grognardo
Grondona
Guazzora
Isola Sant'Antonio
Lerma
Lu e Cuccaro Monferrato
Malvicino
Masio
Melazzo
Merana
Mirabello Monferrato
Molare
Molino dei Torti
Mombello Monferrato
Momperone
Moncestino
Mongiardino Ligure
Monleale
Montacuto
Montaldeo
Montaldo Bormida
Montecastello
Montechiaro d'Acqui
Montegioco
Montemarzino
Morano sul Po
Morbello
Mornese
Morsasco
Murisengo
Novi Ligure
Occimiano
Odalengo Grande
Odalengo Piccolo
Olivola
Orsara Bormida
Ottiglio
Ovada
Oviglio
Ozzano Monferrato
Paderna
Pareto
Parodi Ligure
Pasturana
Pecetto di Valenza
Pietra Marazzi
Pomaro Monferrato
Pontecurone
Pontestura
Ponti
Ponzano Monferrato
Ponzone
Pozzol Groppo
Pozzolo Formigaro
Prasco
Predosa
Quargnento
Quattordio
Ricaldone
Rivalta Bormida
Rivarone
Rocca Grimalda
Roccaforte Ligure
Rocchetta Ligure
Rosignano Monferrato
Sala Monferrato
Sale
San Cristoforo
San Giorgio Monferrato
San Salvatore Monferrato
San Sebastiano Curone
Sant'Agata Fossili
Sardigliano
Sarezzano
Serralunga di Crea
Serravalle Scrivia
Sezzadio
Silvano d'Orba
Solero
Solonghello
Spigno Monferrato
Spineto Scrivia
Stazzano
Strevi
Tagliolo Monferrato
Tassarolo
Terruggia
Terzo
Ticineto
Tortona
Treville
Trisobbio
Valenza
Valmacca
Vignale Monferrato
Vignole Borbera
Viguzzolo
Villadeati
Villalvernia
Villamiroglio
Villanova Monferrato
Villaromagnano
Visone
Volpedo
Volpeglino
Voltaggio
This article on a location in the Province of Alessandria is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[bɛlˈfɔrte moɱferˈraːto]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Province of Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Alessandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandria"},{"link_name":"Republic of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa"}],"text":"Belforte Monferrato (Italian pronunciation: [bɛlˈfɔrte moɱferˈraːto]) is a commune in the Province of Alessandria, region of Piedmont, Italy, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) southeast of Turin and about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Alessandria.It is home to a castle, built in the 15th to 17th centuries around a 12th-century tower of the Republic of Genoa.The 8 and 9 June 2024 will be the administrative election to elect the new mayor for the next 2024/2029 legislature. Three lists are competing, in addition to the list of the outgoing mayor, also the list of Prof. Alessandro Figus (Concezione 2051 Belforte) and the list of Pisciotto.","title":"Belforte Monferrato"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belforte_Monferrato¶ms=44_38_N_8_40_E_type:city(432)_region:IT","external_links_name":"44°38′N 8°40′E / 44.633°N 8.667°E / 44.633; 8.667"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belforte_Monferrato&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooks_Kieschnick | Brooks Kieschnick | ["1 Early life and education","2 Professional career","2.1 Draft and minor leagues","2.2 Chicago Cubs (1996–1997)","2.3 The wilderness years (1998–2002)","2.4 Milwaukee Brewers (2003–2004)","2.5 Return to the minors and retirement (2005–2006)","3 Post-playing days","4 References","5 External links"] | American baseball player (born 1972)
Baseball player
Brooks KieschnickPitcher / OutfielderBorn: (1972-06-06) June 6, 1972 (age 52)Robstown, Texas, U.S.Batted: LeftThrew: RightMLB debutApril 3, 1996, for the Chicago CubsLast MLB appearanceOctober 3, 2004, for the Milwaukee BrewersMLB statisticsWin–loss record2–2Earned run average4.59Strikeouts67Batting average.248Home runs16Runs batted in46
Teams
Chicago Cubs (1996–1997)
Cincinnati Reds (2000)
Colorado Rockies (2001)
Milwaukee Brewers (2003–2004)
Member of the College Baseball Hall of Fame Induction2006
Medals
Men's baseball
Representing United States
World Junior Baseball Championship
1990 Cuba
Team
Michael Brooks Kieschnick (born June 6, 1972) is an American former professional baseball left fielder and pitcher. The only player to win the Dick Howser Trophy twice, he is a College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) during six seasons between 1996 and 2004, primarily with the Chicago Cubs and the Milwaukee Brewers. He batted left-handed but threw right-handed. During the initial part of his major league career, he was exclusively a position player; for his final two seasons in the big leagues, he was used primarily as a relief pitcher who also occasionally served as an outfielder and pinch hitter.
Kieschnick played college baseball at the University of Texas at Austin for the Texas Longhorns from 1990 until 1993, when he was drafted by the Chicago Cubs. After two seasons with Chicago, he was selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1997 expansion draft. However, he spent his entire tenure with the organization in the minor leagues. Although he was originally projected to be a hitter, he eventually revived his career by returning to pitching, which he had excelled at during his years with the Texas Longhorns. He was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers in 2003 and played his final major league game for them on October 3, 2004.
Early life and education
Kieschnick was born in Robstown, Texas on June 6, 1972. He graduated from high school at Mary Carroll High School in Corpus Christi, Texas. He then attended college at the University of Texas at Austin, where he played three seasons of baseball.
During his time with the Texas Longhorns, Kieschnick won the Dick Howser Trophy (bestowed annually to the national college baseball player of the year) in 1992. He won the award again in 1993, thus becoming the only player to win the honor twice. In his three years with the Longhorns, Kieschnick batted .360 and slugged 43 home runs and 215 runs batted in, in addition to having a 34–8 win–loss record and a 3.05 ERA. Because of his rare ability of competency in both hitting and pitching, Kieschnick was recognized as one of the most versatile players in college baseball.
Professional career
Draft and minor leagues
Even though Kieschnick did not play a defensive position, he was selected in the first round as the tenth overall pick of the 1993 amateur draft by the Chicago Cubs. He received a $650,000 signing bonus and was instantly viewed as the organization's best prospect in terms of hitting for power. Kieschnick honed his skills in the minor leagues and was ranked as the Cubs' top prospect by Baseball America during his three seasons in the Cubs farm system. Even though he had pitched well at the college level, the team viewed Kieschnick's offense as being more valuable. Accordingly, he was used exclusively as a position player by the Cubs at both the minor and major league levels. Kieschnick made his major league debut for the Cubs on April 3, 1996.
Chicago Cubs (1996–1997)
Kieschnick never lived up to his potential and was unable to produce the form he showed in the minor leagues. After appearing in only 25 games during the 1996 season, he was demoted back to the minors in the final week of spring training of 1997. He was described as being "stunned and dejected" when he was informed of the decision to replace him with Brant Brown. Nevertheless, Kieschnick was recalled on April 11 and eventually won the left field position. He played 39 games and finished the season with a disappointing .200 batting average, 2 doubles, 4 home runs and 12 RBIs, while striking out 21 times. After the season ended, Kieschnick was selected as the 64th pick of the 1997 expansion draft by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays and was regarded as "just another underachieving Cub."
The wilderness years (1998–2002)
Kieschnick was never given the opportunity to play a major league game for the Devil Rays. He was instead consigned to the minor leagues and shuffled between the Gulf Coast League Devil Rays, St. Petersburg Devil Rays, Durham Bulls and Edmonton Trappers during his two-year stint with the organization. In 1999, he was loaned out to the Anaheim Angels for the majority of the year. At the end of the season, Kieschnick became a free agent for the first time in his career and subsequently signed with the Cincinnati Reds.
In the 2000 season, Kieschnick spent most of his time in the minors: his major-league stint that year was limited to just fourteen games and he was unable to garner any hits in his 13 plate appearances that year. He proceeded to sign with the Colorado Rockies as a free agent at the season's end. He again split his time between the minors and the majors. In the 45 major league games he played in 2001, he batted .238, had 10 hits in 42 at bats, amassed 3 home runs and 9 RBIs and struck out 13 times.
Kieschnick signed with the Cleveland Indians for the 2002 season, but was released prior to the end of spring training. Picked up by the Chicago White Sox a month later and signed to a minor league deal, Kieschnick then radically changed his career approach. Up to this point, Kieschnick had pitched in exactly two minor league games in his career—both token relief appearances in blowout games, one in 1999 and one in 2001. Nevertheless, in the 2002 season Kieschnick switched his primary focus to pitching, hoping to better his chances of making a major league roster as a pitcher who was also a versatile utility player. He ended up spending the entire 2002 season in the minor leagues with the triple-A Charlotte Knights, appearing in 25 games as a relief pitcher, 1 as an outfielder and over 40 as either a pinch-hitter or DH. He finished the season batting .275 with 13 home huns in just 189 at bats; as a pitcher, he was 0–1 with a 2.59 ERA in just over 31 innings pitched.
Milwaukee Brewers (2003–2004)
Signing with the Milwaukee Brewers organization in time for the 2003 campaign, Kieschnick returned to the majors in the role of pitcher/utility outfielder/DH. During the 2003 season, Kieschnick became the first player in the MLB to hit home runs as a pitcher, designated hitter, and pinch hitter in the same season. Throughout 2003 and 2004, the Milwaukee Brewers took advantage of Kieschnick's versatility, using him as a pinch hitter, designated hitter, and left fielder in addition to his primary role in the bullpen. Kieschnick played three complete games as a left fielder in September 2003; these would be his only on-field appearances as a defensive player for Milwaukee (outside of his role as pitcher) during 2003–04.
During his second season with Milwaukee (2004), Kieschnick opened the season as a pitcher/pinch-hitter, but due to an injury was used exclusively as a pinch hitter for a two-month period from July 3-September 3, spending part of that time on the disabled list. Kieschnick did not appear as an outfielder or as a designated hitter during 2004. Though Kieschnick's pitching effectiveness improved over his 2003 season, his hitting tailed off, as he hit only 1 home run all year (compared to 7 in 2003).
In a total of 306 career at-bats, Kieschnick's batting average was .248. In his two seasons of pitching at the major league level, his ERA was 4.59.
Return to the minors and retirement (2005–2006)
Kieschnick was released by Milwaukee near the end of spring training, 2005. He subsequently spent the 2005 season in the Houston Astros minor league system, hitting .327 but also compiling a pitching record of 2–4 with an ERA of 5.12. On February 15, 2006, Kieschnick announced his retirement from baseball.
Post-playing days
In 2002, in an online poll conducted in Austin, Kieschnick was voted the best baseball player in the history of the University of Texas. He became one of ten inaugural members of the College Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006. On March 29, 2009, Kieschnick had his number 23 retired by the University of Texas.
References
^ a b Mann, Jonathan (March 27, 2009). "Baseball set to retire Brooks Kieschnick's No. 23 on Saturday". TexasSports.com. Texas Longhorns. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ a b c d e f g h "Brooks Kieschnick Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ "Brooks Kieschnick press conference". TexasSports.com. Texas Longhorns. March 27, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ English, Antonya (June 16, 2012). "Florida Gators catcher Mike Zunino wins Dick Howser Trophy for college baseball player of the year". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
^ a b "Kieschnick is lauded again: Howser Trophy". The Austin American-Statesman. June 5, 1992. Retrieved September 20, 2012. (subscription required)
^ "Kieschnick wins honor". The Ocala Star-Banner. June 9, 1993. p. 3C. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ a b c "Inaugural class includes five players, five coaches". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Associated Press. April 26, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ Stewart, Wayne (July 30, 2006). Babe Ruth: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 139. ISBN 9780313335969. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ a b c Studenmund, Dave; Tamer, Greg (November 30, 2004). The Hardball Times Baseball Annual. Lulu.com. p. 115. ISBN 9781411617179. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ "1st Round of the 1993 MLB June Amateur Draft". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ "Kieschnick makes Cubs' roster". The Telegraph Herald. Dubuque. March 27, 1996. p. 3B. Retrieved September 20, 2012.
^ a b c Nadel, Mike (April 30, 1997). "Brooks Kieschnick leads Cubs to 14–8 win over Montreal". The Tuscaloosa News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ "Cubs send Kieschnick back to Triple-A". The Telegraph Herald. Dubuque. Associated Press. March 26, 1997. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ "Chicago teams, Brewers take some big hits". The Telegraph-Herald. Dubuque. Associated Press. November 19, 1997. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ a b c "Brooks Kieschnick Minor League Statistics and History". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ "Minor Details: Brooks Kieschnick". The San Antonio Express-News. April 22, 2001. Retrieved September 21, 2012. (subscription required)
^ McCalvy, Adam (June 26, 2003). "Notes: Yost looks for more". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ "Baltimore: RHP Brooks..." The Chicago Tribune. February 16, 2006. Retrieved September 21, 2012.
^ "Minor Details: Brooks Kieschnick". The San Antonio Express-News. April 21, 2002. Retrieved September 20, 2012. (subscription required)
External links
Baseball portal
Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)
vteDick Howser Trophy
1987: Fiore
1988: Ventura
1989: S. Bryant
1990: Fernández
1991: Rodriguez
1992: Kieschnick
1993: Kieschnick
1994: Varitek
1995: Helton
1996: Benson
1997: Drew
1998: Furniss
1999: Jennings
2000: Teixeira
2001: Prior
2002: Greene
2003: Weeks
2004: Weaver
2005: Gordon
2006: Lincoln
2007: Price
2008: Posey
2009: Strasburg
2010: Rendon
2011: Jungmann
2012: Zunino
2013: K. Bryant
2014: Reed
2015: Benintendi
2016: Beer
2017: McKay
2018: Singer
2019: Rutschman
2020: Not awarded
2021: Kopps
2022: Melendez
2023: Skenes
2024: Condon
vteBaseball America College Player of the Year Award
1981: Sodders
1982: Ledbetter
1983: Magadan
1984: McDowell
1985: Incaviglia
1986: Close
1987: Ventura
1988: Olerud
1989: McDonald
1990: Kelly
1991: McCarty
1992: Nevin
1993: Kieschnick
1994: Varitek
1995: Helton
1996: Benson
1997: Drew
1998: Austin
1999: Jennings
2000: Teixeira
2001: Prior
2002: Greene
2003: Weeks
2004: Weaver
2005: Gordon
2006: Miller
2007: Price
2008: Posey
2009: Strasburg
2010: Rendon
2011: Bauer
2012: Zunino
2013: Bryant
2014: Reed
2015: Benintendi
2016: Lewis
2017: McKay
2018: Singer
2019: Rutschman
2020
2021: Kopps
2022: Melendez
2023: Skenes
vteCollegiate Baseball Player of the Year Award
1984: McDowell
1985: Incaviglia
1986: Swindell
1987: Robinson & Ventura
1988: Benes
1989: Bryant & McDonald
1990: Kelly
1991: Jones
1992: Peever
1993: Kieschnick
1994: Jackson
1995: Helton & Kotsay
1996: Benson
1997: Drew
1998: Mench
1999: Jennings
2000: Bouknight
2001: Prior
2002: Greene
2003: Weeks
2004: Weaver
2005: Robinson
2006: Kulbacki & Roemer
2007: Price & Thomas
2008: Posey
2009: Strasburg
2010: Sale
2011: Bauer
2012: Petree
2013: Bryant
2014: Reed
2015: Benintendi
2016: Lauer
2017: McKay & Rooker
2018: Spillane
2019: Rutschman
2020: Gonzales
2021: Kopps
2022: Melendez
2023: Skenes
vteMembers of the National College Baseball Hall of FamePlayers
Jim Abbott
Rusty Adkins
Bill Almon
Steve Arlin
Joe Arnold
Doug Ault
Chris Bando
Sal Bando
Eddie Bane
Alan Bannister
Floyd Bannister
Pete Barnes
Lance Berkman
Bill Bordley
Tom Borland
Tom Brennan
Lou Brock
Tim Burzette
Joe Carter
Rick Cerone
Dave Chalk
Will Clark
Casey Close
Ron Darling
Rich Dauer
Andre Dawson
Matt DeSalvo
John Deutsch
Darren Dreifort
Kirk Dressendorfer
J. D. Drew
Alex Fernandez
Mike Fiore
Terry Francona
Eddy Furniss
Mike Fuentes
Nomar Garciaparra
Ralph Garr
Gary Gentry
Jim Gideon
Danny Goodwin
Alex Gordon
Dick Groat
Neal Heaton
Don Heinkel
Todd Helton
Al Holland
Condredge Holloway
Wally Hood
Burt Hooton
Bob Horner
Dick Howser
Pete Incaviglia
Roy Lee Jackson
Tim Jorgensen
Mike Kelly
Steve Kemp
Terry Kennedy
Brooks Kieschnick
Mark Kotsay
Barry Larkin
Fred Lynn
Dave Magadan
Russell Martin
Tino Martinez
Ben McDonald
Oddibe McDowell
Paul Molitor
Rick Monday
Keith Moreland
John Olerud
Gregg Olson
Tom Paciorek
Rafael Palmeiro
Rick Reichardt
Ken Ritter
Roy Smalley III
Phil Stephenson
Mickey Sullivan
B. J. Surhoff
Greg Swindell
Derek Tatsuno
Jason Varitek
Robin Ventura
Frank Viola
Billy Wagner
Todd Walker
Tim Wallach
Rickie Weeks
Brad Wilkerson
Dave Winfield
Rich Wortham
Coaches
Bob Bennett
Skip Bertman
Robert Braddy
Chuck Brayton
Jim Brock
Roger Cador
Pat Casey
Ed Cheff
Jack Coffey
Rod Dedeaux
Ken Dugan
Bibb Falk
Ron Fraser
Augie Garrido
Gordie Gillespie
Wayne Graham
Cliff Gustafson
Larry Hays
Bill Holowaty
Ralph Waldo Emerson Jones
Wally Kincaid
Jerry Kindall
Robert Lee
Danny Litwhiler
Andy Lopez
Demie Mainieri
Mark Marquess
Mike Martin
Art Mazmanian
Mike Metheny
Marty Miller
Jim Morris
Ron Polk
Frank Sancet
Don Schaly
John Scolinos
Dick Siebert
Lloyd Simmons
Gene Stephenson
Tommy Thomas
Bob Todd
Frank Vieira
Gary Ward
Bill Wilhelm
John Winkin
Bobby Winkles
Veteran players(pre-1947 era)
Jack Barry
Owen Carroll
Billy Disch
Lou Gehrig
Christy Mathewson
William Clarence Matthews
Frank Quinn
Branch Rickey
Jackie Robinson
Joe Sewell
George Sisler
Charlie Teague
Executives
Everett Barnes
Dave Keilitz
Dennis Poppe
Umpires
Randy Christal
Jim Garman
C.J. Mitchell
Tony Thompson
Dave Yeast
vte1993 College Baseball All-America Team consensus selections
P Brian Anderson
P Dan Choi
P Darren Dreifort
P Jeff Granger
P Scott Christman
C Jason Varitek
1B Ryan McGuire
2B Todd Walker
3B None
SS Mark Loretta
O Eric Danapilis
O Marc Sagmoen
DH Paul Lo Duca
U Brooks Kieschnick
vte1993 Major League Baseball draft first round selections
Alex Rodriguez
Darren Dreifort
Brian Anderson
Wayne Gomes
Jeff Granger
Steve Soderstrom
Trot Nixon
Kirk Presley
Matt Brunson
Brooks Kieschnick
Daron Kirkreit
Billy Wagner
Matt Drews
Derrek Lee
Chris Carpenter
Alan Benes
Scott Christman
Chris Schwab
Jay Powell
Torii Hunter
Jason Varitek
Charles Peterson
Jeff D'Amico
Jon Ratliff
John Wasdin
Kelly Wunsch
Marc Valdes
Jamey Wright
Kevin Orie
Mike Bell
Josue Estrada
Pat Watkins
Marc Barcelo
Jermaine Allensworth
Todd Dunn
Willie Adams
Matt Farner
Kelcey Mucker
Joe Wagner
Jeremy Lee
Mark Lukasiewicz
Charles Rice
vteChicago Cubs first-round draft picks
1965: James
1966: Burk
1967: Hughes
1968: Rickey
1969: Metzger
1970: Hiser
1971: Wehmeier
1972: Vernoy
1973: Tabb
1974: Thompson
1975: Rosinski
1976: Segelke
1977: Martz
1978: Hayes
1979: Perlman
1980: Schulze
1981: Carter, Lovelace
1982: Dunston, Woods, Boderick
1983: Davidson
1984: Hall
1985: Palmeiro, Masters
1986: May
1987: Harkey
1988: Griffin
1989: Cunningham
1990: Dickson
1991: Glanville
1992: Wallace
1993: Kieschnick, Ratliff, Orie
1994: Peterson
1995: Wood
1996: Noel
1997: Garland
1998: Patterson
1999: Christensen
2000: Montañez
2001: Prior
2002: Brownlie, Hagerty, Blasko, Clanton
2003: Harvey
2004: None
2005: Pawelek
2006: Colvin
2007: Vitters, Donaldson
2008: Cashner, Flaherty
2009: Jackson
2010: Simpson
2011: Báez
2012: Almora, Johnson, Blackburn
2013: Bryant
2014: Schwarber
2015: Happ
2016: None
2017: Little, Lange
2018: Hoerner
2019: Jensen
2020: Howard
2021: Wicks
2022: Horton
2023: Shaw
vteTexas Longhorns baseballVenues
Clark Field I (1894–1927)
Clark Field II (1928–1974)
UFCU Disch-Falk Field (1975–present)
Rivalries
Texas A&M (Lone Star Showdown)
People
Head coaches
Award winners
Notable players
MLB draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
National Championships in bold; College World Series appearances in italics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"left fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_fielder"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Dick Howser Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Howser_Trophy"},{"link_name":"College Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-number_retired-1"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"left-handed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-handed"},{"link_name":"right-handed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-handed"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"outfielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outfielder"},{"link_name":"pinch hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinch_hitter"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Texas Longhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"1997 expansion draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft"},{"link_name":"minor leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"}],"text":"Baseball playerMichael Brooks Kieschnick (born June 6, 1972) is an American former professional baseball left fielder and pitcher. The only player to win the Dick Howser Trophy twice, he is a College Baseball Hall of Fame inductee.[1] He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) during six seasons between 1996 and 2004, primarily with the Chicago Cubs and the Milwaukee Brewers. He batted left-handed but threw right-handed. During the initial part of his major league career, he was exclusively a position player; for his final two seasons in the big leagues, he was used primarily as a relief pitcher who also occasionally served as an outfielder and pinch hitter.Kieschnick played college baseball at the University of Texas at Austin for the Texas Longhorns from 1990 until 1993, when he was drafted by the Chicago Cubs. After two seasons with Chicago, he was selected by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays in the 1997 expansion draft. However, he spent his entire tenure with the organization in the minor leagues. Although he was originally projected to be a hitter, he eventually revived his career by returning to pitching, which he had excelled at during his years with the Texas Longhorns. He was signed by the Milwaukee Brewers in 2003 and played his final major league game for them on October 3, 2004.","title":"Brooks Kieschnick"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robstown, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robstown,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Mary Carroll High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Carroll_High_School"},{"link_name":"Corpus Christi, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Texas Longhorns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Longhorns_baseball"},{"link_name":"Dick Howser Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Howser_Trophy"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauded-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"batted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"runs batted in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_batted_in"},{"link_name":"win–loss record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win%E2%80%93loss_record_(pitching)"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inaugural-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardball-9"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inaugural-7"}],"text":"Kieschnick was born in Robstown, Texas on June 6, 1972. He graduated from high school at Mary Carroll High School in Corpus Christi, Texas.[2] He then attended college at the University of Texas at Austin, where he played three seasons of baseball.[3]During his time with the Texas Longhorns, Kieschnick won the Dick Howser Trophy (bestowed annually to the national college baseball player of the year)[4] in 1992.[5] He won the award again in 1993, thus becoming the only player to win the honor twice.[6] In his three years with the Longhorns, Kieschnick batted .360 and slugged 43 home runs and 215 runs batted in, in addition to having a 34–8 win–loss record and a 3.05 ERA.[7] Because of his rare ability of competency in both hitting and pitching,[8][9] Kieschnick was recognized as one of the most versatile players in college baseball.[7]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lauded-5"},{"link_name":"1993 amateur draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"hitting for power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slugging_percentage"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Baseball America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball_America"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardball-9"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"}],"sub_title":"Draft and minor leagues","text":"Even though Kieschnick did not play a defensive position,[5] he was selected in the first round as the tenth overall pick of the 1993 amateur draft by the Chicago Cubs.[10] He received a $650,000 signing bonus and was instantly viewed as the organization's best prospect in terms of hitting for power.[11] Kieschnick honed his skills in the minor leagues and was ranked as the Cubs' top prospect by Baseball America during his three seasons in the Cubs farm system. Even though he had pitched well at the college level, the team viewed Kieschnick's offense as being more valuable.[9] Accordingly, he was used exclusively as a position player by the Cubs at both the minor and major league levels. Kieschnick made his major league debut for the Cubs on April 3, 1996.[2]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hardball-9"},{"link_name":"appearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Games_played"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"spring training","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_training"},{"link_name":"1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leads-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leads-12"},{"link_name":"Brant Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brant_Brown"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"left field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_field"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leads-12"},{"link_name":"doubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"striking out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strikeout"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"1997 expansion draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Major_League_Baseball_expansion_draft"},{"link_name":"Tampa Bay Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cubs (1996–1997)","text":"Kieschnick never lived up to his potential and was unable to produce the form he showed in the minor leagues.[9] After appearing in only 25 games during the 1996 season,[2] he was demoted back to the minors in the final week of spring training of 1997.[12] He was described as being \"stunned and dejected\"[12] when he was informed of the decision to replace him with Brant Brown.[13] Nevertheless, Kieschnick was recalled on April 11 and eventually won the left field position.[12] He played 39 games and finished the season with a disappointing .200 batting average, 2 doubles, 4 home runs and 12 RBIs, while striking out 21 times.[2] After the season ended, Kieschnick was selected as the 64th pick of the 1997 expansion draft by the Tampa Bay Devil Rays[2] and was regarded as \"just another underachieving Cub.\"[14]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"minor leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Gulf Coast League Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_Coast_League_Devil_Rays"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg Devil Rays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Saints"},{"link_name":"Durham Bulls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham_Bulls"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Trappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Trappers"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRm-15"},{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"loaned out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Anaheim Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Angels_of_Anaheim"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRm-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"plate appearances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_appearance"},{"link_name":"Colorado Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Rockies"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"at bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_bats"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Knights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BR-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BRm-15"}],"sub_title":"The wilderness years (1998–2002)","text":"Kieschnick was never given the opportunity to play a major league game for the Devil Rays.[2] He was instead consigned to the minor leagues and shuffled between the Gulf Coast League Devil Rays, St. Petersburg Devil Rays, Durham Bulls and Edmonton Trappers during his two-year stint with the organization.[15] In 1999, he was loaned out to the Anaheim Angels for the majority of the year.[15][16] At the end of the season, Kieschnick became a free agent for the first time in his career and subsequently signed with the Cincinnati Reds.[2]In the 2000 season, Kieschnick spent most of his time in the minors: his major-league stint that year was limited to just fourteen games and he was unable to garner any hits in his 13 plate appearances that year. He proceeded to sign with the Colorado Rockies as a free agent at the season's end. He again split his time between the minors and the majors. In the 45 major league games he played in 2001, he batted .238, had 10 hits in 42 at bats, amassed 3 home runs and 9 RBIs and struck out 13 times.Kieschnick signed with the Cleveland Indians for the 2002 season, but was released prior to the end of spring training. Picked up by the Chicago White Sox a month later and signed to a minor league deal, Kieschnick then radically changed his career approach. Up to this point, Kieschnick had pitched in exactly two minor league games in his career—both token relief appearances in blowout games, one in 1999 and one in 2001. Nevertheless, in the 2002 season Kieschnick switched his primary focus to pitching, hoping to better his chances of making a major league roster as a pitcher who was also a versatile utility player. He ended up spending the entire 2002 season in the minor leagues with the triple-A Charlotte Knights, appearing in 25 games as a relief pitcher, 1 as an outfielder and over 40 as either a pinch-hitter or DH.[2][15] He finished the season batting .275 with 13 home huns in just 189 at bats; as a pitcher, he was 0–1 with a 2.59 ERA in just over 31 innings pitched.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"home runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_run"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee Brewers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_Brewers"},{"link_name":"designated hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_hitter"},{"link_name":"left fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_fielder"},{"link_name":"bullpen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullpen"},{"link_name":"at-bats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At-bat"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"}],"sub_title":"Milwaukee Brewers (2003–2004)","text":"Signing with the Milwaukee Brewers organization in time for the 2003 campaign, Kieschnick returned to the majors in the role of pitcher/utility outfielder/DH. During the 2003 season, Kieschnick became the first player in the MLB to hit home runs as a pitcher, designated hitter, and pinch hitter in the same season.[17] Throughout 2003 and 2004, the Milwaukee Brewers took advantage of Kieschnick's versatility, using him as a pinch hitter, designated hitter, and left fielder in addition to his primary role in the bullpen. Kieschnick played three complete games as a left fielder in September 2003; these would be his only on-field appearances as a defensive player for Milwaukee (outside of his role as pitcher) during 2003–04.During his second season with Milwaukee (2004), Kieschnick opened the season as a pitcher/pinch-hitter, but due to an injury was used exclusively as a pinch hitter for a two-month period from July 3-September 3, spending part of that time on the disabled list. Kieschnick did not appear as an outfielder or as a designated hitter during 2004. Though Kieschnick's pitching effectiveness improved over his 2003 season, his hitting tailed off, as he hit only 1 home run all year (compared to 7 in 2003).In a total of 306 career at-bats, Kieschnick's batting average was .248. In his two seasons of pitching at the major league level, his ERA was 4.59.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Return to the minors and retirement (2005–2006)","text":"Kieschnick was released by Milwaukee near the end of spring training, 2005. He subsequently spent the 2005 season in the Houston Astros minor league system, hitting .327 but also compiling a pitching record of 2–4 with an ERA of 5.12. On February 15, 2006, Kieschnick announced his retirement from baseball.[18]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austin,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"College Baseball Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inaugural-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-number_retired-1"}],"text":"In 2002, in an online poll conducted in Austin, Kieschnick was voted the best baseball player in the history of the University of Texas.[19] He became one of ten inaugural members of the College Baseball Hall of Fame in 2006.[7] On March 29, 2009, Kieschnick had his number 23 retired by the University of Texas.[1]","title":"Post-playing days"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Mann, Jonathan (March 27, 2009). \"Baseball set to retire Brooks Kieschnick's No. 23 on Saturday\". TexasSports.com. Texas Longhorns. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.texassports.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/032709aab.html","url_text":"\"Baseball set to retire Brooks Kieschnick's No. 23 on Saturday\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooks Kieschnick Statistics and History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/kiescbr01.shtml","url_text":"\"Brooks Kieschnick Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooks Kieschnick press conference\". TexasSports.com. Texas Longhorns. March 27, 2009. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.texassports.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/032909aaa.html","url_text":"\"Brooks Kieschnick press conference\""}]},{"reference":"English, Antonya (June 16, 2012). \"Florida Gators catcher Mike Zunino wins Dick Howser Trophy for college baseball player of the year\". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved August 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130204051422/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/florida-gators-mike-zunino-wins-dick-howser-trophy/1235643","url_text":"\"Florida Gators catcher Mike Zunino wins Dick Howser Trophy for college baseball player of the year\""},{"url":"http://www.tampabay.com/sports/florida-gators-mike-zunino-wins-dick-howser-trophy/1235643","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kieschnick is lauded again: Howser Trophy\". The Austin American-Statesman. June 5, 1992. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0EAD9010B94A56C3&p_docnum=1&p_queryname=3","url_text":"\"Kieschnick is lauded again: Howser Trophy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kieschnick wins honor\". The Ocala Star-Banner. June 9, 1993. p. 3C. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QqdAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5690,6733731&dq=brooks+kieschnick&hl=en","url_text":"\"Kieschnick wins honor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Inaugural class includes five players, five coaches\". ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Associated Press. April 26, 2006. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2422684","url_text":"\"Inaugural class includes five players, five coaches\""}]},{"reference":"Stewart, Wayne (July 30, 2006). Babe Ruth: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 139. ISBN 9780313335969. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AVXykh_yjP8C&q=Brooks+Kieschnick&pg=PA139","url_text":"Babe Ruth: A Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335969","url_text":"9780313335969"}]},{"reference":"Studenmund, Dave; Tamer, Greg (November 30, 2004). The Hardball Times Baseball Annual. Lulu.com. p. 115. ISBN 9781411617179. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ry_K7X-iKIC&q=Brooks+Kieschnick&pg=PA115","url_text":"The Hardball Times Baseball Annual"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781411617179","url_text":"9781411617179"}]},{"reference":"\"1st Round of the 1993 MLB June Amateur Draft\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/draft/index.cgi?year_ID=1993&draft_round=1&draft_type=junreg&query_type=year_round","url_text":"\"1st Round of the 1993 MLB June Amateur Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kieschnick makes Cubs' roster\". The Telegraph Herald. Dubuque. March 27, 1996. p. 3B. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LvRlAAAAIBAJ&pg=5835,4968233&dq=brooks+kieschnick&hl=en","url_text":"\"Kieschnick makes Cubs' roster\""}]},{"reference":"Nadel, Mike (April 30, 1997). \"Brooks Kieschnick leads Cubs to 14–8 win over Montreal\". The Tuscaloosa News. Associated Press. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nj0dAAAAIBAJ&pg=4299,5259284&dq=brooks+kieschnick&hl=en","url_text":"\"Brooks Kieschnick leads Cubs to 14–8 win over Montreal\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cubs send Kieschnick back to Triple-A\". The Telegraph Herald. Dubuque. Associated Press. March 26, 1997. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6KVFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6700,4728896&dq=brooks+kieschnick+injury&hl=en","url_text":"\"Cubs send Kieschnick back to Triple-A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chicago teams, Brewers take some big hits\". The Telegraph-Herald. Dubuque. Associated Press. November 19, 1997. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_ShFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2707,4235968&dq=brooks+kieschnick&hl=en","url_text":"\"Chicago teams, Brewers take some big hits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brooks Kieschnick Minor League Statistics and History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=kiesch001mic","url_text":"\"Brooks Kieschnick Minor League Statistics and History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minor Details: Brooks Kieschnick\". The San Antonio Express-News. April 22, 2001. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:SANB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EBBDB280490E9F4&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3","url_text":"\"Minor Details: Brooks Kieschnick\""}]},{"reference":"McCalvy, Adam (June 26, 2003). \"Notes: Yost looks for more\". MLB.com. MLB Advanced Media. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20030626&content_id=392755&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb","url_text":"\"Notes: Yost looks for more\""}]},{"reference":"\"Baltimore: RHP Brooks...\" The Chicago Tribune. February 16, 2006. Retrieved September 21, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-02-16/sports/0602160252_1_frontier-league-contract-middle-linebackers-coach","url_text":"\"Baltimore: RHP Brooks...\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minor Details: Brooks Kieschnick\". The San Antonio Express-News. April 21, 2002. Retrieved September 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:SANB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F312C76999D5F9B&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3","url_text":"\"Minor Details: Brooks Kieschnick\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.texassports.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/032709aab.html","external_links_name":"\"Baseball set to retire Brooks Kieschnick's No. 23 on Saturday\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/kiescbr01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Brooks Kieschnick Statistics and History\""},{"Link":"http://www.texassports.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/032909aaa.html","external_links_name":"\"Brooks Kieschnick press conference\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130204051422/http://www.tampabay.com/sports/florida-gators-mike-zunino-wins-dick-howser-trophy/1235643","external_links_name":"\"Florida Gators catcher Mike Zunino wins Dick Howser Trophy for college baseball player of the year\""},{"Link":"http://www.tampabay.com/sports/florida-gators-mike-zunino-wins-dick-howser-trophy/1235643","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://infoweb.newsbank.com/iw-search/we/InfoWeb?p_product=AWNB&p_theme=aggregated5&p_action=doc&p_docid=0EAD9010B94A56C3&p_docnum=1&p_queryname=3","external_links_name":"\"Kieschnick is lauded again: Howser Trophy\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QqdAAAAAIBAJ&pg=5690,6733731&dq=brooks+kieschnick&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Kieschnick wins honor\""},{"Link":"http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2422684","external_links_name":"\"Inaugural class includes five players, five coaches\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AVXykh_yjP8C&q=Brooks+Kieschnick&pg=PA139","external_links_name":"Babe Ruth: A Biography"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0ry_K7X-iKIC&q=Brooks+Kieschnick&pg=PA115","external_links_name":"The Hardball Times Baseball Annual"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/draft/index.cgi?year_ID=1993&draft_round=1&draft_type=junreg&query_type=year_round","external_links_name":"\"1st Round of the 1993 MLB June Amateur Draft\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LvRlAAAAIBAJ&pg=5835,4968233&dq=brooks+kieschnick&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Kieschnick makes Cubs' roster\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=nj0dAAAAIBAJ&pg=4299,5259284&dq=brooks+kieschnick&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Brooks Kieschnick leads Cubs to 14–8 win over Montreal\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6KVFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6700,4728896&dq=brooks+kieschnick+injury&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Cubs send Kieschnick back to Triple-A\""},{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=_ShFAAAAIBAJ&pg=2707,4235968&dq=brooks+kieschnick&hl=en","external_links_name":"\"Chicago teams, Brewers take some big hits\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=kiesch001mic","external_links_name":"\"Brooks Kieschnick Minor League Statistics and History\""},{"Link":"http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:SANB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0EBBDB280490E9F4&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3","external_links_name":"\"Minor Details: Brooks Kieschnick\""},{"Link":"http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20030626&content_id=392755&vkey=news_mlb&fext=.jsp&c_id=mlb","external_links_name":"\"Notes: Yost looks for more\""},{"Link":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2006-02-16/sports/0602160252_1_frontier-league-contract-middle-linebackers-coach","external_links_name":"\"Baltimore: RHP Brooks...\""},{"Link":"http://docs.newsbank.com/openurl?ctx_ver=z39.88-2004&rft_id=info:sid/iw.newsbank.com:AWNB:SANB&rft_val_format=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rft_dat=0F312C76999D5F9B&svc_dat=InfoWeb:aggregated5&req_dat=105B9A93AF33E3E3","external_links_name":"\"Minor Details: Brooks Kieschnick\""},{"Link":"https://www.mlb.com/player/117044","external_links_name":"MLB"},{"Link":"https://www.espn.com/mlb/player/stats/_/id/3398","external_links_name":"ESPN"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/k/kiescbr01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=389","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=kiesch001mic","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davies-Meyer | One-way compression function | ["1 Compression","2 One-way","3 The Merkle–Damgård construction","4 Construction from block ciphers","5 Davies–Meyer","6 Matyas–Meyer–Oseas","7 Miyaguchi–Preneel","8 Hirose","9 Sponge construction","10 See also","11 References","11.1 Citations","11.2 Sources"] | Cryptographic primitive
In cryptography, a one-way compression function is a function that transforms two fixed-length inputs into a fixed-length output. The transformation is "one-way", meaning that it is difficult given a particular output to compute inputs which compress to that output. One-way compression functions are not related to conventional data compression algorithms, which instead can be inverted exactly (lossless compression) or approximately (lossy compression) to the original data.
A one-way compression function
One-way compression functions are for instance used in the Merkle–Damgård construction inside cryptographic hash functions.
One-way compression functions are often built from block ciphers.
Some methods to turn any normal block cipher into a one-way compression function are Davies–Meyer, Matyas–Meyer–Oseas, Miyaguchi–Preneel (single-block-length compression functions) and MDC-2/Meyer–Schilling, MDC-4, Hirose (double-block-length compression functions). These methods are described in detail further down. (MDC-2 is also the name of a hash function patented by IBM.)
