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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifepo4
Lithium iron phosphate
["1 LiMPO4","2 History and production","3 Physical and chemical properties","4 Applications","4.1 Comparison","5 Intellectual property","6 Research","6.1 Power density","6.2 Stability","6.3 Metal substitution","6.4 Synthesis processes","6.5 Effects of temperature","7 See also","8 References"]
Lithium iron phosphate Names IUPAC name iron(2+) lithium phosphate (1:1:1) Identifiers CAS Number 15365-14-7 N 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChemSpider 10752170 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.124.705 EC Number 604-917-2 PubChem CID 15320824 CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID20571409 InChI InChI=1S/Fe.Li.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q+2;+1;/p-3 YKey: GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K YInChI=1S/Fe.Li.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q+2;+1;/p-3Key: GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K SMILES ..P()()=O Properties Chemical formula FeLiO4P Molar mass 157.757 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries, a type of Li-ion battery. This battery chemistry is targeted for use in power tools, electric vehicles, solar energy installations and more recently large grid-scale energy storage. Most lithium batteries (Li-ion) used in consumer electronics products use cathodes made of lithium compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), and lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2). The anodes are generally made of graphite. Lithium iron phosphate exists naturally in the form of the mineral triphylite, but this material has insufficient purity for use in batteries. LiMPO4 With general chemical formula of LiMPO4, compounds in the LiFePO4 family adopt the olivine structure. M includes not only Fe but also Co, Mn and Ti. As the first commercial LiMPO4 was C/LiFePO4, the whole group of LiMPO4 is informally called “lithium iron phosphate” or “LiFePO4”. However, more than one olivine-type phase may be used as a battery's cathode material. Olivine compounds such as AyMPO4, Li1−xMFePO4, and LiFePO4−zM have the same crystal structures as LiMPO4, and may replace it in a cathode. All may be referred to as “LFP”. Manganese, phosphate, iron, and lithium also form an olivine structure. This structure is a useful contributor to the cathode of lithium rechargeable batteries. This is due to the olivine structure created when lithium is combined with manganese, iron, and phosphate (as described above). The olivine structures of lithium rechargeable batteries are significant, for they are affordable, stable, and can be safely used to store energy. History and production Arumugam Manthiram and John B. Goodenough first identified the polyanion class of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. LiFePO4 was then identified as a cathode material belonging to the polyanion class for use in batteries in 1996 by Padhi et al. Reversible extraction of lithium from LiFePO4 and insertion of lithium into FePO4 was demonstrated. Neutron diffraction confirmed that LFP was able to ensure the security of large input/output current of lithium batteries. The material can be produced by heating a variety of iron and lithium salts with phosphates or phosphoric acid. Many related routes have been described including those that use hydrothermal synthesis. Physical and chemical properties In LiFePO4, lithium has a +1 charge, iron +2 charge balancing the −3 charge for phosphate. Upon removal of Li, the material converts to the ferric form FePO4. The iron atom and 6 oxygen atoms form an octahedral coordination sphere, described as FeO6, with the Fe ion at the center. The phosphate groups, PO4, are tetrahedral. The three-dimensional framework is formed by the FeO6 octahedra sharing O corners. Lithium ions reside within the octahedral channels in a zigzag manner. In crystallography, this structure is thought to belong to the Pmnb space group of the orthorhombic crystal system. The lattice constants are: a = 6.008 Å, b = 10.334 Å, and c = 4.693 Å. The volume of the unit cell is 291.4 Å3. In contrast to two traditional cathode materials, LiMnO4 and LiCoO2, lithium ions of LiMPO4 migrate in the lattice's one-dimensional free volume. During charge/discharge, the lithium ions are extracted concomitant with oxidation of Fe: LiFe II PO 4 ↽ − − ⇀ Fe III PO 4 + Li + + e − {\displaystyle {\ce {LiFe^{II}PO4 <=> Fe^{III}PO4 + Li+ + e-}}} Extraction of lithium from LiFePO4 produces FePO4 with a similar structure. FePO4 adopts a Pmnb space group with a unit cell volume of 272.4 Å3, only slightly smaller than that of its lithiated precursor. Extraction of lithium ions reduces the lattice volume, as is the case with lithium oxides. LiMPO4's corner-shared FeO6 octahedra are separated by the oxygen atoms of the PO3−4 tetrahedra and cannot form a continuous FeO6 network, reducing conductivity. A nearly close-packed hexagonal array of oxides centers provides relatively little free volume for Li+ ions to migrate within. For this reason, the ionic conductivity of Li+ is relatively low at ambient temperature. The details of the lithiation of FePO4 and the delithiation of LiFePO4 have been examined. Two phases of the lithiated material are implicated. Applications See also: lithium iron phosphate battery LFP cells have an operating voltage of 3.3 V, charge density of 170 mAh/g, high power density, long cycle life and stability at high temperatures. LFP's major commercial advantages are that it poses few safety concerns such as overheating and explosion, as well as long cycle lifetimes, high power density and has a wider operating temperature range. Power plants and automobiles use LFP. BAE has announced that their HybriDrive Orion 7 hybrid bus uses about 180 kW LFP battery cells. AES has developed multi-trillion watt battery systems that are capable of subsidiary services of the power network, including spare capacity and frequency adjustment. In China, BAK and Tianjin Lishen are active in the area. Comparison Although LFP has 25% less specific energy (Wh/g) than lithium batteries with oxide (e.g. nickel-cobalt-manganese, NCM) cathode materials, primarily due to its operational voltage (3.2 volts vs 3.7 for NCM-type cathode chemistries), it has 70% more than nickel-hydrogen batteries. The major differences between LFP batteries and other lithium ion battery types is that LFP batteries contain no cobalt (removing ethical and economic questions about cobalt's availability) and have a flat discharge curve. LFP batteries have drawbacks, originating from a high electronic resistivity of LFP, as well as the lower maximum charge/discharge voltage. The energy density is significantly lower than LiCoO2 (although higher than the nickel–metal hydride battery). Lithium cobalt oxide based battery chemistries are more prone to thermal runaway if overcharged and cobalt is both expensive and not widely geographically available. Other chemistries such as nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) have supplanted LiCo chemistry cells in most applications. The original ratio of Ni to Mn to Co was 3:3:3, whereas today, cells are being made with ratios of 8:1:1 or 6:2:2, whereby the Co content has been drastically reduced. LiFePO4 batteries are comparable to sealed lead acid batteries and are often being touted as a drop-in replacement for lead acid applications. The most notable difference between lithium iron phosphate and lead acid is the fact that the lithium battery capacity shows only a small dependence on the discharge rate. With very high discharge rates, for instance 0.8C, the capacity of the lead acid battery is only 60% of the rated capacity. Therefore, in cyclic applications where the discharge rate is often greater than 0.1C, a lower rated lithium battery will often have a higher actual capacity than the comparable lead acid battery. This means that at the same capacity rating, the lithium will cost more, but a lower capacity lithium battery can be used for the same application at a lower price. The cost of ownership when considering the lifecycle further increases the value of the lithium battery when compared to a lead acid battery. Intellectual property There are 4 groups of patents on LFP battery materials: The University of Texas at Austin (UT) patented the materials with the crystalline structure of LiFePo4 and their use in batteries. Hydro-Québec, Université de Montréal and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) own patents, that claim improvements of the original LiFePo4 by carbon coating that enhance its conductivity. The key feature of Li1−xMFePO4 from A123 Systems is the nano-LFP, which modifies its physical properties and adds noble metals in the anode, as well as the use of special graphite as the cathode. The main feature of LiMPO4 from Phostech is increased capacitance and conductivity by an appropriate carbon coating. The special feature of LiFePO4 • zM from Aleees a high capacitance and low impedance obtained by the stable control of the ferrites and crystal growth. This improved control is realized by applying strong mechanical stirring forces to the precursors in high oversaturation states, which induces crystallization of the metal oxides and LFP. These patents underlie mature mass production technologies. The largest production capacity is up to 250 tons per month. In patent lawsuits in the US in 2005 and 2006, UT and Hydro-Québec claimed that LiFePO4 as the cathode infringed their patents, US 5910382  and US 6514640 . The patent claims involved a unique crystal structure and a chemical formula of the battery cathode material. On April 7, 2006, A123 filed an action seeking a declaration of non-infringement and invalidity UT's patents. A123 separately filed two ex parte Reexamination Proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), in which they sought to invalidate the patents based upon prior art. In a parallel court proceeding, UT sued Valence Technology, a company that commercializes LFP products that alleged infringement. The USPTO issued a Reexamination Certificate for the '382 patent on April 15, 2008, and for the '640 patent on May 12, 2009, by which the claims of these patents were amended. This allowed the current patent infringement suits filed by Hydro-Quebec against Valence and A123 to proceed. After a Markman hearing, on April 27, 2011, the Western District Court of Texas held that the claims of the reexamined patents had a narrower scope than as originally granted. The key question was whether the earlier Goodenough's patents from the UT (licensed to Hydro-Quebec) were infringed by A123, that had its own improved versions of LiFePO4 patents, that contained cobalt dopant. The end results was licensing of Goodenough's patents by A123 under undisclosed terms. On December 9, 2008, the European Patent Office revoked Dr. Goodenough’s patent numbered 0904607. This decision basically reduced the patent risk of using LFP in European automobile applications. The decision is believed to be based on the lack of novelty. The first major large settlement was the lawsuit between NTT and the UT. In October 2008, NTT announced that they would settle the case in the Japan Supreme Civil Court for $30 million. As part of the agreement, UT agreed that NTT did not steal the information and that NTT would share its LFP patents with UT. NTT’s patent is also for an olivine LFP, with the general chemical formula of AyMPO4 (A is for alkali metal and M for the combination of Co and Fe), now used by BYD Company. Although chemically the materials are nearly the same, from the viewpoint of patents, AyMPO4 of NTT is different from the materials covered by UT. AyMPO4 has higher capacity than LiMPO4. At the heart of the case was that NTT engineer Okada Shigeto, who had worked in the UT labs developing the material, was accused of stealing UT’s intellectual property. As of 2020, an organization named LifePO+C claims to own the key IP and offers licenses. It is a consortium between Johnson Matthey, the CNRS, University of Montreal, and Hydro Quebec. Research Power density LFP has two shortcomings: low conductivity (high overpotential) and low lithium diffusion constant, both of which limit the charge/discharge rate. Adding conducting particles in delithiated FePO4 raises its electron conductivity. For example, adding conducting particles with good diffusion capability like graphite and carbon to LiMPO4 powders significantly improves conductivity between particles, increases the efficiency of LiMPO4 and raises its reversible capacity up to 95% of the theoretical values. However, addition of conductive additives also increases the "dead mass" present in the cell that does not contribute to energy storage. LiMPO4 shows good cycling performance even under charge/discharge current as large as 5C. Stability Coating LFP with inorganic oxides can make LFP’s structure more stable and increase conductivity. Traditional LiCoO2 with oxide coating shows improved cycling performance. This coating also inhibits dissolution of Co and slows the decay of LiCoO2 capacity. Similarly, LiMPO4 with an inorganic coating such as ZnO and ZrO2, has a better cycling lifetime, larger capacity and better characteristics under rapid discharge. The addition of a conductive carbon increases efficiency. Mitsui Zosen and Aleees reported that addition of conducting metal particles such as copper and silver increased efficiency. LiMPO4 with 1 wt% of metal additives has a reversible capacity up to 140 mAh/g and better efficiency under high discharge current. Metal substitution Substituting other materials for the iron or lithium in LiMPO4 can also raise efficiency. Substituting zinc for iron increases crystallinity of LiMPO4 because zinc and iron have similar ionic radii. Cyclic voltammetry confirms that LiFe1−xMxPO4, after metal substitution, has higher reversibility of lithium ion insertion and extraction. During lithium extraction, Fe (II) is oxidized to Fe (III) and the lattice volume shrinks. The shrinking volume changes lithium’s returning paths. Synthesis processes Mass production with stability and high quality still faces many challenges. Similar to lithium oxides, LiMPO4 may be synthesized by a variety of methods, including: solid-phase synthesis, emulsion drying, sol-gel process, solution coprecipitation, vapor-phase deposition, electrochemical synthesis, electron beam irradiation, microwave process, hydrothermal synthesis, ultrasonic pyrolysis and spray pyrolysis. In the emulsion drying process, the emulsifier is first mixed with kerosene. Next, the solutions of lithium salts and iron salts are added to this mixture. This process produces nanocarbon particles. Hydrothermal synthesis produces LiMPO4 with good crystallinity. Conductive carbon is obtained by adding polyethylene glycol to the solution followed by thermal processing. Vapor phase deposition produces a thin film LiMPO4. In flame spray pyrolysis FePO4 is mixed with lithium carbonate and glucose and charged with electrolytes. The mixture is then injected inside a flame and filtered to collect the synthesized LiFePO4. Effects of temperature The effects of temperature on lithium iron phosphate batteries can be divided into the effects of high temperature and low temperature. Generally, LFP chemistry batteries are less susceptible to thermal runaway reactions like those that occur in lithium cobalt batteries; LFP batteries exhibit better performance at an elevated temperature. Research has shown that at room temperature (23 °C), the initial capacity loss approximates 40-50 mAh/g. However, at 40 °C and 60 °C, the capacity losses approximate 25 and 15 mAh/g respectively, but these capacity losses were spread over 20 cycles instead of a bulk loss like that in the case of room temperature capacity loss. However, this is only true for a short cycling timeframe. Later yearlong study has shown that despite LFP batteries having double the equivalent full cycle, the capacity fade rate increased with increasing temperature for LFP cells but the increasing temperature does not impact NCA cells or have a negligible impact on the aging of NMC cells. This capacity fade is primarily due to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation reaction being accelerated by increasing temperature. LFP batteries are especially affected by decreasing temperature which possibly hamper their application in high-latitude areas. The initial discharge capacities for LFP/C samples at temperatures of 23, 0, -10, and -20 °C are 141.8, 92.7, 57.9 and 46.7 mAh/g with coulombic efficiency 91.2%, 74.5%, 63.6% and 61.3%. These losses are accounted for by the slow diffusion of lithium ions within electrodes and the formation of SEI that come with lower temperatures which subsequently increase the charge-transfer resistance on the electrolyte-electrode interfaces. Another possible cause of the lowered capacity formation is lithium plating. As mentioned above, low temperature lowers the diffusion rate of lithium ions within the electrodes, allowing for the lithium plating rate to compete with that of intercalation rate. The colder condition leads to higher growth rates and shifts the initial point to lower state of charge which means that the plating process starts earlier. Lithium plating uses up lithium which then compete with the intercalation of lithium into graphite, decreasing the capacity of the batteries. The aggregated lithium ions are deposited on the surface of electrodes in the form of “plates” or even dendrites which may penetrate the separators, short-circuiting the battery completely. 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Retrieved 2021-11-18. vteLithium compoundsInorganic (list) Li2 LiAlCl4 Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3 LiAlH4 LiAlO2 LiAl1+xTi2−x(PO4)3 LiAs LiAsF6 Li3AsO4 LiAt Li LiB(C2O4)2 LiB(C6F5)4 LiBF4 LiBH4 LiBO2 LiB3O5 Li2B4O7 Li2TiF6 Li2ZrF6 Li2B4O7·5H2O LiBSi2 LiBr LiBr·2H2O LiBrO LiBrO2 LiBrO3 LiBrO4 Li2C2 LiCF3SO3 CH3CH(OH)COOLi LiC2H2ClO2 LiC2H3IO2 Li(CH3)2N LiCHO2 LiCH3O LiC2H5O LiCN Li2CN2 LiCNO Li2CO3 Li2C2O4 LiCl LiCl·H2O LiClO LiFO LiClO2 LiClO3 LiClO4 LiCoO2 Li2CrO4 Li2CrO4·2H2O Li2Cr2O7 CsLiB6O10 LiD LiF Li2F LiF4Al Li3F6Al FLiBe LiFePO4 FLiNaK LiGaH4 Li2GeF6 Li2GeO3 LiGe2(PO4)3 LiH LiH2AsO4 Li2HAsO4 LiHCO3 Li3H(CO3)2 LiH2PO3 LiH2PO4 LiHSO3 LiHSO4 LiHe LiI LiIO LiIO2 LiIO3 LiIO4 Li2IrO3 Li7La3Zr2O12 LiMn2O4 Li2MoO4 Li0.9Mo6O17 LiN3 Li3N LiNH2 Li2NH LiNO2 LiNO3 LiNO3·H2O Li2N2O2 LiNa Li2NaPO3 LiNaNO2 LiNbO3 Li2NbO3 LiO− LiO2 LiO3 Li2O Li2O2 LiOH Li3P LiPF6 Li3PO4 Li2HPO3 Li2HPO4 Li3PO3 Li3PO4 Li2Po Li2PtO3 Li2RuO3 Li2S LiSCN LiSH LiSO3F Li2SO3 Li2SO4 Li Li2Se Li2SeO3 Li2SeO4 LiSi Li2SiF6 Li4SiO4 Li2SiO3 Li2Si2O5 LiTaO3 Li2Te LiTe3 Li2TeO3 Li2TeO4 Li2TiO3 Li4Ti5O12 LiTi2(PO4)3 LiVO3·2H2O Li3V2(PO4)3 Li2WO4 LiYF4 Neodymium-doped LiZr2(PO4)3 Li2ZrO3 Organic (soaps) Hemolithin (extraterrestrial protein) Organolithium reagents Gilman reagent CH3COOLi C4H6LiNO4 LiC2F6NO4S2 LiN(SiMe3)2 Li3C6H5O7 C5H5Li LiN(C3H7)2 (C6H5)2PLi C18H35LiO3 C6H13Li C4H9Li CH3CHLiCH2CH3 (CH3)3CLi C12H28BLi CH3Li Li+C10H8− C5H11Li C5H3LiN2O4 C6H5Li LiC2CH3 LiO2C(CH2)16CH3 C4H5LiO4 LiEt3BH LiOC(CH3)3 C9H18LiN LiC2H3 Vinyllithium LiC11H23COO Minerals Amblygonite Berezanskite Brannockite Cryolithionite Darapiosite Darrellhenryite Elbaite Fluorine Elbaite Fluor-liddicoatite Emeleusite Eucryptite  LiAlSiO4 Faizievite Hectorite Hsianghualite Jadarite  LiNaSiB3O7OH Keatite  Li(AlSi2O6) Kunzite Lavinskyite Lepidolite Lithiophilite  LiMnPO4 Lithiophosphate  Li3PO4 Manandonite Manganoneptunite Nambulite Neptunite Olympite Petalite  LiAlSi4010 Pezzottaite  Cs(Be2Li)Al2Si6O18 Rossmanite Saliotite Sogdianite Spodumene  LiAl(SiO3)2 Sugilite Tiptopite Tourmaline Triphylite  LiFePO4 Zabuyelite  Li2CO3 Zektzerite Zinnwaldite Hypothetical LixBey HLiHe+ LiFHeO LiHe2 (HeO)(LiF)2 La2/3-xLi3xTiO3He Other Li-related Aluminium–lithium alloys Heteroatom-promoted lateral lithiation LB buffer Lithium atom Lithium medication LiNixCoyAlzO2 LiNixMnyCozO2 Lithium soap Lithium Triangle Lucifer yellow Magnesium–lithium alloys NASICON Environmentally friendly red light flare vteIron compoundsFe(-II) H2Fe(CO)4 Na2Fe(CO)4 Fe(0) Fe(CO)5 Fe2(CO)9 Fe3(CO)12 Fe(CO)3CH3COC2H2C6H6 Fe(I) FeHOrganoiron(I) compounds (C5H5FeCO)2(CO)2 Fe(0,II) Fe3C Fe(II) FeH2 Mg2FeH6 FeF2 FeCl2 Fe(ClO4)2 FeBr2 FeI2 FeO Fe(OH)2 FeS FeSO4 (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O FeSe FeSeO4 Fe(NO3)2 Fe3(PO4)2 FeSi2 Fe(BF4)2 FeCr2O4 FeMoO4 FeTiO3 FeCO3 FeC2O4 Fe(C2H3O2)2 Fe(C3H5O3)2 FeC6H6O7 FeC12H22O14 FeI2(CO)4 Organoiron(II) compounds Fe(C5H5)2 Fe(C5H5)(CO)2I Fe(C5H4P(C6H5)2)2 C4H4Fe(CO)3 C4H6Fe(CO)3 Fe(0,III) FeSi FeGe Fe(II,III) Fe3O4 Fe3S4 Fe(III) FeI3 FeBr3 FeCl3 FeF3 FeP Fe(NO3)3 Fe(acac)3 FeOCl FeO(OH) FePO4 Fe4(P2O7)3 Fe2(CrO4)3 Fe2(C2O4)3 Fe2O3 Fe2(SeO3)3 Fe2S3 Fe2(SO4)3 Fe(N3)3 NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O Organoiron(III) compounds Fe(C5H5)2BF4 C6H8O7⋅xFe3+⋅yNH3 C54H105FeO6 Fe(IV) FeF4 Fe(VI) K2FeO4 BaFeO4 Purported Hemolithin (protein) vtePhosphates H3PO42−− He Li3PO4 Be BPO4+BO3 C (NH4)3PO4(NH4)2HPO4NH4H2PO4-N O +F Ne Na3PO4Na2HPO4NaH2PO4 Mg3(PO4)2 AlPO4 Si P +SO4-S Cl Ar K3PO4K2HPO4KH2PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 ScPO4 Ti VPO4 CrPO4 Mn3(PO4)2MnPO4 Fe3(PO4)2FePO4 Co3(PO4)2 Ni3(PO4)2 Cu3(PO4)2 Zn3(PO4)2 GaPO4 Ge As -Se Br Kr Rb3PO4 Sr3(PO4)2 YPO4 Zr3(PO4)4 Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag3PO4 Cd3(PO4)2 InPO4 Sn SbPO4-SbO4 Te I Xe Cs3PO4 Ba3(PO4)2 * LuPO4 Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt AuPO4 Hg Tl3PO4 Pb3(PO4)2 BiPO4 Po At Rn Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og   * LaPO4 CePO4 PrPO4 NdPO4 PmPO4 SmPO4 EuPO4 GdPO4 TbPO4 DyPO4 HoPO4 ErPO4 TmPO4 YbPO4 ** AcPO4 Th3(PO4)4 Pa U(PO4)2 Np PuPO4 AmPO4 CmPO4 Bk Cf Es Fm Md No
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"lithium iron phosphate batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Li-ion battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery"},{"link_name":"power tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_tool"},{"link_name":"electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"grid-scale energy storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_storage_power_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lithium cobalt oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_cobalt_oxide"},{"link_name":"anodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodes"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"triphylite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphylite"}],"text":"Chemical compoundLithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries,[1] a type of Li-ion battery. This battery chemistry is targeted for use in power tools, electric vehicles, solar energy installations[2] and more recently large grid-scale energy storage.[3]Most lithium batteries (Li-ion) used in consumer electronics products use cathodes made of lithium compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), and lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2). The anodes are generally made of graphite.Lithium iron phosphate exists naturally in the form of the mineral triphylite, but this material has insufficient purity for use in batteries.","title":"Lithium iron phosphate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"olivine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"olivine structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"With general chemical formula of LiMPO4, compounds in the LiFePO4 family adopt the olivine structure. M includes not only Fe but also Co, Mn and Ti.[4] As the first commercial LiMPO4 was C/LiFePO4, the whole group of LiMPO4 is informally called “lithium iron phosphate” or “LiFePO4”. However, more than one olivine-type phase may be used as a battery's cathode material. Olivine compounds such as AyMPO4, Li1−xMFePO4, and LiFePO4−zM have the same crystal structures as LiMPO4, and may replace it in a cathode. All may be referred to as “LFP”.[citation needed]Manganese, phosphate, iron, and lithium also form an olivine structure. This structure is a useful contributor to the cathode of lithium rechargeable batteries.[5] This is due to the olivine structure created when lithium is combined with manganese, iron, and phosphate (as described above). The olivine structures of lithium rechargeable batteries are significant, for they are affordable, stable, and can be safely used to store energy.[6]","title":"LiMPO4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arumugam Manthiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumugam_Manthiram"},{"link_name":"John B. Goodenough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Goodenough"},{"link_name":"polyanion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyanion"},{"link_name":"lithium ion batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_batteries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Neutron diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_diffraction"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"phosphoric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid"},{"link_name":"hydrothermal synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Arumugam Manthiram and John B. Goodenough first identified the polyanion class of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.[7][8][9] LiFePO4 was then identified as a cathode material belonging to the polyanion class for use in batteries in 1996 by Padhi et al.[10][11] Reversible extraction of lithium from LiFePO4 and insertion of lithium into FePO4 was demonstrated. Neutron diffraction confirmed that LFP was able to ensure the security of large input/output current of lithium batteries.[12]The material can be produced by heating a variety of iron and lithium salts with phosphates or phosphoric acid. Many related routes have been described including those that use hydrothermal synthesis.[13]","title":"History and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-14"},{"link_name":"octahedral coordination sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedron"},{"link_name":"crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"orthorhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthorhombic"},{"link_name":"lattice constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_constants"},{"link_name":"unit cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_cell"},{"link_name":"ionic conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In LiFePO4, lithium has a +1 charge, iron +2 charge balancing the −3 charge for phosphate. Upon removal of Li, the material converts to the ferric form FePO4.[14]The iron atom and 6 oxygen atoms form an octahedral coordination sphere, described as FeO6, with the Fe ion at the center. The phosphate groups, PO4, are tetrahedral. The three-dimensional framework is formed by the FeO6 octahedra sharing O corners. Lithium ions reside within the octahedral channels in a zigzag manner. In crystallography, this structure is thought to belong to the Pmnb space group of the orthorhombic crystal system. The lattice constants are: a = 6.008 Å, b = 10.334 Å, and c = 4.693 Å. The volume of the unit cell is 291.4 Å3.In contrast to two traditional cathode materials, LiMnO4 and LiCoO2, lithium ions of LiMPO4 migrate in the lattice's one-dimensional free volume. During charge/discharge, the lithium ions are extracted concomitant with oxidation of Fe:LiFe\n \n II\n \n \n \n PO\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ↽\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ⇀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Fe\n \n III\n \n \n \n PO\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n Li\n \n +\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {LiFe^{II}PO4 <=> Fe^{III}PO4 + Li+ + e-}}}Extraction of lithium from LiFePO4 produces FePO4 with a similar structure. FePO4 adopts a Pmnb space group with a unit cell volume of 272.4 Å3, only slightly smaller than that of its lithiated precursor. Extraction of lithium ions reduces the lattice volume, as is the case with lithium oxides. LiMPO4's corner-shared FeO6 octahedra are separated by the oxygen atoms of the PO3−4 tetrahedra and cannot form a continuous FeO6 network, reducing conductivity.A nearly close-packed hexagonal array of oxides centers provides relatively little free volume for Li+ ions to migrate within. For this reason, the ionic conductivity of Li+ is relatively low at ambient temperature. The details of the lithiation of FePO4 and the delithiation of LiFePO4 have been examined. Two phases of the lithiated material are implicated.[14][15]","title":"Physical and chemical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lithium iron phosphate battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery"},{"link_name":"charge density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_density"},{"link_name":"power density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_density"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"AES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_Corporation"}],"text":"See also: lithium iron phosphate batteryLFP cells have an operating voltage of 3.3 V, charge density of 170 mAh/g, high power density, long cycle life and stability at high temperatures.LFP's major commercial advantages are that it poses few safety concerns such as overheating and explosion, as well as long cycle lifetimes, high power density and has a wider operating temperature range. Power plants and automobiles use LFP.[16][17]BAE has announced that their HybriDrive Orion 7 hybrid bus uses about 180 kW LFP battery cells. AES has developed multi-trillion watt battery systems that are capable of subsidiary services of the power network, including spare capacity and frequency adjustment. In China, BAK and Tianjin Lishen are active in the area.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide"},{"link_name":"nickel-hydrogen batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"resistivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistivity"},{"link_name":"energy density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density"},{"link_name":"nickel–metal hydride battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery"},{"link_name":"sealed lead acid batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_lead_acid_batteries"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Comparison","text":"Although LFP has 25% less specific energy (Wh/g) than lithium batteries with oxide (e.g. nickel-cobalt-manganese, NCM) cathode materials, primarily due to its operational voltage (3.2 volts vs 3.7 for NCM-type cathode chemistries), it has 70% more than nickel-hydrogen batteries.The major differences between LFP batteries and other lithium ion battery types is that LFP batteries contain no cobalt (removing ethical and economic questions about cobalt's availability) and have a flat discharge curve.LFP batteries have drawbacks, originating from a high electronic resistivity of LFP, as well as the lower maximum charge/discharge voltage. The energy density is significantly lower than LiCoO2 (although higher than the nickel–metal hydride battery).Lithium cobalt oxide based battery chemistries are more prone to thermal runaway if overcharged and cobalt is both expensive and not widely geographically available. Other chemistries such as nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) have supplanted LiCo chemistry cells in most applications. The original ratio of Ni to Mn to Co was 3:3:3, whereas today, cells are being made with ratios of 8:1:1 or 6:2:2, whereby the Co content has been drastically reduced.LiFePO4 batteries are comparable to sealed lead acid batteries and are often being touted as a drop-in replacement for lead acid applications. The most notable difference between lithium iron phosphate and lead acid is the fact that the lithium battery capacity shows only a small dependence on the discharge rate. With very high discharge rates, for instance 0.8C, the capacity of the lead acid battery is only 60% of the rated capacity. Therefore, in cyclic applications where the discharge rate is often greater than 0.1C, a lower rated lithium battery will often have a higher actual capacity than the comparable lead acid battery. This means that at the same capacity rating, the lithium will cost more, but a lower capacity lithium battery can be used for the same application at a lower price. The cost of ownership when considering the lifecycle further increases the value of the lithium battery when compared to a lead acid battery.[18]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Hydro-Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Université de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"French National Center for Scientific Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Center_for_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"A123 Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A123_Systems"},{"link_name":"US 5910382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5910382"},{"link_name":"US 6514640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6514640"},{"link_name":"ex parte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte"},{"link_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"Valence Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_Technology"},{"link_name":"District Court of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Goodenough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Goodenough"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"European Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Patent_Office"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"NTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"BYD Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Company"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"LifePO+C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lifepo4ag.com"}],"text":"There are 4 groups of patents on LFP battery materials:The University of Texas at Austin (UT) patented the materials with the crystalline structure of LiFePo4 and their use in batteries.\nHydro-Québec, Université de Montréal and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) own patents, that claim improvements of the original LiFePo4 by carbon coating that enhance its conductivity.[19]\nThe key feature of Li1−xMFePO4 from A123 Systems is the nano-LFP, which modifies its physical properties and adds noble metals in the anode, as well as the use of special graphite as the cathode.\nThe main feature of LiMPO4 from Phostech is increased capacitance and conductivity by an appropriate carbon coating. The special feature of LiFePO4 • zM from Aleees a high capacitance and low impedance obtained by the stable control of the ferrites and crystal growth. This improved control is realized by applying strong mechanical stirring forces to the precursors in high oversaturation states, which induces crystallization of the metal oxides and LFP.These patents underlie mature mass production technologies. The largest production capacity is up to 250 tons per month.In patent lawsuits in the US in 2005 and 2006, UT and Hydro-Québec claimed that LiFePO4 as the cathode infringed their patents, US 5910382  and US 6514640 . The patent claims involved a unique crystal structure and a chemical formula of the battery cathode material.On April 7, 2006, A123 filed an action seeking a declaration of non-infringement and invalidity UT's patents. A123 separately filed two ex parte Reexamination Proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), in which they sought to invalidate the patents based upon prior art.In a parallel court proceeding, UT sued Valence Technology, a company that commercializes LFP products that alleged infringement.The USPTO issued a Reexamination Certificate for the '382 patent on April 15, 2008, and for the '640 patent on May 12, 2009, by which the claims of these patents were amended. This allowed the current patent infringement suits filed by Hydro-Quebec against Valence and A123 to proceed. After a Markman hearing, on April 27, 2011, the Western District Court of Texas held that the claims of the reexamined patents had a narrower scope than as originally granted. The key question was whether the earlier Goodenough's patents from the UT (licensed to Hydro-Quebec) were infringed by A123, that had its own improved versions of LiFePO4 patents, that contained cobalt dopant. The end results was licensing of Goodenough's patents by A123 under undisclosed terms.[20]On December 9, 2008, the European Patent Office revoked Dr. Goodenough’s patent numbered 0904607. This decision basically reduced the patent risk of using LFP in European automobile applications. The decision is believed to be based on the lack of novelty.[21]The first major large settlement was the lawsuit between NTT and the UT. In October 2008,[22] NTT announced that they would settle the case in the Japan Supreme Civil Court for $30 million. As part of the agreement, UT agreed that NTT did not steal the information and that NTT would share its LFP patents with UT. NTT’s patent is also for an olivine LFP, with the general chemical formula of AyMPO4 (A is for alkali metal and M for the combination of Co and Fe), now used by BYD Company. Although chemically the materials are nearly the same, from the viewpoint of patents, AyMPO4 of NTT is different from the materials covered by UT. AyMPO4 has higher capacity than LiMPO4. At the heart of the case was that NTT engineer Okada Shigeto, who had worked in the UT labs developing the material, was accused of stealing UT’s intellectual property.As of 2020, an organization named LifePO+C claims to own the key IP and offers licenses. It is a consortium between Johnson Matthey, the CNRS, University of Montreal, and Hydro Quebec.","title":"Intellectual property"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer-2004-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wokaun-2005-24"}],"sub_title":"Power density","text":"LFP has two shortcomings: low conductivity (high overpotential) and low lithium diffusion constant, both of which limit the charge/discharge rate. Adding conducting particles in delithiated FePO4 raises its electron conductivity. For example, adding conducting particles with good diffusion capability like graphite and carbon[23] to LiMPO4 powders significantly improves conductivity between particles, increases the efficiency of LiMPO4 and raises its reversible capacity up to 95% of the theoretical values. However, addition of conductive additives also increases the \"dead mass\" present in the cell that does not contribute to energy storage. LiMPO4 shows good cycling performance even under charge/discharge current as large as 5C.[24]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ZnO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZnO"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-2004-25"},{"link_name":"ZrO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZrO2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jamnik-2006-26"},{"link_name":"Mitsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tessier-2008-27"}],"sub_title":"Stability","text":"Coating LFP with inorganic oxides can make LFP’s structure more stable and increase conductivity. Traditional LiCoO2 with oxide coating shows improved cycling performance. This coating also inhibits dissolution of Co and slows the decay of LiCoO2 capacity. Similarly, LiMPO4 with an inorganic coating such as ZnO[25] and ZrO2,[26] has a better cycling lifetime, larger capacity and better characteristics under rapid discharge. The addition of a conductive carbon increases efficiency. Mitsui Zosen and Aleees reported that addition of conducting metal particles such as copper and silver increased efficiency.[27] LiMPO4 with 1 wt% of metal additives has a reversible capacity up to 140 mAh/g and better efficiency under high discharge current.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-2008-28"},{"link_name":"Cyclic voltammetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry"}],"sub_title":"Metal substitution","text":"Substituting other materials for the iron or lithium in LiMPO4 can also raise efficiency. Substituting zinc for iron increases crystallinity of LiMPO4 because zinc and iron have similar ionic radii.[28] Cyclic voltammetry confirms that LiFe1−xMxPO4, after metal substitution, has higher reversibility of lithium ion insertion and extraction. During lithium extraction, Fe (II) is oxidized to Fe (III) and the lattice volume shrinks. The shrinking volume changes lithium’s returning paths.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solid-phase synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-phase_synthesis"},{"link_name":"sol-gel process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol-gel_process"},{"link_name":"vapor-phase deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_deposition"},{"link_name":"electron beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"pyrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis"},{"link_name":"spray pyrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_pyrolysis"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrosati-2002-29"},{"link_name":"polyethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhang-2005-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chung-2004-31"},{"link_name":"lithium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"electrolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiggers-2012-32"}],"sub_title":"Synthesis processes","text":"Mass production with stability and high quality still faces many challenges.Similar to lithium oxides, LiMPO4 may be synthesized by a variety of methods, including: solid-phase synthesis, emulsion drying, sol-gel process, solution coprecipitation, vapor-phase deposition, electrochemical synthesis, electron beam irradiation, microwave process[vague], hydrothermal synthesis, ultrasonic pyrolysis and spray pyrolysis.In the emulsion drying process, the emulsifier is first mixed with kerosene. Next, the solutions of lithium salts and iron salts are added to this mixture. This process produces nanocarbon particles.[29] Hydrothermal synthesis produces LiMPO4 with good crystallinity. Conductive carbon is obtained by adding polyethylene glycol to the solution followed by thermal processing.[30] Vapor phase deposition produces a thin film LiMPO4.[31] In flame spray pyrolysis FePO4 is mixed with lithium carbonate and glucose and charged with electrolytes. The mixture is then injected inside a flame and filtered to collect the synthesized LiFePO4.[32]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"solid electrolyte interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93silicon_battery#Solid_electrolyte_interphase_layer"},{"link_name":"coulombic efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulombic_efficiency"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Effects of temperature","text":"The effects of temperature on lithium iron phosphate batteries can be divided into the effects of high temperature and low temperature.Generally, LFP chemistry batteries are less susceptible to thermal runaway reactions like those that occur in lithium cobalt batteries; LFP batteries exhibit better performance at an elevated temperature. Research has shown that at room temperature (23 °C), the initial capacity loss approximates 40-50 mAh/g. However, at 40 °C and 60 °C, the capacity losses approximate 25 and 15 mAh/g respectively, but these capacity losses were spread over 20 cycles instead of a bulk loss like that in the case of room temperature capacity loss.[33]However, this is only true for a short cycling timeframe. Later yearlong study has shown that despite LFP batteries having double the equivalent full cycle, the capacity fade rate increased with increasing temperature for LFP cells but the increasing temperature does not impact NCA cells or have a negligible impact on the aging of NMC cells.[34] This capacity fade is primarily due to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation reaction being accelerated by increasing temperature.LFP batteries are especially affected by decreasing temperature which possibly hamper their application in high-latitude areas. The initial discharge capacities for LFP/C samples at temperatures of 23, 0, -10, and -20 °C are 141.8, 92.7, 57.9 and 46.7 mAh/g with coulombic efficiency 91.2%, 74.5%, 63.6% and 61.3%. These losses are accounted for by the slow diffusion of lithium ions within electrodes and the formation of SEI that come with lower temperatures which subsequently increase the charge-transfer resistance on the electrolyte-electrode interfaces.[35] Another possible cause of the lowered capacity formation is lithium plating. As mentioned above, low temperature lowers the diffusion rate of lithium ions within the electrodes, allowing for the lithium plating rate to compete with that of intercalation rate. The colder condition leads to higher growth rates and shifts the initial point to lower state of charge which means that the plating process starts earlier.[36] Lithium plating uses up lithium which then compete with the intercalation of lithium into graphite, decreasing the capacity of the batteries. The aggregated lithium ions are deposited on the surface of electrodes in the form of “plates” or even dendrites which may penetrate the separators, short-circuiting the battery completely.[37]","title":"Research"}]
[]
[{"title":"Lithium iron phosphate battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery"},{"title":"A123 Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A123_Systems"},{"title":"Valence Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_Technology"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus_Hostel_fire
Knights of Columbus Hostel fire
["1 History","2 Construction","3 Fire","4 Victims","5 Investigation","6 Aftermath","7 Legacy","8 See also","9 References"]
1942 structure fire at a hostel in St. John's, Newfoundland This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Knights of Columbus Hostel fire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) Knights of Columbus Hostel fireMemorial on the site of the Knights of Columbus Hostel fire, Harvey Road, St. John's.DateDecember 12, 1942 (1942-12-12)VenueKnights of Columbus HotelLocationSt. John's, NewfoundlandTypeFireDeaths99Non-fatal injuries109 The Knights of Columbus Hostel fire was a structure fire that occurred on December 12, 1942, in St. John's, Newfoundland in a hostel operated by the Knights of Columbus, a Roman Catholic fraternal organization. A total of 99 people were killed, 80 of whom were military personnel. 109 others were critically wounded. Taking place during World War II, the fire is believed by many to have been an incident of enemy sabotage orchestrated by agents of Nazi Germany. The area was a centre of military personnel and activities, including soldiers, sailors, and air forces. Within a few weeks, other suspicious fires or their makings occurred in St. John's that winter, at sites frequented by military personnel. History A large military presence had developed in St. John’s from the outset of World War II. The capital had 60,000 residents. Thousands more military personnel entered the area, representing three jurisdictions. In addition to local forces, personnel from several foreign countries passed through St. John's, as it became an important staging point for trans-Atlantic convoys. The Dominion of Newfoundland, which did not confederate with Canada until 1949, was represented by the Newfoundland Militia, billeted at Shamrock Field. Canadian national forces, including air force, were stationed at Torbay and Gander. The air force began to supply protection from German U-boats as far as the Grand Banks. The United States was building a series of bases in Newfoundland. The 1600-acre American Army base, Fort Pepperrell, was built on the shores of Quidi Vidi Lake, on land leased for 99 years from the Newfoundland government. Thousands of American servicemen were stationed in St. John’s. Warships filled the harbour, and navy men and merchant seamen also swelled the population of the capital city. Organizations and groups worked to provide safe recreation places for their off hours. The Knights of Columbus Hostel on Harvey Road was frequented by many servicemen. The Knights of Columbus during World War I had set up many centres in England and Europe for servicemen, and renewed that commitment in World War II. St. John's had already been the site of enemy action: a Nazi U-boat off Bell Island sank two British freighters carrying iron ore. On 3 March 1942, U-587 fired three torpedoes at St. John's. One hit Fort Amherst and two more hit the cliffs below Cabot Tower. Two days previous, a Liberator aircraft out of Argentia flown by Ensign William Tepuni caught U-656, under Kaptänleutnant Ernst Kröning, on the surface in broad daylight, a mere 40 kilometres south of Trepassey, and destroyed it. This sinking gave rise to one of the most famous radio signals of the war - "Sighted Sub, Sank Same". Construction The hostel had been built in December 1941 for $100,000 USD. It was described (in the post-fire enquiry by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary) as a "sleeping, eating and recreation centre for servicemen". It included a reading room, a restaurant, toilets, showers, a dormitory where men could stay, and a recreation room. The centre entertainment space was a large auditorium equipped with both a stage for live performances and a projection booth for showing films. Weekly performances were broadcast from the hostel by radio. The building was horseshoe-shaped and faced south toward Harvey Road. It was covered entirely by a gabled roof. Its main section was about 115 feet (35 m) long and 38 feet (12 m) wide, standing two storeys high. At each end, a wing extended north from the rear of the main section, with a courtyard behind the main section in the space between the wings. The east wing, also two storeys high and the same width as the main section, extended approximately 88 feet (27 m). The west wing was of the same dimensions, but only one storey in height. Fire An estimated 350 to 500 people were attending the barn dance in the auditorium, where Biddy O'Toole's songs were broadcast. She was one of Uncle Tim's Barn Dance Troupe, which broadcast a weekly show from the stage. The fire and the actions of the patrons were inadvertently broadcast through the open microphones of the dance troop that were on stage. Around 11 PM, soon after the next act started, featuring Canadian soldier Eddy Adams singing "The Moonlight Trail", a cry of fire was heard. The crowd struggled to get out of the auditorium, but the lights went out due to the fire. The four exits had been blockaded for the blackout. A survivor of the fire also stated that the doors would only swing inwards to the room and not outwards, further causing individuals to be clustered and unable to escape. By 11:07 p.m., officers patrolling outside claimed the sky was lit by the fire. At least two individuals., US Army Cpl Hoosier and RNC Constable Bartlett, entered the building in an attempt to help evacuate individuals overcome by smoke. The fire burned out of control that night, quickly destroying the $100,000 building. The fire department finally put out the flames about 2:30 a.m., but kept putting water on the fire to prevent any revival. Victims A total of 99 people died, 80 of them Canadian, British and American servicemen, and 19 civilians. Another 109 persons were critically injured. In a 1943 report it was determined that women and girls were about a third of the attendees, and only about twelve women or girls were identified as deceased. Comparatively, eighty-seven men were identified as deceased, which seemed to showcase an effort to evacuate the women and girls first. Investigation The investigation showed several faults with the building's design and operations, and a printed report of the investigation was published. While the Knights of Columbus Hostel fire was being investigated, evidence of planned arson was found a few weeks later at the YMCA's Red Triangle Hostel, where rolls of toilet paper were packed into a hidden area. (Witnesses had testified to seeing paper trailing from cupboards of toilet paper rolls at the St. John's hostel.) A fire broke out soon after at the USO Club in St. John's, but was contained. A fire at the suburban Old Colony Club resulted in four deaths. In a third incident, a lighted cigarette was put through a letterbox at 11 p.m. at the Knights of Columbus Hostel in Halifax, when servicemen were watching a movie. Sir Brian Dunfield examined 174 witnesses a month later in the St. John's Court House, and guardedly concluded it was of "suspicious... incendiary origin". He called it "a classic case of the kind of flash fire which is built around a low-grade gas explosion. That, in my view, accounted for the great rapidity of the fire. It certainly looks as if an enemy agent was about." No one was ever prosecuted for these events. If speculation is accurate, these fires would be among the few successful Axis attacks on North America aside from U-boat attacks on shipping. Aftermath The national government quickly responded, and Boston, Massachusetts sent relief and blood plasma. A joint funeral for the 80 soldiers and merchant marine men of the two nations and Dominion of Newfoundland was held, with thousands in the city turning out in their honor. In 1991, the Knights of Columbus built a memorial to commemorate the event and the victims of the fire. US Army Cpl Hoosier was awarded for his bravery in attempting to save victims, and RNC Constable Bartlett was awarded the Kings Police and Fire Service Medal for his actions. Legacy This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Knights of Columbus Hostel fire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) District Fire Chief P.J. Wakeham wrote a novel based on the fire, entitled The Flaming Holocaust. A chapter of Frank Rasky's book Great Canadian Disasters (1961) is devoted to this tragedy. See also Blue Bird Café fire L'Isle-Verte nursing home fire References ^ a b c d e f g h Darrin McGrath (December 2002). Last Dance: The Knights of Columbus Fire. St. John's, Newfoundland: Flanker Press. ISBN 1-894463-25-0. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2009-04-16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Frank Rasky. "Newfoundland's Furious Fire By Sabotage". Newfoundland's Grand Banks. Retrieved 2011-11-06. ^ Paul Collins, "Other U-Boat Encounters", Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website, 2007; accessed November 21, 2017. ^ a b c d Germain, Anthony (December 12, 2014). "K of C fire survivor recalls horrors of deadly night in wartime St. John's | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2020-12-21. ^ Sparkes, Paul (December 18, 2017). "Paul Sparkes: We soldiered on | The Telegram". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-21. ^ a b Telegram, The. "Letter: Mystery still swirls around K of C fire | The Telegram". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-21. ^ a b c Dunfield, Hon Mr. Justice Brian (1943). Destruction by Fire of Knights of Columbus Hostel St. Johns December 12th, 1942, with loss of 99 lives. Newfoundland: Robinson & Co LTD. vteHotel fires19th century Windsor Hotel fire 20th century Arcadia Hotel fire Kerns Hotel fire Knights of Columbus Hostel fire Gulf Hotel fire Winecoff Hotel fire Hotel Roosevelt fire Paramount Hotel explosion Hotel 't Silveren Seepaerd fire Worsley Hotel fire Savoy Hotel fire Hotel Polen fire 1978 Holiday Inn fire Hotel Corona de Aragón fire 1980 Saskatoon Queen's Hotel fire Central Hotel fire MGM Grand fire Beverly rooming house fire Dupont Plaza Hotel arson Downunder Hostel fire Pension de Vogel homeless hostel fire Switel Hotel fire 21st century Childers Palace Backpackers Hostel fire Manor Hotel fire Taj Mahal Palace Hotel attack Kamień Pomorski homeless hostel fire 2014 Medina hotel fire Resorts World Manila attack 2017 Batumi hotel fire Harbin hotel fire 2023 Makkah hotel fire Hotels portal List of hotel fires in the United States
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Within a few weeks, other suspicious fires or their makings occurred in St. John's that winter, at sites frequented by military personnel.[2]","title":"Knights of Columbus Hostel fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastDance-1"},{"link_name":"Dominion of Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"Torbay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torbay"},{"link_name":"Gander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"American Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Army"},{"link_name":"Fort Pepperrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pepperrell"},{"link_name":"Quidi Vidi Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quidi_Vidi_Lake"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastDance-1"},{"link_name":"Knights of Columbus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastDance-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"Liberator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator"},{"link_name":"Argentia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uboat-3"}],"text":"A large military presence had developed in St. John’s from the outset of World War II. The capital had 60,000 residents. Thousands more military personnel entered the area, representing three jurisdictions. In addition to local forces, personnel from several foreign countries passed through St. John's, as it became an important staging point for trans-Atlantic convoys.[1]The Dominion of Newfoundland, which did not confederate with Canada until 1949, was represented by the Newfoundland Militia, billeted at Shamrock Field. Canadian national forces, including air force, were stationed at Torbay and Gander. The air force began to supply protection from German U-boats as far as the Grand Banks. [2]The United States was building a series of bases in Newfoundland. The 1600-acre American Army base, Fort Pepperrell, was built on the shores of Quidi Vidi Lake, on land leased for 99 years from the Newfoundland government.[2] Thousands of American servicemen were stationed in St. John’s.[1]Warships filled the harbour, and navy men and merchant seamen also swelled the population of the capital city. Organizations and groups worked to provide safe recreation places for their off hours. The Knights of Columbus Hostel on Harvey Road was frequented by many servicemen. The Knights of Columbus during World War I had set up many centres in England and Europe for servicemen, and renewed that commitment in World War II.[1]St. John's had already been the site of enemy action: a Nazi U-boat off Bell Island sank two British freighters carrying iron ore.[2] On 3 March 1942, U-587 fired three torpedoes at St. John's. One hit Fort Amherst and two more hit the cliffs below Cabot Tower. Two days previous, a Liberator aircraft out of Argentia flown by Ensign William Tepuni caught U-656, under Kaptänleutnant Ernst Kröning, on the surface in broad daylight, a mere 40 kilometres south of Trepassey, and destroyed it. This sinking gave rise to one of the most famous radio signals of the war - \"Sighted Sub, Sank Same\".[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Newfoundland Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastDance-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"horseshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe"},{"link_name":"gabled roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabled_roof"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastDance-1"}],"text":"The hostel had been built in December 1941 for $100,000 USD. It was described (in the post-fire enquiry by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary) as a \"sleeping, eating and recreation centre for servicemen\". It included a reading room, a restaurant, toilets, showers, a dormitory where men could stay, and a recreation room. The centre entertainment space was a large auditorium[1] equipped with both a stage for live performances and a projection booth for showing films. Weekly performances were broadcast from the hostel by radio.[2]The building was horseshoe-shaped and faced south toward Harvey Road. It was covered entirely by a gabled roof. Its main section was about 115 feet (35 m) long and 38 feet (12 m) wide, standing two storeys high. At each end, a wing extended north from the rear of the main section, with a courtyard behind the main section in the space between the wings. The east wing, also two storeys high and the same width as the main section, extended approximately 88 feet (27 m). The west wing was of the same dimensions, but only one storey in height.[1]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"}],"text":"An estimated 350 to 500 people[4] were attending the barn dance in the auditorium, where Biddy O'Toole's songs were broadcast. She was one of Uncle Tim's Barn Dance Troupe, which broadcast a weekly show from the stage. The fire and the actions of the patrons were inadvertently broadcast through the open microphones of the dance troop that were on stage.[5] Around 11 PM,[6] soon after the next act started, featuring Canadian soldier Eddy Adams singing \"The Moonlight Trail\", a cry of fire was heard. The crowd struggled to get out of the auditorium, but the lights went out due to the fire. The four exits had been blockaded for the blackout.[2] A survivor of the fire also stated that the doors would only swing inwards to the room and not outwards, further causing individuals to be clustered and unable to escape.[4]By 11:07 p.m., officers patrolling outside claimed the sky was lit by the fire. At least two individuals., US Army Cpl Hoosier and RNC Constable Bartlett, entered the building in an attempt to help evacuate individuals overcome by smoke.[7] The fire burned out of control that night, quickly destroying the $100,000 building. The fire department finally put out the flames about 2:30 a.m., but kept putting water on the fire to prevent any revival.[2]","title":"Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"A total of 99 people died, 80 of them Canadian, British and American servicemen, and 19 civilians.[4] Another 109 persons were critically injured.In a 1943 report it was determined that women and girls were about a third of the attendees, and only about twelve women or girls were identified as deceased. Comparatively, eighty-seven men were identified as deceased, which seemed to showcase an effort to evacuate the women and girls first.[7]","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"Axis attacks on North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(1939%E2%80%931945)"}],"text":"The investigation showed several faults with the building's design and operations,[2] and a printed report of the investigation was published.[7]While the Knights of Columbus Hostel fire was being investigated, evidence of planned arson was found a few weeks later at the YMCA's Red Triangle Hostel, where rolls of toilet paper were packed into a hidden area. (Witnesses had testified to seeing paper trailing from cupboards of toilet paper rolls at the St. John's hostel.)[2]A fire broke out soon after at the USO Club in St. John's, but was contained. A fire at the suburban Old Colony Club resulted in four deaths. In a third incident, a lighted cigarette was put through a letterbox at 11 p.m. at the Knights of Columbus Hostel in Halifax, when servicemen were watching a movie.[citation needed]Sir Brian Dunfield examined 174 witnesses a month later in the St. John's Court House, and guardedly concluded it was of \"suspicious... incendiary origin\". He called it \"a classic case of the kind of flash fire which is built around a low-grade gas explosion. That, in my view, accounted for the great rapidity of the fire. It certainly looks as if an enemy agent was about.\"[2] No one was ever prosecuted for these events. If speculation is accurate, these fires would be among the few successful Axis attacks on North America aside from U-boat attacks on shipping.","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"The national government quickly responded, and Boston, Massachusetts sent relief and blood plasma. A joint funeral for the 80 soldiers and merchant marine men of the two nations and Dominion of Newfoundland was held, with thousands in the city turning out in their honor.[2]In 1991, the Knights of Columbus built a memorial to commemorate the event and the victims of the fire.[4] US Army Cpl Hoosier was awarded for his bravery in attempting to save victims, and RNC Constable Bartlett was awarded the Kings Police and Fire Service Medal for his actions.[6]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"District Fire Chief P.J. Wakeham wrote a novel based on the fire, entitled The Flaming Holocaust.A chapter of Frank Rasky's book Great Canadian Disasters (1961) is devoted to this tragedy.","title":"Legacy"}]
[]
[{"title":"Blue Bird Café fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bird_Caf%C3%A9_fire"},{"title":"L'Isle-Verte nursing home fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Isle-Verte_nursing_home_fire"}]
[{"reference":"Darrin McGrath (December 2002). Last Dance: The Knights of Columbus Fire. St. John's, Newfoundland: Flanker Press. ISBN 1-894463-25-0. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2009-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711005126/http://www.flankerpress.com/last_dance_excerpt.shtml","url_text":"Last Dance: The Knights of Columbus Fire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador","url_text":"St. John's"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador","url_text":"Newfoundland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894463-25-0","url_text":"1-894463-25-0"},{"url":"http://www.flankerpress.com/last_dance_excerpt.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frank Rasky. \"Newfoundland's Furious Fire By Sabotage\". Newfoundland's Grand Banks. Retrieved 2011-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://ngb.chebucto.org/Articles/dis-knights-of-columbus-1942.shtml","url_text":"\"Newfoundland's Furious Fire By Sabotage\""}]},{"reference":"Germain, Anthony (December 12, 2014). \"K of C fire survivor recalls horrors of deadly night in wartime St. John's | CBC News\". CBC. Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mildred-quilty-s-story-surviving-the-deadly-k-of-c-hostel-fire-of-1942-1.2869438","url_text":"\"K of C fire survivor recalls horrors of deadly night in wartime St. John's | CBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Sparkes, Paul (December 18, 2017). \"Paul Sparkes: We soldiered on | The Telegram\". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetelegram.com/lifestyles/paul-sparkes-we-soldiered-on-170280/","url_text":"\"Paul Sparkes: We soldiered on | The Telegram\""}]},{"reference":"Telegram, The. \"Letter: Mystery still swirls around K of C fire | The Telegram\". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetelegram.com/opinion/local-perspectives/letter-mystery-still-swirls-around-k-of-c-fire-169520/","url_text":"\"Letter: Mystery still swirls around K of C fire | The Telegram\""}]},{"reference":"Dunfield, Hon Mr. Justice Brian (1943). Destruction by Fire of Knights of Columbus Hostel St. Johns December 12th, 1942, with loss of 99 lives. Newfoundland: Robinson & Co LTD.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.mun.ca/digital/collection/cns/id/102804","url_text":"Destruction by Fire of Knights of Columbus Hostel St. Johns December 12th, 1942, with loss of 99 lives"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_fashion
Canadian fashion
["1 History","1.1 New France and the early Fur Trade (1530s to 1750s)","1.2 Post-New France and the new British colonies (1760s to 1800s)","1.3 Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)","1.4 Confederation Era (1840s to 1890s)","1.5 Edwardian Era, World War 1, and Interwar Period (1900s to 1930s)","1.6 World War 2 and Post-war Era (1940s to 1950s)","1.7 Late 20th Century (1960s to 1990s)","2 Fashion industry","2.1 Economy","2.2 Media","2.3 Education","3 Trends and national costumes","4 Uniforms","4.1 Public service","4.2 Non-governmental organisations","5 References","6 External links"]