Another method is 2BOW (or NBOW in general), which is a "high-rate multi-block-length hash function based on block ciphers" and typically achieves (asymptotic) rates between 1 and 2 independent of the hash size (only with small constant overhead). This method has not yet seen any serious security analysis, so should be handled with care.
Compression
A compression function mixes two fixed length inputs and produces a single fixed length output of the same size as one of the inputs. This can also be seen as that the compression function transforms one large fixed-length input into a shorter, fixed-length output.
For instance, input A might be 128 bits, input B 128 bits and they are compressed together to a single output of 128 bits. This is equivalent to having a single 256-bit input compressed to a single output of 128 bits.
Some compression functions do not compress by half, but instead by some other factor. For example, input A might be 256 bits, and input B 128 bits, which are compressed to a single output of 128 bits. That is, a total of 384 input bits are compressed together to 128 output bits.
The mixing is done in such a way that full avalanche effect is achieved. That is, every output bit depends on every input bit.
One-way
Main article: one-way function
A one-way function is a function that is easy to compute but hard to invert. A one-way compression function (also called hash function) should have the following properties:
Easy to compute: If you have some input(s), it is easy to calculate the output.
Preimage-resistance: If an attacker only knows the output it should be infeasible to calculate an input. In other words, given an output
h
{\displaystyle h}
, it should be unfeasible to calculate an input
m
{\displaystyle m}
such that
hash
(
m
)
=
h
{\displaystyle \operatorname {hash} (m)=h}
.
Second preimage-resistance: Given an input
m
1
{\displaystyle m_{1}}
whose output is
h
{\displaystyle h}
, it should be infeasible to find another input
m
2
{\displaystyle m_{2}}
that has the same output
h
{\displaystyle h}
, i.e.
hash
(
m
1
)
=
hash
(
m
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}
.
Collision-resistance: It should be hard to find any two different inputs that compress to the same output i.e. an attacker should not be able to find a pair of messages
m
1
≠
m
2
{\displaystyle m_{1}\neq m_{2}}
such that
hash
(
m
1
)
=
hash
(
m
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}
. Due to the birthday paradox (see also birthday attack) there is a 50% chance a collision can be found in time of about
2
n
/
2
{\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}
where
n
{\displaystyle n}
is the number of bits in the hash function's output. An attack on the hash function thus should not be able to find a collision with less than about
2
n
/
2
{\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}
work.
Ideally one would like the "infeasibility" in preimage-resistance and second preimage-resistance to mean a work of about
2
n
{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
where
n
{\displaystyle n}
is the number of bits in the hash function's output. However, particularly for second preimage-resistance this is a difficult problem.
The Merkle–Damgård construction
Main article: Merkle–Damgård construction
The Merkle–Damgård hash construction. The boxes labeled are a one-way compression function.
A common use of one-way compression functions is in the Merkle–Damgård construction inside cryptographic hash functions. Most widely used hash functions, including MD5, SHA-1 (which is deprecated) and SHA-2 use this construction.
A hash function must be able to process an arbitrary-length message into a fixed-length output. This can be achieved by breaking the input up into a series of equal-sized blocks, and operating on them in sequence using a one-way compression function. The compression function can either be specially designed for hashing or be built from a block cipher. The last block processed should also be length padded, which is crucial to the security of this construction.
When length padding (also called MD-strengthening) is applied, attacks cannot find collisions faster than the birthday paradox (
2
n
/
2
{\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}
,
n
{\displaystyle n}
being the block size in bits) if the used function
f
{\displaystyle f}
is collision-resistant. Hence, the Merkle–Damgård hash construction reduces the problem of finding a proper hash function to finding a proper compression function.
A second preimage attack (given a message
m
1
{\displaystyle m_{1}}
an attacker finds another message
m
2
{\displaystyle m_{2}}
to satisfy
hash
(
m
1
)
=
hash
(
m
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}
can be done according to Kelsey and Schneier for a
2
k
{\displaystyle 2^{k}}
-message-block message in time
k
×
2
n
/
2
+
1
+
2
n
−
k
+
1
{\displaystyle k\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}
. The complexity of this attack reaches a minimum of
2
3
n
/
4
+
2
{\displaystyle 2^{3n/4+2}}
for long messages when
k
=
2
n
/
4
{\displaystyle k=2^{n/4}}
and approaches
2
n
{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
when messages are short.
Construction from block ciphers
A typical modern block cipher
One-way compression functions are often built from block ciphers.
Block ciphers take (like one-way compression functions) two fixed size inputs (the key and the plaintext) and return one single output (the ciphertext) which is the same size as the input plaintext.
However, modern block ciphers are only partially one-way. That is, given a plaintext and a ciphertext it is infeasible to find a key that encrypts the plaintext to the ciphertext. But, given a ciphertext and a key a matching plaintext can be found simply by using the block cipher's decryption function. Thus, to turn a block cipher into a one-way compression function some extra operations have to be added.
Some methods to turn any normal block cipher into a one-way compression function are Davies–Meyer, Matyas–Meyer–Oseas, Miyaguchi–Preneel (single-block-length compression functions) and MDC-2, MDC-4, Hirose (double-block-length compressions functions).
Single-block-length compression functions output the same number of bits as processed by the underlying block cipher. Consequently, double-block-length compression functions output twice the number of bits.
If a block cipher has a block size of say 128 bits single-block-length methods create a hash function that has the block size of 128 bits and produces a hash of 128 bits. Double-block-length methods make hashes with double the hash size compared to the block size of the block cipher used. So a 128-bit block cipher can be turned into a 256-bit hash function.
These methods are then used inside the Merkle–Damgård construction to build the actual hash function. These methods are described in detail further down.
Using a block cipher to build the one-way compression function for a hash function is usually somewhat slower than using a specially designed one-way compression function in the hash function. This is because all known secure constructions do the key scheduling for each block of the message. Black, Cochran and Shrimpton have shown that it is impossible to construct a one-way compression function that makes only one call to a block cipher with a fixed key. In practice reasonable speeds are achieved provided the key scheduling of the selected block cipher is not a too heavy operation.
But, in some cases it is easier because a single implementation of a block cipher can be used for both a block cipher and a hash function. It can also save code space in very tiny embedded systems like for instance smart cards or nodes in cars or other machines.
Therefore, the hash-rate or rate gives a glimpse of the efficiency of a hash function based on a certain compression function. The rate of an iterated hash function outlines the ratio between the number of block cipher operations and the output. More precisely, the rate represents the ratio between the number of processed bits of input
m
{\displaystyle m}
, the output bit-length
n
{\displaystyle n}
of the block cipher, and the necessary block cipher operations
s
{\displaystyle s}
to produce these
n
{\displaystyle n}
output bits. Generally, the usage of fewer block cipher operations results in a better overall performance of the entire hash function, but it also leads to a smaller hash-value which could be undesirable. The rate is expressed by the formula:
R
h
=
|
m
i
|
s
⋅
n
{\displaystyle R_{h}={\frac {\left|m_{i}\right|}{s\cdot n}}}
The hash function can only be considered secure if at least the following conditions are met:
The block cipher has no special properties that distinguish it from ideal ciphers, such as weak keys or keys that lead to identical or related encryptions (fixed points or key-collisions).
The resulting hash size is big enough. According to the birthday attack a security level of 280 (generally assumed to be infeasible to compute today) is desirable thus the hash size should be at least 160 bits.
The last block is properly length padded prior to the hashing. (See Merkle–Damgård construction.) Length padding is normally implemented and handled internally in specialised hash functions like SHA-1 etc.
The constructions presented below: Davies–Meyer, Matyas–Meyer–Oseas, Miyaguchi–Preneel and Hirose have been shown to be secure under the black-box analysis. The goal is to show that any attack that can be found is at most as efficient as the birthday attack under certain assumptions. The black-box model assumes that a block cipher is used that is randomly chosen from a set containing all appropriate block ciphers. In this model an attacker may freely encrypt and decrypt any blocks, but does not have access to an implementation of the block cipher. The encryption and decryption function are represented by oracles that receive a pair of either a plaintext and a key or a ciphertext and a key. The oracles then respond with a randomly chosen plaintext or ciphertext, if the pair was asked for the first time. They both share a table for these triplets, a pair from the query and corresponding response, and return the record, if a query was received for the second time. For the proof there is a collision finding algorithm that makes randomly chosen queries to the oracles. The algorithm returns 1, if two responses result in a collision involving the hash function that is built from a compression function applying this block cipher (0 else). The probability that the algorithm returns 1 is dependent on the number of queries which determine the security level.
Davies–Meyer
The Davies–Meyer one-way compression function
The Davies–Meyer single-block-length compression function feeds each block of the message (
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
) as the key to a block cipher. It feeds the previous hash value (
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
) as the plaintext to be encrypted. The output ciphertext is then also XORed (⊕) with the previous hash value (
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
) to produce the next hash value (
H
i
{\displaystyle H_{i}}
). In the first round when there is no previous hash value it uses a constant pre-specified initial value (
H
0
{\displaystyle H_{0}}
).
In mathematical notation Davies–Meyer can be described as:
H
i
=
E
m
i
(
H
i
−
1
)
⊕
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i}=E_{m_{i}}{(H_{i-1})}\oplus {H_{i-1}}}
The scheme has the rate (k is the keysize):
R
D
M
=
k
1
⋅
n
=
k
n
{\displaystyle R_{DM}={\frac {k}{1\cdot n}}={\frac {k}{n}}}
If the block cipher uses for instance 256-bit keys then each message block (
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
) is a 256-bit chunk of the message. If the same block cipher uses a block size of 128 bits then the input and output hash values in each round is 128 bits.
Variations of this method replace XOR with any other group operation, such as addition on 32-bit unsigned integers.
A notable property of the Davies–Meyer construction is that even if the underlying block cipher is totally secure, it is possible to compute fixed points for the construction: for any
m
{\displaystyle m}
, one can find a value of
h
{\displaystyle h}
such that
E
m
(
h
)
⊕
h
=
h
{\displaystyle E_{m}(h)\oplus h=h}
: one just has to set
h
=
E
m
−
1
(
0
)
{\displaystyle h=E_{m}^{-1}(0)}
. This is a property that random functions certainly do not have. So far, no practical attack has been based on this property, but one should be aware of this "feature". The fixed-points can be used in a second preimage attack (given a message
m
1
{\displaystyle m_{1}}
, attacker finds another message
m
2
{\displaystyle m_{2}}
to satisfy
hash
(
m
1
)
=
hash
(
m
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}
) of Kelsey and Schneier for a
2
k
{\displaystyle 2^{k}}
-message-block message in time
3
×
2
n
/
2
+
1
+
2
n
−
k
+
1
{\displaystyle 3\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}
. If the construction does not allow easy creation of fixed points (like Matyas–Meyer–Oseas or Miyaguchi–Preneel) then this attack can be done in
k
×
2
n
/
2
+
1
+
2
n
−
k
+
1
{\displaystyle k\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}
time. In both cases the complexity is above
2
n
/
2
{\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}
but below
2
n
{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
when messages are long and that when messages get shorter the complexity of the attack approaches
2
n
{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
.
The security of the Davies–Meyer construction in the Ideal Cipher Model was first proven by R. Winternitz.
Matyas–Meyer–Oseas
The Matyas–Meyer–Oseas one-way compression function
The Matyas–Meyer–Oseas single-block-length one-way compression function can be considered the dual (the opposite) of Davies–Meyer.
It feeds each block of the message (
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
) as the plaintext to be encrypted. The output ciphertext is then also XORed (⊕) with the same message block (
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
) to produce the next hash value (
H
i
{\displaystyle H_{i}}
). The previous hash value (
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
) is fed as the key to the block cipher. In the first round when there is no previous hash value it uses a constant pre-specified initial value (
H
0
{\displaystyle H_{0}}
).
If the block cipher has different block and key sizes the hash value (
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
) will have the wrong size for use as the key. The cipher might also have other special requirements on the key. Then the hash value is first fed through the function
g
{\displaystyle g}
to be converted/padded to fit as key for the cipher.
In mathematical notation Matyas–Meyer–Oseas can be described as:
H
i
=
E
g
(
H
i
−
1
)
(
m
i
)
⊕
m
i
{\displaystyle H_{i}=E_{g(H_{i-1})}(m_{i})\oplus m_{i}}
The scheme has the rate:
R
M
M
O
=
n
1
⋅
n
=
1
{\displaystyle R_{MMO}={\frac {n}{1\cdot n}}=1}
A second preimage attack (given a message
m
1
{\displaystyle m_{1}}
an attacker finds another message
m
2
{\displaystyle m_{2}}
to satisfy
hash
(
m
1
)
=
hash
(
m
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}
) can be done according to Kelsey and Schneier for a
2
k
{\displaystyle 2^{k}}
-message-block message in time
k
×
2
n
/
2
+
1
+
2
n
−
k
+
1
{\displaystyle k\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}
. The complexity is above
2
n
/
2
{\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}
but below
2
n
{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
when messages are long, and that when messages get shorter the complexity of the attack approaches
2
n
{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
.
Miyaguchi–Preneel
The Miyaguchi–Preneel one-way compression function
The Miyaguchi–Preneel single-block-length one-way compression function is an extended variant of Matyas–Meyer–Oseas. It was independently proposed by Shoji Miyaguchi and Bart Preneel.
It feeds each block of the message (
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
) as the plaintext to be encrypted. The output ciphertext is then XORed (⊕) with the same message block (
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
) and then also XORed with the previous hash value (
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
) to produce the next hash value (
H
i
{\displaystyle H_{i}}
). The previous hash value (
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
) is fed as the key to the block cipher. In the first round when there is no previous hash value it uses a constant pre-specified initial value (
H
0
{\displaystyle H_{0}}
).
If the block cipher has different block and key sizes the hash value (
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
) will have the wrong size for use as the key. The cipher might also have other special requirements on the key. Then the hash value is first fed through the function
g
{\displaystyle g}
to be converted/padded to fit as key for the cipher.
In mathematical notation Miyaguchi–Preneel can be described as:
H
i
=
E
g
(
H
i
−
1
)
(
m
i
)
⊕
H
i
−
1
⊕
m
i
{\displaystyle H_{i}=E_{g(H_{i-1})}(m_{i})\oplus H_{i-1}\oplus m_{i}}
The scheme has the rate:
R
M
P
=
n
1
⋅
n
=
1
{\displaystyle R_{MP}={\frac {n}{1\cdot n}}=1}
The roles of
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
and
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
may be switched, so that
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
is encrypted under the key
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
, thus making this method an extension of Davies–Meyer instead.
A second preimage attack (given a message
m
1
{\displaystyle m_{1}}
an attacker finds another message
m
2
{\displaystyle m_{2}}
to satisfy
hash
(
m
1
)
=
hash
(
m
2
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}
) can be done according to Kelsey and Schneier for a
2
k
{\displaystyle 2^{k}}
-message-block message in time
k
×
2
n
/
2
+
1
+
2
n
−
k
+
1
{\displaystyle k\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}
. The complexity is above
2
n
/
2
{\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}
but below
2
n
{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
when messages are long, and that when messages get shorter the complexity of the attack approaches
2
n
{\displaystyle 2^{n}}
.
Hirose
The Hirose double-block-length compression function
The Hirose double-block-length one-way compression function consists of a block cipher plus a permutation
p
{\displaystyle p}
. It was proposed by Shoichi Hirose in 2006 and is based on a work by Mridul Nandi.
It uses a block cipher whose key length
k
{\displaystyle k}
is larger than the block length
n
{\displaystyle n}
, and produces a hash of size
2
n
{\displaystyle 2n}
. For example, any of the AES candidates with a 192- or 256-bit key (and 128-bit block).
Each round accepts a portion of the message
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
that is
k
−
n
{\displaystyle k-n}
bits long, and uses it to update two
n
{\displaystyle n}
-bit state values
G
{\displaystyle G}
and
H
{\displaystyle H}
.
First,
m
i
{\displaystyle m_{i}}
is concatenated with
H
i
−
1
{\displaystyle H_{i-1}}
to produce a key
K
i
{\displaystyle K_{i}}
. Then the two feedback values are updated according to:
G
i
=
E
K
i
(
G
i
−
1
)
⊕
G
i
−
1
{\displaystyle G_{i}=E_{K_{i}}(G_{i-1})\oplus G_{i-1}}
H
i
=
E
K
i
(
p
(
G
i
−
1
)
)
⊕
p
(
G
i
−
1
)
{\displaystyle H_{i}=E_{K_{i}}(p(G_{i-1}))\oplus p(G_{i-1})}
p
(
G
i
−
1
)
{\displaystyle p(G_{i-1})}
is an arbitrary fixed-point-free permutation on an
n
{\displaystyle n}
-bit value, typically defined as
p
(
x
)
=
x
⊕
c
{\displaystyle p(x)=x\oplus c}
for an arbitrary non-zero constant
c
{\displaystyle c}
(all ones may be a convenient choice).
Each encryption resembles the standard Davies–Meyer construction. The advantage of this scheme over other proposed double-block-length schemes is that both encryptions use the same key, and thus key scheduling effort may be shared.
The final output is
H
t
|
|
G
t
{\displaystyle H_{t}||G_{t}}
. The scheme has the rate
R
H
i
r
o
s
e
=
k
−
n
2
n
{\textstyle R_{Hirose}={\frac {k-n}{2n}}}
relative to encrypting the message with the cipher.
Hirose also provides a proof in the Ideal Cipher Model.
Sponge construction
The sponge construction can be used to build one-way compression functions.
See also
Whirlpool — A cryptographic hash function built using the Miyaguchi–Preneel construction and a block cipher similar to Square and AES.
CBC-MAC, OMAC, and PMAC — Methods to turn block ciphers into message authentication codes (MACs).
References
Citations
^ a b Handbook of Applied Cryptography by Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot, Scott A. Vanstone. Fifth Printing (August 2001) page 328.
^ "Announcing the first SHA1 collision". Google Online Security Blog. Retrieved 2020-01-12.
^ Ivan Damgård. A design principle for hash functions. In Gilles Brassard, editor, CRYPTO, volume 435 of LNCS, pages 416–427. Springer, 1989.
^ Ralph Merkle. One way hash functions and DES. In Gilles Brassard, editor, CRYPTO, volume 435 of LNCS, pages 428–446. Springer, 1989.
^ a b c d John Kelsey and Bruce Schneier. Second preimages on n-bit hash functions for much less than 2n work. In Ronald Cramer, editor, EUROCRYPT, volume 3494 of LNCS, pages 474–490. Springer, 2005.
^ John Black, Martin Cochran, and Thomas Shrimpton. On the Impossibility of Highly-Efficient Blockcipher-Based Hash Functions. Advances in Cryptology – EUROCRYPT '05, Aarhus, Denmark, 2005. The authors define a hash function "highly efficient if its compression function uses exactly one call to a block cipher whose key is fixed".
^ John Black, Phillip Rogaway, and Tom Shrimpton. Black-Box Analysis of the Block-Cipher-Based Hash-Function Constructions from PGV. Advances in Cryptology – CRYPTO '02, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 2442, pp. 320–335, Springer, 2002. See the table on page 3, Davies–Meyer, Matyas–Meyer–Oseas and Miyaguchi–Preneel are numbered in the first column as hash functions 5, 1 and 3.
^ a b S. Hirose, Some Plausible Constructions of Double-Block-Length Hash Functions. In: Robshaw, M. J. B. (ed.) FSE 2006, LNCS, vol. 4047, pp. 210–225, Springer, Heidelberg 2006.
^ Handbook of Applied Cryptography by Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot, Scott A. Vanstone. Fifth Printing (August 2001) page 375.
^ R. Winternitz. A secure one-way hash function built from DES. In Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Security and Privacy, p. 88-90. IEEE Press, 1984.
^ M. Nandi, Towards optimal double-length hash functions, In: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Cryptology in India (INDOCRYPT 2005), Lecture Notes in Computer Science 3797, pages 77–89, 2005.
Sources
Menezes; van Oorschot; Vanstone (2001). "Hash Functions and Data Integrity" (PDF). Handbook of Applied Cryptography.
vteCryptographic hash functions and message authentication codes
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Design
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cryptography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"\"one-way\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_function"},{"link_name":"data compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_compression"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:One-way_compression.svg"},{"link_name":"Merkle–Damgård construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle%E2%80%93Damg%C3%A5rd_construction"},{"link_name":"cryptographic hash functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function"},{"link_name":"block ciphers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_cipher"},{"link_name":"MDC-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDC-2"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"In cryptography, a one-way compression function is a function that transforms two fixed-length inputs into a fixed-length output.[1] The transformation is \"one-way\", meaning that it is difficult given a particular output to compute inputs which compress to that output. One-way compression functions are not related to conventional data compression algorithms, which instead can be inverted exactly (lossless compression) or approximately (lossy compression) to the original data.A one-way compression functionOne-way compression functions are for instance used in the Merkle–Damgård construction inside cryptographic hash functions.One-way compression functions are often built from block ciphers.\nSome methods to turn any normal block cipher into a one-way compression function are Davies–Meyer, Matyas–Meyer–Oseas, Miyaguchi–Preneel (single-block-length compression functions) and MDC-2/Meyer–Schilling, MDC-4, Hirose (double-block-length compression functions). These methods are described in detail further down. (MDC-2 is also the name of a hash function patented by IBM.)Another method is 2BOW (or NBOW in general), which is a \"high-rate multi-block-length hash function based on block ciphers\"[1] and typically achieves (asymptotic) rates between 1 and 2 independent of the hash size (only with small constant overhead). This method has not yet seen any serious security analysis, so should be handled with care.","title":"One-way compression function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"avalanche effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect"}],"text":"A compression function mixes two fixed length inputs and produces a single fixed length output of the same size as one of the inputs. This can also be seen as that the compression function transforms one large fixed-length input into a shorter, fixed-length output.For instance, input A might be 128 bits, input B 128 bits and they are compressed together to a single output of 128 bits. This is equivalent to having a single 256-bit input compressed to a single output of 128 bits.Some compression functions do not compress by half, but instead by some other factor. For example, input A might be 256 bits, and input B 128 bits, which are compressed to a single output of 128 bits. That is, a total of 384 input bits are compressed together to 128 output bits.The mixing is done in such a way that full avalanche effect is achieved. That is, every output bit depends on every input bit.","title":"Compression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"one-way function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-way_function"},{"link_name":"Collision-resistance:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collision_resistance"},{"link_name":"birthday paradox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_problem"},{"link_name":"birthday attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"A one-way function is a function that is easy to compute but hard to invert. A one-way compression function (also called hash function) should have the following properties:Easy to compute: If you have some input(s), it is easy to calculate the output.\nPreimage-resistance: If an attacker only knows the output it should be infeasible to calculate an input. In other words, given an output \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n, it should be unfeasible to calculate an input \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n hash\n \n (\n m\n )\n =\n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {hash} (m)=h}\n \n.\nSecond preimage-resistance: Given an input \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{1}}\n \n whose output is \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n, it should be infeasible to find another input \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{2}}\n \n that has the same output \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n, i.e. \n \n \n \n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}\n \n.\nCollision-resistance: It should be hard to find any two different inputs that compress to the same output i.e. an attacker should not be able to find a pair of messages \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n ≠\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{1}\\neq m_{2}}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}\n \n. Due to the birthday paradox (see also birthday attack) there is a 50% chance a collision can be found in time of about \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is the number of bits in the hash function's output. An attack on the hash function thus should not be able to find a collision with less than about \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}\n \n work.Ideally one would like the \"infeasibility\" in preimage-resistance and second preimage-resistance to mean a work of about \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n where \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n is the number of bits in the hash function's output. However, particularly for second preimage-resistance this is a difficult problem.[citation needed]","title":"One-way"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Merkle-Damgard_hash_big.svg"},{"link_name":"MD5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MD5"},{"link_name":"SHA-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SHA-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-2"},{"link_name":"length padded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padding_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-damgard89-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-merkle89-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks05-5"}],"text":"The Merkle–Damgård hash construction. The boxes labeled [f] are a one-way compression function.A common use of one-way compression functions is in the Merkle–Damgård construction inside cryptographic hash functions. Most widely used hash functions, including MD5, SHA-1 (which is deprecated[2]) and SHA-2 use this construction.A hash function must be able to process an arbitrary-length message into a fixed-length output. This can be achieved by breaking the input up into a series of equal-sized blocks, and operating on them in sequence using a one-way compression function. The compression function can either be specially designed for hashing or be built from a block cipher. The last block processed should also be length padded, which is crucial to the security of this construction.When length padding (also called MD-strengthening) is applied, attacks cannot find collisions faster than the birthday paradox (\n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}\n \n, \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n being the block size in bits) if the used function \n \n \n \n f\n \n \n {\\displaystyle f}\n \n is collision-resistant.[3][4] Hence, the Merkle–Damgård hash construction reduces the problem of finding a proper hash function to finding a proper compression function.A second preimage attack (given a message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{1}}\n \n an attacker finds another message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{2}}\n \n to satisfy \n \n \n \n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}\n \n can be done according to Kelsey and Schneier[5] for a \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{k}}\n \n-message-block message in time \n \n \n \n k\n ×\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n +\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}\n \n. The complexity of this attack reaches a minimum of \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n 3\n n\n \n /\n \n 4\n +\n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{3n/4+2}}\n \n for long messages when \n \n \n \n k\n =\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k=2^{n/4}}\n \n and approaches \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n when messages are short.","title":"The Merkle–Damgård construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Block_cipher.svg"},{"link_name":"key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"plaintext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaintext"},{"link_name":"ciphertext","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciphertext"},{"link_name":"block size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_size_(cryptography)"},{"link_name":"key scheduling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_schedule"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code"},{"link_name":"embedded systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system"},{"link_name":"smart cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smart_card"},{"link_name":"nodes in cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_control_unit"},{"link_name":"birthday attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack"},{"link_name":"security level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_level"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Merkle–Damgård construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle%E2%80%93Damg%C3%A5rd_construction"},{"link_name":"SHA-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1"},{"link_name":"black-box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-box"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirose06-8"},{"link_name":"birthday attack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birthday_attack"}],"text":"A typical modern block cipherOne-way compression functions are often built from block ciphers.Block ciphers take (like one-way compression functions) two fixed size inputs (the key and the plaintext) and return one single output (the ciphertext) which is the same size as the input plaintext.However, modern block ciphers are only partially one-way. That is, given a plaintext and a ciphertext it is infeasible to find a key that encrypts the plaintext to the ciphertext. But, given a ciphertext and a key a matching plaintext can be found simply by using the block cipher's decryption function. Thus, to turn a block cipher into a one-way compression function some extra operations have to be added.Some methods to turn any normal block cipher into a one-way compression function are Davies–Meyer, Matyas–Meyer–Oseas, Miyaguchi–Preneel (single-block-length compression functions) and MDC-2, MDC-4, Hirose (double-block-length compressions functions).Single-block-length compression functions output the same number of bits as processed by the underlying block cipher. Consequently, double-block-length compression functions output twice the number of bits.If a block cipher has a block size of say 128 bits single-block-length methods create a hash function that has the block size of 128 bits and produces a hash of 128 bits. Double-block-length methods make hashes with double the hash size compared to the block size of the block cipher used. So a 128-bit block cipher can be turned into a 256-bit hash function.These methods are then used inside the Merkle–Damgård construction to build the actual hash function. These methods are described in detail further down.Using a block cipher to build the one-way compression function for a hash function is usually somewhat slower than using a specially designed one-way compression function in the hash function. This is because all known secure constructions do the key scheduling for each block of the message. Black, Cochran and Shrimpton have shown that it is impossible to construct a one-way compression function that makes only one call to a block cipher with a fixed key.[6] In practice reasonable speeds are achieved provided the key scheduling of the selected block cipher is not a too heavy operation.But, in some cases it is easier because a single implementation of a block cipher can be used for both a block cipher and a hash function. It can also save code space in very tiny embedded systems like for instance smart cards or nodes in cars or other machines.Therefore, the hash-rate or rate gives a glimpse of the efficiency of a hash function based on a certain compression function. The rate of an iterated hash function outlines the ratio between the number of block cipher operations and the output. More precisely, the rate represents the ratio between the number of processed bits of input \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n, the output bit-length \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n of the block cipher, and the necessary block cipher operations \n \n \n \n s\n \n \n {\\displaystyle s}\n \n to produce these \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n output bits. Generally, the usage of fewer block cipher operations results in a better overall performance of the entire hash function, but it also leads to a smaller hash-value which could be undesirable. The rate is expressed by the formula:R\n \n h\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n |\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n |\n \n \n s\n ⋅\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{h}={\\frac {\\left|m_{i}\\right|}{s\\cdot n}}}The hash function can only be considered secure if at least the following conditions are met:The block cipher has no special properties that distinguish it from ideal ciphers, such as weak keys or keys that lead to identical or related encryptions (fixed points or key-collisions).\nThe resulting hash size is big enough. According to the birthday attack a security level of 280 (generally assumed to be infeasible to compute today)[citation needed] is desirable thus the hash size should be at least 160 bits.\nThe last block is properly length padded prior to the hashing. (See Merkle–Damgård construction.) Length padding is normally implemented and handled internally in specialised hash functions like SHA-1 etc.The constructions presented below: Davies–Meyer, Matyas–Meyer–Oseas, Miyaguchi–Preneel and Hirose have been shown to be secure under the black-box analysis.[7][8] The goal is to show that any attack that can be found is at most as efficient as the birthday attack under certain assumptions. The black-box model assumes that a block cipher is used that is randomly chosen from a set containing all appropriate block ciphers. In this model an attacker may freely encrypt and decrypt any blocks, but does not have access to an implementation of the block cipher. The encryption and decryption function are represented by oracles that receive a pair of either a plaintext and a key or a ciphertext and a key. The oracles then respond with a randomly chosen plaintext or ciphertext, if the pair was asked for the first time. They both share a table for these triplets, a pair from the query and corresponding response, and return the record, if a query was received for the second time. For the proof there is a collision finding algorithm that makes randomly chosen queries to the oracles. The algorithm returns 1, if two responses result in a collision involving the hash function that is built from a compression function applying this block cipher (0 else). The probability that the algorithm returns 1 is dependent on the number of queries which determine the security level.","title":"Construction from block ciphers"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Davies-Meyer_hash.svg"},{"link_name":"XORed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive-or"},{"link_name":"mathematical notation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_notation"},{"link_name":"fixed points","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_point_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"random functions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_function"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks05-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Davies–Meyer one-way compression functionThe Davies–Meyer single-block-length compression function feeds each block of the message (\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n) as the key to a block cipher. It feeds the previous hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n) as the plaintext to be encrypted. The output ciphertext is then also XORed (⊕) with the previous hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n) to produce the next hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}}\n \n). In the first round when there is no previous hash value it uses a constant pre-specified initial value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}}\n \n).In mathematical notation Davies–Meyer can be described as:H\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n \n (\n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ⊕\n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}=E_{m_{i}}{(H_{i-1})}\\oplus {H_{i-1}}}The scheme has the rate (k is the keysize):R\n \n D\n M\n \n \n =\n \n \n k\n \n 1\n ⋅\n n\n \n \n \n =\n \n \n k\n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{DM}={\\frac {k}{1\\cdot n}}={\\frac {k}{n}}}If the block cipher uses for instance 256-bit keys then each message block (\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n) is a 256-bit chunk of the message. If the same block cipher uses a block size of 128 bits then the input and output hash values in each round is 128 bits.Variations of this method replace XOR with any other group operation, such as addition on 32-bit unsigned integers.A notable property of the Davies–Meyer construction is that even if the underlying block cipher is totally secure, it is possible to compute fixed points for the construction: for any \n \n \n \n m\n \n \n {\\displaystyle m}\n \n, one can find a value of \n \n \n \n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h}\n \n such that \n \n \n \n \n E\n \n m\n \n \n (\n h\n )\n ⊕\n h\n =\n h\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E_{m}(h)\\oplus h=h}\n \n: one just has to set \n \n \n \n h\n =\n \n E\n \n m\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n (\n 0\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle h=E_{m}^{-1}(0)}\n \n.[9] This is a property that random functions certainly do not have. So far, no practical attack has been based on this property, but one should be aware of this \"feature\". The fixed-points can be used in a second preimage attack (given a message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{1}}\n \n, attacker finds another message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{2}}\n \n to satisfy \n \n \n \n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}\n \n) of Kelsey and Schneier [5] for a \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{k}}\n \n-message-block message in time \n \n \n \n 3\n ×\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n +\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 3\\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}\n \n. If the construction does not allow easy creation of fixed points (like Matyas–Meyer–Oseas or Miyaguchi–Preneel) then this attack can be done in \n \n \n \n k\n ×\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n +\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}\n \n time. In both cases the complexity is above \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}\n \n but below \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n when messages are long and that when messages get shorter the complexity of the attack approaches \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n.The security of the Davies–Meyer construction in the Ideal Cipher Model was first proven by R. Winternitz.[10]","title":"Davies–Meyer"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matyas-Meyer-Oseas_hash.svg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks05-5"}],"text":"The Matyas–Meyer–Oseas one-way compression functionThe Matyas–Meyer–Oseas single-block-length one-way compression function can be considered the dual (the opposite) of Davies–Meyer.It feeds each block of the message (\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n) as the plaintext to be encrypted. The output ciphertext is then also XORed (⊕) with the same message block (\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n) to produce the next hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}}\n \n). The previous hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n) is fed as the key to the block cipher. In the first round when there is no previous hash value it uses a constant pre-specified initial value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}}\n \n).If the block cipher has different block and key sizes the hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n) will have the wrong size for use as the key. The cipher might also have other special requirements on the key. Then the hash value is first fed through the function \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n to be converted/padded to fit as key for the cipher.In mathematical notation Matyas–Meyer–Oseas can be described as:H\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n g\n (\n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n )\n ⊕\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}=E_{g(H_{i-1})}(m_{i})\\oplus m_{i}}The scheme has the rate:R\n \n M\n M\n O\n \n \n =\n \n \n n\n \n 1\n ⋅\n n\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{MMO}={\\frac {n}{1\\cdot n}}=1}A second preimage attack (given a message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{1}}\n \n an attacker finds another message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{2}}\n \n to satisfy \n \n \n \n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}\n \n) can be done according to Kelsey and Schneier[5] for a \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{k}}\n \n-message-block message in time \n \n \n \n k\n ×\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n +\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}\n \n. The complexity is above \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}\n \n but below \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n when messages are long, and that when messages get shorter the complexity of the attack approaches \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n.","title":"Matyas–Meyer–Oseas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miyaguchi-Preneel_hash.svg"},{"link_name":"Shoji Miyaguchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoji_Miyaguchi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bart Preneel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bart_Preneel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks05-5"}],"text":"The Miyaguchi–Preneel one-way compression functionThe Miyaguchi–Preneel single-block-length one-way compression function is an extended variant of Matyas–Meyer–Oseas. It was independently proposed by Shoji Miyaguchi and Bart Preneel.It feeds each block of the message (\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n) as the plaintext to be encrypted. The output ciphertext is then XORed (⊕) with the same message block (\n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n) and then also XORed with the previous hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n) to produce the next hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}}\n \n). The previous hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n) is fed as the key to the block cipher. In the first round when there is no previous hash value it uses a constant pre-specified initial value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n 0\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{0}}\n \n).If the block cipher has different block and key sizes the hash value (\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n) will have the wrong size for use as the key. The cipher might also have other special requirements on the key. Then the hash value is first fed through the function \n \n \n \n g\n \n \n {\\displaystyle g}\n \n to be converted/padded to fit as key for the cipher.In mathematical notation Miyaguchi–Preneel can be described as:H\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n g\n (\n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n (\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n )\n ⊕\n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n ⊕\n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}=E_{g(H_{i-1})}(m_{i})\\oplus H_{i-1}\\oplus m_{i}}The scheme has the rate:R\n \n M\n P\n \n \n =\n \n \n n\n \n 1\n ⋅\n n\n \n \n \n =\n 1\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R_{MP}={\\frac {n}{1\\cdot n}}=1}The roles of \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n may be switched, so that \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n is encrypted under the key \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n, thus making this method an extension of Davies–Meyer instead.A second preimage attack (given a message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{1}}\n \n an attacker finds another message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{2}}\n \n to satisfy \n \n \n \n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n =\n hash\n \n (\n \n m\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {hash} (m_{1})=\\operatorname {hash} (m_{2})}\n \n) can be done according to Kelsey and Schneier[5] for a \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n k\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{k}}\n \n-message-block message in time \n \n \n \n k\n ×\n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n +\n 1\n \n \n +\n \n 2\n \n n\n −\n k\n +\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle k\\times 2^{n/2+1}+2^{n-k+1}}\n \n. The complexity is above \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n /\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n/2}}\n \n but below \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n when messages are long, and that when messages get shorter the complexity of the attack approaches \n \n \n \n \n 2\n \n n\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2^{n}}\n \n.","title":"Miyaguchi–Preneel"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hirose.png"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hirose06-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Mridul Nandi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mridul_Nandi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"AES candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process"}],"text":"The Hirose double-block-length compression functionThe Hirose[8] double-block-length one-way compression function consists of a block cipher plus a permutation \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p}\n \n. It was proposed by Shoichi Hirose in 2006 and is based on a work[11] by Mridul Nandi.It uses a block cipher whose key length \n \n \n \n k\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k}\n \n is larger than the block length \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n, and produces a hash of size \n \n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle 2n}\n \n. For example, any of the AES candidates with a 192- or 256-bit key (and 128-bit block).Each round accepts a portion of the message \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n that is \n \n \n \n k\n −\n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle k-n}\n \n bits long, and uses it to update two \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-bit state values \n \n \n \n G\n \n \n {\\displaystyle G}\n \n and \n \n \n \n H\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H}\n \n.First, \n \n \n \n \n m\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle m_{i}}\n \n is concatenated with \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i-1}}\n \n to produce a key \n \n \n \n \n K\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle K_{i}}\n \n. Then the two feedback values are updated according to:G\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n K\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n G\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n ⊕\n \n G\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle G_{i}=E_{K_{i}}(G_{i-1})\\oplus G_{i-1}}\n \n\n\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n i\n \n \n =\n \n E\n \n \n K\n \n i\n \n \n \n \n (\n p\n (\n \n G\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n )\n ⊕\n p\n (\n \n G\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{i}=E_{K_{i}}(p(G_{i-1}))\\oplus p(G_{i-1})}p\n (\n \n G\n \n i\n −\n 1\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(G_{i-1})}\n \n is an arbitrary fixed-point-free permutation on an \n \n \n \n n\n \n \n {\\displaystyle n}\n \n-bit value, typically defined as \n \n \n \n p\n (\n x\n )\n =\n x\n ⊕\n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle p(x)=x\\oplus c}\n \n for an arbitrary non-zero constant \n \n \n \n c\n \n \n {\\displaystyle c}\n \n (all ones may be a convenient choice).Each encryption resembles the standard Davies–Meyer construction. The advantage of this scheme over other proposed double-block-length schemes is that both encryptions use the same key, and thus key scheduling effort may be shared.The final output is \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n t\n \n \n \n |\n \n \n |\n \n \n G\n \n t\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H_{t}||G_{t}}\n \n. The scheme has the rate \n \n \n \n \n R\n \n H\n i\n r\n o\n s\n e\n \n \n =\n \n \n \n k\n −\n n\n \n \n 2\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\textstyle R_{Hirose}={\\frac {k-n}{2n}}}\n \n relative to encrypting the message with the cipher.Hirose also provides a proof in the Ideal Cipher Model.","title":"Hirose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sponge construction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_construction"}],"text":"The sponge construction can be used to build one-way compression functions.","title":"Sponge construction"}] | [{"image_text":"A one-way compression function","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/One-way_compression.svg/180px-One-way_compression.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Merkle–Damgård hash construction. The boxes labeled [f] are a one-way compression function.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Merkle-Damgard_hash_big.svg/400px-Merkle-Damgard_hash_big.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A typical modern block cipher","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Block_cipher.svg/180px-Block_cipher.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Davies–Meyer one-way compression function","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Davies-Meyer_hash.svg/230px-Davies-Meyer_hash.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Matyas–Meyer–Oseas one-way compression function","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Matyas-Meyer-Oseas_hash.svg/230px-Matyas-Meyer-Oseas_hash.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Miyaguchi–Preneel one-way compression function","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Miyaguchi-Preneel_hash.svg/230px-Miyaguchi-Preneel_hash.svg.png"},{"image_text":"The Hirose double-block-length compression function","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Hirose.png/230px-Hirose.png"}] | [{"title":"Whirlpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whirlpool_(cryptography)"},{"title":"Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_(cipher)"},{"title":"AES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard"},{"title":"CBC-MAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC-MAC"},{"title":"OMAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-key_MAC"},{"title":"PMAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMAC_(cryptography)"},{"title":"message authentication codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Message_authentication_code"}] | [{"reference":"\"Announcing the first SHA1 collision\". Google Online Security Blog. Retrieved 2020-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://security.googleblog.com/2017/02/announcing-first-sha1-collision.html","url_text":"\"Announcing the first SHA1 collision\""}]},{"reference":"Menezes; van Oorschot; Vanstone (2001). \"Hash Functions and Data Integrity\" (PDF). Handbook of Applied Cryptography.","urls":[{"url":"http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap9.pdf","url_text":"\"Hash Functions and Data Integrity\""},{"url":"http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/","url_text":"Handbook of Applied Cryptography"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://security.googleblog.com/2017/02/announcing-first-sha1-collision.html","external_links_name":"\"Announcing the first SHA1 collision\""},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F0-387-34805-0_39.pdf","external_links_name":"A design principle for hash functions"},{"Link":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2F0-387-34805-0_40.pdf","external_links_name":"One way hash functions and DES"},{"Link":"https://www.schneier.com/academic/paperfiles/paper-preimages.pdf","external_links_name":"Second preimages on n-bit hash functions for much less than 2n work"},{"Link":"https://www.iacr.org/archive/fse2006/40470213/40470213.pdf","external_links_name":"Some Plausible Constructions of Double-Block-Length Hash Functions"},{"Link":"http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/about/chap9.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Hash Functions and Data Integrity\""},{"Link":"http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/","external_links_name":"Handbook of Applied Cryptography"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevihamaparvovirus | Brevihamaparvovirus | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Structure","3 Life cycle","4 References","5 External links"] | Genus of viruses
Brevihamaparvovirus
Virus classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Monodnaviria
Kingdom:
Shotokuvirae
Phylum:
Cossaviricota
Class:
Quintoviricetes
Order:
Piccovirales
Family:
Parvoviridae
Subfamily:
Hamaparvovirinae
Genus:
Brevihamaparvovirus
Brevihamaparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily Hamaparvovirinae of the family Parvoviridae. Mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus.
Taxonomy
The following two species are assigned to the genus:
Dipteran brevihamaparvovirus 1
Dipteran brevihamaparvovirus 2
Structure
Viruses in genus Brevihamaparvovirus are non-enveloped and have T=1 icosahedral symmetry. The diameter is around 21-22 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length.
Genus
Structure
Symmetry
Capsid
Genomic arrangement
Genomic segmentation
Brevihamaparvovirus
Icosahedral
T=1
Non-enveloped
Linear
None
Life cycle
Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the rolling-hairpin model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription.
Mosquitoes serve as the natural host.
Genus
Host details
Tissue tropism
Entry details
Release details
Replication site
Assembly site
Transmission
Brevihamaparvovirus
Insects: diptera
None
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis
Cell lysis
Nucleus
Nucleus
Unknown
References
^ a b c "ICTV 10th Report (2018) Parvoviridae".
^ Cotmore, SF; Agbandje-McKenna, M; Canuti, M; Chiorini, JA; Eis-Hubinger, A; Hughes, J; Mietzsch, M; Modha, S; Ogliastro, M; Pénzes, JJ; Pintel, DJ; Qiu, J; Soderlund-Venermo, M; Tattersall, P; Tijssen, P; and the ICTV Report Consortium (2019). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae". Journal of General Virology. 100 (3): 367–368. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001212. PMC 6537627. PMID 30672729.
^ a b c "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
^ a b "Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
External links
Viralzone: Brevidensovirus
ICTV Brevidensovirus
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Taxon identifiersBrevidensovirus
Wikidata: Q16977079
Wikispecies: Brevidensovirus
EoL: 67604
GBIF: 10637279
IRMNG: 1039807
NCBI: 136466
WoRMS: 600219 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"viruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruses"},{"link_name":"Hamaparvovirinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamaparvovirinae&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Parvoviridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvoviridae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV2018-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV2019-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViralZone-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV-4"}],"text":"Brevihamaparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily Hamaparvovirinae of the family Parvoviridae.[1][2] Mosquitoes serve as natural hosts. There are two species in this genus.[3][4]","title":"Brevihamaparvovirus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV-4"},{"link_name":"Dipteran brevihamaparvovirus 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipteran_brevihamaparvovirus_1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dipteran brevihamaparvovirus 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dipteran_brevihamaparvovirus_2&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The following two species are assigned to the genus:[4]Dipteran brevihamaparvovirus 1\nDipteran brevihamaparvovirus 2","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViralZone-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV2018-1"}],"text":"Viruses in genus Brevihamaparvovirus are non-enveloped and have T=1 icosahedral symmetry. The diameter is around 21-22 nm. Genomes are linear, around 4kb in length.[3][1]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ViralZone-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICTV2018-1"}],"text":"Viral replication is nuclear. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the rolling-hairpin model. DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. \nMosquitoes serve as the natural host.[3][1]","title":"Life cycle"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"ICTV 10th Report (2018) Parvoviridae\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ictv.global/report/chapter/parvoviridae/parvoviridae","url_text":"\"ICTV 10th Report (2018) Parvoviridae\""}]},{"reference":"Cotmore, SF; Agbandje-McKenna, M; Canuti, M; Chiorini, JA; Eis-Hubinger, A; Hughes, J; Mietzsch, M; Modha, S; Ogliastro, M; Pénzes, JJ; Pintel, DJ; Qiu, J; Soderlund-Venermo, M; Tattersall, P; Tijssen, P; and the ICTV Report Consortium (2019). \"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae\". Journal of General Virology. 100 (3): 367–368. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.001212. PMC 6537627. PMID 30672729.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537627","url_text":"\"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fjgv.0.001212","url_text":"10.1099/jgv.0.001212"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537627","url_text":"6537627"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30672729","url_text":"30672729"}]},{"reference":"\"Viral Zone\". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/569.html","url_text":"\"Viral Zone\""}]},{"reference":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release\". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). March 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://ictv.global/taxonomy","url_text":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ictv.global/report/chapter/parvoviridae/parvoviridae","external_links_name":"\"ICTV 10th Report (2018) Parvoviridae\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537627","external_links_name":"\"ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Parvoviridae\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fjgv.0.001212","external_links_name":"10.1099/jgv.0.001212"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6537627","external_links_name":"6537627"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30672729","external_links_name":"30672729"},{"Link":"http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/569.html","external_links_name":"\"Viral Zone\""},{"Link":"https://ictv.global/taxonomy","external_links_name":"\"Virus Taxonomy: 2020 Release\""},{"Link":"http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/569.html","external_links_name":"Viralzone: Brevidensovirus"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200807115858/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_report/ssdna-viruses/w/parvoviridae/1050/genus-brevidensovirus","external_links_name":"ICTV Brevidensovirus"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/67604","external_links_name":"67604"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/10637279","external_links_name":"10637279"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1039807","external_links_name":"1039807"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=136466","external_links_name":"136466"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=600219","external_links_name":"600219"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rural_Municipality_of_Swift_Current_No._137 | Rural Municipality of Swift Current No. 137 | ["1 History","2 Geography","2.1 Communities and localities","3 Demographics","4 Government","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 50°15′22″N 107°48′40″W / 50.256°N 107.811°W / 50.256; -107.811Rural municipality in Saskatchewan, Canada
This article is about the rural municipality in Canada. For other places with the same name, see Swift Current (disambiguation).
Rural municipality in Saskatchewan, CanadaSwift Current No. 137Rural municipalityRural Municipality of Swift Current No. 137Swift CurrentWymarkCantuarBeverleySchoenfeldRhinelandDunelmWyattDuncairnLocation of the RM of Swift Current No. 137 in SaskatchewanCoordinates: 50°15′22″N 107°48′40″W / 50.256°N 107.811°W / 50.256; -107.811CountryCanadaProvinceSaskatchewanSARM division3FormedDecember 12, 1910Government • ReeveRobert Neufeld • Governing bodyRM of Swift Current No. 137 Council • AdministratorLinda Boser • Office locationSwift CurrentArea (2016) • Land1,102.43 km2 (425.65 sq mi)Population (2016) • Total1,932 • Density1.8/km2 (5/sq mi)Time zoneCST • Summer (DST)CSTArea code(s)306 and 639WebsiteOfficial website
The Rural Municipality of Swift Current No. 137 (2016 population: 1,932) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within SARM Division No. 3. Located in the southwest portion of the office, it surrounds the city of Swift Current.
History
The RM of Swift Current No. 137 incorporated as a rural municipality on December 12, 1910.
Geography
Communities and localities
The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.
Cities
Swift Current
The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.
Organized hamlets
Wymark
Localities
Aikins
Beverley
Cantuar
Duncairn
Dunelm
Hak
Java
Player
Pondarosa Trailer Court
Rhineland
Rosengart
Schantzenfel
Schoenfeld
Schoenwiese
Smith Field Airport
Springfeld
Swift Current Airport
Wyatt
Demographics
Population history(1981–2016)YearPop.±%19811,827— 19861,801−1.4%19911,614−10.4%19961,547−4.2%20011,706+10.3%20061,587−7.0%20112,032+28.0%20161,932−4.9%Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Swift Current No. 137 had a population of 1,995 living in 735 of its 778 total private dwellings, a change of 3.3% from its 2016 population of 1,932. With a land area of 1,100.47 km2 (424.89 sq mi), it had a population density of 1.8/km2 (4.7/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Swift Current No. 137 recorded a population of 1,932 living in 705 of its 743 total private dwellings, a -2.5% change from its 2011 population of 1,981. With a land area of 1,102.43 km2 (425.65 sq mi), it had a population density of 1.8/km2 (4.5/sq mi) in 2016.
Government
The RM of Swift Current No. 137 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Tuesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Robert Neufeld while its administrator is Linda Boser. The RM's office is located in Swift Current.
See also
List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan
References
^ "Pre-packaged CSV files - CGN, Canada/Province/Territory (cgn_sk_csv_eng.zip)". Government of Canada. July 24, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
^ a b "Rural Municipality Incorporations (Alphabetical)". Saskatchewan Ministry of Municipal Affairs. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
^ a b c d "Municipality Details: RM of Swift Current No. 137". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
^ a b c "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
^ "2019-2020 Rural Revenue Sharing Organized Hamlet Grant". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
^ Saskatchewan Genealogy Association, retrieved December 29, 2007
^ "4708001 - Swift Current No. 137, geographical codes and localities, 2006", Statistics Canada, Government of Canada, retrieved December 29, 2007
^ "Saskatchewan Census Population" (PDF). Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
^ "Saskatchewan Census Population". Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved May 9, 2020.
^ "Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
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Verlo
Wartime
Wheatland Colony
White Bear
Witley
Wyatt
See also: Municipalities in Saskatchewan
Census divisions of Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan Association of Rural Municipalities | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swift Current (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Current_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"2016 population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_2016_Census"},{"link_name":"rural municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_municipalities_in_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Canadian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"SARM Division No. 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARM_Division_No._3"},{"link_name":"Swift Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Current"}],"text":"Rural municipality in Saskatchewan, CanadaThis article is about the rural municipality in Canada. For other places with the same name, see Swift Current (disambiguation).Rural municipality in Saskatchewan, CanadaThe Rural Municipality of Swift Current No. 137 (2016 population: 1,932) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within SARM Division No. 3. Located in the southwest portion of the office, it surrounds the city of Swift Current.","title":"Rural Municipality of Swift Current No. 137"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ruralincorp-2"}],"text":"The RM of Swift Current No. 137 incorporated as a rural municipality on December 12, 1910.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"urban municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Saskatchewan#Urban_municipalities"},{"link_name":"Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Swift Current","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Current"},{"link_name":"Organized hamlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organized_hamlet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OHgrants-5"},{"link_name":"Wymark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wymark,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Aikins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aikins,_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beverley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Cantuar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantuar,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Duncairn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duncairn,_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dunelm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dunelm,_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hak,_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java,_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Player,_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhineland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhineland,_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosengart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosengart,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Schantzenfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schantzenfeld,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Schoenfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenfeld,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Schoenwiese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoenwiese,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Springfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfeld,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wyatt,_Saskatchewan&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Communities and localities","text":"The following urban municipalities are surrounded by the RM.CitiesSwift CurrentThe following unincorporated communities are within the RM.Organized hamlets[5]WymarkLocalities[6][7]Aikins\nBeverley\nCantuar\nDuncairn\nDunelm\nHak\nJava\nPlayer\nPondarosa Trailer Court\nRhineland\nRosengart\nSchantzenfel\nSchoenfeld\nSchoenwiese\nSmith Field Airport\nSpringfeld\nSwift Current Airport\nWyatt","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_Census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Censuses81-06-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Censuses86-16-9"},{"link_name":"2021 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"Statistics Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2021census-10"},{"link_name":"2016 Census of Population","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Canadian_census"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016censusSKmunis-4"}],"text":"Population history(1981–2016)YearPop.±%19811,827— 19861,801−1.4%19911,614−10.4%19961,547−4.2%20011,706+10.3%20061,587−7.0%20112,032+28.0%20161,932−4.9%Source: Statistics Canada via Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics[8][9]In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Swift Current No. 137 had a population of 1,995 living in 735 of its 778 total private dwellings, a change of 3.3% from its 2016 population of 1,932. With a land area of 1,100.47 km2 (424.89 sq mi), it had a population density of 1.8/km2 (4.7/sq mi) in 2021.[10]In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Swift Current No. 137 recorded a population of 1,932 living in 705 of its 743 total private dwellings, a -2.5% change from its 2011 population of 1,981. With a land area of 1,102.43 km2 (425.65 sq mi), it had a population density of 1.8/km2 (4.5/sq mi) in 2016.[4]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDSprofile-3"},{"link_name":"reeve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeve_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDSprofile-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MDSprofile-3"}],"text":"The RM of Swift Current No. 137 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Tuesday of every month.[3] The reeve of the RM is Robert Neufeld while its administrator is Linda Boser.[3] The RM's office is located in Swift Current.[3]","title":"Government"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rural municipalities in Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rural_municipalities_in_Saskatchewan"}] | [{"reference":"\"Pre-packaged CSV files - CGN, Canada/Province/Territory (cgn_sk_csv_eng.zip)\". Government of Canada. July 24, 2019. Retrieved May 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/vector/geobase_cgn_toponyme/prov_csv_eng/","url_text":"\"Pre-packaged CSV files - CGN, Canada/Province/Territory (cgn_sk_csv_eng.zip)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rural Municipality Incorporations (Alphabetical)\". Saskatchewan Ministry of Municipal Affairs. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110421074230/http://www.municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/RM-Incorporated-Dates-Alpha","url_text":"\"Rural Municipality Incorporations (Alphabetical)\""},{"url":"http://www.municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/RM-Incorporated-Dates-Alpha","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Municipality Details: RM of Swift Current No. 137\". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 21, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/muniDetails.aspx?cat=10&mun=2564","url_text":"\"Municipality Details: RM of Swift Current No. 137\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\". Statistics Canada. February 8, 2017. Retrieved May 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=47","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]},{"reference":"\"2019-2020 Rural Revenue Sharing Organized Hamlet Grant\". Government of Saskatchewan. Retrieved May 4, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/100183/formats/110537/download","url_text":"\"2019-2020 Rural Revenue Sharing Organized Hamlet Grant\""}]},{"reference":"Saskatchewan Genealogy Association, retrieved December 29, 2007","urls":[{"url":"http://www.saskgenealogy.com/cemetery/cem_rmname.asp","url_text":"Saskatchewan Genealogy Association"}]},{"reference":"\"4708001 - Swift Current No. 137, geographical codes and localities, 2006\", Statistics Canada, Government of Canada, retrieved December 29, 2007","urls":[{"url":"http://stds.statcan.ca/english/sgc/2006/2006-cma-searchlocal-fin.asp?criteria=4708001","url_text":"\"4708001 - Swift Current No. 137, geographical codes and localities, 2006\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\" (PDF). Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 24, 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105944/http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"url":"http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\". Saskatchewan Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved May 9, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/86690/formats/100724/download","url_text":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""}]},{"reference":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\". Statistics Canada. February 9, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","url_text":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Canada","url_text":"Statistics Canada"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rural_Municipality_of_Swift_Current_No._137¶ms=50.256_N_107.811_W_region:CA-SK_type:adm3rd","external_links_name":"50°15′22″N 107°48′40″W / 50.256°N 107.811°W / 50.256; -107.811"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Rural_Municipality_of_Swift_Current_No._137¶ms=50.256_N_107.811_W_region:CA-SK_type:adm3rd","external_links_name":"50°15′22″N 107°48′40″W / 50.256°N 107.811°W / 50.256; -107.811"},{"Link":"http://www.rmswiftcurrent.ca/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://ftp.maps.canada.ca/pub/nrcan_rncan/vector/geobase_cgn_toponyme/prov_csv_eng/","external_links_name":"\"Pre-packaged CSV files - CGN, Canada/Province/Territory (cgn_sk_csv_eng.zip)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110421074230/http://www.municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/RM-Incorporated-Dates-Alpha","external_links_name":"\"Rural Municipality Incorporations (Alphabetical)\""},{"Link":"http://www.municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/RM-Incorporated-Dates-Alpha","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.mds.gov.sk.ca/apps/Pub/MDS/muniDetails.aspx?cat=10&mun=2564","external_links_name":"\"Municipality Details: RM of Swift Current No. 137\""},{"Link":"https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table.cfm?Lang=Eng&T=302&SR=1&S=86&O=A&RPP=9999&PR=47","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, and census subdivisions (municipalities), 2016 and 2011 censuses – 100% data (Saskatchewan)\""},{"Link":"https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/100183/formats/110537/download","external_links_name":"\"2019-2020 Rural Revenue Sharing Organized Hamlet Grant\""},{"Link":"http://www.saskgenealogy.com/cemetery/cem_rmname.asp","external_links_name":"Saskatchewan Genealogy Association"},{"Link":"http://stds.statcan.ca/english/sgc/2006/2006-cma-searchlocal-fin.asp?criteria=4708001","external_links_name":"\"4708001 - Swift Current No. 137, geographical codes and localities, 2006\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105944/http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"Link":"http://www.stats.gov.sk.ca/stats/population/SaskCensusPopulation8106.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://publications.saskatchewan.ca/api/v1/products/86690/formats/100724/download","external_links_name":"\"Saskatchewan Census Population\""},{"Link":"https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000203&geocode=A000247","external_links_name":"\"Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions (municipalities), Saskatchewan\""},{"Link":"http://www.rmswiftcurrent.ca/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiro_Sasaki | Jiro Sasaki | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Japanese swimmer (born 1956)
Jiro SasakiPersonal informationBorn (1956-04-04) 4 April 1956 (age 68)SportSportSwimming
Medal record
Representing Japan
Asian Games
1974 Tehran
200m individual medley
1974 Tehran
4x100m freestyle relay
1974 Tehran
400m individual medley
Jiro Sasaki (佐々木 二郎, Sasaki Jirō, born 4 April 1956) is a Japanese former swimmer. He competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Jiro Sasaki Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
External links
Jiro Sasaki at World Aquatics
Jiro Sasaki at Olympedia
vteAsian Games champions in men's 200 m Individual Medley
1974 Jiro Sasaki (JPN)
1978 Tsuyoshi Yanagidate (JPN)
1982 Li Zhongyi (CHN)
1986 Naritoshi Matsuda (JPN)
1990 Takahiro Fujimoto (JPN)
1994 Ratapong Sirisanont (THA)
1998 Xiong Guoming (CHN)
2002 Takahiro Mori (JPN)
2006 Hidemasa Sano (JPN)
2010 Ken Takakuwa (JPN)
2014 Kosuke Hagino (JPN)
2018 Wang Shun (CHN)
2022 Wang Shun (CHN)
vteAsian Games Champions in Men's 4×100 m Freestyle Relay
1951 Wolters, Chee, Mitchell, kok (SIN)
1974 Izumi, Horiuchi, Sasaki, Iida (JPN)
1978 Sakamoto, Izumi, Yamazaki, Yanagidate (JPN)
1982 Huang Guo, Huang Gua, Wan, Li (CHN)
1986 Shen, Yang, Mu, Feng (CHN)
1990 Xie, Feng, Wang, Shen (CHN)
1994 Fukuda, Endo, Usami, Matsushita (JPN)
1998 Hamano, Shun. Ito, Yamanoi, Shu. Ito (JPN)
2002 Huang, Jin, Chen, Liu (CHN)
2006 kojima, Yamamoto, Ito, Hosokawa (JPN)
2010 Shi T, Jiang, Shi R, Lü (CHN)
2014 Yu, Lin, Sun, Ning (CHN)
2018 Shioura, Matsumoto, Nakamura, Mizohata (JPN)
2022 Pan, Chen, Hong, Wang (CHN)
This Japanese swimming biography is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"swimmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_(sport)"},{"link_name":"three events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_at_the_1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1972 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-1"}],"text":"Jiro Sasaki (佐々木 二郎, Sasaki Jirō, born 4 April 1956) is a Japanese former swimmer. He competed in three events at the 1972 Summer Olympics.[1]","title":"Jiro Sasaki"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Jiro Sasaki Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417212741/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/jiro-sasaki-1.html","url_text":"\"Jiro Sasaki Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/jiro-sasaki-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417212741/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/jiro-sasaki-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Jiro Sasaki Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/jiro-sasaki-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.worldaquatics.com/athletes/1140275/wd#main-content","external_links_name":"Jiro Sasaki"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27919817#P3408"},{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/48843","external_links_name":"Jiro Sasaki"},{"Link":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27919817#P8286"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiro_Sasaki&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prescription_Songs | Prescription Songs | ["1 History","2 Writers","2.1 Former","2.2 Current","3 References"] | American music publishing companyPrescription SongsIndustryMusic publishingFounded2009; 15 years ago (2009)Founders
Dr. Luke
HeadquartersLos Angeles, United StatesKey peopleRhea Pasricha (Head of A&R, West Coast)Sara Walker (Senior Vice President, Creative Synch)Megan Wood-Petersen (Vice President, Creative Synch)ServicesMusic publishingNumber of employees25Websiteprescriptionsongs.com
Prescription Songs is an independent music publishing and licensing company founded in 2009 by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald.
History
Between 2013 and 2017, Prescription Songs held a joint publishing deal with Nashville-based Big Machine Records to build bridges between songwriters in the Nashville and Los Angeles music industries. The company expanded its own presence in Nashville with the establishment of a second Prescription Songs headquarters in 2016.
In 2014, recording artist Kesha sued Dr. Luke for sexual assault, emotional abuse, and psychological abuse. Since then, songwriters and others affiliated with Prescription Songs have come under scrutiny for their perceived connections to Dr. Luke. Ethel Cain, who signed to Prescription Songs in 2020, stated in a 2023 Rolling Stone interview that she regretted her decision and would not have signed to the label had she been aware of Dr. Luke's involvement. Cain stated that she would leave Prescription as soon as she fulfilled her contractual obligations to the company.
Prescription Songs partnered with BitPay in 2021, becoming the first major music company to offer songwriters and music producers payment in Bitcoin.
Writers
Former
Former songwriters on the Prescription Songs roster include:
Bonnie McKee
Cirkut
Current
Songwriters on the Prescription Songs roster include:
Doja Cat
Emily Warren
Ethel Cain
Greyson Chance
Fridayy
Heather Russell
Lauren LaRue
JORDY
Joy Oladokun
Lourdiz
Lxandra
LunchMoney Lewis
Nick Bailey
Peter Fenn
Rocco Valdes
Ryder Johnson
Ryan Ogren
Space Primates
References
^ Hampp, Andrew. "Doja, Dua and Arizona: Inside Prescription Songs' Hit Factory". Variety. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ a b c d e f g Feeney, Nolan. "Inside Prescription Songs, the Company Behind Some of 2020's Biggest Hits". Billboard. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Gallo, Phil. "Big Machine Music, Dr. Luke's Prescription Form Joint Venture". Billboard. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Halperin, Shirley; Gardner, Eriq. "Inside Kesha and Dr. Luke's Dueling Lawsuits". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ a b Jibril, Halima. "Ethel Cain regrets signing to Dr Luke's label". Dazed. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ Aswad, Jem. "Dr. Luke's Prescription Songs Becomes First Major Music Company to Offer Payment in Bitcoin". Variety.
^ Tanzer, Myles. "After Working With Dr. Luke, Cirkut Breaks Out on His Own". Vulture. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ a b Hollabaugh, Lorie. "Greyson Chance & Heather Russell Sign With Prescription Songs". Music Row. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ @rxsongs. "Welcome to the Prescription Songs family @lxandrahere! We're so thrilled to have you". Instagram. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
^ @rxsongs. "Thrilled to officially welcome @ryderj0hnson to the Prescription Songs family!". Instagram. Retrieved 9 December 2023. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lukasz \"Dr. Luke\" Gottwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Luke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-2"}],"text":"Prescription Songs is an independent music publishing and licensing company founded in 2009 by Lukasz \"Dr. Luke\" Gottwald.[2]","title":"Prescription Songs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville"},{"link_name":"Big Machine Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Machine_Records"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesha"},{"link_name":"sued","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesha_v._Dr._Luke"},{"link_name":"sexual assault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_assault"},{"link_name":"emotional abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_abuse"},{"link_name":"psychological abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_abuse"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ethel Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Cain"},{"link_name":"Rolling Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cain-5"},{"link_name":"BitPay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BitPay"},{"link_name":"Bitcoin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Between 2013 and 2017, Prescription Songs held a joint publishing deal with Nashville-based Big Machine Records to build bridges between songwriters in the Nashville and Los Angeles music industries. The company expanded its own presence in Nashville with the establishment of a second Prescription Songs headquarters in 2016.[2][3]In 2014, recording artist Kesha sued Dr. Luke for sexual assault, emotional abuse, and psychological abuse.[4] Since then, songwriters and others affiliated with Prescription Songs have come under scrutiny for their perceived connections to Dr. Luke. Ethel Cain, who signed to Prescription Songs in 2020, stated in a 2023 Rolling Stone interview that she regretted her decision and would not have signed to the label had she been aware of Dr. Luke's involvement. Cain stated that she would leave Prescription as soon as she fulfilled her contractual obligations to the company.[5]Prescription Songs partnered with BitPay in 2021, becoming the first major music company to offer songwriters and music producers payment in Bitcoin.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Writers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bonnie McKee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnie_McKee"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-2"},{"link_name":"Cirkut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirkut"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Former","text":"Former songwriters on the Prescription Songs roster include:Bonnie McKee[2]\nCirkut[7]","title":"Writers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doja Cat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doja_Cat"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Emily Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Warren"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-2"},{"link_name":"Ethel Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethel_Cain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cain-5"},{"link_name":"Greyson Chance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyson_Chance"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gchr-8"},{"link_name":"Fridayy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fridayy"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Heather Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Russell"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gchr-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-2"},{"link_name":"JORDY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JORDY"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-2"},{"link_name":"Joy Oladokun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_Oladokun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bb-2"},{"link_name":"Lourdiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lourdiz"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"LunchMoney Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LunchMoney_Lewis"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Peter Fenn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Fenn"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Rocco Valdes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocco_Valdes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ryan Ogren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Ogren"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Space Primates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Primates"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Current","text":"Songwriters on the Prescription Songs roster include:Doja Cat[citation needed]\nEmily Warren[2]\nEthel Cain[5]\nGreyson Chance[8]\nFridayy[citation needed]\nHeather Russell[8]\nLauren LaRue[2]\nJORDY[2]\nJoy Oladokun[2]\nLourdiz\nLxandra[9]\nLunchMoney Lewis[citation needed]\nNick Bailey[citation needed]\nPeter Fenn[citation needed]\nRocco Valdes[citation needed]\nRyder Johnson[10]\nRyan Ogren[citation needed]\nSpace Primates[citation needed]","title":"Writers"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hampp, Andrew. \"Doja, Dua and Arizona: Inside Prescription Songs' Hit Factory\". Variety. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/music/news/doja-cat-dua-lipa-arizona-zervas-inside-prescription-songs-1234846826/","url_text":"\"Doja, Dua and Arizona: Inside Prescription Songs' Hit Factory\""}]},{"reference":"Feeney, Nolan. \"Inside Prescription Songs, the Company Behind Some of 2020's Biggest Hits\". Billboard. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/prescription-songs-dr-luke-publishing-company/","url_text":"\"Inside Prescription Songs, the Company Behind Some of 2020's Biggest Hits\""}]},{"reference":"Gallo, Phil. \"Big Machine Music, Dr. Luke's Prescription Form Joint Venture\". Billboard. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/big-machine-music-dr-lukes-prescription-form-joint-venture-1558463/","url_text":"\"Big Machine Music, Dr. Luke's Prescription Form Joint Venture\""}]},{"reference":"Halperin, Shirley; Gardner, Eriq. \"Inside Kesha and Dr. Luke's Dueling Lawsuits\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/inside-kesha-dr-lukes-dueling-741552/","url_text":"\"Inside Kesha and Dr. Luke's Dueling Lawsuits\""}]},{"reference":"Jibril, Halima. \"Ethel Cain regrets signing to Dr Luke's label\". Dazed. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/60709/1/ethel-cain-regrets-signing-to-dr-luke-label-prescription-songs#:~:text=In%202020%2C%20Cain%20signed%20to,about%20Cain's%20ties%20to%20Dr.","url_text":"\"Ethel Cain regrets signing to Dr Luke's label\""}]},{"reference":"Aswad, Jem. \"Dr. Luke's Prescription Songs Becomes First Major Music Company to Offer Payment in Bitcoin\". Variety.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/music/news/dr-lukes-prescription-songs-becomes-first-major-music-company-to-offer-payment-in-bitcoin-1234942473/","url_text":"\"Dr. Luke's Prescription Songs Becomes First Major Music Company to Offer Payment in Bitcoin\""}]},{"reference":"Tanzer, Myles. \"After Working With Dr. Luke, Cirkut Breaks Out on His Own\". Vulture. Archived from the original on December 9, 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20231209174301/https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/after-working-with-dr-luke-cirkut-breaks-out-on-his-own.html#selection-1315.0-1315.57","url_text":"\"After Working With Dr. Luke, Cirkut Breaks Out on His Own\""},{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/after-working-with-dr-luke-cirkut-breaks-out-on-his-own.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hollabaugh, Lorie. \"Greyson Chance & Heather Russell Sign With Prescription Songs\". Music Row. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://musicrow.com/2023/10/greyson-chance-heather-russell-sign-with-prescription-songs/","url_text":"\"Greyson Chance & Heather Russell Sign With Prescription Songs\""}]},{"reference":"@rxsongs. \"Welcome to the Prescription Songs family @lxandrahere! We're so thrilled to have you\". Instagram. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CyjbXSnSZ6u/","url_text":"\"Welcome to the Prescription Songs family @lxandrahere! We're so thrilled to have you\""}]},{"reference":"@rxsongs. \"Thrilled to officially welcome @ryderj0hnson to the Prescription Songs family!\". Instagram. Retrieved 9 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/C0fa0YMPPw_/","url_text":"\"Thrilled to officially welcome @ryderj0hnson to the Prescription Songs family!\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://prescriptionsongs.com/","external_links_name":"prescriptionsongs.com"},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2020/music/news/doja-cat-dua-lipa-arizona-zervas-inside-prescription-songs-1234846826/","external_links_name":"\"Doja, Dua and Arizona: Inside Prescription Songs' Hit Factory\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/pro/prescription-songs-dr-luke-publishing-company/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Prescription Songs, the Company Behind Some of 2020's Biggest Hits\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/big-machine-music-dr-lukes-prescription-form-joint-venture-1558463/","external_links_name":"\"Big Machine Music, Dr. Luke's Prescription Form Joint Venture\""},{"Link":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/inside-kesha-dr-lukes-dueling-741552/","external_links_name":"\"Inside Kesha and Dr. Luke's Dueling Lawsuits\""},{"Link":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/60709/1/ethel-cain-regrets-signing-to-dr-luke-label-prescription-songs#:~:text=In%202020%2C%20Cain%20signed%20to,about%20Cain's%20ties%20to%20Dr.","external_links_name":"\"Ethel Cain regrets signing to Dr Luke's label\""},{"Link":"https://variety.com/2021/music/news/dr-lukes-prescription-songs-becomes-first-major-music-company-to-offer-payment-in-bitcoin-1234942473/","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Luke's Prescription Songs Becomes First Major Music Company to Offer Payment in Bitcoin\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20231209174301/https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/after-working-with-dr-luke-cirkut-breaks-out-on-his-own.html#selection-1315.0-1315.57","external_links_name":"\"After Working With Dr. Luke, Cirkut Breaks Out on His Own\""},{"Link":"https://www.vulture.com/2019/02/after-working-with-dr-luke-cirkut-breaks-out-on-his-own.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://musicrow.com/2023/10/greyson-chance-heather-russell-sign-with-prescription-songs/","external_links_name":"\"Greyson Chance & Heather Russell Sign With Prescription Songs\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CyjbXSnSZ6u/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome to the Prescription Songs family @lxandrahere! We're so thrilled to have you\""},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/p/C0fa0YMPPw_/","external_links_name":"\"Thrilled to officially welcome @ryderj0hnson to the Prescription Songs family!\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville_metropolitan_area | Huntsville metropolitan area | ["1 Places","2 Transportation","3 See also","4 References"] | Metropolitan statistical area in Alabama, US
Metropolitan statistical area in Alabama, United StatesHuntsville Metropolitan AreaMetropolitan statistical areaHuntsville Metropolitan Statistical AreaCountryUnited StatesState(s)AlabamaLargest cityHuntsvilleOther citiesAthens and MadisonPopulation (2020 Census) • Total491,723 • Rank108th in the U.S.
The Huntsville Metropolitan Statistical Area is a metropolitan statistical area on the northern border of Alabama. The metro area's principal city is Huntsville, and consists of two counties: Limestone and Madison. As of the 2020 United States census, the Huntsville Metropolitan Area's population was 491,723, making it the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in Alabama (behind only the Birmingham metropolitan area) and the 113th-largest in the United States.
Places
Besides Huntsville, the following places are included in the metro area. Areas incorporated have 2020 census population data included.
Ardmore (1,321), sister city of Ardmore Tennessee
Athens (25,406)
Brownsboro
East Limestone
Elkmont (411)
Gurley (816)
Harvest (5,893)
Hazel Green (4,105)
Lester (111)
Madison (56,933), Largest suburb
Meridianville (8,209)
Monrovia
Moores Mill (6,729)
Mooresville (47), smallest suburb
New Hope (2,889)
New Market (1,543)
Owens Cross Roads (2,594)
Redstone Arsenal (837), U.S. Army post
Toney
Triana (2,890)
Below is the population of the Huntsville metropolitan area since the first time it was recorded in the 1810 United States census; as of the 2020 United States census, the Huntsville metropolitan area had 491,723 people. The 1810 census only includes Madison county as Madison county formed in 1808 while Limestone county formed in 1819. From the 1820 census afterwards, both counties are included in the demographics.
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1810
4,669
—
1820
27,332
585.4%
1830
42,397
55.1%
1840
40,180
-5.5%
1850
42,720
6.3%
1860
41,857
-2.1%
1870
46,284
10.6%
1880
59,125
27.7%
1890
59,350
0.4%
1900
66,079
11.3%
1910
73,961
11.9%
1920
82,609
11.8%
1930
101,232
22.5%
1940
101,959
0.7%
1950
108,669
6.6%
1960
153,861
41.6%
1970
228,239
48.3%
1980
242,971
6.5%
1990
293,047
20.6%
2000
342,376
16.8%
2010
417,593
22.0%
2020
491,723
17.8%
Transportation
Interstate 65
Interstate 565
U.S. Highway 72
U.S. Highway 231
U.S. Highway 431
See also
Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas
Alabama census statistical areas
References
^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Huntsville city, Alabama". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-27.
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This Limestone County, Alabama state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Madison County, Alabama state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"metropolitan statistical area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"Huntsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntsville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"2nd-largest metropolitan area in Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Birmingham metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_metropolitan_area,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"113th-largest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Metropolitan statistical area in Alabama, United StatesThe Huntsville Metropolitan Statistical Area is a metropolitan statistical area on the northern border of Alabama. The metro area's principal city is Huntsville, and consists of two counties: Limestone and Madison. As of the 2020 United States census, the Huntsville Metropolitan Area's population was 491,723, making it the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in Alabama (behind only the Birmingham metropolitan area) and the 113th-largest in the United States.[1]","title":"Huntsville metropolitan area"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ardmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Ardmore Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardmore,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Brownsboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsboro,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Elkmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkmont,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Gurley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurley,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Harvest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvest,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Hazel Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazel_Green,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lester,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Madison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Meridianville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meridianville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Monrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Moores Mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores_Mill,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Mooresville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mooresville,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"New Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hope,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"New Market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Market,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Owens Cross Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owens_Cross_Roads,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Redstone Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Toney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toney,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Triana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triana,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"1810 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1810_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"2020 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_United_States_census"}],"text":"Besides Huntsville, the following places are included in the metro area. Areas incorporated have 2020 census population data included.Ardmore (1,321), sister city of Ardmore Tennessee\nAthens (25,406)\nBrownsboro\nEast Limestone\nElkmont (411)\nGurley (816)\nHarvest (5,893)\nHazel Green (4,105)\nLester (111)\nMadison (56,933), Largest suburb\nMeridianville (8,209)\nMonrovia\nMoores Mill (6,729)\nMooresville (47), smallest suburb\nNew Hope (2,889)\nNew Market (1,543)\nOwens Cross Roads (2,594)\nRedstone Arsenal (837), U.S. Army post\nToney\nTriana (2,890)Below is the population of the Huntsville metropolitan area since the first time it was recorded in the 1810 United States census; as of the 2020 United States census, the Huntsville metropolitan area had 491,723 people. The 1810 census only includes Madison county as Madison county formed in 1808 while Limestone county formed in 1819. From the 1820 census afterwards, both counties are included in the demographics.","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-65.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_65_in_Alabama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:I-565.svg"},{"link_name":"Interstate 565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_565"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_72.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_72_in_Alabama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_231.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 231","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_231_in_Alabama"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_431.svg"},{"link_name":"U.S. Highway 431","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_431_in_Alabama"}],"text":"Interstate 65\n Interstate 565\n U.S. Highway 72\n U.S. Highway 231\n U.S. Highway 431","title":"Transportation"}] | [] | [{"title":"Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_United_States_Metropolitan_Statistical_Areas"},{"title":"Table of United States Combined Statistical Areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_United_States_Combined_Statistical_Areas"},{"title":"Alabama census statistical areas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama_census_statistical_areas"}] | [{"reference":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Huntsville city, Alabama\". www.census.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/huntsvillecityalabama","url_text":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Huntsville city, Alabama\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/huntsvillecityalabama","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Huntsville city, Alabama\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1341936/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/315150921","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntsville_metropolitan_area&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huntsville_metropolitan_area&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snehal_Dabi | Snehal Dabi | ["1 Career","2 Selected filmography","3 References","4 External links"] | Indian actor (born 1977)
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Snehal DabiNationalityIndianOccupationActorYears active1997-2022Known forHera Pheri,Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega and Welcome
Snehal Dabi (born 24 February 1977) is an Indian actor, writer, director, and producer born into a Gujarati family and brought up in Mumbai. He is a theater performer since his school days. He has performed in Hindi language films, Marathi, Gujarati commercial theatre.