Clockwise from top: woman wearing black boots, leggings, and cabin socks (Chilliwack, 2017), Chatelaine fashion editor Vivian Wilcox (1955), HRH the Princess of Wales in a Canada-themed outfit (Ottawa, 2011), "Niagara Falls fashion plate" (1842), Nunavimiut outer parka (c. 1914) at the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada Goose logo, Canadian teenagers in skirt-suits from Simpson's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1945) Canadian fashion refers to the styles, trends, design, and production of clothing, footwear, accessories, and other expressions of fashion in Canada and the polities it is descended from. Since time immemorial, the Indigenous cultures of Canada designed clothing and accessories for practical application in contention with the natural elements, as well as for ritualistic and spiritual purposes. Indigenous-Canadians maintain fashions that are distinct to their particular cultures. Beginning from the 16th century after the founding of Port-Royal, developing factors such as continued European settlement, the North American fur trade, and the establishment of proto-Canadian colonies, such as those of New France and British North America, incrementally introduced western fashions throughout the region, which were often modified or innovated to adapt to local geography. From the 16th century onward, Canada's fashion history can be divided into discernable eras that are characterized by prevalent styles particular to the time period. These various modes of dress have often been influenced by the predominant upper-class fashions of western Europe, notably Britain and France, as well as the geographical realities of living in Canada and the rugged lifestyles therein. Canada's fashion economy includes numerous clothing and accessory brands (such as Arc'teryx and Lululemon), department stores (such as the historical Hudson's Bay Company and Holt Renfrew), various annual and semi-annual industry events in Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, fashion magazines (such as Elle Canada and Fashion Magazine), and a variety of postsecondary programs in fashion design and marketing. History See also: History of Western Fashion New France and the early Fur Trade (1530s to 1750s) See also: French fashion, 1550–1600 in Western European fashion, 1600–1650 in Western European fashion, 1650–1700 in Western European fashion, and 1700–1750 in Western fashion Ein Canadischer Bauer (A Canadian Farmer) by Friedrich von Germann (1778) Arrival of the Brides by Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale (c. prior to 1927). High-class French women are illustrated wearing colourful dresses, lace sleeves, ribbons, and holding fans. In contrast, the evidently lower-class woman in the foreground carries a metal box and wears a plain blouse, capotain hat, and long skirt. Most of the men depicted appear to be high-born, including Jean Talon, wearing colourful (possibly velvet) coats, cravats, and decorated hats that they carry at their sides. The labourer (and possibly slave) at the bottom wears a headwrap and no shirt. European exploration northwestward, into the frontier of Rupert's Land, the North-Western Territory, and the Columbia District, was in large part motivated by the North American fur trade, establishing a network of forts and supply routes that laid the developmental groundwork for the modern Canadian state. Indigenous and European hunters and trappers supplied trade networks that capitalized on the demand for beaver pelts in European markets. Capotes (long wrap-style wool coats, often complete with a hood) were worn by European settlers, traders, trappers, and hunters, as well as Indigenous peoples, since the earliest days of the fur trade. These coats were known to be easy to move in, and were first traded to the Mi'kmaq by French sailors. The Hudson's Bay Company, which was granted monopoly over Rupert's Land via royal charter from Charles II of England, sold capotes (also called "blanket coats"), fabricated out of the company's unique "point blanket", from trading posts such as Moose Factory, New Severn, York Factory, and Fort Churchill as early as the mid-17th century. Beginning in the 17th century, European explorers and traders increasingly wore mukluks; hide boots originally crafted by Inuit peoples using sealskin and caribou skin. Mukluks were designed for maneuverability and warmth, and were blind stitched with sinew thread to make watertight seams, thus being suitable for tundra. European adoption of mukluks in turn influenced Indigenous crafting by introducing new materials, sewing techniques, and styles, as seen in the increased used of tassels and new beading patterns. Habitants (French-Canadian farmers and fishers) comprised 80% of the population of New France by the time of the British conquest in 1763. Habitant clothing was largely homemade or spun by local weavers, usually using linen, hemp, or wool, and lined with leather or fur, and was similar to the conservative clothing worn in the French countryside. Men tended to wear a shift or shirt, breeches, wool stockings, sometimes a vest or waistcoat, and either leather shoes, clogs or moccasins. Men would also wear breechclouts or toques depending on the season. Daily-wear for women included cotton shifts, woolen skirts over a petticoat, wool stockings held up by garters, bodices, bonnets, and buckle shoes or clogs. Habitant women also kept dresses, mantles, aprons, and shawls. The bourgeoisie of New France generally wore clothes with comparatively finer fabrics, such as silk and velvet, and utilized a wider variety of colour. Men often wore wigs and tri-corner hats with feathers, decorative buttons, and braids, and tended to have embroideries on their clothing. Bourgeois men also tended to wear ties or scarves made of muslin. Bourgeois women wore decorative fashions, such as blouses with lace collars and skirts with pleats, generally more fitted dresses and dress coats than their lower-class counterparts, and often carried fans or parasols. New France nobility wore similar fashions to the bourgeoisie, but were generally more lavish and extravagant in their fabrics and designs. Men wore wigs and tri-corner hats, although before the 18th century, these wigs were often so large that hats had to be carried underarm. They wore shirts with lace collars and cuffs, Steinkerque lace cravats, gold and silver-threaded vests and coats, and silk pants, stockings, and shoes. Noblemen also often carried canes, wore gloves, and even as wigs downsized, the tradition of carrying hats underarm persisted. Noble women wore bonnets decorated with lace and gems (often in the shape of butterflies), as well as blouses adorned with frilled lace and with funnel-shaped lace sleeves. Their dresses and skirts often had gold and silver thread, floral designs, fringes, and were typically layered over petticoats. Dress trains in New France were also traditionally cut to length in accordance with one's level of nobility. Like their male counterparts, noble women wore silk stockings and shoes. Accessories included parasols, gloves, and gold and silver ribbons that often held garments together. Post-New France and the new British colonies (1760s to 1800s) See also: 1750–1775 in Western fashion and 1775–1795 in Western fashion The Coming of the Loyalists by Henry Sandham (c. between 1880 and 1910), depicting a romanticised arrival of United Empire Loyalists to a New Brunswick shore. The men are shown in century coats, waistcoats, and tricorne hats, while the women wear brightly coloured dresses, shawls, and ornamented hats. Though the early years following the British conquest of New France did not see a dramatic shift in the way of working-class fashion, the changing styles among the upper-classes in England and France did influence those of the Canadian colonies. Fashions of upper-class Canadian women reflected those of their European counterparts, such as through the use of lace, boned stays, pastels, and ruffles. Though English styles were incorporated into the wardrobes of French-Canadian women, these styles were more prevalent in English-majority areas during this period, particularly in Upper Canada and the Atlantic colonies, where immigrants from Britain and the influx of United Empire Loyalists tended to settle. English and French styles during this time were typically distinguished by their level of extravagance; English-Canadian dresses tended to be more toned-down and conservative. In contrast to the macaroni fashion that took off in London during the Georgian era, men's fashion in the Canadian colonies tended to shift toward a comparatively casual and sleek appearance. Men's clothes in the latter part of the 18th century became tighter over time, and three-piece suits started to become more commonplace. Regency Era (1810s to 1830s) See also: 1795–1820 in Western fashion, 1820s in Western fashion, and 1830s in Western fashion Major-General The Hon. Aeneas Shaw by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster (1902), depicting Æneas Shaw in a scarlet tailcoat with golden epaulettes and buttons, white trousers, and a black cape with red lining The Regency era marks the beginning of the Great Migration of Canada, in which roughly 800,000 migrants, largely from the British Isles, moved to British North America. As a result, London upper-class fashions, such as those of the Romantic movement and the dandy trend, became much more predominant throughout the Canadian colonies; in Upper Canada, the Maritimes, and even in Lower Canada, where a Francophone majority persisted. In Fashion: A Canadian Perspective, Alexandra Palmer explains that "by the 1830s Lower Canadian professionals were spending a greater proportion of their income (some 20%) on attire. This was more than any other class, making them leaders in fashion as well as politics. They were, for example, early purchasers not only of trousers but also the stylish Wellington and Brunswick boots advertised in Lower Canadian newspapers after 1815. These men went from wearing wigs or tying back their own long hair to short natural styles." "Dandy" fashion entailed some common elements: dark colours, blue tailcoats with gold buttons, white muslin shirts, trousers replacing breeches, fabrics like silk, wool, cotton, and buckskin, and generally tight-fitting clothes. Other important articles and accessories for upper-class men included black silk tophats (or "toppers"), cravats, gloves, canes, pocket watches, monocles, and greatcoats. The black-on-red tartan pattern was used in the fabrication of mackinaw jackets during the War of 1812 Women's high fashion took a dramatic shift from the understated fashions of decades prior as extravagant styles became popular, utilizing such elements as poofy sleeves, bell-shaped skirts, elaborate hats, and ribbons. Empire dresses from the early part of the century were high-waisted with a fitted bodice, and were flowing and loose fitting at the bottom. Preceding years over the course of this period saw older styles blending into new, such as dresses with "empire" waistlines but with fuller skirts, and also saw the beginnings of gigot-style sleeves as a trend. As sleeves expanded during the 1820s, the common fashion for waistlines also inched lower overtime. During the War of 1812, the mackinaw jacket was invented out of necessity. During the occupation of Fort Mackinac, the British commander Charles Roberts requisitioned a supply of Hudson's Bay point blankets from the British Indian Department to manufacture greatcoats for the coming winter. Due to the shortage of blue fabric needed to complete the order, the balance was supplemented by blankets with a black-on-red tartan pattern. After being advised by a dispatch runner on the impracticality of travelling in long greatcoats between Montreal and Mackinaw during winter due to snowdrifts, it was recommended that they instead fabricate shorter double-breasted jackets, thus inventing what became known as the '’mackinaw jacket'’. Confederation Era (1840s to 1890s) See also: Victorian fashion, 1840s in Western fashion, 1850s in Western fashion, 1860s in Western fashion, 1870s in Western fashion, 1880s in Western fashion, and 1890s in Western fashion Painting of the Bowman family by an unknown artist (c.1840s). Store-owner Charles Bowman and his sons are dressed in three-piece suits while his wife and daughters wear dresses. Additions and accessories include Charles' stock tie, his wife's bonnet, his older daughter's shawl, and his younger daughter's capelet. Everyday fashion for women during the Confederation era was characterized by variety, ornamentation, and ever-changing styles. Dresses in the 1830s were notable for their width, voluminousness, and gigot-style sleeves. The 1850s saw the popularity of crinolines skirts and bell-shaped shirts. Over time, the fashionability of the perch at the back of the dress shifted to smoother lines, akin to an "hour-glass" shape by the end of the 19th century. Canadian middle-class women often had to modify their existing attire to sustain the changing trends. Formal dress for Canadian women was important during this era due to the popularity of costumed theatre, skating carnivals, and balls. Historical figures, such as Marie Antoinette, were popular costume inspirations, and great care was taken to achieve historical accuracy whilst keeping in line with contemporary fashion. The 1870s, for example, saw the popularity of the "princess-style dress", which was sewn without a waistline and incorporated a white wig and regal velvet sleeve detail. These events were typically themed to celebrate Canadian history or the British Empire, and had a function of disseminating educational themes of technological progress, art, and literature through local newspapers. Women's outerwear had to adapt to the changing styles of dress. For example, with the 1850s crinoline trend, overcoats were exchanged for shawls. The paisley shawl, which were already in common use in Scotland and the British Raj, was particularly popular during this time. Hats and bonnets also became particularly popular in the 1880s and 90s, and millinery became a growing trade for women, separate from dressmaking. Materials such as ribbons, lace, flowers, feathers, and sometimes bird ornaments were artistically incorporated as hats came to be seen as increasingly stylish and not simply functional attire. Leslie Ward's caricatures of Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, 1900 (left), and Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier, 1897 (right), as published in Vanity Fair. Strathcona and Laurier are illustrated wearing professional attire typical of this period; dark three-piece suits, white collars, and morning coats. Professional attire became increasingly prominent with Canada's burgeoning middle class. These clothes were required to be low-maintenance and perceived as respectable, as masculine fashions gradually shifted from the decorative styles of previous eras in favour of black suits. Though custom-made suits were worn by wealthy and prominent professionals, cheaper ready-made suits became more widely available and marketed through mail-order catalogues by companies like T. Eaton Co. and Dupuis Frères. Fur coats were common during the winter months, as seen in the distinctive designs of R.J. Devlin, who made beaver-fur greatcoats that were known to be particularly popular among members of the Ontario Legislative Assembly. Increasing simplicity in men's everyday wear provided the opportunity for personal flare through luxury ornaments and accessories. Such items included pocket watches, detachable collars, ties, cravats, stocks, and tophats. Other men's fashions came in the form of leisure and club wear. Sporting attire was produced to meet demand from the increasing interest in activities like hockey, equestrian, cycling, walking, and swimming. For example, breeches became more vogue due to the popularity of horseback riding and cycling. The rise in membership of fraternal organizations, such as the Freemasons and the Orange Order, saw an increased use of ceremonial garments. Such garments included the Freemasons' apron, based on the functional attire of medieval stonemasons and adorned with Masonic symbols, ribbons, and rosettes, and the collar of the Orange Order in Canada, which was embroidered with British-Canadian symbols like the thistle, shamrock, rose, and maple leaf. Left: ornate wool dress tailored by J.J. Miloy (1887). Right: wool doeskin skirt-suit with a silk velvet collar, silk lining, and mother-of-pearl buttons by William St. Pierre Ltd. (c. 1900) The mid-19th century saw the development of local, custom-made clothing industries and the increase in prestige of fashion design as a trade. Canadian fashion designers during this period were dressmakers and tailors who often ran local storefronts, which may have also sold fabrics and accessories, catering to local urban markets such as Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa. These businesses often operated under the name of the owner-designer, and by the late 19th to early 20th century, city directories listed an outstanding quantity of local tailors and dressmaking shops. This period also saw labels become a common industry practice for designers to guarantee their authorship, and department stores began selling designer clothing alongside ready-made selections. Famous elite Canadian designers during this period include G.M. Holbrook (Ottawa), William Stitt and Co. and O'Brien (Toronto), and J.J. Miloy (Montreal), who were notably patronized by the governor general Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby and his wife, Lady Stanley. Edwardian Era, World War 1, and Interwar Period (1900s to 1930s) See also: 1900s in Western fashion, 1910s in Western fashion, 1920s in Western fashion, and 1930–1945 in Western fashion Eaton's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1916) Edwardian women's fashion was characterized notably by the preeminence of Parisian haute couture, which had a marked influence on western fashion broadly, including in the Dominion of Canada. For example, the S-shaped "columnar silhouette", made popular by Parisian couturiers, saw the phasing out of corsets which were fundamental to the fashions of the previous era. Mass-produced clothing also started to become more prevalent, which squeezed the local custom garment industry, particularly in men's wear. Notable Canadian designers during the 1920s and 30s include Madame Martha, who designed and sold couture clothing in Toronto, and Ida Desmarais, who designed gowns for a Montreal clientele. Gaby Bernier and Marie-Paule Nolin were also important Montreal designers who established their practices during the 1930s. The influx of imports from European designers, particularly those of Paris, to Canadian department stores like Eaton's, Simpson's, and Holt Renfrew presented further challenges for local producers, although some Canadian designers had garnered enough brand recognition to maintain a presence with department stores, such as Madame Martha's "French Salon" at the Simpson's Toronto location, and Marie-Paule Nolin's in-store salon and couture workroom at Holt Renfrew's Montreal location. Left: Service dress of Captain Noel Farrow, Canadian Expeditionary Force (1917), as displayed at Glenbow Museum. Right: "New Easter Frocks, Undeniably Chic and Cleverly Designed" from Canadian Home Journal (1920). The Edwardian era saw the brightly-coloured military regalia, typical of the previous century, replaced with the Canadian-patterned service dress jacket, which was intended to double as both a field and dress jacket. This jacket was characterized by a stand-up collar secured by hooks and eyes, a 5 to 7-button front closure, two box-pleated breast-pockets with scalloped flaps and buttons, two hip-pockets with flaps, gauntlet-style cuffs, and sometimes coloured shoulder straps. During the First World War, an economy version of this service jacket was introduced in the form of the "Kitchener Pattern", which notably replaced box-pleats at the breast-pockets with standard pockets. Efforts toward women's rights by suffragettes, particularly Canada's Famous Five, as well as an increase in women's participation in sport, helped to advance changing ideals for the woman's role in Canadian society, which was reflected through developments in fashion. Canadian women's fashion in the 1920s continued a shift away from the more physically restrictive styles of the Confederation era and toward generally more comfortable garments, such as trousers and short skirts. Similar to the developing fashion scenes of other western countries, the flapper style became popular among Canadian women during this decade. As the decade developed, particular styles of women's articles gained popularity in this vein, such as shift dresses, straight bodices, collars, and all-in-one lingerie, and the corset became increasingly substituted by chemise dresses or camisoles and bloomers. The 1920’s also saw developments in the way of men's suits. Similar to women's fashions of the time, everyday suit-wear became less formal and more considerate of personal comfort. Shorter suit jackets replaced formal long suit jackets for casual wear. The service uniforms of the First World War influenced men's jackets of the early 1920s; they tended to be high-waisted with narrow lapels. Trousers during this part of the decade also tended to be narrow. The latter half of the decade saw the typical suit jacket develop a lower waistline, wider lapels, and Oxford bags became more popular in place of narrower pants. Men's headwear during this time was typically stratified by class; upper-class men tended to wear tophats or homburg hats, the middle-class tended to wear fedoras, bowler hats, or trilby hats, while working-class men tended to wear newsboy caps or flat caps. World War 2 and Post-war Era (1940s to 1950s) See also: 1945–1960 in Western fashion This Chatelaine cover (1943) depicts a woman, or "career girl", in a simple buttoned shirt at a desk with a typewriter. The bottom text encourages the reader to buy war savings stamps. The Second World War temporarily, but drastically, altered the Canadian public's relationship with fashion. Textiles and metals that were typically used in the production of clothing were often redirected from consumer fashion and toward the war effort. More functional and practical clothing was culturally encouraged and regulated, as the national consciousness focused on a collective effort toward liberating Europe. Feminine fashion, in particular, reflected working class roles as women took up occupations traditionally filled by men, and was even described as an expression of patriotism. In the 1941 Chatelaine feature titled "How Do We Dress From Here?", Carolyn Damon wrote that "today we think more seriously, and so we dress more seriously." As part of the War Measures Act, the Wartime Prices and Trade Board became responsible for the control of goods and services, which affected the country's fashion economy dramatically. The WPTB's mandate included supply allocation, manufacturing capacity, labour allotment, product design, product change regulations, distribution of goods and services, and price controls. Because the manufacturing capacity and fabrics of certain clothing articles, such as jackets and pants, directly contradicted the production of military clothing, a simplification program for consumer fashion was enforced, which had the effect of reducing the diversity of available styles, silhouettes, colours, and dimensions. Despite these restrictions, the perpetuation of fashion nonetheless persisted. Newspapers, newsmagazines, and magazines consistently published columns, stories, and features dedicated to opinions and developments in fashion. New clothing designs, accessory descriptions, and stories addressing WPTB restrictions were continuously published throughout the war. Women's "skirt-suit" modeled in Chatelaine magazine's April 1942 edition Women's fashion and fashion journalism continued to develop during the war, as demonstrated through seasonal style changes and the adoption of new clothing articles. For example, the summer fashions of 1940 were described as "gracefully feminine", while the following autumn shifted to a comparatively narrower silhouette, and the spring of 1941 was distinguished by reduced shoulder padding and shorter and narrower skirts. Women's suits (typically consisting of a jacket and skirt), in particular, became an important fashion story, turning into a common wardrobe staple and being described as a "Canadian tradition". In the spring of 1942, the popularity of suits even overtook that of coats and dresses. Similarly, the increased appropriation of slacks by women, a typically male garment at the time, was a major wartime story that represented a shift in gender roles. Manufacturers often developed uniforms for their workforce, which tended to include comfortable low heels, short-sleeved blouses, slacks, and a bandana or snood. Department store catalogues, such as those of Eaton's, Simpson's, and Dupuis Frères, continued to have an important influence on women's fashion in the years following the end of the war. Although rural women in particular mostly used catalogues to order fabrics (from which they would fabricate their own clothing based on designs found in the catalogues), ready-to-wear fashions grew more prevalent as these catalogues became increasingly important to Canadian consumer culture. Dresses in the 1940s and 50s post-war era shifted away from the pre-war styles of the 1920s and 30s, which emphasized a natural look with shortened skirts, shorter sleeves, lower necklines, and relatively loose-fitting dresses with a somewhat square shape. Post-war dresses tended to fit tighter at the top, while wide and full at the bottom. Corsets, crinolines, and girdles returned to fashion during this period, as the emphasis on slimness increased via the influence of commercial advertising. Catalogues also promoted youth as the standard of feminine beauty, advertising products like creams, hair treatments, complexion pills, and clothes which lent themselves to a more youthful appearance (such as corsets and girdles). Modeling displayed in catalogues distributed between western and eastern Canada had notable differences, as these strict standards for youth and beauty were emphasised more in eastern markets; catalogues issued in western Canada tended to be more liberal in using female models with fuller figures or more aged appearances. Fashion models Joan Ward (left) and Barbara Ellis (right) compare fashions in a Simpson's catalogue from 1902 with the Fall and Winter Catalogue of 1952 This period was an important time in the development of Canada's department store landscape. With the imminent closing of the North American fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company underwent a "modernization program" which involved entering the commercial retail space. Although the company had operated urban storefronts since the late 19th century, and had established department stores in western Canadian cities such as Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Calgary, and Edmonton since the early 20th century, it was not until the company acquired Morgan's in 1960 that it entered the larger markets in central Canada. This would begin a monopolising trend within Canada's developing retail landscape, as the company would go on to acquire Freimans in 1972, Simpson's in 1978, and Woodward's in 1993. Holt Renfrew also made important moves during the post-war era by closing key deals with leading haute couture fashion houses from France and Italy (notably the House of Christian Dior, which Holt Renfrew became the exclusive Canadian distributor for). The company expanded its sales operations in Edmonton, Calgary, and London during the early 1950s, and established key outlets at some of Canada's grand railway hotels, such as the Royal York, Chateau Frontenac, and Château Laurier. By 1958, most women's clothing sold in Canada was manufactured domestically, with skilled workers able to produce up to 15 dresses a day on average, although both the textiles and designs were often imported. For example, the "Parisian chemise", which was introduced to European markets two years prior, was first sold in Canadian stores during this year. In 1954, the Association of Canadian Couturiers was founded, which was mandated with establishing a recognisable identity and media presence for Canadian design in the broader international market. Renowned members included Montreal's Jacques de Montjoye and Toronto's Frederica. After producing the first all-Canadian fashion show in New York during their inaugural year, the Association continued to produce shows in Canadian cities twice a year, until they disbanded in 1968. Late 20th Century (1960s to 1990s) See also: 1960s in fashion, 1970s in fashion, 1980s in fashion, and 1990s in fashion The first Club Monaco store opened on Queen Street, Toronto in 1985 In 1974, the Fashion Designers Association of Canada was founded, which was mandated to promote Canadian designers as well as generate appreciation for the fashion industry's contribution to Canadian society as a whole. This Association was partly founded by Michel Robichaud and Marielle Fleury, who became globally renown when their designs toured Europe in the lead-up to Expo 67. Other notable members included Montreal's Léo Chevalier and John Warden, and Toronto's Pat McDonagh, Claire Haddad, Marilyn Brooks, and Elen Henderson. The Association held seasonal fashion shows in both Toronto and Montreal until 1980, when it disbanded. Despite the dissolution of two fashion design associations in the 60s and 80s, the developing export market in the final decades of the 20th century marked an increase in global recognition of Canadian fashion design. Canadian fashion designers that garnered significant international reputations during this era include Alfred Sung (co-founder of Club Monaco), Jean-Claude Poitras, Simon Chang, Hilary Radley, Linda Lundstrom, and Wayne Clark. Furthermore, Canada's third and current fashion design association, the Fashion Design Council of Canada, was founded at the end of the millennium, operating as "the national trade association representing the interests of the Canadian fashion design industry." The late 20th century constitutes an era in which many of Canada's most prolific brands were founded. This includes Ontario brands such as Sorel (1962), Roots (1973), and Moores (1980); Quebec brands such as Aldo (1972), Ardene (1982), and Boutique La Vie en Rose (1984); and British Columbia brands such as Aritzia (1984), Arc'teryx (1989), and Lululemon (1998). Fashion industry See also: List of Canadian clothing store chains Economy Roots store on Bloor St., Toronto As of 2023, the Canadian fashion industry is estimated to have generated a revenue of US$17.85bn, and revenue is expected to show an annual growth rate of 12.47% until 2027, resulting in a projected market volume of US$28.56bn. Canadian brands include Arc'teryx, Canada Goose, Frank and Oak, Herschel Supply Co., Hilary MacMillan, Hudson North, Kit and Ace, Kotn, Lesley Hampton, Mackage, Mejuri, Naked and Famous, Oak + Fort, Rudsak, Smash + Tess, Soia & Kyo, Sorel, and Tentree. Many Canadian clothing store chains also distribute their own original brands, such as Ardene, Aritzia, ALDO, Bluenotes, Boutique La Vie en Rose, Club Monaco, Garage, Harry Rosen, Le Château, Lululemon, Moores, Reitmans, Roots Canada, Tip Top Tailors, and Urban Behaviour. Media Pink Tartan brand on display at the Spring 2015 Toronto Fashion Week in Pecaut Square Fashion magazines published in Canada include Canadian Living, Chatelaine, Dolce, Elle Canada, fab, Fashion Magazine, Flare, glow, Hello! Canada, LOU LOU, NUVO, SHARP, and Vancouver Magazine. Industry events in Canada include Toronto Fashion Week, Ottawa Fashion Week, Montreal Fashion and Design Festival, Vancouver Fashion Week, and Western Canada Fashion Week, among others. Some popular Canadian fashion models include Shalom Harlow, Jessica Stam, Yasmin Warsame, Stacey McKenzie, Coco Rocha, Heather Marks, Andi Muise, and Linda Evangelista. Education Bata Shoe Museum on Bloor St., Toronto Canadian schools with post-secondary programs in fashion design and marking include Ryerson University School of Fashion, George Brown College, LaSalle College, Wilson School of Design at Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Seneca College, Richard Robinson Fashion Design Academy, Fanshawe College, Humber College, University of Alberta, and School of Media, Art, & Design at St. Clair College. Museums in Canada dedicated to fashion and textiles, or that maintain significant collections dedicated to fashion history, include the Patricia Harris Gallery of Textiles & Costume at the Royal Ontario Museum, McCord Stewart Museum, the Textile Museum of Canada, the Bata Shoe Museum, the Costume Museum of Canada, and the Mississippi Valley Textile Museum in Almonte, Ontario. Trends and national costumes See also: Buffalo coat, Canadian tuxedo, Ceinture fléchée, Coonskin cap, and Cowichan sweater Hudson's Bay Company catalogue advertisement for Mackinaw jackets (1936) Postcard illustration of a woman in a "typical Canadian winter dress" (1907) Canadian consumer fashion trends are linked to the legacy of the country's fashion history and are often an expression of the varied lifestyles associated with Canada's social classes and geography, as seen in athleisure and functional apparel. The "blanket jacket", for example, is possibly Canada's first athleisure garment, and is a continuation of the capotes and mackinaw jackets fashioned from wool blankets. According to Fashion: A Canadian Perspective, "the blanket coat was often labeled in the press as a national costume that represented the Canadian identity." Modern Canadian brands, like Aritzia and Simons, have drawn inspiration from this model for their own products. Athleisure has had continued influence on Canadian fashion developments, as seen in the innovations in leggings and sweatsuits during the late 20th century by Lululemon and Roots respectively. The parka is another traditional form of functional fashion, which originates from Indigenous cultures of Northern Canada, and has been adapted and marketed for upscale urban wear by brands such as Quartz Co. and Canada Goose. Since the mid-20th century, Canada has been a hub for innovation and design in winter boots, with local companies having integrated insulated footwear and convenient street styles. Examples include "cougar pillow" boots, First Nations-inspired moccasin footwear, and the waterproof cold-weather boots designed by Sorel. Various headwear have been developed in Canada and have often carried cultural and historical significance. Beaver hats and their demand in the European market, for example, were an important driver of the Canadian fur trade. The Calgary white hat is a more contemporary example; a garment of symbolic importance for the city of Calgary, Alberta, rooted in the traditional ranching and farming culture of the area. The "White Hat" provides Calgary with a sense of communal identity, an idealized citizen epitomized in the "Canadian cowboy", and a sense of living on the margins and distinction from perceived centralising powers within Canada. Although the knitted cap, or "beanie", was not invented in Canada, it has none the less been distinguished within the Canadian consciousness as an important piece of national apparel. Other headgear that were developed in Canada include the tilley hat, the Pangnirtung (or "Pang") hat, and the "Christy stiff" variety of derby hat. Equestrian style elements have had a marked influence on modern Canadian design and trends. With the enduring popularity of the "horse girl" aesthetic through clothing articles such as women's tailored blazers, tall leather boots, crewneck sweaters, plaid barn jackets, and sleek leggings, this style has been a source of guidance for major brands like Smythe, Aldo, Roots, and Brunette the Label. Smythe's notoriety as a high-end designer of equestrian-inspired fashion was increased after their blazers were worn by the Duchess of Cambridge at several public events, including the 2011 and 2016 royal tours of Canada. Brands like Street and Saddle and Ellie Mae have adapted recreational equestrian styles for everyday and professional wear, particularly the autumn fashion season. Uniforms Left: Billy Bishop wearing a regulation fur wedge cap as a cadet at the Royal Military College (1914). Right: Mountie wearing her ceremonial uniform at the Vancouver Pride Parade (2009). Public service See also: Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces One of Canada's most recognizable and internationally-renown uniforms is the ceremonial outfit of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. This uniform consists of the Red Serge (a scarlet military-pattern tunic, complete with a high-neck black collar), midnight-blue breeches with yellow trouser piping, an oxblood Sam Browne belt with white sidearm lanyard and matching oxblood riding boots, brown felt campaign hat (also known as the "stetson hat"), and oxblood gloves. The fur wedge cap is a traditional piece of headgear for some Canadian police forces, such as the RCMP and Toronto Police Service, as well as the Canadian Armed Forces, where it was in use from the 1890s to the 1970s. It continues to be worn by officer cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada. The outside layer of the cap is usually made from either synthetic fur or an animal product, such as Persian lamb wool, and is designed to fold flat when not in use. Non-governmental organisations There are a number of Canadian youth associations which require standard-issue uniforms for their members. One such organisation is the Girl Guides of Canada, which has had a myriad of different uniforms for each of its branches since its inception in 1909. The earliest known uniform for Guides included a navy-blue skirt, a red biretta or straw hat (for Summer), navy-blue stockings, white lanyard, and a jersey and neckerchief in "company colours". Currently, youth branches all maintain some variation of a navy-blue shirt or tunic with a trefoil, with optional sashes and scarves. References ^ Jennifer S.H. Brown. "Beaver Pelts". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ "Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat". HBC Heritage. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ "Capots (Art. III. Capots, with some Side Lights on Chiefs' Coats & Blankets, 1774-1821, by A. Gottfred.)". Northwest Journal Online. Retrieved 2023-02-23. ^ René R. Gadacz (20 October 2015). "Mukluk". 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Head-dress of the Canadian Mounted Police, 1873–2000. Calgary: Bunker to Bunker Pub. pp. 89–96. ISBN 1894255070. ^ e-Veritas, July 24, 2016, Headdress of the Royal Military College of Canada: A brief history by 8057 Ross McKenzie, former Curator RMC Museum Archived 2016-08-13 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Canadian Guiding Uniform History". GIRL GUIDE HISTORY TIDBITS. Retrieved 2024-01-04. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boots_on_a_rock_(Unsplash).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat-Suit_Classics_for_the_Teen-Age_Girls_-_Simpson%27s_Fashions_of_Spring_and_Summer_1945.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vivian_Wilcox,_r%C3%A9dactrice_de_mode_pour_Ch%C3%A2telaine_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_logo_label.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kate_in_Ottawa_for_Canada_Day_2011_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman%27s_outer_parka,_Nunavimiut,_eastern_Hudson_Bay,_c._1914_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00296.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niagara_Falls_fashion_plate,_1842_Gravure_de_mode_devant_les_chutes_Niagara,_1842_(48301610776).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chilliwack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilliwack"},{"link_name":"Chatelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatelaine_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"HRH the Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"fashion plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_plate"},{"link_name":"Nunavimiut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungava_Bay"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"Canada Goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Goose_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Simpson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpsons_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"footwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear"},{"link_name":"accessories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_accessories"},{"link_name":"fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"polities it is descended from","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Indigenous cultures of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"maintain fashions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_fashion"},{"link_name":"Port-Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)"},{"link_name":"North American fur trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fur_trade"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"local geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Arc'teryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%27teryx"},{"link_name":"Lululemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lululemon"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Holt Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Renfrew"},{"link_name":"industry events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_week"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"fashion magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_journalism"},{"link_name":"Elle Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Canada"},{"link_name":"Fashion Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Magazine"},{"link_name":"fashion design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_design"}],"text":"Clockwise from top: woman wearing black boots, leggings, and cabin socks (Chilliwack, 2017), Chatelaine fashion editor Vivian Wilcox (1955), HRH the Princess of Wales in a Canada-themed outfit (Ottawa, 2011), \"Niagara Falls fashion plate\" (1842), Nunavimiut outer parka (c. 1914) at the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada Goose logo, Canadian teenagers in skirt-suits from Simpson's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1945)Canadian fashion refers to the styles, trends, design, and production of clothing, footwear, accessories, and other expressions of fashion in Canada and the polities it is descended from.Since time immemorial, the Indigenous cultures of Canada designed clothing and accessories for practical application in contention with the natural elements, as well as for ritualistic and spiritual purposes. Indigenous-Canadians maintain fashions that are distinct to their particular cultures. Beginning from the 16th century after the founding of Port-Royal, developing factors such as continued European settlement, the North American fur trade, and the establishment of proto-Canadian colonies, such as those of New France and British North America, incrementally introduced western fashions throughout the region, which were often modified or innovated to adapt to local geography.From the 16th century onward, Canada's fashion history can be divided into discernable eras that are characterized by prevalent styles particular to the time period. These various modes of dress have often been influenced by the predominant upper-class fashions of western Europe, notably Britain and France, as well as the geographical realities of living in Canada and the rugged lifestyles therein.Canada's fashion economy includes numerous clothing and accessory brands (such as Arc'teryx and Lululemon), department stores (such as the historical Hudson's Bay Company and Holt Renfrew), various annual and semi-annual industry events in Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, fashion magazines (such as Elle Canada and Fashion Magazine), and a variety of postsecondary programs in fashion design and marketing.","title":"Canadian fashion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Western Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Fashion"}],"text":"See also: History of Western Fashion","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fashion"},{"link_name":"1550–1600 in Western European fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_Western_European_fashion"},{"link_name":"1600–1650 in Western European fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600%E2%80%931650_in_Western_European_fashion"},{"link_name":"1650–1700 in Western European fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_Western_European_fashion"},{"link_name":"1700–1750 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700%E2%80%931750_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ein_Canadischer_Bauer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrival_of_the_Brides_-_Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale.png"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale"},{"link_name":"capotain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capotain"},{"link_name":"Jean Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Talon"},{"link_name":"slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France"},{"link_name":"Rupert's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"North-Western Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Territory"},{"link_name":"Columbia District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_District"},{"link_name":"trappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Capotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capote_(garment)"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"coats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat"},{"link_name":"settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlers"},{"link_name":"Mi'kmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Moose Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Factory"},{"link_name":"New Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Severn"},{"link_name":"York Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Factory"},{"link_name":"Fort Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-northwest_journal-capots-3"},{"link_name":"mukluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukluks"},{"link_name":"hide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(skin)"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"sealskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealskin"},{"link_name":"caribou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou"},{"link_name":"blind stitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_stitch"},{"link_name":"sinew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinew"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"tassels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassels"},{"link_name":"beading patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadwork"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Habitants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitants"},{"link_name":"French-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Canadian"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"British conquest in 1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"},{"link_name":"weavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_clothing"},{"link_name":"shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirt"},{"link_name":"breeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeches"},{"link_name":"stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockings"},{"link_name":"waistcoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waistcoat"},{"link_name":"shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoes"},{"link_name":"clogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogs"},{"link_name":"moccasins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moccasins"},{"link_name":"breechclouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechclouts"},{"link_name":"toques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toque"},{"link_name":"skirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirts"},{"link_name":"petticoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat"},{"link_name":"garters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garters"},{"link_name":"bodices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodices"},{"link_name":"bonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresses"},{"link_name":"mantles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"aprons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprons"},{"link_name":"shawls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawls"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-01-14-5"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet"},{"link_name":"tri-corner hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricorne"},{"link_name":"muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin"},{"link_name":"pleats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleats"},{"link_name":"parasols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasols"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-01-14-5"},{"link_name":"cravats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravat_(early)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-01-14-5"},{"link_name":"Dress trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-01-14-5"}],"sub_title":"New France and the early Fur Trade (1530s to 1750s)","text":"See also: French fashion, 1550–1600 in Western European fashion, 1600–1650 in Western European fashion, 1650–1700 in Western European fashion, and 1700–1750 in Western fashionEin Canadischer Bauer (A Canadian Farmer) by Friedrich von Germann (1778)Arrival of the Brides by Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale (c. prior to 1927). High-class French women are illustrated wearing colourful dresses, lace sleeves, ribbons, and holding fans. In contrast, the evidently lower-class woman in the foreground carries a metal box and wears a plain blouse, capotain hat, and long skirt. Most of the men depicted appear to be high-born, including Jean Talon, wearing colourful (possibly velvet) coats, cravats, and decorated hats that they carry at their sides. The labourer (and possibly slave) at the bottom wears a headwrap and no shirt.European exploration northwestward, into the frontier of Rupert's Land, the North-Western Territory, and the Columbia District, was in large part motivated by the North American fur trade, establishing a network of forts and supply routes that laid the developmental groundwork for the modern Canadian state. Indigenous and European hunters and trappers supplied trade networks that capitalized on the demand for beaver pelts in European markets.[1]Capotes (long wrap-style wool coats, often complete with a hood) were worn by European settlers, traders, trappers, and hunters, as well as Indigenous peoples, since the earliest days of the fur trade. These coats were known to be easy to move in, and were first traded to the Mi'kmaq by French sailors. The Hudson's Bay Company, which was granted monopoly over Rupert's Land via royal charter from Charles II of England, sold capotes (also called \"blanket coats\"), fabricated out of the company's unique \"point blanket\", from trading posts such as Moose Factory, New Severn, York Factory, and Fort Churchill as early as the mid-17th century.[2][3]Beginning in the 17th century, European explorers and traders increasingly wore mukluks; hide boots originally crafted by Inuit peoples using sealskin and caribou skin. Mukluks were designed for maneuverability and warmth, and were blind stitched with sinew thread to make watertight seams, thus being suitable for tundra. European adoption of mukluks in turn influenced Indigenous crafting by introducing new materials, sewing techniques, and styles, as seen in the increased used of tassels and new beading patterns.[4]Habitants (French-Canadian farmers and fishers) comprised 80% of the population of New France by the time of the British conquest in 1763. Habitant clothing was largely homemade or spun by local weavers, usually using linen, hemp, or wool, and lined with leather or fur, and was similar to the conservative clothing worn in the French countryside. Men tended to wear a shift or shirt, breeches, wool stockings, sometimes a vest or waistcoat, and either leather shoes, clogs or moccasins. Men would also wear breechclouts or toques depending on the season. Daily-wear for women included cotton shifts, woolen skirts over a petticoat, wool stockings held up by garters, bodices, bonnets, and buckle shoes or clogs. Habitant women also kept dresses, mantles, aprons, and shawls.[5]The bourgeoisie of New France generally wore clothes with comparatively finer fabrics, such as silk and velvet, and utilized a wider variety of colour. Men often wore wigs and tri-corner hats with feathers, decorative buttons, and braids, and tended to have embroideries on their clothing. Bourgeois men also tended to wear ties or scarves made of muslin. Bourgeois women wore decorative fashions, such as blouses with lace collars and skirts with pleats, generally more fitted dresses and dress coats than their lower-class counterparts, and often carried fans or parasols.[5]New France nobility wore similar fashions to the bourgeoisie, but were generally more lavish and extravagant in their fabrics and designs. Men wore wigs and tri-corner hats, although before the 18th century, these wigs were often so large that hats had to be carried underarm. They wore shirts with lace collars and cuffs, Steinkerque lace cravats, gold and silver-threaded vests and coats, and silk pants, stockings, and shoes. Noblemen also often carried canes, wore gloves, and even as wigs downsized, the tradition of carrying hats underarm persisted.[5]Noble women wore bonnets decorated with lace and gems (often in the shape of butterflies), as well as blouses adorned with frilled lace and with funnel-shaped lace sleeves. Their dresses and skirts often had gold and silver thread, floral designs, fringes, and were typically layered over petticoats. Dress trains in New France were also traditionally cut to length in accordance with one's level of nobility. Like their male counterparts, noble women wore silk stockings and shoes. Accessories included parasols, gloves, and gold and silver ribbons that often held garments together.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1750–1775 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1750%E2%80%931775_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1775–1795 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Sandham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sandham"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"British conquest of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758-1760)"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Atlantic colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_maritimes"},{"link_name":"United Empire Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-06-30-6"},{"link_name":"macaroni fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_(fashion)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Georgian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_era"},{"link_name":"three-piece suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-06-30-6"}],"sub_title":"Post-New France and the new British colonies (1760s to 1800s)","text":"See also: 1750–1775 in Western fashion and 1775–1795 in Western fashionThe Coming of the Loyalists by Henry Sandham (c. between 1880 and 1910), depicting a romanticised arrival of United Empire Loyalists to a New Brunswick shore. The men are shown in century coats, waistcoats, and tricorne hats, while the women wear brightly coloured dresses, shawls, and ornamented hats.Though the early years following the British conquest of New France did not see a dramatic shift in the way of working-class fashion, the changing styles among the upper-classes in England and France did influence those of the Canadian colonies. Fashions of upper-class Canadian women reflected those of their European counterparts, such as through the use of lace, boned stays, pastels, and ruffles. Though English styles were incorporated into the wardrobes of French-Canadian women, these styles were more prevalent in English-majority areas during this period, particularly in Upper Canada and the Atlantic colonies, where immigrants from Britain and the influx of United Empire Loyalists tended to settle. English and French styles during this time were typically distinguished by their level of extravagance; English-Canadian dresses tended to be more toned-down and conservative.[6]In contrast to the macaroni fashion that took off in London during the Georgian era, men's fashion in the Canadian colonies tended to shift toward a comparatively casual and sleek appearance. Men's clothes in the latter part of the 18th century became tighter over time, and three-piece suits started to become more commonplace.\n[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1795–1820 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1820s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1830s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830s_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neas_Shaw.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Wycliffe Lowes Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe_Lowes_Forster"},{"link_name":"Æneas Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86neas_Shaw"},{"link_name":"epaulettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaulettes"},{"link_name":"Regency era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_era"},{"link_name":"Great Migration of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Romantic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_movement"},{"link_name":"dandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandy"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_boots"},{"link_name":"tophats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophats"},{"link_name":"pocket watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_watches"},{"link_name":"monocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocles"},{"link_name":"greatcoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatcoats"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MacGregor_Red_%26_Black_(aka_Rob_Roy_Macgregor)_tartan.png"},{"link_name":"black-on-red tartan pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gregor#Tartans"},{"link_name":"Empire dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_silhouette"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"mackinaw jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket"},{"link_name":"Fort Mackinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mackinac"},{"link_name":"Charles Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Roberts_(soldier,_died_1816)"},{"link_name":"British Indian Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Department"},{"link_name":"tartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartan"},{"link_name":"snowdrifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdrift"},{"link_name":"double-breasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-breasted"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WooleySketches-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTS-10"}],"sub_title":"Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)","text":"See also: 1795–1820 in Western fashion, 1820s in Western fashion, and 1830s in Western fashionMajor-General The Hon. Aeneas Shaw by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster (1902), depicting Æneas Shaw in a scarlet tailcoat with golden epaulettes and buttons, white trousers, and a black cape with red liningThe Regency era marks the beginning of the Great Migration of Canada, in which roughly 800,000 migrants, largely from the British Isles, moved to British North America. As a result, London upper-class fashions, such as those of the Romantic movement and the dandy trend, became much more predominant throughout the Canadian colonies; in Upper Canada, the Maritimes, and even in Lower Canada, where a Francophone majority persisted. In Fashion: A Canadian Perspective, Alexandra Palmer explains that \"by the 1830s Lower Canadian professionals were spending a greater proportion of their income (some 20%) on attire. This was more than any other class, making them leaders in fashion as well as politics. They were, for example, early purchasers not only of trousers but also the stylish Wellington and Brunswick boots advertised in Lower Canadian newspapers after 1815. […] These men went from wearing wigs or tying back their own long hair […] to short natural styles.\"\"Dandy\" fashion entailed some common elements: dark colours, blue tailcoats with gold buttons, white muslin shirts, trousers replacing breeches, fabrics like silk, wool, cotton, and buckskin, and generally tight-fitting clothes. Other important articles and accessories for upper-class men included black silk tophats (or \"toppers\"), cravats, gloves, canes, pocket watches, monocles, and greatcoats.[7]The black-on-red tartan pattern was used in the fabrication of mackinaw jackets during the War of 1812Women's high fashion took a dramatic shift from the understated fashions of decades prior as extravagant styles became popular, utilizing such elements as poofy sleeves, bell-shaped skirts, elaborate hats, and ribbons. Empire dresses from the early part of the century were high-waisted with a fitted bodice, and were flowing and loose fitting at the bottom. Preceding years over the course of this period saw older styles blending into new, such as dresses with \"empire\" waistlines but with fuller skirts, and also saw the beginnings of gigot-style sleeves as a trend. As sleeves expanded during the 1820s, the common fashion for waistlines also inched lower overtime.[8]During the War of 1812, the mackinaw jacket was invented out of necessity. During the occupation of Fort Mackinac, the British commander Charles Roberts requisitioned a supply of Hudson's Bay point blankets from the British Indian Department to manufacture greatcoats for the coming winter. Due to the shortage of blue fabric needed to complete the order, the balance was supplemented by blankets with a black-on-red tartan pattern. After being advised by a dispatch runner on the impracticality of travelling in long greatcoats between Montreal and Mackinaw during winter due to snowdrifts, it was recommended that they instead fabricate shorter double-breasted jackets, thus inventing what became known as the '’mackinaw jacket'’.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_fashion"},{"link_name":"1840s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1850s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1860s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1870s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1880s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1890s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890s_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Bowman_and_Family_Painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowmanville"},{"link_name":"Confederation era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom_dance"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Canadian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_history"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"crinoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoline"},{"link_name":"paisley shawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_shawl"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"millinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millinery"},{"link_name":"dressmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressmaking"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Strathcona_Vanity_Fair_1900-04-19.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilfrid_Laurier_Vanity_Fair_1897-08-19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leslie Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward"},{"link_name":"Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal"},{"link_name":"Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)"},{"link_name":"T. Eaton Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton%27s"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ontario Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_tie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"fraternal organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Orange Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J._J._Milloy_Dress.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skirt_Suit.jpg"},{"link_name":"doeskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doeskin"},{"link_name":"mother-of-pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre"},{"link_name":"tailors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailors"},{"link_name":"labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_general_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Arthur_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Confederation Era (1840s to 1890s)","text":"See also: Victorian fashion, 1840s in Western fashion, 1850s in Western fashion, 1860s in Western fashion, 1870s in Western fashion, 1880s in Western fashion, and 1890s in Western fashionPainting of the Bowman family by an unknown artist (c.1840s). Store-owner Charles Bowman and his sons are dressed in three-piece suits while his wife and daughters wear dresses. Additions and accessories include Charles' stock tie, his wife's bonnet, his older daughter's shawl, and his younger daughter's capelet.Everyday fashion for women during the Confederation era was characterized by variety, ornamentation, and ever-changing styles. Dresses in the 1830s were notable for their width, voluminousness, and gigot-style sleeves. The 1850s saw the popularity of crinolines skirts and bell-shaped shirts. Over time, the fashionability of the perch at the back of the dress shifted to smoother lines, akin to an \"hour-glass\" shape by the end of the 19th century. Canadian middle-class women often had to modify their existing attire to sustain the changing trends.[11]Formal dress for Canadian women was important during this era due to the popularity of costumed theatre, skating carnivals, and balls. Historical figures, such as Marie Antoinette, were popular costume inspirations, and great care was taken to achieve historical accuracy whilst keeping in line with contemporary fashion. The 1870s, for example, saw the popularity of the \"princess-style dress\", which was sewn without a waistline and incorporated a white wig and regal velvet sleeve detail. These events were typically themed to celebrate Canadian history or the British Empire, and had a function of disseminating educational themes of technological progress, art, and literature through local newspapers.[12]Women's outerwear had to adapt to the changing styles of dress. For example, with the 1850s crinoline trend, overcoats were exchanged for shawls. The paisley shawl, which were already in common use in Scotland and the British Raj, was particularly popular during this time. Hats and bonnets also became particularly popular in the 1880s and 90s, and millinery became a growing trade for women, separate from dressmaking. Materials such as ribbons, lace, flowers, feathers, and sometimes bird ornaments were artistically incorporated as hats came to be seen as increasingly stylish and not simply functional attire.[13]Leslie Ward's caricatures of Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, 1900 (left), and Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier, 1897 (right), as published in Vanity Fair. Strathcona and Laurier are illustrated wearing professional attire typical of this period; dark three-piece suits, white collars, and morning coats.Professional attire became increasingly prominent with Canada's burgeoning middle class. These clothes were required to be low-maintenance and perceived as respectable, as masculine fashions gradually shifted from the decorative styles of previous eras in favour of black suits. Though custom-made suits were worn by wealthy and prominent professionals, cheaper ready-made suits became more widely available and marketed through mail-order catalogues by companies like T. Eaton Co. and Dupuis Frères.