Career
This section of a biography of a living person does not include any references or sources. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living people that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately.Find sources: "Snehal Dabi" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Dabi studied electronics engineering from B.V.I.T. CBD Belapur. He debuted in Mahanta then Satya during his college, He also assisted in writing of Hera Pheri. He has studied screenplay-writing and direction from London film academy. He debuted as a writer in Darwaza bandh rakho. His characters became popular as Chandar in Satya, Aaj Kapoor in Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega, Habiba in Ek Chalis Ki Last Local, electric Baba in Wednesday, and more. He has acted in films like excuse me, welcome, mast, Hera Pheri, EMI, Pyare Mohan.
Dabi's banner The Outstanding Production, has produced short films, music videos, and commercial. The outstanding production has also produced a Hindi feature film Utaavle Baawale in association with Ramayan Chitra.
Selected filmography
All films are in Hindi, unless otherwise noted.
Year
Film
Role
Notes
1998
Satya
Chander Krishnakanth Khote
1999
Mast
Autorickshaw driver
2000
Hera Pheri
2000
Suri
Telugu film
2001
Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega
Aaj Kapoor
2002
Ab Ke Baras
2002
Durga
2003
Xcuse Me
Sahiba
2004
Shart: The Challenge
2005
James
Babloo
2005
Divorce: Not Between Husband and Wife
Raju
2005
Deewane Huye Paagal
Kutti Anna
2006
Pyare Mohan
Tiny
2006
Darwaza Bandh Rakho
Goga
2007
Ek Chalis Ki Last Local
Habiba
2007
Welcome
Majnu's goon
2008
A Wednesday!
Shambhu "Electric Baba"
2008
EMI
Sattar Bhai's crew member
2009
Luck
Jiten
2009
Meri Padosan (2009 film)
Prem promotor
2014
Mr Joe B. Carvalho
General Kopa Bhalerao Kabana
2015
Welcome Back
Majnu's goon
2020
Welcome to the Jungle
2022
Bachchhan Paandey
Jumbo
References
^ IANS (2 July 2018). "20 years on, RGV shares 'truth' behind success of 'Satya'". Business Standard India. India: Business Standard. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^ "'Sholay' is history!". Indian Television Dot Com. India: indiantelevision.com. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
^ India-West, R. M. Vijayakar, Special to. "'Welcome Back' Movie Review: It's a Don Payment on Entertainment!". India West. India: indiawest.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Hungama, Bollywood. "Premiere Of Ek Chalis Ki Last Local At Cinemax, Photo Of Snehal Dhabi From The Premiere Of Ek Chalis Ki Last Local At Cinemax Images - Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. India. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
External links
Snehal Dabi at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi language films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Snehal Dabi (born 24 February 1977) is an Indian actor, writer, director, and producer born into a Gujarati family and brought up in Mumbai. He is a theater performer since his school days. He has performed in Hindi language films, Marathi, Gujarati commercial theatre.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Snehal Dabi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Hera Pheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera_Pheri_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Dabi studied electronics engineering from B.V.I.T. CBD Belapur.[citation needed] He debuted in Mahanta then Satya during his college, He also assisted in writing of Hera Pheri.[citation needed] He has studied screenplay-writing and direction from London film academy.[citation needed] He debuted as a writer in Darwaza bandh rakho.[citation needed] His characters became popular as Chandar in Satya, Aaj Kapoor in Love Ke Liye Kuch Bhi Karega, Habiba in Ek Chalis Ki Last Local, electric Baba in Wednesday, and more. He has acted in films like excuse me, welcome, mast, Hera Pheri, EMI, Pyare Mohan.[citation needed]\nDabi's banner The Outstanding Production, has produced short films, music videos, and commercial. The outstanding production has also produced a Hindi feature film Utaavle Baawale in association with Ramayan Chitra.[citation needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All films are in Hindi, unless otherwise noted.","title":"Selected filmography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"IANS (2 July 2018). \"20 years on, RGV shares 'truth' behind success of 'Satya'\". Business Standard India. India: Business Standard. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/20-years-on-rgv-shares-truth-behind-success-of-satya-118070200444_1.html","url_text":"\"20 years on, RGV shares 'truth' behind success of 'Satya'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Standard","url_text":"Business Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"'Sholay' is history!\". Indian Television Dot Com. India: indiantelevision.com. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k14/aac04.php","url_text":"\"'Sholay' is history!\""}]},{"reference":"India-West, R. M. Vijayakar, Special to. \"'Welcome Back' Movie Review: It's a Don Payment on Entertainment!\". India West. India: indiawest.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. 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Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/premiere-of-ek-chalis-ki-last-local-at-cinemax/premiere-of-ek-chalis-ki-last-local-at-cinemax-4/","url_text":"\"Premiere Of Ek Chalis Ki Last Local At Cinemax, Photo Of Snehal Dhabi From The Premiere Of Ek Chalis Ki Last Local At Cinemax Images - Bollywood Hungama\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood_Hungama","url_text":"Bollywood Hungama"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Snehal+Dabi%22","external_links_name":"\"Snehal Dabi\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Snehal+Dabi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Snehal+Dabi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Snehal+Dabi%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Snehal+Dabi%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Snehal+Dabi%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/20-years-on-rgv-shares-truth-behind-success-of-satya-118070200444_1.html","external_links_name":"\"20 years on, RGV shares 'truth' behind success of 'Satya'\""},{"Link":"http://www.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k14/aac04.php","external_links_name":"\"'Sholay' is history!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042916/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie_reviews/welcome-back-movie-review-it-s-a-don-payment-on/article_deea8e16-52da-11e5-af6b-f3bce580a305.html","external_links_name":"\"'Welcome Back' Movie Review: It's a Don Payment on Entertainment!\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/movie_reviews/welcome-back-movie-review-it-s-a-don-payment-on/article_deea8e16-52da-11e5-af6b-f3bce580a305.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/premiere-of-ek-chalis-ki-last-local-at-cinemax/premiere-of-ek-chalis-ki-last-local-at-cinemax-4/","external_links_name":"\"Premiere Of Ek Chalis Ki Last Local At Cinemax, Photo Of Snehal Dhabi From The Premiere Of Ek Chalis Ki Last Local At Cinemax Images - Bollywood Hungama\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0196400/","external_links_name":"Snehal Dabi"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_Horizon_Telescope_Collaboration | Event Horizon Telescope | ["1 Telescope array","2 Published images","2.1 Messier 87*","2.2 3C 279","2.3 Centaurus A","2.4 Sagittarius A*","2.5 J1924-2914","2.6 NRAO 530","3 Collaborating institutes","4 Funding","5 References","6 External links"] | Global radio telescope array
ObservatoryEvent Horizon TelescopeAlternative namesEHT Established2009; 15 years ago (2009)Websiteeventhorizontelescope.org TelescopesAtacama Large Millimeter ArrayAtacama Pathfinder ExperimentGreenland TelescopeHeinrich Hertz Submillimeter TelescopeIRAM 30m telescopeJames Clerk Maxwell TelescopeLarge Millimeter TelescopeSouth Pole TelescopeSubmillimeter Array Related media on Commons
The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes. The EHT project combines data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations around Earth, which form a combined array with an angular resolution sufficient to observe objects the size of a supermassive black hole's event horizon. The project's observational targets include the two black holes with the largest angular diameter as observed from Earth: the black hole at the center of the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, and Sagittarius A*, at the center of the Milky Way.
The Event Horizon Telescope project is an international collaboration that was launched in 2009 after a long period of theoretical and technical developments. On the theory side, work on the photon orbit and first simulations of what a black hole would look like progressed to predictions of VLBI imaging for the Galactic Center black hole, Sgr A*. Technical advances in radio observing moved from the first detection of Sgr A*, through VLBI at progressively shorter wavelengths, ultimately leading to detection of horizon scale structure in both Sgr A* and M87. The collaboration now comprises over 300 members, and 60 institutions, working in over 20 countries and regions.
The first image of a black hole, at the center of galaxy Messier 87, was published by the EHT Collaboration on April 10, 2019, in a series of six scientific publications. The array made this observation at a wavelength of 1.3 mm and with a theoretical diffraction-limited resolution of 25 microarcseconds. In March 2021, the Collaboration presented, for the first time, a polarized-based image of the black hole which may help better reveal the forces giving rise to quasars. Future plans involve improving the array's resolution by adding new telescopes and by taking shorter-wavelength observations. On 12 May 2022, astronomers unveiled the first image of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*.
Telescope array
A schematic diagram of the VLBI mechanism of EHT. Each antenna, spread out over vast distances, has an extremely precise atomic clock. Analogue signals collected by the antenna are converted to digital signals and stored on hard drives together with the time signals provided by the atomic clock. The hard drives are then shipped to a central location to be synchronized. An astronomical observation image is obtained by processing the data gathered from multiple locations.
EHT observations during its 2017 M87 multiwavelength campaign decomposed by instrument from lower (EHT/ALMA/SMA) to higher (VERITAS) frequency. (Fermi-LAT in continuous survey mode) (dates also in Modified Julian days)
Soft X-ray image of Sagittarius A* (center) and two light echoes from a recent explosion (circled)
The EHT is composed of many radio observatories or radio-telescope facilities around the world, working together to produce a high-sensitivity, high-angular-resolution telescope. Through the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), many independent radio antennas separated by hundreds or thousands of kilometres can act as a phased array, a virtual telescope which can be pointed electronically, with an effective aperture which is the diameter of the entire planet, substantially improving its angular resolution. The effort includes development and deployment of submillimeter dual polarization receivers, highly stable frequency standards to enable very-long-baseline interferometry at 230–450 GHz, higher-bandwidth VLBI backends and recorders, as well as commissioning of new submillimeter VLBI sites.
Each year since its first data capture in 2006, the EHT array has moved to add more observatories to its global network of radio telescopes. The first image of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, was expected to be produced from data taken in April 2017, but because there are no flights in or out of the South Pole during austral winter (April to October), the full data set could not be processed until December 2017, when the shipment of data from the South Pole Telescope arrived.
Data collected on hard drives are transported by commercial freight airplanes (a so-called sneakernet) from the various telescopes to the MIT Haystack Observatory and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, where the data are cross-correlated and analyzed on a grid computer made from about 800 CPUs all connected through a 40 Gbit/s network.
Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, weather patterns, and celestial mechanics, the 2020 observational campaign was postponed to March 2021.
Published images
Messier 87*
A series of images descriptive of the level of magnification achieved by the EHT (akin to seeing, from the Earth's surface, an object the size of a tennis ball on the Moon); starts at top-left image and moves counter−clockwise to finish at top-right corner
Image of M87* generated from data gathered by the Event Horizon Telescope
A view of M87* black hole in polarised light
The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration announced its first results in six simultaneous press conferences worldwide on April 10, 2019. The announcement featured the first direct image of a black hole, which showed the supermassive black hole at the center of Messier 87, designated M87*. The scientific results were presented in a series of six papers published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters. A clockwise rotating black hole was observed in the 6σ region.
The image provided a test for Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity under extreme conditions. Studies have previously tested general relativity by looking at the motions of stars and gas clouds near the edge of a black hole. However, an image of a black hole brings observations even closer to the event horizon. Relativity predicts a dark shadow-like region, caused by gravitational bending and capture of light, which matches the observed image. The published paper states: "Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a spinning Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity." Paul T.P. Ho, EHT Board member, said: "Once we were sure we had imaged the shadow, we could compare our observations to extensive computer models that include the physics of warped space, superheated matter, and strong magnetic fields. Many of the features of the observed image match our theoretical understanding surprisingly well."
The image also provided new measurements for the mass and diameter of M87*. EHT measured the black hole's mass to be 6.5±0.7 billion solar masses and measured the diameter of its event horizon to be approximately 40 billion kilometres (270 AU; 0.0013 pc; 0.0042 ly), roughly 2.5 times smaller than the shadow that it casts, seen at the center of the image. Previous observations of M87 showed that the large-scale jet is inclined at an angle of 17° relative to the observer's line of sight and oriented on the plane of the sky at a position angle of −72°. From the enhanced brightness of the southern part of the ring due to relativistic beaming of approaching funnel wall jet emission, EHT concluded the black hole, which anchors the jet, spins clockwise, as seen from Earth. EHT simulations allow for both prograde and retrograde inner disk rotation with respect to the black hole, while excluding zero black hole spin using a conservative minimum jet power of 1042 erg/s via the Blandford–Znajek process.
Producing an image from data from an array of radio telescopes requires much mathematical work. Four independent teams created images to assess the reliability of the results. These methods included both an established algorithm in radio astronomy for image reconstruction known as CLEAN, invented by Jan Högbom, as well as self-calibrating image processing methods for astronomy such as the CHIRP algorithm created by Katherine Bouman and others. The algorithms that were ultimately used were a regularized maximum likelihood (RML) algorithm and the CLEAN algorithm.
In March 2020, astronomers proposed an improved way of seeing more of the rings in the first black hole image. In March 2021, a new photo was revealed, showing how the M87 black hole looks in polarised light. This is the first time astronomers have been able to measure polarisation so close to the edge of a black hole. The lines on the photo mark the orientation of polarisation, which is related to the magnetic field around the shadow of the black hole.
In August 2022, a team led by University of Waterloo researcher Avery Broderick released a "remaster" version of original image generated from the data collected by the EHT. This image "resolve a fundamental signature of gravity around a black hole," with it showing a displaying photon ring around M87*.The claim has been subsequently disputed.
In 2023, EHT released new, sharper images of the M87 black hole, reconstructed from the same 2017 data but created using the PRIMO algorithm.
3C 279
EHT image of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 showing a relativistic jet down to the AGN core surrounding the supermassive black hole.
In April 2020, the EHT released the first 20 microarcsecond resolution images of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 it observed in April 2017. These images, generated from observations over 4 nights in April 2017, reveal bright components of a jet whose projection on the observer plane exhibit apparent superluminal motions with speeds up to 20 c. Such apparent superluminal motion from relativistic emitters such as an approaching jet is explained by emission originating closer to the observer (downstream along the jet) catching up with emission originating further from the observer (at the jet base) as the jet propagates close to the speed of light at small angles to the line of sight.
Centaurus A
Image of Centaurus A showing its black hole jet at different scales
In July 2021, high resolution images of the jet produced by the supermassive black hole sitting at the center of Centaurus A were released. With a mass around 5.5×107 M☉, the black hole is not large enough for its photon sphere to be observed, as in EHT images of Messier M87*, but its jet extends even beyond its host galaxy while staying as a highly collimated beam which is a point of study. Edge-brightening of the jet was also observed which would exclude models of particle acceleration that are unable to reproduce this effect. The image was 16 times sharper than previous observations and utilized a 1.3 mm wavelength.
Sagittarius A*
Sagittarius A*, first image released in 2022Sagittarius A* in polarised light, image released in 2024
On May 12, 2022, the EHT Collaboration revealed an image of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The black hole is 27,000 light-years away from Earth; it is thousands of times smaller than M87*. Sera Markoff, Co-Chair of the EHT Science Council, said: "We have two completely different types of galaxies and two very different black hole masses, but close to the edge of these black holes they look amazingly similar. This tells us that General Relativity governs these objects up close, and any differences we see further away must be due to differences in the material that surrounds the black holes."
On March 22, 2024, the EHT Collaboration released an image of Sagittarius A* in polarized light.
J1924-2914
A multifrequency view of the bent jet in Blazar J1924-2914.
In August 2022, the EHT together with Global Millimeter VLBI Array and the Very Long Baseline Array imaged the distant blazar J1924-2914. They operated at 230 GHz, 86 GHz and 2.3+8.7 GHz, respectively, the highest angular resolution images of polarized emission from a quasar ever obtained. Observations reveal a helically bent jet and the polarization of its emission suggest a toroidal magnetic field structure. The object is used as calibrator for Sagittarius A* sharing strong optical variability and polarization with it.
NRAO 530
NRAO 530 by EHT. The total intensity is shown in grayscale with black contours indicating 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the peak LP intensity. Black dotted contours indicate 25%, 50%, and 75% of the peak polarized intensity.
Schematic of the total-intensity and LP components in the EHT fiducial image of NRAO 530; white contours show the total intensity levels; color scale and cyan contours represent the polarized intensity of the method-averaged image.
In February 2023, the EHT reported on the observations of the quasar NRAO 530. NRAO 530 (1730−130, J1733−1304) is a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) that belongs to the class of bright γ-ray blazars and shows significant variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The source was monitored by the University of Michigan Radio Observatory at 4.8, 8.4, and 14.5 GHz for several decades until 2012. The quasar underwent a dramatic radio outburst in 1997, during which its flux density at 14.5 GHz exceeded 10 Jy, while the average value is ~2 Jy. Since 2002, NRAO 530 has been monitored by the Submillimeter Array (SMA; Maunakea, Hawaii) at 1.3 mm and 870 μm. NRAO 530 has a redshift of z = 0.902 (Junkkarinen 1984), for which 100 μas corresponds to a linear distance of 0.803 pc. The source contains a supermassive black hole, the mass of which is currently uncertain, with estimates ranging from 3×108 M☉ to 2×109 M☉.
It was observed with the Event Horizon Telescope on 2017 April 5−7, when NRAO 530 was used as a calibrator for the EHT observations of Sagittarius A*. The observations were performed with the full EHT 2017 array of eight telescopes located at six geographical sites. At z = 0.902, this is the most distant object imaged by the EHT so far. The team reconstructed the first images of the source at 230 GHz, at an angular resolution of ~20 μas, both in total intensity and in linear polarization (LP). Source variability was not detected, that allowed to represent the whole data set with static images. The images reveal a bright feature located on the southern end of the jet, which was associated with the core. The feature is linearly polarized, with a fractional polarization of ~5%–8%, and it has a substructure consisting of two components. Their observed brightness temperature suggests that the energy density of the jet is dominated by the magnetic field. The jet extends over 60 μas along a position angle ~ −28°. It includes two features with orthogonal directions of polarization (electric vector position angle), parallel and perpendicular to the jet axis, consistent with a helical structure of the magnetic field in the jet. The outermost feature has a particularly high degree of LP, suggestive of a nearly uniform magnetic field.
Collaborating institutes
The EHT Collaboration consists of 13 stakeholder institutes:
the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics
the University of Arizona
the University of Chicago
the East Asian Observatory
Goethe University Frankfurt
Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (part of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian)
Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique (IRAM, itself a collaboration between the French CNRS, the German Max Planck Society, and the Spanish Instituto Geográfico Nacional),
Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano
Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
MIT Haystack Observatory
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Radboud University
Locations of the telescopes that make up the EHT array. A global map showing the radio observatories that form the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) network used to image the Milky Way’s central black hole, Sagittarius A*. The telescopes highlighted in yellow were part of the EHT network during the observations of Sagittarius A* in 2017. These include the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX), IRAM 30-meter telescope, James Clark Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT), Submillimeter Array (SMA), Submillimetere Telescope (SMT) and South Pole Telescope (SPT). Highlighted in blue are the three telescopes added to the EHT Collaboration after 2018: the Greenland Telescope, the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) in France, and the UArizona ARO 12-meter Telescope at Kitt Peak.
Funding
The EHT Collaboration receives funding from numerous sources including:
United States National Science Foundation
European Research Council
Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan
Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Technologia, Mexico
John Templeton Foundation
Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
Academia Sinica
Smithsonian Institution
Additionally, Western Digital and Xilinx are industry donors.
References
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^ Doeleman, Sheperd (October 19, 2012). "Jet-launching structure resolved near the supermassive black hole in M87". Science. 338 (6105): 355–358. arXiv:1210.6132. Bibcode:2012Sci...338..355D. doi:10.1126/science.1224768. PMID 23019611. S2CID 37585603.
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^ a b Landau, Elizabeth (April 10, 2019). "Black Hole Image Makes History". NASA. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
^ "Media Advisory: First Results from the Event Horizon Telescope to be Presented on April 10th". Event Horizon official blog. Event Horizon Telescope. April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
^ Lu, Donna (April 12, 2019). "How do you name a black hole? It is actually pretty complicated". New Scientist. London. Retrieved April 12, 2019. "For the case of M87*, which is the designation of this black hole, a (very nice) name has been proposed, but it has not received an official IAU approval," says Christensen.
^ Gardiner, Aidan (April 12, 2018). "When a Black Hole Finally Reveals Itself, It Helps to Have Our Very Own Cosmic Reporter – Astronomers announced Wednesday that they had captured the first image of a black hole. The Times's Dennis Overbye answers readers' questions". The New York Times. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
^ a b c "Astronomers Capture First Image of a Black Hole". European Southern Observatory. April 10, 2019. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
^ Tamburini, Fabrizio; Thidé, Bo; Della Valle, Massimo (2020). "Measurement of the spin of the M87 black hole from its observed twisted light". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 492: L22–L27. arXiv:1904.07923. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slz176.
^ a b Lisa Grossman, Emily Conover (April 10, 2019). "The first picture of a black hole opens a new era of astrophysics". Science News. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
^ Jake Parks (April 10, 2019). "The nature of M87: EHT's look at a supermassive black hole". Astronomy. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
^ Walker, R. Craig; Hardee, Philip E.; Davies, Frederick B.; Ly, Chun; Junor, William (2018). "The Structure and Dynamics of the Subparsec Jet in M87 Based on 50 VLBA Observations over 17 Years at 43 GHZ". The Astrophysical Journal. 855 (2): 128. arXiv:1802.06166. Bibcode:2018ApJ...855..128W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaafcc. S2CID 59322635.
^ Blandford, R. D.; Znajek, R. L. (1977). "Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 179 (3): 433. Bibcode:1977MNRAS.179..433B. doi:10.1093/mnras/179.3.433.
^ a b c The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (2019). "First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Imaging the Central Supermassive Black Hole". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 87 (1): L4. arXiv:1906.11241. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...4E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0e85. S2CID 146068771.
^ Högbom, Jan A. (1974). "Aperture Synthesis with a Non-Regular Distribution of Interferometer Baselines". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 15: 417–426. Bibcode:1974A&AS...15..417H.
^ Seitz, Stella; Schneider, Peter; Bartelmann, Matthias (1998). "Entropy-regularized maximum-likelihood cluster mass reconstruction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 337: 325. arXiv:astro-ph/9803038. Bibcode:1998A&A...337..325S.
^ "The creation of the algorithm that made the first black hole image possible was led by MIT grad student Katie Bouman". TechCrunch. April 11, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
^ Narayan, Ramesh; Nityananda, Rajaram (1986). "Maximum Entropy Image Restoration in Astronomy". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 24: 127–170. Bibcode:1986ARA&A..24..127N. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.24.090186.001015.
^ Overbye, Dennis (March 28, 2020). "Infinite Visions Were Hiding in the First Black Hole Image's Rings – Scientists proposed a technique that would allow us to see more of the unseeable". The New York Times. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
^ Johnson, Michael D.; et al. (March 18, 2020). "Universal interferometric signatures of a black hole's photon ring". Science Advances. 6 (12, eaaz1310): eaaz1310. arXiv:1907.04329. Bibcode:2020SciA....6.1310J. doi:10.1126/sciadv.aaz1310. PMC 7080443. PMID 32206723.
^ "A view of the M87 supermassive black hole in polarised light". ESO. Retrieved March 24, 2021.
^ "The photon ring: a black hole ready for its close-up". Waterloo News. August 16, 2022. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
^ Robert Lea (August 17, 2022). "Supermassive black hole's bright 'photon ring' revealed in new image". Space.com. Retrieved August 28, 2022.
^ "Physicists dispute a claim of detecting a black hole's 'photon ring'". Science News. August 31, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ Medeiros, Lia; Psaltis, Dimitrios; Lauer, Tod R.; Özel, Feryal (April 1, 2023). "The Image of the M87 Black Hole Reconstructed with PRIMO". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 947 (1): L7. arXiv:2304.06079. Bibcode:2023ApJ...947L...7M. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc32d. S2CID 258108405.
^ Kim, Jae-Young; et al. (April 5, 2020). "Event Horizon Telescope imaging of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 at an extreme 20 microarcsecond resolution". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 640: A69. Bibcode:2020A&A...640A..69K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037493. hdl:10261/227201.
^ "Something is Lurking in the Heart of Quasar 3C 279". Event Horizon Telescope. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
^ Janssen, Michael; Falcke, Heino; Kadler, Matthias; Ros, Eduardo; Wielgus, Maciek; Akiyama, Kazunori; Baloković, Mislav; Blackburn, Lindy; Bouman, Katherine L.; Chael, Andrew; Chan, Chi-kwan (July 19, 2021). "Event Horizon Telescope observations of the jet launching and collimation in Centaurus A". Nature Astronomy. 5 (10): 1017–1028. arXiv:2111.03356. Bibcode:2021NatAs...5.1017J. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01417-w. ISSN 2397-3366.
^ Gabuzda, Denise C. (July 19, 2021). "Peering into the heart of an active galaxy". Nature Astronomy. 5 (10): 982–983. Bibcode:2021NatAs...5..982G. doi:10.1038/s41550-021-01420-1. ISSN 2397-3366. S2CID 237675257.
^ "EHT Pinpoints Dark Heart of the Nearest Radio Galaxy". eventhorizontelescope.org. July 19, 2021. Retrieved July 20, 2021.
^ "Astronomers reveal first image of the black hole at the heart of our galaxy". www.eso.org.
^ "Astronomers unveil strong magnetic fields spiraling at the edge of Milky Way's central black hole". www.eso.org. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
^ a b Issaoun, Sara; Wielgus, Maciek; Jorstad, Svetlana; Krichbaum, Thomas P.; Blackburn, Lindy; Janssen, Michael; Chan, Chi-kwan; Pesce, Dominic W.; Gómez, José L.; Akiyama, Kazunori; Mościbrodzka, Monika; Martí-Vidal, Iván; Chael, Andrew; Lico, Rocco; Liu, Jun (August 1, 2022). "Resolving the Inner Parsec of the Blazar J1924–2914 with the Event Horizon Telescope". The Astrophysical Journal. 934 (2): 145. arXiv:2208.01662. Bibcode:2022ApJ...934..145I. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac7a40. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 251274752.
^ a b "Resolving the core of the J1924-2914 blazar with the Event Horizon Telescope". eventhorizontelescope.org. August 6, 2022. Retrieved August 14, 2022.
^ a b Jorstad, Svetlana; et al. (February 1, 2023). "The Event Horizon Telescope Image of the Quasar NRAO 530". The Astrophysical Journal. 943 (2): 170. arXiv:2302.04622. Bibcode:2023ApJ...943..170J. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acaea8. S2CID 256661718. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
^ Event Horizon Telescopoe, Organisation, EHT Website, accessed: 2022-01-30.
^ "Funding Support". eventhorizontelescope.org. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
^ "Industry Donors". eventhorizontelescope.org. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
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Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"telescope array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomical_interferometer"},{"link_name":"radio telescopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_telescope"},{"link_name":"very-long-baseline interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry"},{"link_name":"angular resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_resolution"},{"link_name":"supermassive black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole"},{"link_name":"event horizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_horizon"},{"link_name":"black holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"angular diameter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_diameter"},{"link_name":"supergiant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type-cD_galaxy"},{"link_name":"elliptical galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptical_galaxy"},{"link_name":"Messier 87","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messier_87"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius A*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*"},{"link_name":"the center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Center"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eht-wp-2009-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APJL-20190410-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eht-wp-2009-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheperd2008-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sheperd2012-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eht-breakthrough-prize-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eht-website-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eht-apjl-focus-12"},{"link_name":"diffraction-limited resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffraction-limited_resolution"},{"link_name":"microarcseconds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microarcsecond"},{"link_name":"polarized-based image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)"},{"link_name":"black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole"},{"link_name":"quasars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20210324-13"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APJL-20190410-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aasnova-20190410-14"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius A*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20220512-15"}],"text":"ObservatoryThe Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a telescope array consisting of a global network of radio telescopes. The EHT project combines data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) stations around Earth, which form a combined array with an angular resolution sufficient to observe objects the size of a supermassive black hole's event horizon. The project's observational targets include the two black holes with the largest angular diameter as observed from Earth: the black hole at the center of the supergiant elliptical galaxy Messier 87, and Sagittarius A*, at the center of the Milky Way.[1][2]The Event Horizon Telescope project is an international collaboration that was launched in 2009[1] after a long period of theoretical and technical developments. On the theory side, work on the photon orbit[3] and first simulations of what a black hole would look like[4] progressed to predictions of VLBI imaging for the Galactic Center black hole, Sgr A*.[5][6] Technical advances in radio observing moved from the first detection of Sgr A*,[7] through VLBI at progressively shorter wavelengths, ultimately leading to detection of horizon scale structure in both Sgr A* and M87.[8][9] The collaboration now comprises over 300[10] members, and 60 institutions, working in over 20 countries and regions.[11]The first image of a black hole, at the center of galaxy Messier 87, was published by the EHT Collaboration on April 10, 2019, in a series of six scientific publications.[12] The array made this observation at a wavelength of 1.3 mm and with a theoretical diffraction-limited resolution of 25 microarcseconds. In March 2021, the Collaboration presented, for the first time, a polarized-based image of the black hole which may help better reveal the forces giving rise to quasars.[13] Future plans involve improving the array's resolution by adding new telescopes and by taking shorter-wavelength observations.[2][14] On 12 May 2022, astronomers unveiled the first image of the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, Sagittarius A*.[15]","title":"Event Horizon Telescope"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EHT-infography.png"},{"link_name":"atomic clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock"},{"link_name":"Analogue signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal"},{"link_name":"digital signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_signal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EHTobservations2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"Modified Julian days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_day#Variants"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sagittarius_A*.jpg"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius A*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*"},{"link_name":"light echoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_echo"},{"link_name":"very-long-baseline interferometry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-long-baseline_interferometry"},{"link_name":"phased array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phased_array"},{"link_name":"effective aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Neil2015-16"},{"link_name":"submillimeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submillimetre_astronomy"},{"link_name":"polarization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization_(waves)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature543-19"},{"link_name":"South Pole Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole_Telescope"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"sneakernet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sneakernet"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"Haystack Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haystack_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy"},{"link_name":"cross-correlated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-correlation"},{"link_name":"grid computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grid_computing"},{"link_name":"CPUs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"A schematic diagram of the VLBI mechanism of EHT. Each antenna, spread out over vast distances, has an extremely precise atomic clock. Analogue signals collected by the antenna are converted to digital signals and stored on hard drives together with the time signals provided by the atomic clock. The hard drives are then shipped to a central location to be synchronized. An astronomical observation image is obtained by processing the data gathered from multiple locations.EHT observations during its 2017 M87 multiwavelength campaign decomposed by instrument from lower (EHT/ALMA/SMA) to higher (VERITAS) frequency. (Fermi-LAT in continuous survey mode) (dates also in Modified Julian days)Soft X-ray image of Sagittarius A* (center) and two light echoes from a recent explosion (circled)The EHT is composed of many radio observatories or radio-telescope facilities around the world, working together to produce a high-sensitivity, high-angular-resolution telescope. Through the technique of very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI), many independent radio antennas separated by hundreds or thousands of kilometres can act as a phased array, a virtual telescope which can be pointed electronically, with an effective aperture which is the diameter of the entire planet, substantially improving its angular resolution.[16] The effort includes development and deployment of submillimeter dual polarization receivers, highly stable frequency standards to enable very-long-baseline interferometry at 230–450 GHz, higher-bandwidth VLBI backends and recorders, as well as commissioning of new submillimeter VLBI sites.[17]Each year since its first data capture in 2006, the EHT array has moved to add more observatories to its global network of radio telescopes. The first image of the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, was expected to be produced from data taken in April 2017,[18][19] but because there are no flights in or out of the South Pole during austral winter (April to October), the full data set could not be processed until December 2017, when the shipment of data from the South Pole Telescope arrived.[20]Data collected on hard drives are transported by commercial freight airplanes[21] (a so-called sneakernet) from the various telescopes to the MIT Haystack Observatory and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, where the data are cross-correlated and analyzed on a grid computer made from about 800 CPUs all connected through a 40 Gbit/s network.[22]Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, weather patterns, and celestial mechanics, the 2020 observational campaign was postponed to March 2021.[23]","title":"Telescope array"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Published images"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Event_Horizon_Telescope_and_Apollo_16.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg"},{"link_name":"M87*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M87*"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20190410-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20190410-25"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif"},{"link_name":"M87*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M87*"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20190410-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASA-20190410-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"supermassive black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermassive_black_hole"},{"link_name":"Messier 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relativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-O'Neil2015-16"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nature543-19"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sciencenews-31"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0a-6"},{"link_name":"spinning Kerr black hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_Kerr_black_hole"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eso1907-29"},{"link_name":"solar masses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_masses"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-eso1907-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sciencenews-31"},{"link_name":"jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophysical_jet"},{"link_name":"position angle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position_angle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APJL-20190410-2"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"relativistic beaming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_beaming"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APJL-20190410-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aasnova-20190410-14"},{"link_name":"Blandford–Znajek process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blandford%E2%80%93Znajek_process"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-APJL-20190410-2"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imaging-35"},{"link_name":"radio astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_astronomy"},{"link_name":"image reconstruction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_reconstruction"},{"link_name":"CLEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEAN_(algorithm)"},{"link_name":"Jan Högbom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_H%C3%B6gbom"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%B6gbom1974-36"},{"link_name":"image processing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bnss,etc-37"},{"link_name":"CHIRP algorithm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIRP_(algorithm)"},{"link_name":"Katherine Bouman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine_Bouman"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imaging-35"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"regularized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"maximum likelihood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_likelihood"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"CLEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEAN_(algorithm)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-imaging-35"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-20200328-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"University of Waterloo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waterloo"},{"link_name":"photon ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_ring"},{"link_name":"M87*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M87*"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Messier 87*","text":"A series of images descriptive of the level of magnification achieved by the EHT (akin to seeing, from the Earth's surface, an object the size of a tennis ball on the Moon); starts at top-left image and moves counter−clockwise to finish at top-right cornerImage of M87* generated from data gathered by the Event Horizon Telescope[24][25]A view of M87* black hole in polarised lightThe Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration announced its first results in six simultaneous press conferences worldwide on April 10, 2019.[24][25][26] The announcement featured the first direct image of a black hole, which showed the supermassive black hole at the center of Messier 87, designated M87*.[2][27][28] The scientific results were presented in a series of six papers published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.[29] A clockwise rotating black hole was observed in the 6σ region.[30]The image provided a test for Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity under extreme conditions.[16][19] Studies have previously tested general relativity by looking at the motions of stars and gas clouds near the edge of a black hole. However, an image of a black hole brings observations even closer to the event horizon.[31] Relativity predicts a dark shadow-like region, caused by gravitational bending and capture of light,[5][6] which matches the observed image. The published paper states: \"Overall, the observed image is consistent with expectations for the shadow of a spinning Kerr black hole as predicted by general relativity.\"[32] Paul T.P. Ho, EHT Board member, said: \"Once we were sure we had imaged the shadow, we could compare our observations to extensive computer models that include the physics of warped space, superheated matter, and strong magnetic fields. Many of the features of the observed image match our theoretical understanding surprisingly well.\"[29]The image also provided new measurements for the mass and diameter of M87*. EHT measured the black hole's mass to be 6.5±0.7 billion solar masses and measured the diameter of its event horizon to be approximately 40 billion kilometres (270 AU; 0.0013 pc; 0.0042 ly), roughly 2.5 times smaller than the shadow that it casts, seen at the center of the image.[29][31] Previous observations of M87 showed that the large-scale jet is inclined at an angle of 17° relative to the observer's line of sight and oriented on the plane of the sky at a position angle of −72°.[2][33] From the enhanced brightness of the southern part of the ring due to relativistic beaming of approaching funnel wall jet emission, EHT concluded the black hole, which anchors the jet, spins clockwise, as seen from Earth.[2][14] EHT simulations allow for both prograde and retrograde inner disk rotation with respect to the black hole, while excluding zero black hole spin using a conservative minimum jet power of 1042 erg/s via the Blandford–Znajek process.[2][34]Producing an image from data from an array of radio telescopes requires much mathematical work. Four independent teams created images to assess the reliability of the results.[35] These methods included both an established algorithm in radio astronomy for image reconstruction known as CLEAN, invented by Jan Högbom,[36] as well as self-calibrating image processing methods[37] for astronomy such as the CHIRP algorithm created by Katherine Bouman and others.[35][38] The algorithms that were ultimately used were a regularized maximum likelihood (RML)[39] algorithm and the CLEAN algorithm.[35]In March 2020, astronomers proposed an improved way of seeing more of the rings in the first black hole image.[40][41] In March 2021, a new photo was revealed, showing how the M87 black hole looks in polarised light. This is the first time astronomers have been able to measure polarisation so close to the edge of a black hole. The lines on the photo mark the orientation of polarisation, which is related to the magnetic field around the shadow of the black hole.[42]In August 2022, a team led by University of Waterloo researcher Avery Broderick released a \"remaster[ed]\" version of original image generated from the data collected by the EHT. This image \"resolve[d] a fundamental signature of gravity around a black hole,\" with it showing a displaying photon ring around M87*[43][44].The claim has been subsequently disputed.[45]In 2023, EHT released new, sharper images of the M87 black hole, reconstructed from the same 2017 data but created using the PRIMO algorithm.[46]","title":"Published images"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EHT3C279PressReleaseImage.png"},{"link_name":"blazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazar"},{"link_name":"3C 279","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3C_279"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHT3C279-47"},{"link_name":"superluminal motions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superluminal_motion"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EHT3C279PressRelease-48"}],"sub_title":"3C 279","text":"EHT image of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 showing a relativistic jet down to the AGN core surrounding the supermassive black hole.In April 2020, the EHT released the first 20 microarcsecond resolution images of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 it observed in April 2017.[47] These images, generated from observations over 4 nights in April 2017, reveal bright components of a jet whose projection on the observer plane exhibit apparent superluminal motions with speeds up to 20 c.[48] Such apparent superluminal motion from relativistic emitters such as an approaching jet is explained by emission originating closer to the observer (downstream along the jet) catching up with emission originating further from the observer (at the jet base) as the jet propagates close to the speed of light at small angles to the line of sight.","title":"Published images"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EHTcentaurusA2021.jpg"},{"link_name":"Centaurus A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centaurus_A"},{"link_name":"M☉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_mass"},{"link_name":"photon sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon_sphere"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Centaurus A","text":"Image of Centaurus A showing its black hole jet at different scalesIn July 2021, high resolution images of the jet produced by the supermassive black hole sitting at the center of Centaurus A were released. With a mass around 5.5×107 M☉, the black hole is not large enough for its photon sphere to be observed, as in EHT images of Messier M87*, but its jet extends even beyond its host galaxy while staying as a highly collimated beam which is a point of study. Edge-brightening of the jet was also observed which would exclude models of particle acceleration that are unable to reproduce this effect. The image was 16 times sharper than previous observations and utilized a 1.3 mm wavelength.[49][50][51]","title":"Published images"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EHT_Saggitarius_A_black_hole.tif"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius A*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sagittarius_Astar_in_polarised_light.tif"},{"link_name":"Sagittarius A*","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*"},{"link_name":"center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_Center"},{"link_name":"Milky Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_Way"},{"link_name":"galaxy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy"},{"link_name":"Sera Markoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera_Markoff"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Sagittarius A*","text":"Sagittarius A*, first image released in 2022Sagittarius A* in polarised light, image released in 2024On May 12, 2022, the EHT Collaboration revealed an image of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy. The black hole is 27,000 light-years away from Earth; it is thousands of times smaller than M87*. Sera Markoff, Co-Chair of the EHT Science Council, said: \"We have two completely different types of galaxies and two very different black hole masses, but close to the edge of these black holes they look amazingly similar. This tells us that General Relativity governs these objects up close, and any differences we see further away must be due to differences in the material that surrounds the black holes.\"[52]On March 22, 2024, the EHT Collaboration released an image of Sagittarius A* in polarized light.[53]","title":"Published images"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EHTj1924-2914.png"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-55"},{"link_name":"Very Long Baseline Array","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_Long_Baseline_Array"},{"link_name":"blazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazar"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-54"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-55"}],"sub_title":"J1924-2914","text":"A multifrequency view of the bent jet in Blazar J1924-2914.[54][55]In August 2022, the EHT together with Global Millimeter VLBI Array and the Very Long Baseline Array imaged the distant blazar J1924-2914. They operated at 230 GHz, 86 GHz and 2.3+8.7 GHz, respectively, the highest angular resolution images of polarized emission from a quasar ever obtained. Observations reveal a helically bent jet and the polarization of its emission suggest a toroidal magnetic field structure. The object is used as calibrator for Sagittarius A* sharing strong optical variability and polarization with it.[54][55]","title":"Published images"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NRAO_530_by_EHT_01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NRAO_530_by_EHT_02.jpg"},{"link_name":"quasar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar"},{"link_name":"blazars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazar"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrao530-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrao530-56"}],"sub_title":"NRAO 530","text":"NRAO 530 by EHT. The total intensity is shown in grayscale with black contours indicating 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the peak LP intensity. Black dotted contours indicate 25%, 50%, and 75% of the peak polarized intensity.Schematic of the total-intensity and LP components in the EHT fiducial image of NRAO 530; white contours show the total intensity levels; color scale and cyan contours represent the polarized intensity of the method-averaged image.In February 2023, the EHT reported on the observations of the quasar NRAO 530. NRAO 530 (1730−130, J1733−1304) is a flat-spectrum radio quasar (FSRQ) that belongs to the class of bright γ-ray blazars and shows significant variability across the entire electromagnetic spectrum. The source was monitored by the University of Michigan Radio Observatory at 4.8, 8.4, and 14.5 GHz for several decades until 2012. The quasar underwent a dramatic radio outburst in 1997, during which its flux density at 14.5 GHz exceeded 10 Jy, while the average value is ~2 Jy. Since 2002, NRAO 530 has been monitored by the Submillimeter Array (SMA; Maunakea, Hawaii) at 1.3 mm and 870 μm. NRAO 530 has a redshift of z = 0.902 (Junkkarinen 1984), for which 100 μas corresponds to a linear distance of 0.803 pc. The source contains a supermassive black hole, the mass of which is currently uncertain, with estimates ranging from 3×108 M☉ to 2×109 M☉.[56]It was observed with the Event Horizon Telescope on 2017 April 5−7, when NRAO 530 was used as a calibrator for the EHT observations of Sagittarius A*. The observations were performed with the full EHT 2017 array of eight telescopes located at six geographical sites. At z = 0.902, this is the most distant object imaged by the EHT so far. The team reconstructed the first images of the source at 230 GHz, at an angular resolution of ~20 μas, both in total intensity and in linear polarization (LP). Source variability was not detected, that allowed to represent the whole data set with static images. The images reveal a bright feature located on the southern end of the jet, which was associated with the core. The feature is linearly polarized, with a fractional polarization of ~5%–8%, and it has a substructure consisting of two components. Their observed brightness temperature suggests that the energy density of the jet is dominated by the magnetic field. The jet extends over 60 μas along a position angle ~ −28°. It includes two features with orthogonal directions of polarization (electric vector position angle), parallel and perpendicular to the jet axis, consistent with a helical structure of the magnetic field in the jet. The outermost feature has a particularly high degree of LP, suggestive of a nearly uniform magnetic field.[56]","title":"Published images"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Academia Sinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica"},{"link_name":"University of Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arizona"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"East Asian Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Asian_Observatory&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Goethe University Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Astrophysical_Observatory"},{"link_name":"Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard-Smithsonian_Center_for_Astrophysics"},{"link_name":"Institut de radioastronomie millimétrique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_de_radioastronomie_millim%C3%A9trique"},{"link_name":"CNRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNRS"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society"},{"link_name":"Instituto Geográfico Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instituto_Geogr%C3%A1fico_Nacional_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Large Millimeter Telescope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Millimeter_Telescope"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Radio_Astronomy"},{"link_name":"MIT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT"},{"link_name":"Haystack Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haystack_Observatory"},{"link_name":"National Astronomical Observatory of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Astronomical_Observatory_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimeter_Institute_for_Theoretical_Physics"},{"link_name":"Radboud University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radboud_University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Locations_of_the_telescopes_that_make_up_the_EHT_array_(eso2208-eht-mwi).tiff"}],"text":"The EHT Collaboration consists of 13 stakeholder institutes:[57]the Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics\nthe University of Arizona\nthe University of Chicago\nthe East Asian Observatory\nGoethe University Frankfurt\nSmithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (part of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian)\nInstitut de radioastronomie millimétrique (IRAM, itself a collaboration between the French CNRS, the German Max Planck Society, and the Spanish Instituto Geográfico Nacional),\nLarge Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano\nMax Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy\nMIT Haystack Observatory\nNational Astronomical Observatory of Japan\nPerimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics\nRadboud UniversityLocations of the telescopes that make up the EHT array. A global map showing the radio observatories that form the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) network used to image the Milky Way’s central black hole, Sagittarius A*. The telescopes highlighted in yellow were part of the EHT network during the observations of Sagittarius A* in 2017. These include the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX), IRAM 30-meter telescope, James Clark Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT), Submillimeter Array (SMA), Submillimetere Telescope (SMT) and South Pole Telescope (SPT). Highlighted in blue are the three telescopes added to the EHT Collaboration after 2018: the Greenland Telescope, the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) in France, and the UArizona ARO 12-meter Telescope at Kitt Peak.","title":"Collaborating institutes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"United States National Science Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Science_Foundation"},{"link_name":"European Research Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Max-Planck-Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Society"},{"link_name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Technologia, Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_Nacional_de_Ciencia_y_Tecnolog%C3%ADa_(Mexico)"},{"link_name":"John Templeton Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Templeton_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_and_Betty_Moore_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Society_for_the_Promotion_of_Science"},{"link_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Sciences_and_Engineering_Research_Council"},{"link_name":"Academia Sinica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Sinica"},{"link_name":"Smithsonian Institution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution"},{"link_name":"Western Digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Digital"},{"link_name":"Xilinx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xilinx"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"The EHT Collaboration receives funding from numerous sources including:[58]United States National Science Foundation\nEuropean Research Council\nMinistry of Science and Technology of Taiwan\nMax-Planck-Gesellschaft\nConsejo Nacional de Ciencia y Technologia, Mexico\nJohn Templeton Foundation\nGordon and Betty Moore Foundation\nJapan Society for the Promotion of Science\nNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada\nAcademia Sinica\nSmithsonian InstitutionAdditionally, Western Digital and Xilinx are industry donors.[59]","title":"Funding"}] | [{"image_text":"A schematic diagram of the VLBI mechanism of EHT. Each antenna, spread out over vast distances, has an extremely precise atomic clock. Analogue signals collected by the antenna are converted to digital signals and stored on hard drives together with the time signals provided by the atomic clock. The hard drives are then shipped to a central location to be synchronized. An astronomical observation image is obtained by processing the data gathered from multiple locations.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/EHT-infography.png/220px-EHT-infography.png"},{"image_text":"EHT observations during its 2017 M87 multiwavelength campaign decomposed by instrument from lower (EHT/ALMA/SMA) to higher (VERITAS) frequency. (Fermi-LAT in continuous survey mode) (dates also in Modified Julian days)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/EHTobservations2017.jpg/220px-EHTobservations2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"Soft X-ray image of Sagittarius A* (center) and two light echoes from a recent explosion (circled)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sagittarius_A%2A.jpg/220px-Sagittarius_A%2A.jpg"},{"image_text":"A series of images descriptive of the level of magnification achieved by the EHT (akin to seeing, from the Earth's surface, an object the size of a tennis ball on the Moon); starts at top-left image and moves counter−clockwise to finish at top-right corner","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Event_Horizon_Telescope_and_Apollo_16.png/220px-Event_Horizon_Telescope_and_Apollo_16.png"},{"image_text":"Image of M87* generated from data gathered by the Event Horizon Telescope[24][25]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg/220px-Black_hole_-_Messier_87_crop_max_res.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view of M87* black hole in polarised light","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_view_of_the_M87_supermassive_black_hole_in_polarised_light.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"EHT image of the archetypal blazar 3C 279 showing a relativistic jet down to the AGN core surrounding the supermassive black hole.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/EHT3C279PressReleaseImage.png/220px-EHT3C279PressReleaseImage.png"},{"image_text":"Image of Centaurus A showing its black hole jet at different scales","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/EHTcentaurusA2021.jpg/220px-EHTcentaurusA2021.jpg"},{"image_text":"A multifrequency view of the bent jet in Blazar J1924-2914.[54][55]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/EHTj1924-2914.png/220px-EHTj1924-2914.png"},{"image_text":"NRAO 530 by EHT. The total intensity is shown in grayscale with black contours indicating 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% of the peak LP intensity. Black dotted contours indicate 25%, 50%, and 75% of the peak polarized intensity.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/NRAO_530_by_EHT_01.jpg/220px-NRAO_530_by_EHT_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schematic of the total-intensity and LP components in the EHT fiducial image of NRAO 530; white contours show the total intensity levels; color scale and cyan contours represent the polarized intensity of the method-averaged image.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/NRAO_530_by_EHT_02.jpg/220px-NRAO_530_by_EHT_02.jpg"},{"image_text":"Locations of the telescopes that make up the EHT array. A global map showing the radio observatories that form the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) network used to image the Milky Way’s central black hole, Sagittarius A*. The telescopes highlighted in yellow were part of the EHT network during the observations of Sagittarius A* in 2017. These include the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA), the Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX), IRAM 30-meter telescope, James Clark Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT), Submillimeter Array (SMA), Submillimetere Telescope (SMT) and South Pole Telescope (SPT). Highlighted in blue are the three telescopes added to the EHT Collaboration after 2018: the Greenland Telescope, the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) in France, and the UArizona ARO 12-meter Telescope at Kitt Peak.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Locations_of_the_telescopes_that_make_up_the_EHT_array_%28eso2208-eht-mwi%29.tiff/lossy-page1-880px-Locations_of_the_telescopes_that_make_up_the_EHT_array_%28eso2208-eht-mwi%29.tiff.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Doeleman, Sheperd (June 21, 2009). \"Imaging an Event Horizon: submm-VLBI of a Super Massive Black Hole\". Astro2010: The Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey, Science White Papers. 2010: 68. arXiv:0906.3899. Bibcode:2009astro2010S..68D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)","url_text":"arXiv"},{"url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.3899","url_text":"0906.3899"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009astro2010S..68D","url_text":"2009astro2010S..68D"}]},{"reference":"The Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration (April 10, 2019). \"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. The Shadow of the Supermassive Black Hole\". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 875 (1): L1. arXiv:1906.11238. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875L...1E. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec7. S2CID 145906806.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3847%2F2041-8213%2Fab0ec7","url_text":"\"First M87 Event Horizon Telescope Results. I. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%82otniak | Błotniak | ["1 Technical data","1.1 Specification","2 See also","3 References"] | One-man wet cabin underwater craft designed in Poland in 1978
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Błotniak
Błotniak (Polish for "Harrier") is a one-man wet cabin underwater craft designed in Poland in 1978. It was based in the torpedo research centre in Gdynia (commonly called Formoza).