[14] Fur coats were common during the winter months, as seen in the distinctive designs of R.J. Devlin, who made beaver-fur greatcoats that were known to be particularly popular among members of the Ontario Legislative Assembly.[15]Increasing simplicity in men's everyday wear provided the opportunity for personal flare through luxury ornaments and accessories. Such items included pocket watches, detachable collars, ties, cravats, stocks, and tophats.[16]Other men's fashions came in the form of leisure and club wear. Sporting attire was produced to meet demand from the increasing interest in activities like hockey, equestrian, cycling, walking, and swimming. For example, breeches became more vogue due to the popularity of horseback riding and cycling.[17] The rise in membership of fraternal organizations, such as the Freemasons and the Orange Order, saw an increased use of ceremonial garments. Such garments included the Freemasons' apron, based on the functional attire of medieval stonemasons and adorned with Masonic symbols, ribbons, and rosettes, and the collar of the Orange Order in Canada, which was embroidered with British-Canadian symbols like the thistle, shamrock, rose, and maple leaf.[18]Left: ornate wool dress tailored by J.J. Miloy (1887). Right: wool doeskin skirt-suit with a silk velvet collar, silk lining, and mother-of-pearl buttons by William St. Pierre Ltd. (c. 1900)The mid-19th century saw the development of local, custom-made clothing industries and the increase in prestige of fashion design as a trade. Canadian fashion designers during this period were dressmakers and tailors who often ran local storefronts, which may have also sold fabrics and accessories, catering to local urban markets such as Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa. These businesses often operated under the name of the owner-designer, and by the late 19th to early 20th century, city directories listed an outstanding quantity of local tailors and dressmaking shops. This period also saw labels become a common industry practice for designers to guarantee their authorship, and department stores began selling designer clothing alongside ready-made selections. Famous elite Canadian designers during this period include G.M. Holbrook (Ottawa), William Stitt and Co. and O'Brien (Toronto), and J.J. Miloy (Montreal), who were notably patronized by the governor general Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby and his wife, Lady Stanley.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1900s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1910s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1920s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1930–1945 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%931945_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eaton%27s_Spring_and_Summer_Catalogue_1916_(26126403464).jpg"},{"link_name":"Edwardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_era"},{"link_name":"haute couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mass-produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-produced"},{"link_name":"gowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowns"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Service_Dress,_Captain_Noel_Farrow,_Canadian_Expeditionary_Force,_1917_-_Glenbow_Museum_-_DSC00669.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CanadianHomeJournal1920Fashions.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Glenbow Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenbow_Museum"},{"link_name":"military regalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_uniform"},{"link_name":"service dress jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_dress_uniform"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"suffragettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragettes"},{"link_name":"Famous Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"flapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper"},{"link_name":"chemise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemise"},{"link_name":"camisoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisoles"},{"link_name":"bloomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Oxford bags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_bags"},{"link_name":"homburg hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homburg_hats"},{"link_name":"fedoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedoras"},{"link_name":"bowler hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowler_hat"},{"link_name":"trilby hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilby"},{"link_name":"newsboy caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboy_cap"},{"link_name":"flat caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Cap"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Edwardian Era, World War 1, and Interwar Period (1900s to 1930s)","text":"See also: 1900s in Western fashion, 1910s in Western fashion, 1920s in Western fashion, and 1930–1945 in Western fashionEaton's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1916)Edwardian women's fashion was characterized notably by the preeminence of Parisian haute couture, which had a marked influence on western fashion broadly, including in the Dominion of Canada. For example, the S-shaped \"columnar silhouette\", made popular by Parisian couturiers, saw the phasing out of corsets which were fundamental to the fashions of the previous era.[20] Mass-produced clothing also started to become more prevalent, which squeezed the local custom garment industry, particularly in men's wear. Notable Canadian designers during the 1920s and 30s include Madame Martha, who designed and sold couture clothing in Toronto, and Ida Desmarais, who designed gowns for a Montreal clientele. Gaby Bernier and Marie-Paule Nolin were also important Montreal designers who established their practices during the 1930s. The influx of imports from European designers, particularly those of Paris, to Canadian department stores like Eaton's, Simpson's, and Holt Renfrew presented further challenges for local producers, although some Canadian designers had garnered enough brand recognition to maintain a presence with department stores, such as Madame Martha's \"French Salon\" at the Simpson's Toronto location, and Marie-Paule Nolin's in-store salon and couture workroom at Holt Renfrew's Montreal location.[21]Left: Service dress of Captain Noel Farrow, Canadian Expeditionary Force (1917), as displayed at Glenbow Museum. Right: \"New Easter Frocks, Undeniably Chic and Cleverly Designed\" from Canadian Home Journal (1920).The Edwardian era saw the brightly-coloured military regalia, typical of the previous century, replaced with the Canadian-patterned service dress jacket, which was intended to double as both a field and dress jacket. This jacket was characterized by a stand-up collar secured by hooks and eyes, a 5 to 7-button front closure, two box-pleated breast-pockets with scalloped flaps and buttons, two hip-pockets with flaps, gauntlet-style cuffs, and sometimes coloured shoulder straps. During the First World War, an economy version of this service jacket was introduced in the form of the \"Kitchener Pattern\", which notably replaced box-pleats at the breast-pockets with standard pockets.[22]Efforts toward women's rights by suffragettes, particularly Canada's Famous Five, as well as an increase in women's participation in sport, helped to advance changing ideals for the woman's role in Canadian society, which was reflected through developments in fashion. Canadian women's fashion in the 1920s continued a shift away from the more physically restrictive styles of the Confederation era and toward generally more comfortable garments, such as trousers and short skirts. Similar to the developing fashion scenes of other western countries, the flapper style became popular among Canadian women during this decade. As the decade developed, particular styles of women's articles gained popularity in this vein, such as shift dresses, straight bodices, collars, and all-in-one lingerie, and the corset became increasingly substituted by chemise dresses or camisoles and bloomers.[23]The 1920’s also saw developments in the way of men's suits. Similar to women's fashions of the time, everyday suit-wear became less formal and more considerate of personal comfort. Shorter suit jackets replaced formal long suit jackets for casual wear. The service uniforms of the First World War influenced men's jackets of the early 1920s; they tended to be high-waisted with narrow lapels. Trousers during this part of the decade also tended to be narrow. The latter half of the decade saw the typical suit jacket develop a lower waistline, wider lapels, and Oxford bags became more popular in place of narrower pants. Men's headwear during this time was typically stratified by class; upper-class men tended to wear tophats or homburg hats, the middle-class tended to wear fedoras, bowler hats, or trilby hats, while working-class men tended to wear newsboy caps or flat caps.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1945–1960 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%931960_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatelaine-magazine-cover-1940s.webp"},{"link_name":"savings stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_stamp"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"War Measures Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Measures_Act"},{"link_name":"Wartime Prices and Trade Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime_Prices_and_Trade_Board"},{"link_name":"Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canadian_newspapers"},{"link_name":"newsmagazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmagazines"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_magazines"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatelaine_magazine_April_1942_-_skirt_suit.png"},{"link_name":"bandana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandana"},{"link_name":"snood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snood_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"creams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotion"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"eastern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Canada"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deux_mannequins_regardent_la_mode_d%E2%80%99autrefois_dans_des_catalogues_de_Simpson%E2%80%99s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fashion models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_models"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Saskatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Morgan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Freimans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freimans"},{"link_name":"Woodward's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwards"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"House of Christian Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada's grand railway hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_railway_hotels_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York"},{"link_name":"Chateau Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Frontenac"},{"link_name":"Château Laurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"fashion show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_show"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"World War 2 and Post-war Era (1940s to 1950s)","text":"See also: 1945–1960 in Western fashionThis Chatelaine cover (1943) depicts a woman, or \"career girl\", in a simple buttoned shirt at a desk with a typewriter. The bottom text encourages the reader to buy war savings stamps.The Second World War temporarily, but drastically, altered the Canadian public's relationship with fashion. Textiles and metals that were typically used in the production of clothing were often redirected from consumer fashion and toward the war effort. More functional and practical clothing was culturally encouraged and regulated, as the national consciousness focused on a collective effort toward liberating Europe. Feminine fashion, in particular, reflected working class roles as women took up occupations traditionally filled by men, and was even described as an expression of patriotism. In the 1941 Chatelaine feature titled \"How Do We Dress From Here?\", Carolyn Damon wrote that \"today we think more seriously, and so we dress more seriously.\"[25]As part of the War Measures Act, the Wartime Prices and Trade Board became responsible for the control of goods and services, which affected the country's fashion economy dramatically. The WPTB's mandate included supply allocation, manufacturing capacity, labour allotment, product design, product change regulations, distribution of goods and services, and price controls. Because the manufacturing capacity and fabrics of certain clothing articles, such as jackets and pants, directly contradicted the production of military clothing, a simplification program for consumer fashion was enforced, which had the effect of reducing the diversity of available styles, silhouettes, colours, and dimensions. Despite these restrictions, the perpetuation of fashion nonetheless persisted. Newspapers, newsmagazines, and magazines consistently published columns, stories, and features dedicated to opinions and developments in fashion. New clothing designs, accessory descriptions, and stories addressing WPTB restrictions were continuously published throughout the war.[26]Women's \"skirt-suit\" modeled in Chatelaine magazine's April 1942 editionWomen's fashion and fashion journalism continued to develop during the war, as demonstrated through seasonal style changes and the adoption of new clothing articles. For example, the summer fashions of 1940 were described as \"gracefully feminine\", while the following autumn shifted to a comparatively narrower silhouette, and the spring of 1941 was distinguished by reduced shoulder padding and shorter and narrower skirts. Women's suits (typically consisting of a jacket and skirt), in particular, became an important fashion story, turning into a common wardrobe staple and being described as a \"Canadian tradition\". In the spring of 1942, the popularity of suits even overtook that of coats and dresses. Similarly, the increased appropriation of slacks by women, a typically male garment at the time, was a major wartime story that represented a shift in gender roles. Manufacturers often developed uniforms for their workforce, which tended to include comfortable low heels, short-sleeved blouses, slacks, and a bandana or snood.[27]Department store catalogues, such as those of Eaton's, Simpson's, and Dupuis Frères, continued to have an important influence on women's fashion in the years following the end of the war. Although rural women in particular mostly used catalogues to order fabrics (from which they would fabricate their own clothing based on designs found in the catalogues), ready-to-wear fashions grew more prevalent as these catalogues became increasingly important to Canadian consumer culture.[28]Dresses in the 1940s and 50s post-war era shifted away from the pre-war styles of the 1920s and 30s, which emphasized a natural look with shortened skirts, shorter sleeves, lower necklines, and relatively loose-fitting dresses with a somewhat square shape. Post-war dresses tended to fit tighter at the top, while wide and full at the bottom. Corsets, crinolines, and girdles returned to fashion during this period, as the emphasis on slimness increased via the influence of commercial advertising. Catalogues also promoted youth as the standard of feminine beauty, advertising products like creams, hair treatments, complexion pills, and clothes which lent themselves to a more youthful appearance (such as corsets and girdles). Modeling displayed in catalogues distributed between western and eastern Canada had notable differences, as these strict standards for youth and beauty were emphasised more in eastern markets; catalogues issued in western Canada tended to be more liberal in using female models with fuller figures or more aged appearances.[29]Fashion models Joan Ward (left) and Barbara Ellis (right) compare fashions in a Simpson's catalogue from 1902 with the Fall and Winter Catalogue of 1952This period was an important time in the development of Canada's department store landscape. With the imminent closing of the North American fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company underwent a \"modernization program\" which involved entering the commercial retail space. Although the company had operated urban storefronts since the late 19th century, and had established department stores in western Canadian cities such as Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Calgary, and Edmonton since the early 20th century, it was not until the company acquired Morgan's in 1960 that it entered the larger markets in central Canada. This would begin a monopolising trend within Canada's developing retail landscape, as the company would go on to acquire Freimans in 1972, Simpson's in 1978, and Woodward's in 1993.[30]\n[31]Holt Renfrew also made important moves during the post-war era by closing key deals with leading haute couture fashion houses from France and Italy (notably the House of Christian Dior, which Holt Renfrew became the exclusive Canadian distributor for). The company expanded its sales operations in Edmonton, Calgary, and London during the early 1950s, and established key outlets at some of Canada's grand railway hotels, such as the Royal York, Chateau Frontenac, and Château Laurier.[32]\n[33]By 1958, most women's clothing sold in Canada was manufactured domestically, with skilled workers able to produce up to 15 dresses a day on average, although both the textiles and designs were often imported. For example, the \"Parisian chemise\", which was introduced to European markets two years prior, was first sold in Canadian stores during this year.[34]In 1954, the Association of Canadian Couturiers was founded, which was mandated with establishing a recognisable identity and media presence for Canadian design in the broader international market. Renowned members included Montreal's Jacques de Montjoye and Toronto's Frederica. After producing the first all-Canadian fashion show in New York during their inaugural year, the Association continued to produce shows in Canadian cities twice a year, until they disbanded in 1968.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1960s in fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s_in_fashion"},{"link_name":"1970s in fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_in_fashion"},{"link_name":"1980s in fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_in_fashion"},{"link_name":"1990s in fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Club_Monaco_store_in_Toronto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Street, Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Street,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Expo 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_67"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sung"},{"link_name":"Club Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Simon Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Chang_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Linda Lundstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Lundstrom"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Fashion Design Council of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_Canada"},{"link_name":"Moores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores"},{"link_name":"Aldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Group"},{"link_name":"Ardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardene"},{"link_name":"Boutique La Vie en Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique_La_Vie_en_Rose"},{"link_name":"Aritzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritzia"},{"link_name":"Arc'teryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%27teryx"},{"link_name":"Lululemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lululemon"}],"sub_title":"Late 20th Century (1960s to 1990s)","text":"See also: 1960s in fashion, 1970s in fashion, 1980s in fashion, and 1990s in fashionThe first Club Monaco store opened on Queen Street, Toronto in 1985In 1974, the Fashion Designers Association of Canada was founded, which was mandated to promote Canadian designers as well as generate appreciation for the fashion industry's contribution to Canadian society as a whole. This Association was partly founded by Michel Robichaud and Marielle Fleury, who became globally renown when their designs toured Europe in the lead-up to Expo 67. Other notable members included Montreal's Léo Chevalier and John Warden, and Toronto's Pat McDonagh, Claire Haddad, Marilyn Brooks, and Elen Henderson. The Association held seasonal fashion shows in both Toronto and Montreal until 1980, when it disbanded.[36]Despite the dissolution of two fashion design associations in the 60s and 80s, the developing export market in the final decades of the 20th century marked an increase in global recognition of Canadian fashion design. Canadian fashion designers that garnered significant international reputations during this era include Alfred Sung (co-founder of Club Monaco), Jean-Claude Poitras, Simon Chang, Hilary Radley, Linda Lundstrom, and Wayne Clark.[37] Furthermore, Canada's third and current fashion design association, the Fashion Design Council of Canada, was founded at the end of the millennium, operating as \"the national trade association representing the interests of the Canadian fashion design industry.\"[38][39]The late 20th century constitutes an era in which many of Canada's most prolific brands were founded. This includes Ontario brands such as Sorel (1962), Roots (1973), and Moores (1980); Quebec brands such as Aldo (1972), Ardene (1982), and Boutique La Vie en Rose (1984); and British Columbia brands such as Aritzia (1984), Arc'teryx (1989), and Lululemon (1998).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Canadian clothing store chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_clothing_store_chains"}],"text":"See also: List of Canadian clothing store chains","title":"Fashion industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roots_store_on_Bloor_St._in_Toronto.jpg"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Arc'teryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%27teryx"},{"link_name":"Canada Goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Goose_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Herschel Supply Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Supply_Co."},{"link_name":"Kit and Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_and_Ace"},{"link_name":"Kotn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotn"},{"link_name":"Lesley Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Hampton"},{"link_name":"Mackage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackage"},{"link_name":"Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Ardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardene"},{"link_name":"Aritzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritzia"},{"link_name":"ALDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALDO"},{"link_name":"Bluenotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluenotes"},{"link_name":"Boutique La Vie en Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique_La_Vie_en_Rose"},{"link_name":"Club Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_(clothing_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Le Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Lululemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lululemon"},{"link_name":"Moores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores"},{"link_name":"Reitmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitmans"},{"link_name":"Roots Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_Canada"},{"link_name":"Tip Top Tailors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_Top_Tailors"},{"link_name":"Urban Behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Behaviour"}],"sub_title":"Economy","text":"Roots store on Bloor St., TorontoAs of 2023, the Canadian fashion industry is estimated to have generated a revenue of US$17.85bn, and revenue is expected to show an annual growth rate of 12.47% until 2027, resulting in a projected market volume of US$28.56bn.[40]Canadian brands include Arc'teryx, Canada Goose, Frank and Oak, Herschel Supply Co., Hilary MacMillan, Hudson North, Kit and Ace, Kotn, Lesley Hampton, Mackage, Mejuri, Naked and Famous, Oak + Fort, Rudsak, Smash + Tess, Soia & Kyo, Sorel, and Tentree. Many Canadian clothing store chains also distribute their own original brands, such as Ardene, Aritzia, ALDO, Bluenotes, Boutique La Vie en Rose, Club Monaco, Garage, Harry Rosen, Le Château, Lululemon, Moores, Reitmans, Roots Canada, Tip Top Tailors, and Urban Behaviour.","title":"Fashion industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_Tartan_at_2014_World_MasterCard_Fashion_Week.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pecaut Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecaut_Square"},{"link_name":"Canadian Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Living"},{"link_name":"Chatelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatelaine_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Elle Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Canada"},{"link_name":"fab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Fashion Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Flare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"glow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hello! Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello!_Canada"},{"link_name":"LOU LOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Lou"},{"link_name":"SHARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Toronto Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Montreal Fashion and Design Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_College_Avenue#Events"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Shalom Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Harlow"},{"link_name":"Jessica Stam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Stam"},{"link_name":"Yasmin Warsame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Warsame"},{"link_name":"Stacey McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Coco Rocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Rocha"},{"link_name":"Heather Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Marks"},{"link_name":"Linda Evangelista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evangelista"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"Pink Tartan brand on display at the Spring 2015 Toronto Fashion Week in Pecaut SquareFashion magazines published in Canada include Canadian Living, Chatelaine, Dolce, Elle Canada, fab, Fashion Magazine, Flare, glow, Hello! Canada, LOU LOU, NUVO, SHARP, and Vancouver Magazine.Industry events in Canada include Toronto Fashion Week, Ottawa Fashion Week, Montreal Fashion and Design Festival, Vancouver Fashion Week, and Western Canada Fashion Week, among others.Some popular Canadian fashion models include Shalom Harlow, Jessica Stam, Yasmin Warsame, Stacey McKenzie, Coco Rocha, Heather Marks, Andi Muise, and Linda Evangelista.[41]","title":"Fashion industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bata_Shoe_Museum_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ryerson University School of Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University"},{"link_name":"George Brown College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brown_College"},{"link_name":"LaSalle College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_College"},{"link_name":"Wilson School of Design at Kwantlen Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University"},{"link_name":"Seneca College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_College"},{"link_name":"Richard Robinson Fashion Design Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Robinson_(fashion_designer)"},{"link_name":"Fanshawe College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanshawe_College"},{"link_name":"Humber College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_College"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"School of Media, Art, & Design at St. Clair College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"McCord Stewart Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCord_Stewart_Museum"},{"link_name":"Textile Museum of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_Museum_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Bata Shoe Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum"},{"link_name":"Costume Museum of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_Museum_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Almonte, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almonte,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Bata Shoe Museum on Bloor St., TorontoCanadian schools with post-secondary programs in fashion design and marking include Ryerson University School of Fashion, George Brown College, LaSalle College, Wilson School of Design at Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Seneca College, Richard Robinson Fashion Design Academy, Fanshawe College, Humber College, University of Alberta, and School of Media, Art, & Design at St. Clair College.Museums in Canada dedicated to fashion and textiles, or that maintain significant collections dedicated to fashion history, include the Patricia Harris Gallery of Textiles & Costume at the Royal Ontario Museum, McCord Stewart Museum, the Textile Museum of Canada, the Bata Shoe Museum, the Costume Museum of Canada, and the Mississippi Valley Textile Museum in Almonte, Ontario.[42]","title":"Fashion industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_coat"},{"link_name":"Canadian tuxedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_tuxedo"},{"link_name":"Ceinture fléchée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Coonskin cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coonskin_cap"},{"link_name":"Cowichan sweater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowichan_sweater"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HBC_Mackinaw_Jacket.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_lady_in_typical_Canadian_winter_dress_(1907).jpg"},{"link_name":"athleisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleisure"},{"link_name":"leggings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggings"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"parka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parka"},{"link_name":"Northern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Canada"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"headwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwear"},{"link_name":"Beaver hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_hats"},{"link_name":"Calgary white hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_White_Hat"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"beanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)"},{"link_name":"tilley hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilley_Endurables"},{"link_name":"Pangnirtung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangnirtung"},{"link_name":"derby hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_hat"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Equestrian style elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_country_clothing"},{"link_name":"blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazer"},{"link_name":"crewneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewneck"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"royal tours of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"See also: Buffalo coat, Canadian tuxedo, Ceinture fléchée, Coonskin cap, and Cowichan sweaterHudson's Bay Company catalogue advertisement for Mackinaw jackets (1936)Postcard illustration of a woman in a \"typical Canadian winter dress\" (1907)Canadian consumer fashion trends are linked to the legacy of the country's fashion history and are often an expression of the varied lifestyles associated with Canada's social classes and geography, as seen in athleisure and functional apparel. The \"blanket jacket\", for example, is possibly Canada's first athleisure garment, and is a continuation of the capotes and mackinaw jackets fashioned from wool blankets. According to Fashion: A Canadian Perspective, \"the blanket coat was often labeled in the press as a national costume that represented the Canadian identity.\" Modern Canadian brands, like Aritzia and Simons, have drawn inspiration from this model for their own products. Athleisure has had continued influence on Canadian fashion developments, as seen in the innovations in leggings and sweatsuits during the late 20th century by Lululemon and Roots respectively.[43]The parka is another traditional form of functional fashion, which originates from Indigenous cultures of Northern Canada, and has been adapted and marketed for upscale urban wear by brands such as Quartz Co. and Canada Goose.[44]Since the mid-20th century, Canada has been a hub for innovation and design in winter boots, with local companies having integrated insulated footwear and convenient street styles. Examples include \"cougar pillow\" boots, First Nations-inspired moccasin footwear, and the waterproof cold-weather boots designed by Sorel.[45]Various headwear have been developed in Canada and have often carried cultural and historical significance. Beaver hats and their demand in the European market, for example, were an important driver of the Canadian fur trade. The Calgary white hat is a more contemporary example; a garment of symbolic importance for the city of Calgary, Alberta, rooted in the traditional ranching and farming culture of the area. The \"White Hat\" provides Calgary with a sense of communal identity, an idealized citizen epitomized in the \"Canadian cowboy\", and a sense of living on the margins and distinction from perceived centralising powers within Canada.[46] Although the knitted cap, or \"beanie\", was not invented in Canada, it has none the less been distinguished within the Canadian consciousness as an important piece of national apparel. Other headgear that were developed in Canada include the tilley hat, the Pangnirtung (or \"Pang\") hat, and the \"Christy stiff\" variety of derby hat.[47]Equestrian style elements have had a marked influence on modern Canadian design and trends. With the enduring popularity of the \"horse girl\" aesthetic through clothing articles such as women's tailored blazers, tall leather boots, crewneck sweaters, plaid barn jackets, and sleek leggings, this style has been a source of guidance for major brands like Smythe, Aldo, Roots, and Brunette the Label.[48] Smythe's notoriety as a high-end designer of equestrian-inspired fashion was increased after their blazers were worn by the Duchess of Cambridge at several public events, including the 2011 and 2016 royal tours of Canada. Brands like Street and Saddle and Ellie Mae have adapted recreational equestrian styles for everyday and professional wear, particularly the autumn fashion season.[49][50]","title":"Trends and national costumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BillyBishopCadet.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountie_at_Vancouver_Pride_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Billy Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Pride Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Pride_Parade"}],"text":"Left: Billy Bishop wearing a regulation fur wedge cap as a cadet at the Royal Military College (1914). Right: Mountie wearing her ceremonial uniform at the Vancouver Pride Parade (2009).","title":"Uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Red Serge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Serge"},{"link_name":"oxblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxblood"},{"link_name":"Sam Browne belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Browne_belt"},{"link_name":"lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard"},{"link_name":"riding boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_boots"},{"link_name":"campaign hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_hat"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"fur wedge cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap"},{"link_name":"Toronto Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"synthetic fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fur"},{"link_name":"Persian lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_lamb"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref7-53"}],"sub_title":"Public service","text":"See also: Uniforms of the Canadian Armed ForcesOne of Canada's most recognizable and internationally-renown uniforms is the ceremonial outfit of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. This uniform consists of the Red Serge (a scarlet military-pattern tunic, complete with a high-neck black collar), midnight-blue breeches with yellow trouser piping, an oxblood Sam Browne belt with white sidearm lanyard and matching oxblood riding boots, brown felt campaign hat (also known as the \"stetson hat\"), and oxblood gloves.[51]The fur wedge cap is a traditional piece of headgear for some Canadian police forces, such as the RCMP and Toronto Police Service, as well as the Canadian Armed Forces, where it was in use from the 1890s to the 1970s. It continues to be worn by officer cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada. The outside layer of the cap is usually made from either synthetic fur or an animal product, such as Persian lamb wool, and is designed to fold flat when not in use.[52][53]","title":"Uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Girl Guides of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"navy-blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy-blue"},{"link_name":"biretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretta"},{"link_name":"lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard"},{"link_name":"neckerchief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckerchief"},{"link_name":"trefoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Non-governmental organisations","text":"There are a number of Canadian youth associations which require standard-issue uniforms for their members. One such organisation is the Girl Guides of Canada, which has had a myriad of different uniforms for each of its branches since its inception in 1909. The earliest known uniform for Guides included a navy-blue skirt, a red biretta or straw hat (for Summer), navy-blue stockings, white lanyard, and a jersey and neckerchief in \"company colours\". Currently, youth branches all maintain some variation of a navy-blue shirt or tunic with a trefoil, with optional sashes and scarves.[54]","title":"Uniforms"}]
[{"image_text":"Ein Canadischer Bauer (A Canadian Farmer) by Friedrich von Germann (1778)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ein_Canadischer_Bauer.jpg/220px-Ein_Canadischer_Bauer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arrival of the Brides by Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale (c. prior to 1927). High-class French women are illustrated wearing colourful dresses, lace sleeves, ribbons, and holding fans. In contrast, the evidently lower-class woman in the foreground carries a metal box and wears a plain blouse, capotain hat, and long skirt. Most of the men depicted appear to be high-born, including Jean Talon, wearing colourful (possibly velvet) coats, cravats, and decorated hats that they carry at their sides. The labourer (and possibly slave) at the bottom wears a headwrap and no shirt.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Arrival_of_the_Brides_-_Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale.png/220px-Arrival_of_the_Brides_-_Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale.png"},{"image_text":"The Coming of the Loyalists by Henry Sandham (c. between 1880 and 1910), depicting a romanticised arrival of United Empire Loyalists to a New Brunswick shore. The men are shown in century coats, waistcoats, and tricorne hats, while the women wear brightly coloured dresses, shawls, and ornamented hats.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg/220px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg"},{"image_text":"Major-General The Hon. Aeneas Shaw by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster (1902), depicting Æneas Shaw in a scarlet tailcoat with golden epaulettes and buttons, white trousers, and a black cape with red lining","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neas_Shaw.jpg/220px-Neas_Shaw.jpg"},{"image_text":"The black-on-red tartan pattern was used in the fabrication of mackinaw jackets during the War of 1812","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MacGregor_Red_%26_Black_%28aka_Rob_Roy_Macgregor%29_tartan.png/220px-MacGregor_Red_%26_Black_%28aka_Rob_Roy_Macgregor%29_tartan.png"},{"image_text":"Painting of the Bowman family by an unknown artist (c.1840s). Store-owner Charles Bowman and his sons are dressed in three-piece suits while his wife and daughters wear dresses. Additions and accessories include Charles' stock tie, his wife's bonnet, his older daughter's shawl, and his younger daughter's capelet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Charles_Bowman_and_Family_Painting.jpg/220px-Charles_Bowman_and_Family_Painting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eaton's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1916)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Eaton%27s_Spring_and_Summer_Catalogue_1916_%2826126403464%29.jpg/220px-Eaton%27s_Spring_and_Summer_Catalogue_1916_%2826126403464%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"This Chatelaine cover (1943) depicts a woman, or \"career girl\", in a simple buttoned shirt at a desk with a typewriter. The bottom text encourages the reader to buy war savings stamps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chatelaine-magazine-cover-1940s.webp/220px-Chatelaine-magazine-cover-1940s.webp.png"},{"image_text":"Women's \"skirt-suit\" modeled in Chatelaine magazine's April 1942 edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Chatelaine_magazine_April_1942_-_skirt_suit.png"},{"image_text":"Fashion models Joan Ward (left) and Barbara Ellis (right) compare fashions in a Simpson's catalogue from 1902 with the Fall and Winter Catalogue of 1952","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Deux_mannequins_regardent_la_mode_d%E2%80%99autrefois_dans_des_catalogues_de_Simpson%E2%80%99s.jpg/220px-Deux_mannequins_regardent_la_mode_d%E2%80%99autrefois_dans_des_catalogues_de_Simpson%E2%80%99s.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first Club Monaco store opened on Queen Street, Toronto in 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Club_Monaco_store_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-Club_Monaco_store_in_Toronto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roots store on Bloor St., Toronto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Roots_store_on_Bloor_St._in_Toronto.jpg/220px-Roots_store_on_Bloor_St._in_Toronto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pink Tartan brand on display at the Spring 2015 Toronto Fashion Week in Pecaut Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pink_Tartan_at_2014_World_MasterCard_Fashion_Week.jpg/220px-Pink_Tartan_at_2014_World_MasterCard_Fashion_Week.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bata Shoe Museum on Bloor St., Toronto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bata_Shoe_Museum_2.jpg/220px-Bata_Shoe_Museum_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hudson's Bay Company catalogue advertisement for Mackinaw jackets (1936)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HBC_Mackinaw_Jacket.png/220px-HBC_Mackinaw_Jacket.png"},{"image_text":"Postcard illustration of a woman in a \"typical Canadian winter dress\" (1907)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_lady_in_typical_Canadian_winter_dress_%281907%29.jpg/220px-A_lady_in_typical_Canadian_winter_dress_%281907%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Jennifer S.H. Brown. \"Beaver Pelts\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beaver-pelts","url_text":"\"Beaver Pelts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat\". HBC Heritage. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/fashion-pop/hudsons-bay-point-blanket-coat","url_text":"\"Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capots (Art. III. Capots, with some Side Lights on Chiefs' Coats & Blankets, 1774-1821, by A. Gottfred.)\". Northwest Journal Online. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northwestjournal.ca/XIII3.htm","url_text":"\"Capots (Art. III. Capots, with some Side Lights on Chiefs' Coats & Blankets, 1774-1821, by A. Gottfred.)\""}]},{"reference":"René R. Gadacz (20 October 2015). \"Mukluk\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mukluk","url_text":"\"Mukluk\""}]},{"reference":"Cadeau, C. \"Fashion in New France (1700-1750)\". All About Canadian History. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/01/14/fashion-in-new-france-1700-1750/","url_text":"\"Fashion in New France (1700-1750)\""}]},{"reference":"Cadeau, C. \"Women's Fashion After the Fall of New France (1760s to 1780s)\". All About Canadian History. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/womens-fashion-after-the-fall-of-new-france-1760s-to-1780s/#more-870","url_text":"\"Women's Fashion After the Fall of New France (1760s to 1780s)\""}]},{"reference":"Cadeau, C. \"Men's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\". All About Canadian History. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2017/12/06/mens-fashion-during-the-regency-era-1810s-to-1830s/","url_text":"\"Men's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\""}]},{"reference":"Cadeau, C. \"Women's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\". All About Canadian History. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2018/01/02/womens-fashion-during-the-regency-era-1810s-to-1830s/","url_text":"\"Women's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\""}]},{"reference":"Cutler, Charles L. (2002). Tracks that speak. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 25-26. ISBN 0618065105.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char","url_text":"Tracks that speak"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char/page/25","url_text":"25-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618065105","url_text":"0618065105"}]},{"reference":"\"Everyday Clothing\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/everyday-clothing.php","url_text":"\"Everyday Clothing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fancy Dress\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/fancy-dress.php","url_text":"\"Fancy Dress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outerwear and Accessories\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/outerwear-and-accessories.php","url_text":"\"Outerwear and Accessories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professional Attire\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/professional-attire.php","url_text":"\"Professional Attire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/accessories-and-outerwear.php","url_text":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/accessories-and-outerwear.php","url_text":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leisure and Sports Clothing\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/leisure-and-sports-clothing.php","url_text":"\"Leisure and Sports Clothing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club Wear\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/club-wear.php","url_text":"\"Club Wear\""}]},{"reference":"Cynthia Cooper. \"Fashion Design in Canada\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edwardian fashion: A 5-minute Guide\". 5 Minute History. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://fiveminutehistory.com/edwardian-fashion-a-5-minute-guide/","url_text":"\"Edwardian fashion: A 5-minute Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Cynthia Cooper. \"Fashion Design in Canada\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uniforms\". Canadian Soldiers. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/uniforms/uniform.htm","url_text":"\"Uniforms\""}]},{"reference":"Fatima Fyaaz. \"Women and Fashion\". The Roaring Twenties History Project. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://roaringtwentieshistoryproject.weebly.com/women-and-fashion.html","url_text":"\"Women and Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"Fatima Fyaaz. \"Women and Fashion\". The Roaring Twenties History Project. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://roaringtwentieshistoryproject.weebly.com/women-and-fashion.html","url_text":"\"Women and Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"Caton, Susan Turnbull (2004). \"Fashion and War in Canada, 1939-1945\". In Palmer, Alexandra (ed.). Fashion: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8809-0","url_text":"0-8020-8809-0"}]},{"reference":"Caton, Susan Turnbull (2004). \"Fashion and War in Canada, 1939-1945\". In Palmer, Alexandra (ed.). Fashion: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8809-0","url_text":"0-8020-8809-0"}]},{"reference":"Caton, Susan Turnbull (2004). \"Fashion and War in Canada, 1939-1945\". In Palmer, Alexandra (ed.). Fashion: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8809-0","url_text":"0-8020-8809-0"}]},{"reference":"Shirley Lavertu. \"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/cat2103e.html","url_text":"\"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"Shirley Lavertu. \"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/cat2103e.html","url_text":"\"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"\"A chronology of key events in the history of the Hudson's Bay Company\". The Canadian Press. Retrieved 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/a-chronology-of-key-events-in-the-history-of-the-hudsons-bay-company/","url_text":"\"A chronology of key events in the history of the Hudson's Bay Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of HBC\". HBC Heritage. Retrieved 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbcheritage.ca/history#acquisitions","url_text":"\"History of HBC\""}]},{"reference":"Alexandra Palmer (1 November 2001). Couture and commerce – the transatlantic fashion trade in the 1950s. UBC Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0774808262.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eeGDr5ZzCsEC&q=holt+renfrew","url_text":"Couture and commerce – the transatlantic fashion trade in the 1950s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774808262","url_text":"978-0774808262"}]},{"reference":"\"Holt Renfrew and Co. Ltd\". Canadian Register of Commerce & Industry. University of Western Ontario. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203053925/http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/cr-holtrenfrew.htm","url_text":"\"Holt Renfrew and Co. Ltd\""},{"url":"http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/cr-holtrenfrew.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion, food and nuclear fear in the 1950s\". CBC Archives. Retrieved 2023-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/archives/fashion-food-and-nuclear-fear-in-the-1950s-1.4698321","url_text":"\"Fashion, food and nuclear fear in the 1950s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\". Cynthia Cooper. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\". Cynthia Cooper. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\". Cynthia Cooper. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\". Cynthia Cooper. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design Council of Canada / Robin Kay, President\". Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://lobbycanada.gc.ca/app/secure/ocl/lrs/do/vwRg;jsessionid=0001ThdWaTYQdWPkiw7UoRCuhVX:13B5VVUVLE?cno=13531&regId=500781","url_text":"\"Fashion Design Council of Canada / Robin Kay, President\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion - Canada\". Statista. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","url_text":"\"Fashion - Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Riaeleza. \"8 Most Popular Canadian Fashion Models\". Icy Canada. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://icycanada.com/8-most-popular-canadian-fashion-models/","url_text":"\"8 Most Popular Canadian Fashion Models\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada\". Fashion & Textile Museums. Retrieved 2023-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fashionandtextilemuseums.com/canada/","url_text":"\"Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Kristy Archibald. \"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\". Nuvo Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","url_text":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Kristy Archibald. \"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\". Nuvo Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","url_text":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Kristy Archibald. \"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\". Nuvo Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","url_text":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Jeremy Klaszus (4 January 2016). \"The White Hat: A Calgary symbol we love to hate\". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/white-hat-calgary-symbol-love-hate-1.3368423","url_text":"\"The White Hat: A Calgary symbol we love to hate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tuque\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tuque","url_text":"\"Tuque\""}]},{"reference":"Aleesha Harris. \"Equestrian style: The enduring allure of the 'horse girl' esthetic\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/equestrian-style-the-enduring-allure-of-the-horse-girl-esthetic","url_text":"\"Equestrian style: The enduring allure of the 'horse girl' esthetic\""}]},{"reference":"Aleesha Harris. \"Style Q&A: A brand for the 'horse girl in all of us'\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/style-qa-a-brand-for-the-horse-girl-in-all-of-us","url_text":"\"Style Q&A: A brand for the 'horse girl in all of us'\""}]},{"reference":"Aleesha Harris. \"Fall fashion: 10 top trends to shop from Canadian brands\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/fall-fashion-10-top-trends-to-shop-from-canadian-brands","url_text":"\"Fall fashion: 10 top trends to shop from Canadian brands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uniform Regulations for the RCMP\". RCMPolice.ca (unofficial blog). Retrieved 2023-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcmpolice.ca/dressregs.html","url_text":"\"Uniform Regulations for the RCMP\""}]},{"reference":"Boulton, James J. (2000). Head-dress of the Canadian Mounted Police, 1873–2000. Calgary: Bunker to Bunker Pub. pp. 89–96. ISBN 1894255070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1894255070","url_text":"1894255070"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Guiding Uniform History\". GIRL GUIDE HISTORY TIDBITS. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://guidehistory.wordpress.com/canadian-guiding-uniform-history/","url_text":"\"Canadian Guiding Uniform History\""}]}]
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Gottfred.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mukluk","external_links_name":"\"Mukluk\""},{"Link":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/01/14/fashion-in-new-france-1700-1750/","external_links_name":"\"Fashion in New France (1700-1750)\""},{"Link":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/womens-fashion-after-the-fall-of-new-france-1760s-to-1780s/#more-870","external_links_name":"\"Women's Fashion After the Fall of New France (1760s to 1780s)\""},{"Link":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2017/12/06/mens-fashion-during-the-regency-era-1810s-to-1830s/","external_links_name":"\"Men's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\""},{"Link":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2018/01/02/womens-fashion-during-the-regency-era-1810s-to-1830s/","external_links_name":"\"Women's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M6LhAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Sword of Old St. Joe"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char","external_links_name":"Tracks that speak"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char/page/25","external_links_name":"25-26"},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/everyday-clothing.php","external_links_name":"\"Everyday Clothing\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/fancy-dress.php","external_links_name":"\"Fancy Dress\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/outerwear-and-accessories.php","external_links_name":"\"Outerwear and Accessories\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/professional-attire.php","external_links_name":"\"Professional Attire\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/accessories-and-outerwear.php","external_links_name":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/accessories-and-outerwear.php","external_links_name":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/leisure-and-sports-clothing.php","external_links_name":"\"Leisure and Sports Clothing\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/club-wear.php","external_links_name":"\"Club Wear\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://fiveminutehistory.com/edwardian-fashion-a-5-minute-guide/","external_links_name":"\"Edwardian fashion: A 5-minute Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/uniforms/uniform.htm","external_links_name":"\"Uniforms\""},{"Link":"https://roaringtwentieshistoryproject.weebly.com/women-and-fashion.html","external_links_name":"\"Women and Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://roaringtwentieshistoryproject.weebly.com/women-and-fashion.html","external_links_name":"\"Women and Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/cat2103e.html","external_links_name":"\"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/cat2103e.html","external_links_name":"\"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://archive.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/a-chronology-of-key-events-in-the-history-of-the-hudsons-bay-company/","external_links_name":"\"A chronology of key events in the history of the Hudson's Bay Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.hbcheritage.ca/history#acquisitions","external_links_name":"\"History of HBC\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eeGDr5ZzCsEC&q=holt+renfrew","external_links_name":"Couture and commerce – the transatlantic fashion trade in the 1950s"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203053925/http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/cr-holtrenfrew.htm","external_links_name":"\"Holt Renfrew and Co. Ltd\""},{"Link":"http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/cr-holtrenfrew.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/archives/fashion-food-and-nuclear-fear-in-the-1950s-1.4698321","external_links_name":"\"Fashion, food and nuclear fear in the 1950s\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://lobbycanada.gc.ca/app/secure/ocl/lrs/do/vwRg;jsessionid=0001ThdWaTYQdWPkiw7UoRCuhVX:13B5VVUVLE?cno=13531&regId=500781","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design Council of Canada / Robin Kay, President\""},{"Link":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion - Canada\""},{"Link":"https://icycanada.com/8-most-popular-canadian-fashion-models/","external_links_name":"\"8 Most Popular Canadian Fashion Models\""},{"Link":"https://www.fashionandtextilemuseums.com/canada/","external_links_name":"\"Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","external_links_name":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","external_links_name":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","external_links_name":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/white-hat-calgary-symbol-love-hate-1.3368423","external_links_name":"\"The White Hat: A Calgary symbol we love to hate\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tuque","external_links_name":"\"Tuque\""},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/equestrian-style-the-enduring-allure-of-the-horse-girl-esthetic","external_links_name":"\"Equestrian style: The enduring allure of the 'horse girl' esthetic\""},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/style-qa-a-brand-for-the-horse-girl-in-all-of-us","external_links_name":"\"Style Q&A: A brand for the 'horse girl in all of us'\""},{"Link":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/fall-fashion-10-top-trends-to-shop-from-canadian-brands","external_links_name":"\"Fall fashion: 10 top trends to shop from Canadian brands\""},{"Link":"https://www.rcmpolice.ca/dressregs.html","external_links_name":"\"Uniform Regulations for the RCMP\""},{"Link":"http://everitas.rmcclub.ca/?p=154491","external_links_name":"e-Veritas, July 24, 2016, Headdress of the Royal Military College of Canada: A brief history by 8057 Ross McKenzie, former Curator RMC Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160813223155/http://everitas.rmcclub.ca/?p=154491","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://guidehistory.wordpress.com/canadian-guiding-uniform-history/","external_links_name":"\"Canadian Guiding Uniform History\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Bangu%C3%A9
Frédérique Bangué
["1 Achievements","2 References","3 External links"]
French sprinter Frederique Bangue (born 31 December 1976 in Lyon) is a French sprinter who competed in the 100 metres. Her personal best being 11.16 seconds, she never reached a world-level final individually. However, when competing in the shorter distance of 60 metres (only held indoor) or relay races, she has won medals. She was the silver medallist at the 1997 Mediterranean Games. Achievements Year Competition Venue Position Event Notes Representing  France 1994 World Junior Championships Lisbon, Portugal 7th 100m 11.57 (wind: +2.0 m/s) — 4 × 100 m relay DQ 1997 World Indoor Championships Paris, France 3rd 60 m 7.17 1998 European Indoor Championships Valencia, Spain 2nd 60 m 7.18 European Championships Budapest, Hungary 1st 4 × 100 m relay 42.59 2001 World Championships Edmonton, Canada 2nd 4 × 100 m relay 42.39 References ^ Mediterranean Games – Past Medallists. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2011-03-19. External links Frédérique Bangué at World Athletics Frédérique Bangué at European Athletics vteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in women's 4 × 100 metres relay 1938:  Germany (Kohl, Krauß, Albus, Kühnel) 1946:  Netherlands (v.d. Kade-Koudijs, Witziers-Timmer, Adema, Blankers-Koen) 1950:  Great Britain (Hay, Desforges, Hall, Foulds) 1954:  Soviet Union (Krepkina, Uliskina, Itkina, Turova) 1958:  Soviet Union (Krepkina, Kepp, Polyakova, Maslovska) 1962:  Poland (Ciepły, Sobotta, Szyroka, Piątkowska) 1966:  Poland (Bednarek, Straszyńska, Kirszenstein, Kłobukowska) 1969:  GDR (Höfer, Meissner, Podeswa, Vogt) 1971:  FRG (Schittenhelm, Helten, Irrgang, Mickler) 1974:  GDR (Maletzki, Stecher, Heinich, Eckert) 1978:  Soviet Union (Anisimova, Maslakova, Kondratyeva, Storozhkova) 1982:  GDR (Walther, Eckert, Rieger, Göhr) 1986:  GDR (Gladisch, Rieger, Brestrich-Auerswald, Göhr) 1990:  GDR (Möller, Krabbe, Behrendt, Günther) 1994:  Germany (Paschke, Knoll, Zipp, Lichtenhagen) 1998:  France (Benth, Bangué, Félix, Arron) 2002:  France (Combe, Hurtis, Félix, Sidibé) 2006:  Russia (Gushchina, Rusakova, Khabarova, Grigoryeva) 2010:  Ukraine (Povh, Pohrebnyak, Ryemyen, Bryzhina) 2012:  Germany (Günther, Cibis, Pinto, Sailer) 2014:  Great Britain (Philip, Nelson, J. Williams, Henry) 2016:  Netherlands (Samuel, Schippers, Van Schagen, Sedney) 2018:  Great Britain (Philip, Lansiquot, B. Williams, Asher-Smith) 2022:  Germany (Mayer, Haase, Lückenkemper, Burghardt) 2024:  Great Britain (Asher-Smith, Henry, Hunt, Neita) vteMediterranean Games champions in women's 4 × 100 metres relay 1971: Italy (Maddalena Grassano, Laura Nappi, Ileana Ongar, Cecilia Molinari) 1975: France (Annie Alizé, Nadine Goletto, Catherine Delachan, Nicole Pani) 1979: France (Annie Alizé, Emma Sulter, Vlaudine Mas, Chantal Réga) 1983: France (Rose-Aimée Bacoul, Marie-France Loval, Marie-Christine Cazier, Liliane Gaschet) 1987: France (Nathalie Simon, Marine Cassin, Laurence Bongard, Violetta Kaminska) 1991: France (Magalie Simioneck, Maguy Nestoret, Valérie Jean-Charles, Fabienne Ficher) 1993: France (Patricia Girard, Odiah Sidibé, Maguy Nestoret, Valérie Jean-Charles) 1997: France (Frédérique Bangué, Christine Arron, Patricia Girard, Sylviane Félix) 2001: France (Haïdy Aron, Fabé Dia, Céline Thelamon, Sylvie Mballa Éloundou) 2005: France (Véronique Mang, Lina Jacques-Sébastien, Fabé Dia, Carima Louami) 2009: France (Myriam Soumaré, Ayodelé Ikuesan, Nelly Banco, Émilie Gaydu) 2013: Italy (Micol Cattaneo, Jessica Paoletta, Ilenia Draisci, Audrey Alloh) 2018: France (Orlann Ombissa-Dzangue, Jennifer Galais, Estelle Raffai, Carolle Zahi) 2022: Italy (Irene Siragusa, Gloria Hooper, Aurora Berton, Johanelis Herrera Abreu) Authority control databases: People World Athletics This biographical article about a French sprinter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuneo_Sato
Tsuneo Sato
["1 References"]
Japanese speed skater Tsuneo SatoPersonal informationNationalityJapaneseBorn(1925-12-18)18 December 1925Miyagi, JapanDied16 September 1992(1992-09-16) (aged 66)SportSportSpeed skating Tsuneo Sato (佐藤 恒夫, Satō Tsuneo, 18 December 1925 – 16 September 1992) was a Japanese speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1952 Winter Olympics. References ^ 日刊スポーツ平成4年9月17日付9頁 ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Tsuneo Sato Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019. This biographical article on a speed skater in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Fayadh
Muhammad al-Fayadh