Technical data
Specification
propulsion:
two batteries of compressed air accumulators in the tubes on the sides of the craft
one set of ducted contra-rotating propellers
one electrical motor as a source of power for the propeller
equipment:
two spotlights
2 sonars (passive and active)
depth-levelling system
maximum speed: 5 kn (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph)
range: 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi)
load capacity: 200 kg (440 lb)
See also
Media related to Błotniak at Wikimedia Commons
References
This submarine-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blotniak_t.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_(language)"},{"link_name":"Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrier_(bird)"},{"link_name":"wet cabin underwater craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_sub"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"Gdynia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gdynia"},{"link_name":"Formoza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formoza"}],"text":"BłotniakBłotniak (Polish for \"Harrier\") is a one-man wet cabin underwater craft designed in Poland in 1978. It was based in the torpedo research centre in Gdynia (commonly called Formoza).","title":"Błotniak"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Technical data"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"compressed air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed_air"},{"link_name":"accumulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulator"},{"link_name":"contra-rotating propellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contra-rotating_propellers"},{"link_name":"spotlights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Searchlight"},{"link_name":"sonars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonar"},{"link_name":"kn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"nmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"kg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram"},{"link_name":"lb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_(mass)"}],"sub_title":"Specification","text":"propulsion:\ntwo batteries of compressed air accumulators in the tubes on the sides of the craft\none set of ducted contra-rotating propellers\none electrical motor as a source of power for the propeller\nequipment:\ntwo spotlights\n2 sonars (passive and active)\ndepth-levelling system\nmaximum speed: 5 kn (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph)\nrange: 50 nmi (93 km; 58 mi)\nload capacity: 200 kg (440 lb)","title":"Technical data"}] | [{"image_text":"Błotniak","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Blotniak_t.jpg/250px-Blotniak_t.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg"},{"title":"Błotniak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:B%C5%82otniak"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22B%C5%82otniak%22","external_links_name":"\"Błotniak\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22B%C5%82otniak%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22B%C5%82otniak%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22B%C5%82otniak%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22B%C5%82otniak%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22B%C5%82otniak%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=B%C5%82otniak&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Van_Hoosen_Jones | Sarah Van Hoosen Jones | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Work on the Van Hoosen farm","2.2 Work in education","3 References"] | American geneticist
Sarah Van Hoosen JonesBornJune 23, 1892Died1972NationalityAmericanEducationUniversity of Chicago, University of WisconsinOrganization(s)Association of Governing Board of State Universities and Allied Institutions (1944-1955), Rochester School Board (1924-1961), Michigan State University Board of Trustees
Sarah Van Hoosen Jones (1892–1972) was the first woman in the United States to earn a Doctorate in Animal Genetics. She later managed a Michigan Centennial Farm in Avon Township (later Rochester Hills), Michigan and served on the elected Board of Trustees of Michigan State University. Jones was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1994 for her accomplishments in the fields of agriculture and education.
Early life and education
Jones was born on June 23, 1892, to Alice Van Hoosen and Joseph Jones on the family's farm in Stony Creek, Michigan. At an early age, her parents decided Jones would become a physician, but she longed to become a farmer. The young Jones had spent most of her childhood in Chicago but had visited the Van Hoosen Farm, often attired in overalls and high boots. Jones earned her bachelor's degree in foreign languages from the University of Chicago and a master's degree in Animal Husbandry from the University of Wisconsin. After informing her parents that medical school would not be appropriate for her, she went on to earn her doctorate in genetics from the University of Wisconsin, becoming the first woman in the United States to do so.
Career
Work on the Van Hoosen farm
Two years after earning her doctorate, Jones decided to move back to her family's old farm. There, she practiced her skill in genetics on breeds of leghorn hens and various breeds of livestock including Holstein cattle. The farm began to produce certified Vitamin A and Vitamin D milk from these cattle, whose genetics had gained a fair amount of popularity as the Van Hoosen Farm began branching out into retail sales during the Great Depression. The farm was run scientifically, and earned a reputation in being efficient as well as economically progressive which eventually earned her the title of "Master Farmer" by the Michigan Farmer in 1933. Her cattle won prizes in breeding and she was awarded the title of "Michigan Premier Breeder" for a total of nine years.
Work in education
Jones had made significant contributions to civic and educational affairs and served on the Rochester school board from 1924 to 1961, earning her a local nickname as the "first lady of Rochester." She was elected for two six-year terms to the State Board of Agriculture, which was the governing board of Michigan State University. Dr. Jones was also a member and president of the Association of Governing Boards of State Universities and Allied Institutions. She made a generous contribution to Michigan State University, first by donating 350 acres of farm land, and eventually, in her will, the remainder of her property, which included a dozen houses. The MSU residence hall Van Hoosen Hall was named in her honor.
References
^ "Michigan Women's Hall of Fame: Sarah Van Hoosen Jones" (PDF). Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
^ a b c Howard, Saralee R. Petticoat Farmer: The Saga of Sarah Van Hoosen Jones. Lansing, MI: Michigan History Division, 19-. 4 p.
^ "Van Hoosen Hall | Live On". liveon.msu.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-15.
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United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doctorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctorate"},{"link_name":"Animal Genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_science"},{"link_name":"Michigan Centennial Farm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_Farm"},{"link_name":"Rochester Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Hills,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Michigan Women's Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Sarah Van Hoosen Jones (1892–1972) was the first woman in the United States to earn a Doctorate in Animal Genetics. She later managed a Michigan Centennial Farm in Avon Township (later Rochester Hills), Michigan and served on the elected Board of Trustees of Michigan State University. Jones was inducted into the Michigan Women's Hall of Fame in 1994 for her accomplishments in the fields of agriculture and education.[1]","title":"Sarah Van Hoosen Jones"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"University of Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard-2"}],"text":"Jones was born on June 23, 1892, to Alice Van Hoosen and Joseph Jones on the family's farm in Stony Creek, Michigan. At an early age, her parents decided Jones would become a physician, but she longed to become a farmer. The young Jones had spent most of her childhood in Chicago but had visited the Van Hoosen Farm, often attired in overalls and high boots. Jones earned her bachelor's degree in foreign languages from the University of Chicago and a master's degree in Animal Husbandry from the University of Wisconsin. After informing her parents that medical school would not be appropriate for her, she went on to earn her doctorate in genetics from the University of Wisconsin, becoming the first woman in the United States to do so.[2]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leghorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leghorn_chicken"},{"link_name":"Holstein cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holstein_Friesian_cattle"},{"link_name":"Vitamin A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_A"},{"link_name":"Vitamin D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard-2"}],"sub_title":"Work on the Van Hoosen farm","text":"Two years after earning her doctorate, Jones decided to move back to her family's old farm. There, she practiced her skill in genetics on breeds of leghorn hens and various breeds of livestock including Holstein cattle. The farm began to produce certified Vitamin A and Vitamin D milk from these cattle, whose genetics had gained a fair amount of popularity as the Van Hoosen Farm began branching out into retail sales during the Great Depression. The farm was run scientifically, and earned a reputation in being efficient as well as economically progressive which eventually earned her the title of \"Master Farmer\" by the Michigan Farmer in 1933. Her cattle won prizes in breeding and she was awarded the title of \"Michigan Premier Breeder\" for a total of nine years.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rochester school board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Community_Schools_(Michigan)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Howard-2"},{"link_name":"MSU residence hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Housing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Work in education","text":"Jones had made significant contributions to civic and educational affairs and served on the Rochester school board from 1924 to 1961, earning her a local nickname as the \"first lady of Rochester.\" She was elected for two six-year terms to the State Board of Agriculture, which was the governing board of Michigan State University. Dr. Jones was also a member and president of the Association of Governing Boards of State Universities and Allied Institutions. She made a generous contribution to Michigan State University, first by donating 350 acres of farm land, and eventually, in her will, the remainder of her property, which included a dozen houses.[2] The MSU residence hall Van Hoosen Hall was named in her honor.[3]","title":"Career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Michigan Women's Hall of Fame: Sarah Van Hoosen Jones\" (PDF). Michigan Women's Hall of Fame. Retrieved 2017-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.michiganwomenshalloffame.org/Images/Jones,%20Sarah%20Van%20Hoosen.pdf","url_text":"\"Michigan Women's Hall of Fame: Sarah Van Hoosen Jones\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame","url_text":"Michigan Women's Hall of Fame"}]},{"reference":"\"Van Hoosen Hall | Live On\". liveon.msu.edu. Retrieved 2017-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://liveon.msu.edu/rivertrail/vanhoosen","url_text":"\"Van Hoosen Hall | Live On\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.michiganwomenshalloffame.org/Images/Jones,%20Sarah%20Van%20Hoosen.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Michigan Women's Hall of Fame: Sarah Van Hoosen Jones\""},{"Link":"https://liveon.msu.edu/rivertrail/vanhoosen","external_links_name":"\"Van Hoosen Hall | Live On\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1493724/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/55764792","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90602091","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Water_and_Environmental_Management | Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management | ["1 CIWEM Awards","2 CIWEM Communities","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM) is an independent professional body and a registered charity in the United Kingdom that works internationally to advance the science and practice of water resource management and environmental resource management for sustainability. It is licensed by the Science Council to award Chartered Scientist and Chartered Environmentalist status to qualifying members. It is a member of the Society for the Environment.
The organisation was formed in 1987 when the Institution of Public Health Engineers, the Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists, and the Institute of Water Pollution Control merged. It was granted a Royal Charter in 1995.
CIWEM Awards
CIWEM presents a number of yearly awards. Since 2007 the organisation has run the CIWEM Environmental Photographer of the Year (EPOY) competition for photographers and filmmakers, with the aim of raising international awareness of environmental and social issues such as climate change and social inequality. Winning and shortlisted photographs and films are featured in an exhibition at the Royal Geographical Society in London before touring the UK.
Other awards presented by CIWEM have included Sustainable Wetland of the Year, Tomorrow's Water, and the Environmental Parliamentarian of the Year Award. As of 2019 they run the Environmental Photographer of the Year, Young Environmentalist of the Year (YETOY), UK Junior Water Prize in association with the Stockholm International Water Institute, and the Nick Reeves Award for Arts and the Environment.
CIWEM Communities
CIWEM also has a number of branches (predominantly across the UK) and groups and networks including:
Water Resources Network
Rivers and Coastal Group
Urban Drainage Group
Climate Change Network
Arts and Environment Network
Contaminated Land Network
Faiths and the Environment Network
Natural Capital Network
Energy Network
Waste and Resources Management Network
Water Supply and Quality Network
Wastewater and Biosolids Network
Air Network
Floods and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Specialist Panel
WEM Pride
CIWEM Early Careers Network
Flood and Coast Community
See also
Chartered Institution of Wastes Management
List of organisations in the United Kingdom with a royal charter
List of professional associations in the United Kingdom
References
^ a b "About". Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 August 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ "Register as a Chartered Scientist (CSci) via CIWEM". Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ "Registration as a Chartered Environmentalist (CEnv) via CIWEM". Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. 2012. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ "Environmental Photographer of the Year". CIWEM. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Atkins CIWEM Environmental Photographer of the Year". Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management. 2015. Archived from the original on 20 January 2014. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
^ "Young Environmentalist of the Year". CIWEM. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "UK Junior Water Prize". CIWEM. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Nick Reeves Award". CIWEM. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ "Awards". CIWEM. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^ Republic, Studio. "Rivers and Coastal Group". CIWEM. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
^ Republic, Studio. "Urban Drainage Group". CIWEM. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
External links
CIWEM website
CIWEM Competitions and Awards
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
Germany
Israel
United States
Czech Republic
This article about an organisation in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_body"},{"link_name":"registered charity in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charitable_organization#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"water resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_management"},{"link_name":"environmental resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_resource_management"},{"link_name":"sustainability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainability"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"},{"link_name":"Science Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_Council"},{"link_name":"Chartered Scientist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Scientist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chartered Environmentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Environmentalist"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Society for the Environment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_for_the_Environment"},{"link_name":"Royal Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Charter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-about-1"}],"text":"The Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management (CIWEM) is an independent professional body and a registered charity in the United Kingdom that works internationally to advance the science and practice of water resource management and environmental resource management for sustainability.[1] It is licensed by the Science Council to award Chartered Scientist[2] and Chartered Environmentalist[3] status to qualifying members. It is a member of the Society for the Environment.The organisation was formed in 1987 when the Institution of Public Health Engineers, the Institution of Water Engineers and Scientists, and the Institute of Water Pollution Control merged. It was granted a Royal Charter in 1995.[1]","title":"Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issue"},{"link_name":"social issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_issue"},{"link_name":"climate change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change"},{"link_name":"social inequality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_inequality"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciwem-epoy-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Geographical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Geographical_Society"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chartered_Institution_of_Water_and_Environmental_Management&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciwem-yetoy-6"},{"link_name":"Stockholm International Water Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm_International_Water_Institute"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciwem-jwp-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciwem-nick-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ciwem-awards-9"}],"text":"CIWEM presents a number of yearly awards. Since 2007 the organisation has run the CIWEM Environmental Photographer of the Year (EPOY) competition for photographers and filmmakers, with the aim of raising international awareness of environmental and social issues such as climate change and social inequality.[4] Winning and shortlisted photographs and films are featured in an exhibition at the Royal Geographical Society in London before touring the UK.[5]Other awards presented by CIWEM have included Sustainable Wetland of the Year, Tomorrow's Water, and the Environmental Parliamentarian of the Year Award.[citation needed] As of 2019[update] they run the Environmental Photographer of the Year, Young Environmentalist of the Year (YETOY),[6] UK Junior Water Prize in association with the Stockholm International Water Institute,[7] and the Nick Reeves Award for Arts and the Environment.[8][9]","title":"CIWEM Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"CIWEM also has a number of branches (predominantly across the UK) and groups and networks including:Water Resources Network\nRivers and Coastal Group[10]\nUrban Drainage Group[11]\nClimate Change Network\nArts and Environment Network\nContaminated Land Network\nFaiths and the Environment Network\nNatural Capital Network\nEnergy Network\nWaste and Resources Management Network\nWater Supply and Quality Network\nWastewater and Biosolids Network\nAir Network\nFloods and Coastal Erosion Risk Management Specialist Panel\nWEM Pride\nCIWEM Early Careers Network\nFlood and Coast Community","title":"CIWEM Communities"}] | [] | [{"title":"Chartered Institution of Wastes Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Wastes_Management"},{"title":"List of organisations in the United Kingdom with a royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_organisations_in_the_United_Kingdom_with_a_royal_charter"},{"title":"List of professional associations in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_professional_associations_in_the_United_Kingdom"}] | [{"reference":"\"About\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Road | Voyage to the Bottom of the Road | ["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to demonstrate the notability of the topic by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond a mere trivial mention. If notability cannot be shown, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted.Find sources: "Voyage to the Bottom of the Road" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1997 studio album by Half Man Half BiscuitVoyage to the Bottom of the RoadStudio album by Half Man Half BiscuitReleased18 July 1997GenrePost-punkLength43:07LabelProbe Plus Probe 46CDProducerHalf Man Half Biscuit and Geoff DaviesHalf Man Half Biscuit chronology
Eno Collaboration(1996)
Voyage to the Bottom of the Road(1997)
Four Lads Who Shook the Wirral(1998)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic NME2/10Select4/5
Voyage to the Bottom of the Road is the sixth album by Birkenhead-based UK rock band Half Man Half Biscuit, released July 1997.
Critical reception
Stewart Mason, AllMusic: "Voyage to the Bottom of the Road is a surprising and entertaining mid-career reinvention conceptually similar to the Mekons' mid–'80s turn to country music".
Ian Fortnam, NME: "The Biscuits' hamfisted post-punk drivel is simply desperate. As usual, the song titles are invariably superior to the actual songs , and their lamentable lyrics have far more in common with Rambo than Rimbaud. Ultimately, Half Man Half Biscuit make the kind of music which can only be made by middle-aged men with extremely time-consuming, yet deeply unfulfilling day jobs."
Ian Harrison, Select: "It would be bootless to try and list all the joys this LP affords, but it makes Beck sound like Michael Bolton."
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."A Shropshire Lad"2:162."Bad Review"3:453."Eno Collaboration (Remix)"4:084."Dead Men Don't Need Season Tickets"3:465."Deep House Victims Minibus Appeal"2:536."C.A.M.R.A. Man"3:147."P.R.S. Yearbook – Quick the Drawbridge"2:568."Tonight Matthew I'm Going to Be with Jesus"3:459."Song of Encouragement for the Orme Ascent"2:2910."Monmore, Hare's Running"3:1911."ITMA"3:1712."He Who Would Valium Take"1:5013."See That My Bike's Kept Clean"3:1914."Paintball's Coming Home"2:10
Notes
The album title parodies that of the U.S. TV series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea.
A Shropshire Lad is an 1896 collection of poems by A. E. Housman.
An earlier version of "Eno Collaboration" was released on the 1996 EP Eno Collaboration.
Deep house is a subgenre of house music.
"C.A.M.R.A. Man" had previously been released on the 1996 EP Eno Collaboration.
C.A.M.R.A. is the Campaign for Real Ale, an independent voluntary consumer organisation headquartered in St Albans, England, which promotes real ale, real cider and the traditional British pub
P.R.S. is the Performing Right Society, a UK copyright collection society and performance rights organisation.
Great Orme is a prominent limestone headland on the north coast of Wales.
Monmore Green Stadium is a greyhound racing track located in Wolverhampton, England.
ITMA (AKA It's That Man Again) was a BBC radio comedy programme which ran from 1939 to 1949.
"He Who Would Valium Take" parodies the hymn "He Who Would Valiant Be" by John Bunyan.
Valium is a medication of the benzodiazepine family that typically produces a calming effect.
"See That My Bike's Kept Clean" reworks the blues song "See That My Grave Is Kept Clean", first recorded in 1927 by Blind Lemon Jefferson.
The title "Paintball's Coming Home" parodies the line "Football's Coming Home" in "Three Lions", the official anthem of the England football team for the 1996 European Championships. The latter song looks back nostalgically to England's victory over Germany in the 1966 World Cup final. In 1996, England lost to Germany in the semifinal on penalties.
Paintball is a live-action game in which players attempt to tag opponents with dye-filled projectiles
References
^ a b Mason, Stewart. Half Man Half Biscuit: Voyage to the Bottom of the Road at AllMusic. Retrieved 28 February 2016.
^ a b Fortnam, Ian (30 August 1997). "Dean Johnson/Half Man Half Biscuit - The Training Of The Shoe/ Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road". NME. Archived from the original on 22 June 2000. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
^ a b Harrison, Ian (October 1997). "Half Man Half Biscuit - Journey To The Bottom Of The Road". Select. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
^ Half Man Half Biscuit – Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road at Discogs (list of releases)
External links
"Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road". Retrieved 28 February 2016. The oldest-established Half Man Half Biscuit fansite.
"Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road". Retrieved 28 February 2016. The Half Man Half Biscuit Lyrics Project.
vteHalf Man Half Biscuit discographyAlbums
Back in the DHSS (1985)
Back Again in the DHSS (1987)
ACD (1989)
McIntyre, Treadmore and Davitt (1991)
This Leaden Pall (1993)
Some Call It Godcore (1995)
Voyage to the Bottom of the Road (1997)
Four Lads Who Shook the Wirral (1998)
Trouble over Bridgwater (2000)
Cammell Laird Social Club (2002)
Achtung Bono (2005)
CSI:Ambleside (2008)
90 Bisodol (Crimond) (2011)
Urge for Offal (2014)
No-One Cares About Your Creative Hub So Get Your Fuckin' Hedge Cut (2018)
The Voltarol Years (2022)
Singles/EPs
The Trumpton Riots EP (1986)
"Let's Not" (1990)
Eno Collaboration (1996)
"Look Dad No Tunes" (1999)
Editor's Recommendation (2001)
Saucy Haulage Ballads (2003)
Other songs
"Worried Man Blues" (2001)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birkenhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkenhead"},{"link_name":"Half Man Half Biscuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half_Man_Half_Biscuit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"1997 studio album by Half Man Half BiscuitVoyage to the Bottom of the Road is the sixth album by Birkenhead-based UK rock band Half Man Half Biscuit, released July 1997.[4]","title":"Voyage to the Bottom of the Road"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"Mekons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mekons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-1"},{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME-2"},{"link_name":"Select","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beck"},{"link_name":"Michael Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bolton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Select-3"}],"text":"Stewart Mason, AllMusic: \"Voyage to the Bottom of the Road is a surprising and entertaining mid-career reinvention conceptually similar to the Mekons' mid–'80s turn to country music\".[1]\nIan Fortnam, NME: \"The Biscuits' hamfisted post-punk drivel [...] is simply desperate. As usual, the song titles are invariably superior to the actual songs [...], and their lamentable lyrics have far more in common with Rambo than Rimbaud. Ultimately, Half Man Half Biscuit make the kind of music which can only be made by middle-aged men with extremely time-consuming, yet deeply unfulfilling day jobs.\"[2]\nIan Harrison, Select: \"It would be bootless to try and list all the joys this LP affords, but it makes Beck sound like Michael Bolton.\"[3]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"A Shropshire Lad\"2:162.\"Bad Review\"3:453.\"Eno Collaboration (Remix)\"4:084.\"Dead Men Don't Need Season Tickets\"3:465.\"Deep House Victims Minibus Appeal\"2:536.\"C.A.M.R.A. Man\"3:147.\"P.R.S. Yearbook – Quick the Drawbridge\"2:568.\"Tonight Matthew I'm Going to Be with Jesus\"3:459.\"Song of Encouragement for the Orme Ascent\"2:2910.\"Monmore, Hare's Running\"3:1911.\"ITMA\"3:1712.\"He Who Would Valium Take\"1:5013.\"See That My Bike's Kept Clean\"3:1914.\"Paintball's Coming Home\"2:10","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_to_the_Bottom_of_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"A Shropshire Lad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Shropshire_Lad"},{"link_name":"A. E. Housman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._E._Housman"},{"link_name":"Eno Collaboration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eno_Collaboration"},{"link_name":"Deep house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_house"},{"link_name":"house music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_music"},{"link_name":"Campaign for Real Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale"},{"link_name":"Performing Right Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performing_Right_Society"},{"link_name":"copyright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright"},{"link_name":"collection society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_society"},{"link_name":"performance rights organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_rights_organisation"},{"link_name":"Great Orme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Orme"},{"link_name":"Monmore Green Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monmore_Green_Stadium"},{"link_name":"greyhound racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greyhound_racing"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"It's That Man Again","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%27s_That_Man_Again"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"radio comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_comedy"},{"link_name":"He Who Would Valiant Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/He_Who_Would_Valiant_Be"},{"link_name":"John Bunyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunyan"},{"link_name":"Valium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valium"},{"link_name":"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/See_That_My_Grave_Is_Kept_Clean"},{"link_name":"Blind Lemon Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_Lemon_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"Three Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Lions_(song)"},{"link_name":"England football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1996 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1996"},{"link_name":"1966 World Cup final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"penalties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penalty_shoot-out_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Paintball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintball"}],"text":"The album title parodies that of the U.S. TV series Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea.\nA Shropshire Lad is an 1896 collection of poems by A. E. Housman.\nAn earlier version of \"Eno Collaboration\" was released on the 1996 EP Eno Collaboration.\nDeep house is a subgenre of house music.\n\"C.A.M.R.A. Man\" had previously been released on the 1996 EP Eno Collaboration.\nC.A.M.R.A. is the Campaign for Real Ale, an independent voluntary consumer organisation headquartered in St Albans, England, which promotes real ale, real cider and the traditional British pub\nP.R.S. is the Performing Right Society, a UK copyright collection society and performance rights organisation.\nGreat Orme is a prominent limestone headland on the north coast of Wales.\nMonmore Green Stadium is a greyhound racing track located in Wolverhampton, England.\nITMA (AKA It's That Man Again) was a BBC radio comedy programme which ran from 1939 to 1949.\n\"He Who Would Valium Take\" parodies the hymn \"He Who Would Valiant Be\" by John Bunyan.\nValium is a medication of the benzodiazepine family that typically produces a calming effect.\n\"See That My Bike's Kept Clean\" reworks the blues song \"See That My Grave Is Kept Clean\", first recorded in 1927 by Blind Lemon Jefferson.\nThe title \"Paintball's Coming Home\" parodies the line \"Football's Coming Home\" in \"Three Lions\", the official anthem of the England football team for the 1996 European Championships. The latter song looks back nostalgically to England's victory over Germany in the 1966 World Cup final. In 1996, England lost to Germany in the semifinal on penalties.\nPaintball is a live-action game in which players attempt to tag opponents with dye-filled projectiles","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Fortnam, Ian (30 August 1997). \"Dean Johnson/Half Man Half Biscuit - The Training Of The Shoe/ Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\". NME. Archived from the original on 22 June 2000. Retrieved 1 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000622022717/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101000619reviews.html","url_text":"\"Dean Johnson/Half Man Half Biscuit - The Training Of The Shoe/ Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"},{"url":"http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101000619reviews.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harrison, Ian (October 1997). \"Half Man Half Biscuit - Journey To The Bottom Of The Road\". Select. Retrieved 1 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://selectmagazinescans.monkeon.co.uk/showpage.php?file=wp-content/uploads/2014/03/albums7.jpg","url_text":"\"Half Man Half Biscuit - Journey To The Bottom Of The Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Select_(magazine)","url_text":"Select"}]},{"reference":"\"Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\". Retrieved 28 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://cobweb.businesscollaborator.com/hmhb/records/Voyage.htm","url_text":"\"Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\". Retrieved 28 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://halfmanhalfbiscuit.uk/voyage-to-the-bottom-of-the-road/","url_text":"\"Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Voyage+to+the+Bottom+of+the+Road%22","external_links_name":"\"Voyage to the Bottom of the Road\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Voyage+to+the+Bottom+of+the+Road%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Voyage+to+the+Bottom+of+the+Road%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Voyage+to+the+Bottom+of+the+Road%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Voyage+to+the+Bottom+of+the+Road%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Voyage+to+the+Bottom+of+the+Road%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/voyage-to-the-bottom-of-the-road-mw0000363821","external_links_name":"Half Man Half Biscuit: Voyage to the Bottom of the Road"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20000622022717/http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101000619reviews.html","external_links_name":"\"Dean Johnson/Half Man Half Biscuit - The Training Of The Shoe/ Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\""},{"Link":"http://www.nme.com/reviews/reviews/19980101000619reviews.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://selectmagazinescans.monkeon.co.uk/showpage.php?file=wp-content/uploads/2014/03/albums7.jpg","external_links_name":"\"Half Man Half Biscuit - Journey To The Bottom Of The Road\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/224302","external_links_name":"Half Man Half Biscuit – Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road"},{"Link":"http://cobweb.businesscollaborator.com/hmhb/records/Voyage.htm","external_links_name":"\"Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\""},{"Link":"http://halfmanhalfbiscuit.uk/voyage-to-the-bottom-of-the-road/","external_links_name":"\"Voyage To The Bottom Of The Road\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/4bd0b44a-d6bd-3ca2-9018-7916a2590e2b","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Blind_(season_3) | Love Is Blind season 3 | ["1 Season summary","2 Participants","3 Episodes","4 Unaired engagements","5 References"] | Season of television series
Love Is BlindSeason 3Presented byNick LacheyVanessa Lachey
No. of episodes15ReleaseOriginal networkNetflixOriginal releaseOctober 19, 2022 (2022-10-19) –February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10)Season chronology← PreviousSeason 2 Next →Season 4
The third season of Love Is Blind premiered on Netflix on October 19, 2022, and concluded on November 9, 2022, with a reunion episode released on the same date. A three-part companion piece entitled After the Altar was released on February 10, 2023. The season followed singles from Dallas, Texas.
Season summary
Couples
Married
Still together
Relationship notes
Alexa Alfia & Brennon Lemieux
Yes
Yes
Married in Summer 2021; still together as of June 2024. They announced on February 3, 2024, that they are expecting their first child.
Colleen Reed & Matt Bolton
Yes
Yes
Married in Summer 2021; still together as of June 2024.
Zanab Jaffrey & Cole Barnett
No
No
Split on their wedding day after Zanab said no. As of February 2024, both are single.
Raven Ross & Sikiru "SK" Alagbada
No
No
SK said no on their wedding day. The couple dated for a while after the show and SK proposed again but they announced their split in November 2022. As of February 2024, Raven is in a relationship and SK is single.
Nancy Rodriguez & Bartise Bowden
No
No
Split on their wedding day after Bartise said no; Nancy said yes. Bartise announced on April 7, 2023, that he is now the father to a baby boy. As of February 2024, both are single.
Participants
All the participants lived in Dallas at the time of filming.
Name
Age
Occupation
Hometown
Relationship Status
Alexa Alfia
29
Insurance Manager
Dallas, Texas
Married, June 2021
Brennon Lemieux
32
Sales Manager
Colleen Reed
25
Ballet Dancer and Digital PR Strategist
Easton, Pennsylvania
Matt Bolton
27
VP of Aerospace Manufacturing & Co.
Fort Worth, Texas
Zanab Jaffrey
31
Flight Attendant
London, United Kingdom
Split at the wedding
Cole Barnett
26
Realtor
Fort Worth, Texas
Raven Ross
27
Pilates Instructor
New Orleans, Louisiana
Sikiru "SK" Alagbada
34
Data Engineer
Ibadan, Nigeria
Nancy Rodriguez
31
Speech Pathologist and Real Estate Investor
Temple, Texas
Bartise Bowden
25
Accountant
San Antonio, Texas
Andrew Liu
29
Consultant
Shanghai, China
Not engaged
Anthony LaScalea
33
Attorney
Dallas, Texas
Jess Gumbert
30
Senior Event Producer
California
Amanda Peterson
31
Stylist
Ashley Randermann
29
Chiropractor and Equestrian
Brannigan Max
35
Critical Care Nurse
Charita Scott
35
Makeup Artist
Chelsey Jordan
27
Customer Success Manager
Dakota Easley
29
Aerospace Engineer
Dale Dalida
32
Cybersecurity Student
DaVonté Black
29
Fitness Development Coach
Julian Torres
34
Managing Director of Operations
Kalekia Adams
31
ICU Nurse Practitioner
Kim Clarke
30
Teacher and Coach
Loren Langenbeck
36
Medical Device Representative
Nash Buehler
34
Realtor
Simmer Bajwa
27
Director of Marketing Technology
Tony Taylor
34
Medical Device Sales Representative
Valerie Truong
35
Dermatologist
Zach Gordon
29
Chiropractic Student and Interior Quality Control Manager
Episodes
Love Is Blind season 1 episodesNo.overallNo. inseasonTitleOriginal release dateWeek 1
291"Welcome to Love Is Blind!"October 19, 2022 (2022-10-19)
302"Love Triangles and Love Triumphs"October 19, 2022 (2022-10-19)
313"The First Night Together"October 19, 2022 (2022-10-19)
324"Meet Your Exes"October 19, 2022 (2022-10-19)
Week 2
335"Trouble in Paradise"October 26, 2022 (2022-10-26)
346"Return to Reality"October 26, 2022 (2022-10-26)
357"Impress the Parents"October 26, 2022 (2022-10-26)
Week 3
368"The Perfect Fit"November 2, 2022 (2022-11-02)
379"The Last Supper"November 2, 2022 (2022-11-02)
3810"Approaching the Altar"November 2, 2022 (2022-11-02)
Week 4
3911"The Wedding Day"November 9, 2022 (2022-11-09)
4012"The Reunion"November 9, 2022 (2022-11-09)
After the Altar
4113"Soulmates and Blank Slates"February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10)
4214"The Party Is Just Getting Started"February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10)
4315"A Second Shot at Love?"February 10, 2023 (2023-02-10)
Unaired engagements
According to Netflix and production company, Kinetic Content, there were no unaired engagements in Season 3; all couples that got engaged in the pods were featured on the show.
References
^ a b c "'Love is Blind: After the Altar' Trailer: Tearful Raven Talks SK Allegedly Cheating on Her | Entertainment Tonight".
^ Romero, Ariana. "Did Other Couples Get Engaged Off-Camera In 'Love Is Blind' Season 3?". netflix.com. Netflix Tudum.
vteLove Is BlindU.S. seasons
1
2
3
4
5
6
International versions
Brazil
1
2
3
Japan
Sweden | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Love Is Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Blind_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Dallas, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas,_Texas"}],"text":"Season of television seriesThe third season of Love Is Blind premiered on Netflix on October 19, 2022, and concluded on November 9, 2022, with a reunion episode released on the same date. A three-part companion piece entitled After the Altar was released on February 10, 2023. The season followed singles from Dallas, Texas.","title":"Love Is Blind season 3"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dallas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas"}],"text":"All the participants lived in Dallas at the time of filming.","title":"Participants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Episodes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kinetic Content","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_Content"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"According to Netflix and production company, Kinetic Content, there were no unaired engagements in Season 3; all couples that got engaged in the pods were featured on the show.[2]","title":"Unaired engagements"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"'Love is Blind: After the Altar' Trailer: Tearful Raven Talks SK Allegedly Cheating on Her | Entertainment Tonight\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etonline.com/love-is-blind-after-the-altar-trailer-tearful-raven-talks-sk-allegedly-cheating-on-her-198257","url_text":"\"'Love is Blind: After the Altar' Trailer: Tearful Raven Talks SK Allegedly Cheating on Her | Entertainment Tonight\""}]},{"reference":"Romero, Ariana. \"Did Other Couples Get Engaged Off-Camera In 'Love Is Blind' Season 3?\". netflix.com. Netflix Tudum.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/love-is-blind-season-3-engaged-couples-offscreen","url_text":"\"Did Other Couples Get Engaged Off-Camera In 'Love Is Blind' Season 3?\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.etonline.com/love-is-blind-after-the-altar-trailer-tearful-raven-talks-sk-allegedly-cheating-on-her-198257","external_links_name":"\"'Love is Blind: After the Altar' Trailer: Tearful Raven Talks SK Allegedly Cheating on Her | Entertainment Tonight\""},{"Link":"https://www.netflix.com/tudum/articles/love-is-blind-season-3-engaged-couples-offscreen","external_links_name":"\"Did Other Couples Get Engaged Off-Camera In 'Love Is Blind' Season 3?\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chialamberto | Chialamberto | ["1 References"] | Comune in Piedmont, ItalyChialambertoComuneComune di ChialambertoLocation of Chialamberto
ChialambertoLocation of Chialamberto in ItalyShow map of ItalyChialambertoChialamberto (Piedmont)Show map of PiedmontCoordinates: 45°22′N 7°20′E / 45.367°N 7.333°E / 45.367; 7.333CountryItalyRegionPiedmontMetropolitan cityTurin (TO)FrazioniBreno, Bussoni, Candiela, Chialambertetto, Gabbi, Mottera, Prati della Via, Volpetta, VonzoGovernment • MayorAdriano Bonadè BottinoArea • Total35 km2 (14 sq mi)Elevation851 m (2,792 ft)Population (31 December 2019) • Total355 • Density10/km2 (26/sq mi)DemonymChialambertesiTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postal code10070Dialing code0123
Chialamberto is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Turin.
Chialamberto borders the following municipalities: Locana, Noasca, Groscavallo, Cantoira, Ceres, and Ala di Stura.
References
^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
^ All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat.
^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
vtePiedmont · Comuni of the Metropolitan City of Turin
Agliè
Airasca
Ala di Stura
Albiano d'Ivrea
Almese
Alpette
Alpignano
Andezeno
Andrate
Angrogna
Arignano
Avigliana
Azeglio
Bairo
Balangero
Baldissero Canavese
Baldissero Torinese
Balme
Banchette
Barbania
Bardonecchia
Barone Canavese
Beinasco
Bibiana
Bobbio Pellice
Bollengo
Borgaro Torinese
Borgiallo
Borgofranco d'Ivrea
Borgomasino
Borgone Susa
Bosconero
Brandizzo
Bricherasio
Brosso
Brozolo
Bruino
Brusasco
Bruzolo
Buriasco
Burolo
Busano
Bussoleno
Buttigliera Alta
Cafasse
Caluso
Cambiano
Campiglione-Fenile
Candia Canavese
Candiolo
Canischio
Cantalupa
Cantoira
Caprie
Caravino
Carema
Carignano
Carmagnola
Casalborgone
Cascinette d'Ivrea
Caselette
Caselle Torinese
Castagneto Po
Castagnole Piemonte
Castellamonte
Castelnuovo Nigra
Castiglione Torinese
Cavagnolo
Cavour
Cercenasco
Ceres
Ceresole Reale
Cesana Torinese
Chialamberto
Chianocco
Chiaverano
Chieri
Chiesanuova
Chiomonte
Chiusa di San Michele
Chivasso
Ciconio
Cintano
Cinzano
Cirié
Claviere
Coassolo Torinese
Coazze
Collegno
Colleretto Castelnuovo
Colleretto Giacosa
Condove
Corio
Cossano Canavese
Cuceglio
Cumiana
Cuorgnè
Druento
Exilles
Favria
Feletto
Fenestrelle
Fiano
Fiorano Canavese
Foglizzo
Forno Canavese
Frassinetto
Front
Frossasco
Garzigliana
Gassino Torinese
Germagnano
Giaglione
Giaveno
Givoletto
Gravere
Groscavallo
Grosso
Grugliasco
Ingria
Inverso Pinasca
Isolabella
Issiglio
Ivrea
La Cassa
La Loggia
Lanzo Torinese
Lauriano
Leinì
Lemie
Lessolo
Levone
Locana
Lombardore
Lombriasco
Loranzè
Luserna San Giovanni
Lusernetta
Lusigliè
Macello
Maglione
Mappano
Marentino
Massello
Mathi
Mattie
Mazzè
Meana di Susa
Mercenasco
Mezzenile
Mombello di Torino
Mompantero
Monastero di Lanzo
Moncalieri
Moncenisio
Montaldo Torinese
Montalenghe
Montalto Dora
Montanaro
Monteu da Po
Moriondo Torinese
Nichelino
Noasca
Nole
Nomaglio
None
Novalesa
Oglianico
Orbassano
Orio Canavese
Osasco
Osasio
Oulx
Ozegna
Palazzo Canavese
Pancalieri
Parella
Pavarolo
Pavone Canavese
Pecetto Torinese
Perosa Argentina
Perosa Canavese
Perrero
Pertusio
Pessinetto
Pianezza
Pinasca
Pinerolo
Pino Torinese
Piobesi Torinese
Piossasco
Piscina
Piverone
Poirino
Pomaretto
Pont-Canavese
Porte
Pragelato
Prali
Pralormo
Pramollo
Prarostino
Prascorsano
Pratiglione
Quagliuzzo
Quassolo
Quincinetto
Reano
Ribordone
Riva presso Chieri
Rivalba
Rivalta di Torino
Rivara
Rivarolo Canavese
Rivarossa
Rivoli
Robassomero
Rocca Canavese
Roletto
Romano Canavese
Ronco Canavese
Rondissone
Rorà
Rosta
Roure
Rubiana
Rueglio
Salassa
Salbertrand
Salerano Canavese
Salza di Pinerolo
Samone
San Benigno Canavese
San Carlo Canavese
San Colombano Belmonte
San Didero
San Francesco al Campo
San Germano Chisone
San Gillio
San Giorgio Canavese
San Giorio di Susa
San Giusto Canavese
San Martino Canavese
San Maurizio Canavese
San Mauro Torinese
San Pietro Val Lemina
San Ponso
San Raffaele Cimena
San Sebastiano da Po
San Secondo di Pinerolo
Sangano
Sant'Ambrogio di Torino
Sant'Antonino di Susa
Santena
Sauze d'Oulx
Sauze di Cesana
Scalenghe
Scarmagno
Sciolze
Sestriere
Settimo Rottaro
Settimo Torinese
Settimo Vittone
Sparone
Strambinello
Strambino
Susa
Tavagnasco
Turin
Torrazza Piemonte
Torre Canavese
Torre Pellice
Trana
Traversella
Traves
Trofarello
Usseaux
Usseglio
Vaie
Valchiusa
Val della Torre
Val di Chy
Valgioie
Vallo Torinese
Valperga
Valprato Soana
Varisella
Vauda Canavese
Venaria Reale
Venaus
Verolengo
Verrua Savoia
Vestignè
Vialfrè
Vidracco
Vigone
Villafranca Piemonte
Villanova Canavese
Villar Dora
Villar Focchiardo
Villar Pellice
Villar Perosa
Villarbasse
Villareggia
Villastellone
Vinovo
Virle Piemonte
Vische
Vistrorio
Viù
Volpiano
Volvera
This article on a location in the Province of Turin is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan City of Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_City_of_Turin"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turin"},{"link_name":"Locana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locana"},{"link_name":"Noasca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noasca"},{"link_name":"Groscavallo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groscavallo"},{"link_name":"Cantoira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantoira"},{"link_name":"Ceres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(TO)"},{"link_name":"Ala di Stura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_di_Stura"}],"text":"Chialamberto is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of Turin.Chialamberto borders the following municipalities: Locana, Noasca, Groscavallo, Cantoira, Ceres, and Ala di Stura.","title":"Chialamberto"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","url_text":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","url_text":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chialamberto¶ms=45_22_N_7_20_E_type:city(357)_region:IT","external_links_name":"45°22′N 7°20′E / 45.367°N 7.333°E / 45.367; 7.333"},{"Link":"https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/156224","external_links_name":"\"Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011\""},{"Link":"http://demo.istat.it/pop2018/index3.html","external_links_name":"\"Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chialamberto&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_All-Final_Four_Team | EuroLeague All-Final Four Team | ["1 EuroLeague All-Final Four Team (1991–2001)","2 Players with multiple EuroLeague All-Final Four Team selections","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"] | Turkish Airlines EuroLeagueawards, honours, and records
EuroLeague: (ECA) (History) (Arenas)
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vte
The EuroLeague All-Final Four Team, or FIBA SuproLeague All-Final Four Team, was an award given by Europe's premier level league, the FIBA Euroleague, to the top five basketball players of each season's EuroLeague Final Four competition. The EuroLeague Final Four MVP, was selected among the five players of the EuroLeague All-Final Four Team. The award existed during the era in which the EuroLeague was organized by FIBA Europe. It was given for the last time by the FIBA SuproLeague, during the 2000–01 season's FIBA SuproLeague Final Four. After the Euroleague Basketball Company took over control of the EuroLeague, the award was no longer given out, and was replaced by the All-EuroLeague Team award, which was an award for the competition's whole season, up until the EuroLeague Final Four stage.
EuroLeague All-Final Four Team (1991–2001)
Player (X)
Denotes the number of times the player was selected to the EuroLeague Final Four Team.
Season
Position
Player
Club
Ref.
1991
PG
José Antonio Montero
FC Barcelona Banca Catalana
SG
Velimir Perasović
POP 84
SF
Toni Kukoč (MVP)
POP 84
PF
Zoran Savić
POP 84
C
Audie Norris
FC Barcelona Banca Catalana
1992
PG
Sašha Đjorđjević
Partizan
SG
Sasha Danilović (MVP)
Partizan
SF
Jordi Villacampa
Montigalà Joventut
PF
Harold Pressley
Montigalà Joventut
C
Slaviša Koprivica
Partizan
1993
PG
Jon Korfas
PAOK
SG
Jure Zdovc
Limoges CSP
SF
Toni Kukoč (2) (MVP)
Benetton Treviso
PF
Cliff Levingston
PAOK
C
Stefano Rusconi
Benetton Treviso
1994
PG
Nikos Galis
Panathinaikos
SG
Georgios Sigalas
Olympiacos
SF
Jordi Villacampa (2)
7up Joventut
PF
Žarko Paspalj (MVP)
Olympiacos
C
Corny Thompson
7up Joventut
1995
PG
José Miguel Antúnez
Real Madrid Teka
SG
Ismael Santos
Real Madrid Teka
SF
Eddie Johnson
Olympiacos
PF
Joe Arlauckas
Real Madrid Teka
C
Arvydas Sabonis (MVP)
Real Madrid Teka
1996
PG
Vasily Karasev
CSKA Moscow
SG
Fragiskos Alvertis
Panathinaikos
SF
Artūras Karnišovas
FC Barcelona Banca Catalana
PF
Dominique Wilkins (MVP)
Panathinaikos
C
Stojko Vranković
Panathinaikos
1997
PG
David Rivers (MVP)
Olympiacos
SG
Dimitrios Papanikolaou
Olympiacos
SF
Brian Howard
ASVEL
PF
Andrés Jiménez
FC Barcelona Banca Catalana
C
Dragan Tarlać
Olympiacos
1998
PG
Antoine Rigaudeau
Kinder Bologna
SG
Sasha Danilović (2)
Kinder Bologna
SF
Henry Williams
Benetton Treviso
PF
Dejan Tomašević
Partizan Zepter
C
Zoran Savić (2) (MVP)
Kinder Bologna
1999
PG
Tyus Edney (MVP)
Žalgiris
SG
Anthony Bowie
Žalgiris
SF
Saulius Štombergas
Žalgiris
PF
Rašho Nesterović
Kinder Bologna
C
Eurelijus Žukauskas
Žalgiris
2000
PG
Oded Kattash
Panathinaikos
SG
Hedo Türkoğlu
Efes Pilsen
SF
Dejan Bodiroga
Panathinaikos
PF
Nate Huffman
Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv
C
Željko Rebrača (MVP)
Panathinaikos
2001
PG
Ariel McDonald (MVP)
Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv
SG
Anthony Parker
Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv
SF
Dejan Bodiroga (2)
Panathinaikos
PF
Andrei Kirilenko
CSKA Moscow
C
Nate Huffman (2)
Maccabi Elite Tel Aviv
Players with multiple EuroLeague All-Final Four Team selections
The following table only lists players with at least two total EuroLeague All-Final Four Team selections.
Player
Number Of Selections
Regular Season MVP
Top 16 MVP
Full Season MVP
Final Four MVP
Toni Kukoč
2
0
0
0
3
Dejan Bodiroga
2
0
1
0
2
Sasha Danilović
2
0
0
0
1
Zoran Savić
2
0
0
0
1
Nate Huffman
2
1 (FIBA SuproLeague)
0
0
0
Jordi Villacampa
2
0
0
0
0
See also
All-Euroleague Team
EuroLeague Final Four MVP
EuroLeague Final Four
EuroLeague Awards
EuroLeague Finals
EuroLeague
Notes
^ During the 2000–01 season, the top professional men's basketball club competition in Europe was split into two different leagues. The Euroleague 2000–01 season, which was organized by the Euroleague Basketball Company, and the FIBA SuproLeague 2000–01 season, which was organized by FIBA Europe. This happened after the Euroleague Basketball Company took over the main control of Europe's premier basketball competition in 2000, from FIBA Europe.
A few of the top clubs of the EuroLeague, decided initially not to break away from FIBA Europe, and so a new version of FIBA's EuroLeague was formed, called the FIBA SuproLeague. It continued the tradition of having the league culminate at the EuroLeague Final Four, with the 2001 FIBA SuproLeague Final Four. On the other hand, the EuroLeague Basketball competition did not hold an edition of the EuroLeague Final Four that season, opting instead to end the season with the 2001 Euroleague Finals.
After the 2000–01 season, all of the top basketball clubs of Europe decided to join with EuroLeague Basketball, and the FIBA version of the league officially ended with the 2000–01 FIBA SuproLeague. The next season's edition of the EuroLeague, the Euroleague 2001–02 season, cancelled the 5 game finals series format, and continued the long-held tradition of culminating with the EuroLeague Final Four. It also continued to give out the EuroLeague Final Four MVP award. However, it also discontinued the awarding of the EuroLeague All-Final Four Team, making the 2001 FIBA SuproLeague Final Four, the last time that the EuroLeague All-Final Four Team award was given.
References
^ FIBA European Champions Cup 1990–91.
^ FIBA European League 1991–92.
^ FIBA European League 1992–93.
^ FIBA European League 1993–94.
^ FIBA European League 1994–95.
^ FIBA European League 1995–96.
^ FIBA EuroLeague 1996–97.
^ FIBA EuroLeague 1997–98.
^ FIBA EuroLeague 1998–99.
^ FIBA EuroLeague 1999–2000.
^ FIBA SuproLeague 2000–01.
External links
EuroLeague Official Website
Linguasport SuproLeague
Eurohoops EuroLeague Archives
Euroleague's channel on YouTube
vteFIBA European Champions Cup and Euroleague BasketballFIBA European Champions Cup era, 1958–2001Seasons
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_awards"},{"link_name":"Europe's premier level league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_professional_club_basketball_system"},{"link_name":"FIBA Euroleague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague"},{"link_name":"basketball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basketball"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Final_Four"},{"link_name":"EuroLeague Final Four MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Final_Four_MVP"},{"link_name":"FIBA Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_Europe"},{"link_name":"FIBA SuproLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA_SuproLeague"},{"link_name":"FIBA SuproLeague Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_FIBA_SuproLeague_Final_Four"},{"link_name":"Euroleague Basketball Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroleague_Basketball_Company"},{"link_name":"All-EuroLeague Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-EuroLeague_Team"}],"text":"The EuroLeague All-Final Four Team, or FIBA SuproLeague All-Final Four Team, was an award given by Europe's premier level league, the FIBA Euroleague, to the top five basketball players of each season's EuroLeague Final Four competition. The EuroLeague Final Four MVP, was selected among the five players of the EuroLeague All-Final Four Team. The award existed during the era in which the EuroLeague was organized by FIBA Europe. It was given for the last time by the FIBA SuproLeague, during the 2000–01 season's FIBA SuproLeague Final Four. 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The Euroleague 2000–01 season, which was organized by the Euroleague Basketball Company, and the FIBA SuproLeague 2000–01 season, which was organized by FIBA Europe. This happened after the Euroleague Basketball Company took over the main control of Europe's premier basketball competition in 2000, from FIBA Europe.\n\nA few of the top clubs of the EuroLeague, decided initially not to break away from FIBA Europe, and so a new version of FIBA's EuroLeague was formed, called the FIBA SuproLeague. It continued the tradition of having the league culminate at the EuroLeague Final Four, with the 2001 FIBA SuproLeague Final Four. 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However, it also discontinued the awarding of the EuroLeague All-Final Four Team, making the 2001 FIBA SuproLeague Final Four, the last time that the EuroLeague All-Final Four Team award was given.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"All-Euroleague Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-Euroleague_Team"},{"title":"EuroLeague Final Four MVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Final_Four_MVP"},{"title":"EuroLeague Final Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Final_Four"},{"title":"EuroLeague Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Awards"},{"title":"EuroLeague Finals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EuroLeague_Finals"},{"title":"EuroLeague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroleague"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_91.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA European Champions Cup 1990–91."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_92.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA European League 1991–92."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_93.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA European League 1992–93."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_94.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA European League 1993–94."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_95.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA European League 1994–95."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_96.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA European League 1995–96."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_97.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA EuroLeague 1996–97."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_98.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA EuroLeague 1997–98."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_99.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA EuroLeague 1998–99."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_00.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA EuroLeague 1999–2000."},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/C1_01.htm","external_links_name":"FIBA SuproLeague 2000–01."},{"Link":"http://www.euroleague.net/","external_links_name":"EuroLeague Official Website"},{"Link":"http://www.linguasport.com/baloncesto/internacional/clubes/c1/c1_e.htm","external_links_name":"Linguasport SuproLeague"},{"Link":"http://www.eurohoops.net/category/euroleague","external_links_name":"Eurohoops EuroLeague Archives"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/Euroleague","external_links_name":"Euroleague's channel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_and_Dean_Street | Flower and Dean Street | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 51°31′04″N 0°04′22″W / 51.5179°N 0.0727°W / 51.5179; -0.0727Road at the heart of the Spitalfields rookery in the East End of London
1894 map showing the location of Flower and Dean Street (mauve) and the murder sites of three victims of the Whitechapel murders.Flower and Dean Street was a road at the heart of the Spitalfields rookery in the East End of London. It was one of the most notorious slums of the Victorian era, being described in 1883 as "perhaps the foulest and most dangerous street in the whole metropolis", and was closely associated with the victims of Jack the Ripper.
Land was acquired by the Fossan brothers in the mid 17th century. At that time it consisted of the southern part of Lolesworth Field, a tenterground to its south and a spinning and twisting ground with gardens to the south of that. The brothers built a street through the field which was named after them, which became Fashion Street. They split the tenterground into two long parcels and employed two bricklayers, John Flower and Gowan Dean, to build houses along its length. By the nineteenth century the back gardens of the original tenements had been built on for narrow courts and alleys and the area had become a slum. The poverty and deprivation of the area was reflected by the greatest concentration of common lodging-houses in London. In 1871 there were 31 such places in the street. They provided accommodation for the desperate and the destitute and were a focus for the activities of local thieves and prostitutes. Already in 1865 the street was referred to by the artist Ford Madox Brown as the epitome of social degradation in his description of his painting Work. Brown describes a vagabond depicted in the picture as living in Flower and Dean Street, "haunt of vice", "where the policemen walk two and two, and the worst cut-throats surround him".
Slum clearance began 1881–83. In 1888, the Whitechapel murders by the serial killer known as Jack the Ripper prompted further redevelopment. Two of those women murdered, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, resided in two common lodging-houses on the street. A study using geographical profiling suggested that the killer probably lived on the street. The scandal of the killings prompted 'respectable' landlords to divest themselves of property here and all traces of the street were virtually eradicated between 1891 and 1894 in a major slum clearance programme. There is now a housing block where the street used to be.
A 2008 Scotland Yard geographical profile of Jack the Ripper concluded that he most probably lived in the street where two of his victims lived.
The Flower and Dean Walk housing estate is directly across Commercial Street from the historic site of the street.
References
^ James Greenwood (1883) In Strange Company: 158-60, quoted in Jerry White (2007) London in the Nineteenth Century: 323
^ "Flower and Dean and Jack the Ripper". 27 November 2013.
^ Brown, F.M., Description of Work and other paintings, Nature and Industrialisaton, pp.316-20
^ Knapton, Sarah (6 June 2014). "'We know where Jack the Ripper lived' - experts" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
^ Jerry White (2007) London in the Nineteenth Century: 323-49
^ Jason Bennetto, "Has profiling discovered the real face of Jack the Ripper?", The Independent, Monday, 20 November 2006
51°31′04″N 0°04′22″W / 51.5179°N 0.0727°W / 51.5179; -0.0727
vteJack the RipperCanonical victims
Annie Chapman
Catherine Eddowes
Mary Jane Kelly
Mary Ann Nichols
Elizabeth Stride
Police
Frederick Abberline
Robert Anderson
Walter Andrews
Thomas Arnold
Walter Dew
George Godley
Melville Macnaghten
Henry Moore
Edmund Reid
Donald Swanson
Charles Warren
Adolphus Williamson
Doctors and coroners
Wynne Edwin Baxter
Thomas Bond
Roderick Macdonald
Thomas Horrocks Openshaw
George Bagster Phillips
Witnesses
George Hutchinson
Joseph Lawende
Charles Allen Lechmere
Israel Schwartz
Letters and clues
Dear Boss letter
Saucy Jacky postcard
From Hell letter
Openshaw letter
Goulston Street graffito
Locations
Buck's Row
Dorset Street
Flower and Dean Street
Hanbury Street
Mitre Square
Ten Bells
Related
George Lusk
Whitechapel Vigilance Committee
Conspiracy theories
Fiction
Suspects
Jack the Ripper Museum
Whitechapel murders
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whitechapel_Flower_and_Dean_St.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_murders"},{"link_name":"Spitalfields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitalfields"},{"link_name":"rookery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rookery_(slum)"},{"link_name":"East End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_End"},{"link_name":"Victorian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_era"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper"},{"link_name":"tenterground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenterground"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"common lodging-houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lodging-house"},{"link_name":"Ford Madox Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Madox_Brown"},{"link_name":"Work","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Work_(painting)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Slum clearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel murders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_murders"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Stride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Stride"},{"link_name":"Catherine Eddowes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Eddowes"},{"link_name":"common lodging-houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_lodging-house"},{"link_name":"geographical profiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_profiling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Commercial Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Street,_London"}],"text":"Road at the heart of the Spitalfields rookery in the East End of London1894 map showing the location of Flower and Dean Street (mauve) and the murder sites of three victims of the Whitechapel murders.Flower and Dean Street was a road at the heart of the Spitalfields rookery in the East End of London. It was one of the most notorious slums of the Victorian era, being described in 1883 as \"perhaps the foulest and most dangerous street in the whole metropolis\",[1] and was closely associated with the victims of Jack the Ripper.Land was acquired by the Fossan brothers in the mid 17th century. At that time it consisted of the southern part of Lolesworth Field, a tenterground to its south and a spinning and twisting ground with gardens to the south of that. The brothers built a street through the field which was named after them, which became Fashion Street. They split the tenterground into two long parcels and employed two bricklayers, John Flower and Gowan Dean,[2] to build houses along its length. By the nineteenth century the back gardens of the original tenements had been built on for narrow courts and alleys and the area had become a slum. The poverty and deprivation of the area was reflected by the greatest concentration of common lodging-houses in London. In 1871 there were 31 such places in the street. They provided accommodation for the desperate and the destitute and were a focus for the activities of local thieves and prostitutes. Already in 1865 the street was referred to by the artist Ford Madox Brown as the epitome of social degradation in his description of his painting Work. Brown describes a vagabond depicted in the picture as living in Flower and Dean Street, \"haunt of vice\", \"where the policemen walk two and two, and the worst cut-throats surround him\".[3]Slum clearance began 1881–83. In 1888, the Whitechapel murders by the serial killer known as Jack the Ripper prompted further redevelopment. Two of those women murdered, Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes, resided in two common lodging-houses on the street. A study using geographical profiling suggested that the killer probably lived on the street.[4] The scandal of the killings prompted 'respectable' landlords to divest themselves of property here and all traces of the street were virtually eradicated between 1891 and 1894 in a major slum clearance programme.[5] There is now a housing block where the street used to be.A 2008 Scotland Yard geographical profile of Jack the Ripper concluded that he most probably lived in the street where two of his victims lived.[6]The Flower and Dean Walk housing estate is directly across Commercial Street from the historic site of the street.","title":"Flower and Dean Street"}] | [{"image_text":"1894 map showing the location of Flower and Dean Street (mauve) and the murder sites of three victims of the Whitechapel murders.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Whitechapel_Flower_and_Dean_St.jpg/310px-Whitechapel_Flower_and_Dean_St.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Flower and Dean and Jack the Ripper\". 27 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://thestreetnames.wordpress.com/2013/11/27/flower-and-dean-and-jack-the-ripper/","url_text":"\"Flower and Dean and Jack the Ripper\""}]},{"reference":"Knapton, Sarah (6 June 2014). \"'We know where Jack the Ripper lived' - experts\" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/10880601/We-know-where-Jack-the-Ripper-lived-experts.html","url_text":"\"'We know where Jack the Ripper lived' - experts\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flower_and_Dean_Street¶ms=51.5179_N_0.0727_W_type:landmark_region:GB-TWH","external_links_name":"51°31′04″N 0°04′22″W / 51.5179°N 0.0727°W / 51.5179; -0.0727"},{"Link":"http://thestreetnames.wordpress.com/2013/11/27/flower-and-dean-and-jack-the-ripper/","external_links_name":"\"Flower and Dean and Jack the Ripper\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/10880601/We-know-where-Jack-the-Ripper-lived-experts.html","external_links_name":"\"'We know where Jack the Ripper lived' - experts\""},{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/has-profiling-discovered-the-real-face-of-jack-the-ripper-425029.html","external_links_name":"Has profiling discovered the real face of Jack the Ripper?"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flower_and_Dean_Street¶ms=51.5179_N_0.0727_W_type:landmark_region:GB-TWH","external_links_name":"51°31′04″N 0°04′22″W / 51.5179°N 0.0727°W / 51.5179; -0.0727"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Enyeart | Mark Enyeart | ["1 References"] | American middle-distance runner
Mark Bruce Enyeart (born October 9, 1953, in Alliance, Nebraska) is an American former middle distance runner who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics. Enyeart was a quarter miler for Utah State University. He converted to running the half mile in the 1975 season. Still adjusting to the event, he was the surprise winner of the National Championships later that year, holding off world record holder and twice consecutive National Champion Rick Wohlhuter.
References
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Mark Enyeart". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
^ "High, Fast and Very Upsetting".
vteUS National Championship winners in the men's 800-meter run1876–2016
1876: Harold Lambe
1877: Romulus Colgate
1878: Edward Merritt
1879–80: Lon Myers
1881: Walter Smith
1882: William Goodwin
1883: Tom Murphy
1884: Lon Myers
1885: Herbert Mitchell
1886: Charles Smith
1887–88: George Tracey
1888: Wm. Moffatt
1889: R.A. Ward
1890: Harry Dadmun
1891: Walter Dohm
1892–93: Theodore Turner
1894–96: Charles Kilpatrick
1897: John Cregan
1898: Thomas Burke
1899: Herbert Manvel
1900: Alex Grant
1901: Howard Hayes
1902: John Wright
1903–04: Howard Valentine
1905: Jim Lightbody
1906–08: Mel Sheppard
1909: Clar. Edmundsen
1910: Harry Gissing
1911–12: Mel Sheppard
1913–14: Homer Baker
1915: Leroy Campbell
1916: Donald Scott
1917: Michael Devaney
1918: Tom Campbell
1919: Joie Ray
1920: Earl Eby
1921–22: Alan Helffrich
1923: Ray Watson
1924: Edward Kirby
1925: Alan Helffrich
1926: Alva Martin
1927: Ray Watson
1928: Lloyd Hahn
1929: Phil Edwards
1930–32: Edwin Genung
1933: Glenn Cunningham
1934: Ben Eastman
1935: Elroy Robinson
1936: Charles Beetham
1937: John Woodruff
1938: Howard Borck
1939–41: Charles Beetham
1942: John Borican
1943: William Hulse
1944–45: Bob Kelley
1946: John Fulton
1947: Reggie Pearman
1948: Herb Barten
1949–51: Mal Whitfield
1952: Reggie Pearman
1953–54: Mal Whitfield
1955–56: Arnie Sowell
1957–58: Tom Courtney
1959: Tom Murphy
1960: Jim Cerveny
1961: Jim Dupree
1962: Jerry Siebert
1963: Bill Crothers (CAN) * Jim Dupree
1964: Jerry Siebert
1965: Morgan Groth
1966: Tom Farrell
1967–68: Wade Bell
1969: Byron Dyce (JAM) * Juris Luzins
1970: Ken Swenson
1971: Juris Luzins
1972: Dave Wottle
1973–74: Rick Wohlhuter
1975: Mark Enyeart
1976: James Robinson
1977: Mark Belger
1978–82: James Robinson
1983: David Patrick
1984: James Robinson
1985–87: Johnny Gray
1988: Mark Everett
1989: Johnny Gray
1990–91: Mark Everett
1992: Johnny Gray
1993–94: Mark Everett
1995: Brandon Rock
1996: Johnny Gray
1997–98: Mark Everett
1999: Khadevis Robinson
2000: Mark Everett
2001–03: David Krummenacker
2004: Jonathan Johnson
2005–07: Khadevis Robinson
2008–12: Nick Symmonds
2013–14: Duane Solomon
2015: Nick Symmonds
2016: Clayton Murphy
2017: Donavan Brazier
2018: Clayton Murphy
2019: Donavan Brazier
20212020 OT: Clayton Murphy
2022-23: Bryce Hoppel
Notes
Note 1: In 1888 both the NAAAA and the AAU held championships
OT: The 1920, 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event.
2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
vteUS National Championship winners in men's indoor 600-yard dash1906–1979Amateur Athletic Union
1906–7: E.B. Parsons
1908–9: Mel Sheppard
1910: Harry Gissing
1911: Abel Kiviat
1912: not held
1913: Abel Kiviat
1914–5: Tom Halpin
1916: Bill Bingham
1917: Earl Eby
1918: Marvin Gustavson
1919: Jack Sellars
1920: Earl Eby
1921: F. L. Murray
1922: Sid Leslie
1923: Earl Eby
1924: Walter Mulvihill
1925: Vincent Lally
1926: Horatio Fitch
1927: George Leness
1928–31: Phil Edwards (CAN)
1932: Alex Wilson (CAN)
1933–5: Milton Sandler
1936–7: Eddie O'Brien
1938: Jimmy Herbert
1939–40: Charles Belcher
1941: Jimmy Herbert
1942: Roy Cochran
1943: Lewis Smith
1944: Robert Ufer
1945–6: Elmore Harris
1947: George Guida
1948–9: Dave Bolen
1950–1: Hugo Maiocco
1952: Charles Moore
1953: Mal Whitfield
1954: Reggie Pearman
1955: Charles Jenkins
1956: Lou Jones
1957–8: Charles Jenkins
1959: Josh Culbreath
1960: Tom Murphy
1961: Eddie Southern
1962: Bill Crothers
1963: Jack Yerman
1964: Charles Buchta
1965: Jack Yerman
1966: Theron Lewis
1967: Jim Kemp
1968–70: Martin McGrady
1971: Andrzej Badenski
1972: Lee Evans
1973: Fred Newhouse
1974–5: Wes Williams
1976–7: Fred Sowerby (ANT)
1978: Stan Vinson
1979: Mike Solomon (TTO)
1981–1992The Athletics Congress
1980: Mark Enyeart
1981: Mike Solomon (TTO)
1982: Fred Sowerby (ANT)
1983: Eugene Sanders
1984: Mark Rowe
1985–6: Elvis Forde (BAR)
1987: Ian Morris (TTO)
1988: Ken Lowery
1989: Mark Rowe
1990: David Patrick
1991: Andrew Valmon
1992: Mark Everett
1993–presentUSA Track & Field
1993: Mark Everett
1994-2014: not held
2015: Casimir Loxsom
2017: Erik Sowinski
2019: Donavan Brazier
Notes*Distances have varied as follows: 600 yards (1906–1986), 500 meters (1987–1993) except 600 meters (odd numbered years since 2015)
vte1976 USA Olympic track and field teamQualification
1976 United States Olympic trials (track and field)
Men'strack and roadathletes
Garry Bjorklund
Benny Brown (r)
Doug Brown
Dick Buerkle
Matt Centrowitz
Willie Davenport
Mike Durkin
Mark Enyeart
Dwayne Evans
Charles Foster
Herman Frazier
Paul Geis
Harvey Glance
Millard Hampton
Johnny "Lam" Jones
Don Kardong
Ron Laird
Mark Lutz
Duncan MacDonald
Henry Marsh
Ed Mendoza
Edwin Moses
Fred Newhouse
James Owens
Maxie Parks
Steve Riddick
James Robinson
Mike Roche
Bill Rodgers
Todd Scully
Mike Shine
Frank Shorter
Craig Virgin
Larry Walker
Quentin Wheeler
Rick Wohlhuter
Men'sfield athletes
James Barrineau
Earl Bell
James Butts
Sam Colson
Fred Dixon
Rayfield Dupree
Al Feuerbach
Richard George
Anthony Hall
Larry Hart
Tommy Haynes
Bill Jankunis
Bruce Jenner
Larry Myricks
Terry Porter
John Powell
Dave Roberts
Arnie Robinson
Fred Samara
Pete Shmock
Jay Silvester
Dwight Stones
Mac Wilkins
Randy Williams
George Woods
Women'strack athletes
Debra Armstrong
Evelyn Ashford
Rhonda Brady
Rosalyn Bryant
Chandra Cheeseborough
Pat Donnelly
Sheila Ingram
Madeline Manning Jackson
Pam Jiles (r)
Wendy Knudson
Francie Larrieu
Jan Merrill
Brenda Morehead
Deby LaPlante
Cyndy Poor
Debra Sapenter
Martha Watson (r)
Kathy Weston
Women'sfield athletes
Sherry Calvert
Gale Fitzgerald
Jane Frederick
Paula Girven
Joni Huntley
Marilyn King
Kathy McMillan
Kate Schmidt
Maren Seidler
Karin Smith
Pam Spencer
Sherron Walker
Martha Watson
Lynne Winbigler
Coaches
LeRoy Walker (men's head coach)
Sam Bell (men's assistant coach)
Lee Calhoun (men's assistant coach)
Jimmy Carnes (men's assistant coach)
Stan Huntsman (men's assistant coach)
Berny Wagner (men's assistant coach)
Alex Ferenczy (women's head coach)
C. Harmon Brown (women's assistant coach)
Jack Griffin (women's assistant coach)
Brooks Johnson (women's assistant coach)
This biographical article about an American middle distance runner is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alliance, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alliance,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans"},{"link_name":"middle distance runner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_distance_running"},{"link_name":"1976 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sref-1"},{"link_name":"Utah State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah_State_University"},{"link_name":"National Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_USA_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships"},{"link_name":"Rick Wohlhuter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Wohlhuter"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Mark Bruce Enyeart (born October 9, 1953, in Alliance, Nebraska) is an American former middle distance runner who competed in the 1976 Summer Olympics.[1] Enyeart was a quarter miler for Utah State University. He converted to running the half mile in the 1975 season. Still adjusting to the event, he was the surprise winner of the National Championships later that year, holding off world record holder and twice consecutive National Champion Rick Wohlhuter.[2]","title":"Mark Enyeart"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Athletics_pictogram.svg/50px-Athletics_pictogram.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Mark Enyeart\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved October 20, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417190937/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/en/mark-enyeart-1.html","url_text":"\"Mark Enyeart\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/en/mark-enyeart-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"High, Fast and Very Upsetting\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.si.com/vault/1975/06/30/616667/high-fast-and-very-upsetting","url_text":"\"High, Fast and Very Upsetting\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417190937/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/en/mark-enyeart-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Mark Enyeart\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/en/mark-enyeart-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.si.com/vault/1975/06/30/616667/high-fast-and-very-upsetting","external_links_name":"\"High, Fast and Very Upsetting\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mark_Enyeart&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Bell_(UCLA%E2%80%93USC) | Victory Bell (UCLA–USC) | ["1 History","2 Team traditions","2.1 UCLA","2.2 USC","3 Series record","4 Game results","5 See also","6 References"] | Trophy awarded to the winner of the UCLA–USC football game
Victory Bell (UCLA–USC)
UCLA Bruins
USC Trojans
First meetingSeptember 28, 1929USC, 76–0Latest meetingNovember 18, 2023UCLA, 38–20Next meetingNovember 23, 2024, in Pasadena, CATrophyVictory Bell (since 1942)StatisticsMeetings total93All-time seriesUSC leads, 50–34–7 (.588)Trophy seriesUSC leads, 47–34–4 (.576)Largest victoryUSC, 76–0 (1929)Longest win streakUCLA, 8 (1991-1998)Current win streakUCLA, 1 (2023–present)
8km5miles
USC
UCLA Locations of UCLA and USC
The Victory Bell is the trophy that is awarded to the winner of the UCLA–USC football rivalry game. The game is an American college football rivalry between the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans, part of the overall UCLA–USC rivalry.