["1 Biography","2 Positions","2.1 Socio-political role of women in Islamic societies","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Afghan Grand Ayatollah (born 1930) Muhammad Is'haq al-Fayadhمحمد إسحاق الفياضمحمد اسحاق فیاضPersonalBorn1930 (age 93–94)Jaghori, Ghazni Province, AfghanistanReligionIslamWebsiteOfficial Website Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Is'haq al-Fayadh (also spelt al-Fayad), (Arabic: مُحَمَّدْ إِِسْحَاقْ ٱلْفَیَّاض, Dari: مُحَمَّداِسحٰاق فَیّٰاض) is one of the Big Four, among the most senior Shi'a marja living in Iraq after Ali al-Sistani. Biography Born in Jaghori Soba village in Ghazni province, Afghanistan to Hazara ethnic group, he holds Afghan citizenship. His family was farmers and he started learning the Qur'an from the village cleric when he was five. When he was 10 his family moved to Najaf, where he studied various Islamic studies including Arabic language, rhetoric, logic, Islamic philosophy, the Hadith and Islamic jurisprudence, eventually studying under Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. When al-Khoei died in 1992 he supported Ali al-Sistani as the chair of the marjaiya in Najaf. Under Saddam Hussein he adopted a quietist approach, avoiding politics and confrontation with the government. Following the invasion of Iraq by the United States and allies in 2003, al-Fayyad engaged more than any other marja with the occupying American and British military and diplomats, informing them of the views of the senior clerics. He adopted similar positions to al-Sistani and the other marjaiya: supporting a united Shiite slate for the first Iraqi elections; calling for Islam to be the sole source of Iraqi law; supporting a yes vote in the referendum on the constitution; rejecting a secular Iraq; and opposing the adoption of doctrine of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists as adopted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, of all the marja'iyya Fayyad is reported to be the biggest opponent of the concept of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists. However, this report is contradicted by the official website of the Shi'a Marja, wherein he remarks, "The correct opinion regarding the issue of "Vilayat-e-Faqih" (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) is that this issue requires no external proof, because the continuation of Islamic law, and its application, is dependent upon the continuation of the system of Vilayat". He continues, "The vilayat of the Prophet and the immaculate Imams, and in the time of the major occultation of the 12th Imam, the Islamic Jurist is bestowed with this vilayat ... It is unimaginable that Islamic Law could continue to exist without the continuation of this vilayat". Furthermore, he is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy. He has written some books on Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic politics, and Islamic banking. A very innovative position of him is written in his book on women's role in society with the title 'Jāyegāh Zan dar Nizām Siyāsīyeh Islām' (English title: 'The position of women in the Islamic political system'). In 2007, press reports indicated that he was supervising the religious studies of the radical cleric Muqtada al-Sadr. Positions Socio-political role of women in Islamic societies Grand Ayatollah al-Fayadh is one of the few Islamic Shia Ayatollahs who are in favor of women in positions of political leadership. In June 2018 an article was written on a Persian website, which was later translated into English. There the Islamic position of Ayatollah al-Fayadh concerning the position of women in Islamic society was discussed, citing his book 'Jāyegāh Zan dar Nizām Siyāsīyeh Islām' (English title: 'The position of women in the Islamic political system') on that subject. "In response to some jurisprudential questions concerning the role of women in society, he declared it permissible for women to take any of the three following positions: political leader, judge and religious jurisconsult." The article continues to explain al-Fayadh' opinion concerning women and the different positions they can take in society: "It is irrespective of whether this is a social position like politics or an individual one like being a driver, a pilot, etc. With this reasoning he believes that in all spheres of life, be it social, individual, ideological, freedom of expression, business, financial trading, land cultivation, etc. women and men are completely equal." See also Big Four (Najaf) Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei Muhammad Hossein Naini Muhammad Kazim Khurasani Mirza Husayn Tehrani Abdallah Mazandarani Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani Fazlullah Nouri References ^ List of Maraji in Arabic Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine ^ Official website ^ Mehdi Khalaji (2005). "Religious Authority in Iraq and the Election". PolicyWatch. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 25 June 2007. ^ Kamran Bokhari (2006). "The Shiite Schism". Geopolitical Intelligence Report. Stratfor, reprinted on Wadinet.de. Retrieved 25 June 2007. ^ a b c Grand Ayatullah Muhammad Ishaq Fayyad Archived 16 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Modern Middle East Wars (republished), 27 January 2009 ^ Farrukh Saleem (2004). "Is Iraq Bush's Vietnam?". The Friday Times, reprinted at Worldpress.org. Retrieved 25 June 2007. ^ IslamOnline.net & News Agencies (2005). "Iraq Shiites Insist Islam Be Sole Source of Legislation". IslamOnline.net. Retrieved 25 June 2007. ^ Le principal parti chiite appelle à voter «oui» à la Constitution, (French) Maghress, 2005-09-24, accessed on 17 June 2010 ^ Steven Komarow (6 February 2005). "Leading Shiite cleric says new Iraq must embrace Islamic law". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2007. ^ BEYOND THE BATTLE, THE QUIET STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ'S FUTURE Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Financial Times Magazine, 2004-08-15, accessed on 17 June 2010 ^ THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF SHEIKH ISHAQ AL-FAYYAD, IN ANSWER TO QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ISSUE a very well known OF "THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THE JURIST" ^ Al-Fayyad's official reply to Amman Message ^ Syed Hādi Tabatabā’ī (2018). "گامی به پیش در فقه بانوان". mobahesat.ir. Retrieved 20 June 2018. ^ a b c Sadiq Meghjee (2018). "Ayatollah Ishaq Fayyadh and the Role of Women in Society". iqraonline.net. Retrieved 24 June 2018. External links Official Arabic Website Official Farsi Website Download site of his online books in English, Arabic and Farsi Slate profile Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Ayatollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja_al-taqlid"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Najaf)"},{"link_name":"Shi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a"},{"link_name":"marja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WINEP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wadinet-4"}],"text":"Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Is'haq al-Fayadh (also spelt al-Fayad), (Arabic: مُحَمَّدْ إِِسْحَاقْ ٱلْفَیَّاض, Dari: مُحَمَّداِسحٰاق فَیّٰاض) is one of the Big Four, among the most senior Shi'a marja living in Iraq after Ali al-Sistani.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Muhammad al-Fayadh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaghori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaghori"},{"link_name":"Ghazni province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_province"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Hazara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_people"},{"link_name":"Afghan citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"Islamic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_studies"},{"link_name":"Arabic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"Islamic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Islamic jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Grand Ayatollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-5"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worldpress-6"},{"link_name":"invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"first Iraqi elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IslamOnline-7"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATODAY-9"},{"link_name":"Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"Amman Message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman_Message"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Muqtada al-Sadr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-5"}],"text":"Born in Jaghori Soba village in Ghazni province, Afghanistan to Hazara ethnic group, he holds Afghan citizenship. His family was farmers and he started learning the Qur'an from the village cleric when he was five. When he was 10 his family moved to Najaf, where he studied various Islamic studies including Arabic language, rhetoric, logic, Islamic philosophy, the Hadith and Islamic jurisprudence, eventually studying under Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. When al-Khoei died in 1992 he supported Ali al-Sistani as the chair of the marjaiya in Najaf.[5]Under Saddam Hussein he adopted a quietist approach, avoiding politics and confrontation with the government.[6]Following the invasion of Iraq by the United States and allies in 2003, al-Fayyad engaged more than any other marja with the occupying American and British military and diplomats, informing them of the views of the senior clerics. He adopted similar positions to al-Sistani and the other marjaiya: supporting a united Shiite slate for the first Iraqi elections; calling for Islam to be the sole source of Iraqi law;[7] supporting a yes vote in the referendum on the constitution;[8] rejecting a secular Iraq;[9] and opposing the adoption of doctrine of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists as adopted by the Islamic Republic of Iran.[5] However, of all the marja'iyya Fayyad is reported to be the biggest opponent of the concept of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists.[10] However, this report is contradicted by the official website of the Shi'a Marja, wherein he remarks, \"The correct opinion regarding the issue of \"Vilayat-e-Faqih\" (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) is that this issue requires no external proof, because the continuation of Islamic law, and its application, is dependent upon the continuation of the system of Vilayat\". He continues, \"The vilayat of the Prophet and the immaculate Imams, and in the time of the major occultation of the 12th Imam, the Islamic Jurist is bestowed with this vilayat ... It is unimaginable that Islamic Law could continue to exist without the continuation of this vilayat\".[11] Furthermore, he is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.[12]He has written some books on Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic politics, and Islamic banking. A very innovative position of him is written in his book on women's role in society with the title 'Jāyegāh Zan dar Nizām Siyāsīyeh Islām' (English title: 'The position of women in the Islamic political system'). In 2007, press reports indicated that he was supervising the religious studies of the radical cleric Muqtada al-Sadr.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mobahesat-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqra_Online-14"},{"link_name":"Islamic society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqra_Online-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqra_Online-14"}],"sub_title":"Socio-political role of women in Islamic societies","text":"Grand Ayatollah al-Fayadh is one of the few Islamic Shia Ayatollahs who are in favor of women in positions of political leadership.\nIn June 2018 an article was written on a Persian website,[13] which was later translated into English.[14] There the Islamic position of Ayatollah al-Fayadh concerning the position of women in Islamic society was discussed, citing his book 'Jāyegāh Zan dar Nizām Siyāsīyeh Islām' (English title: 'The position of women in the Islamic political system') on that subject.\n\"In response to some jurisprudential questions concerning the role of women in society, he declared it permissible for women to take any of the three following positions: political leader, judge and religious jurisconsult.\"[14]The article continues to explain al-Fayadh' opinion concerning women and the different positions they can take in society:\n\"It is irrespective of whether this is a social position like politics or an individual one like being a driver, a pilot, etc. With this reasoning he believes that in all spheres of life, be it social, individual, ideological, freedom of expression, business, financial trading, land cultivation, etc. women and men are completely equal.\"[14]","title":"Positions"}]
[]
[{"title":"Big Four (Najaf)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Najaf)"},{"title":"Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei"},{"title":"Muhammad Hossein Naini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hossein_Naini"},{"title":"Muhammad Kazim Khurasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani"},{"title":"Mirza Husayn Tehrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Husayn_Tehrani"},{"title":"Abdallah Mazandarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_Mazandarani"},{"title":"Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Aqa_Tabrizi"},{"title":"Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Sayyed_Mohammad_Tabatabai"},{"title":"Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Abdollah_Behbahani"},{"title":"Fazlullah Nouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlullah_Nouri"}]
[{"reference":"Mehdi Khalaji (2005). \"Religious Authority in Iraq and the Election\". PolicyWatch. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2420","url_text":"\"Religious Authority in Iraq and the Election\""}]},{"reference":"Kamran Bokhari (2006). \"The Shiite Schism\". Geopolitical Intelligence Report. Stratfor, reprinted on Wadinet.de. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wadinet.de/news/dokus/shiite-shisms.htm","url_text":"\"The Shiite Schism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratfor","url_text":"Stratfor"}]},{"reference":"Farrukh Saleem (2004). \"Is Iraq Bush's Vietnam?\". The Friday Times, reprinted at Worldpress.org. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1859.cfm","url_text":"\"Is Iraq Bush's Vietnam?\""}]},{"reference":"IslamOnline.net & News Agencies (2005). \"Iraq Shiites Insist Islam Be Sole Source of Legislation\". IslamOnline.net. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-02/06/article05.shtml","url_text":"\"Iraq Shiites Insist Islam Be Sole Source of Legislation\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Komarow (6 February 2005). \"Leading Shiite cleric says new Iraq must embrace Islamic law\". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-02-06-iraq-shiite_x.htm","url_text":"\"Leading Shiite cleric says new Iraq must embrace Islamic law\""}]},{"reference":"Syed Hādi Tabatabā’ī (2018). \"گامی به پیش در فقه بانوان\". mobahesat.ir. Retrieved 20 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mobahesat.ir/16349","url_text":"\"گامی به پیش در فقه بانوان\""}]},{"reference":"Sadiq Meghjee (2018). \"Ayatollah Ishaq Fayyadh and the Role of Women in Society\". iqraonline.net. Retrieved 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iqraonline.net/ayatollah-ishaq-fayyadh-and-the-role-of-women-in-society/","url_text":"\"Ayatollah Ishaq Fayyadh and the Role of Women in Society\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://alfayadh.org/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"http://iraqshia.net/vb/showthread.php?t=42621","external_links_name":"List of Maraji in Arabic"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102113023/http://iraqshia.net/vb/showthread.php?t=42621","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://alfayadh.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2420","external_links_name":"\"Religious Authority in Iraq and the Election\""},{"Link":"http://www.wadinet.de/news/dokus/shiite-shisms.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Shiite Schism\""},{"Link":"http://occident.blogspot.com/2009/01/grand-ayatullah-muhammad-ishaq-fayyad.html","external_links_name":"Grand Ayatullah Muhammad Ishaq Fayyad"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101016094141/http://occident.blogspot.com/2009/01/grand-ayatullah-muhammad-ishaq-fayyad.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1859.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Is Iraq Bush's Vietnam?\""},{"Link":"http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-02/06/article05.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Iraq Shiites Insist Islam Be Sole Source of Legislation\""},{"Link":"http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/54356","external_links_name":"Le principal parti chiite appelle à voter «oui» à la Constitution"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-02-06-iraq-shiite_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Leading Shiite cleric says new Iraq must embrace Islamic law\""},{"Link":"http://bartlebull.com/articles/beyond_the_battle.html","external_links_name":"BEYOND THE BATTLE, THE QUIET STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ'S FUTURE"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013093435/http://bartlebull.com/articles/beyond_the_battle.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.alfayadh.com/site/index.php?show=pages&id=48","external_links_name":"THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF SHEIKH ISHAQ AL-FAYYAD, IN ANSWER TO QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ISSUE a very well known OF \"THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THE JURIST\""},{"Link":"http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=42","external_links_name":"Al-Fayyad's official reply to Amman Message"},{"Link":"http://mobahesat.ir/16349","external_links_name":"\"گامی به پیش در فقه بانوان\""},{"Link":"https://www.iqraonline.net/ayatollah-ishaq-fayyadh-and-the-role-of-women-in-society/","external_links_name":"\"Ayatollah Ishaq Fayyadh and the Role of Women in Society\""},{"Link":"http://ar.alfayadh.org/","external_links_name":"Official Arabic Website"},{"Link":"http://fa.alfayadh.org/","external_links_name":"Official Farsi Website"},{"Link":"http://fa.alfayadh.org/books/","external_links_name":"Download site of his online books in English, Arabic and Farsi"},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/id/2132084/entry/2132192/","external_links_name":"Slate profile"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1151963580100311456","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhX6VTHCJWWYBf6pkF3Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1153067986","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Regiment_Dragoons_(Denmark)
2nd Dragoon Regiment (Denmark)
["1 History","2 Names of the regiment","3 References"]
The 2nd Dragoon Regiment (Danish: 2. Dragonregiment) was a dragoon regiment of the Royal Danish Army, active from 1683 to 1910. History The regiment was established in 1683 as Løvendahls Dragoneskadron and finally disbanded 20 June 1910 in Odense as 2. Dragonregiment. A part of Holstenske Lansenerregiment was amalgamated with the regiment on 1 July 1842. Names of the regiment Names Løvendahls Dragoneskadron Løvendahl's Dragoon Squadron 1683-12-27 – 1684 Løvendahls Dragonregiment Løvendahl's Dragoon Regiment 1684 – 1693 Livregiment Dragoner Life Regiment Dragoons 1693 – 1772 Norske Livregiment Rytteri Norwegian Life Cavalry Regiment 1772 – 1785 Livregiment Dragoner Life Regiment Dragoons 1785 – 1791 Livregiment lette Dragoner Life Regiment Light Dragoons 1791 – 1842 2. Dragonregiment 2nd Dragoon Regiment 1842 – 1848-03-24 Disbanded Disbanded 1848-03-24 – 1851 Holstenske Dragonregiment Holstein Dragoon Regiment 1851 – 1852 2. Dragonregiment 2nd Dragoon Regiment 1852 – 1865-03-24 Disbanded Disbanded 1865-03-24 – 1867-09-30 2. Dragonregiment 2nd Dragoon Regiment 1867 – 1910-06-20 References ^ Laursen, Ole (22 April 2014). "Historical Overview of 2nd Dragoon Regiment". Wadschier. Retrieved 5 June 2017. vteFormer regiments of the Royal Danish ArmyInfantry 10th Regiment 11th Regiment 12th Regiment 13th Regiment 14th Regiment 15th Regiment Bornholm's Defence Danish Life Regiment Falster Regiment of Foot Funen Life Regiment Halberdier Guard Jutlandic Regiment of Foot King's Regiment of Foot Marine Regiment Prince's Life Regiment Queen's Life Regiment Scanian Regiment King's Jutlandic Regiment of Foot Zealand Life Regiment Cavalry 1st Dragonregiment 2nd Dragonregiment 3rd Dragonregiment 4th Dragonregiment 5th Dragonregiment 6th Dragonregiment Holstein's Lancers Regiment Oldenburg's Cuirassier Regiment Royal Horse Guards Schleswig's Cuirassier Regiment Zealand Dragoon Regiment SupportSignal Jutlandic Signal Regiment Zealand Signal Regiment Engineer Jutlandic Engineer Regiment Zealand Engineer Regiment Logistic Army Materiel Command Danish International Logistical Center Jutlandic Logistic Regiment Zealand Logistic Regiment Artillery Coastal Artillery Regiment Crown's Artillery Regiment Danish Artillery Regiment Fortress Artillery Regiment Jutlandic Air Defence Regiment King's Artillery Regiment North Jutland Artillery Regiment Queen's Artillery Regiment Southern Jutland Artillery Regiment Zealand Air Defence Regiment Zealand Artillery Regiment
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2nd Dragoon Regiment (Denmark)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Løvendahls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Frederik_Gyldenl%C3%B8ve"},{"link_name":"Odense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense"},{"link_name":"Holstenske Lansenerregiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holstein%27s_Lancers_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The regiment was established in 1683 as Løvendahls Dragoneskadron and finally disbanded 20 June 1910 in Odense as 2. Dragonregiment.A part of Holstenske Lansenerregiment was amalgamated with the regiment on 1 July 1842.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Names of the regiment"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Laursen, Ole (22 April 2014). \"Historical Overview of 2nd Dragoon Regiment\". Wadschier. Retrieved 5 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wadschier.dk/haeren-garnisoner-regimentschefer/haer/2-dragonregiment/36/","url_text":"\"Historical Overview of 2nd Dragoon Regiment\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.wadschier.dk/haeren-garnisoner-regimentschefer/haer/2-dragonregiment/36/","external_links_name":"\"Historical Overview of 2nd Dragoon Regiment\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeClaire_Historic_District
LeClaire Historic District
["1 References","2 Related reading"]
Coordinates: 38°48′01″N 89°57′00″W / 38.80028°N 89.95000°W / 38.80028; -89.95000Historic district in Illinois, United States United States historic placeLeClaire Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district Holyoake RoadShow map of IllinoisShow map of the United StatesLocationRoughly bounded by RR tracks, Wolf St., Hadley and Madison, Edwardsville, IllinoisCoordinates38°48′01″N 89°57′00″W / 38.80028°N 89.95000°W / 38.80028; -89.95000Area200 acres (81 ha)Built1890 (1890)-95NRHP reference No.79000855Added to NRHPAugust 8, 1979 LeClaire Historic District is a historic district located in Edwardsville, Illinois. The community was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1979. N. O. Nelson, the owner of the Nelson Manufacturing Company, established the town between 1890 and 1895 on donated land. Nelson planned the town to be an intentional community inspired by ideals such as Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward and the Ethical Culture movement. The community included an academy which offered free adult education and reading rooms, which was inspired by a self-culture hall in St. Louis. Nelson also established a profit sharing system in the community. The system was derived from a concept used at the Maison LeClaire in Paris, from which the community took its name. As LeClaire was an open community, its residents were not all company employees, nor were employees required to live in the community. However, the company provided utilities and public facilities to LeClaire residents. Journalist Nellie Bly compared the community favorably to Pullman in Chicago, and Ida Tarbell also wrote about the community. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Garner, John S. (1971). "Leclaire Illinois: A Model Company Town (1890-1934)". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 30 (3). University of California Press: 219–227. doi:10.2307/988748. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 988748. OCLC 5548165587, 4907155088. ^ "The Idea That Became A Village". Friends of LeClaire. Retrieved March 1, 2016. ^ The History of Leclaire (Explore Historic Leclaire) ^ Hart, Mary H. (1882) A brief sketch of the "Maison Leclaire" ^ Bob J. Holder and Carl Lossau. "The N.O. Nelson and Leclaire Story". The CEO Refresher Archives. Retrieved March 10, 2016. ^ McDonough, David L. (January 19, 1979). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: LeClaire Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014. Related reading Rygg, Andreas Nilsen. "A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri". The Norwegian-American Historical Association. Retrieved May 11, 2018. Stephens, G. W. (1928–1990). "Nelson, Nelson, Olsen". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 13. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 419–420. Taylor, Sedley; Briggs, Archibald; Briggs, Henry Currer (1884). Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874). K. Paul, Trench & Co. ISBN 9781177996792. OCLC 682190565. Retrieved May 12, 2018. vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics Architectural style categories Contributing property Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places Keeper of the Register National Park Service Property types Lists by state List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state: Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Lists by insular areas American Samoa Guam Minor Outlying Islands Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico Virgin Islands Lists by associated state Federated States of Micronesia Marshall Islands Palau Other areas District of Columbia American Legation, Morocco Related National Historic Preservation Act Historic Preservation Fund List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places National Register of Historic Places portal Category This article about a property in Madison County, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Madison County, Illinois location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwardsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardsville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garner_1971_pp._219%E2%80%93227-2"},{"link_name":"N. O. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._O._Nelson"},{"link_name":"intentional community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_community"},{"link_name":"Edward Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Looking Backward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Backward"},{"link_name":"Ethical Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_Culture"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"profit sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_sharing"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nellie Bly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Bly"},{"link_name":"Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Ida Tarbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Tarbell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Historic district in Illinois, United StatesUnited States historic placeLeClaire Historic District is a historic district located in Edwardsville, Illinois. The community was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1979.[1][2]N. O. Nelson, the owner of the Nelson Manufacturing Company, established the town between 1890 and 1895 on donated land. Nelson planned the town to be an intentional community inspired by ideals such as Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward and the Ethical Culture movement. The community included an academy which offered free adult education and reading rooms, which was inspired by a self-culture hall in St. Louis.[3][4]Nelson also established a profit sharing system in the community. The system was derived from a concept used at the Maison LeClaire in Paris, from which the community took its name.[5][6]As LeClaire was an open community, its residents were not all company employees, nor were employees required to live in the community. However, the company provided utilities and public facilities to LeClaire residents. Journalist Nellie Bly compared the community favorably to Pullman in Chicago, and Ida Tarbell also wrote about the community.[7]","title":"LeClaire Historic District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rygg, Andreas Nilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Nilsen_Rygg"},{"link_name":"\"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume13/vol13_6.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer13amer#page/418/mode/2up/search/Nelson"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography"},{"link_name":"Taylor, Sedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedley_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/profitsharingbet00tayluoft#page/n7/mode/2up/search/Nelson"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781177996792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781177996792"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"682190565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/682190565"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"U.S. National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Architectural style categories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_architectural_style_categories"},{"link_name":"Contributing property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contributing_property"},{"link_name":"Historic district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"History of the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Keeper of the Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"},{"link_name":"Property types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types"},{"link_name":"List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._National_Historic_Landmarks_by_state"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alaska"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Arkansas"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California"},{"link_name":"Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Delaware"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Idaho"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Kentucky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Kentucky"},{"link_name":"Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maine"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Mississippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Mississippi"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Montana"},{"link_name":"Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nevada"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_North_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Oklahoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oklahoma"},{"link_name":"Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Oregon"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"South Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Utah"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Vermont"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_state"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"Wyoming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wyoming"},{"link_name":"American Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_American_Samoa"},{"link_name":"Guam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Guam"},{"link_name":"Minor Outlying Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands"},{"link_name":"Northern Mariana Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Puerto_Rico"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Federated States of Micronesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia"},{"link_name":"Marshall Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_the_Marshall_Islands"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palau"},{"link_name":"District of Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"American Legation, Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Legation,_Tangier"},{"link_name":"National Historic Preservation Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act"},{"link_name":"Historic Preservation Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund"},{"link_name":"List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"property in Madison County, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeClaire_Historic_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MadisonCountyIL-NRHP-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MadisonCountyIL-NRHP-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MadisonCountyIL-NRHP-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Madison_County.svg"},{"link_name":"Madison County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeClaire_Historic_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MadisonCountyIL-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MadisonCountyIL-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MadisonCountyIL-geo-stub"}],"text":"Rygg, Andreas Nilsen. \"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\". The Norwegian-American Historical Association. Retrieved May 11, 2018.\nStephens, G. W. (1928–1990). \"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 13. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 419–420.\nTaylor, Sedley; Briggs, Archibald; Briggs, Henry Currer (1884). Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874). K. Paul, Trench & Co. ISBN 9781177996792. OCLC 682190565. Retrieved May 12, 2018.vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics\nArchitectural style categories\nContributing property\nHistoric district\nHistory of the National Register of Historic Places\nKeeper of the Register\nNational Park Service\nProperty types\nLists by state\nList of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state:\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nLists by insular areas\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nMinor Outlying Islands\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico\nVirgin Islands\nLists by associated state\nFederated States of Micronesia\nMarshall Islands\nPalau\nOther areas\nDistrict of Columbia\nAmerican Legation, Morocco\nRelated\nNational Historic Preservation Act\nHistoric Preservation Fund\nList of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places\nUniversity and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places\n\n National Register of Historic Places portal\n CategoryThis article about a property in Madison County, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Madison County, Illinois location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Related reading"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Garner, John S. (1971). \"Leclaire Illinois: A Model Company Town (1890-1934)\". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 30 (3). University of California Press: 219–227. doi:10.2307/988748. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 988748. OCLC 5548165587, 4907155088.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F988748","url_text":"10.2307/988748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808","url_text":"0037-9808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/988748","url_text":"988748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5548165587","url_text":"5548165587"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4907155088","url_text":"4907155088"}]},{"reference":"\"The Idea That Became A Village\". Friends of LeClaire. Retrieved March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historic-leclaire.org/?nav=History","url_text":"\"The Idea That Became A Village\""}]},{"reference":"Bob J. Holder and Carl Lossau. \"The N.O. Nelson and Leclaire Story\". The CEO Refresher Archives. Retrieved March 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.refresher.com/Archives/!holder9.html","url_text":"\"The N.O. Nelson and Leclaire Story\""}]},{"reference":"McDonough, David L. (January 19, 1979). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: LeClaire Historic District\" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301133722/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/200135.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: LeClaire Historic District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/200135.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rygg, Andreas Nilsen. \"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\". The Norwegian-American Historical Association. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Nilsen_Rygg","url_text":"Rygg, Andreas Nilsen"},{"url":"https://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume13/vol13_6.htm","url_text":"\"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\""}]},{"reference":"Stephens, G. W. (1928–1990). \"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 13. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 419–420.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer13amer#page/418/mode/2up/search/Nelson","url_text":"\"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Sedley; Briggs, Archibald; Briggs, Henry Currer (1884). Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874). K. Paul, Trench & Co. ISBN 9781177996792. OCLC 682190565. Retrieved May 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedley_Taylor","url_text":"Taylor, Sedley"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/profitsharingbet00tayluoft#page/n7/mode/2up/search/Nelson","url_text":"Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781177996792","url_text":"9781177996792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682190565","url_text":"682190565"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Speich
Jean-Marie Speich
["1 Biography","2 Diplomatic career","3 Honours","4 Notes","5 See also","6 References"]
French prelate of the Catholic Church (born 1955) His Excellency, The Most ReverendJean-Marie SpeichApostolic Nuncio to SloveniaApostolic Delegate to KosovoTitular Archbishop of SulciAppointed19 March 2019PredecessorJuliusz JanuszOther post(s)Titular Archbishop of SulciOrdersOrdination9 October 1982Consecration24 October 2013by Pope Francis, Jean-Pierre Gallet and Antonio MattiazzoPersonal detailsBornJean-Marie Speich (1955-06-15) 15 June 1955 (age 69)Strasbourg, FranceNationalityFrenchDenominationRoman CatholicPrevious post(s)Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana (2013–2019)Alma materPontifical Ecclesiastical AcademyPontifical Gregorian UniversityMottoWI I KAN (As I can)Coat of arms Styles ofJean-Marie SpeichReference styleHis ExcellencySpoken styleYour ExcellencyReligious styleArchbishop Ordination history ofJean-Marie SpeichHistoryDiaconal ordinationDate26 June 1982Priestly ordinationOrdained byBishop Léon Arthur Elchinger, Bishop of Strasbourg.Date9 October 1982Episcopal consecrationPrincipal consecratorPope FrancisCo-consecratorsGiovanni TonucciJean-Pierre Grallet, O.F.M.Date24 October 2013 Jean-Marie Speich (born 15 June 1955) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church who has worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See since 1986. He has been an archbishop since 2013 and Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia and Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo since March 2019. Biography Speich was born on 15 June 1955 in Strasbourg, France, to Xavier Speich and Marie Thérèse Goetz, residents of Willgottheim (Bas-Rhin). His sister Andrée Speich is a cloistered Benedictine nun. Speich was ordained to the priesthood on 9 October 1982, by Bishop Léon Arthur Elchinger. From 1982 to 1984, he served as assistant pastor at St. Vincent de Paul Parish in the Archdiocese of Strasbourg. To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1984. Diplomatic career He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 July 1986 and was assigned to Apostolic Nunciatures of the Holy See in Haiti, Nigeria, Bolivia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Spain and Cuba. On 27 March 2008, he became head of the section for French-speaking countries at the Secretariat of State. On 17 August 2013, Pope Francis named Speich Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana and titular archbishop of Sulci. He received his episcopal consecration from Pope Francis on 24 October. On 19 March 2019, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia and Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo. Speich's academic degrees include a doctorate degree in canon law, and a licentiate in sacred theology, both from the Pontifical Gregorian University. The Speich family coat of arms dates to the first half of the 13th century. Speich assumed the motto of Speich family of Strasbourg, which has been in use since 1415. This motto, "Wi I Kan", which is in Alemannic German and means "As I can". Honours Ecclesiastical Chaplain of His Holiness, 15 October 1988. Honorary Prelate of His Holiness, 10 November 1998. Others National Order of Honour and Merit of Haiti, Commander, 2 August 1989. Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Commander, 24 February 1999. Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Conventual Chaplain ad honorem, 24 June 2006. Legion of Honor of the Republic of France, Knight, 1 January 2010. Dynastic Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the House of Savoy, Grand Officer, 14 September 2013. Notes ^ The blazon of the arms is as follows: German: In Silber über grünem Dreiberg steigender gebildeter goldener Mond, uberhöht von goldenem Kreuz, French: D'argent à la croix d'or alésée à pal brochant la fasce en chef sur la lune croissante d'or figurée en abîme, le tout sur trois pointes de montagne sinople See also List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See References ^ Cf. Pays d'Alsace, Willgottheim Woellenheim, Deux villages du Kochersberg, Société d'Histoire et d'Archéologie de Saverne et environs, No. 120 -123 (1982-1983), ISSN 0245-8411. ^ a b c d e "Rinunce e Nomine, 17.08.2013" (Press release) (in Italian). 17 August 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ "Curriculum Vitae". Order of Malta Embassy to Slovenia. Retrieved 26 June 2020. ^ "Pontificia Accademia Ecclesiastica, Ex-alunni 1950 – 1999" (in Italian). Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2020. ^ "Slovénie: Mgr Jean-Marie Speich nommé nonce apostolique". Zenit (in French). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ "Resignations and Appointments, 19.03.2019" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019. ^ Wild, Samuel (1902). Wappen der am Schlusse des 19. Jahrhundert lebenden Bürger-Geschlechter des Kantons Glarus. Sorgfältigst zusammengetragen und dargestellt nach Wappenbüchern älterer und neuerer Zeit, sowie nach Sigillen und Pettschaften (in German). Glarus. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 – via gl.ch.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Gottfried Heer, Zur Geschichte glarnerischer Geschlechter, derjenigen des Serftales insbesondere. Allerlei Bilder aus vergangenen Tagen, Ed. Rud. Tschudy, Glarus, 1920 ^ JMS (Summer 2012). "". Kocherschbari (in French) (65). Truchtersheim, FR: Association des amis du Kochersberg: 26–32. ISSN 0243-2498. ^ "Mgr Speich reçoit la Légion d'Honneur". Église catholique en France. Édité par la Conférence des évêques de France (in French). 6 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015. Catholic Church titles Preceded byLéon Kalenga Badikebele Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana – August 17, 2013 Succeeded byincumbent Preceded byGeorge Antonysamy Titular Archbishop of Sulci – August 17, 2013 incumbent Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Delegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"}],"text":"Jean-Marie Speich (born 15 June 1955) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church who has worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See since 1986. He has been an archbishop since 2013 and Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia and Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo since March 2019.","title":"Jean-Marie Speich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Willgottheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willgottheim"},{"link_name":"Bas-Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Benedictine nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_nun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Léon Arthur Elchinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Arthur_Elchinger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maltacv-3"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Ecclesiastical_Academy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Speich was born on 15 June 1955 in Strasbourg, France, to Xavier Speich and Marie Thérèse Goetz, residents of Willgottheim (Bas-Rhin).[1] His sister Andrée Speich is a cloistered Benedictine nun.[citation needed]Speich was ordained to the priesthood on 9 October 1982,[2] by Bishop Léon Arthur Elchinger.[citation needed] From 1982 to 1984, he served as assistant pastor at St. Vincent de Paul Parish in the Archdiocese of Strasbourg.[3] To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1984.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"titular archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_archbishop"},{"link_name":"Sulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulci"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Delegation_to_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"doctorate degree in canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Gregorian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Alemannic German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 July 1986 and was assigned to Apostolic Nunciatures of the Holy See in Haiti, Nigeria, Bolivia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Spain and Cuba.[2] On 27 March 2008, he became head of the section for French-speaking countries at the Secretariat of State.[2]On 17 August 2013, Pope Francis named Speich Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana and titular archbishop of Sulci.[2] He received his episcopal consecration from Pope Francis on 24 October.[5]On 19 March 2019, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia and Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo.[6]Speich's academic degrees include a doctorate degree in canon law, and a licentiate in sacred theology, both from the Pontifical Gregorian University.[2]The Speich family coat of arms dates to the first half of the 13th century.[7][8][9][a] Speich assumed the motto of Speich family of Strasbourg, which has been in use since 1415. This motto, \"Wi I Kan\", which is in Alemannic German and means \"As I can\".[citation needed]","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Chaplain_of_His_Holiness.svg"},{"link_name":"Chaplain of His Holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Domestic_Prelate.svg"},{"link_name":"Honorary Prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Prelate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito,_Comendador.svg"},{"link_name":"National Order of Honour and Merit of Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Honour_and_Merit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMOM-c.svg"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honor of the Republic of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legion-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grande_ufficiale_SSML_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Dynastic Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus"}],"text":"EcclesiasticalChaplain of His Holiness, 15 October 1988.\n Honorary Prelate of His Holiness, 10 November 1998.OthersNational Order of Honour and Merit of Haiti, Commander, 2 August 1989.\n Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Commander, 24 February 1999.\n Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Conventual Chaplain ad honorem, 24 June 2006.\n Legion of Honor of the Republic of France, Knight, 1 January 2010.[10]\n Dynastic Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the House of Savoy, Grand Officer, 14 September 2013.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ The blazon of the arms is as follows:\nGerman: In Silber über grünem Dreiberg steigender gebildeter goldener Mond, uberhöht von goldenem Kreuz,\nFrench: D'argent à la croix d'or alésée à pal brochant la fasce en chef sur la lune croissante d'or figurée en abîme, le tout sur trois pointes de montagne sinople","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations
Animal testing regulations
["1 Europe","1.1 France","1.2 United Kingdom","1.3 Germany","2 Asia","2.1 Japan","3 United States","4 Canada","4.1 Alberta","4.2 Prince Edward Island","4.3 Manitoba","4.4 Ontario","5 Australia","6 New Zealand","7 Brazil","8 See also","9 Notes"]
Guidelines with regard to animal testing Animal testing Main articles Animal testing Alternatives to animal testing Animal testing regulations History of animal testing History of model organisms IACUC Laboratory animal sources Pain and suffering in laboratory animals Testing cosmetics on animals Toxicology testing Vivisection Testing on Invertebrates Frogs Primates Rabbits Rodents Issues Medical research Animal rights Animal welfare Animals (Scientific Procedures) Great ape research ban International primate trade Cases Brown Dog affair Cambridge University primates Pit of despair Silver Spring monkeys UCR 1985 laboratory raid Unnecessary Fuss Companies Jackson Laboratory Charles River Laboratories Covance, Harlan Huntingdon Life Sciences UK lab animal suppliers Nafovanny, Shamrock Farm Groups/campaigns AALAS AAAS ALF Americans for Medical Progress Boyd Group Cruelty Free International Dr. Hadwen Trust Foundation for Biomedical Research FRAME National Anti-Vivisection Society New England Anti-Vivisection Society PETA Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Primate Freedom Project Pro-Test SPEAK campaign SHAC Speaking of Research Understanding Animal Research Writers/activists Tipu Aziz Michael Balls Neal D. Barnard Colin Blakemore Simon Festing Gill Langley Ingrid Newkirk Bernard Rollin Jerry Vlasak Syed Ziaur Rahman Categories Animal testing Animal rights Animal welfare vte Animal testing regulations are guidelines that permit and control the use of non-human animals for scientific experimentation. They vary greatly around the world, but most governments aim to control the number of times individual animals may be used; the overall numbers used; and the degree of pain that may be inflicted without anesthetic. Europe Further information: European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes Experiments on vertebrate animals in the European Union are since January 1, 2013. subject to Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, which was finalized in November 2010 and updated and replaced the Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of Animals used for Experimental and other scientific purposes, adopted in 1986. Directive 86/609/EEC showed considerable variation in the manner member countries chose to exercise the directive: compare, for example, legislation from Sweden, The Netherlands, and Germany. With a 2004 amendment to the Cosmetics Directive, the animal testing for cosmetic products is forbidden in the EU. Also animal testing for cosmetic ingredients is prohibited since March 2009. The amendment also prohibited, since 11 March 2009, to market cosmetic products containing ingredients which have been tested on animals. The amendment does not prohibit companies to use animal testing to fulfill regulatory requirements in other countries. France In France, legislation (principally the decree of October 19, 1980) requires an institutional and project license before testing on vertebrates is carried out. An institution must submit details of their facilities and the reason for the experiments, after which a five-year license may be granted following an inspection of the premises. The project licensee must be trained and educated to an appropriate level. Personal licenses are not required for individuals working under the supervision of a project license holder. These regulations do not apply to research using invertebrates. United Kingdom See also: Animal Procedures Committee and Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 The types of institutions conducting animal research in the UK in 2015 were: universities (47.7%); commercial organizations (25.1%); government departments and other public bodies (13.8%); non-profit organizations (12.4%); National Health Service hospitals (0.7%); public health laboratories (0.2%). The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 requires experiments to be regulated by three licences: a project licence for the scientist in charge of the project, which details the numbers and types of animals to be used, the experiments to be performed and their purpose; a certificate for the institution to ensure it has adequate facilities and staff; and a personal licence for each scientist or technician who carries out any procedure. In deciding whether to grant a licence, the Home Office refers to the Act's cost-benefit analysis, which is defined as "the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue as a result of the programme to be specified in the licence" (Section 5(4)). A licence should not be granted if there is a "reasonably practicable method not entailing the use of protected animals" (Section 5(5) (a)). The experiments must use "the minimum number of animals, involve animals with the lowest degree of neurophysiological sensitivity, cause the least pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm, and most likely to produce satisfactory results" (Section 5(5) (b)). During a 2002 House of Lords select committee inquiry into animal testing in the UK, witnesses stated that the UK has the tightest regulatory system in the world, and is the only country to require a cost-benefit assessment of every licence application. There are 29 qualified inspectors covering 230 establishments, which are visited on average 11–12 times a year in both announced and unannounced inspections. As a result of the transposition of Directive 2010/63/EU, changes were made to the way research is reviewed and approved in the UK. All licensed establishments must have an Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (commonly referred to as AWERBs) which considers and monitors project applications for the site. The assessment of severity has also changed under the amendments to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986). Working examples of severity bands are provided by European Commission Expert Working Group. The assessment of severity must also be conducted retrospectively, which results in severity being assigned on the basis of the actual suffering experienced by the animals, rather than what is presumed during study design. This in turn leads to more accurate prospective assignment of severity bands. Germany The German Animal Welfare Act, 1972, is designed to enforce the utilitarian principle that there must be good reason for one to cause an animal harm and identifies that it is the responsibility of human beings to protect the lives and well-being of their fellow creatures. The Animal Welfare Act is supplemented by the Animal Protection Laboratory Animal Regulations, 2013, and the European Directive 2010/63/EU. All animal research facilities must be inspected at least every three years, with facilities conducting primate research being inspected at least once per year. Asia Japan Animal Experimentation in Japan is regulated by several documents - the Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals, 2005, The Standards Relating to the Care and Management, and Alleviation of Pain and Distress of Experimental Animals, 2006, and guidelines by various ministries and organizations. The law states that causing distress to animals is not allowed without due cause (Article 2), and that when conducting animal experiments, methods that reduce the pain and distress of the animals as much as possible shall be used. It also states that consideration shall be given as to the appropriate use of animals, for example by reducing the number of animals used when possible (Article 41). The Standards state that usage of animals for scientific purpose is necessary. They include regulations for the refinement of experiments, in order to reduce the pain and distress of the experimental animals, and consideration for replacing animal experiments with alternatives or reducing the number of animals used. MEXT (The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and MHLW (The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) established the guidelines named "Basic policies on animal experimentation" as quasi-regulations on June 1, 2006. The SCJ (Science Council of Japan) formulated more detailed guidelines, also in 2006, to be used when institutions formate their local regulations. The SCJ's guidelines state that the director of each research institution bears the responsibility for animal experiments conducted at their facilities, that animal experiments are indispensable, and that each institution should formulate voluntary in-house regulations for proper scientific conduct of animal experiments based on the guidelines. As well, they state that each institution should form an in-house review committee in order to inspect the experiments at that institution, from the standpoint of scientific rationale, with consideration to the Law and Standards mentioned above. However, ALIVE Foundation conducted a survey of Japanese universities and research facilities in 2011, and concluded that: "There appears to be little consciousness about the use of animals in experiments. Although there is an official guideline that should be followed, national universities are not complying with the guideline (in particular, in choosing particular kinds of animal, self-assessment and care/management of animals)." United States Further information: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee In the United States, animal testing on vertebrates is primarily regulated by the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (AWA), and the Animal Welfare Regulations which is enforced by the Animal Care division of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The AWA contains provisions to ensure that individuals of covered species used in research receive a certain standard of care and treatment, provided that the standard of care and treatment does not interfere with "the design, outlines, or guidelines of actual research or experimentation." Currently, AWA only protects mammals. In 2002, the Farm Security Act of 2002, the fifth amendment to the AWA, specifically excluded purpose-bred birds, rats, and mice (as opposed to wild-captured mice, rats, and birds) from regulations. Even though most animals used in research are mice, rats, and fish, over a million other research animals per year are covered by the Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations. The AWA requires each institution using covered species to maintain an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), which is responsible for local compliance with the Act. In addition, the IACUC reviews and approves each animal use protocol, which is a written description the researchers submit describing all procedures to be done with laboratory animals. Researchers must consult with a veterinarian for each procedure that may cause more than momentary pain or distress to the animals. In addition a written justification for these procedures, as well as documentation of a search for alternatives to these procedures, must be included with the protocol. The IACUC must review and approve these protocols at least annually. The IACUC also inspects all the animal facilities, including satellite facilities, every 6 months. As a part of this semi-annual inspection the committee also reviews the entire animal care and use program, and submits a "semi-annual report" to the Institutional Official. The Guide (enforced by OLAW) also has requirements for IACUC responsibilities and program reviews. Animal care and use in research in the United States are largely controlled by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees. The following information is based on IACUC activity in the United States over 15 years ago. In addition, the purpose of an IACUC is not to provide "consistent" oversight across studies or institutions. Each institution has its own culture, priorities, and interpretations. A study conducted in 2001 by Psychology Professor Scott Plous of Wesleyan University that evaluated the reliability of IACUCs found little consistency between decisions made by IACUCs at different institutions. A Wesleyan University press release summarized part of the findings: The investigation, which took three years to complete, compared judgments made by 50 randomly selected animal care and use committees drawn from U.S. colleges and universities. To assess the consistency of approval decisions, 150 recent research proposals from these institutions were each independently evaluated by two different animal care and use committees. The results showed that approval decisions were statistically unrelated. In most cases, proposals that were disapproved by one committee were approved by the second committee. The study also explored whether reviews were more reliable when the experiment involved certain types of animals or procedures. For example, reliability was assessed for proposals that involved dogs, cats, and primates, or for experiments involving drugs, surgery, animal pain, or death. Even in these cases, independent reviews did not agree beyond chance levels. In response to the Plous study, a rebuttal letter to Science written by animal researchers, animal care staff, and members of professional research societies stated: That the masked protocols would be rated more negatively was predictable for the following reasons. First, IACUCs rely on knowing the experience of the investigators and staff, information that was not included for the unofficial IACUCs. Not surprisingly, most of the negative shifts (84 of 118) were to categories calling for more information. Second, withholding approval had no practical consequence. Third, participants might have felt scrutinized by researchers with an "animal rights" agenda, and erred on the side of deferral or rejection. Fourth, navigating another institution's forms can be difficult. And fifth, IACUCs unfamiliar with particular species or procedures are less likely to understand a protocol. These factors make it almost impossible to compare the actions of the original and unofficial IACUCs and thus call into question the major premises and conclusions of this study. Institutions are also subject to unannounced annual inspections from USDA APHIS Veterinarian inspectors. There are about 70 inspectors monitoring around 1100 research institutions. The inspectors also conduct pre-licensing checks for sites that do not engage in animal research or transportation, of which more than 4000 exist (e.g. dog kennels). Another regulatory instrument is the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW), which is an office within the US National Institutes of Health. OLAW oversees all animal studies funded by the Public Health Service (including NIH). The Health Research Extension Act of 1985 directed the NIH to write the Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. This Policy applies to any individual scientist or institution in receipt of federal funds and requires each institution to have an IACUC, among other stipulations. OLAW enforces the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory AnimalsGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition published by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Page Not Found : Division on Earth and Life Studies which covers all vertebrate species, including rodents, birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition This means that IACUCs oversee the use of all vertebrate species in research at facilities receiving federal funds, even if the species are not covered by the AWA. OLAW does not carry out scheduled inspections, but requires that "As a condition of receipt of PHS support for research involving laboratory animals, awardee institutions must provide a written Animal Welfare Assurance of Compliance (Assurance) to OLAW describing the means they will employ to comply with the PHS Policy." OLAW conducts inspections only when there is a suspected or alleged violation that cannot be resolved through written correspondence. Accreditation from the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC), a non-governmental, nonprofit association, is regarded by the industry as the "gold standard" of accreditation. Accreditation is maintained through a prearranged AAALAC site visit and program evaluation hosted by the member institution once every three years. Accreditation is intended to ensure compliance with the standards in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, as well as any other national or local laws on animal welfare. Canada The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) is set up to act in the interests of the people of Canada to ensure through programs of education, assessment and guidelines development that the use of animals, where necessary, for research, teaching and testing employs optimal physical and psychological care according to acceptable scientific standards, and to promote an increased level of knowledge, awareness and sensitivity to relevant ethical principles. At the inaugural meeting on January 30, 1968, the CCAC adopted the following statement of objective: "to develop guiding principles for the care of experimental animals in Canada, and to work for their effective application". The federal government does not have jurisdiction to pass laws that involve experiments on animals. The provinces have jurisdiction concerning that area. The federal government, however, is involved in three areas: the criminal law power, the health power, and the spending power. The Criminal Code of Canada Section 446 and 447 of the Criminal Code protect animals from cruelty, abuse and neglect. This section of the Criminal Code has been under review for several years. The Health of Animals Act The Health of Animals Act (1990) and its regulations are aimed primarily at protecting Canadian livestock from a variety of infectious diseases that would threaten both the health of the animals and people, and Canadian trade in livestock with other countries. This act is used both to deal with named disease outbreaks in Canada, and to prevent the entry of unacceptable diseases that do not exist in Canada. The Spending Power The other mechanism through which the federal government has lent its support to the humane treatment of animals is not strictly speaking legislative in nature, but in many respects it is one of the most powerful instruments available to the federal government for setting national standards. The federal government's power to provide for grants subject to conditions imposed on the recipients, be they provincial governments or individual or corporate recipients, may take a variety of different forms. One form is that of the conditional federal grant or contract. This manifestation of the federal power is what currently underpins the imposition of CCAC standards on facilities receiving funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Where the government itself awards a contract on an academic or non-academic institution, clause A9015C of Public Works Standard Acquisition Clauses and Conditions Manual imposes conditions related to the care and use of experimental animals in public works and government services. All of the provinces in Canada have created and passed laws that pertain to animal welfare, but only certain provinces have made their own laws. These provinces are Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. Alberta In 2006, the Alberta Animal Protection Act was revised and declared. Previously in Alberta, only academic institutions were subject to provincial regulations referencing CCAC standards, as these standards were referenced exclusively in the Alberta Universities Act. In 2005, the Universities Act and two other laws were examined by the Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Ministry (AAFRD), in hopes of combining them and update their content. Article 2(1) of the Animal Protection Regulations was revised by the CCAC and AAFRD and now states that "a person who owns or has custody, care or control of an animal for research activities must comply with the following Canadian Council on Animal Care documents", and lists all 22 CCAC standards, including the CCAC Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals and the various guidelines and policies published by the CCAC. Prince Edward Island In Prince Edward Island, the Animal Protection Regulations made under the Animal Health and Protection Act state that the rules controlling the care of animals used for medical or scientific research can be found in Volumes 1 and 2 of the Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals published by the CCAC. in the Prince Edward Islands Manitoba In the province of Manitoba, according to the Animal Care Act, it is not allowed for a person to cause suffering to an animal. The use of animals for research and teaching is acceptable as long as it follows the rules set out in the Act. All institutions that use animals for research and teaching purposes have to submit to obey the system put in place by the CCAC. Failing to do so, any harm done to an animal in a research or teaching program will be regarded as an offense under the Act. Ontario All of the research facilities in Ontario must be registered and licensed based on the legislation Animals for Research Act. Among the provisions of the Animals for Research Act, one should note the duty to establish an animal care committee, the responsibilities and powers of which are similar to those required under the CCAC system, and the requirement for any operator of a research facility to submit to the person designated by the Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs a report respecting the animals used in the research facility for research. Regulation 24 governs the housing and care of the animals. Regulation 25 controls the conditions for transportation of the animals that are used or going to be used by a research facility. Australia In Australia, Animal Ethics Committees (AECs) determine whether the use of an animal is valid or not. AECs must follow the Code in order to ensure the wellbeing of the animals used for research. The Code emphasizes the responsibilities of investigators, teachers and institutions using animals to: ensure that the use of animals is justified, taking into consideration the scientific or educational benefits and the potential effects on the welfare of the animals; ensure that the welfare of animals is always considered; promote the development and use of techniques that replace the use of animals in scientific and teaching activities; minimise the number of animals used in projects; and refine methods and procedures to avoid pain or distress in animals used in scientific and teaching activities. Scientific and teaching activities using animals may be performed only when they are essential: to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding of humans and/or animals; for the maintenance and improvement of human and/or animal health and welfare; for the improvement of animal management or production; to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding, maintenance or improvement of the natural environment; or for the achievement of educational objectives. Researchers can only conduct their studies once it has approved the validity of the use of the animals and that there is more educational or scientific gain that outweighs the possible effects on the welfare of the animals. The researchers must submit a written proposal to an AEC stating what is to be accomplished, a defense for the study, and the ethical and wellbeing of the animals used reflecting the 3Rs. New Zealand Main article: Regulation of Animal Research in New Zealand New Zealand's Animal Welfare Act 1999 requires owners and people in charge of animals to ensure the physical, health and behavioural needs of animals are met, and that pain and distress are alleviated. In New Zealand, as in many countries, laboratory animals (mainly rodents) and farm animals (mainly cattle and sheep) are used in research, testing and teaching – commonly referred to as RTT. Animal use in RTT is strictly controlled under the Animal Welfare Act 1999 and organisations using animals must follow an approved code of ethical conduct. This sets out the policies and procedures that need to be adopted and followed by the organisation and its animal ethics committee. Every project must be approved and monitored by an animal ethics committee. These committees must have three external members: a nominee of an approved animal welfare organisation (such as the SPCA), a nominee of the New Zealand Veterinary Association and, a lay person to represent the public interest (and nominated by a local government body). Code holders and their animal ethics committees are independently reviewed (by MPI accredited reviewers) at least once every five years. All code holders have to submit annual animal use statistics on the number of animals used in research, testing or teaching, and its impact on them, from little or none to severe. The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) administers the Act and leads animal welfare policy and practice in New Zealand. The National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (NAEAC) was established under the Animal Welfare Act to provide independent advice to the Minister for Primary Industries about: ethical and animal welfare issues relating to the use of animals in research, testing and teaching recommendations on the restrictions of use of non-human hominids advice to Animal Ethics Committees the development and review of codes of ethical conduct Brazil The federal law for the scientific use of animals was passed in 2008. The law established the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) and demanded that institutions create an ethics committee on the use of animals. In 2009, Decree 6899/2009 defined CONCEA as the governing and advisory body, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, to authorize accreditation to registered institutions and to license those institutions to use animals in research. The same decree also states that an electronic database be developed to allow breeding and research facilities to register in order to apply for CONCEA accreditation. Brazil also reinforces the 3Rs. See also Animal–industrial complex Animal rights Cruelty to animals Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations Notes ^ "Animals used for scientific purposes". europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2022-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-20. ^ "The revised European Directive 2010/63/EU: a guide for UK institutions". Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2019. ^ "Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of Animals used for Experimental and other scientific purposes" Archived August 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine European Commission, 1986. Retrieved February 8, 2007 ^ "Laboratory animal research legislation in Sweden" Archived December 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, EBRA. 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Retrieved 2012-05-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) vteAnimal rightsTopics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)Overviews Animal rights movement Animal rights by country or territory Anarchism and animal rights Animal rights and punk subculture Animal cruelty–Holocaust analogies Animal rights in Indian religions Christianity and animal rights History of animal rights List of international animal welfare conventions Moral status of animals in the ancient world Timeline of animal welfare and rights Total liberation Universal Declaration on Animal Welfare Concepts Abolitionism Ahimsa Animal cognition Animal consciousness Animal ethics Animal–industrial complex Animal law Animal protectionism Animal welfare Animal-free agriculture Anthrozoology Argument from marginal cases Cambridge Declaration on Consciousness Carnism Equal consideration of interests Emotion in animals Ethics of eating meat Ethics of uncertain sentience Ethology Insects in ethics Meat paradox Nonviolence Open rescue Opposition to hunting Personism Replaceability argument Sentiocentrism Speciesism Veganism Vegaphobia Vegetarianism IssuesAnimal agriculture Animal product Battery cage Bile bear Chick culling Concentrated animal feeding operation Fish farming Fur farming Fur trade Insect farming Intensive animal farming Intensive pig farming Livestock Poultry farming Slaughterhouse Wildlife farming Working animal Feedback (pork industry) Foam depopulation Ventilation shutdown Animal testing Alternatives to animal testing Animal testing on non-human primates Animal testing regulations Labcorp Drug Development Great ape research ban Green Scare Huntingdon Life Sciences Model organism Nafovanny Operation Backfire Vivisection Animal welfare Animal euthanasia Cruelty to animals Pain in animals Pain in amphibians Pain in cephalopods Pain in crustaceans Pain in fish Pain in invertebrates Pain and suffering in laboratory animals Welfare of farmed insects Fishing Commercial fishing Fishing bait Recreational fishing Wild animals Culling wildlife Hare coursing Hunting International primate trade Ivory trade Predation problem Seal hunting Wild animal suffering Wildlife management Other Abandoned pets Animal sacrifice Animal slaughter Animal trial Animals in sport Live food Live export Cases Brown Dog affair Cambridge University primates McLibel case Monkey selfie copyright dispute Pit of despair SHAC Silver Spring monkeys University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid Unnecessary Fuss War of the currents Methodologies Direct Action Everywhere Hunt sabotage Observances World Animal Day World Day for the End of Speciesism World Day for Laboratory Animals World Day for the End of Fishing Advocates (academics, writers, activists)Academicsand writersContemporary Carol J. Adams Aysha Akhtar Kristin Andrews Tom Beauchamp Marc Bekoff Steven Best Stephen St. C. Bostock Paola Cavalieri Stephen R. L. Clark Alasdair Cochrane J. M. Coetzee Alice Crary David DeGrazia Daniel Dombrowski Sue Donaldson Josephine Donovan Joan Dunayer Mylan Engel Catia Faria Lawrence Finsen Gary L. Francione Robert Garner Valéry Giroux Lori Gruen John Hadley Oscar Horta Dale Jamieson Kyle Johannsen Melanie Joy Hilda Kean Will Kymlicka Renan Larue Thomas Lepeltier Andrew Linzey Clair Linzey Dan Lyons David Nibert Martha Nussbaum Clare Palmer Charles Patterson David Pearce Jessica Pierce Evelyn Pluhar Mark Rowlands Richard D. Ryder Steve F. 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Amos Bob Barker Ernest Bell Edith Carrington Frances Power Cobbe Joan Court Karen Davis Royal Dixon Muriel Dowding Elizabeth Farians Emarel Freshel André Géraud Lewis Gompertz James Granger Nina Douglas-Hamilton Barry Horne Marie Huot Lizzy Lind af Hageby Jessie Mackay Norm Phelps Jill Phipps Maud Ingersoll Probasco Hans Ruesch Nell Shipman Henry Spira Andrew Tyler Gretchen Wyler Movement (groups, parties)GroupsContemporary American Anti-Vivisection Society Animal Aid Animal Ethics Animal Justice Animal Justice Project Animal Legal Defense Fund Animal Liberation Animal Liberation Front Animal Rising AnimaNaturalis Anti-Vivisection Coalition Anonymous for the Voiceless Beauty Without Cruelty Born Free Foundation Centre for Animals and Social Justice Chinese Animal Protection Network Cruelty Free International Direct Action Everywhere Doctors Against Animal Experiments Equanimal Every Animal Farm Animal Rights Movement Faunalytics Great Ape Project Hunt Saboteurs Association In Defense of Animals Korea Animal Rights Advocates L214 Last Chance for Animals Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition Mercy for Animals Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals Rise for Animals Sentience Politics Uncaged Campaigns United Activists for Animal Rights United Poultry Concerns UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics Viva! 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(2005) Striking at the Roots (2008) An American Trilogy (2009) An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010) Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012) Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014) Animal (De)liberation (2016) Sentientist Politics (2018) Wild Animal Ethics (2020) Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022) Making a Stand for Animals (2022) Films The Animals Film (1981) A Cow at My Table (1998) Shores of Silence (2000) The Witness (2000) Meet Your Meat (2002) Legally Blonde 2 (2003) The Meatrix (2003) Peaceable Kingdom (2004) Earthlings (2005) Behind the Mask (2006) Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007) The Cove (2009) Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009) Forks Over Knives (2011) Vegucated (2011) An Apology to Elephants (2013) Speciesism: The Movie (2013) The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013) Unlocking the Cage (2016) Dominion (2018) Seaspiracy (2021) PeriodicalsJournals Animal Sentience Between the Species Cahiers antispécistes Etica & Animali Journal of Animal Ethics Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism The Animals' Defender Magazines Arkangel Bite Back Muutoksen kevät No Compromise Satya Albums Animal Liberation (1987) Tame Yourself (1991) Manifesto (2008) Salvation of Innocents (2014) Onward to Freedom (2014) Fairs and exhibitions Holocaust on your Plate (2003) Category ( 139 )
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing"},{"link_name":"guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guideline"},{"link_name":"scientific experimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_experimentation"},{"link_name":"anesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic"}],"text":"Animal testing regulations are guidelines that permit and control the use of non-human animals for scientific experimentation. They vary greatly around the world, but most governments aim to control the number of times individual animals may be used; the overall numbers used; and the degree of pain that may be inflicted without anesthetic.","title":"Animal testing regulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Vertebrate_Animals_used_for_Experimental_and_other_Scientific_Purposes"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUDirective2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKGuideOnEUDirective-2"},{"link_name":"Directive 2010/63/EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing#EU_Directive_2010/63/EU"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUDirective-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EBRA1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EBRA2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EBRA3-6"},{"link_name":"Cosmetics Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics_Directive"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Further information: European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific PurposesExperiments on vertebrate animals in the European Union are since January 1, 2013.[1][2] subject to Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, which was finalized in November 2010 and updated and replaced the Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of Animals used for Experimental and other scientific purposes, adopted in 1986.[3] Directive 86/609/EEC showed considerable variation in the manner member countries chose to exercise the directive: compare, for example, legislation from Sweden,[4] The Netherlands,[5] and Germany.[6]With a 2004 amendment to the Cosmetics Directive, the animal testing for cosmetic products is forbidden in the EU. Also animal testing for cosmetic ingredients is prohibited since March 2009. The amendment also prohibited, since 11 March 2009, to market cosmetic products containing ingredients which have been tested on animals.[7] The amendment does not prohibit companies to use animal testing to fulfill regulatory requirements in other countries.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoL1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EBRA4-9"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"In France, legislation (principally the decree of October 19, 1980) requires an institutional and project license before testing on vertebrates is carried out. An institution must submit details of their facilities and the reason for the experiments, after which a five-year license may be granted following an inspection of the premises. The project licensee must be trained and educated to an appropriate level. Personal licenses are not required for individuals working under the supervision of a project license holder.[8] These regulations do not apply to research using invertebrates.[9]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal Procedures Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Procedures_Committee"},{"link_name":"Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_(Scientific_Procedures)_Act_1986"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKStats2015-10"},{"link_name":"Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_(Scientific_Procedures)_Act_1986"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1986Act-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Home Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Office"},{"link_name":"cost-benefit analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis"},{"link_name":"neurophysiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiology"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Directive 2010/63/EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing#EU_Directive_2010/63/EU"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"See also: Animal Procedures Committee and Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986The types of institutions conducting animal research in the UK in 2015 were: universities (47.7%); commercial organizations (25.1%); government departments and other public bodies (13.8%); non-profit organizations (12.4%); National Health Service hospitals (0.7%); public health laboratories (0.2%).[10]The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986[11] requires experiments to be regulated by three licences: a project licence for the scientist in charge of the project, which details the numbers and types of animals to be used, the experiments to be performed and their purpose; a certificate for the institution to ensure it has adequate facilities and staff; and a personal licence for each scientist or technician who carries out any procedure.[12] In deciding whether to grant a licence, the Home Office refers to the Act's cost-benefit analysis, which is defined as \"the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue as a result of the programme to be specified in the licence\" (Section 5(4)). A licence should not be granted if there is a \"reasonably practicable method not entailing the use of protected animals\" (Section 5(5) (a)). The experiments must use \"the minimum number of animals, involve animals with the lowest degree of neurophysiological sensitivity, cause the least pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm, and [be the] most likely to produce satisfactory results\" (Section 5(5) (b)).[13]During a 2002 House of Lords select committee inquiry into animal testing in the UK, witnesses stated that the UK has the tightest regulatory system in the world, and is the only country to require a cost-benefit assessment of every licence application.[14] There are 29 qualified inspectors covering 230 establishments, which are visited on average 11–12 times a year in both announced and unannounced inspections.[15]As a result of the transposition of Directive 2010/63/EU, changes were made to the way research is reviewed and approved in the UK. All licensed establishments must have an Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body [16] (commonly referred to as AWERBs) which considers and monitors project applications for the site. The assessment of severity has also changed under the amendments to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986). Working examples of severity bands are provided by European Commission Expert Working Group.[17] The assessment of severity must also be conducted retrospectively, which results in severity being assigned on the basis of the actual suffering experienced by the animals, rather than what is presumed during study design. This in turn leads to more accurate prospective assignment of severity bands.[18]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanRegs-20"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"The German Animal Welfare Act, 1972, is designed to enforce the utilitarian principle that there must be good reason for one to cause an animal harm and identifies that it is the responsibility of human beings to protect the lives and well-being of their fellow creatures.[19] The Animal Welfare Act is supplemented by the Animal Protection Laboratory Animal Regulations, 2013, and the European Directive 2010/63/EU. All animal research facilities must be inspected at least every three years, with facilities conducting primate research being inspected at least once per year.[20]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Animal Experimentation in Japan is regulated by several documents - the Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals, 2005, The Standards Relating to the Care and Management, and Alleviation of Pain and Distress of Experimental Animals, 2006, and guidelines by \nvarious ministries and organizations.[21]The law states that causing distress to animals is not allowed without due cause (Article 2), and that when conducting animal experiments, methods that reduce the pain and distress of the animals as much as possible shall be used. It also states that consideration shall be given as to the appropriate use of animals, for example by reducing the number of animals used when possible (Article 41).[22]The Standards state that usage of animals for scientific purpose is necessary. They include regulations for the refinement of experiments, in order to reduce the pain and distress of the experimental animals, and consideration for replacing animal experiments with alternatives or reducing the number of animals used.MEXT (The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and MHLW (The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) established the guidelines named \"Basic policies on animal experimentation\" as quasi-regulations on June 1, 2006. The SCJ (Science Council \nof Japan) formulated more detailed guidelines, also in 2006, to be used when institutions formate their local regulations.[23]The SCJ's guidelines state that the director of each research institution bears the responsibility for animal experiments conducted at their facilities, that animal experiments are indispensable, and that each institution should formulate voluntary in-house regulations for proper scientific conduct of animal experiments based on the guidelines. As well, they state that each institution should form an in-house review committee in order to inspect the experiments at that institution, from the standpoint of scientific rationale, with consideration to the Law and Standards mentioned above.[24]However, ALIVE Foundation conducted a survey of Japanese universities and research facilities in 2011, and concluded that:\"There appears to be little consciousness about the use of animals in experiments. Although there is an official guideline that should be followed, national universities are not complying with the guideline (in particular, in choosing particular kinds of animal, self-assessment and care/management of animals).\"[25]","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Animal_Care_and_Use_Committee"},{"link_name":"Animal Welfare Act of 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"the Farm Security Act of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farm_Security_Act_of_2002"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Animal_Care_and_Use_Committee"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Scott Plous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Plous"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Public Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12910"},{"link_name":"Page Not Found : Division on Earth and Life Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarhome/"},{"link_name":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12910"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"AAALAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAALAC"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"animal welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare"}],"text":"Further information: Institutional Animal Care and Use CommitteeIn the United States, animal testing on vertebrates is primarily regulated by the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (AWA),[26] and the Animal Welfare Regulations [26] which is enforced by the Animal Care division[27] of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The AWA contains provisions to ensure that individuals of covered species used in research receive a certain standard of care and treatment, provided that the standard of care and treatment does not interfere with \"the design, outlines, or guidelines of actual research or experimentation.\"[28][29] Currently, AWA only protects mammals. In 2002, the Farm Security Act of 2002, the fifth amendment to the AWA, specifically excluded purpose-bred birds, rats, and mice (as opposed to wild-captured mice, rats, and birds) from regulations.[30] Even though most animals used in research are mice, rats, and fish, over a million other research animals per year are covered by the Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations.[31] The AWA requires each institution using covered species to maintain an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), which is responsible for local compliance with the Act. In addition, the IACUC reviews and approves each animal use protocol, which is a written description the researchers submit describing all procedures to be done with laboratory animals. Researchers must consult with a veterinarian for each procedure that may cause more than momentary pain or distress to the animals. In addition a written justification for these procedures, as well as documentation of a search for alternatives to these procedures, must be included with the protocol. The IACUC must review and approve these protocols at least annually. The IACUC also inspects all the animal facilities, including satellite facilities, every 6 months. As a part of this semi-annual inspection the committee also reviews the entire animal care and use program, and submits a \"semi-annual report\" to the Institutional Official.[32] The Guide (enforced by OLAW) also has requirements for IACUC responsibilities and program reviews.[33]Animal care and use in research in the United States are largely controlled by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.The following information is based on IACUC activity in the United States over 15 years ago. In addition, the purpose of an IACUC is not to provide \"consistent\" oversight across studies or institutions. Each institution has its own culture, priorities, and interpretations. \nA study conducted in 2001 by Psychology Professor Scott Plous of Wesleyan University that evaluated the reliability of IACUCs found little consistency between decisions made by IACUCs at different institutions. A Wesleyan University press release summarized part of the findings:The investigation, which took three years to complete, compared judgments made by 50 randomly selected animal care and use committees drawn from U.S. colleges and universities. To assess the consistency of approval decisions, 150 recent research proposals from these institutions were each independently evaluated by two different animal care and use committees.\nThe results showed that approval decisions were statistically unrelated. In most cases, proposals that were disapproved by one committee were approved by the second committee.\n\nThe study also explored whether reviews were more reliable when the experiment involved certain types of animals or procedures. For example, reliability was assessed for proposals that involved dogs, cats, and primates, or for experiments involving drugs, surgery, animal pain, or death. Even in these cases, independent reviews did not agree beyond chance levels.[34]In response to the Plous study, a rebuttal letter to Science written by animal researchers, animal care staff, and members of professional research societies stated:That the masked protocols would be rated more negatively was predictable for the following reasons. First, IACUCs rely on knowing the experience of the investigators and staff, information that was not included for the unofficial IACUCs. Not surprisingly, most of the negative shifts (84 of 118) were to categories calling for more information. Second, withholding approval had no practical consequence. Third, participants might have felt scrutinized by researchers with an \"animal rights\" agenda, and erred on the side of deferral or rejection. Fourth, navigating another institution's forms can be difficult. And fifth, IACUCs unfamiliar with particular species or procedures are less likely to understand a protocol. These factors make it almost impossible to compare the actions of the original and unofficial IACUCs and thus call into question the major premises and conclusions of this study.[35]Institutions are also subject to unannounced annual inspections from USDA APHIS Veterinarian inspectors. There are about 70 inspectors[36] monitoring around 1100 research institutions.[37] The inspectors also conduct pre-licensing checks for sites that do not engage in animal research or transportation, of which more than 4000 exist (e.g. dog kennels).[38]Another regulatory instrument is the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW),[39] which is an office within the US National Institutes of Health. OLAW oversees all animal studies funded by the Public Health Service (including NIH). The Health Research Extension Act of 1985 directed the NIH to write the Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. This Policy applies to any individual scientist or institution in receipt of federal funds and requires each institution to have an IACUC, among other stipulations. OLAW enforces the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory AnimalsGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition published by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Page Not Found : Division on Earth and Life Studies which covers all vertebrate species, including rodents, birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition This means that IACUCs oversee the use of all vertebrate species in research at facilities receiving federal funds, even if the species are not covered by the AWA. OLAW does not carry out scheduled inspections, but requires that \"As a condition of receipt of PHS support for research involving laboratory animals, awardee institutions must provide a written Animal Welfare Assurance of Compliance (Assurance) to OLAW describing the means they will employ to comply with the PHS Policy.\"[40] OLAW conducts inspections only when there is a suspected or alleged violation that cannot be resolved through written correspondence.\nAccreditation from the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC),[41] a non-governmental, nonprofit association, is regarded by the industry as the \"gold standard\" of accreditation.[42] Accreditation is maintained through a prearranged AAALAC site visit and program evaluation hosted by the member institution once every three years.[43] Accreditation is intended to ensure compliance with the standards in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, as well as any other national or local laws on animal welfare.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Council on Animal Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Council_on_Animal_Care"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"}],"text":"The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) is set up to act in the interests of the people of Canada to ensure through programs of education, assessment and guidelines development that the use of animals, where necessary, for research, teaching and testing employs optimal physical and psychological care according to acceptable scientific standards, and to promote an increased level of knowledge, awareness and sensitivity to relevant ethical principles. At the inaugural meeting on January 30, 1968, the CCAC adopted the following statement of objective: \"to develop guiding principles for the care of experimental animals in Canada, and to work for their effective application\".[44]The federal government does not have jurisdiction to pass laws that involve experiments on animals. The provinces have jurisdiction concerning that area. The federal government, however, is involved in three areas: the criminal law power, the health power, and the spending power.The Criminal Code of CanadaSection 446 and 447 of the Criminal Code protect animals from cruelty, abuse and neglect. This section of the Criminal Code has been under review for several years.The Health of Animals ActThe Health of Animals Act (1990) and its regulations are aimed primarily at protecting Canadian livestock from a variety of infectious diseases that would threaten both the health of the animals and people, and Canadian trade in livestock with other countries. This act is used both to deal with named disease outbreaks in Canada, and to prevent the entry of unacceptable diseases that do not exist in Canada.The Spending PowerThe other mechanism through which the federal government has lent its support to the humane treatment of animals is not strictly speaking legislative in nature, but in many respects it is one of the most powerful instruments available to the federal government for setting national standards. The federal government's power to provide for grants subject to conditions imposed on the recipients, be they provincial governments or individual or corporate recipients, may take a variety of different forms. One form is that of the conditional federal grant or contract. This manifestation of the federal power is what currently underpins the imposition of CCAC standards on facilities receiving funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Where the government itself awards a contract on an academic or non-academic institution, clause A9015C of Public Works Standard Acquisition Clauses and Conditions Manual imposes conditions related to the care and use of experimental animals in public works and government services.[44]All of the provinces in Canada have created and passed laws that pertain to animal welfare, but only certain provinces have made their own laws. These provinces are Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"}],"sub_title":"Alberta","text":"In 2006, the Alberta Animal Protection Act was revised and declared. Previously in Alberta, only academic institutions were subject to provincial regulations referencing CCAC standards, as these standards were referenced exclusively in the Alberta Universities Act. In 2005, the Universities Act and two other laws were examined by the Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Ministry (AAFRD), in hopes of combining them and update their content. Article 2(1) of the Animal Protection Regulations was revised by the CCAC and AAFRD and now states that \"a person who owns or has custody, care or control of an animal for research activities must comply with the following Canadian Council on Animal Care documents\", and lists all 22 CCAC standards, including the CCAC Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals and the various guidelines and policies published by the CCAC.[44]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"}],"sub_title":"Prince Edward Island","text":"In Prince Edward Island, the Animal Protection Regulations made under the Animal Health and Protection Act state that the rules controlling the care of animals used for medical or scientific research can be found in Volumes 1 and 2 of the Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals published by the CCAC. in the Prince Edward Islands [44]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Manitoba","text":"In the province of Manitoba, according to the Animal Care Act, it is not allowed for a person to cause suffering to an animal. The use of animals for research and teaching is acceptable as long as it follows the rules set out in the Act. All institutions that use animals for research and teaching purposes have to submit to obey the system put in place by the CCAC. Failing to do so, any harm done to an animal in a research or teaching program will be regarded as an offense under the Act.[45]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"}],"sub_title":"Ontario","text":"All of the research facilities in Ontario must be registered and licensed based on the legislation Animals for Research Act. Among the provisions of the Animals for Research Act, one should note the duty to establish an animal care committee, the responsibilities and powers of which are similar to those required under the CCAC system, and the requirement for any operator of a research facility to submit to the person designated by the Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs a report respecting the animals used in the research facility for research.[44] Regulation 24 governs the housing and care of the animals. Regulation 25 controls the conditions for transportation of the animals that are used or going to be used by a research facility.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustralianGov-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustralianGov-46"},{"link_name":"3Rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rs_(animal_research)"}],"text":"In Australia, Animal Ethics Committees (AECs) determine whether the use of an animal is valid or not. AECs must follow the Code in order to ensure the wellbeing of the animals used for research. The Code emphasizes the responsibilities of investigators, teachers and institutions using animals to:ensure that the use of animals is justified, taking into consideration the scientific or educational benefits and the potential effects on the welfare of the animals;\nensure that the welfare of animals is always considered;\npromote the development and use of techniques that replace the use of animals inscientific and teaching activities;minimise the number of animals used in projects; and\nrefine methods and procedures to avoid pain or distress in animals used in scientific and teaching activities.[46]Scientific and teaching activities using animals may be performed only when they are essential:to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding of humans and/or animals;\nfor the maintenance and improvement of human and/or animal health and welfare;\nfor the improvement of animal management or production;\nto obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding, maintenance or improvement of the natural environment; or\nfor the achievement of educational objectives.[46]Researchers can only conduct their studies once it has approved the validity of the use of the animals and that there is more educational or scientific gain that outweighs the possible effects on the welfare of the animals. The researchers must submit a written proposal to an AEC stating what is to be accomplished, a defense for the study, and the ethical and wellbeing of the animals used reflecting the 3Rs.","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNZSPCA-48"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Veterinary Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Veterinary_Association"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAEAC-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-47"}],"text":"New Zealand's Animal Welfare Act 1999[47] requires owners and people in charge of animals to ensure the physical, health and behavioural needs of animals are met, and that pain and distress are alleviated. In New Zealand, as in many countries, laboratory animals (mainly rodents) and farm animals (mainly cattle and sheep) are used in research, testing and teaching – commonly referred to as RTT. Animal use in RTT is strictly controlled under the Animal Welfare Act 1999[47] and organisations using animals must follow an approved code of ethical conduct. This sets out the policies and procedures that need to be adopted and followed by the organisation and its animal ethics committee.Every project must be approved and monitored by an animal ethics committee. These committees must have three external members:a nominee of an approved animal welfare organisation (such as the SPCA),[48]\na nominee of the New Zealand Veterinary Association[49] and,\na lay person to represent the public interest (and nominated by a local government body).Code holders and their animal ethics committees are independently reviewed (by MPI accredited reviewers) at least once every five years. All code holders have to submit annual animal use statistics on the number of animals used in research, testing or teaching, and its impact on them, from little or none to severe.The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI)[50] administers the Act and leads animal welfare policy and practice in New Zealand. The National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (NAEAC)[51] was established under the Animal Welfare Act[47] to provide independent advice to the Minister for Primary Industries about:ethical and animal welfare issues relating to the use of animals in research, testing and teaching\nrecommendations on the restrictions of use of non-human hominids\nadvice to Animal Ethics Committees\nthe development and review of codes of ethical conduct","title":"New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The federal law for the scientific use of animals was passed in 2008. The law established the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) and demanded that institutions create an ethics committee on the use of animals.In 2009, Decree 6899/2009 defined CONCEA as the governing and advisory body, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, to authorize accreditation to registered institutions and to license those institutions to use animals in research. 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Witness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"Meet Your Meat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat"},{"link_name":"Legally Blonde 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde"},{"link_name":"The Meatrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Meatrix"},{"link_name":"Peaceable Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)"},{"link_name":"Earthlings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthlings_(film)"},{"link_name":"Behind the Mask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"Your Mommy Kills Animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals"},{"link_name":"The Cove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cove_(film)"},{"link_name":"Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home"},{"link_name":"Forks Over Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives"},{"link_name":"Vegucated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegucated"},{"link_name":"An Apology to Elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants"},{"link_name":"Speciesism: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Ghosts in Our Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine"},{"link_name":"Unlocking the Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Seaspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaspiracy"},{"link_name":"Animal Sentience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Between the Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Species"},{"link_name":"Cahiers antispécistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes"},{"link_name":"Etica & Animali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali"},{"link_name":"Journal of Animal Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics"},{"link_name":"Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism"},{"link_name":"The Animals' Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender"},{"link_name":"Arkangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bite Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_Back"},{"link_name":"Muutoksen kevät","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t"},{"link_name":"No Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Satya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)"},{"link_name":"Tame Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame_Yourself"},{"link_name":"Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)"},{"link_name":"Salvation of Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents"},{"link_name":"Onward to Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Holocaust on your Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Animal_rights"}],"text":"^ \"Animals used for scientific purposes\". europa.eu. 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ALIVE - All Life in a Viable Environment. Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2015-06-09.\n\n^ Kagiyama, Naoko; Ikeda, Takuya; Nomura, Tatsuji (2006). \"Japanese guidelines and regulations for scientific and ethical animal experimentation\" (PDF). In Vivo Models of Inflammation. Vol. 1. pp. 187–191. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-7520-1_10. ISBN 978-3-7643-7519-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-09.\n\n^ \"Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiments\" (PDF). Science Council of Japan. June 1, 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.\n\n^ \"Checking Animal Experiment Information Disclosure on the Internet\". ALIVE - All Life in Viable Environment. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-09.\n\n^ a b \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-19. 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Retrieved 2014-02-25.\n\n^ Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition. 2011. doi:10.17226/12910. ISBN 978-0-309-15400-0. PMID 21595115. Archived from the original on 2014-03-27. Retrieved 2014-02-25. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)\n\n^ [1] Archived 2007-10-08 at the Wayback Machine Study Finds Inconsistency in Animal Research Reviews. Wesleyan University; July 27, 2001\n\n^ Science 30 November 2001: Vol. 294. no. 5548, pp. 1831–1832 doi:10.1126/science.294.5548.1831b\n\n^ Compliance Inspections Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Animal Welfare – USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Accessed 06 September 2007\n\n^ \"See Facility Lists\". Archived from the original on 22 December 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2019.\n\n^ \"APHIS AWA FAQ\". Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 23 August 2019.\n\n^ \"Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare\". nih.gov. Archived from the original on 2014-02-27. 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Retrieved 2012-05-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)vteAnimal rightsTopics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)Overviews\nAnimal rights movement\nAnimal rights by country or territory\nAnarchism and animal rights\nAnimal rights and punk subculture\nAnimal cruelty–Holocaust analogies\nAnimal rights in Indian religions\nChristianity and animal rights\nHistory of animal rights\nList of international animal welfare conventions\nMoral status of animals in the ancient world\nTimeline of animal welfare and rights\nTotal liberation\nUniversal Declaration on Animal Welfare\nConcepts\nAbolitionism\nAhimsa\nAnimal cognition\nAnimal consciousness\nAnimal ethics\nAnimal–industrial complex\nAnimal law\nAnimal protectionism\nAnimal welfare\nAnimal-free agriculture\nAnthrozoology\nArgument from marginal cases\nCambridge Declaration on Consciousness\nCarnism\nEqual consideration of interests\nEmotion in animals\nEthics of eating meat\nEthics of uncertain sentience\nEthology\nInsects in ethics\nMeat paradox\nNonviolence\nOpen rescue\nOpposition to hunting\nPersonism\nReplaceability argument\nSentiocentrism\nSpeciesism\nVeganism\nVegaphobia\nVegetarianism\nIssuesAnimal agriculture\nAnimal product\nBattery cage\nBile bear\nChick culling\nConcentrated animal feeding operation\nFish farming\nFur farming\nFur trade\nInsect farming\nIntensive animal farming\nIntensive pig farming\nLivestock\nPoultry farming\nSlaughterhouse\nWildlife farming\nWorking animal\nFeedback (pork industry)\nFoam depopulation\nVentilation shutdown\nAnimal testing\nAlternatives to animal testing\nAnimal testing on non-human primates\nAnimal testing regulations\nLabcorp Drug Development\nGreat ape research ban\nGreen Scare\nHuntingdon Life Sciences\nModel organism\nNafovanny\nOperation Backfire\nVivisection\nAnimal welfare\nAnimal euthanasia\nCruelty to animals\nPain in animals\nPain in amphibians\nPain in cephalopods\nPain in crustaceans\nPain in fish\nPain in invertebrates\nPain and suffering in laboratory animals\nWelfare of farmed insects\nFishing\nCommercial fishing\nFishing bait\nRecreational fishing\nWild animals\nCulling wildlife\nHare coursing\nHunting\nInternational primate trade\nIvory trade\nPredation problem\nSeal hunting\nWild animal suffering\nWildlife management\nOther\nAbandoned pets\nAnimal sacrifice\nAnimal slaughter\nAnimal trial\nAnimals in sport\nLive food\nLive export\nCases\nBrown Dog affair\nCambridge University primates\nMcLibel case\nMonkey selfie copyright dispute\nPit of despair\nSHAC\nSilver Spring monkeys\nUniversity of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid\nUnnecessary Fuss\nWar of the currents\nMethodologies\nDirect Action Everywhere\nHunt sabotage\nObservances\nWorld Animal Day\nWorld Day for the End of Speciesism\nWorld Day for Laboratory Animals\nWorld Day for the End of Fishing\nAdvocates (academics, writers, activists)Academicsand writersContemporary\nCarol J. Adams\nAysha Akhtar\nKristin Andrews\nTom Beauchamp\nMarc Bekoff\nSteven Best\nStephen St. C. Bostock\nPaola Cavalieri\nStephen R. L. Clark\nAlasdair Cochrane\nJ. M. Coetzee\nAlice Crary\nDavid DeGrazia\nDaniel Dombrowski\nSue Donaldson\nJosephine Donovan\nJoan Dunayer\nMylan Engel\nCatia Faria\nLawrence Finsen\nGary L. Francione\nRobert Garner\nValéry Giroux\nLori Gruen\nJohn Hadley\nOscar Horta\nDale Jamieson\nKyle Johannsen\nMelanie Joy\nHilda Kean\nWill Kymlicka\nRenan Larue\nThomas Lepeltier\nAndrew Linzey\nClair Linzey\nDan Lyons\nDavid Nibert\nMartha Nussbaum\nClare Palmer\nCharles Patterson\nDavid Pearce\nJessica Pierce\nEvelyn Pluhar\nMark Rowlands\nRichard D. Ryder\nSteve F. Sapontzis\nJeff Sebo\nJérôme Segal\nPeter Singer\nGary Steiner\nCass Sunstein\nDavid Sztybel\nMichael Tye\nTatjana Višak\nPaul Waldau\nCorey Lee Wrenn\nHistorical\nJeremy Bentham\nDavid Renaud Boullier\nBrigid Brophy\nPeter Buchan\nMona Caird\nPriscilla Cohn\nHenry Crowe\nHerman Daggett\nRichard Dean\nWilhelm Dietler\nWilliam Hamilton Drummond\nEdward Payson Evans\nThomas Ignatius Maria Forster\nJohn Galsworthy\nThomas G. Gentry\nArthur Helps\nJohn Hildrop\nJohn Zephaniah Holwell\nSoame Jenyns\nKarl Christian Friedrich Krause\nJohn Lawrence\nCharles R. Magel\nJean Meslier\nMary Midgley\nJ. Howard Moore\nJosé Ferrater Mora\nLeonard Nelson\nEdward Nicholson\nSiobhan O'Sullivan\nRod Preece\nHumphrey Primatt\nJames Rachels\nTom Regan\nNathaniel Peabody Rogers\nBernard Rollin\nHenry Stephens Salt\nArthur Schopenhauer\nLaurids Smith\nJohn Styles\nThomas Tryon\nGary Varner\nJohann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann\nMary Anne Warren\nAdam Gottlieb Weigen\nJohann Heinrich Winckler\nSteven M. Wise\nJon Wynne-Tyson\nActivistsContemporary\nJames Aspey\nGreg Avery\nMatt Ball\nMartin Balluch\nCarole Baskin\nBarbi Twins\nBrigitte Bardot\nGene Baur\nYves Bonnardel\nJoey Carbstrong\nAymeric Caron\nJake Conroy\nRod Coronado\nKaren Dawn\nChris DeRose\nJohn Feldmann\nBruce Friedrich\nJuliet Gellatley\nTal Gilboa\nAntoine Goetschel\nMark Gold\nBrigitte Gothière\nWayne Hsiung\nCharlotte Laws\nRonnie Lee\nHoward Lyman\nEvanna Lynch\nBill Maher\nKeith Mann\nJim Mason\nDan Mathews\nJo-Anne McArthur\nLuísa Mell\nVirginia McKenna\nIngrid Newkirk\nHeather Nicholson\nJack Norris\nRic O'Barry\nDavid Olivier\nAlex Pacheco\nCraig Rosebraugh\nNathan Runkle\nJasmin Singer\nKim Stallwood\nLynda Stoner\nMarianne Thieme\nDarren Thurston\nChristine Townend\nWendy Turner-Webster\nJerry Vlasak\nLouise Wallis\nGary Yourofsky\nThat Vegan Teacher\nHistorical\nCleveland Amory\nHenry B. Amos\nBob Barker\nErnest Bell\nEdith Carrington\nFrances Power Cobbe\nJoan Court\nKaren Davis\nRoyal Dixon\nMuriel Dowding\nElizabeth Farians\nEmarel Freshel\nAndré Géraud\nLewis Gompertz\nJames Granger\nNina Douglas-Hamilton\nBarry Horne\nMarie Huot\nLizzy Lind af Hageby\nJessie Mackay\nNorm Phelps\nJill Phipps\nMaud Ingersoll Probasco\nHans Ruesch\nNell Shipman\nHenry Spira\nAndrew Tyler\nGretchen Wyler\nMovement (groups, parties)GroupsContemporary\nAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society\nAnimal Aid\nAnimal Ethics\nAnimal Justice\nAnimal Justice Project\nAnimal Legal Defense Fund\nAnimal Liberation\nAnimal Liberation Front\nAnimal Rising\nAnimaNaturalis\nAnti-Vivisection Coalition\nAnonymous for the Voiceless\nBeauty Without Cruelty\nBorn Free Foundation\nCentre for Animals and Social Justice\nChinese Animal Protection Network\nCruelty Free International\nDirect Action Everywhere\nDoctors Against Animal Experiments\nEquanimal\nEvery Animal\nFarm Animal Rights Movement\nFaunalytics\nGreat Ape Project\nHunt Saboteurs Association\nIn Defense of Animals\nKorea Animal Rights Advocates\nL214\nLast Chance for Animals\nMassachusetts Animal Rights Coalition\nMercy for Animals\nOxford Centre for Animal Ethics\nPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\nRise for Animals\nSentience Politics\nUncaged Campaigns\nUnited Activists for Animal Rights\nUnited Poultry Concerns\nUPF-Centre for Animal Ethics\nViva!\nVoice for Animals Humane Society\nHistorical\nAnimal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society\nCanadian Anti-Vivisection Society\nHumanitarian League (1891–1919)\nOxford Group\nParties\nAnimal Justice Party (Australia)\nAnimal Politics EU (Europe)\nAnimal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)\nAnimal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)\nAnimals' Party (Sweden)\nAnimalist Movement (Italy)\nAnimalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (Spain)\nDierAnimal (Belgium)\nHuman Environment Animal Protection (Germany)\nItalian Animalist Party (Italy)\nParty for the Animals (Netherlands)\nPeople Animals Nature (Portugal)\nV-Partei³ (Germany)\nActivism\nAnimal Rights National Conference\nMedia (books, films, periodicals, albums)Books\nOn Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)\nMoral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)\nThe Rights of Animals (1838)\nAnimals' Rights (1892)\nEvolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)\nThe Universal Kinship (1906)\nThe New Ethics (1907)\nAnimals, Men and Morals (1971)\nAnimal Liberation (1975)\nThe Case for Animal Rights (1983)\nMorals, Reason, and Animals (1987)\nZoos and Animal Rights (1993)\nAnimals, Property, and the Law (1995)\nThe Lives of Animals (1999)\nEternal Treblinka (2001)\nDo Animals Have Rights? (2005)\nStriking at the Roots (2008)\nAn American Trilogy (2009)\nAn Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)\nAnimal Rights Without Liberation (2012)\nPolitical Animals and Animal Politics (2014)\nAnimal (De)liberation (2016)\nSentientist Politics (2018)\nWild Animal Ethics (2020)\nAnimal Ethics in the Wild (2022)\nMaking a Stand for Animals (2022)\nFilms\nThe Animals Film (1981)\nA Cow at My Table (1998)\nShores of Silence (2000)\nThe Witness (2000)\nMeet Your Meat (2002)\nLegally Blonde 2 (2003)\nThe Meatrix (2003)\nPeaceable Kingdom (2004)\nEarthlings (2005)\nBehind the Mask (2006)\nYour Mommy Kills Animals (2007)\nThe Cove (2009)\nPeaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)\nForks Over Knives (2011)\nVegucated (2011)\nAn Apology to Elephants (2013)\nSpeciesism: The Movie (2013)\nThe Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)\nUnlocking the Cage (2016)\nDominion (2018)\nSeaspiracy (2021)\nPeriodicalsJournals\nAnimal Sentience\nBetween the Species\nCahiers antispécistes\nEtica & Animali\nJournal of Animal Ethics\nRelations. Beyond Anthropocentrism\nThe Animals' Defender\nMagazines\nArkangel\nBite Back\nMuutoksen kevät\nNo Compromise\nSatya\nAlbums\nAnimal Liberation (1987)\nTame Yourself (1991)\nManifesto (2008)\nSalvation of Innocents (2014)\nOnward to Freedom (2014)\nFairs and exhibitions\nHolocaust on your Plate (2003)\n\n Category ( 139 )","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Animal–industrial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex"},{"title":"Animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"title":"Cruelty to animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals"},{"title":"Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_European_Laboratory_Animal_Science_Associations"}]
[{"reference":"\"Animals used for scientific purposes\". europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2022-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/home_en.htm","url_text":"\"Animals used for scientific purposes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220415150707/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/index_en.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The revised European Directive 2010/63/EU: a guide for UK institutions\". Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110825130929/http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/page/download_document/?document_id=53","url_text":"\"The revised European Directive 2010/63/EU: a guide for UK institutions\""},{"url":"http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/page/download_document/?document_id=53","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Full EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics enters into force\". European Commission. March 11, 2013. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-210_en.htm","url_text":"\"Full EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics enters into force\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150509192019/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-210_en.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"House of Lords - Animals In Scientific Procedures - Report\". parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-12-01. 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Retrieved 23 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/examples.pdf","url_text":"\"Examples to illustrate the process of severity classification, day-to-day assessment and actual severity assessment\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190616120242/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/examples.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"National Competent Authorities for the implementation of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes Working document on a severity assessment framework\" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 23 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/Endorsed_Severity_Assessment.pdf","url_text":"\"National Competent Authorities for the implementation of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes Working document on a severity assessment framework\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190616120241/http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/pdf/Endorsed_Severity_Assessment.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Germany - Cruelty - German Animal Welfare Act - Animal Legal & Historical Center\". animallaw.info. Archived from the original on 2021-11-27. Retrieved 2012-04-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.animallaw.info/nonus/statutes/stdeawa1998.htm","url_text":"\"Germany - Cruelty - German Animal Welfare Act - Animal Legal & Historical Center\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211127232032/https://www.animallaw.info/statute/germany-cruelty-german-animal-welfare-act","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kurosawa, Tsutomu Miki (2007). \"Japanese regulation of laboratory animal care with 3Rs\" (PDF). Alternatives to Animal Testing and Experimentation. 14 (Special Issue): 317–321. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://altweb.jhsph.edu/wc6/paper317.pdf","url_text":"\"Japanese regulation of laboratory animal care with 3Rs\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083417/http://altweb.jhsph.edu/wc6/paper317.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Act on Welfare and Management of Animals (up to the revisions of Act No.68 of 2005(English Translation))\". ALIVE - All Life in a Viable Environment. Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2015-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201027233124/http://www.alive-net.net/english/en-law/index.html","url_text":"\"Act on Welfare and Management of Animals (up to the revisions of Act No.68 of 2005(English Translation))\""},{"url":"http://www.alive-net.net/english/en-law/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kagiyama, Naoko; Ikeda, Takuya; Nomura, Tatsuji (2006). \"Japanese guidelines and regulations for scientific and ethical animal experimentation\" (PDF). In Vivo Models of Inflammation. Vol. 1. pp. 187–191. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-7520-1_10. ISBN 978-3-7643-7519-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073000/http://www.aaalac.org/intlRefs/IntRegs/Japan/Private%20site/Japanese_Guidelines.pdf","url_text":"\"Japanese guidelines and regulations for scientific and ethical animal experimentation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-7643-7520-1_10","url_text":"10.1007/978-3-7643-7520-1_10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-7519-5","url_text":"978-3-7643-7519-5"},{"url":"http://www.aaalac.org/intlRefs/IntRegs/Japan/Private%20site/Japanese_Guidelines.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiments\" (PDF). Science Council of Japan. June 1, 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. 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page\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120908141737/http://www.nzva.org.nz/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/animal-welfare/","external_links_name":"\"Animal Welfare\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130208031913/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/animal-welfare","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/regs/animal-welfare/nz/naeac","external_links_name":"\"NAEAC\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120613014051/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/regs/animal-welfare/nz/naeac","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110816183043/http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/52_1/PDFs/v5201e-Filipecki.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://dels-old.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarjournal/52_1/PDFs/v5201e-Filipecki.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad_Division
Muzaffarabad Division
["1 Districts","2 References"]
Coordinates: 34°34′N 73°48′E / 34.567°N 73.800°E / 34.567; 73.800Administrative division of Azad Kashmir Division in Azad Kashmir, PakistanMuzaffarabad Division مظفرآباد ڈویژنDivisionMap of Muzaffarabad DivisionCountryPakistanTerritoryAzad KashmirCapitalMuzaffarabadGovernment • TypeDivisional Administration • CommissionerAdnan Khurshid BPS-20(PAS) • Regional Police OfficerIrfan Masood Kashfi BPS-20(PSP) The Muzaffarabad Division (Urdu: مُظفّر آباد ڈِوِژن) is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani dependent territory of Azad Kashmir. It comprises the portion of the former Muzaffarabad District of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that came under Pakistani control at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. Districts Currently, the Muzaffarabad Division consists of the following districts: Hattian Bala District Muzaffarabad District Neelam District References vteDivisions of PakistanBalochistan Kalat Makran Nasirabad Quetta Rakhshan Sibi Zhob Loralai Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Bannu Dera Ismail Khan Hazara Kohat Malakand Mardan Peshawar Punjab Bahawalpur Dera Ghazi Khan Faisalabad Gujranwala Gujrat Lahore Mianwali Multan Rawalpindi Sahiwal Sargodha Sindh Banbhore Hyderabad Karachi Larkana Mirpur Khas Sukkur Shaheed Benazirabad Islamabad Capital TerritoryNoneAzad Jammu & Kashmir Mirpur Muzaffarabad Poonch Gilgit Baltistan Gilgit Baltistan Diamer 34°34′N 73°48′E / 34.567°N 73.800°E / 34.567; 73.800 This Azad Kashmir location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Azad Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War of 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947"}],"text":"Administrative division of Azad KashmirDivision in Azad Kashmir, PakistanThe Muzaffarabad Division (Urdu: مُظفّر آباد ڈِوِژن) is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani dependent territory of Azad Kashmir. It comprises the portion of the former Muzaffarabad District of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that came under Pakistani control at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.","title":"Muzaffarabad Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Hattian Bala District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattian_Bala_District"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad_District"},{"link_name":"Neelam District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelam_District"}],"text":"Currently, the Muzaffarabad Division consists of the following districts:Hattian Bala District\nMuzaffarabad District\nNeelam District","title":"Districts"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Browning_(Irish_criminal)
Ross Browning
["1 Early life","2 Assets seized","3 Kinahan association","4 Spain","5 References"]
Ross Browning is an Irish criminal and member of the Kinahan Organised Crime Group. Early life He was originally from Hardwicke Street flats in Dublin. Browning received a conviction, aged 18, for armed robbery. Assets seized In February 2023 the High Court ruled that over one million euro of assets linked to Browning had been obtained as proceedings of crime. The assets had been seized in 2018 and included motor vehicles, property in north County Dublin, luxury watches and jewellery. The Criminal Assets Bureau were authorised to seize the assets. The properties were in Garristown, land in Rush and a house in Deanstown Road, Finglas. In mid July 2023, "Chestnut Lodge" in Garristown was seized by the Criminal Assets Bureau. Kinahan association According to the judge, Browning had been attended the wedding of Daniel Kinahan in Dubai in 2017 and the wedding of Christopher Kinahan Jr in Spain in 2010. He has also been associated with Liam Byrne. The judge described Browning as a senior member of the Kinahan gang. Spain In 2022, Browning faces charges in Spain of unlawful possession of a firearm, a Glock 19 handgun, seized in 2010 near Malaga. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Reynolds, Paul (2023-02-15). "CAB to seize €1.5m assets of senior Kinahan figure". RTÉ News. Retrieved 2023-02-15. ^ a b c d e f g h O Faolain, Aodhan (2023-02-15). "CAB to seize over €1 million in assets from man named in court as senior Kinahan gang member". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2023-02-15. ^ "Top Kinahan mobster spotted back in Dublin months after fleeing to Dubai". 27 June 2021. ^ "CAB and gardai seize property linked to Kinahan henchman Ross Browning". 17 July 2023. ^ "GLOCK SEIZED Senior Kinahan cartel mobster Ross Browning to stand trial in Spain on firearms charges". 3 December 2022.