The Victory Bell is a 295-pound (134 kg) brass bell that originally rang atop a Southern Pacific railroad locomotive. It is currently mounted on a special wheeled carriage.
History
The bell was given to the UCLA student body in 1939 as a gift from the school's alumni association. Initially, the UCLA cheerleaders rang the bell after each Bruin point. However, during the opening game of UCLA's 1941 season (through 1981, both schools used the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for home games), six members of USC's Trojan Knights (who were also members of the SigEp fraternity) infiltrated the Bruin rooting section, assisted in loading the bell aboard a truck headed back to Westwood, took the key to the truck, and escaped with the bell while UCLA's actual handlers went to find a replacement key. The bell remained hidden from UCLA students for more than a year, first in SigEp’s basement, then in the Hollywood Hills, Santa Ana, and other locations. At one point, it was even concealed beneath a haystack. Bruin students tried to locate the bell, but to no avail. A picture of the bell appeared in a USC periodical. Tension between UCLA and USC students rose as each started to play even more elaborate and disruptive pranks on the other. When the conflict caused the USC president to threaten to cancel the rivalry, a compromise was met: on November 12, 1942, the student body presidents of both schools, in front of Tommy Trojan, signed the agreement that the bell would be the trophy for the game.
The winner of the annual football game keeps the Victory Bell for the next year, and paints it the school's color: blue for UCLA or cardinal for USC.
Team traditions
UCLA
UCLA's possession in blue
When the bell is in UCLA's possession, the carriage is sandblasted and painted "True Blue." While in the possession of UCLA, the bell is safeguarded by the UCLA Rally Committee. During UCLA home games at the Rose Bowl and whenever UCLA faces USC at the L.A. Coliseum, it resides on the field in front of the student section. It is rung by members of the Rally Committee after each score. The Bruins also ring the bell using a rope attached to the handle, swinging the whole bell, as opposed to the Trojan style of attaching a rope to the tongue or clapper on the inside of the bell. The bell also makes special appearances at rallies and athletic events. It has been used to accompany the UCLA Band during halftime shows. In particular the bell will make an appearance at a major gathering if the bell returns to UCLA.
USC
The bell in USC cardinal
Before home games, when the bell is in USC's possession, it sits along Trousdale Parkway for fans to ring as they participate in the "Trojan Walk" to the L.A. Coliseum. During home games, and whenever USC faces UCLA at the Rose Bowl, the Victory Bell is displayed at the edge of the field for the first three quarters of the game. Members of the Trojan Knights ring the bell every time the Trojans score. The carriage is painted cardinal red.
Series record
The first victory for UCLA in the series occurred after the agreement over the Victory Bell, making the Bruins the first winner of the trophy. The Bruins made their post-season appearance after the 1942 season in the Rose Bowl. The teams played each other twice in the same season in 1943, 1944, and 1945, due to travel restrictions during World War II; of those six, USC won five and tied the other.
As of the 2023 season, USC leads 50–34–7 (record excludes two vacated USC wins due to NCAA penalty for violation of NCAA rules). Before the streak of seven Trojan wins, the Bruins had won the bell for the eight consecutive years from 1991–1998, the longest streak in the rivalry. There have been seven ties in the history of the series. In the event of a tie, the Victory Bell was retained by the last winner. With the institution of the overtime rule in FBS in 1996, the tie rule became obsolete. There has been one overtime game in the series in 1996.
Game results
From 1929 until 1981, the two teams played in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum; the Rose Bowl became UCLA's home field in 1982.
UCLA victoriesUSC victoriesTiesForfeits / Vacated winsNo.DateLocationWinnerScore1 September 28, 1929 USC USC 76–02 September 27, 1930 UCLA USC 52–03 November 26, 1936 USC Tie7–74 December 4, 1937 USC USC 19–135 November 24, 1938 USC #14 USC 42–76 December 9, 1939 UCLA Tie0–07 November 30, 1940 USC USC 28–128 December 6, 1941 UCLA Tie7–79 December 12, 1942 USC #13 UCLA 17–1410 September 23, 1943 UCLA USC 20–011 November 27, 1943 USC USC 26–1312 September 23, 1944 USC Tie13–1313 November 25, 1944 UCLA #8 USC 40–1314 September 21, 1945 UCLA USC 13–615 December 1, 1945 USC USC 26–1516 November 23, 1946 UCLA #4 UCLA 16–1317 November 22, 1947 USC #4 USC 6–018 November 20, 1948 UCLA USC 20–1319 November 19, 1949 USC USC 21–720 November 25, 1950 UCLA UCLA 39–021 November 24, 1951 USC #18 UCLA 21–722 November 22, 1952 UCLA #4 USC 14–1223 November 21, 1953 USC #5 UCLA 13–024 November 20, 1954 UCLA #2 UCLA 34–025 November 19, 1955 USC #5 UCLA 17–726 November 25, 1956 UCLA USC 10–727 November 23, 1957 USC UCLA 20–928 November 22, 1958 UCLA Tie15–1529 November 21, 1959 USC UCLA 10–330 November 19, 1960 UCLA USC 17–631 November 25, 1961 USC UCLA 10–732 November 24, 1962 UCLA #1 USC 14–333 November 30, 1963 USC USC 26–634 November 21, 1964 UCLA USC 34–1335 November 20, 1965 USC #7 UCLA 20–1636 November 19, 1966 UCLA #8 UCLA 14–737 November 18, 1967 USC #8 USC 21–2038 November 23, 1968 UCLA #1 USC 28–1639 November 22, 1969 USC #5 USC 14–1240 November 21, 1970 UCLA UCLA 45–2041 November 20, 1971 USC Tie7–742 November 18, 1972 UCLA #1 USC 24–743 November 24, 1973 USC #9 USC 23–1344 November 23, 1974 UCLA #8 USC 34–945 November 28, 1975 USC #14 UCLA 25–2246 November 20, 1976 UCLA #3 USC 24–1447 November 25, 1977 USC USC 29–2748 November 18, 1978 UCLA #5 USC 17–10No.DateLocationWinnerScore49 November 24, 1979 USC #4 USC 49–1450 November 22, 1980 UCLA #18 UCLA 20–1751 November 21, 1981 USC #10 USC 22–2152 November 20, 1982 Rose Bowl #11 UCLA 20–1953 November 19, 1983 Coliseum UCLA 27–1754 November 17, 1984 Rose Bowl #7 UCLA 29–1055 November 23, 1985 Coliseum USC 17–1356 November 22, 1986 Rose Bowl #18 UCLA 45–2557 November 21, 1987 Coliseum USC 17–1358 November 19, 1988 Rose Bowl #2 USC 31–2259 November 18, 1989 Coliseum Tie10–1060 November 17, 1990 Rose Bowl #19 USC 45–4261 November 23, 1991 Coliseum #25 UCLA 24–2162 November 21, 1992 Rose Bowl UCLA 38–3763 November 20, 1993 Coliseum #16 UCLA 27–2164 November 19, 1994 Rose Bowl UCLA 31–1965 November 18, 1995 Coliseum UCLA 24–2066 November 23, 1996 Rose Bowl UCLA 48–41(2 OT)67 November 22, 1997 Coliseum #7 UCLA 31–2468 November 21, 1998 Rose Bowl #3 UCLA 34–1769 November 20, 1999 Coliseum USC 17–770 November 18, 2000 Rose Bowl USC 38–3571 November 17, 2001 Coliseum USC 27–072 November 23, 2002 Rose Bowl #7 USC 52–2173 November 22, 2003 Coliseum #2 USC 47–2274 December 4, 2004 Rose Bowl #1 USC† 29–2475 December 3, 2005 Coliseum #1 USC† 66–1976 December 2, 2006 Rose Bowl UCLA 13–977 December 1, 2007 Coliseum #8 USC 24–778 December 6, 2008 Rose Bowl #5 USC 28–779 November 28, 2009 Coliseum #24 USC 28–780 December 4, 2010 Rose Bowl USC 28–1481 November 26, 2011 Coliseum #10 USC 50–082 November 17, 2012 Rose Bowl #17 UCLA 38–2883 November 30, 2013 Coliseum #22 UCLA 35–1484 November 22, 2014 Rose Bowl #11 UCLA 38–2085 November 28, 2015 Coliseum USC 40–2186 November 19, 2016 Rose Bowl #13 USC 36–1487 November 18, 2017 Coliseum #11 USC 28–2388 November 17, 2018 Rose Bowl UCLA 34–2789 November 23, 2019 Coliseum #23 USC 52–3590 December 12, 2020 Rose Bowl #15 USC 43–3891 November 20, 2021 Coliseum UCLA 62–3392 November 19, 2022 Rose Bowl #7 USC 48–4593 November 18, 2023 Coliseum UCLA 38–20Series: USC leads 52–34–7† USC vacated 2004 and 2005 victories
See also
UCLA–USC rivalry
Southern California Crosstown Cup
Victory Bell (disambiguation) – Other trophies also called the "Victory Bell"
Jeweled Shillelagh
1967 UCLA vs. USC football game
List of NCAA college football rivalry games
References
^ a b "Winsipedia - UCLA Bruins vs. USC Trojans football series history". Winsipedia.
^ UCLA Alumni Association
^ UCLA Alumni Association About the Association. The Post-War Years, 1944 – 1953
^ "SigEp USC – Victory Bell".
^ Gong with the Wind UCLA Magazine, sourced from the UCLA History Project, October 1, 2006
^ "UCLA Rally Committee".
^ "UCLA Student Groups – Rally Committee: Statement of Purpose".
^ Tuesday, December 5, 2006, where it was rung by head football coach Karl Dorrell at a home basketball game to celebrate the recent victory over USC.
^ a b USC Trojans 2023 Football media guide. pg 114
^ a b UCLA Bruins 2023 Football media guide. pg 117
^ 2010 USC Football (PDF). USC Sports Information Office. 2010. p. 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 26, 2010. Retrieved January 30, 2011. The USC football program is on probation until June 9, 2014 for NCAA violations involving agent and amateurism issues, lack of institutional control, impermissible inducements, extra benefits, exceeding coach staff limits and unethical conduct. The penalties include: public reprimand and censure; four years of probation through June 9, 2014; post-season ban for the 2010 and 2011 seasons; one-year show cause penalty (through June 9, 2011) for an assistant football coach; vacation of wins from December 2004 through the 2005 season; limit of 15 initial scholarships and 75 total scholarships for each of the 2011– 12, 2012–13 and 2013–14 years; $5,000 fine; disassociation of a former football player; prohibit non-university personnel from traveling on team charters, attending practices and camps, and having access to sidelines and locker rooms. USC is appealing selected penalties.
^ USC ordered to vacate wins, gets bowl ban, docked 30 scholarships. June 10, 2010.
^ "2011 UCLA Football Media Guide" (PDF). pp. 62, 68. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 26, 2013.
^ "Welcome cfbdatawarehouse.com - BlueHost.com". www.cfbdatawarehouse.com. Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved November 16, 2006.
^ "Forfeits and Vacated Games". College Football at Sports-Reference.com.
^ "No. 16 USC Football Visits Crosstown Rival UCLA At Rose Bowl". USC Athletics. December 7, 2020. USC leads the series with crosstown rival UCLA, 48-32-7 (dating to 1929, a 76-0 Trojan win), not including Troy's 2004 and 2005 victories that were vacated due to NCAA penalty (original record: 50-32-7).
vteUCLA Bruins footballVenues
Moore Field (1919–1928)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1926–1981)
Rose Bowl (1982–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
California
USC: Victory Bell
Culture & lore
Joe Bruin
"Sons of Westwood"
"Mighty Bruins"
Marching band
1967 "Game of the Century"
1998 Miami game
People
Head coaches
NFL draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
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2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold
vteUSC Trojans footballVenues
Athletic Park (1895–1898)
Fiesta Park (1897–1898, 1901–1902, 1904–1906, 1916)
Chutes Park (1900)
Prager Park (1903)
Bovard Field (1904–1910, 1914–1915, 1917–1923)
Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum (1923–present)
Jones Field/Kennedy Field (practice)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Notre Dame
Stanford
UCLA: Victory Bell
Culture & lore
Traveler
George Tirebiter
Giles Pellerin
"Fight On"
Spirit of Troy
Student Body Right
Tommy Trojan
Tribute to Troy
Athletics scandal
1967 "Game of the Century"
"Bush Push"
2007 Stanford game
So This Is College
People
Head coaches
Starting quarterbacks
NFL draftees
Statistical leaders
Seasons
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911–1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold
vtePac-12 football rivalriesConference
Arizona–Arizona State (Territorial Cup)
Big Game (California–Stanford)
California–UCLA
Colorado–Utah (Rumble in the Rockies)
Northwest Championship (Oregon–Oregon State–Washington–Washington State)
Oregon–Oregon State (Platypus Trophy)
Oregon–Washington
Stanford–USC
UCLA–USC (Victory Bell)
Washington–Washington State (Apple Cup)
Non-conference
Arizona–New Mexico
BYU–Utah (Holy War)
BYU–Utah–Utah State (Beehive Boot)
Colorado–Colorado State (Rocky Mountain Showdown)
Colorado–Kansas State
Colorado–Nebraska
Idaho–Washington State (Battle of the Palouse)
Notre Dame–Stanford
Notre Dame–USC
Oregon–Saint Mary's (Governors' Trophy Game)
San Jose State–Stanford (Bill Walsh Legacy Game)
Utah–Utah State (Battle of the Brothers) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/10/34.04555/-118.34672/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/11/34.04555/-118.34672/en"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rivalry"},{"link_name":"UCLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Bruins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Bruins_football"},{"link_name":"USC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"Trojans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USC_Trojans_football"},{"link_name":"UCLA–USC rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA%E2%80%93USC_rivalry"},{"link_name":"brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass"},{"link_name":"Southern Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Pacific_Railroad"},{"link_name":"locomotive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive"}],"text":"8km5miles\nUSC\n\nUCLA Locations of UCLA and USCThe Victory Bell is the trophy that is awarded to the winner of the UCLA–USC football rivalry game. The game is an American college football rivalry between the UCLA Bruins and USC Trojans, part of the overall UCLA–USC rivalry.The Victory Bell is a 295-pound (134 kg) brass bell that originally rang atop a Southern Pacific railroad locomotive. It is currently mounted on a special wheeled carriage.","title":"Victory Bell (UCLA–USC)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_UCLA_Bruins_football_team"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Trojan Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Knights"},{"link_name":"SigEp fraternity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Phi_Epsilon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Westwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Hills"},{"link_name":"Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Ana,_California"},{"link_name":"Tommy Trojan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Trojan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue"},{"link_name":"cardinal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(color)"}],"text":"The bell was given to the UCLA student body in 1939 as a gift from the school's alumni association.[2][3] Initially, the UCLA cheerleaders rang the bell after each Bruin point. However, during the opening game of UCLA's 1941 season (through 1981, both schools used the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum for home games), six members of USC's Trojan Knights (who were also members of the SigEp fraternity[4]) infiltrated the Bruin rooting section, assisted in loading the bell aboard a truck headed back to Westwood, took the key to the truck, and escaped with the bell while UCLA's actual handlers went to find a replacement key. The bell remained hidden from UCLA students for more than a year, first in SigEp’s basement, then in the Hollywood Hills, Santa Ana, and other locations. At one point, it was even concealed beneath a haystack. Bruin students tried to locate the bell, but to no avail. A picture of the bell appeared in a USC periodical. Tension between UCLA and USC students rose as each started to play even more elaborate and disruptive pranks on the other. When the conflict caused the USC president to threaten to cancel the rivalry, a compromise was met: on November 12, 1942, the student body presidents of both schools, in front of Tommy Trojan, signed the agreement that the bell would be the trophy for the game.[5]The winner of the annual football game keeps the Victory Bell for the next year, and paints it the school's color: blue for UCLA or cardinal for USC.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Team traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uclavictorybell,blue.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"student section","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_section"},{"link_name":"UCLA Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA_Band"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"UCLA","text":"UCLA's possession in blueWhen the bell is in UCLA's possession, the carriage is sandblasted and painted \"True Blue.\" While in the possession of UCLA, the bell is safeguarded by the UCLA Rally Committee.[6][7] During UCLA home games at the Rose Bowl and whenever UCLA faces USC at the L.A. Coliseum, it resides on the field in front of the student section. It is rung by members of the Rally Committee after each score. The Bruins also ring the bell using a rope attached to the handle, swinging the whole bell, as opposed to the Trojan style of attaching a rope to the tongue or clapper on the inside of the bell. The bell also makes special appearances at rallies and athletic events. It has been used to accompany the UCLA Band during halftime shows. In particular the bell will make an appearance at a major gathering if the bell returns to UCLA.[8]","title":"Team traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Uscvictorybell.jpg"},{"link_name":"Trojan Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trojan_Knights"}],"sub_title":"USC","text":"The bell in USC cardinalBefore home games, when the bell is in USC's possession, it sits along Trousdale Parkway for fans to ring as they participate in the \"Trojan Walk\" to the L.A. Coliseum. 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The carriage is painted cardinal red.","title":"Team traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1942","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942_UCLA_Bruins_football_team"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victory_Bell_(UCLA%E2%80%93USC)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCfb2023rec-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCLAfb2023rec-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UCLAfb2023rec-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCfb2023rec-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010_usc_media_guide-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_UCLA_Media_Guide-13"},{"link_name":"overtime rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season#Rule_changes"},{"link_name":"FBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision"},{"link_name":"1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtime_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"The first victory for UCLA in the series occurred after the agreement over the Victory Bell, making the Bruins the first winner of the trophy. The Bruins made their post-season appearance after the 1942 season in the Rose Bowl. The teams played each other twice in the same season in 1943, 1944, and 1945, due to travel restrictions during World War II; of those six, USC won five and tied the other.As of the 2023 season[update], USC leads 50–34–7[9][10] (record excludes two vacated USC wins due to NCAA penalty for violation of NCAA rules).[10][9][11][12][13] Before the streak of seven Trojan wins, the Bruins had won the bell for the eight consecutive years from 1991–1998, the longest streak in the rivalry. There have been seven ties in the history of the series. In the event of a tie, the Victory Bell was retained by the last winner. With the institution of the overtime rule in FBS in 1996, the tie rule became obsolete. There has been one overtime game in the series in 1996.[14]","title":"Series record"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Memorial_Coliseum"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_UCLA_Bruins_football_team"}],"text":"From 1929 until 1981, the two teams played in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum; the Rose Bowl became UCLA's home field in 1982.","title":"Game results"}] | [{"image_text":"UCLA's possession in blue","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Uclavictorybell%2Cblue.jpg/220px-Uclavictorybell%2Cblue.jpg"},{"image_text":"The bell in USC cardinal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Uscvictorybell.jpg/220px-Uscvictorybell.jpg"}] | [{"title":"UCLA–USC rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCLA%E2%80%93USC_rivalry"},{"title":"Southern California Crosstown Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_California_Crosstown_Cup"},{"title":"Victory Bell (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victory_Bell_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"Jeweled Shillelagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeweled_Shillelagh"},{"title":"1967 UCLA vs. USC football game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967_UCLA_vs._USC_football_game"},{"title":"List of NCAA college football rivalry games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_college_football_rivalry_games"}] | [{"reference":"\"Winsipedia - UCLA Bruins vs. USC Trojans football series history\". 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The USC football program is on probation until June 9, 2014 for NCAA violations involving agent and amateurism issues, lack of institutional control, impermissible inducements, extra benefits, exceeding coach staff limits and unethical conduct. The penalties include: public reprimand and censure; four years of probation through June 9, 2014; post-season ban for the 2010 and 2011 seasons; one-year show cause penalty (through June 9, 2011) for an assistant football coach; vacation of wins from December 2004 through the 2005 season; limit of 15 initial scholarships and 75 total scholarships for each of the 2011– 12, 2012–13 and 2013–14 years; $5,000 fine; disassociation of a former football player; prohibit non-university personnel from traveling on team charters, attending practices and camps, and having access to sidelines and locker rooms. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjiv_Bhattacharya | Sanjiv Bhattacharya | ["1 References"] | British journalist, based in the US
Sanjiv Bhattacharya is a British journalist, based in the US. He was born in London and graduated from the University of Cambridge where he studied philosophy. His book Secrets and Wives: The Hidden World of Mormon Polygamy explores the polygamy west, including the Kingstons, who for over a century have also practiced incest breeding techniques, believing they are descendants from Abraham and Jesus.
A former features editor and current contributing editor for British GQ, he has written for several magazines and newspapers including The Observer, The Daily Telegraph, The Times, The Los Angeles Times, Marie Claire, Maxim and Details. He writes generally about social issues, fringe groups, the entertainment industry and boxing.
In 2006, he wrote and presented the Channel Four documentary The Man With 80 Wives, about Warren Jeffs, the fugitive prophet of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He was subsequently commissioned by Simon & Schuster to write a book of investigative journalism about Mormon polygamy.
In 2008, he was appointed Editor of GQ India.
He lives in Los Angeles, California.
References
^ Bhattacharya, Sanjiv (23 May 2004). "Juice on the loose". The Guardian. London.
^ Bhattacharya, Sanjiv (24 February 2007). "Leader of the pack". The Daily Telegraph. London.
^ https://articles.latimes.com/2005/jan/09/magazine/tm-petcustody02 To love, honor and belly scratch
^ "Meet Dr. 90210 Surgeon To the Stars - Marie Claire Magazine - Yahoo!7 Lifestyle". au.lifestyle.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009.
^ http://www.details.com/sex-relationships/sex-and-other-releases/200703/meet-the-mandingos Meet the Mandingos
^ Belcher, David (20 July 2006). "On the prowl for a preacher". The Herald (Glasgow). Retrieved 11 June 2010.
^ Johns, Ian (20 July 2006). "Low marks for the heartless head". The Times. London. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
^ Brook, Stephen (7 April 2008). "GQ to launch Indian edition". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 11 June 2010.
^ "Air India beats British Airways hands down". DNA. 16 April 2008. Retrieved 11 June 2010. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"polygamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygamy"},{"link_name":"incest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incest"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"GQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GQ"},{"link_name":"The Observer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Observer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"The Daily Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"The Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Marie Claire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Claire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maxim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Details","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Details_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Channel Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_Four"},{"link_name":"The Man With 80 Wives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_With_80_Wives"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Warren Jeffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Jeffs"},{"link_name":"Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter_Day_Saints"},{"link_name":"Simon & Schuster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster"},{"link_name":"Mormon polygamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mormon_polygamy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"}],"text":"Sanjiv Bhattacharya is a British journalist, based in the US. He was born in London and graduated from the University of Cambridge where he studied philosophy. His book Secrets and Wives: The Hidden World of Mormon Polygamy explores the polygamy west, including the Kingstons, who for over a century have also practiced incest breeding techniques, believing they are descendants from Abraham and Jesus.A former features editor and current contributing editor for British GQ, he has written for several magazines and newspapers including The Observer,[1] The Daily Telegraph,[2] The Times, The Los Angeles Times,[3] Marie Claire,[4] Maxim and Details.[5] He writes generally about social issues, fringe groups, the entertainment industry and boxing.In 2006, he wrote and presented the Channel Four documentary The Man With 80 Wives,[6][7] about Warren Jeffs, the fugitive prophet of the Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. He was subsequently commissioned by Simon & Schuster to write a book of investigative journalism about Mormon polygamy.In 2008, he was appointed Editor of GQ India.[8][9]He lives in Los Angeles, California.","title":"Sanjiv Bhattacharya"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Bhattacharya, Sanjiv (23 May 2004). \"Juice on the loose\". The Guardian. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2004/may/23/features.magazine17","url_text":"\"Juice on the loose\""}]},{"reference":"Bhattacharya, Sanjiv (24 February 2007). \"Leader of the pack\". The Daily Telegraph. London.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3663381/Leader-of-the-pack.html","url_text":"\"Leader of the pack\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet Dr. 90210 Surgeon To the Stars - Marie Claire Magazine - Yahoo!7 Lifestyle\". au.lifestyle.yahoo.com. 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Retrieved 11 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/1080329601.html?dids=1080329601:1080329601&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+20%2C+2006&author=David+Belcher&pub=The+Herald&desc=On+the+prowl+for+a+preacher+A+documentary-maker+manages+to+beat+the+FBI+in+the+hunt+for+a+polygamous+prophet+A+documentary-maker+manages+to+beat+the+FBI+in+the+hunt+for+a+polygamous+prophet+LAST+NIGHT%27S+TV&pqatl=google","url_text":"\"On the prowl for a preacher\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)","url_text":"The Herald (Glasgow)"}]},{"reference":"Johns, Ian (20 July 2006). \"Low marks for the heartless head\". The Times. London. 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Retrieved 11 June 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/world/comment_air-india-beats-british-airways-hands-down_1159892","url_text":"\"Air India beats British Airways hands down\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(newspaper)","url_text":"DNA"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2004/may/23/features.magazine17","external_links_name":"\"Juice on the loose\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/3663381/Leader-of-the-pack.html","external_links_name":"\"Leader of the pack\""},{"Link":"https://articles.latimes.com/2005/jan/09/magazine/tm-petcustody02","external_links_name":"https://articles.latimes.com/2005/jan/09/magazine/tm-petcustody02"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091105070940/http://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/marie-claire/features/society-celeb/article/-/5886244/meet-dr-90210-surgeon-to-the-stars","external_links_name":"\"Meet Dr. 90210 Surgeon To the Stars - Marie Claire Magazine - Yahoo!7 Lifestyle\""},{"Link":"http://au.lifestyle.yahoo.com/marie-claire/features/society-celeb/article/-/5886244/meet-dr-90210-surgeon-to-the-stars/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.details.com/sex-relationships/sex-and-other-releases/200703/meet-the-mandingos","external_links_name":"http://www.details.com/sex-relationships/sex-and-other-releases/200703/meet-the-mandingos"},{"Link":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/1080329601.html?dids=1080329601:1080329601&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+20%2C+2006&author=David+Belcher&pub=The+Herald&desc=On+the+prowl+for+a+preacher+A+documentary-maker+manages+to+beat+the+FBI+in+the+hunt+for+a+polygamous+prophet+A+documentary-maker+manages+to+beat+the+FBI+in+the+hunt+for+a+polygamous+prophet+LAST+NIGHT%27S+TV&pqatl=google","external_links_name":"\"On the prowl for a preacher\""},{"Link":"http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article689817.ece","external_links_name":"\"Low marks for the heartless head\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/apr/07/condenast.pressandpublishing","external_links_name":"\"GQ to launch Indian edition\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnaindia.com/world/comment_air-india-beats-british-airways-hands-down_1159892","external_links_name":"\"Air India beats British Airways hands down\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neal%27s_Porch | O'Neal's Porch | ["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 References"] | 2001 studio album by William ParkerO'Neal's PorchStudio album by William ParkerReleased2001RecordedMay 26, 2000Seltzer Sound, New York CityGenreJazzLength72:30LabelAUM FidelityAUM 022ProducerWilliam ParkerWilliam Parker chronology
Piercing the Veil(2000)
O'Neal's Porch(2001)
Bob's Pink Cadillac(2001)
O'Neal's Porch is an album by American jazz double bassist William Parker, which was recorded in 2000 and originally released in a limited edition on the on Centering label and given a wider release on the AUM Fidelity label.
Reception
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz
In his review for AllMusic, Sam Samuelson states "this collection also demonstrates that jazz can be propelled within its traditions as a stepping stone and not necessarily as a model to copy. O'Neal's Porch and Parker's brand of inside/outside compositions mark territory that proves the so-called avant is not that philosophically far away from the modern mainstream revivalists." The Penguin Guide to Jazz observed "Parker has been bolder and will write more ambitious music, but he will find it more challenging to top this one for sheer listenability and intrigue".
The All About Jazz review noted "Much of the intrigue about O'Neal's Porch derives from the ambiguous structure of the music. You never really know where it's headed: whether in or out, whether back to the theme or out into space. Even when the tunes have a familiar swinging, funky, or melancholic feel, Parker's quartet offers plenty of surprises". The JazzTimes review by Aaron Steinberg commented "On O'Neal's Porch, a debut recording with his new quartet, the bassist is a rock, a steady locus of sound and rhythm aware of his sonic context but absolutely sure of his own gestures"
Track listing
All compositions by William Parker
"Purple" - 9:56
"Sun" - 13:56
"O'Neal's Porch" - 13:42
"Rise" - 9:39
"Song for Jesus" - 9:01
"Leaf" - 4:50
"Song for Jesus ¾" - 6:18
"Moon" - 5:12
Personnel
William Parker - bass
Lewis Barnes - trumpet
Rob Brown - alto saxophone
Hamid Drake - drums
References
^ Lopez, R., William Parker discography, accessed May 26, 2014
^ AUM Fidelity catalog, accessed May 26, 2014
^ a b Samuelson, Sam. William Parker - O'Neal's Porch: Review at AllMusic. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
^ a b Cook, Richard; Brian Morton (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD. The Penguin Guide to Jazz (8th ed.). London: Penguin. pp. 1030. ISBN 0141023279.
^ AAJ Staff, All About Jazz Review, April 1, 2001
^ Stienberg, A., JazzTimes review, JazzTimes, November 2001
vteWilliam ParkerYears given are for the recording(s), not first release, unless stated otherwise.Studio albums
Through Acceptance of the Mystery Peace (1974-1979)
Compassion Seizes Bed-Stuy (1995)
Painter's Spring (2000)
O'Neal's Porch (2000)
Piercing the Veil (with Hamid Drake, 2000)
Raining on the Moon (2001)
Bob's Pink Cadillac (2001)
Scrapbook (2002)
Luc's Lantern (2004)
Summer Snow (with Hamid Drake, 2005)
Alphaville Suite (2007)
Corn Meal Dance (2007)
Petit Oiseau (2007)
Beyond Quantum (with Anthony Braxton and Milford Graves, 2008)
Uncle Joe's Spirit House (2010)
Out of This World's Distortions (with Gerald Cleaver and Craig Taborn, 2010)
The Gowanus Session (with Thollem McDonas and Nels Cline, 2012)
2 Blues for Cecil (with Andrew Cyrille and Enrico Rava, 2021)
Live albums
Melodic Art–Tet (with Charles Brackeen, Ahmed Abdullah, and Roger Blank, 1974)
In Order to Survive (1993)
Harras (with Derek Bailey and John Zorn, 1993)
Sunrise in the Tone World (1995)
The Peach Orchard (1997 & 1998)
Posium Pendasem (1998)
Mass for the Healing of the World (1998)
2 Days in April (with Fred Anderson, 1999)
Mayor of Punkville (1999)
Fractured Dimensions (1999)
Raincoat in the River (2001)
Eloping with the Sun (with Joe Morris and Hamid Drake, 2001)
I Plan to Stay a Believer (2001, 2002, 2007, & 2008)
Spontaneous (2002)
Historic Music Past Tense Future (with Peter Brötzmann and Milford Graves, 2002)
Sound Unity (2004)
Requiem (2004)
For Percy Heath (2005)
Wood Flute Songs (2006, 2007, 2009, 2011, & 2012)
Double Sunrise Over Neptune (2007)
Farmers by Nature (with Gerald Cleaver and Craig Taborn, 2008)
Tribute to Albert Ayler Live at the Dynamo (with Roy Campbell Jr., Joe McPhee, and Warren Smith, 2008)
Winter Sun Crying (2009)
Medicine Buddha (with Billy Bang, 2009)
Love and Ghosts (with Gerald Cleaver and Craig Taborn, 2011)
Essence of Ellington (2012)
Related articles
Other Dimensions in Music
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"AUM Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUM_Fidelity"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"O'Neal's Porch is an album by American jazz double bassist William Parker, which was recorded in 2000 and originally released in a limited edition on the on Centering label and given a wider release on the AUM Fidelity label.[1][2]","title":"O'Neal's Porch"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-3"},{"link_name":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Penguin_Guide-4"},{"link_name":"All About Jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_About_Jazz"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"JazzTimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JazzTimes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JazzTimes-6"}],"text":"In his review for AllMusic, Sam Samuelson states \"this collection also demonstrates that jazz can be propelled within its traditions as a stepping stone and not necessarily as a model to copy. O'Neal's Porch and Parker's brand of inside/outside compositions mark territory that proves the so-called avant is not that philosophically far away from the modern mainstream revivalists.\"[3] The Penguin Guide to Jazz observed \"Parker has been bolder and will write more ambitious music, but he will find it more challenging to top this one for sheer listenability and intrigue\".[4]The All About Jazz review noted \"Much of the intrigue about O'Neal's Porch derives from the ambiguous structure of the music. You never really know where it's headed: whether in or out, whether back to the theme or out into space. Even when the tunes have a familiar swinging, funky, or melancholic feel, Parker's quartet offers plenty of surprises\".[5] The JazzTimes review by Aaron Steinberg commented \"On O'Neal's Porch, a debut recording with his new quartet, the bassist is a rock, a steady locus of sound and rhythm aware of his sonic context but absolutely sure of his own gestures\"[6]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All compositions by William Parker\"Purple\" - 9:56\n\"Sun\" - 13:56\n\"O'Neal's Porch\" - 13:42\n\"Rise\" - 9:39\n\"Song for Jesus\" - 9:01\n\"Leaf\" - 4:50\n\"Song for Jesus ¾\" - 6:18\n\"Moon\" - 5:12","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"William Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Parker_(musician)"},{"link_name":"bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_bass"},{"link_name":"trumpet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"Rob Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Brown_(saxophonist)"},{"link_name":"alto saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_saxophone"},{"link_name":"Hamid Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamid_Drake"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drum_kit"}],"text":"William Parker - bass\nLewis Barnes - trumpet\nRob Brown - alto saxophone\nHamid Drake - drums","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cook, Richard; Brian Morton (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD. The Penguin Guide to Jazz (8th ed.). London: Penguin. pp. 1030. ISBN 0141023279.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Cook_(journalist)","url_text":"Cook, Richard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Morton_(Scottish_writer)","url_text":"Brian Morton"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetoja00cook_1/page/1030","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Penguin_Guide_to_Jazz","url_text":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetoja00cook_1/page/1030","url_text":"1030"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0141023279","url_text":"0141023279"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bb10k.com/PARKER.disc.html#00.05.26","external_links_name":"William Parker discography"},{"Link":"http://www.aumfidelity.com/aum022.html","external_links_name":"AUM Fidelity catalog"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0000220767","external_links_name":"William Parker - O'Neal's Porch: Review"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetoja00cook_1/page/1030","external_links_name":"The Penguin Guide to Jazz on CD"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/penguinguidetoja00cook_1/page/1030","external_links_name":"1030"},{"Link":"http://www.allaboutjazz.com/oneals-porch-centering-music-review-by-aaj-staff.php","external_links_name":"All About Jazz Review"},{"Link":"http://jazztimes.com/articles/12627-o-neal-s-porch-william-parker-quartet","external_links_name":"JazzTimes review"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/f0d23142-0977-3318-9c02-9a513f4d0829","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-Disc | V-Disc | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"] | Record label
For the digital media format, see Videodisc. For the digital virtual disk, see Vdisk.
V-DiscFounded1943 (1943)FounderU.S. governmentDefunct1949 (1949)GenreJazz, swing, popCountry of originU.S.
V-Disc 39A, "Moonlight Serenade", by Glenn Miller and His Orchestra, November 1943
V-Disc ("V" for Victory) was a record label that was formed in 1943 to provide records for U.S. military personnel. Captain Robert Vincent supervised the label from the Special Services division.
Many popular singers, big bands, and orchestras recorded V-discs.
History
Under the leadership of James Caesar Petrillo, the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) was involved in the 1942–44 musicians' strike in which there was a recording ban on four recording companies. On October 27, 1943 George Robert Vincent convinced Petrillo to allow the union's musicians to make records for the military as long as the discs were not sold and the masters were disposed of. Musicians who had contracts with different record labels were now able to record together for this nonprofit enterprise. A group consisting of Louis Armstrong, Coleman Hawkins, and Art Tatum recorded concerts that were released as V-Discs. Captain Vincent ran the program from the Special Services Division. Artists and repertoire responsibilities were handled by Steve Scholes and Walt Heebner, both of RCA Victor, Morty Palitz of Decca Records, and Tony Janak of Columbia Records. The program started for the Army, but soon music was provided for the Navy and Marines.
Many V-Discs contained spoken-word introductions by bandleaders and musicians wishing good luck and prayers for the soldiers. Glenn Miller in December 1943, introduced a record by saying, "This is Captain Glenn Miller speaking for the Army Air Force's Training Command Orchestra and we hope that you soldiers of the Allied forces enjoy these V-Discs that we're making just for you." The Jubilee series, hosted by comedian Ernie "Bubbles" Whitman, was provided for black servicemen. The banter between Whitman and guests sometimes ventured into risque and racial humor, including the use of the ethnic slur "ofay" to refer to whites. In addition to a window into black entertainment styles, the Jubilee series chronicled the development of swing music on the cusp of bebop. V-disc recordings provide important archives of the Billy Eckstine Orchestra and the International Sweethearts of Rhythm. The "V" stands for "Victory" although Vincent said the "V" stood for "Vincent".
The V-Disc program ended in 1949. Audio masters and stampers were destroyed. Leftover V-Discs at bases and on ships were discarded. On some occasions, the FBI and the Provost Marshal's Office confiscated and destroyed V-Discs that servicemen had smuggled home. An employee at a Los Angeles record company served a prison sentence for the illegal possession of over 2,500 V-Discs.
See also
The Columbia Years 1943–1952: The V-Discs – Frank Sinatra collection
The Real Complete Columbia Years V-Discs – Sinatra collection
V-Disc Recordings, Jo Stafford
References
^ a b c Rye, Howard (2002). Kernfeld, Barry (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). New York: Grove's Dictionaries Inc. p. 834. ISBN 1-56159-284-6.
^ a b c V-Disc Records (1943-1949) Victory Music
Further reading
Sears, Richard S. V-Discs: A History and Discography. Westport, Connecticut, The Greenwood Press, 1980.