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Reynolds, Paul (2023-02-15). \"CAB to seize €1.5m assets of senior Kinahan figure\". RTÉ News. Retrieved 2023-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rte.ie/news/2023/0215/1356820-cab-ross-browning/","url_text":"\"CAB to seize €1.5m assets of senior Kinahan figure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RT%C3%89_News","url_text":"RTÉ News"}]},{"reference":"O Faolain, Aodhan (2023-02-15). \"CAB to seize over €1 million in assets from man named in court as senior Kinahan gang member\". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2023-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/cab-to-seize-assets-from-man-named-in-court-as-senior-kinahan-gang-member-5996390-Feb2023/","url_text":"\"CAB to seize over €1 million in assets from man named in court as senior Kinahan gang member\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheJournal.ie","url_text":"TheJournal.ie"}]},{"reference":"\"Top Kinahan mobster spotted back in Dublin months after fleeing to Dubai\". 27 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishmirror.ie/news/irish-news/crime/top-kinahan-mobster-spotted-back-24407133","url_text":"\"Top Kinahan mobster spotted back in Dublin months after fleeing to Dubai\""}]},{"reference":"\"CAB and gardai seize property linked to Kinahan henchman Ross Browning\". 17 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dublinlive.ie/news/cab-gardai-seize-property-linked-27338143","url_text":"\"CAB and gardai seize property linked to Kinahan henchman Ross Browning\""}]},{"reference":"\"GLOCK SEIZED Senior Kinahan cartel mobster Ross Browning to stand trial in Spain on firearms charges\". 3 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sundayworld.com/crime/irish-crime/senior-kinahan-cartel-mobster-ross-browning-to-stand-trial-in-spain-on-firearms-charges/524694845.html","url_text":"\"GLOCK SEIZED Senior Kinahan cartel mobster Ross Browning to stand trial in Spain on firearms charges\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Central_Conference_(IHSAA)
Mid-Central Conference
["1 Membership","2 References"]
Conference in Indiana, US The Mid-Central Conference was a short-lived IHSAA-sanctioned conference based in Northwest-Central Indiana. Formed in 1966, and based in Boone, Carroll, Clinton, and Tippecanoe counties, the conference was hit hard by the consolidation of smaller Tippecanoe County schools into Harrison and McCutcheon high schools. The consolidation of the latter left the conference with three schools, effectively ending it. The same three schools would form the Hoosier Heartland Conference 15 years later, which is another small-school conference with a similar geographic footprint. Membership School City Team Name Colors County Year joined Previous conference Year left Conference joined Battle Ground Battle Ground Tomahawks     79 Tippecanoe 1966 Tippecanoe County 1970 none (consolidated into Harrison) Carroll* Flora Cougars     08 Carroll 1966 Hoosier 1975 Hoosier Clinton Central Michigantown Bulldogs     12 Clinton 1966 Independents(new school 1959) 1975 Rangeline Clinton Prairie* Frankfort Gophers     12 Clinton 1966 Hoosier 1975 Rangeline East Tipp Buck Creek Trojans     79 Tippecanoe 1966 Tippecanoe County 1970 none (consolidated into Harrison) Southwestern Shadeland Wildcats     79 Tippecanoe 1966 Hoosier 1975 none (consolidated into McCutcheon) Thorntown Thorntown Kewasakees     06 Boone 1966 Independents(BCC 1964) 1974 none (consolidated into Western Boone) Wainwright Dayton Mustangs     79 Tippecanoe 1966 none (new school) 1975 none (consolidated into McCutcheon) Carroll and Clinton Prairie played concurrently in the HAC and MCC during the MCC's entire duration. References ^ "New Conference". Logansport Pharos-Tribune. 1966-04-29. Retrieved 2012-07-13. vteIndiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA)Boys' sports Baseball Basketball (Championship) Cross country Football (large school, small school) Golf Soccer Swimming & diving Tennis Track and field Wrestling Girls' sports Basketball Cross country Golf Gymnastics Soccer Softball Swimming & diving Tennis Track and field Volleyball Athleticconferences Allen County Blue Chip Central Indiana Circle City Conference Indiana Duneland Eastern Indiana (Southern) Great Lakes Greater Indianapolis Greater South Shore Hoosier Hoosier Crossroads Hoosier Heartland Hoosier Heritage Hoosier Hills Hoosier North Hoosier Plains Indiana Crossroads Metropolitan Mid-Eastern Mid-Hoosier Mid-Indiana Football Mid-Southern Mid-State Midwest North Central Northeast Corner Northeast Eight Northern Indiana Northern Lakes Northwest Crossroads Ohio River Valley Patoka Lake Pioneer Pocket Porter County Sagamore Southern Southern Indiana Southern Roads Southwest Football Southwest Indiana Summit Three Rivers (Northern) Tri-Eastern Wabash River Western Indiana IHSAA Independents Disbandedconferences Adams Bartholomew-Shelby County Benton Big Blue River Big 4 Big Eight Blackford Blue River Boone Brown Calumet Athletic Capital District Carroll Cass Central Suburban Clark Classic Clay Clinton Daviess Dearborn Decatur DeKalb Delaware Dixie Dixie-Monon East Central Eastern Indiana (Northern) Eastern Wabash Valley Elkhart Fayette Fort Wayne City Fountain Franklin Fulton Gibson Grant Greene Hamilton Hancock Harrison Henry Howard Huntington Indiana H.S. Football Indiana Lake Shore Indianapolis Public Jackson Jasper Jay Jefferson Johnson Kankakee Valley Knox Kosciusko LaGrange Lake Athletic Lake-Porter Lake Suburban Laughery Valley Lawrence Little 4 Little 7 Little 8 Lost River Marion Marshall Martin Miami Mid-Central Mid-Indiana Midland Mississinewa Valley Monroe Montgomery Morgan Newton Noble Northeastern Indiana Northern Indiana Valley Northern State Northland Northwest Hoosier Northwestern Olympic Orange Owen Parke Patoka Valley Perry Posey Prairie Putnam Randolph Rangeline Ripley Rush South Central South Lake Michigan Southeastern Indiana Southern Monon Spencer Starke State Corner Steuben Sullivan Three Rivers (Southern) Tiny Ten Tippecanoe Tippecanoe Valley Tipton Tri-City League Tri-County (Central) Tri-County (Northern) Tri-County (Southern) Tri-County (Western) Tri-River Union Vermillion Vigo Wabash Warren Warrick Washington Wayne Wells West Central Western Indiana Small High School White White River White River Valley Whitewater Valley Whitley Conference rosters List of high school athletic conferences in Indiana Detailed lists Allen County – Metropolitan Mid-Eastern – Northwestern Ohio River Valley – Western Indiana Independent City championships Evansville (SIAC) Fort Wayne (SAC) Gary Indianapolis South Bend (NIAC) Cross-conferencetournaments Christian Academy Tournament Columbus Christian Tournament Gibson County Toyota Teamwork Classic Indianapolis City Tournament Madison County Tournament Perry-Spencer County Classic Shawe Memorial Tournament Wabash Valley Classic This Indiana school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to sports in Indiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IHSAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Tippecanoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippecanoe_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_High_School_(West_Lafayette,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"McCutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCutcheon_High_School"},{"link_name":"Hoosier Heartland Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosier_Heartland_Conference"}],"text":"The Mid-Central Conference was a short-lived IHSAA-sanctioned conference based in Northwest-Central Indiana. Formed in 1966,[1] and based in Boone, Carroll, Clinton, and Tippecanoe counties, the conference was hit hard by the consolidation of smaller Tippecanoe County schools into Harrison and McCutcheon high schools. The consolidation of the latter left the conference with three schools, effectively ending it. The same three schools would form the Hoosier Heartland Conference 15 years later, which is another small-school conference with a similar geographic footprint.","title":"Mid-Central Conference"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Carroll and Clinton Prairie played concurrently in the HAC and MCC during the MCC's entire duration.","title":"Membership"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Railroad_(North_Carolina)
Western Railroad (North Carolina)
["1 References"]
Not to be confused with Western North Carolina Railroad. The Western Railroad was a railroad in North Carolina connecting Fayetteville to the coal fields of Egypt (now Cumnock). A group of Fayetteville citizens obtained a charter from the North Carolina legislature in December 1852 to construct a railroad from Fayetteville to the coal fields of Chatham County (now Chatham, Moore, and Lee counties). The state helped finance, build, and operate the new railroad. Problems with the construction contracts and obtaining rights of way delayed its construction, the first rails being laid in 1858. It was not completed until the first part of the American Civil War. Its first operations in commenced in 1861 to McIver's Depot, and the line was completed to Egypt in 1863. Charles Beatty Mallett (1816-1872) served as the railroad's second president from 1855 to 1865, and fourth president from 1867 to 1868. He was the son of Charles Peter Mallett (1792-c1874). Mallett was a cotton manufacturer, acquiring a controlling interest in the Union Manufacturing Company during the time he served as the railroad's president. In 1862 Mallett, in partnership with James Browne of Charleston, South Carolina, took over management and operation of the Egypt Coal Mines. These mines had been owned by a Philadelphia-based company, and had been placed into receivership by the Confederate government at the start of the war. The facilities of the railroad were used to transport the coal to Fayetteville, where it was then moved down the Cape Fear River to its contracted final destination of Wilmington, North Carolina. In 1865 Gen. Sherman's army reached Fayetteville. During his campaign Sherman burned or destroyed several of the bridges used by the railroad, 12 miles of track, and several depots. Its rolling stock was saved, having been moved to the Egypt end of the line. By 1868, his other businesses and personal residence also destroyed by Sherman's campaign, Mallett was forced into bankruptcy. The line resumed operations in 1868. In the following two years, additional connections were made to the railroad, and it continued operations for another 11 years. In 1879 the railroad was renamed Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railway and absorbed the Mount Airy Railroad. References ^ a b c "Inventory of the C. B. Mallett Papers, 1829-1954: Collection Number 3165 (Biographical Note)". Manuscripts Department at The Wilson Library. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved January 31, 2009. ^ a b c d "Western Railroad Company". North Carolina Business History. Retrieved January 31, 2009. ^ The Interstate Commerce Commission stated that 42 miles of railroad between Fayetteville and Cumnock were constructed in 1860. Southern Ry. Co., Volume 37, Interstate Commerce Commission Valuation Reports, November 6, 1931, p. 456. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1932. This United States rail–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about transportation in North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"\"Inventory of the C. B. Mallett Papers, 1829-1954: Collection Number 3165 (Biographical Note)\". Manuscripts Department at The Wilson Library. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved January 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/m/Mallett,C.B.html#d0e355","url_text":"\"Inventory of the C. B. Mallett Papers, 1829-1954: Collection Number 3165 (Biographical Note)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Western Railroad Company\". North Carolina Business History. Retrieved January 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historync.org/railroad-WRR.htm","url_text":"\"Western Railroad Company\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Miles
Clarence Miles
["1 References"]
Clarence Miles (June 29, 1897 – October 8, 1977) was the chairman of the board and president of the Baltimore Orioles of the American League during the 1954 and 1955 seasons. Miles was a native of the Eastern Shore. He had gone to school with Wallis Warfield. In 1924, he founded what would become one of Baltimore's more prominent law firms, Miles & Stockbridge. In 1952, he joined forces with Mayor Tommy D'Alesandro to bring a major league team to Baltimore. After a year of searching, they found an apparent candidate in the moribund St. Louis Browns. Their owner, Bill Veeck, had recently been broadsided by the sale of the St. Louis Cardinals to Anheuser-Busch. While Veeck had mounted a considerable effort over the past two years to drive the Cardinals out of St. Louis, he'd concluded he could not possibly compete against a team with Anheuser-Busch's resources behind it and was looking to move elsewhere. Veeck had wanted to move the Browns to Baltimore himself for the 1953 season, but was voted down. After the season, Veeck cut a deal with Miles and D'Alesandro in which Miles and other Baltimore investors would buy half of Veeck's 80 percent stake in the Browns, with Veeck remaining as principal owner. The proposal required six out of eight owners to vote in favor, but at an owners' meeting in New York City on September 27, only four voted aye, reportedly because Yankees co-owner Del Webb was rounding up support to move the Browns to Los Angeles. Miles realized that the owners merely wanted Veeck out of the way. In 48 hours, he lined up enough support from several of the Baltimore investors in the original deal with Veeck—such as brewer Jerold Hoffberger, investment banker Joseph Iglehart and real estate developer James Keelty—to buy out Veeck's interest for $2.5 million. This deal, along with the planned move to Baltimore, was unanimously approved. Almost immediately, Miles announced the team would be renamed the Orioles. With his fellow investors both frustrated with his domination of the team's business operations and dissatisfied with a pair of seventh-place finishes, Miles resigned in early November, 1955. Keelty succeeded him as president with Iglehart becoming board chairman. Miles died in Queenstown, Maryland, in October 1977. References ^ Miller, James Edward. The Baseball Business. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990. vteBaltimore Orioles principal ownersMilwaukee Brewers (1901) Henry Killilea St. Louis Browns (1902–1953) Robert Hedges Phil Ball Phil Ball estate Donald Lee Barnes Richard Muckerman Bill DeWitt Bill Veeck Baltimore Orioles (1954–present) Jerold Hoffberger & Clarence Miles Jerold Hoffberger & James Keelty Jerold Hoffberger & Joe Iglehart Jerold Hoffberger Edward Bennett Williams Eli Jacobs Peter Angelos John P. Angelos David Rubenstein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-circulating_legal_tender
Non-circulating legal tender
["1 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Non-circulating legal tender" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A British Gold sovereign minted in 2020. While the sovereign has a face value of 1 pound sterling, its worth in metal and numismatic value is substantially higher, making its use as legal tender highly inadvisable. Non-circulating legal tender (NCLT) refers to coins that are theoretically legal tender and could circulate but do not because their issue price, and/or their melt value at the time of issue is significantly above the arbitrary legal tender value placed thereon. They are sold to collectors and investors with no intention that they be used as money. Notable examples would include commemoratives, proofs, bullion coins, presentation sets, patterns and the like. Some coins intended as NCLT have historically circulated, such as the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition Half Dollars, which was a commemorative, and the 1856 Flying Eagle cent, which was a pattern. Private issues are not NCLT because they are not legal tender and are properly viewed as medals. References ^ Breen, Walter (1988). Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. pp. 382, 704. Retrieved 7 December 2021. ^ Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. p. 582. ^ Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. pp. 214–215.
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatricality
Theatricality
["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","3.1 Ratings","3.2 Critical response","4 References","5 External links"]
20th episode of the 1st season of Glee "Theatricality"Glee episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 20Directed byRyan MurphyWritten byRyan MurphyFeatured music"Funny Girl""Bad Romance""Shout It Out Loud""Beth""Poker Face"Production code1ARC20Original air dateMay 25, 2010 (2010-05-25)Guest appearances Idina Menzel as Shelby Corcoran Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins Mike O'Malley as Burt Hummel Romy Rosemont as Carole Hudson Naya Rivera as Santana Lopez Max Adler as Dave Karofsky Josh Sussman as Jacob Ben Israel James Earl as Azimio Heather Morris as Brittany Pierce Harry Shum, Jr. as Mike Chang Dijon Talton as Matt Rutherford Ashley Fink as Lauren Zizes Episode chronology ← Previous"Dream On" Next →"Funk" Glee (season 1)List of episodes "Theatricality" is the twentieth episode of the American television series Glee. The episode was written and directed by series creator Ryan Murphy, and premiered on the Fox network on May 25, 2010. In "Theatricality", glee club member Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) has an identity crisis. The female club members and Kurt (Chris Colfer) pay tribute to Lady Gaga, performing in a selection of her costumes, while the rest of the male club members perform as Kiss. Rachel (Lea Michele) meets her mother Shelby (Idina Menzel), the coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline, and Finn (Cory Monteith) and his mother move in with Kurt and his father, leading to a confrontation between Kurt and Finn, and Finn continuing to control Kurt about keeping his sexuality away from him, and using scare tactics to keep Kurt away. The episode features cover versions of five songs, all of which were released as singles, available for digital download, and three of which are included on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers. "Theatricality" was watched by 11.5 million American viewers and received generally positive reviews from critics. Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly deemed it one of his favorite episodes of the season, and both Terri Schwartz of MTV and CNN's Lisa Respers France compared it positively to the Madonna tribute episode, "The Power of Madonna". O'Malley's acting and the Kurt and Finn storyline attracted critical praise, although Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post felt that similar scenes between Kurt and Burt were becoming increasingly frequent, diminishing their impact. BuddyTV's Henrik Batallones and Mary Hanrahan of Broadway World highlighted pacing issues with the Rachel storyline, and Hanrahan and Kevin Coll of Fused Film criticized the use of "Poker Face" as a mother–daughter duet. Plot Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba) informs Tina (Jenna Ushkowitz) that she can no longer dress as a goth, alarmed by a spate of pseudo-vampirism in the school, inspired by the Twilight series. She briefly changes her style, before dressing as a vampire and convincing Figgins that if he does not allow her to wear her preferred clothes, her vicious Asian vampire father will bite him. Rachel (Lea Michele) discovers that rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline is planning on performing a Lady Gaga number at Regionals, so glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) sets the club a Gaga assignment. The girls and Kurt (Chris Colfer) create costumes inspired by Lady Gaga and perform "Bad Romance". The rest of the male club members, unwilling to do a Gaga number, dress as Kiss and perform "Shout It Out Loud". Puck (Mark Salling) suggests to Quinn (Dianna Agron) that they name their daughter Jackie Daniels, as in Jack Daniel's. Later, in an attempt to show her he is serious about being a father, he does another Kiss song with the guys, "Beth", and suggests that Quinn give that name to their daughter. Quinn agrees that he can be present at her birth. While spying on a Vocal Adrenaline rehearsal, Rachel shockingly realizes that their director, Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), is her biological mother. She introduces herself, and Shelby makes her a better Lady Gaga costume. Will meets with Shelby, concerned that she is not as invested in forging a relationship as Rachel is. Shelby confesses that she can no longer have children, but wishes she could have her baby back, rather than the now fully grown Rachel, whom she feels does not need her. She tells Rachel that instead of trying to act like mother and daughter, they should just be grateful that they have met, and maintain their distance. Rachel hugs her goodbye, and they duet on an acoustic version of "Poker Face". Kurt's father Burt Hummel (Mike O'Malley) invites Finn (Cory Monteith) and his mother Carole Hudson (Romy Rosemont) to move in with them. Finn feels awkward sharing a room with Kurt, who has a private a crush on him, and tries to talk to Finn about advice. Finn continues bullying Kurt about his sexuality, and during an argument insults several items in his bedroom as being "faggy" after losing his temper. Burt overhears this and punishes Finn for bullying Kurt by using that term by dismissing him from the house, even if it costs Burt his relationship with Carole. Kurt is bullied for his Gaga costume by football players Dave Karofsky (Max Adler) and Azimio (James Earl). Finn creates his own costume out of a shower curtain, and tells them he will not let them hurt Kurt, backed by the rest of the glee club. Meanwhile, at the end of the episode, while Figgins walks out of the office, he has an illusion that Tina is really a vampire, and threatens to kill him if he doesn't let her wear her usual clothing. Production "Theatricality" was originally intended to air on June 1, 2010, but was switched in the schedule with the episode "Funk". The impetus for the Lady Gaga tribute comes from Tina's conflict, with Ushkowitz explaining that the storyline reflects Tina "slowly coming out of her box. Making her way out of her shell." As well as allowing Glee the rights to her songs, Lady Gaga also loaned the series her costume designer to recreate her signature looks. Series creator Ryan Murphy, who also directed the episode, stated that, because of the elaborate staging and costuming, the performance of "Bad Romance" was the show's most expensive number to date. "Bad Romance" took six hours to film, with Murphy describing it as "big and athletic and hard." Michele damaged her knee from exertion during the performance. In a statement released to Entertainment Weekly, Gaga eagerly anticipated the covers of her songs: "I love Glee. I love the cast and the creativity of the writers. I went to a musical theatre school, and used to dream that someday the students would be singing my songs. Can’t wait for "Bad Romance" + "Poker Face" in Glee fashion!" Tina's costume in "Theatricality" is based on Lady Gaga's Haus of Gaga bubble dress. Glee's costume designer Lou Eyrich deemed the episode a tribute to Lady Gaga's "genius", explaining that the costumes the characters wear are not exact replicas of Gaga's, giving the impression the glee club members made them themselves. Rachel wears two dresses, the first inspired by Gaga's Kermit the Frog dress and the second based on Gaga's silver mirrored triangle dress. Murphy selected Tina to wear the Hussein Chalayan–inspired bubble dress, which Eyrich adapted into a vest to make it easier to take on and off. Kurt's costume is inspired by the Alexander McQueen outfit Gaga wears in the "Bad Romance" video, described by Colfer as "George Washington meets an Oceanic whale disco ball type thing". Eyrich strove for authenticity in replicating McQueen's ten-inch 'Armadillo' platforms. She was unable to buy a pair to fit Colfer, as they were not made in large enough sizes. Quinn wears the Armani Privé orbit dress Gaga wore to the 52nd Grammy Awards, fitted around her pregnant stomach. The most complicated costume was the Philip Treacy lobster hat, worn by Brittany (Heather Morris), as to get it to stay in place during the "Bad Romance" dance, Eyrich had to build a Buckram orb which could be safety–pinned on her head, then solder steel tentacles onto the sphere. It took 45 minutes to get the hat on and off Morris each day, and restricted her vision to what was directly in front of her. In solidarity with Kurt, Finn wears a vinyl floor–length red dress, based on the latex Atsuko Kudo dress Gaga wore to meet Elizabeth II. Mercedes wears a glittery bodysuit and a purple hair bow and wig, and Santana wears the Jeffrey Bryant lace bodysuit, and black rose Charlie Le Mindu hat, with lace airbrushed onto her face. As mentioned in the episode, members of Vocal Adrenaline wear red Chantilly lace full-body outfits and headpieces (as well as blonde wigs) inspired by the Fall 1998 Alexander McQueen dress Gaga wore whilst accepting her award for Best New Artist at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. The episode includes an acoustic performance of Lady Gaga's "Poker Face", performed by Rachel and her mother Shelby. Menzel explained that the sexual meaning of the song is different in the context of the show, calling it "actually very simple and truthful." The male glee club members, except Kurt, perform "Beth" and "Shout It Out Loud" by Kiss, while Shelby also sings "Funny Girl" from the film of the same name. "Speechless" was featured as background music in the scene where Finn wiped off his Kiss makeup while Kurt fixes his outfit. All of the songs performed in the episode were released as singles, available for digital download. "Poker Face" and "Beth" are included on the deluxe edition of the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers, while "Bad Romance" is included on both the deluxe and standard editions of the album. "Bad Romance" charted at number 91 in Australia, 46 in Canada, 10 in Ireland, 59 in the United Kingdom, and 54 in the United States, while "Poker Face" charted at number 26 in Canada, 16 in Ireland, 70 in the United Kingdom, and 20 in the United States. Recurring guest star Mike O'Malley appears in the episode as Kurt's father Burt, sharing a scene with Colfer and Monteith which Colfer has described as the most emotional scene of the series thus far, explaining: "Reading it on paper I had no idea it was going to be that intense. Once I got into it, then I kind of realised, 'Oh, there's such a bigger meaning behind this. Oh my God, this is so dramatic'." Colfer called "Theatricality" his favorite episode of the whole series. Other recurring characters who appear in "Theatricality" are glee club members Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.) and Matt Rutherford (Dijon Talton, who gets his first lines in this episode), school reporter Jacob Ben Israel (Josh Sussman), school athletes and bullies Karofsky and Azimio, Principal Figgins, Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran and Finn's mother Carole Hudson. Reception Ratings In its original broadcast, "Theatricality" was watched by 11.5 million American viewers, and led in the 18–49 demographic in its timeslot, attaining a 4.8 Nielsen rating. It was the fifth most-watched show of the week in the 18-49 demographic, and the twelfth amongst all viewers. In the United Kingdom, the episode was watched by 862,000 viewers, its lowest audience of the season. "Theatricality" was watched by 1.91 million Canadian viewers, and was the eleventh most-watched program of the week in Canada. In Australia, the episode drew Glee's highest ever overnight ratings, watched by 1.41 million viewers and leading in all key demographics in its time slot. Critical response Following the episode's original broadcast, "Asian Vampires" became the fifth most discussed topic on the social networking website Twitter, in reference to Tina's storyline. Lady Gaga praised the episode, calling it "amazing". Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack deemed "Theatricality" one of his favorite episodes of the season, writing: "it does what Glee does best which is combining comedy, music, and emotional truths." Stack praised the Kurt and Finn plot-line, calling the scene between them and Burt "one of Glee's greatest moments ever." Terri Schwartz of MTV also reviewed the episode positively, writing that it topped the previous episode, "Dream On", and rivaled the grandeur of the Madonna tribute episode "The Power of Madonna". CNN's Lisa Respers France deemed "Theatricality" even better than the Madonna episode, calling it "the perfect, over-the-top homage to an artist who is pretty over-the-top herself", and writing that Glee "just keeps getting better and better." Eric Goldman of IGN rated the episode 8.3/10 for "Impressive", and felt that there was "a lot to enjoy", with "some very fun material mixed in with one of the heaviest scenes Glee has delved into." Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle called the episode "pretty great", also praising O'Malley's acting and noting: "I was impressed with how visceral the confrontation between Kurt's dad and Finn got and how the writers kept the language as raw as the emotions." The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff graded the episode B+. She called the Rachel and Shelby storyline "very well-handled, another emotional story that the series is mostly nailing the execution of", and opined: "Chris Colfer and Mike O'Malley (always good together) brought out the best in Cory Monteith, who sometimes struggles with the weightier stuff." Overall, VanDerWerff felt that "Theatricality" was not as good as the preceding episode, but contained some well-executed moments and many funny lines. James Poniewozik of Time was "pleasantly surprised" by the episode, praising the Kurt/Finn and Rachel/Shelby story lines; however, he found the Tina, Quinn and Puck subplots "ridiculous and dispensable." Henrik Batallones of BuddyTV felt that "Theatricality" was a "pretty strong, albeit not perfect, episode", deeming O'Malley the star of the show. Batallones criticized the Rachel and Shelby story line, however, suggesting that it was rushed and would have been better stretched out across the remainder of the season. Mary Hanrahan of Broadway World also felt that the Rachel and Shelby plot was rushed, calling it "sloppily handled". She criticized the performance of "Bad Romance", additionally noting that "Poker Face" did not work in the context of a mother–daughter duet. Hanrahan commented that she was tired of "themed episodes" of Glee, concluding that the episode: "fails on a lot of levels, and has actually made the episodes preceding it look better as a result." Kevin Coll of Fused Film criticized the selection of "Poker Face", noting that it was well done, but badly matched with the scene and storyline. References ^ "Shows A-Z: glee on fox". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 17, 2010. ^ a b Dos Santos, Kristin (April 13, 2010). "Ga-Gouch! Glee's Lea Michele Injured During Lady Gaga Dance Number". E!. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Ausiello, Michael (May 25, 2010). "Exclusive: Lady Gaga calls 'Glee' tribute a 'dream' come true". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2010. ^ a b c d e King, Joyann (May 24, 2010). "Glee's Costumer Dishes On Gaga Looks". InStyle. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Odell, Amy (March 23, 2009). "Does It Matter If Lady Gaga's Bubble Dress Is a Hussein Chalayan Knockoff?". The Cut. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Ghosh, Korbi (May 25, 2010). "'Glee's' Chris Colfer on the Lady Gaga episode: Get ready to cry". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ a b Mellini, Michael (May 26, 2010). "Glee-cap: Gleeks and Idina Menzel Hit By Gaga Fever". Broadway.com. ^ "Gaga wants millinery internship". BBC News. May 19, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010. ^ a b Wightman, Catriona (May 26, 2010). "'Glee' cast discuss Lady GaGa outfits". Digital Spy. Retrieved June 2, 2010. ^ Ryan, Chris (December 8, 2009). "Lady Gaga Meets The Queen Of England!". MTV. Retrieved May 26, 2010. ^ "Lady GaGa Praises Glee Tribute Episode". MTV. May 26, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010. ^ "Going Gaga for Gaga". Harper's Bazaar. 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2022. MAC Viva Glam Launch Event: Head-to-toe lace by Jeffrey Bryant and a masquerade-appropriate sculptural blossom. ^ "Black Rose « Charlie Le Mindu". Charlie Le Mindu. March 2, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010. ^ Anitai, Tamar (February 11, 2010). "Lady Gaga In Alexander McQueen's Fashions: Photos Of Our Favorite Looks". MTV. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ a b Coll, Kevin (May 26, 2010). "TV Review: GLEE – Episode 1.20 – Going Gaga With "Theatricality"". Fused Film. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010. ^ Dos Santos, Kristin (May 26, 2010). "Glee Stars Dish on Tonight's Emotional (What?!) Lady Gaga Episode". E!. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Peter, Thomas (May 19, 2010). ""Glee" Ratings: Spring Season Episode 6". Playbill. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ "Idina Menzel to Sing 'Funny Girl' on Upcoming GLEE". Broadway World. May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010. ^ "Glee Cast". iTunes Store. Retrieved April 13, 2010. ^ a b "Glee: The Music, Vol. 3 Showstoppers (Deluxe Ed.)". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved April 21, 2010. ^ "Glee: The Music, Vol. 3 Showstoppers". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved May 26, 2010. ^ "Chartifacts - Week Commencing: 31st May 2010". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010. ^ a b c d "Glee Cast". acharts.us. Retrieved February 25, 2010. ^ a b "Irish Charts > Glee Cast". irish-charts. Retrieved February 25, 2010. ^ a b "The Official Charts Company – Glee Cast". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 25, 2010. ^ Wightman, Catriona (April 27, 2010). "'Glee' Kurt to have "emotional" plots". Digital Spy. Retrieved May 1, 2010. ^ Semigran, Aly (May 25, 2010). "'Glee' Star Chris Colfer On Wearing Lady Gaga's 10-Inch Heels: 'I've Gained Lots Of Balance'". MTV. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Glee: The Complete First Season (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. September 13, 2010. ^ Porter, Rick (May 26, 2010). "TV ratings: 'Idol' outscores 'Dancing,' CBS finales Tuesday". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Gorman, Bill (June 2, 2010). "TV Ratings Top 25: American Idol, Big Bang Theory, Two And A Half Men Top 18-49 Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2010. ^ Deans, Jason (June 1, 2010). "Coronation Street's HD debut draws more than 500,000 viewers". The Guardian. Retrieved June 18, 2010. ^ "Top Programs - Total Canada (English) May 24 - May 30, 2010" (PDF). BBM Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 2, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2010. ^ "Australia Goes Ga-Ga For Glee - 1.41 Million Viewers". ebroadcast. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010. ^ Relaxnews (May 26, 2010). "Current Twitter trends: Lee DeWyze, Asian Vampires, Oil Spill". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010. ^ "What did Lady Gaga think of 'Glee?'". USA Today. May 26, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010. ^ Stack, Tim (May 25, 2010). "'Glee' instant reaction: Was the Lady Gaga episode its best yet?". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Schwartz, Terri (May 26, 2010). "'Glee' Recap: New Directions Kids Do Lady Gaga Proud". MTV. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Respers France, Lisa (May 26, 2010). "Gleeks go Gaga for 'Glee'". CNN. Retrieved June 2, 2010. ^ Goldman, Eric (May 26, 2010). "Glee: "Theatricality" Review". IGN. Retrieved June 2, 2010. ^ Hankinson, Bobby (May 26, 2010). "Glee: Going Gaga for 'Theatricality'". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010. ^ VanDerWerff, Emily (May 26, 2010). "Glee: "Theatricality"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Poniewozik, James (May 26, 2010). "Glee Watch: Going Gaga". Time. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Batallones, Henrik (May 25, 2010). "This Week on 'Glee': The Freaky Little Monsters of McKinley High". BuddyTV. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ Hanrahan, Mary (May 26, 2010). "GLEE-Cap: Theatricality 2010/05/26". Broadway World. Retrieved May 26, 2010. External links Look up theatricality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. "Theatricality" at Fox.com "Theatricality" at IMDb vteGlee episodesSeason 1 "Pilot" "Showmance" "Acafellas" "Preggers" "The Rhodes Not Taken" "Vitamin D" "Throwdown" "Mash-Up" "Wheels" "Ballad" "Hairography" "Mattress" "Sectionals" "Hell-O" "The Power of Madonna" "Home" "Bad Reputation" "Laryngitis" "Dream On" "Theatricality" "Funk" "Journey to Regionals" Season 2 "Audition" "Britney/Brittany" "Grilled Cheesus" "Duets" "The Rocky Horror Glee Show" "Never Been Kissed" "The Substitute" "Furt" "Special Education" "A Very Glee Christmas" "The Sue Sylvester Shuffle" "Silly Love Songs" "Comeback" "Blame It on the Alcohol" "Sexy" "Original Song" "A Night of Neglect" "Born This Way" "Rumours" "Prom Queen" "Funeral" "New York" Season 3 "The Purple Piano Project" "I Am Unicorn" "Asian F" "Pot o' Gold" "The First Time" "Mash Off" "I Kissed a Girl" "Hold On to Sixteen" "Extraordinary Merry Christmas" "Yes/No" "Michael" "The Spanish Teacher" "Heart" "On My Way" "Big Brother" "Saturday Night Glee-ver" "Dance with Somebody" "Choke" "Prom-asaurus" "Props" "Nationals" "Goodbye" Season 4 "The New Rachel" "Britney 2.0" "Makeover" "The Break Up" "The Role You Were Born to Play" "Glease" "Dynamic Duets" "Thanksgiving" "Swan Song" "Glee, Actually" "Sadie Hawkins" "Naked" "Diva" "I Do" "Girls (and Boys) On Film" "Feud" "Guilty Pleasures" "Shooting Star" "Sweet Dreams" "Lights Out" "Wonder-ful" "All or Nothing" Season 5 "Love, Love, Love" "Tina in the Sky with Diamonds" "The Quarterback" "A Katy or a Gaga" "The End of Twerk" "Movin' Out" "Puppet Master" "Previously Unaired Christmas" "Frenemies" "Trio" "City of Angels" "100" "New Directions" "New New York" "Bash" "Tested" "Opening Night" "The Back-up Plan" "Old Dog, New Tricks" "The Untitled Rachel Berry Project" Season 6 "Loser like Me" "Homecoming" "Jagged Little Tapestry" "The Hurt Locker, Part One" "The Hurt Locker, Part Two" "What the World Needs Now" "Transitioning" "A Wedding" "Child Star" "The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester" "We Built This Glee Club" "2009" "Dreams Come True" vteLady Gaga Awards and nominations Discography Live performances Songs Videography Studio albums The Fame The Fame Monster Born This Way Artpop Cheek to Cheek Joanne Chromatica Love for Sale Soundtracks A Star Is Born Top Gun: Maverick Compilation albums The Remix Born This Way: The Remix Born This Way: The Collection Dawn of Chromatica Extended plays The Cherrytree Sessions Hitmixes A Very Gaga Holiday Concert tours The Fame Ball Tour Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (cancelled) The Monster Ball Tour Born This Way Ball ArtRave: The Artpop Ball Cheek to Cheek Tour Joanne World Tour The Chromatica Ball Promotional events ArtRave Dive Bar Tour Residencies Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom Lady Gaga Enigma + Jazz & Piano Documentaries Gaga: Five Foot Two Television Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden A Very Gaga Thanksgiving Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live! Super Bowl LI halftime show One Last Time: An Evening with Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga Gaga Chromatica Ball Bibliography Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson Fragrances and cosmetics Lady Gaga Fame Eau de Gaga Haus Labs Fashion Armadillo shoe Meat dress of Lady Gaga Related articles Cynthia Germanotta (mother) Born This Way Foundation Doll Domination Tour Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop One World: Together at Home "Perform This Way" Theatricality TechHaus Volantis Aleiodes gaga Gaga (plant) Gagadon Kaikaia gaga Category
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The episode was written and directed by series creator Ryan Murphy, and premiered on the Fox network on May 25, 2010.In \"Theatricality\", glee club member Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) has an identity crisis. The female club members and Kurt (Chris Colfer) pay tribute to Lady Gaga, performing in a selection of her costumes, while the rest of the male club members perform as Kiss. Rachel (Lea Michele) meets her mother Shelby (Idina Menzel), the coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline, and Finn (Cory Monteith) and his mother move in with Kurt and his father, leading to a confrontation between Kurt and Finn, and Finn continuing to control Kurt about keeping his sexuality away from him, and using scare tactics to keep Kurt away. The episode features cover versions of five songs, all of which were released as singles, available for digital download, and three of which are included on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers.\"Theatricality\" was watched by 11.5 million American viewers and received generally positive reviews from critics. Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly deemed it one of his favorite episodes of the season, and both Terri Schwartz of MTV and CNN's Lisa Respers France compared it positively to the Madonna tribute episode, \"The Power of Madonna\". O'Malley's acting and the Kurt and Finn storyline attracted critical praise, although Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post felt that similar scenes between Kurt and Burt were becoming increasingly frequent, diminishing their impact. BuddyTV's Henrik Batallones and Mary Hanrahan of Broadway World highlighted pacing issues with the Rachel storyline, and Hanrahan and Kevin Coll of Fused Film criticized the use of \"Poker Face\" as a mother–daughter duet.","title":"Theatricality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principal Figgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Figgins"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Theba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Theba"},{"link_name":"Tina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Cohen-Chang"},{"link_name":"Jenna Ushkowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Ushkowitz"},{"link_name":"Twilight series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Berry"},{"link_name":"Lea Michele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Michele"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Will Schuester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Schuester"},{"link_name":"Matthew Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Kurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Chris Colfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Colfer"},{"link_name":"Bad Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Romance"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Shout It Out Loud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_It_Out_Loud_(Kiss_song)"},{"link_name":"Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_(Glee)"},{"link_name":"Mark Salling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Salling"},{"link_name":"Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_Fabray"},{"link_name":"Dianna Agron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianna_Agron"},{"link_name":"Jack Daniel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Daniel%27s"},{"link_name":"Beth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_(song)"},{"link_name":"Shelby Corcoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Corcoran"},{"link_name":"Idina Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idina_Menzel"},{"link_name":"Poker Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Face_(Lady_Gaga_song)"},{"link_name":"Burt Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Mike O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Cory Monteith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Monteith"},{"link_name":"Carole Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Romy Rosemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romy_Rosemont"},{"link_name":"faggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faggot_(slang)"},{"link_name":"Dave Karofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Karofsky"},{"link_name":"Max Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Adler_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Azimio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Glee#Azimio"}],"text":"Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba) informs Tina (Jenna Ushkowitz) that she can no longer dress as a goth, alarmed by a spate of pseudo-vampirism in the school, inspired by the Twilight series. She briefly changes her style, before dressing as a vampire and convincing Figgins that if he does not allow her to wear her preferred clothes, her vicious Asian vampire father will bite him.Rachel (Lea Michele) discovers that rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline is planning on performing a Lady Gaga number at Regionals, so glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) sets the club a Gaga assignment. The girls and Kurt (Chris Colfer) create costumes inspired by Lady Gaga and perform \"Bad Romance\". The rest of the male club members, unwilling to do a Gaga number, dress as Kiss and perform \"Shout It Out Loud\". Puck (Mark Salling) suggests to Quinn (Dianna Agron) that they name their daughter Jackie Daniels, as in Jack Daniel's. Later, in an attempt to show her he is serious about being a father, he does another Kiss song with the guys, \"Beth\", and suggests that Quinn give that name to their daughter. Quinn agrees that he can be present at her birth.While spying on a Vocal Adrenaline rehearsal, Rachel shockingly realizes that their director, Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), is her biological mother. She introduces herself, and Shelby makes her a better Lady Gaga costume. Will meets with Shelby, concerned that she is not as invested in forging a relationship as Rachel is. Shelby confesses that she can no longer have children, but wishes she could have her baby back, rather than the now fully grown Rachel, whom she feels does not need her. She tells Rachel that instead of trying to act like mother and daughter, they should just be grateful that they have met, and maintain their distance. Rachel hugs her goodbye, and they duet on an acoustic version of \"Poker Face\".Kurt's father Burt Hummel (Mike O'Malley) invites Finn (Cory Monteith) and his mother Carole Hudson (Romy Rosemont) to move in with them. Finn feels awkward sharing a room with Kurt, who has a private a crush on him, and tries to talk to Finn about advice. Finn continues bullying Kurt about his sexuality, and during an argument insults several items in his bedroom as being \"faggy\" after losing his temper. Burt overhears this and punishes Finn for bullying Kurt by using that term by dismissing him from the house, even if it costs Burt his relationship with Carole. Kurt is bullied for his Gaga costume by football players Dave Karofsky (Max Adler) and Azimio (James Earl). Finn creates his own costume out of a shower curtain, and tells them he will not let them hurt Kurt, backed by the rest of the glee club. Meanwhile, at the end of the episode, while Figgins walks out of the office, he has an illusion that Tina is really a vampire, and threatens to kill him if he doesn't let her wear her usual clothing.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_(Glee)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futondate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDS-2"},{"link_name":"Ryan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDS-2"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gagafameball.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lou Eyrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Eyrich"},{"link_name":"Kermit the 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II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JK-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadway.com-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-9"},{"link_name":"Chantilly lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly_lace"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"2009 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KC-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Funny Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(film)#Musical_numbers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Speechless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechless_(Lady_Gaga_song)"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack_album"},{"link_name":"Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee:_The_Music,_Volume_3_Showstoppers"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CF-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ire-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chartstats-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ire-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chartstats-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Santana Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Naya Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naya_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Brittany Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Heather Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Morris_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Mike Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chang"},{"link_name":"Harry Shum, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shum,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Matt Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Dijon Talton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon_Talton"},{"link_name":"Jacob Ben Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Ben_Israel"},{"link_name":"Josh Sussman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Sussman"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"\"Theatricality\" was originally intended to air on June 1, 2010, but was switched in the schedule with the episode \"Funk\".[1] The impetus for the Lady Gaga tribute comes from Tina's conflict, with Ushkowitz explaining that the storyline reflects Tina \"slowly coming out of her box. Making her way out of her shell.\"[2] As well as allowing Glee the rights to her songs, Lady Gaga also loaned the series her costume designer to recreate her signature looks. Series creator Ryan Murphy, who also directed the episode, stated that, because of the elaborate staging and costuming, the performance of \"Bad Romance\" was the show's most expensive number to date. \"Bad Romance\" took six hours to film, with Murphy describing it as \"big and athletic and hard.\" Michele damaged her knee from exertion during the performance.[2] In a statement released to Entertainment Weekly, Gaga eagerly anticipated the covers of her songs: \"I love Glee. I love the cast and the creativity of the writers. I went to a musical theatre school, and used to dream that someday the students would be singing my songs. Can’t wait for \"Bad Romance\" + \"Poker Face\" in Glee fashion!\"[3]Tina's costume in \"Theatricality\" is based on Lady Gaga's Haus of Gaga bubble dress.Glee's costume designer Lou Eyrich deemed the episode a tribute to Lady Gaga's \"genius\", explaining that the costumes the characters wear are not exact replicas of Gaga's, giving the impression the glee club members made them themselves. Rachel wears two dresses, the first inspired by Gaga's Kermit the Frog dress and the second based on Gaga's silver mirrored triangle dress.[4] Murphy selected Tina to wear the Hussein Chalayan–inspired bubble dress,[5] which Eyrich adapted into a vest to make it easier to take on and off.[4] Kurt's costume is inspired by the Alexander McQueen outfit Gaga wears in the \"Bad Romance\" video, described by Colfer as \"George Washington meets an Oceanic whale disco ball type thing\".[6] Eyrich strove for authenticity in replicating McQueen's ten-inch 'Armadillo' platforms. She was unable to buy a pair to fit Colfer, as they were not made in large enough sizes. Quinn wears the Armani Privé orbit dress Gaga wore to the 52nd Grammy Awards,[7] fitted around her pregnant stomach.[4] The most complicated costume was the Philip Treacy lobster hat,[8] worn by Brittany (Heather Morris), as to get it to stay in place during the \"Bad Romance\" dance, Eyrich had to build a Buckram orb which could be safety–pinned on her head, then solder steel tentacles onto the sphere.[4] It took 45 minutes to get the hat on and off Morris each day, and restricted her vision to what was directly in front of her.[9] In solidarity with Kurt, Finn wears a vinyl floor–length red dress, based on the latex Atsuko Kudo dress Gaga wore to meet Elizabeth II.[4][10] Mercedes wears a glittery bodysuit and a purple hair bow and wig,[11] and Santana wears the Jeffrey Bryant lace bodysuit,[12] and black rose Charlie Le Mindu hat,[7][13] with lace airbrushed onto her face.[9] As mentioned in the episode, members of Vocal Adrenaline wear red Chantilly lace full-body outfits and headpieces (as well as blonde wigs) inspired by the Fall 1998 Alexander McQueen dress Gaga wore whilst accepting her award for Best New Artist at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.[14]The episode includes an acoustic performance of Lady Gaga's \"Poker Face\", performed by Rachel and her mother Shelby.[15] Menzel explained that the sexual meaning of the song is different in the context of the show, calling it \"actually very simple and truthful.\"[16] The male glee club members, except Kurt, perform \"Beth\" and \"Shout It Out Loud\" by Kiss,[17] while Shelby also sings \"Funny Girl\" from the film of the same name.[18] \"Speechless\" was featured as background music in the scene where Finn wiped off his Kiss makeup while Kurt fixes his outfit. All of the songs performed in the episode were released as singles, available for digital download.[19] \"Poker Face\" and \"Beth\" are included on the deluxe edition of the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers,[20] while \"Bad Romance\" is included on both the deluxe and standard editions of the album.[20][21] \"Bad Romance\" charted at number 91 in Australia,[22] 46 in Canada,[23] 10 in Ireland,[24] 59 in the United Kingdom,[25] and 54 in the United States,[23] while \"Poker Face\" charted at number 26 in Canada,[23] 16 in Ireland,[24] 70 in the United Kingdom,[25] and 20 in the United States.[23]Recurring guest star Mike O'Malley appears in the episode as Kurt's father Burt, sharing a scene with Colfer and Monteith which Colfer has described as the most emotional scene of the series thus far, explaining: \"Reading it on paper I had no idea it was going to be that intense. Once I got into it, then I kind of realised, 'Oh, there's such a bigger meaning behind this. Oh my God, this is so dramatic'.\"[26] Colfer called \"Theatricality\" his favorite episode of the whole series.[27] Other recurring characters who appear in \"Theatricality\" are glee club members Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.) and Matt Rutherford (Dijon Talton, who gets his first lines in this episode), school reporter Jacob Ben Israel (Josh Sussman), school athletes and bullies Karofsky and Azimio, Principal Figgins, Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran and Finn's mother Carole Hudson.[28]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18–49 demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings#Demographics"},{"link_name":"Nielsen rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings#Ratings/share_and_total_viewers"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"In its original broadcast, \"Theatricality\" was watched by 11.5 million American viewers, and led in the 18–49 demographic in its timeslot, attaining a 4.8 Nielsen rating.[29] It was the fifth most-watched show of the week in the 18-49 demographic, and the twelfth amongst all viewers.[30] In the United Kingdom, the episode was watched by 862,000 viewers, its lowest audience of the season.[31] \"Theatricality\" was watched by 1.91 million Canadian viewers, and was the eleventh most-watched program of the week in Canada.[32] In Australia, the episode drew Glee's highest ever overnight ratings, watched by 1.41 million viewers and leading in all key demographics in its time slot.[33]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Dream On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_On_(Glee)"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"The Power of Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Madonna"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"BuddyTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuddyTV"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MH-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KC-15"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Following the episode's original broadcast, \"Asian Vampires\" became the fifth most discussed topic on the social networking website Twitter, in reference to Tina's storyline.[34] Lady Gaga praised the episode, calling it \"amazing\".[35] Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack deemed \"Theatricality\" one of his favorite episodes of the season, writing: \"it does what Glee does best which is combining comedy, music, and emotional truths.\" Stack praised the Kurt and Finn plot-line, calling the scene between them and Burt \"one of Glee's greatest moments ever.\"[36] Terri Schwartz of MTV also reviewed the episode positively, writing that it topped the previous episode, \"Dream On\", and rivaled the grandeur of the Madonna tribute episode \"The Power of Madonna\".[37] CNN's Lisa Respers France deemed \"Theatricality\" even better than the Madonna episode, calling it \"the perfect, over-the-top homage to an artist who is pretty over-the-top herself\", and writing that Glee \"just keeps getting better and better.\"[38] Eric Goldman of IGN rated the episode 8.3/10 for \"Impressive\", and felt that there was \"a lot to enjoy\", with \"some very fun material mixed in with one of the heaviest scenes Glee has delved into.\"[39]Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle called the episode \"pretty great\", also praising O'Malley's acting and noting: \"I was impressed with how visceral the confrontation between Kurt's dad and Finn got and how the writers kept the language as raw as the emotions.\"[40] The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff graded the episode B+. She called the Rachel and Shelby storyline \"very well-handled, another emotional story that the series is mostly nailing the execution of\", and opined: \"Chris Colfer and Mike O'Malley (always good together) brought out the best in Cory Monteith, who sometimes struggles with the weightier stuff.\" Overall, VanDerWerff felt that \"Theatricality\" was not as good as the preceding episode, but contained some well-executed moments and many funny lines.[41] James Poniewozik of Time was \"pleasantly surprised\" by the episode, praising the Kurt/Finn and Rachel/Shelby story lines; however, he found the Tina, Quinn and Puck subplots \"ridiculous and dispensable.\"[42]Henrik Batallones of BuddyTV felt that \"Theatricality\" was a \"pretty strong, albeit not perfect, episode\", deeming O'Malley the star of the show. Batallones criticized the Rachel and Shelby story line, however, suggesting that it was rushed and would have been better stretched out across the remainder of the season.[43] Mary Hanrahan of Broadway World also felt that the Rachel and Shelby plot was rushed, calling it \"sloppily handled\". She criticized the performance of \"Bad Romance\", additionally noting that \"Poker Face\" did not work in the context of a mother–daughter duet. Hanrahan commented that she was tired of \"themed episodes\" of Glee, concluding that the episode: \"fails on a lot of levels, and has actually made the episodes preceding it look better as a result.\"[44] Kevin Coll of Fused Film criticized the selection of \"Poker Face\", noting that it was well done, but badly matched with the scene and storyline.[15]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"Tina's costume in \"Theatricality\" is based on Lady Gaga's Haus of Gaga bubble dress.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gagafameball.jpg/220px-Gagafameball.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Shows A-Z: glee on fox\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch.aspx?id=glee&view=listings","url_text":"\"Shows A-Z: glee on fox\""}]},{"reference":"Dos Santos, Kristin (April 13, 2010). \"Ga-Gouch! Glee's Lea Michele Injured During Lady Gaga Dance Number\". E!. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Dos_Santos","url_text":"Dos Santos, Kristin"},{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/176162/ga-gouch_glees_lea_michele_injured","url_text":"\"Ga-Gouch! Glee's Lea Michele Injured During Lady Gaga Dance Number\""}]},{"reference":"Ausiello, Michael (May 25, 2010). \"Exclusive: Lady Gaga calls 'Glee' tribute a 'dream' come true\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ausiello","url_text":"Ausiello, Michael"},{"url":"https://ew.com/article/2010/05/25/lady-gaga-glee/","url_text":"\"Exclusive: Lady Gaga calls 'Glee' tribute a 'dream' come true\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211104220016/https://ew.com/article/2010/05/25/lady-gaga-glee/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"King, Joyann (May 24, 2010). \"Glee's Costumer Dishes On Gaga Looks\". InStyle. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.instyle.com/news/glees-costumer-dishes-gaga-looks","url_text":"\"Glee's Costumer Dishes On Gaga Looks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/InStyle","url_text":"InStyle"}]},{"reference":"Odell, Amy (March 23, 2009). \"Does It Matter If Lady Gaga's Bubble Dress Is a Hussein Chalayan Knockoff?\". The Cut. 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Broadway.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.broadway.com/buzz/152512/glee-cap-gleeks-and-idina-menzel-hit-by-gaga-fever/","url_text":"\"Glee-cap: Gleeks and Idina Menzel Hit By Gaga Fever\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gaga wants millinery internship\". BBC News. May 19, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment_and_arts/10127374.stm","url_text":"\"Gaga wants millinery internship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"Wightman, Catriona (May 26, 2010). \"'Glee' cast discuss Lady GaGa outfits\". Digital Spy. Retrieved June 2, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/ustv/s57/glee/news/a221501/glee-cast-discuss-lady-gaga-outfits.html","url_text":"\"'Glee' cast discuss Lady GaGa outfits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Spy","url_text":"Digital Spy"}]},{"reference":"Ryan, Chris (December 8, 2009). \"Lady Gaga Meets The Queen Of England!\". MTV. 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MAC Viva Glam Launch Event: Head-to-toe lace by Jeffrey Bryant and a masquerade-appropriate sculptural blossom.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/trends/g1117/lady-gaga-fashion-2010/","url_text":"\"Going Gaga for Gaga\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Bazaar","url_text":"Harper's Bazaar"}]},{"reference":"\"Black Rose « Charlie Le Mindu\". Charlie Le Mindu. March 2, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.charlielemindu.com/mag/?p=1534","url_text":"\"Black Rose « Charlie Le Mindu\""}]},{"reference":"Anitai, Tamar (February 11, 2010). \"Lady Gaga In Alexander McQueen's Fashions: Photos Of Our Favorite Looks\". MTV. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Voisin
Félix Voisin
["1 Selected writings","2 References"]
French psychiatrist Félix Voisin (19 November 1794 – 23 November 1872) was a French psychiatrist born in Le Mans. He studied medicine in Paris, where in 1819 he earned his doctorate. He was a disciple of Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (1772–1840), and a colleague of Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870), with whom he founded a private mental institution at Vanves in 1822. Later he provided services for mentally disabled people at a hospice on the rue de Sèvres, relocating to the Bicêtre Hospital in 1840, where he worked with the mentally impaired until his retirement in 1865. One of Voison's better known assistants was educator Édouard Séguin (1812–1880). Voisin was a leading advocate of the phrenological theories of Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) and Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832), and along with Louis Delasiauve (1804–1893) and Jacques-Étienne Belhomme (1800–1880), he is considered to be one of the more prominent members in the French school of phrenology. Voison was particularly interested in the role phrenology could be used to understand the pathology of mental retardation and insanity. Voisin also did extensive research of satyriasis and nymphomania, and was interested in the relationship between hypersexuality and hysteria. In his 1851 treatise Analyse de l'entendement humain (Analysis of Human Understanding), Voisin described three major facets of human functionality, which he referred to as moral, intellect and animal factions. These classifications predated, and in a general sense are a parallel to the Freudian concepts of superego, ego and id. Selected writings 1826 – Des causes morales et physiques des maladies mentales 1839 – De l'Homme animal 1847 – Du traitement intelligent de la folie et application de quelques uns de ses principes à la reforme des criminels 1851 – Analyse de l'entendement humain References Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness Theodore Milton Psychiatrie.histoire (translated biography) Inventing the Feeble Mind by James W. Trent, James W. Trent Jr. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Other IdRef
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_women%27s_national_volleyball_team
Costa Rica women's national volleyball team
["1 Results","1.1 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship","1.2 NORCECA Championship","1.3 Pan-American Cup","2 2009 Pan-American Cup Roster","3 References","4 External links"]
National sports team Costa RicaAssociationFederación Costarricense de VoleibolConfederationNORCECAHead coachBraulio Godínez BlancoFIVB ranking50 (as of 30 May 2024)Uniforms Home The Costa Rica women's national volleyball team represents Costa Rica in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches. At the Women's NORCECA Volleyball Championship, Costa Rica usually competes for places 5-8. In 2013, then head coach Horacio Bastit stated that a better finish was not yet realistic. He stated that beating teams such as the US, Canada, Puerto Rico or the Dominican Republic can remain as goals for the future. Results FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship 2010 — 17th place NORCECA Championship 1999 — 7th place 2001 — 5th place 2003 — 6th place 2005 — Did not participate 2007 — 7th place 2009 — 7th place 2011 — 8th place 2013 — 8th place 2015 — 8th place 2017 — 7th place 2019 — 7th place 2021 — 6th place 2023 — 7th place Pan-American Cup 2009 — 8th place 2010 — 11th place 2011 — 11th place 2012 — 9th place 2013 — 11th place 2014 — 10th place 2015 — 11th place 2016 — 12th place 2017 — Did not participate 2018 — 12th place 2019 — Did not participate 2021 — Did not participate 2022 — 8th place 2023 — 10th place 2009 Pan-American Cup Roster Head Coach: Braulio Godínez # Name Date of Birth Height Weight Spike Block 1 Dionisia Thompson 2 Tatiana Murillo 5 Karen Cope 6 Ángela Willis 7 Mariela Quesada 8 Susana Chávez González 9 Verania Willis (c) 10 Paola Ramírez 11 Onikca Pinnock 13 Melissa Fernández Monge 14 Irene Fonseca 16 Mijal Hines Cuza 17 Marianela Alfaro References ^ German Matamoros S., Selección femenina de voleibol de Costa Rica viajará al Norceca con la ilusión de un mejor papel, La Nación, 14 September 2013. Retrieved 03 November 2018. (in Spanish) External links NORCECA FIVB vte National sports teams of Costa Rica Badminton Baseball Basketball M W Beach soccer Cricket M W Football M M-U23 M-U20 M-U17 W W-U20 W-U17 Futsal Goalball W Handball M W Rugby union Tennis M W Volleyball M W W-U23 Costa Rica portal Olympics Paralympics Pan American Games vteWomen's national volleyball teams of North America, Central America and Caribbean (NORCECA) Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Aruba Bahamas Barbados Bermuda Belize Bonaire British Virgin Islands Canada Cayman Islands Costa Rica Cuba Curaçao Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guadeloupe Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Martinique Mexico Montserrat Nicaragua Panama Puerto Rico Saba Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Martin Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands United States U.S. Virgin Islands This article about sports in Costa Rica is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a volleyball team is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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In 2013, then head coach Horacio Bastit stated that a better finish was not yet realistic. He stated that beating teams such as the US, Canada, Puerto Rico or the Dominican Republic can remain as goals for the future.[1]","title":"Costa Rica women's national volleyball team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_FIVB_Volleyball_Women%27s_World_Championship"}],"sub_title":"FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship","text":"2010 — 17th place","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Women%27s_NORCECA_Volleyball_Championship"}],"sub_title":"NORCECA Championship","text":"1999 — 7th place\n2001 — 5th place\n2003 — 6th place\n2005 — Did not participate\n2007 — 7th place\n2009 — 7th place\n2011 — 8th place\n2013 — 8th place\n2015 — 8th place\n2017 — 7th place\n2019 — 7th place\n2021 — 6th place\n2023 — 7th place","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2022","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"},{"link_name":"2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Women%27s_Pan-American_Volleyball_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Pan-American Cup","text":"2009 — 8th place\n2010 — 11th place\n2011 — 11th place\n2012 — 9th place\n2013 — 11th place\n2014 — 10th place\n2015 — 11th place\n2016 — 12th place\n2017 — Did not participate\n2018 — 12th place\n2019 — Did not participate\n2021 — Did not participate\n2022 — 8th place\n2023 — 10th place","title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Braulio Godínez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braulio_God%C3%ADnez"}],"text":"Head Coach: Braulio Godínez","title":"2009 Pan-American Cup Roster"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_America_movement
Young America movement
["1 Politics","1.1 Manifest Destiny","1.2 Literature","1.3 Hudson River School","2 Young America II","2.1 Rise of Labor Republicanism","3 See also","4 Citations","5 Cited sources","6 Further reading"]
Political and cultural movement in the U.S. during the mid-nineteenth century For other uses, see Young America (disambiguation). Advertisement for the clipper ship Young America The Young America Movement was an American political, cultural and literary movement in the mid-19th century. Inspired by European reform movements of the 1830s (such as Junges Deutschland, Young Italy and Young Hegelians), the American group was formed as a political organization in 1845 by Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans. It advocated free trade, social reform, expansion westward and southward into the territories, and support for republican, anti-aristocratic movements abroad. The movement also inspired a drive for self-consciously "American" literature in writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman. It became a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s. Senator Stephen A. Douglas promoted its nationalistic program in an unsuccessful effort to compromise sectional differences. The breakup of the movement left many of its adherents discouraged and disillusioned. John L. O'Sullivan described the general purpose of the Young America Movement in an 1837 editorial for the Democratic Review: All history is to be re-written; political science and the whole scope of all moral truth have to be considered and illustrated in the light of the democratic principle. All old subjects of thought and all new questions arising, connected more or less directly with human existence, have to be taken up again and re-examined. Historian Edward L. Widmer places O'Sullivan and the Democratic Review in New York City at the center of the Young America Movement. In that sense, the movement can be considered mostly urban and middle class, but with a strong emphasis on socio-political reform for all Americans, especially given the burgeoning European immigrant population (particularly Irish Catholics) in New York in the 1840s. Politics John L. O'Sullivan (1874) Historian Yonatan Eyal argues that the 1840s and 1850s were the heyday of the faction of young Democrats that called itself "Young America". Led by Stephen Douglas, James K. Polk and Franklin Pierce, and New York financier August Belmont, this faction broke with the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past and embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform, and internationalism. In economic policy Young America saw the necessity of a modern infrastructure of railroads, canals, telegraphs, turnpikes, and harbors; they endorsed the "Market Revolution" and promoted capitalism. They called for Congressional land grants to the states, which allowed Democrats to claim that internal improvements were locally rather than federally sponsored. Young America claimed that modernization would perpetuate the agrarian vision of Jeffersonian Democracy by allowing yeomen farmers to sell their products and therefore to prosper. They tied internal improvements to free trade, while accepting moderate tariffs as a necessary source of government revenue. They supported the Independent Treasury (the Jacksonian alternative to the Second Bank of the United States), not as a scheme to quash the special privilege of the Whiggish moneyed elite, but as a device to spread prosperity to all Americans. The movement's decline by 1856 was due to unsuccessful challenges to "old fogy" leaders like James Buchanan, to Douglas' failure to win the presidential nomination in 1852, to an inability to deal with the slavery issue, and to rising isolationism and disenchantment with reform in America. Manifest Destiny Further information: Manifest Destiny When O'Sullivan coined the term "Manifest Destiny" in an 1845 article for the Democratic Review, he did not necessarily intend for American democracy to expand across the continent by force. In effect, the American democratic principle was to spread on its own, self-evident merits. The American exceptionalism often attached to O'Sullivan's "Manifest Destiny" was an 1850s perversion that can be attributed to what Widmer called "Young America II". O'Sullivan even contended that American "democracy needed to expand in order to contain its ideological opponent (aristocracy)". Unlike Europe, America had no aristocratic system or nobility against which Young America could define itself. Literature Aside from Young America's promotion of Jacksonian Democracy in the Democratic Review, the movement also had a literary side. It attracted a circle of outstanding writers, including William Cullen Bryant, George Bancroft, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. They sought independence from European standards of high culture and wanted to demonstrate the excellence and "exceptionalism" of America's own literary tradition. Other writers of the movement included Evert Augustus Duyckinck, Cornelius Mathews, It was Mathews that adopted the name for the movement. In a speech delivered June 30, 1845, he said: Whatever that past generation of statesmen, law-givers and writers was capable of, we know. What they attained, what they failed to attain, we also know. Our duty and our destiny is another from theirs. Liking not at all its borrowed sound, we are yet (there is no better way to name it,) the Young America of the people: a new generation; and it is for us now to inquire, what we may have it in our power to accomplish, and on what objects the world may reasonably ask that we should fix our regards. One of Young America's intellectual vehicles was the literary journal Arcturus. Herman Melville in his book Mardi (1849) refers to it by naming a ship in the book Arcturion and observing that it was "exceedingly dull", and that its crew had a low literary level. The North American Review referred to the movement as "at war with good taste". Hudson River School Further information: Hudson River School The Course of Empire: The Savage State by Thomas Cole (1836) Apart from literature, there was a distinct element of art associated with the Young America Movement. In the 1820s and 1830s, American artists such as Asher B. Durand and Thomas Cole began to emerge. They were heavily influenced by romanticism, which resulted in numerous paintings involving the physical landscape. But it was William Sidney Mount who had connections to the writers of the Democratic Review. And as a contemporary of the Hudson River School, he sought to use art in the promotion of the American democratic principle. O'Sullivan's cohort at the Review, E. A. Duyckinck, was particularly "eager to launch an ancillary artistic movement" that supplemented Young America. Young America II In late 1851, the Democratic Review was acquired by George Nicholas Sanders. Similar to O'Sullivan, Sanders believed in the inherent value of a literary-political relationship, whereby literature and politics could be combined and used as an instrument for socio-political progress. Although he "brought O'Sullivan back into the fold as an editor", the periodical's "jingoism achieved an even higher pitch than O'Sullivan's dog-whistle stridency". Even Democratic Representative John C. Breckinridge remarked in 1852: The Democratic Review has been heretofore not a partisan paper, but a periodical that was supposed to represent the whole Democratic Party ... I have observed recently a very great change. The change in tone and partisanship in the Democratic Review that Breckinridge referred to was mostly a reaction by the increasingly divided Democratic Party to the growth of the Free Soil movement, which threatened to dissolve any semblance of Democratic unity that remained. Rise of Labor Republicanism By the mid-1850s, Free Soil Democrats (those who followed David Wilmot and his Proviso) and anti-slavery Whigs had combined to form the Republican Party. Young America's New York Democrats who opposed slavery saw an opportunity to express their abolitionist sentiments. As a result, Horace Greeley's New York Tribune began to replace the Democratic Review as the central outlet for Young America's ever-evolving politics. In fact, Greeley's Tribune became a major advocate of not only abolition, but also of land and labor reform. The combined cause of land and labor reform was perhaps best exemplified by George Henry Evans' National Reform Association (NRA). In 1846, Evans stated: National Reformers did not consider the Freedom of the Soil a panacea for every social and political wrong, but a necessary step in progress which would greatly facilitate all desirable reform, and without which no plan of reform could prevent the downward course of labor. Eventually, former members of the radical Locofoco faction in the Democratic Party recognized the potential for reorganizing New York City's labor system around principles such as the common good. In contrast to the Europe in the days of the 1848 revolutions, America had no aristocratic establishment against which Young America could define itself in protest. See also David Dudley Field II Popular sovereignty in the United States Henry David Thoreau Walt Whitman Citations ^ Widmer, p. 3. ^ Yonatan Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861, (2007) ^ Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861, p. 79 ^ David B. Danbom, "The Young America Movement," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Sept 1974, Vol. 67 Issue 3, pp. 294–306 ^ Widmer, p. 189. ^ Widmer, p. 217. ^ William Doyle (2009). Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution. Oxford UP. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-156827-5. ^ Duberman, Martin (1966). James Russell Lowell. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 50. OCLC 460118260. ^ Widmer, p. 57. ^ Andrew Delbanco, Melville, His World and Work. (2005) p. 93. ^ Widmer, p. 110. ^ Widmer, p. 126. Many elements of the Hudson River School were closely aligned with the Whig party as well. And while some Hudson River School artists celebrated the use of property and the upward trajectory of civilization, others, like Thomas Cole had concern over the course of democracy. See, e.g., Alfred L. Brophy, Property and Progress; Antebellum Landscape Art and Property Law, McGeorge Law Review 40 (2009): 601. ^ Widmer, p. 189. ^ Widmer, p. 189. ^ Lause, pp. 118–19. ^ Lause, p. 35. ^ Lause, p. 119. ^ Ralph C. Hancock; L. Gary Lambert (1996). The Legacy of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 9780847678426. Cited sources Danbom, David B. (September 1974). "The Young America Movement", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. Vol. 67, Issue 3, pp. 294–306. Eyal, Yonatan. (2007). The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party 1828–1861. ISBN 9781139466691 Cambridge University Press. Lause, Mark A. (2005). Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community. (University of Illinois Press) online. Widmer, Edward L. (1999). Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-514062-1. online copy Further reading Curti, Merle E. "Young America." American Historical Review 32.1 (1926): 34-55. online Eyal, Yonatan (September 2005). "Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party". Civil War History. 51#3, pp. 245–68. doi:10.1353/cwh.2005.0042. Ryan, James Emmett. "Orestes Brownson in Young America: popular books and the fate of Catholic criticism." American Literary History 15.3 (2003): 443-470 online. Smith, Mark Power. Young America: The Transformation of Nationalism before the Civil War (University of Virginia Press, 2022). online Stafford, John. The Literary Criticism of "Young America": A Study in the Relationship of Politics and Literature 1837-1850 (U of California Press, 1952) online copy of the book; see also online book review. Varon, Elizabeth R. (March 2009). "Review: Balancing Act: Young America's Struggle to Revive the Old Democracy". Reviews in American History. Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 42–48. JSTOR 40210980. vteJames K. Polk 11th President of the United States (1845–1849) 9th Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841) 13th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1835–1839) U.S. Representative for TN–9 (1833–1839) U.S. Representative for TN–6 (1825–1833) Life Bank War Specie Circular 1840 Democratic National Convention 1840 United States presidential election 1844 United States presidential election James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign 1844 Democratic National Convention Dark horse Polk Place Tennessee State Capitol Presidency Inauguration of James K. Polk Oregon boundary dispute Oregon Treaty Texas annexation Mexican–American War Thornton Affair All of Mexico Movement Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Walker tariff Rivers and Harbors Bill List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk Public image President James K. Polk Historic Site President James K. Polk Home & Museum List of memorials to James K. Polk Family Sarah Childress Polk (wife) Ezekiel Polk (grandfather) Samuel Polk (father) William Hawkins Polk (brother) ← John Tyler Zachary Taylor → Category vteFranklin Pierce 14th President of the United States (1853–1857) Senator from New Hampshire (1837–1842) U.S. Representative for NH at-large (1833–1837) Life Doughface 9th Infantry Regiment Battle of Contreras Battle of Churubusco 1852 United States presidential election– 1852 Democratic National Convention Old North Cemetery Presidency Inauguration of Franklin Pierce List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce Young America movement Gadsden Purchase Ostend Manifesto Kansas–Nebraska Act Bleeding Kansas Topeka Constitution 1856 Democratic National Convention Public image Franklin Pierce Homestead Franklin Pierce House Pierce Manse Franklin Pierce University Mount Pierce Pierceton, Indiana Pierce County, Washington Pierce County, Georgia Statue of Franklin Pierce Family Jane Pierce (wife) Benjamin Pierce (father) Benjamin Kendrick Pierce (brother) ← Millard Fillmore James Buchanan → Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young America (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_America_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_America_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper"},{"link_name":"Young America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_America_(clipper)"},{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature"},{"link_name":"Junges Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junges_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"Young Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Italy"},{"link_name":"Young Hegelians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Hegelians"},{"link_name":"Edwin de Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_de_Leon"},{"link_name":"George Henry Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Evans"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"expansion westward and southward into the territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_A._Douglas"},{"link_name":"John L. O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_L._O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Democratic Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_United_States_Magazine_and_Democratic_Review"},{"link_name":"existence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existence"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Edward L. Widmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_L._Widmer"},{"link_name":"middle class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_class"},{"link_name":"Irish Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Catholic"}],"text":"For other uses, see Young America (disambiguation).Advertisement for the clipper ship Young AmericaThe Young America Movement was an American political, cultural and literary movement in the mid-19th century. Inspired by European reform movements of the 1830s (such as Junges Deutschland, Young Italy and Young Hegelians), the American group was formed as a political organization in 1845 by Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans. It advocated free trade, social reform, expansion westward and southward into the territories, and support for republican, anti-aristocratic movements abroad. The movement also inspired a drive for self-consciously \"American\" literature in writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman. It became a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s. Senator Stephen A. Douglas promoted its nationalistic program in an unsuccessful effort to compromise sectional differences. The breakup of the movement left many of its adherents discouraged and disillusioned.John L. O'Sullivan described the general purpose of the Young America Movement in an 1837 editorial for the Democratic Review:All history is to be re-written; political science and the whole scope of all moral truth have to be considered and illustrated in the light of the democratic principle. All old subjects of thought and all new questions arising, connected more or less directly with human existence, have to be taken up again and re-examined.[1]Historian Edward L. Widmer places O'Sullivan and the Democratic Review in New York City at the center of the Young America Movement. In that sense, the movement can be considered mostly urban and middle class, but with a strong emphasis on socio-political reform for all Americans, especially given the burgeoning European immigrant population (particularly Irish Catholics) in New York in the 1840s.","title":"Young America movement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_O%27Sullivan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stephen Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Douglas"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"August Belmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Belmont"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Market Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_Revolution"},{"link_name":"internal improvements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_improvements"},{"link_name":"Jeffersonian Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffersonian_Democracy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"James Buchanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"John L. O'Sullivan (1874)Historian Yonatan Eyal argues that the 1840s and 1850s were the heyday of the faction of young Democrats that called itself \"Young America\". Led by Stephen Douglas, James K. Polk and Franklin Pierce, and New York financier August Belmont, this faction broke with the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past and embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform, and internationalism.[2]In economic policy Young America saw the necessity of a modern infrastructure of railroads, canals, telegraphs, turnpikes, and harbors; they endorsed the \"Market Revolution\" and promoted capitalism. They called for Congressional land grants to the states, which allowed Democrats to claim that internal improvements were locally rather than federally sponsored. Young America claimed that modernization would perpetuate the agrarian vision of Jeffersonian Democracy by allowing yeomen farmers to sell their products and therefore to prosper. They tied internal improvements to free trade, while accepting moderate tariffs as a necessary source of government revenue. They supported the Independent Treasury (the Jacksonian alternative to the Second Bank of the United States), not as a scheme to quash the special privilege of the Whiggish moneyed elite, but as a device to spread prosperity to all Americans.[3]The movement's decline by 1856 was due to unsuccessful challenges to \"old fogy\" leaders like James Buchanan, to Douglas' failure to win the presidential nomination in 1852, to an inability to deal with the slavery issue, and to rising isolationism and disenchantment with reform in America.[4]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manifest Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_Destiny"},{"link_name":"American exceptionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_exceptionalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"aristocracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Manifest Destiny","text":"Further information: Manifest DestinyWhen O'Sullivan coined the term \"Manifest Destiny\" in an 1845 article for the Democratic Review, he did not necessarily intend for American democracy to expand across the continent by force. In effect, the American democratic principle was to spread on its own, self-evident merits. The American exceptionalism often attached to O'Sullivan's \"Manifest Destiny\" was an 1850s perversion that can be attributed to what Widmer called \"Young America II\".[5] O'Sullivan even contended that American \"democracy needed to expand in order to contain its ideological opponent (aristocracy)\".[6] Unlike Europe, America had no aristocratic system or nobility against which Young America could define itself.[7]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacksonian Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonian_Democracy"},{"link_name":"William Cullen Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant"},{"link_name":"George Bancroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Bancroft"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"Evert Augustus Duyckinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evert_Augustus_Duyckinck"},{"link_name":"Cornelius Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_Mathews"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"generation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Mardi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"North American Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Review"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Literature","text":"Aside from Young America's promotion of Jacksonian Democracy in the Democratic Review, the movement also had a literary side. It attracted a circle of outstanding writers, including William Cullen Bryant, George Bancroft, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. They sought independence from European standards of high culture and wanted to demonstrate the excellence and \"exceptionalism\" of America's own literary tradition. Other writers of the movement included Evert Augustus Duyckinck, Cornelius Mathews,[8] It was Mathews that adopted the name for the movement. In a speech delivered June 30, 1845, he said:Whatever that past generation of statesmen, law-givers and writers was capable of, we know. What they attained, what they failed to attain, we also know. Our duty and our destiny is another from theirs. Liking not at all its borrowed sound, we are yet (there is no better way to name it,) the Young America of the people: a new generation; and it is for us now to inquire, what we may have it in our power to accomplish, and on what objects the world may reasonably ask that we should fix our regards.[9]One of Young America's intellectual vehicles was the literary journal Arcturus. Herman Melville in his book Mardi (1849) refers to it by naming a ship in the book Arcturion and observing that it was \"exceedingly dull\", and that its crew had a low literary level.[10] The North American Review referred to the movement as \"at war with good taste\".[11]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson River School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Savage_State_1836.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Course of Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)"},{"link_name":"Asher B. Durand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_B._Durand"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole"},{"link_name":"romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"landscape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape"},{"link_name":"William Sidney Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sidney_Mount"},{"link_name":"E. A. Duyckinck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._A._Duyckinck"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Hudson River School","text":"Further information: Hudson River SchoolThe Course of Empire: The Savage State by Thomas Cole (1836)Apart from literature, there was a distinct element of art associated with the Young America Movement. In the 1820s and 1830s, American artists such as Asher B. Durand and Thomas Cole began to emerge. They were heavily influenced by romanticism, which resulted in numerous paintings involving the physical landscape. But it was William Sidney Mount who had connections to the writers of the Democratic Review. And as a contemporary of the Hudson River School, he sought to use art in the promotion of the American democratic principle. O'Sullivan's cohort at the Review, E. A. Duyckinck, was particularly \"eager to launch an ancillary artistic movement\" that supplemented Young America.[12]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Nicholas Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nicholas_Sanders"},{"link_name":"jingoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingoism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John C. Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"In late 1851, the Democratic Review was acquired by George Nicholas Sanders. Similar to O'Sullivan, Sanders believed in the inherent value of a literary-political relationship, whereby literature and politics could be combined and used as an instrument for socio-political progress. Although he \"brought O'Sullivan back into the fold as an editor\", the periodical's \"jingoism achieved an even higher pitch than O'Sullivan's [original] dog-whistle stridency\".[13] Even Democratic Representative John C. Breckinridge remarked in 1852:The Democratic Review has been heretofore not a partisan paper, but a periodical that was supposed to represent the whole Democratic Party ... I have observed recently a very great change.[14]The change in tone and partisanship in the Democratic Review that Breckinridge referred to was mostly a reaction by the increasingly divided Democratic Party to the growth of the Free Soil movement, which threatened to dissolve any semblance of Democratic unity that remained.","title":"Young America II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Soil Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Soil_Party"},{"link_name":"David Wilmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilmot"},{"link_name":"Proviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso"},{"link_name":"anti-slavery Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_Whigs"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Horace Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"George Henry Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Evans"},{"link_name":"panacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panacea"},{"link_name":"labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Locofoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locofocos"},{"link_name":"common good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"in the days of the 1848 revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Rise of Labor Republicanism","text":"By the mid-1850s, Free Soil Democrats (those who followed David Wilmot and his Proviso) and anti-slavery Whigs had combined to form the Republican Party. Young America's New York Democrats who opposed slavery saw an opportunity to express their abolitionist sentiments. As a result, Horace Greeley's New York Tribune began to replace the Democratic Review as the central outlet for Young America's ever-evolving politics. In fact, Greeley's Tribune became a major advocate of not only abolition, but also of land and labor reform.[15]The combined cause of land and labor reform was perhaps best exemplified by George Henry Evans' National Reform Association (NRA). In 1846, Evans stated:National Reformers did not consider the Freedom of the Soil a panacea for every social and political wrong, but a necessary step in progress which would greatly facilitate all desirable reform, and without which no plan of reform could prevent the downward course of labor.[16]Eventually, former members of the radical Locofoco faction in the Democratic Party recognized the potential for reorganizing New York City's labor system around principles such as the common good.[17] In contrast to the Europe in the days of the 1848 revolutions, America had no aristocratic establishment against which Young America could define itself in protest.[18]","title":"Young America II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0gAH0dyDPzYC&pg=PA135"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-156827-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156827-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"460118260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/460118260"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Andrew Delbanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Delbanco"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole"},{"link_name":"Alfred L. Brophy, Property and Progress; Antebellum Landscape Art and Property Law, McGeorge Law Review 40 (2009): 601.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blurblawg.typepad.com/files/property_progress_antebellum_landscape_art.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"The Legacy of the French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC&pg=PA222"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780847678426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847678426"}],"text":"^ Widmer, p. 3.\n\n^ Yonatan Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861, (2007)\n\n^ Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861, p. 79\n\n^ David B. Danbom, \"The Young America Movement,\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Sept 1974, Vol. 67 Issue 3, pp. 294–306\n\n^ Widmer, p. 189.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 217.\n\n^ William Doyle (2009). Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution. Oxford UP. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-156827-5.\n\n^ Duberman, Martin (1966). James Russell Lowell. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 50. OCLC 460118260.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 57.\n\n^ Andrew Delbanco, Melville, His World and Work. (2005) p. 93.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 110.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 126. Many elements of the Hudson River School were closely aligned with the Whig party as well. And while some Hudson River School artists celebrated the use of property and the upward trajectory of civilization, others, like Thomas Cole had concern over the course of democracy. See, e.g., Alfred L. Brophy, Property and Progress; Antebellum Landscape Art and Property Law, McGeorge Law Review 40 (2009): 601.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 189.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 189.\n\n^ Lause, pp. 118–19.\n\n^ Lause, p. 35.\n\n^ Lause, p. 119.\n\n^ Ralph C. Hancock; L. Gary Lambert (1996). The Legacy of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 9780847678426.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party 1828–1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JMC5QzUnX98C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781139466691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139466691"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Q_6iwS5mJ90C&dq=%22Young+America%22&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Ck1o_fOr5YC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-514062-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514062-1"},{"link_name":"online copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/youngamericaflow0000widm_x7z9"}],"text":"Danbom, David B. (September 1974). \"The Young America Movement\", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. Vol. 67, Issue 3, pp. 294–306.\nEyal, Yonatan. (2007). The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party 1828–1861. ISBN 9781139466691 Cambridge University Press.\nLause, Mark A. (2005). Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community. (University of Illinois Press) online.\nWidmer, Edward L. (1999). Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-514062-1. online copy","title":"Cited sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1836610.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/236827444_Trade_and_Improvements_Young_America_and_the_Transformation_of_the_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/cwh.2005.0042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.2005.0042"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3568082"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CdelEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Young+America%22&pg=PT7"},{"link_name":"online copy of the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/literarycriticis0000staf"},{"link_name":"online book review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jstor.org/stable/3039729"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40210980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40210980"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"James K. 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Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"President James K. Polk Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"President James K. Polk Home & Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Home_%26_Museum"},{"link_name":"List of memorials to James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Sarah Childress Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_Polk"},{"link_name":"Samuel Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Polk"},{"link_name":"William Hawkins Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hawkins_Polk"},{"link_name":"← John Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Senator from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"NH at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Doughface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughface"},{"link_name":"9th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Contreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras"},{"link_name":"Battle of Churubusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco"},{"link_name":"1852 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1852 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Old North Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Cemetery_(Concord,_New_Hampshire)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mathew_Brady_-_Franklin_Pierce_-_alternate_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Inauguration of Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Young America movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gadsden Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Ostend Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Kansas–Nebraska Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Topeka Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka_Constitution"},{"link_name":"1856 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_Homestead"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_House_(South_Main_Street,_Concord,_New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Pierce Manse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Manse"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_University"},{"link_name":"Mount Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pierce_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Pierceton, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierceton,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Pierce County, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Pierce County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Statue of Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Jane Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Pierce_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Kendrick Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Kendrick_Pierce"},{"link_name":"← Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"James Buchanan →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Franklin_Pierce"}],"text":"Curti, Merle E. \"Young America.\" American Historical Review 32.1 (1926): 34-55. online\nEyal, Yonatan (September 2005). \"Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party\". Civil War History. 51#3, pp. 245–68. doi:10.1353/cwh.2005.0042.\nRyan, James Emmett. \"Orestes Brownson in Young America: popular books and the fate of Catholic criticism.\" American Literary History 15.3 (2003): 443-470 online.\nSmith, Mark Power. Young America: The Transformation of Nationalism before the Civil War (University of Virginia Press, 2022). online\nStafford, John. The Literary Criticism of \"Young America\": A Study in the Relationship of Politics and Literature 1837-1850 (U of California Press, 1952) online copy of the book; see also online book review.Varon, Elizabeth R. (March 2009). \"Review: Balancing Act: Young America's Struggle to Revive the Old Democracy\". Reviews in American History. Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 42–48. JSTOR 40210980.vteJames K. Polk\n11th President of the United States (1845–1849)\n9th Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841)\n13th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1835–1839)\nU.S. Representative for TN–9 (1833–1839)\nU.S. Representative for TN–6 (1825–1833)\nLife\nBank War\nSpecie Circular\n1840 Democratic National Convention\n1840 United States presidential election\n1844 United States presidential election\nJames K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign\n1844 Democratic National Convention\nDark horse\nPolk Place\nTennessee State Capitol\nPresidency\nInauguration of James K. Polk\nOregon boundary dispute\nOregon Treaty\nTexas annexation\nMexican–American War\nThornton Affair\nAll of Mexico Movement\nTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo\nWalker tariff\nRivers and Harbors Bill\nList of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk\nPublic image\nPresident James K. Polk Historic Site\nPresident James K. Polk Home & Museum\nList of memorials to James K. Polk\nFamily\nSarah Childress Polk (wife)\nEzekiel Polk (grandfather)\nSamuel Polk (father)\nWilliam Hawkins Polk (brother)\n\n← John Tyler\nZachary Taylor →\n CategoryvteFranklin Pierce\n14th President of the United States (1853–1857)\nSenator from New Hampshire (1837–1842)\nU.S. Representative for NH at-large (1833–1837)\nLife\nDoughface\n9th Infantry Regiment\nBattle of Contreras\nBattle of Churubusco\n1852 United States presidential election–\n1852 Democratic National Convention\nOld North Cemetery\nPresidency\nInauguration of Franklin Pierce\nList of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce\nYoung America movement\nGadsden Purchase\nOstend Manifesto\nKansas–Nebraska Act\nBleeding Kansas\nTopeka Constitution\n1856 Democratic National Convention\nPublic image\nFranklin Pierce Homestead\nFranklin Pierce House\nPierce Manse\nFranklin Pierce University\nMount Pierce\nPierceton, Indiana\nPierce County, Washington\nPierce County, Georgia\nStatue of Franklin Pierce\nFamily\nJane Pierce (wife)\nBenjamin Pierce (father)\nBenjamin Kendrick Pierce (brother)\n\n← Millard Fillmore\nJames Buchanan →\n Category","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"David Dudley Field II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dudley_Field_II"},{"title":"Popular sovereignty in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"title":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"}]
[{"reference":"William Doyle (2009). Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution. Oxford UP. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-156827-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0gAH0dyDPzYC&pg=PA135","url_text":"Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156827-5","url_text":"978-0-19-156827-5"}]},{"reference":"Ralph C. Hancock; L. Gary Lambert (1996). The Legacy of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 9780847678426.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC&pg=PA222","url_text":"The Legacy of the French Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847678426","url_text":"9780847678426"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Filmorchester_Babelsberg
Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
German Film Orchestra BabelsbergOrchestraNative nameDeutsches Filmorchester BabelsbergShort nameDFOBFormer nameUfa-Sinfonieorchester (1918)Founded1918; 106 years ago (1918)LocationPotsdam, GermanyPrincipal conductorScott LawtonWebsiteOfficial website The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg (also known as Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg or DFOB in German) is a symphony orchestra and music studio based in Potsdam, Germany. History It was founded in 1918 as Ufa-Sinfonieorchester and was re-established in 1993 by Klaus Peter Beyer under its current name. The orchestra derives its name from the legendary Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam-Babelsberg, a city part of Potsdam today, where notable films such as Metropolis, Dr. Mabuse and The Blue Angel, Inglorious Basterds or Bridge of Spies were produced The Film Orchestra frequently presents live performances of silent films and other concerts and is very active in recording music for the television, gaming, music and film industries. Additionally, the orchestra has collaborated over 800 times collaborates with prominent artists in popular and jazz music on crossover projects. It has worked with artists like Shania Twain (Up!), Celine Dion (A New Day Has Come) and Bryan Adams (Colour Me Kubrick). It appeared on several albums the German Metal Band Rammstein, like "Mutter" (2001), "Reise, Reise"(2004) and "Liebe ist für alle da" (2009), and several Max Richter Albums. It has also worked with the German Progressive Rock Band Karat on its 1997 album "Balance" and its live album "25 Jahre Karat" (25 Years of Karat, 2001). In 2012 the Orchestra took part in creation of sixth Avantasia's studio album "The Mystery of Time". In 2015 it backed Ronan Harris on VNV Nation's Resonance: Music For Orchestra Vol. 1, which was a No. 7 hit in Germany, on the mainstream GfK Entertainment Charts. The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg appears on more than 1.000 film productions, such as "Arlo the Alligator Boy", "Ad Astra" , "Tides", "Love, Death & Robots", "Sleepless", "Timeless", "Alone in Berlin", Hitman: Agent 47", Escobar: Paradise Lost", "Hector and the Search for Happiness", "The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out of the Window and Disappeared", "The Congress", "Anonymous", "Little Big Panda", Ninja Assassin", Laura´s Star" and "Snow White". The orchestra also produces music for computer games, like "Balan Wonderworld" and "Final Fantasy: Brave Exvius". From 1993 the studios of the orchestra were located in the former radio quarters of the GDR, at Nalepastraße in Oberschöneweide, Berlin. In December, 2007 the orchestra was able to move "back to the roots" in Babelsberg, into a building in the area of Film Studio Babelsberg. The German Film Orchestra's current Chief Conductor is Scott Lawton, who assumed his post in 1999. The former conductor was Frank Strobel. See also Radio orchestra References ^ "About Us | Filmorchester Babelsberg". www.filmorchester.de. Retrieved 2021-03-25. ^ "VNV Nation und das Film Orchester Babelsberg - Resonance - Music for Orchestra Vol.1 - hitparade.ch". ^ "Credits | Filmorchester Babelsberg". filmorchester.de. Retrieved 2021-03-25. External links Official website (in German) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Artists MusicBrainz This article on a classical orchestra is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Kubrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_Me_Kubrick"},{"link_name":"Rammstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rammstein"},{"link_name":"Mutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(album)"},{"link_name":"Reise, Reise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reise,_Reise"},{"link_name":"Liebe ist für alle da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liebe_ist_f%C3%BCr_alle_da"},{"link_name":"Max Richter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Richter"},{"link_name":"Karat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karat_(band)"},{"link_name":"Avantasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avantasia"},{"link_name":"The Mystery of Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Time"},{"link_name":"Ronan Harris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronan_Harris"},{"link_name":"VNV Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VNV_Nation"},{"link_name":"Resonance: Music For Orchestra Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance:_Music_For_Orchestra_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"GfK Entertainment Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arlo the Alligator Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlo_the_Alligator_Boy"},{"link_name":"Ad Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Astra_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tides_(film)"},{"link_name":"Love, Death & Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Death_%26_Robots"},{"link_name":"Sleepless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepless_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Timeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alone in Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_in_Berlin_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hitman: Agent 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman:_Agent_47"},{"link_name":"Escobar: Paradise Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escobar:_Paradise_Lost"},{"link_name":"Hector and the Search for Happiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_and_the_Search_for_Happiness_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out of the Window and Disappeared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hundred-Year-Old_Man_Who_Climbed_Out_of_the_Window_and_Disappeared_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Congress_(2013_film)"},{"link_name":"Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_(2011_film)"},{"link_name":"Little Big Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Panda"},{"link_name":"Ninja Assassin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_Assassin"},{"link_name":"Laura´s Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura%27s_Star"},{"link_name":"Snow White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White:_The_Fairest_of_Them_All"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Balan Wonderworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balan_Wonderworld"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Scott Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Lawton_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Strobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Strobel"}],"text":"It was founded in 1918 as Ufa-Sinfonieorchester and was re-established in 1993 by Klaus Peter Beyer under its current name. The orchestra derives its name from the legendary Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam-Babelsberg, a city part of Potsdam today, where notable films such as Metropolis, Dr. Mabuse and The Blue Angel, Inglorious Basterds or Bridge of Spies were produced[1]The Film Orchestra frequently presents live performances of silent films and other concerts and is very active in recording music for the television, gaming, music and film industries. Additionally, the orchestra has collaborated over 800 times collaborates with prominent artists in popular and jazz music on crossover projects. It has worked with artists like Shania Twain (Up!), Celine Dion (A New Day Has Come) and Bryan Adams (Colour Me Kubrick). It appeared on several albums the German Metal Band Rammstein, like \"Mutter\" (2001), \"Reise, Reise\"(2004) and \"Liebe ist für alle da\" (2009), and several Max Richter Albums. It has also worked with the German Progressive Rock Band Karat on its 1997 album \"Balance\" and its live album \"25 Jahre Karat\" (25 Years of Karat, 2001). In 2012 the Orchestra took part in creation of sixth Avantasia's studio album \"The Mystery of Time\". In 2015 it backed Ronan Harris on VNV Nation's Resonance: Music For Orchestra Vol. 1, which was a No. 7 hit in Germany, on the mainstream GfK Entertainment Charts.[2]The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg appears on more than 1.000 film productions, such as \"Arlo the Alligator Boy\", \"Ad Astra\" , \"Tides\", \"Love, Death & Robots\", \"Sleepless\", \"Timeless\", \"Alone in Berlin\", Hitman: Agent 47\", Escobar: Paradise Lost\", \"Hector and the Search for Happiness\", \"The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out of the Window and Disappeared\", \"The Congress\", \"Anonymous\", \"Little Big Panda\", Ninja Assassin\", Laura´s Star\" and \"Snow White\".[3]The orchestra also produces music for computer games, like \"Balan Wonderworld\" and \"Final Fantasy: Brave Exvius\".From 1993 the studios of the orchestra were located in the former radio quarters of the GDR, at Nalepastraße in Oberschöneweide, Berlin. In December, 2007 the orchestra was able to move \"back to the roots\" in Babelsberg, into a building in the area of Film Studio Babelsberg.The German Film Orchestra's current Chief Conductor is Scott Lawton, who assumed his post in 1999. The former conductor was Frank Strobel.","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Radio orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_orchestra"}]
[{"reference":"\"About Us | Filmorchester Babelsberg\". www.filmorchester.de. Retrieved 2021-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.filmorchester.de/en/page/dfob","url_text":"\"About Us | Filmorchester Babelsberg\""}]},{"reference":"\"VNV Nation und das Film Orchester Babelsberg - Resonance - Music for Orchestra Vol.1 - hitparade.ch\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisscharts.com/album/VNV-Nation-und-Das-Film-Orchester-Babelsberg/Resonance-Music-For-Orchestra-Vol.1-274533","url_text":"\"VNV Nation und das Film Orchester Babelsberg - Resonance - Music for Orchestra Vol.1 - hitparade.ch\""}]},{"reference":"\"Credits | Filmorchester Babelsberg\". filmorchester.de. Retrieved 2021-03-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://filmorchester.de/en/page/credits","url_text":"\"Credits | Filmorchester Babelsberg\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.filmorchester.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.filmorchester.de/en/page/dfob","external_links_name":"\"About Us | Filmorchester Babelsberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.swisscharts.com/album/VNV-Nation-und-Das-Film-Orchester-Babelsberg/Resonance-Music-For-Orchestra-Vol.1-274533","external_links_name":"\"VNV Nation und das Film Orchester Babelsberg - Resonance - Music for Orchestra Vol.1 - hitparade.ch\""},{"Link":"https://filmorchester.de/en/page/credits","external_links_name":"\"Credits | Filmorchester Babelsberg\""},{"Link":"http://www.filmorchester.de/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000114990840","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/158446950","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16267203v","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16267203v","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/5526085-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007325331105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97065752","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8cca6de3-a9b1-43ca-8f1e-9af926eb5132","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsches_Filmorchester_Babelsberg&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_Resort
Phoenician Resort
["1 History","2 Awards and accolades","3 References"]
Hotel in Scottsdale, Arizona, USA Phoenician ResortLocation within ArizonaGeneral informationLocation6000 E. Camelback Road, Scottsdale, ArizonaCoordinates33°30′26″N 111°56′59″W / 33.50722°N 111.94972°W / 33.50722; -111.94972OpeningOctober 1, 1988ManagementThe Luxury CollectionDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Killingsworth, Stricker, Lindgren, Wilson and AssociatesOther informationNumber of rooms643Number of restaurants9Websitehttp://www.thephoenician.com/ The Phoenician Resort is a luxury resort in Scottsdale. Built on the grounds of the historic Jokake Inn, the resort opened in 1988, a project of financier Charles Keating. The resort has been awarded a AAA Five-Diamond rating. History In 1985 Charles Keating purchased the property at the base of Camelback Mountain, which included the land occupied by the historic Jokake Inn and Elizabeth Arden's Maine Chance Spa. In addition, three other valley facilities also sat on the acreage Keating purchased: the Paradise Inn, the Valley Country Club, and the El Estribo Lodge. As architects, Keating hired the firm of Killingsworth, Stricker, Lindgren, Wilson and Associates, located in Long Beach, California. The spa, the Centre for Well Being, was designed by JGL Associates, out of Vermont. He intended to build a world class resort, envisioning it as "the eighth wonder of the world". For the construction of the lobby, white marble was imported from Carrera, Italy. Landscape craftsmen from Tonga were brought to Scottsdale to create the tropical landscape surrounding the hotel. The Phoenician was built at a cost of over $300 million. The resort opened for business on October 1, 1988, The hotel initially had 604 rooms, 132 casitas, a VIP suite and a presidential suite. The dome in the hotel's lobby was covered with 24 karat gold, and the cactus garden, which contained over 250 varieties of cacti, was the second largest in the state when it was completed. In addition, the hotel had 9 Steinway grand pianos, which was the largest order in the company's history. Keating's ownership of the resort was short-lived, however, as it was seized when he was indicted in 1989 for his role in the savings and loan crisis. After its seizure, the government briefly ran the resort, during which time it became known colloquially as "Club Fed". The government sold it shortly after to the Kuwaiti Investment Office. The Kuwaitis had owned 45% of the hotel prior to its seizure by the federal government, and they paid $111.5 million for the remaining 55%. The Kuwaitis sold it to ITT Sheraton in 1994, which was absorbed by Starwood in 1998. In 2010, a new ballroom was added to the property, at a cost of $40 million. Between 2010 and 2012, $80 million in renovations were done to the property, which included the creation of a "resort within a resort", the Canyon Suites. This unusual feature includes 60 rooms, including 38 suites, and 2 presidential suites. The resort also includes a $25 million art collection. In 2015, the property was purchased from Starwood by Host Hotels & Resorts. As of February 2016, the resort contains 643 rooms (including 62 suites), and sits on 250 acres, with eleven restaurants, nine swimming pools, eleven tennis courts (and the only resort in Arizona with four different playing surfaces), and a 27-hole golf course designed by Ted Robinson and Homer Flint. The golf course is rated as a USGA championship course, which consists of three 9-hole courses, each with its own unique character. In the 2000s, the hotel installed a solar array, which helps to supply the energy needs of the property. Awards and accolades In 1994 the hotel was awarded the first of its five-star ratings by the Mobil Travel Guide (now Forbes Travel Guide). Since that award, the hotel has received either a five- or four-star award every year through 2015 (the current award). References ^ "Resort History". ^ "The Phoenician, A Luxury Collection Resort, Scottsdale". AAA. ^ a b "Resort History". The Luxury Collection. ^ "A Land of Legend". The Luxury Collection. ^ a b "The Phoenician Rising". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 5. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. ^ a b c d e Anderson, Jack; Binstein, Michael (March 9, 1992). "Keating resort purchased by Kuwait". Standard-Speaker (Hazelton, Pennsylvania). p. 14. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "The Phoenician Rising". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. ^ "Feds Fire Arizona Millionaire". The Indiana Gazette. November 18, 1989. p. 9. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ McCartney, Scott (September 10, 1990). "Phoenicians - a monument to S&L's excesses, battles". Standard-Speaker (Hazelton, Pennsylvania). p. 4. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Sunnucks, Mike (Nov 2, 2015). "Snapshot: The Phoenician". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ a b "The Phoenician Rising". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015. ^ Meyerson, Bruce (December 27, 1994). "ITT to shed finance unit for whopping $4 billion". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 16. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b c d Deegan, Jason Scott (February 21, 2012). "The Phoenician resort: A palace in the shadow of Scottsdale's Camelback Mountain". WorldGolf.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ "The Phoenician". Visit Phoenix. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ a b Gilbertson, Dawn (June 9, 2015). "Phoenician resort sold for $400 million". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ "The Phoenician". Troon Golf. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ Christianson, Kiel (June 8, 2009). "The Phoenician resort: Swanky epicenter of Phoenix/Scottsdale golf". WorldGolf.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016. ^ Goman, Cara (October 13, 2015). "Embracing Renewable Energy to Benefit the Bottom Line". Microgrid Knowledge. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016. ^ Sloane, Gene (December 21, 1993). "Restaurants, hotels join the five-star family". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 41. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "The Phoenician Rising". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 50. ^ "The 2015 Forbes Travel Guide Star Award Winners". Forbes Travel Guide. February 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016. Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Charles Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Keating"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"Five-Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Diamond_award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Phoenician Resort is a luxury resort in Scottsdale. Built on the grounds of the historic Jokake Inn, the resort opened in 1988, a project of financier Charles Keating.[1] The resort has been awarded a AAA Five-Diamond rating.[2]","title":"Phoenician Resort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camelback Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelback_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book5-5"},{"link_name":"Steinway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"savings and loan crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book8-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"Starwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starwood_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book8-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG-13"},{"link_name":"Host Hotels & Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZC150609-15"},{"link_name":"Ted Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Robinson_(golf_course_architect)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZC150609-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In 1985 Charles Keating purchased the property at the base of Camelback Mountain, which included the land occupied by the historic Jokake Inn and Elizabeth Arden's Maine Chance Spa.[3][4] In addition, three other valley facilities also sat on the acreage Keating purchased: the Paradise Inn, the Valley Country Club, and the El Estribo Lodge. As architects, Keating hired the firm of Killingsworth, Stricker, Lindgren, Wilson and Associates, located in Long Beach, California. The spa, the Centre for Well Being, was designed by JGL Associates, out of Vermont.[5] He intended to build a world class resort, envisioning it as \"the eighth wonder of the world\".[6] For the construction of the lobby, white marble was imported from Carrera, Italy. Landscape craftsmen from Tonga were brought to Scottsdale to create the tropical landscape surrounding the hotel.[3] The Phoenician was built at a cost of over $300 million.[6] The resort opened for business on October 1, 1988,[7] The hotel initially had 604 rooms, 132 casitas, a VIP suite and a presidential suite. The dome in the hotel's lobby was covered with 24 karat gold, and the cactus garden, which contained over 250 varieties of cacti, was the second largest in the state when it was completed.[5] In addition, the hotel had 9 Steinway grand pianos, which was the largest order in the company's history.[6] Keating's ownership of the resort was short-lived, however, as it was seized when he was indicted in 1989 for his role in the savings and loan crisis.[8] After its seizure, the government briefly ran the resort, during which time it became known colloquially as \"Club Fed\".[9] The government sold it shortly after to the Kuwaiti Investment Office.[10][11] The Kuwaitis had owned 45% of the hotel prior to its seizure by the federal government, and they paid $111.5 million for the remaining 55%.[6]The Kuwaitis sold it to ITT Sheraton in 1994, which was absorbed by Starwood in 1998.[11][12] In 2010, a new ballroom was added to the property, at a cost of $40 million.[13] Between 2010 and 2012, $80 million in renovations were done to the property, which included the creation of a \"resort within a resort\", the Canyon Suites.[13] This unusual feature includes 60 rooms, including 38 suites, and 2 presidential suites.[14] The resort also includes a $25 million art collection.[6][13] In 2015, the property was purchased from Starwood by Host Hotels & Resorts.[15] As of February 2016, the resort contains 643 rooms (including 62 suites), and sits on 250 acres, with eleven restaurants, nine swimming pools, eleven tennis courts (and the only resort in Arizona with four different playing surfaces), and a 27-hole golf course designed by Ted Robinson and Homer Flint.[13][15] The golf course is rated as a USGA championship course,[16] which consists of three 9-hole courses, each with its own unique character.[17] In the 2000s, the hotel installed a solar array, which helps to supply the energy needs of the property.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes Travel Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Travel_Guide"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 1994 the hotel was awarded the first of its five-star ratings by the Mobil Travel Guide (now Forbes Travel Guide).[19] Since that award, the hotel has received either a five- or four-star award every year through 2015 (the current award).[20][21]","title":"Awards and accolades"}]
[]
null