Sears, Richard S. V-Discs: The First Supplement. Greenwood Press, 1986. ISBN 0-313-25421-4
External links
American Music Research Center, University of Colorado
Recorded Sound Archives, Florida Atlantic University
V-Disc Daddy, Collector's database
Audio files Internet Archive
Authority control databases Artists
MusicBrainz
Other
MusicBrainz label | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Videodisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videodisc"},{"link_name":"Vdisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdisk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V-disc_37A_Glenn_Miller.jpg"},{"link_name":"Moonlight Serenade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight_Serenade"},{"link_name":"\"V\" for Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_sign#Second_World_War:_V_for_Victory_campaign"},{"link_name":"Robert Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Robert_Vincent"},{"link_name":"Special Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Services_(entertainment)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Grove-1"}],"text":"For the digital media format, see Videodisc. 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On October 27, 1943 [2] George Robert Vincent convinced Petrillo to allow the union's musicians to make records for the military as long as the discs were not sold and the masters were disposed of. Musicians who had contracts with different record labels were now able to record together for this nonprofit enterprise. A group consisting of Louis Armstrong, Coleman Hawkins, and Art Tatum recorded concerts that were released as V-Discs. Captain Vincent ran the program from the Special Services Division. Artists and repertoire responsibilities were handled by Steve Scholes and Walt Heebner, both of RCA Victor, Morty Palitz of Decca Records, and Tony Janak of Columbia Records. The program started for the Army, but soon music was provided for the Navy and Marines.[1]Many V-Discs contained spoken-word introductions by bandleaders and musicians wishing good luck and prayers for the soldiers. Glenn Miller in December 1943, introduced a record by saying, \"This is Captain Glenn Miller speaking for the Army Air Force's Training Command Orchestra and we hope that you soldiers of the Allied forces enjoy these V-Discs that we're making just for you.\" The Jubilee series, hosted by comedian Ernie \"Bubbles\" Whitman, was provided for black servicemen. The banter between Whitman and guests sometimes ventured into risque and racial humor, including the use of the ethnic slur \"ofay\" to refer to whites. In addition to a window into black entertainment styles, the Jubilee series chronicled the development of swing music on the cusp of bebop. V-disc recordings provide important archives of the Billy Eckstine Orchestra and the International Sweethearts of Rhythm. The \"V\" stands for \"Victory\" although Vincent said the \"V\" stood for \"Vincent\".[2]The V-Disc program ended in 1949.[1] Audio masters and stampers were destroyed. Leftover V-Discs at bases and on ships were discarded. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_of_the_Submarine | The Secret of the Submarine | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | 1915 film
The Secret of the SubmarineFilm posterDirected byGeorge L. SargentWritten byRichard BarryStarringJuanita HansenTom ChattertonProductioncompanyAmerican Film CompanyDistributed byMutual FilmRelease date
May 22, 1915 (1915-05-22)
CountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent with English intertitles
The Secret of the Submarine is a 1915 American adventure film serial directed by George L. Sargent. It was 15 chapters and all of them are considered to be lost.
Plot
Advertisement (1916)
Film still from Chapter 4(1916)
Advertisement (1916). The caption incorrectly states Thomas Chatterton is the pilot of the plane but the actor pictured is Lamar Johnstone.
The heroes must keep the titular submarine from falling into the hands of the Russians or Japanese.
Cast
Juanita Hansen as Cleo Burke. This was Juanita Hansen's serial debut.
Tom Chatterton as Lt. Jarvis Hope
Hylda Hollis as Olga Ivanoff
Lamar Johnstone as Gerald Morton
George Clancey as Hook Barnacle
William Tedmarsh as Tatsuma
Harry Edmondson as Sextus
George Webb as Mahlin
Hugh Bennett as Dr. Ralph Burke
Joseph Beaudry as Calvin Montgomery
Perry Banks
Leona Hutton
George Gebhardt
Production
Secret of the submarine was written in the lead up to the United States' involvement in World War I by war correspondent Richard Barry. The serial was released 15 days after the Lusitania was torpedoed by a German sub.
See also
List of film serials
List of film serials by studio
References
^ "Progressive Silent Film List: The Secret of the Submarine". Silent Era. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
^ a b Stedman, Raymond William (1971). "2. The Perils of Success". Serials: Suspense and Drama By Installment. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 40. ISBN 978-0-8061-0927-5.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Secret of the Submarine.
The Secret of the Submarine at IMDb
This article about a silent adventure film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_film"},{"link_name":"film serial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_serial"},{"link_name":"lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-silentera-1"}],"text":"The Secret of the Submarine is a 1915 American adventure film serial directed by George L. Sargent. It was 15 chapters and all of them are considered to be lost.[1]","title":"The Secret of the Submarine"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_ch_4.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_3.jpg"}],"text":"Advertisement (1916)Film still from Chapter 4(1916)Advertisement (1916). The caption incorrectly states Thomas Chatterton is the pilot of the plane but the actor pictured is Lamar Johnstone.The heroes must keep the titular submarine from falling into the hands of the Russians or Japanese.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juanita Hansen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juanita_Hansen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stedman-2"},{"link_name":"Tom Chatterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Chatterton"},{"link_name":"Lamar Johnstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Johnstone"},{"link_name":"George Clancey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clancey"},{"link_name":"William Tedmarsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tedmarsh"},{"link_name":"Perry Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry_Banks"},{"link_name":"Leona Hutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leona_Hutton"},{"link_name":"George Gebhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gebhardt"}],"text":"Juanita Hansen as Cleo Burke. This was Juanita Hansen's serial debut.[2]\nTom Chatterton as Lt. Jarvis Hope\nHylda Hollis as Olga Ivanoff\nLamar Johnstone as Gerald Morton\nGeorge Clancey as Hook Barnacle\nWilliam Tedmarsh as Tatsuma\nHarry Edmondson as Sextus\nGeorge Webb as Mahlin\nHugh Bennett as Dr. Ralph Burke\nJoseph Beaudry as Calvin Montgomery\nPerry Banks\nLeona Hutton\nGeorge Gebhardt","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Richard Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Barry_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stedman-2"},{"link_name":"Lusitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Lusitania"}],"text":"Secret of the submarine was written in the lead up to the United States' involvement in World War I by war correspondent Richard Barry.[2] The serial was released 15 days after the Lusitania was torpedoed by a German sub.","title":"Production"}] | [{"image_text":"Advertisement (1916)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_2.jpg/220px-The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Film still from Chapter 4(1916)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_ch_4.png/220px-The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_ch_4.png"},{"image_text":"Advertisement (1916). The caption incorrectly states Thomas Chatterton is the pilot of the plane but the actor pictured is Lamar Johnstone.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_3.jpg/220px-The_Secret_of_the_Submarine_3.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of film serials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_serials"},{"title":"List of film serials by studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_film_serials_by_studio"}] | [{"reference":"\"Progressive Silent Film List: The Secret of the Submarine\". Silent Era. Retrieved February 18, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.silentera.com/PSFL/data/S/SecretOfTheSubmarine1916.html","url_text":"\"Progressive Silent Film List: The Secret of the Submarine\""}]},{"reference":"Stedman, Raymond William (1971). \"2. The Perils of Success\". Serials: Suspense and Drama By Installment. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 40. 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The Perils of Success\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/serialssuspensea00sted/page/40","external_links_name":"40"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0007317/","external_links_name":"The Secret of the Submarine"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Secret_of_the_Submarine&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Davenport_(Connecticut_congressman) | James Davenport (Connecticut politician) | ["1 Biography","2 Personal life","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | American politician
For other people named James Davenport, see James Davenport (disambiguation).
James DavenportMember of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Connecticut's At-large districtIn officeDecember 5, 1796 – August 3, 1797Preceded byNathaniel SmithSucceeded byWilliam EdmondMember of the Connecticut SenateIn office1790-1797Member of the Connecticut House of RepresentativesIn office1785-1790
Personal detailsBornOctober 12, 1758Stamford, Connecticut Colony, British AmericaDiedAugust 3, 1797(1797-08-03) (aged 38)Stamford, Connecticut, U.S.Citizenship United StatesPolitical partyFederalistSpouse(s)Abigail Fitch Davenport and Mehitable Coggshall DavenportRelationsJames Davenport and John DavenportChildrenElizabeth Coggshall Davenport, Abigail Fitch Davenport, Mary Ann Davenport and Frances Louise DavenportParent(s)Abraham Davenport and Elizabeth (Huntington) DavenportAlma materYale CollegeOccupationLawyer, Judge, Politician
James Davenport (October 12, 1758 – August 3, 1797) was an eighteenth-century American lawyer, politician and judge. He served as a U.S. Representative from Connecticut.
Biography
Davenport was born in Stamford in the Connecticut Colony, the son of Abraham Davenport, and Elizabeth (Huntington) Davenport. He graduated from Yale College in 1777. He served in the commissary department of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War. He served as judge of the court of common pleas and was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1785 to 1790. Davenport served in the Connecticut State Senate from 1790 to 1797, and was a member of the Connecticut council of assistants from 1790 to 1796. He simultaneously served as a judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors from 1790 to 1797.
He was a judge of the Fairfield County Court from 1792 until 1796. He was elected as a Federalist candidate to the Fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Hillhouse, and was reelected to the Fifth Congress. Davenport served in Congress from December 5, 1796, until his death in Stamford on August 3, 1797.
Personal life
Davenport married Abigail Fitch on May 7, 1780. They had one daughter together, Elizabeth Coggshall Davenport. Davenport married his second wife Mehitable Coggshall on November 6, 1790. Davenport had three daughters with Mehitable, Abigail Fitch Davenport, Mary Ann Davenport and Frances Louise Davenport.
Davenport's uncle, also named James Davenport, was a noted clergyman. Davenport's brother John Davenport also served in the United States Congress.
According to the 1790 Census, Davenport was the owner of 10 slaves, making him one of the largest slaveholders in Fairfield County at the time.
See also
List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
References
^ "DAVENPORT, James, (1758 - 1797)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ a b "Portrait of a Family: Stamford through the Legacy of the Davenports". Stamford Historical Society. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "Davenport, James (1758-1797)". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ Day, Thomas (1809). Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Errors, of the State of Connecticut, in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. Vol. 2. p. xii-xiii.
^ United States Congress (2005). Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, and the Congress of the United States, from the First Through the One Hundred Eighth Congresses, March 4, 1789, to January 3, 2005, Inclusive. Government Printing Office. p. 922. ISBN 0-16-073176-3.
^ "Rep. James Davenport". Govtrack.us. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "DAVENPORT, James -- American clergyman". Ancestry.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "Davenport, John (1752-1830)". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
^ "1790 Federal Census". Ancestry.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.
External links
James Davenport at Find a Grave
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded byJames Hillhouse
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Connecticut's at-large congressional district 1796–1797
Succeeded byWilliam Edmond
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
US Congress | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"James Davenport (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Davenport_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"For other people named James Davenport, see James Davenport (disambiguation).James Davenport (October 12, 1758 – August 3, 1797) was an eighteenth-century American lawyer, politician and judge. He served as a U.S. Representative from Connecticut.","title":"James Davenport (Connecticut politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Colony"},{"link_name":"Yale College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_College"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Connecticut House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stamford-2"},{"link_name":"Connecticut State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Fairfield County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield_County,_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Federalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"James Hillhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hillhouse"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Davenport was born in Stamford in the Connecticut Colony, the son of Abraham Davenport, and Elizabeth (Huntington) Davenport. He graduated from Yale College in 1777. He served in the commissary department of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War.[1] He served as judge of the court of common pleas and was a member of the Connecticut House of Representatives from 1785 to 1790.[2] Davenport served in the Connecticut State Senate from 1790 to 1797, and was a member of the Connecticut council of assistants from 1790 to 1796.[3] He simultaneously served as a judge of the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors from 1790 to 1797.[4]He was a judge of the Fairfield County Court from 1792 until 1796.[5] He was elected as a Federalist candidate to the Fourth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Hillhouse, and was reelected to the Fifth Congress. Davenport served in Congress from December 5, 1796, until his death in Stamford on August 3, 1797.[6]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stamford-2"},{"link_name":"James Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Davenport_(clergyman)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"John Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davenport_(Connecticut)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Davenport married Abigail Fitch on May 7, 1780. They had one daughter together, Elizabeth Coggshall Davenport. Davenport married his second wife Mehitable Coggshall on November 6, 1790. Davenport had three daughters with Mehitable, Abigail Fitch Davenport, Mary Ann Davenport and Frances Louise Davenport.[2]Davenport's uncle, also named James Davenport, was a noted clergyman.[7] Davenport's brother John Davenport also served in the United States Congress.[8]According to the 1790 Census, Davenport was the owner of 10 slaves, making him one of the largest slaveholders in Fairfield County at the time.[9]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Congress_members_who_died_in_office_(1790%E2%80%931899)"}] | [{"reference":"\"DAVENPORT, James, (1758 - 1797)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000073","url_text":"\"DAVENPORT, James, (1758 - 1797)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Portrait of a Family: Stamford through the Legacy of the Davenports\". Stamford Historical Society. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stamfordhistory.org/dav_james2.htm","url_text":"\"Portrait of a Family: Stamford through the Legacy of the Davenports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davenport, James (1758-1797)\". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/davenport.html","url_text":"\"Davenport, James (1758-1797)\""}]},{"reference":"Day, Thomas (1809). Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Errors, of the State of Connecticut, in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807. Vol. 2. p. xii-xiii.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TLtLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR7","url_text":"Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Errors, of the State of Connecticut, in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress (2005). Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005: The Continental Congress, September 5, 1774, to October 21, 1788, and the Congress of the United States, from the First Through the One Hundred Eighth Congresses, March 4, 1789, to January 3, 2005, Inclusive. Government Printing Office. p. 922. ISBN 0-16-073176-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-073176-3","url_text":"0-16-073176-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Rep. James Davenport\". Govtrack.us. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/james_davenport/403212","url_text":"\"Rep. James Davenport\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAVENPORT, James [1716-1757] -- American clergyman\". Ancestry.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dav4is/people/DAVE10.htm","url_text":"\"DAVENPORT, James [1716-1757] -- American clergyman\""}]},{"reference":"\"Davenport, John (1752-1830)\". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/davenport.html#262.65.85","url_text":"\"Davenport, John (1752-1830)\""}]},{"reference":"\"1790 Federal Census\". Ancestry.com. Retrieved October 16, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/5058/4440867_00317?pid=8276&backurl=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc%3DntH435%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource%26usePUBJs%3Dtrue%26indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D5058%26msrpn__ftp%3DNorwalk,%2520Connecticut,%2520USA%26new%3D1%26rank%3D1%26uidh%3Dv31%26redir%3Dfalse%26gss%3Dangs-d%26pcat%3D35%26fh%3D0%26h%3D8276%26recoff%3D%26ml_rpos%3D1&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ntH435&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.199802222.1139672292.1566582865-317942324.1565828002#?imageId=4440867_00311","url_text":"\"1790 Federal Census\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000073","external_links_name":"\"DAVENPORT, James, (1758 - 1797)\""},{"Link":"https://www.stamfordhistory.org/dav_james2.htm","external_links_name":"\"Portrait of a Family: Stamford through the Legacy of the Davenports\""},{"Link":"https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/davenport.html","external_links_name":"\"Davenport, James (1758-1797)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TLtLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR7","external_links_name":"Reports of Cases Argued and Determined in the Supreme Court of Errors, of the State of Connecticut, in the years 1805, 1806, and 1807"},{"Link":"https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/james_davenport/403212","external_links_name":"\"Rep. James Davenport\""},{"Link":"https://freepages.history.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~dav4is/people/DAVE10.htm","external_links_name":"\"DAVENPORT, James [1716-1757] -- American clergyman\""},{"Link":"https://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/davenport.html#262.65.85","external_links_name":"\"Davenport, John (1752-1830)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ancestry.com/interactive/5058/4440867_00317?pid=8276&backurl=https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?_phsrc%3DntH435%26_phstart%3DsuccessSource%26usePUBJs%3Dtrue%26indiv%3D1%26dbid%3D5058%26msrpn__ftp%3DNorwalk,%2520Connecticut,%2520USA%26new%3D1%26rank%3D1%26uidh%3Dv31%26redir%3Dfalse%26gss%3Dangs-d%26pcat%3D35%26fh%3D0%26h%3D8276%26recoff%3D%26ml_rpos%3D1&treeid=&personid=&hintid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=ntH435&_phstart=successSource&usePUBJs=true&_ga=2.199802222.1139672292.1566582865-317942324.1565828002#?imageId=4440867_00311","external_links_name":"\"1790 Federal Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/6639679","external_links_name":"James Davenport"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/704159941669525440007","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1216996237","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=D000073","external_links_name":"US Congress"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clews_Competition_Motorcycles | Clews Competition Motorcycles | ["1 History","2 Return to Clews ownership","3 CCM GP450","4 CCM Spitfire","5 References","6 External links"] | British motorcycle manufacturer
CCM Motorcycles LtdCCM LogoCompany typePrivateIndustryMotorcycleFounded1971FounderAlan ClewsHeadquartersBolton, United KingdomKey peopleAlan Clews, Austin ClewsProductsMotorcyclesWebsitewww.ccm-motorcycles.com
Alternate Logo
CCM R45 (2007 NEC Show)
Clews Competition Machines (CCM) is a British motorcycle manufacturer based in Bolton, England. CCM was founded in 1971 by Alan Clews and gained notability for producing specialised BSA powered motocross machines. The company has produced a variety of motorcycle models over its history using a variety engine suppliers including; Rotax, Suzuki and Kymco.
History
Alan Clews was a successful Trials and Scrambles competitor in the late 1960s. He wanted a lighter, more nimble and modern motocross bike, like the custom-built 500 cc motorcycles used by the BSA factory racing team. When the BSA Competition Department was disbanded in 1971, he saw his opportunity and bought all the factory parts that were available.
Clews started building motocross bikes in his garage. Having no access to BSA works engines, Clews made his own extensive improvements to the standard BSA B50 500 cc engine, obtained by breaking up B50 MX bikes. His reputation grew as a builder of four-stroke motocross bikes that were capable of competing with the dominant two-stroke bikes. In the mid-1970s, the CCM racing team achieved respectable results in the 500 cc Motocross World Championship, with rider John Banks placing in the top five several times.
Initially powered by BSA engines, the firm used Rotax engines during the 1980s and 1990s when production reached a peak of 3,500 annually. Between 1983 and 1985, over 4,000 CCM motorcycles were licensed to export bikes to North America badged as Can-Am motorcycles.
In 1984, the firm secured a contract to produce the Rotax-engined Armstrong MT500 bikes for the British Army, and through overseas sales won a Queen's Export Award. The MT500 began as the Italian SWM XN Tornado, to which Armstrong acquired the rights in 1984 when SWM liquidated, and Armstrong modified it for military use. Harley-Davidson bought the production rights to the MT-500 in 1987 when NATO chose the machine, and created a 350 cc version that reduced weight, added an electric start, and upgrading pollution standards, which was named the Harley-Davidson MT350E.
Return to Clews ownership
The CCM company was acquired by the Robson family in 1998 who procured Suzuki DR-Z400 engines. In 2004, the company ceased operations and its assets were bought back by the original owner, Alan Clews. In 2005 the company launched two new bikes, the R35 Supermoto and the FT35 flat tracker. The firm returned to world champion competition, fielding a team in the 2009 FIM Motocross World Championship with riders Tom Church, Jason Dougan and Ray Rowson.
2010 saw CCM working with the military once again, with a contract of 1500 motorcycles, however CCM weren't just content with military sales, they went on to secure their first ACU British Indoor Motocross Championship with Tom Church on board a CCM.
CCM GP450
In 2013 CCM announced plans for a GP450 machine to meet a market demand for a road legal middleweight adventure bike. A prototype was made available to journalists for testing in 2014, and the first bikes rolled off the production line in November 2014.
The GP450 is very light at 125kg (dry), which is 98kg lighter than the popular BMW R1200GS Adventure. The GP450 has a frame of "Bond-Lite" aluminium, which CCM claim as a world first. The bought-in engine is a BMW 450cc 4-stroke single, detuned from 51hp to 41hp. Originally used in the discontinued BMW GP450X, the 450cc engine is now built by Kymco in Taiwan. The CCM has received very favourable comments on its lightness, the engine's responsiveness, and the excellent handling both on- and off-road. The factory team of 11 workers is currently producing eight bikes per week.
2016 saw an "RS" version produced which had 17" wheels instead of the standard 21/18" setup.
Production of the GP450 ceased in 2017 due to the replacement of Euro 3 with Euro 4 emission standards and the engine not being able to meet the stricter certification standards.
CCM Spitfire
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Due to the Euro 4 emissions standards the GP450 was phased out since the engine was not compliant with this regulation. A group of CCM employees set about designing a new machine which was to be hand welded from T45 carbon steel and covered with a clear lacquer enabling the welds to be seen. The first prototype was unveiled in late 2016 and four further models were added to the range.
References
^ "Biking birthday blowout: CCM celebrate 50th anniversary with a series of biking events". www.motorcyclenews.com. Retrieved 25 October 2023.
^ "The BSA 500MX 1971-1973". superhunky.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ "John Banks, Alan Clews and CCM". motorcycleclassics.com. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
^ "History". CCM. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.
^ a b "Armstrong Military Motorcycles". Dropbears.com. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
^ "Harley-Davidson MT350E Army Bike". RealClassic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2007.
^ "Two new bikes from CCM". Motorcycle News. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
^ CCM Motorcycles.com
^ "CCM GP450 hits the road | MCN".
^ Note: at the owner's request, the factory can restore the engine to full power and when upgraded by the factory the warranty remains intact.
^ "MCN review" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
^ "MCN". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
^ "CCM'S GP450 GOES SUPERMOTO". Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
^ "CCM GP450 Gets Discontinued, New 600cc Model Coming!". 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
External links
CCM Motorcycles
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Zenith (1905–1950) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clews_Competition_Motorcycles_(logo).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CCM_R45_side.jpg"},{"link_name":"motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle"},{"link_name":"Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton"},{"link_name":"BSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Small_Arms_Company"},{"link_name":"motocross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Rotax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax"},{"link_name":"Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Kymco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymco"}],"text":"Alternate LogoCCM R45 (2007 NEC Show)Clews Competition Machines (CCM) is a British motorcycle manufacturer based in Bolton, England. CCM was founded in 1971 by Alan Clews and gained notability for producing specialised BSA powered motocross machines.[1] The company has produced a variety of motorcycle models over its history using a variety engine suppliers including; Rotax, Suzuki and Kymco.","title":"Clews Competition Motorcycles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observed_Trials"},{"link_name":"Scrambles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross"},{"link_name":"motocross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross"},{"link_name":"BSA B50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSA_B50"},{"link_name":"four-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-stroke"},{"link_name":"two-stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-stroke"},{"link_name":"Motocross World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"John Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Banks_(motorcyclist)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-John_Banks,_Alan_Clews_and_CCM-3"},{"link_name":"Rotax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotax"},{"link_name":"Can-Am motorcycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can-Am_motorcycles"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Armstrong MT500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong_MT500"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dropbears1-5"},{"link_name":"SWM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SWM_(motorcycles)"},{"link_name":"Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armstrong-CCM_Motorcycles"},{"link_name":"Harley-Davidson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dropbears1-5"},{"link_name":"Harley-Davidson MT350E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harley-Davidson_MT350E"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Alan Clews was a successful Trials and Scrambles competitor in the late 1960s. He wanted a lighter, more nimble and modern motocross bike, like the custom-built 500 cc motorcycles used by the BSA factory racing team. When the BSA Competition Department was disbanded in 1971, he saw his opportunity and bought all the factory parts that were available.Clews started building motocross bikes in his garage. Having no access to BSA works engines, Clews made his own extensive improvements to the standard BSA B50 500 cc engine, obtained by breaking up B50 MX bikes. His reputation grew as a builder of four-stroke motocross bikes that were capable of competing with the dominant two-stroke bikes. In the mid-1970s, the CCM racing team achieved respectable results in the 500 cc Motocross World Championship, with rider John Banks placing in the top five several times.[2][3]Initially powered by BSA engines, the firm used Rotax engines during the 1980s and 1990s when production reached a peak of 3,500 annually. Between 1983 and 1985, over 4,000 CCM motorcycles were licensed to export bikes to North America badged as Can-Am motorcycles.[4]In 1984, the firm secured a contract to produce the Rotax-engined Armstrong MT500 bikes for the British Army,[5] and through overseas sales won a Queen's Export Award. The MT500 began as the Italian SWM XN Tornado, to which Armstrong acquired the rights in 1984 when SWM liquidated, and Armstrong modified it for military use. Harley-Davidson bought the production rights to the MT-500 in 1987 when NATO chose the machine,[5] and created a 350 cc version that reduced weight, added an electric start, and upgrading pollution standards, which was named the Harley-Davidson MT350E.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suzuki DR-Z400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_DR-Z400"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2009 FIM Motocross World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_FIM_Motocross_World_Championship_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The CCM company was acquired by the Robson family in 1998 who procured Suzuki DR-Z400 engines. In 2004, the company ceased operations and its assets were bought back by the original owner, Alan Clews. In 2005 the company launched two new bikes, the R35 Supermoto and the FT35 flat tracker.[7] The firm returned to world champion competition, fielding a team in the 2009 FIM Motocross World Championship with riders Tom Church, Jason Dougan and Ray Rowson.[8]2010 saw CCM working with the military once again, with a contract of 1500 motorcycles, however CCM weren't just content with military sales, they went on to secure their first ACU British Indoor Motocross Championship with Tom Church on board a CCM.[citation needed]","title":"Return to Clews ownership"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"adventure bike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_bike"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"BMW R1200GS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_R1200GS"},{"link_name":"Bond-Lite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bond-Lite&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In 2013 CCM announced plans for a GP450 machine to meet a market demand for a road legal middleweight adventure bike. A prototype was made available to journalists for testing in 2014,[9] and the first bikes rolled off the production line in November 2014.The GP450 is very light at 125kg (dry), which is 98kg lighter than the popular BMW R1200GS Adventure. The GP450 has a frame of \"Bond-Lite\" aluminium, which CCM claim as a world first. The bought-in engine is a BMW 450cc 4-stroke single, detuned from 51hp to 41hp.[10] Originally used in the discontinued BMW GP450X, the 450cc engine is now built by Kymco in Taiwan. The CCM has received very favourable comments on its lightness, the engine's responsiveness, and the excellent handling both on- and off-road.[11][12] The factory team of 11 workers is currently[when?] producing eight bikes per week.[citation needed]2016 saw an \"RS\" version produced which had 17\" wheels instead of the standard 21/18\" setup. [13]Production of the GP450 ceased in 2017 due to the replacement of Euro 3 with Euro 4 emission standards and the engine not being able to meet the stricter certification standards.[14]","title":"CCM GP450"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Due to the Euro 4 emissions standards the GP450 was phased out since the engine was not compliant with this regulation. A group of CCM employees set about designing a new machine which was to be hand welded from T45 carbon steel and covered with a clear lacquer enabling the welds to be seen. The first prototype was unveiled in late 2016 and four further models were added to the range.","title":"CCM Spitfire"}] | [{"image_text":"CCM Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Ccmnew.png/210px-Ccmnew.png"},{"image_text":"Alternate Logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/34/Clews_Competition_Motorcycles_%28logo%29.png/220px-Clews_Competition_Motorcycles_%28logo%29.png"},{"image_text":"CCM R45 (2007 NEC Show)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CCM_R45_side.jpg/250px-CCM_R45_side.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Biking birthday blowout: CCM celebrate 50th anniversary with a series of biking events\". www.motorcyclenews.com. Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorcyclenews.com/news/2021/june/ccm-50th-anniversary/","url_text":"\"Biking birthday blowout: CCM celebrate 50th anniversary with a series of biking events\""}]},{"reference":"\"The BSA 500MX 1971-1973\". superhunky.com. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054224/http://articles.superhunky.com/4/404","url_text":"\"The BSA 500MX 1971-1973\""},{"url":"http://articles.superhunky.com/4/404","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Banks, Alan Clews and CCM\". motorcycleclassics.com. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic-british-motorcycles/john-banks-alan-clews-zm0z14jfzbea","url_text":"\"John Banks, Alan Clews and CCM\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". CCM. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 3 December 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004235339/http://www.ccm-motorcycles.net/history.htm","url_text":"\"History\""},{"url":"http://www.ccm-motorcycles.net/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Armstrong Military Motorcycles\". Dropbears.com. Retrieved 29 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dropbears.com/m/models/harley/armstrong.htm","url_text":"\"Armstrong Military Motorcycles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Harley-Davidson MT350E Army Bike\". RealClassic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 29 December 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007152933/http://www.realclassic.co.uk/snarley.html","url_text":"\"Harley-Davidson MT350E Army Bike\""},{"url":"http://www.realclassic.co.uk/snarley.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Two new bikes from CCM\". Motorcycle News. 28 October 2005. Retrieved 3 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/archive/86493/86705/86808/86813/?&R=EPI-86813","url_text":"\"Two new bikes from CCM\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_News","url_text":"Motorcycle News"}]},{"reference":"\"CCM GP450 hits the road | MCN\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorcyclenews.com/news/2015/november/ccm-gp450-hits-the-road/","url_text":"\"CCM GP450 hits the road | MCN\""}]},{"reference":"\"MCN review\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160824020134/http://ccm-motorcycles.com/_includes/docs/Motorcycle-News-Review.pdf","url_text":"\"MCN review\""},{"url":"http://ccm-motorcycles.com/_includes/docs/motorcycle-news-review.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MCN\". Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 9 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816035058/http://www.adventurebikerider.com/component/content/article/1-latest-news/918-nathan.html","url_text":"\"MCN\""},{"url":"http://www.adventurebikerider.com/component/content/article/1-latest-news/918-nathan.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCM'S GP450 GOES SUPERMOTO\". Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221229135421/https://www.visordown.com/news/new-bikes/ccms-gp450-goes-supermoto","url_text":"\"CCM'S GP450 GOES SUPERMOTO\""},{"url":"https://www.visordown.com/news/new-bikes/ccms-gp450-goes-supermoto","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CCM GP450 Gets Discontinued, New 600cc Model Coming!\". 27 March 2017. Archived from the original on 29 December 2022. Retrieved 29 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221229134619/https://www.advpulse.com/adv-bikes/ccm-gp600-to-replace-gp450/","url_text":"\"CCM GP450 Gets Discontinued, New 600cc Model Coming!\""},{"url":"https://www.advpulse.com/adv-bikes/ccm-gp600-to-replace-gp450/","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.ccm-motorcycles.com/","external_links_name":"www.ccm-motorcycles.com"},{"Link":"https://www.motorcyclenews.com/news/2021/june/ccm-50th-anniversary/","external_links_name":"\"Biking birthday blowout: CCM celebrate 50th anniversary with a series of biking events\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307054224/http://articles.superhunky.com/4/404","external_links_name":"\"The BSA 500MX 1971-1973\""},{"Link":"http://articles.superhunky.com/4/404","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.motorcycleclassics.com/classic-british-motorcycles/john-banks-alan-clews-zm0z14jfzbea","external_links_name":"\"John Banks, Alan Clews and CCM\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061004235339/http://www.ccm-motorcycles.net/history.htm","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccm-motorcycles.net/history.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.dropbears.com/m/models/harley/armstrong.htm","external_links_name":"\"Armstrong Military Motorcycles\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071007152933/http://www.realclassic.co.uk/snarley.html","external_links_name":"\"Harley-Davidson MT350E Army Bike\""},{"Link":"http://www.realclassic.co.uk/snarley.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.motorcyclenews.com/MCN/News/newsresults/archive/86493/86705/86808/86813/?&R=EPI-86813","external_links_name":"\"Two new bikes from CCM\""},{"Link":"http://www.ccmmotorcyclesuk.com/news-section/ccm-racing-team-2009-doodson-motorsport-insurance-joins-forces-with.html","external_links_name":"CCM Motorcycles.com"},{"Link":"http://www.motorcyclenews.com/news/2015/november/ccm-gp450-hits-the-road/","external_links_name":"\"CCM GP450 hits the road | MCN\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160824020134/http://ccm-motorcycles.com/_includes/docs/Motorcycle-News-Review.pdf","external_links_name":"\"MCN review\""},{"Link":"http://ccm-motorcycles.com/_includes/docs/motorcycle-news-review.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160816035058/http://www.adventurebikerider.com/component/content/article/1-latest-news/918-nathan.html","external_links_name":"\"MCN\""},{"Link":"http://www.adventurebikerider.com/component/content/article/1-latest-news/918-nathan.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221229135421/https://www.visordown.com/news/new-bikes/ccms-gp450-goes-supermoto","external_links_name":"\"CCM'S GP450 GOES SUPERMOTO\""},{"Link":"https://www.visordown.com/news/new-bikes/ccms-gp450-goes-supermoto","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221229134619/https://www.advpulse.com/adv-bikes/ccm-gp600-to-replace-gp450/","external_links_name":"\"CCM GP450 Gets Discontinued, New 600cc Model Coming!\""},{"Link":"https://www.advpulse.com/adv-bikes/ccm-gp600-to-replace-gp450/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ccm-motorcycles.com/","external_links_name":"CCM Motorcycles"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Route_84 | West Virginia Route 84 | ["1 Major intersections","2 References"] | State highway in West Virginia, United States
West Virginia Route 84Route informationMaintained by WVDOHLength4.6 mi (7.4 km)Major junctionsWest end WV 92 in FrostEast end SR 84 near Frost
LocationCountryUnited StatesStateWest VirginiaCountiesPocahontas
Highway system
West Virginia State Highway System
Interstate
US
State
← WV 83→ WV 85
West Virginia Route 84 is an east–west state highway located within Pocahontas County, West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at West Virginia Route 92 in Frost. The eastern terminus is at the Virginia state line five miles (8 km) east of Frost, where WV 84 continues east as State Route 84.
View west from the east end of WV 84 at SR 84 at the Virginia border near Frost
Major intersections
The entire route is in Pocahontas County.
LocationmikmDestinationsNotes
Frost WV 92 – White Sulphur Springs, Green Bank
SR 84 east – VanderpoolVirginia state line
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
References
^ Distance calculated using Microsoft MapPoint mapping software.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to West Virginia Route 84.
This West Virginia road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"state highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_highway"},{"link_name":"Pocahontas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"West Virginia Route 92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia_Route_92"},{"link_name":"Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"State Route 84","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_State_Route_84"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016-05-19_15_09_15_View_west_along_West_Virginia_Route_84_in_eastern_Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia.jpg"}],"text":"West Virginia Route 84 is an east–west state highway located within Pocahontas County, West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at West Virginia Route 92 in Frost. The eastern terminus is at the Virginia state line five miles (8 km) east of Frost, where WV 84 continues east as State Route 84.View west from the east end of WV 84 at SR 84 at the Virginia border near Frost","title":"West Virginia Route 84"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pocahontas County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocahontas_County,_West_Virginia"}],"text":"The entire route is in Pocahontas County.","title":"Major intersections"}] | [{"image_text":"View west from the east end of WV 84 at SR 84 at the Virginia border near Frost","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/2016-05-19_15_09_15_View_west_along_West_Virginia_Route_84_in_eastern_Pocahontas_County%2C_West_Virginia.jpg/220px-2016-05-19_15_09_15_View_west_along_West_Virginia_Route_84_in_eastern_Pocahontas_County%2C_West_Virginia.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Virginia_Route_84&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_D._Locker | Jesse D. Locker | ["1 References","2 External links"] | American diplomatJesse D. LockerUnited States Ambassador to LiberiaIn officeOctober 16, 1953 – April 10, 1955PresidentDwight D. EisenhowerPreceded byEdward Richard DudleySucceeded byRichard Lee JonesMember of the Cincinnati City CouncilIn office1941–1953
Personal detailsBorn(1891-05-31)May 31, 1891Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.DiedApril 10, 1955(1955-04-10) (aged 63)Monrovia, LiberiaPolitical partyRepublicanAlma materHoward University
Jesse Dwight Locker (May 31, 1891, College Hill, Cincinnati – April 10, 1955, Monrovia, Liberia) was an attorney, politician and, when he was appointed the American ambassador to Liberia, the second African American appointed as ambassador. His father, Laban Locker, was the first black minister in Ohio to be ordained in the Christian Church. Jesse graduated valedictorian of his class at College Hill High School and graduated from Howard University with a law degree in 1945. He returned to Cincinnati and spent 35 years practicing law. He was elected to the Cincinnati City Council, on the Republican ticket, in 1941, serving almost 12 years. He was the first African American elected to the council. In 1951, Locker was elected its president. Locker also was president of the segregated Hamilton County Bar Association for Negro Lawyers.
While ambassador, Locke led “the multi-faceted negotiations between the private sector (Pan American and US Airlines), the government of Liberia, and the United States, with regards to the operations of the Roberts Field airport, the first international airport in Liberia.”
Locker suffered a stroke on April 4, 1955, in Monrovia and he died there on April 10.
References
^ "FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952–1954, AFRICA AND SOUTH ASIA, VOLUME XI, PART 1". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
^ a b c d McLellan, Carlton (April 2015). "JESSIE DWIGHT LOCKER (1891-1955)". BlackPast. Retrieved 4 February 2020.
External links
Clipped From The Cincinnati Enquirer
vte United States Ambassadors to Liberia Commissionerand Consul General
Hanson
Minister Resident/Consul General
Seys
Turner
Smythe
Garnet
Smythe
Hopkins
Taylor
E. E. Smith
Clark
McCoy
Heard
O. L. W. Smith
Crossland
Lyon
Crum
Buckner
Curtis
Johnson
Hood
Francis
Envoy Extraordinaryand Minister Plenipotentiary
Mitchell
Walton
Lanier
Dudley
Ambassador Extraordinaryand Plenipotentiary
Dudley
Locker
Jones
Mathews
Rhetts
Brown
Westerfield
Manfull
Carter
R. P. Smith
Swing
Perkins
Bishop
de Vos
Myrick
Blaney
Booth
Thomas-Greenfield
Malac
Boulware (acting)
Elder
McCarthy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"College Hill, Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Hill,_Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"Monrovia, Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monrovia,_Liberia"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Africa-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-2"},{"link_name":"Howard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_University"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP-2"}],"text":"Jesse Dwight Locker (May 31, 1891, College Hill, Cincinnati – April 10, 1955, Monrovia, Liberia) was an attorney, politician and, when he was appointed the American ambassador to Liberia,[1] the second African American appointed as ambassador.[2] His father, Laban Locker, was the first black minister in Ohio to be ordained in the Christian Church. Jesse graduated valedictorian of his class at College Hill High School and graduated from Howard University with a law degree in 1945. He returned to Cincinnati and spent 35 years practicing law. He was elected to the Cincinnati City Council, on the Republican ticket, in 1941, serving almost 12 years. He was the first African American elected to the council. In 1951, Locker was elected its president. Locker also was president of the segregated Hamilton County Bar Association for Negro Lawyers.[2]While ambassador, Locke led “the multi-faceted negotiations between the private sector (Pan American and US Airlines), the government of Liberia, and the United States, with regards to the operations of the Roberts Field airport, the first international airport in Liberia.”[2]Locker suffered a stroke on April 4, 1955, in Monrovia and he died there on April 10.[2]","title":"Jesse D. Locker"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952–1954, AFRICA AND SOUTH ASIA, VOLUME XI, PART 1\". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 4 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v11p1/persons","url_text":"\"FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952–1954, AFRICA AND SOUTH ASIA, VOLUME XI, PART 1\""}]},{"reference":"McLellan, Carlton (April 2015). \"JESSIE DWIGHT LOCKER (1891-1955)\". BlackPast. Retrieved 4 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/locker-jessie-dwight-1891-1955/","url_text":"\"JESSIE DWIGHT LOCKER (1891-1955)\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v11p1/persons","external_links_name":"\"FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1952–1954, AFRICA AND SOUTH ASIA, VOLUME XI, PART 1\""},{"Link":"https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/locker-jessie-dwight-1891-1955/","external_links_name":"\"JESSIE DWIGHT LOCKER (1891-1955)\""},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/42639350/the_cincinnati_enquirer/","external_links_name":"Clipped From The Cincinnati Enquirer"}] |
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