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Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/#page-6-7","url_text":"\"The Phoenician Rising\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150412163128/http://www.mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Feds Fire Arizona Millionaire\". The Indiana Gazette. November 18, 1989. p. 9. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/33648778/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"Feds Fire Arizona Millionaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"McCartney, Scott (September 10, 1990). \"Phoenicians - a monument to S&L's excesses, battles\". Standard-Speaker (Hazelton, Pennsylvania). p. 4. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/13446502/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"Phoenicians - a monument to S&L's excesses, battles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Sunnucks, Mike (Nov 2, 2015). \"Snapshot: The Phoenician\". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2015/11/02/snapshot-the-phoenician.html","url_text":"\"Snapshot: The Phoenician\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician Rising\". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/#page-10-11","url_text":"\"The Phoenician Rising\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150412163128/http://www.mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meyerson, Bruce (December 27, 1994). \"ITT to shed finance unit for whopping $4 billion\". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 16. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/92014309/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"ITT to shed finance unit for whopping $4 billion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Deegan, Jason Scott (February 21, 2012). \"The Phoenician resort: A palace in the shadow of Scottsdale's Camelback Mountain\". WorldGolf.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldgolf.com/features/the-phoenician-resort-scottsdale-arizona-12794.htm","url_text":"\"The Phoenician resort: A palace in the shadow of Scottsdale's Camelback Mountain\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222222634/http://www.worldgolf.com/features/the-phoenician-resort-scottsdale-arizona-12794.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician\". Visit Phoenix. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitphoenix.com/listing/the-phoenician/445/","url_text":"\"The Phoenician\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222081626/http://www.visitphoenix.com/listing/the-phoenician/445/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilbertson, Dawn (June 9, 2015). \"Phoenician resort sold for $400 million\". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/2015/06/08/phoenician-resort-sold-for-400-million/28704743/","url_text":"\"Phoenician resort sold for $400 million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150609214020/http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/2015/06/08/phoenician-resort-sold-for-400-million/28704743/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician\". Troon Golf. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100911173548/http://www.troongolf.com/troon_facility.cml?cmd=view&id=phoenician_golf_course","url_text":"\"The Phoenician\""},{"url":"http://www.troongolf.com/troon_facility.cml?cmd=view&id=phoenician_golf_course","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christianson, Kiel (June 8, 2009). \"The Phoenician resort: Swanky epicenter of Phoenix/Scottsdale golf\". WorldGolf.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelgolf.com/departments/resortfeatures/arizona/the-phoenician-resort-phoenix-scottsdale-arizona-10206.htm","url_text":"\"The Phoenician resort: Swanky epicenter of Phoenix/Scottsdale golf\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160224012214/http://www.travelgolf.com/departments/resortfeatures/arizona/the-phoenician-resort-phoenix-scottsdale-arizona-10206.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goman, Cara (October 13, 2015). \"Embracing Renewable Energy to Benefit the Bottom Line\". Microgrid Knowledge. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://microgridknowledge.com/embracing-renewable-energy-to-benefit-the-bottom-line/","url_text":"\"Embracing Renewable Energy to Benefit the Bottom Line\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160223160250/http://microgridknowledge.com/embracing-renewable-energy-to-benefit-the-bottom-line/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, Gene (December 21, 1993). \"Restaurants, hotels join the five-star family\". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 41. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/90202280/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"Restaurants, hotels join the five-star family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician Rising\". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/#page-52-53","url_text":"\"The Phoenician Rising\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 2015 Forbes Travel Guide Star Award Winners\". Forbes Travel Guide. February 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://blog.forbestravelguide.com/the-2015-forbes-travel-guide-star-award-winners","url_text":"\"The 2015 Forbes Travel Guide Star Award Winners\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201201154/http://blog.forbestravelguide.com/the-2015-forbes-travel-guide-star-award-winners","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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a monument to S&L's excesses, battles\""},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2015/11/02/snapshot-the-phoenician.html","external_links_name":"\"Snapshot: The Phoenician\""},{"Link":"https://mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/#page-10-11","external_links_name":"\"The Phoenician Rising\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150412163128/http://www.mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/92014309/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","external_links_name":"\"ITT to shed finance unit for whopping $4 billion\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldgolf.com/features/the-phoenician-resort-scottsdale-arizona-12794.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Phoenician resort: A palace in the shadow of Scottsdale's Camelback Mountain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222222634/http://www.worldgolf.com/features/the-phoenician-resort-scottsdale-arizona-12794.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.visitphoenix.com/listing/the-phoenician/445/","external_links_name":"\"The Phoenician\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222081626/http://www.visitphoenix.com/listing/the-phoenician/445/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/2015/06/08/phoenician-resort-sold-for-400-million/28704743/","external_links_name":"\"Phoenician resort sold for $400 million\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150609214020/http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/2015/06/08/phoenician-resort-sold-for-400-million/28704743/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100911173548/http://www.troongolf.com/troon_facility.cml?cmd=view&id=phoenician_golf_course","external_links_name":"\"The Phoenician\""},{"Link":"http://www.troongolf.com/troon_facility.cml?cmd=view&id=phoenician_golf_course","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.travelgolf.com/departments/resortfeatures/arizona/the-phoenician-resort-phoenix-scottsdale-arizona-10206.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Phoenician resort: Swanky epicenter of Phoenix/Scottsdale golf\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160224012214/http://www.travelgolf.com/departments/resortfeatures/arizona/the-phoenician-resort-phoenix-scottsdale-arizona-10206.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://microgridknowledge.com/embracing-renewable-energy-to-benefit-the-bottom-line/","external_links_name":"\"Embracing Renewable Energy to Benefit the Bottom Line\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160223160250/http://microgridknowledge.com/embracing-renewable-energy-to-benefit-the-bottom-line/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/90202280/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","external_links_name":"\"Restaurants, hotels join the five-star family\""},{"Link":"https://mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/#page-52-53","external_links_name":"\"The Phoenician Rising\""},{"Link":"http://blog.forbestravelguide.com/the-2015-forbes-travel-guide-star-award-winners","external_links_name":"\"The 2015 Forbes Travel Guide Star Award Winners\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160201201154/http://blog.forbestravelguide.com/the-2015-forbes-travel-guide-star-award-winners","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295300605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002006070","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Adolf_Rinne
Heinrich Adolf Rinne
["1 Selected writings","2 See also","3 References"]
Heinrich Adolf Rinne (1819-1868) Heinrich Adolf Rinne (January 24, 1819 – July 26, 1868) was a German otologist born in Vlotho an der Weser. He received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen and practiced medicine in the city of Göttingen. Later he was a physician in Sandstadt near Stade (1857) and Hildesheim (1860). In 1855 Rinne described the combined conductive process of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles of the middle ear. He is known for the eponymous Rinne test. The Rinne test is a hearing test conducted with a tuning fork, and is used to test and compare a patients' hearing via air conduction (normal process) or by way of bone conduction (sound to the inner ear through the mastoid). He reasoned that if a person hears a sound for a longer period of time through bone conduction than through air conduction, a disease is present somewhere in the conduction apparatus. Despite his research, "Rinne's test" wasn't generally recognized until after his death — in the early 1880s, otologists Friedrich Bezold (1842-1908) and August Lucae (1835–1911) further publicized Rinne's work. Selected writings Über das Stimmorgan und die Bildung der Sprache. Müller’s Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, Berlin, 1850. Beiträge zur Physiologie des menschlichen Ohres. Zeitschrift für rationelle Medicin, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1864. Über die Formen des Himmelgewölbes. Zeitschrift für rationelle Medicin, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1866. Materialismus und ethisches Bedürfnis in ihrem Verhältnisse zur Psychologie. Braunschweig, 1868. See also Weber test, named after Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795–1878). References CME Bulletin Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery Heinrich Rinne @ Who Named It Authority control databases International VIAF National Czech Republic
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[{"title":"Weber test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_test"},{"title":"Ernst Heinrich Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Weber"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_artwork
Ballpoint pen artwork
["1 Origins and proliferation as art medium","2 Notable ballpoint pen artists","2.1 Corporate acknowledgement","3 Technique, merits and limitations","3.1 Errors and ink fading","4 Other incarnations","5 Notable ballpoint pen art exhibitions","6 Gallery of ballpoint pen artwork","7 References","8 External links"]
Artwork drawn using ballpoint pen James Mylne (UK), Polo Pony 1 (2008) ballpoint pen on paper Since their invention and subsequent proliferation in the mid-20th century, ballpoint pens have proven to be a versatile art medium for professional artists as well as amateur doodlers. Ballpoint pen artwork created over the years have been favorably compared to art created using traditional art mediums. Low cost, availability, and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient, alternative art supply. Ballpoint pen enthusiasts find the pens particularly handy for quick sketch work. Some artists use them within mixed-media works, while others use them solely as their medium-of-choice. The medium is not without limitations; color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists. The internet now provides a broad forum for artists to promote their own ballpoint creations, and since its inception ballpoint pen art websites have flourished, showcasing the artwork and offering information of the usage of ballpoint pens as an art medium. Origins and proliferation as art medium Spirograph, originally marketed as a "creative children's toy" in the 1960s, provided colored ballpoint pens as part of its package. Some of the most famous artists of the 20th century have utilized ballpoint pens to some extent during their careers. Andy Warhol and Alberto Giacometti both used ballpoints within their artwork in the 1950s. Cy Twombly exhibited small ballpoint drawings in the 1970s. Ladislao Biro himself utilized his own invention creatively; a 2005 mechanical engineering exhibition in Argentina, focussing on the invention of the ballpoint pen, included in its brochure a ballpoint pen drawing titled "Waiting" credited to Biro. The popular Spirograph, mass-marketed in America during the advent of 1960s psychedelic culture, included colored ballpoints (black, blue, red, green) as part of its boxed set. The holes positioned on a Spirograph's "gears" were reportedly sized to accommodate tips of the fine-point pens provided. Artists now professionally employing ballpoint pens often cite classroom boredom as a factor allowing them to explore the writing instrument's creative applications. A mainstay of school-supply lists, students use their ballpoints to doodle onto folders, desks, and blue jeans—even onto each other. Artistic aspirations aside, the average person may pick up a pen during lengthy telephone calls, consciously-or-not scribbling Hitler mustaches and black-eyes onto magazine photos of politicians or models; artist Jean Dubuffet has admitted to having realized the potential of ballpoint pens in this manner. Ballpoint artist Lennie Mace has stated that he learned the basics of anatomy and perspective in his youth by tracing over newspaper photos in ballpoint pen, a practice which evolved into his Media Graffiti embellishments of print-ads. Ballpoint pen artwork has gained increasing interest in the 21st century. Ballpoint artists have been portrayed in the media as oddities, but some receive serious media consideration and the artwork is exhibited in prestigious galleries and museums worldwide. Proponents of ballpoint pens as an art medium have independently regarded growing interest in ballpoint pen art as a "movement", but it has yet to be recognized as such within established art circles. Nonetheless, creative application of ballpoint pens has taken as many directions as any formally recognized art movement; photorealist portraiture and still-life, imaginative scenarios and surrealistic landscapes, and minimalist abstractions are among the forms in which ballpoint artwork has been presented. Notable ballpoint pen artists Lennie Mace, Uchuu Neko Parade (2005), ballpoint pen and hardware on paper The following contemporary artists have gained recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens; for their technical proficiency, imagination and innovations using ballpoint pens as an art medium. Korean artist Il Lee, living in America, has been creating large-scale ballpoint-only abstract artwork on paper since the early 1980s (see gallery below). Lee also creates artwork in a similar vein using ballpoints or acrylic paint on canvas. American artist Lennie Mace, living in Japan, creates imaginative artwork of varying content and complexity applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim. Mace started his professional career as an illustrator in the mid-1980s and began exhibiting in 1990, always using only ballpoint pens. He coined the term "PENtings" in reference to his 'painterly' usage of ballpoint pens. British artist James Mylne, based in London, has been creating photo-realistic artwork since the mid-1990s using black ballpoint pens (shown at top). Since 2014, Mylne's output has expanded to include works which display more personal views and interests in complex, mixed-media arrangements. Juan Francisco Casas, a photorealist painter from Spain, attracted "viral" internet attention in 2006 for photorealist ballpoint artwork in which he duplicated selfie photographs of females in various states of undress, utilizing only blue pens, sometimes at large dimensions. In America, Shane McAdams employs a method unique among his ballpoint peers; since the mid-2000s McAdams has become known for his abstract "pen blow" artworks, using a process in which he removes the ballpoint pen nibs and blows the ink through the reservoir, as blowing through a straw. Serhiy Kolyada's politically infused ballpoint pen drawings have left him virtually ignored by galleries in his home country of Ukraine. Publicity comes mostly through English language media and a majority of sales to foreign clients via private viewings and online galleries. Kolyada works in black ballpoint, using other mediums and collage occasionally to add color (see gallery below). Brazilian street artist Claudio Ethos often sketches his concepts in ballpoint pen before spray-painting the images onto walls or canvas, and includes them in exhibitions. Japanese artist Shohei Otomo has received media attention for his ballpoint pen and magic marker illustrations. Samuel Silva, a lawyer from Portugal who draws as a "hobby," attracted "viral" internet attention in 2012 for his photorealist ballpoint drawings which utilize a wide range of available ballpoint ink colors. Corporate acknowledgement Although there are no known accounts of official sponsorship, ballpoint pen companies have shown support to artists using their products. Lennie Mace in 1993 created a color replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (see gallery below) for the Pilot pen company, using only Pilot pens. British artist James Mylne created a replica of Vermeer’s Girl With a Pearl Earring in 2010 using only BIC pens, as part of a campaign organized by Société Bic. BIC Art Master competition, a competition for African ballpoint pen artists, has been held by the company since 2017. Pilot Guatemala used the ballpoint artwork of Nathan Lorenzana on the back cover of a 2013 products catalogue, and Pilot Japan in 2015 used the ballpoint illustrations of Asuka Satow to decorate stationery products produced by the company. Technique, merits and limitations Ballpoint pens require little or no preparation. The immediacy allowed by ballpoints makes the pens ideal for quick sketches, convenient while traveling, and appealing to artists for whom sudden creative urges cannot be side-tracked by logistics or lengthy preparation time. For artists whose interests necessitate precision line-work, ballpoints are an obvious attraction; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush. Aside from standard ball-point sizes of fine or medium, the points of some pens are manufactured at multiple point-sizes—some in series with point-sizes ranging from 0.5 to 1.6mm—allowing for broader applications. Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved. Traditional pen-and-ink techniques such as stippling and cross-hatching can be used to create half-tones or the illusion of form and volume. Skillful integration of existing colors can create an illusion of colors which do not actually exist. Finely applied, the resulting imagery has been mistaken for airbrushed artwork and photography, causing a reaction of disbelief which artist Lennie Mace refers to as the "Wow Factor". Watercolor washes are applied by some artists in conjunction with the pen-work. Directly mixed on the drawing surface, watercolor causes the ballpoint ink to bleed, creating additional effects. Pentel R.S.V.P. ballpoint pen series, which includes pink and purple inks Using ballpoint pens to create artwork poses various concerns for the artist. Ballpoints are not known for providing many color options; standard black, blue, red and green inks are the most common colors available. Cigar-sized pens containing up to ten colors have also been manufactured, although both the ink composition and mechanical quality of such pens for creating artwork may be questionable. Because of a reliance on gravity to coat the ball with ink, ballpoint pens must be held upright in order to properly dispense the ink; with the exception of Space Pens, ballpoints cannot be used to write upside down. Additionally, "blobbing" of ink on the drawing surface and "skipping" of ink-flow require consideration when using ballpoint pens for artistic purposes. Errors and ink fading Mistakes pose greater risks to ballpoint artists; once a line is drawn, it generally cannot be erased. Ballpoint artists may consider this irreversibility somewhat unnerving, but some face the challenge as a test of skill. Ballpoint artist James Mylne has described the required level of focus as meditative. Pens with erasers and erasable ink have been manufactured, but only in black and blue inks, and with very different characteristics than normal inks. Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light. Standard ballpoint pen inks have been said to be manufactured as both oil-based pigments and organic dyes. Drawings created using dye-based inks are very sensitive to light, some colors more than others. In the past, UV glass has been recommended to protect from ultraviolet rays, but this hasn't been proven to guarantee stability of the ink. Photographing or scanning artwork is recommended for artists wishing to permanently record the ballpoint originals, from which archival prints can be made at any time. Jack Dillhunt, Summertime is Over (2007, USA) ballpoint pen on canvas Other incarnations Ballpoint pen artwork is sometimes associated with Folk art. Using ballpoints to create artwork fits with the non-conformist tendencies of self-taught, so-called outsider artists. Also commonly referred to as Art Brut, artists falling into this category tend to pride themselves in their unconventional methods. In America, Jack Dillhunt uses full bedsheets to create his ballpoint drawings "because (he) couldn't find paper big enough," earning him the nickname "sheetman". William Adkins uses ballpoints to draw intricate devices with imagined uses. Alighiero Boetti, part of a generation of Italian artists which in the 1970s came to be known as Arte Povera, has used ballpoint pens in various ways throughout his career, particularly his later calligraphic pen-works. Ballpoint pens are among the various means of creating body art, as temporary tattoos for recreational, decorative and commercial purposes. Ink is applied directly to skin in a manner similar to that of an actual tattoo gun, except that a ballpoint pen tattoo is temporary; it can be washed off at the wearer's discretion, or left to fade at its own natural rate (see gallery below). This can be an attraction for people who may not care for a permanent tattoo, but nonetheless enjoy the imagery. Professional tattoo artists are known to also use ballpoints to create artwork on surfaces other than skin, useful as "flash-art" tattoo samples for display in tattoo parlors. Using ballpoint pens to create artwork is also common among prison inmates, which have been showcased in magazine articles and gallery exhibitions. Separately, inmates have been known to modify ballpoint pen components into tattoo guns for use while incarcerated. Canada-based designer Philippe Malouin in 2012 incorporated ballpoint pen technology into the legs of his original stool design. Ink is held within all four legs, with casters designed to disperse the ink as the chair is rolled. Malouin experimented with various combinations of ball points and ink viscosities before arriving at a design which would support the weight of a person while allowing ink to flow in the same manner as a ballpoint pen. Lennie Mace ballpoint body art (temporary tattoo) 2006, Tokyo Notable ballpoint pen art exhibitions Prominent exhibitions specifically showcasing ballpoint pen artwork occur intermittently. The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut, opened the Ballpoint Pen Drawing Since 1950 exhibition in March, 2013, under the banner of their "Extreme Drawing" series. Il Lee and Toyin Odutola were among the artists presented. The exhibition was reviewed by The New York Times as a "provisional study rather than a fully realized project". A ballpoint pen doodle of a shark drawn in 1991 by British artist Damien Hirst sold for £4,664 at a London auction in 2012. Cinders Gallery in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, held the group exhibition "These Bagels are Gnarly" in 2007, featuring only ballpoint pen drawing. A large number of artists, none particularly associated with the medium, were provided with a blue ballpoint pen and a sheet of letter-sized paper to create artwork for the exhibition. Juxtapoz art magazine commented that participating artists, using the common ballpoint pen, seemed to "gravitate back to a time before it all became so serious". For Lennie Mace's 365DAZE project he spent the full year of 1998 driving around the United States, doing a drawing-per-day, embellishing in ballpoint pen whatever found-media he came across in whatever part of the country through which he happened to be traveling. He then spent 1999 touring with selections of completed artwork, holding solo exhibitions in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. So-called "Media Graffiti" from 365DAZE have also been exhibited as part of group exhibitions in Chicago, Detroit, Tampa and Miami, and a number are on permanent display at the Lennie Mace VIEWseum in Tokyo. The exhibition garnered national exposure, noted as well for being a "time capsule" of the year in media. Gallery of ballpoint pen artwork Serhiy Kolyada, The Theory of Origins (2012, Ukraine), ballpoint pen on paper Il Lee, ballpoint pen on canvas and monoprints, shown on display (2011, New York) Dave Warshaw, Four Eyes (2008, California), ballpoint pen on wood Lennie Mace, Mona a'la Mace (1993, New York), ballpoint pen on paper Enam Bosokah, portrait of Rose Dieng-Kuntz (2022, Accra), ballpoint pen on watercolor background References ^ a b c d Genocchio, Benjamin (August 10, 2007). "To See the World in Ballpoint Pen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ a b Attewill, Fred (September 29, 2011). "Artist wins £6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco". Metro. Kensington, London, England: Associated Newspapers Ltd. ISSN 1469-6215. OCLC 225917520. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b c Johnson, Cathy (2010). Watercolor tricks & techniques: 75 new and classic painting secrets (illustrated, revised ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: North Light Books. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-60061-308-1. OCLC 299713330. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b c d e f Holben Ellis, Margaret (1995). The care of prints and drawings (reprint, illustrated ed.). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman Altamira. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0-7619-9136-6. OCLC 33404294. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ Warhol, Andy; Slovak, Richard; Hunt, Timothy (2007). Warhol Polaroid Portraits. New York City, New York, USA: McCaffrey Fine Art. pp. intro. ISBN 978-0-9790484-1-8. OCLC 420821909. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b Schwendener, Martha (April 5, 2013). "Drawing Evolves, Testing Its Boundaries". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2013. ^ Auping, Michael (2002). Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth 110 (illustrated ed.). London, England: Third Millennium Information Ltd. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-903942-14-7. OCLC 314140064. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ ""Waiting" ballpoint pen drawing credited to Ladislao Jose Biro" (PDF). pen exhibition brochure. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Sep 29, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 30 May 2013. ^ Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless Toys: Classic Toys And the Playmakers Who Created Them (illustrated, reprint ed.). Kansas City, Missouri, USA: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 0-7407-5571-4. OCLC 60590126. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b Armagnac, Alden P. (September 1967). "Gears Within Gears Draw Fantastic Ornaments". Popular Science. Winter Park, Florida, USA: Bonnier Corporation: 72–74. ISSN 0161-7370. OCLC 488612811. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b c Lebron, Orlando (1998). "Media Graffiti". Juxtapoz Art & Culture Magazine. 17 (Winter, 1998). San Francisco, California, USA: High Speed Productions. ISSN 1077-8411. OCLC 30889397. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012. ^ Wheeler, Daniel (1991). Art Since Mid-Century: 1945 to the present (illustrated ed.). New York City, New York, USA: Vendome Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-86565-083-1. OCLC 246873240. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ Parry, Ross (August 26, 2008). "Ballpoint pen artist nicknamed Bicasso". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ a b c d e f g h Liddell, C.B. (April 3, 2002). "The hair-raising art of Lennie Mace; Lennie Mace Museum". The Japan Times. Tokyo, Japan: Toshiaki Ogasawara. ISSN 0447-5763. OCLC 21225620. Retrieved 10 May 2012. ^ Stith, Jerry (November 10, 2010). "Ball Point Pen Art leadership: by Jerry Stith". BallPoint Pen Art International. Jerry Stith. Archived from the original on 2012-03-20. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ Mylne, James (2013). "movement occurring". birodrawing.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 August 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013. ^ Vobis, Anneliese (October 5, 2012). "Lennie Mace: Pen Pal at 111 Minna Gallery". exhibition review. Retrieved 10 February 2013. ^ a b Strausbaugh, John (20–26 October 1993). Portwood, Jerry (ed.). "superfine, surrealistic ballpoint pen drawings". New York Press (Weekly). 6 (42). Manhattan, New York, USA: Tom Allon: 43 Calendar. ISSN 1538-1412. OCLC 23806626. ^ DeBevoise, Jane (Feb 9, 2011). "Conversation with Il Lee". Asia Art Archive. Retrieved 3 October 2016. ^ Voynovskaya, Nastia (October 24, 2012). "Lennie Mace's Pen Pal at 111 Minna". Hi Fructose. Retrieved 3 October 2016. ^ a b Garnham, Emily (April 16, 2010). "Biro artist recreates Girl With A Pearl Earring masterpiece". Daily Express. London, England: Northern and Shell Media. OCLC 173337077. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ Lebron, Orlando (March 30, 2015). "Growing Pens". The Ballpointer / Mahozawari Unlimited. Retrieved 19 June 2015. ^ Neufeld, Bruce (April 1, 2015). "Note To Selfie". thINK column. The Ballpointer / Mahozawari Unlimited. Retrieved June 23, 2015. ^ Tasarra-Twigg, Noemi (Dec 7, 2011). "Shane McAdams". ForeverGeek.com. Splashpress Media. Retrieved 30 May 2013. ^ "Shane McAdams". designboom.com. Retrieved 30 May 2013. ^ Albert, Jay (September 7, 2006). "Virtuoso of the Biro". The Ukraine Observer. Kiev, Ukraine: Issue #74. pp. 26–27. Retrieved 25 September 2013. ^ Savchenko, Oksana (June 14, 2006). "Contemporary art; Depictions of demons and demagogues". Kyiv Weekly. Kiev, Ukraine: Evolution Media Ltd. p. 15. Retrieved 25 September 2013. ^ Scott, Gabe (July 17, 2009). "Claudio Ethos". juxtapoz.com. High Speed Productions, Inc. Archived from the original on 2015-10-30. Retrieved 30 May 2013. ^ "Shohei ballpoint pen illustrations". Hi Fructose. June 16, 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2013. ^ a b uncredited staff writer (Sep 6, 2012). "Ballpoint Pen Or Photograph?". Believe It or Not. Ripley Entertainment Inc. Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 10 March 2013. ^ Zimmerman, Edith. "Watch As Man Re-creates Girl With a Pearl Earring Using Just a Bic Pen". Vulture. Retrieved 2021-01-19. ^ Mwantok, Margaret (1 March 2020). "Unveiling BIC art masters from Africa". The Guardian (Nigeria). Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ "South Africans Draw Their Way To The Top Of BIC 'Art Master Africa' Competition". Africa.com. 13 November 2021. Retrieved 5 April 2022. ^ Bell, Ronald (July 5, 2015). "Ballpoint Brief, Co Pilot". The Ballpointer. Mahozawari Unlimited. Retrieved 5 December 2015. ^ Schnabel, Julian; Zutter, Jörg; Adams, Brooks; Kuspit, Donald Burton (1990). Julian Schnabel: works on paper 1975–1988 (illustrated ed.). Munich, Germany: Prestel Verlag. pp. 19, 107. ISBN 978-3-7913-1061-9. OCLC 260170099. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b c Small, Suzy (August 19, 2005). "Ai Candy; exhibition preview". Tokyo Weekender. 2 (15). Tokyo, Japan: BC Media Group: 16. Retrieved 10 May 2012. ^ "Pilot oil-based ballpoint pen listing". Super Grip pen point-size varieties. pilot.co.jp. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ a b Mylne, James (2010). "About Ballpoints, & Using Them in Art". Biro Drawing.co.uk. James R. Mylne. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ Tizon, Natalia (2007). Art of Sketching (illustrated ed.). New York City, New York, USA: Sterling Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4027-4423-5. OCLC 76951111. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b Liddell, C.B. (Jan 2002). "Getting the ball rolling in harajuku". Tokyo Journal. 21 (241). Tokyo, Japan: Nexxus Communications K.K.: 36–37. ISSN 0289-811X. OCLC 13995159. ^ "Spirograph Multicolor Pens". 10-in-1 colored pens. Tarzana, California, USA: Sound Feelings Publishing. 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b Russell-Ausley, Melissa (2011). "How Ballpoint Pens Work, Unusual Ballpoints". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ Russell-Ausley, Melissa (2011). "How Ballpoint Pens Work, The Ink". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ South, Helen (2005). The everything drawing book: from basic shapes to people and animals, step-by-step instructions to get you started (illustrated ed.). Avon, Massachusetts, USA: Adams Media. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-59337-213-2. OCLC 56214158. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ a b Krug, Don; Parker, Ann (2005). Miracles Of The Spirit: Folk, Art, And Stories From Wisconsin (illustrated ed.). Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-1-57806-753-4. OCLC 57669823. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ Cubbs, Joanne; Roscoe Hartigan, Lynda; Mitchell Crawley, Susan (2001). Let It Shine: Self-Taught Art from the T. Marshall Hahn Collection (illustrated ed.). Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-57806-363-5. OCLC 47093070. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ Boetti, Alighiero; Morsiani, Paola; Schwabsky, Barry; Oliva, Achille Bonito (2002). When 1 is 2: the art of Alighiero e Boetti (illustrated ed.). Contemporary Arts Museum. ISBN 978-0-936080-75-8. OCLC 50903607. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ Vinther, Janus (2003). Special Effects Make-up. London, UK: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 0-7136-6747-8. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ Joseph, Lee (February 28, 2012). "The Ballpoint and Wood Art of Dave Warshaw". feature article. Brunswick North, Australia: beinArt Publishing. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ uncredited staff (Oct 18, 2012). "Stunning Ballpoint Pen Art". JazJaz. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016. ^ Fedorak, Shirley A. (2009). Pop Culture: The Culture of Everyday Life. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. pp. 77, 78. ISBN 978-1-4426-0124-6. OCLC 731516372. Retrieved 10 July 2012. ^ "The Ballpoint Stool". juxtapoz.com. High Speed Productions, Inc. April 10, 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013. ^ "Damien Hirst Doodle Fetches L4,700". Telegraph. March 28, 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2016. ^ "Damien Hirst Shark Doodle Sells For L4,500". Huffington Post. 2012-03-28. Retrieved 3 October 2016. ^ "These Bagels Are Gnarly". juxtapoz.com. High Speed Productions, Inc. 22 January 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013. ^ Mace, Lennie (1999). "365DAZE press page". itscom.net. Retrieved 10 June 2012. ^ Brenneman, Christine (May 10, 1999). "365DAZE". S.F. Metropolitan. San Francisco, CA, USA. Retrieved 16 July 2012. ^ Powell, Sterling (May 25–31, 2000). "Scenes; Lennie Mace at Flux Gallery, St. Petersberg". Weekly Planet. Tampa, FL: Vol. 13 No. 9. ^ Marthell, Vivian (April 18, 2002). "Lust for Erotic Life". Miami New Times. Retrieved 10 May 2012. External links The Ballpointer online journal covering ballpoint pen artwork vtePensTypes Active Ballpoint Brush Demonstrator Digital Dip Fountain Gel Light Marker dry erase highlighter paint permanent UV Qalam Quill Rastrum Reed Rollerball Ruling Skin Stylus Technical Parts and tools Blotting paper Ink blotter Inkwell Nib flex nib Penknife Pounce Inks Alizarine Fountain pen India Iron gall Stark's Other Ballpoint pen artwork Ballpoint pen knife Counterfeit banknote Birmingham pen trade Pen Museum Pen computing Penmanship Pen painting Pen spinning Retipping Related Calligraphy Cartooning Comics Inking Lettering List of types, brands and companies Pencil Mechanical pencil Narayam
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polo_Pony,_ballpoint_biro_drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Mylne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mylne_(artist)"},{"link_name":"ballpoint pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen"},{"link_name":"art medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_medium"},{"link_name":"doodlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oddity-2"},{"link_name":"mixed-media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-media"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tricks-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"}],"text":"James Mylne (UK), Polo Pony 1 (2008) ballpoint pen on paperSince their invention and subsequent proliferation in the mid-20th century, ballpoint pens have proven to be a versatile art medium for professional artists as well as amateur doodlers.[1] Ballpoint pen artwork created over the years have been favorably compared to art created using traditional art mediums. Low cost, availability, and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient, alternative art supply.[2]Ballpoint pen enthusiasts find the pens particularly handy for quick sketch work. Some artists use them within mixed-media works, while others use them solely as their medium-of-choice.[3] The medium is not without limitations; color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists.[4] The internet now provides a broad forum for artists to promote their own ballpoint creations, and since its inception ballpoint pen art websites have flourished, showcasing the artwork and offering information of the usage of ballpoint pens as an art medium.","title":"Ballpoint pen artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spirograph4.JPG"},{"link_name":"Spirograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirograph"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Alberto Giacometti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warhol_BPP-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aldrich-6"},{"link_name":"Cy Twombly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Twombly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twombly_BPP-7"},{"link_name":"Ladislao Biro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislao_Jos%C3%A9_Biro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first_BP_drawing-8"},{"link_name":"Spirograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirograph"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pre-Spiro-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spirograph-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spirograph-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juxtapoz-11"},{"link_name":"Jean Dubuffet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubuffet_BPP-12"},{"link_name":"Lennie Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Mace"},{"link_name":"anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"link_name":"perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_drawing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juxtapoz-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oddity-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BICasso-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"art medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_medium"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_movement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stith-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movement-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_Business-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macedonia_NYP_contrib-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"}],"text":"Spirograph, originally marketed as a \"creative children's toy\" in the 1960s, provided colored ballpoint pens as part of its package.Some of the most famous artists of the 20th century have utilized ballpoint pens to some extent during their careers. Andy Warhol and Alberto Giacometti both used ballpoints within their artwork in the 1950s.[5][6] Cy Twombly exhibited small ballpoint drawings in the 1970s.[7] Ladislao Biro himself utilized his own invention creatively; a 2005 mechanical engineering exhibition in Argentina, focussing on the invention of the ballpoint pen, included in its brochure a ballpoint pen drawing titled \"Waiting\" credited to Biro.[8]The popular Spirograph, mass-marketed in America during the advent of 1960s psychedelic culture,[9] included colored ballpoints (black, blue, red, green) as part of its boxed set.[10]\nThe holes positioned on a Spirograph's \"gears\" were reportedly sized to accommodate tips of the fine-point pens provided.[10]Artists now professionally employing ballpoint pens often cite classroom boredom as a factor allowing them to explore the writing instrument's creative applications.[11]\nA mainstay of school-supply lists, students use their ballpoints to doodle onto folders, desks, and blue jeans—even onto each other. Artistic aspirations aside, the average person may pick up a pen during lengthy telephone calls, consciously-or-not scribbling Hitler mustaches and black-eyes onto magazine photos of politicians or models; artist Jean Dubuffet has admitted to having realized the potential of ballpoint pens in this manner.[12]\nBallpoint artist Lennie Mace has stated that he learned the basics of anatomy and perspective in his youth by tracing over newspaper photos in ballpoint pen, a practice which evolved into his Media Graffiti embellishments of print-ads.[11]Ballpoint pen artwork has gained increasing interest in the 21st century. Ballpoint artists have been portrayed in the media as oddities,[2][13] but some receive serious media consideration and the artwork is exhibited in prestigious galleries and museums worldwide.[1][14] Proponents of ballpoint pens as an art medium have independently regarded growing interest in ballpoint pen art as a \"movement\",[15][16] but it has yet to be recognized as such within established art circles. Nonetheless, creative application of ballpoint pens has taken as many directions as any formally recognized art movement; photorealist portraiture and still-life, imaginative scenarios and surrealistic landscapes,[17][18] and minimalist abstractions[1] are among the forms in which ballpoint artwork has been presented.","title":"Origins and proliferation as art medium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lennie_Mace_%22Uchuu_Neko_Parade%22_2005_Tokyo,_ballpoint_%22Penting%22_130x92cm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lennie Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Mace"},{"link_name":"contemporary artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_artist"},{"link_name":"Il Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Lee"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee_interview-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hi_Fructose-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macedonia_NYP_contrib-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"James Mylne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mylne_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ballpointer033015-22"},{"link_name":"Juan Francisco Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Casas"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"selfie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CasasBallpointer010115-23"},{"link_name":"Shane McAdams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shane_McAdams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shane_Pen_Blow-24"},{"link_name":"straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shane_designboom-25"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UkraineObserver-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyiv_Weekly-27"},{"link_name":"street artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Claudio_Ethos-28"},{"link_name":"Shohei Otomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shohei_Otomo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shohei_HF-29"},{"link_name":"Samuel Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Silva"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva_Ripleys-30"}],"text":"Lennie Mace, Uchuu Neko Parade (2005), ballpoint pen and hardware on paperThe following contemporary artists have gained recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens; for their technical proficiency, imagination and innovations using ballpoint pens as an art medium.Korean artist Il Lee, living in America, has been creating large-scale ballpoint-only abstract artwork on paper since the early 1980s (see gallery below).[19] Lee also creates artwork in a similar vein using ballpoints or acrylic paint on canvas.[1]American artist Lennie Mace, living in Japan, creates imaginative artwork of varying content and complexity applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim.[20] Mace started his professional career as an illustrator in the mid-1980s and began exhibiting in 1990,[18] always using only ballpoint pens. He coined the term \"PENtings\" in reference to his 'painterly' usage of ballpoint pens.[14]British artist James Mylne, based in London, has been creating photo-realistic artwork since the mid-1990s using black ballpoint pens (shown at top). Since 2014, Mylne's output has expanded to include works which display more personal views and interests in complex, mixed-media arrangements.[21][22]Juan Francisco Casas, a photorealist painter from Spain, attracted \"viral\" internet attention in 2006 for photorealist ballpoint artwork in which he duplicated selfie photographs of females in various states of undress, utilizing only blue pens, sometimes at large dimensions.[23]In America, Shane McAdams employs a method unique among his ballpoint peers; since the mid-2000s McAdams has become known for his abstract \"pen blow\" artworks,[24] using a process in which he removes the ballpoint pen nibs and blows the ink through the reservoir, as blowing through a straw.[25]Serhiy Kolyada's politically infused ballpoint pen drawings have left him virtually ignored by galleries in his home country of Ukraine.\nPublicity comes mostly through English language media and a majority of sales to foreign clients via private viewings and online galleries.[26]\nKolyada works in black ballpoint, using other mediums and collage occasionally to add color (see gallery below).[27]\nBrazilian street artist Claudio Ethos often sketches his concepts in ballpoint pen before spray-painting the images onto walls or canvas, and includes them in exhibitions.[28]\nJapanese artist Shohei Otomo has received media attention for his ballpoint pen and magic marker illustrations.[29]\nSamuel Silva, a lawyer from Portugal who draws as a \"hobby,\" attracted \"viral\" internet attention in 2012 for his photorealist ballpoint drawings which utilize a wide range of available ballpoint ink colors.[30]","title":"Notable ballpoint pen artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations"},{"link_name":"Pilot pen company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermeer"},{"link_name":"Girl With a Pearl Earring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_With_a_Pearl_Earring"},{"link_name":"BIC pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic_Cristal"},{"link_name":"Société Bic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Bic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian_(Nigeria)_2020-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Africa.com_2021-33"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LorenzanaSatow-34"}],"sub_title":"Corporate acknowledgement","text":"Although there are no known accounts of official sponsorship, ballpoint pen companies have shown support to artists using their products. Lennie Mace in 1993 created a color replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (see gallery below) for the Pilot pen company, using only Pilot pens.[14]British artist James Mylne created a replica of Vermeer’s Girl With a Pearl Earring in 2010 using only BIC pens, as part of a campaign organized by Société Bic.[31] BIC Art Master competition, a competition for African ballpoint pen artists, has been held by the company since 2017.[32][33]Pilot Guatemala used the ballpoint artwork of Nathan Lorenzana on the back cover of a 2013 products catalogue, and Pilot Japan in 2015 used the ballpoint illustrations of Asuka Satow to decorate stationery products produced by the company.[34]","title":"Notable ballpoint pen artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schnabel_BPP-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weekender-36"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supergrip-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weekender-36"},{"link_name":"pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen"},{"link_name":"stippling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipple"},{"link_name":"cross-hatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-hatching"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mylne-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_of_Sketching-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva_Ripleys-30"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tokyo_Journal-40"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tokyo_Journal-40"},{"link_name":"washes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_(painting)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tricks-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentel_RSVP_pens.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentel"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weekender-36"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multicolor-41"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"Space Pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Pen"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuff5-42"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tricks-3"}],"text":"Ballpoint pens require little or no preparation. The immediacy allowed by ballpoints makes the pens ideal for quick sketches, convenient while traveling,[35] and appealing to artists for whom sudden creative urges cannot be side-tracked by logistics or lengthy preparation time.[36]\nFor artists whose interests necessitate precision line-work, ballpoints are an obvious attraction; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush.[14]\nAside from standard ball-point sizes of fine or medium, the points of some pens are manufactured at multiple point-sizes—some in series with point-sizes ranging from 0.5 to 1.6mm—allowing for broader applications.[37]Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved.[36]\nTraditional pen-and-ink techniques such as stippling and cross-hatching can be used to create half-tones[38] or the illusion of form and volume.[39]\nSkillful integration of existing colors can create an illusion of colors which do not actually exist.[30]\nFinely applied, the resulting imagery has been mistaken for airbrushed artwork[40] and photography,[21] causing a reaction of disbelief which artist Lennie Mace refers to as the \"Wow Factor\".[14][40]\nWatercolor washes are applied by some artists in conjunction with the pen-work. Directly mixed on the drawing surface, watercolor causes the ballpoint ink to bleed, creating additional effects.[3]Pentel R.S.V.P. ballpoint pen series, which includes pink and purple inksUsing ballpoint pens to create artwork poses various concerns for the artist. Ballpoints are not known for providing many color options;[36] standard black, blue, red and green inks are the most common colors available. Cigar-sized pens containing up to ten colors have also been manufactured,[41] although both the ink composition and mechanical quality of such pens for creating artwork may be questionable.[4]Because of a reliance on gravity to coat the ball with ink, ballpoint pens must be held upright in order to properly dispense the ink; with the exception of Space Pens, ballpoints cannot be used to write upside down.[42]\nAdditionally, \"blobbing\" of ink on the drawing surface and \"skipping\" of ink-flow require consideration when using ballpoint pens for artistic purposes.[3]","title":"Technique, merits and limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mylne-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuff5-42"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuff4-43"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scan-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Dillhunt_2007_Summertime_Is_Over.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Errors and ink fading","text":"Mistakes pose greater risks to ballpoint artists; once a line is drawn, it generally cannot be erased.[14]\nBallpoint artists may consider this irreversibility somewhat unnerving, but some face the challenge as a test of skill.[14]\nBallpoint artist James Mylne has described the required level of focus as meditative.[38]\nPens with erasers and erasable ink have been manufactured, but only in black and blue inks, and with very different characteristics than normal inks.[42]Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light.[4]\nStandard ballpoint pen inks have been said to be manufactured as both oil-based pigments[43] and organic dyes.[4]\nDrawings created using dye-based inks are very sensitive to light, some colors more than others.[4]\nIn the past, UV glass has been recommended to protect from ultraviolet rays, but this hasn't been proven to guarantee stability of the ink.[4] Photographing or scanning artwork is recommended for artists wishing to permanently record the ballpoint originals, from which archival prints can be made at any time.[44]Jack Dillhunt, Summertime is Over (2007, USA) ballpoint pen on canvas","title":"Technique, merits and limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folk art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art"},{"link_name":"non-conformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism"},{"link_name":"outsider artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_art"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillhunt-45"},{"link_name":"unconventional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillhunt-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adkins_devices-46"},{"link_name":"Alighiero Boetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alighiero_Boetti"},{"link_name":"Arte Povera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_Povera"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boetti-47"},{"link_name":"body art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art"},{"link_name":"temporary tattoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_tattoos"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Temp_Tats-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warshaw-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inmate_ballpoint_art-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prison_tats-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP_stool-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballpoint_pen_drawing.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Lennie Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Mace"},{"link_name":"body art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art"},{"link_name":"temporary tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_tattoo"}],"text":"Ballpoint pen artwork is sometimes associated with Folk art. Using ballpoints to create artwork fits with the non-conformist tendencies of self-taught, so-called outsider artists.[45] Also commonly referred to as Art Brut, artists falling into this category tend to pride themselves in their unconventional methods.\nIn America, Jack Dillhunt uses full bedsheets to create his ballpoint drawings \"because (he) couldn't find paper big enough,\" earning him the nickname \"sheetman\".[45]\nWilliam Adkins uses ballpoints to draw intricate devices with imagined uses.[46]\nAlighiero Boetti, part of a generation of Italian artists which in the 1970s came to be known as Arte Povera, has used ballpoint pens in various ways throughout his career, particularly his later calligraphic pen-works.[47]Ballpoint pens are among the various means of creating body art, as temporary tattoos for recreational, decorative and commercial purposes.[48] Ink is applied directly to skin in a manner similar to that of an actual tattoo gun, except that a ballpoint pen tattoo is temporary; it can be washed off at the wearer's discretion, or left to fade at its own natural rate (see gallery below). This can be an attraction for people who may not care for a permanent tattoo, but nonetheless enjoy the imagery.Professional tattoo artists are known to also use ballpoints to create artwork on surfaces other than skin, useful as \"flash-art\" tattoo samples for display in tattoo parlors.[49]\nUsing ballpoint pens to create artwork is also common among prison inmates, which have been showcased in magazine articles and gallery exhibitions.[50]\nSeparately, inmates have been known to modify ballpoint pen components into tattoo guns for use while incarcerated.[51]Canada-based designer Philippe Malouin in 2012 incorporated ballpoint pen technology into the legs of his original stool design. Ink is held within all four legs, with casters designed to disperse the ink as the chair is rolled. Malouin experimented with various combinations of ball points and ink viscosities before arriving at a design which would support the weight of a person while allowing ink to flow in the same manner as a ballpoint pen.[52]Lennie Mace ballpoint body art (temporary tattoo) 2006, Tokyo","title":"Other incarnations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrich_Contemporary_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Il Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Lee"},{"link_name":"Toyin Odutola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyin_Odutola"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aldrich-6"},{"link_name":"doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle"},{"link_name":"shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"Damien Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Hirst"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shark_Telegraph-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shark_Huff-54"},{"link_name":"Juxtapoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtapoz"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bagels_Gnarly_group-55"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juxtapoz-11"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365DAZE-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF365DAZE-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tampa365Daze-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miami-59"}],"text":"Prominent exhibitions specifically showcasing ballpoint pen artwork occur intermittently.The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut, opened the Ballpoint Pen Drawing Since 1950 exhibition in March, 2013, under the banner of their \"Extreme Drawing\" series. Il Lee and Toyin Odutola were among the artists presented. The exhibition was reviewed by The New York Times as a \"provisional study rather than a fully realized project\".[6]A ballpoint pen doodle of a shark drawn in 1991 by British artist Damien Hirst sold for £4,664 at a London auction in 2012.[53][54]Cinders Gallery in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, held the group exhibition \"These Bagels are Gnarly\" in 2007, featuring only ballpoint pen drawing.\nA large number of artists, none particularly associated with the medium, were provided with a blue ballpoint pen and a sheet of letter-sized paper to create artwork for the exhibition.\nJuxtapoz art magazine commented that participating artists, using the common ballpoint pen, seemed to \"gravitate back to a time before it all became so serious\".[55]For Lennie Mace's 365DAZE project he spent the full year of 1998 driving around the United States, doing a drawing-per-day, embellishing in ballpoint pen whatever found-media he came across in whatever part of the country through which he happened to be traveling. He then spent 1999 touring with selections of completed artwork, holding solo exhibitions in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.So-called \"Media Graffiti\" from 365DAZE have also been exhibited as part of group exhibitions in Chicago, Detroit, Tampa and Miami, and a number are on permanent display at the Lennie Mace VIEWseum in Tokyo.[14] The exhibition garnered national exposure, noted as well for being a \"time capsule\" of the year in media.[11][56][57][58][59]","title":"Notable ballpoint pen art exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serhiy_Kolyada_The_Theory_Of_Origins_2012_ballpoint_pen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL_LEE_at_Art_Projects_International_New_York_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Il Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dave_Warshaw_Four_Eyes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mona_a%27la_Mace_in_ballpoint_pen_by_Lennie_Mace_1993_(shown_cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lennie Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Mace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Rose_Dieng-Kuntz_on_Watercolor_Background_for_Wiki_Unseen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enam Bosokah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enam_Bosokah"},{"link_name":"Rose Dieng-Kuntz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Dieng-Kuntz"}],"text":"Serhiy Kolyada, The Theory of Origins (2012, Ukraine), ballpoint pen on paper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIl Lee, ballpoint pen on canvas and monoprints, shown on display (2011, New York)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDave Warshaw, Four Eyes (2008, California), ballpoint pen on wood\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLennie Mace, Mona a'la Mace (1993, New York), ballpoint pen on paper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEnam Bosokah, portrait of Rose Dieng-Kuntz (2022, Accra), ballpoint pen on watercolor background","title":"Gallery of ballpoint pen artwork"}]
[{"image_text":"James Mylne (UK), Polo Pony 1 (2008) ballpoint pen on paper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Polo_Pony%2C_ballpoint_biro_drawing.jpg/195px-Polo_Pony%2C_ballpoint_biro_drawing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spirograph, originally marketed as a \"creative children's toy\" in the 1960s, provided colored ballpoint pens as part of its package.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Spirograph4.JPG/295px-Spirograph4.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lennie Mace, Uchuu Neko Parade (2005), ballpoint pen and hardware on paper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lennie_Mace_%22Uchuu_Neko_Parade%22_2005_Tokyo%2C_ballpoint_%22Penting%22_130x92cm.jpg/280px-Lennie_Mace_%22Uchuu_Neko_Parade%22_2005_Tokyo%2C_ballpoint_%22Penting%22_130x92cm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pentel R.S.V.P. ballpoint pen series, which includes pink and purple inks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Pentel_RSVP_pens.JPG/220px-Pentel_RSVP_pens.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jack Dillhunt, Summertime is Over (2007, USA) ballpoint pen on canvas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jack_Dillhunt_2007_Summertime_Is_Over.jpg/200px-Jack_Dillhunt_2007_Summertime_Is_Over.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lennie Mace ballpoint body art (temporary tattoo) 2006, Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ballpoint_pen_drawing.jpeg/170px-Ballpoint_pen_drawing.jpeg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Genocchio, Benjamin (August 10, 2007). \"To See the World in Ballpoint Pen\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/10/arts/design/10lee.html","url_text":"\"To See the World in Ballpoint Pen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522","url_text":"1645522"}]},{"reference":"Attewill, Fred (September 29, 2011). \"Artist wins £6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco\". Metro. Kensington, London, England: Associated Newspapers Ltd. ISSN 1469-6215. OCLC 225917520. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metro.co.uk/news/877097-artist-wins-6-000-art-prize-after-using-3p-ballpoint-pens-from-tesco","url_text":"\"Artist wins £6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)","url_text":"Metro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Newspapers_Ltd","url_text":"Associated Newspapers Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-6215","url_text":"1469-6215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225917520","url_text":"225917520"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Cathy (2010). Watercolor tricks & techniques: 75 new and classic painting secrets (illustrated, revised ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: North Light Books. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-60061-308-1. OCLC 299713330. 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Tokyo Weekender. 2 (15). Tokyo, Japan: BC Media Group: 16. Retrieved 10 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyoweekender.com/archives/index.php?vol=2005&issue=15","url_text":"\"Ai Candy; exhibition preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Weekender","url_text":"Tokyo Weekender"}]},{"reference":"\"Pilot oil-based ballpoint pen listing\". Super Grip pen point-size varieties. pilot.co.jp. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilot.co.jp/products/pen/ballpen/oil_based/super_grip/index.html","url_text":"\"Pilot oil-based ballpoint pen listing\""}]},{"reference":"Mylne, James (2010). \"About Ballpoints, & Using Them in Art\". Biro Drawing.co.uk. James R. Mylne. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. 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Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.howstuffworks.com/pen5.htm","url_text":"\"How Ballpoint Pens Work, Unusual Ballpoints\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HowStuffWorks","url_text":"HowStuffWorks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Communications","url_text":"Discovery Communications"}]},{"reference":"Russell-Ausley, Melissa (2011). \"How Ballpoint Pens Work, The Ink\". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.howstuffworks.com/pen4.htm","url_text":"\"How Ballpoint Pens Work, The Ink\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HowStuffWorks","url_text":"HowStuffWorks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Communications","url_text":"Discovery Communications"}]},{"reference":"South, Helen (2005). The everything drawing book: from basic shapes to people and animals, step-by-step instructions to get you started (illustrated ed.). Avon, Massachusetts, USA: Adams Media. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-59337-213-2. OCLC 56214158. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XycC6WY0C5AC&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PA8","url_text":"The everything drawing book: from basic shapes to people and animals, step-by-step instructions to get you started"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams_Media","url_text":"Adams Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59337-213-2","url_text":"978-1-59337-213-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56214158","url_text":"56214158"}]},{"reference":"Krug, Don; Parker, Ann (2005). Miracles Of The Spirit: Folk, Art, And Stories From Wisconsin (illustrated ed.). Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-1-57806-753-4. OCLC 57669823. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vXWNKNOO58EC&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PA25","url_text":"Miracles Of The Spirit: Folk, Art, And Stories From Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi","url_text":"University Press of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-753-4","url_text":"978-1-57806-753-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57669823","url_text":"57669823"}]},{"reference":"Cubbs, Joanne; Roscoe Hartigan, Lynda; Mitchell Crawley, Susan (2001). Let It Shine: Self-Taught Art from the T. Marshall Hahn Collection (illustrated ed.). Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-57806-363-5. OCLC 47093070. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wA4WZ4uzL8oC&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PA64","url_text":"Let It Shine: Self-Taught Art from the T. Marshall Hahn Collection"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi","url_text":"University Press of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-363-5","url_text":"978-1-57806-363-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/47093070","url_text":"47093070"}]},{"reference":"Boetti, Alighiero; Morsiani, Paola; Schwabsky, Barry; Oliva, Achille Bonito (2002). When 1 is 2: the art of Alighiero e Boetti (illustrated ed.). Contemporary Arts Museum. ISBN 978-0-936080-75-8. OCLC 50903607. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=37dPAAAAMAAJ&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork","url_text":"When 1 is 2: the art of Alighiero e Boetti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Arts_Museum","url_text":"Contemporary Arts Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936080-75-8","url_text":"978-0-936080-75-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50903607","url_text":"50903607"}]},{"reference":"Vinther, Janus (2003). Special Effects Make-up. London, UK: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 0-7136-6747-8. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-_AtrsP71CUC&q=tattoo+flash%2C+ballpoint+pen&pg=PT55","url_text":"Special Effects Make-up"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-6747-8","url_text":"0-7136-6747-8"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Lee (February 28, 2012). \"The Ballpoint and Wood Art of Dave Warshaw\". feature article. Brunswick North, Australia: beinArt Publishing. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120606015042/http://beinart.org/art-news/2012/02/28/the-ballpoint-and-wood-art-of-dave-warshaw/#","url_text":"\"The Ballpoint and Wood Art of Dave Warshaw\""},{"url":"http://www.beinart.org/art-news/2012/02/28/the-ballpoint-and-wood-art-of-dave-warshaw/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"uncredited staff (Oct 18, 2012). \"Stunning Ballpoint Pen Art\". JazJaz. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043836/http://www.jazjaz.net/2012/10/kenneth-lee-flannerys-stunning-ballpoint-pen-art.html","url_text":"\"Stunning Ballpoint Pen Art\""},{"url":"http://www.jazjaz.net/2012/10/kenneth-lee-flannerys-stunning-ballpoint-pen-art.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fedorak, Shirley A. (2009). Pop Culture: The Culture of Everyday Life. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. pp. 77, 78. ISBN 978-1-4426-0124-6. OCLC 731516372. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LqFtRaN6mUsC&q=prison+tattoos&pg=PA77","url_text":"Pop Culture: The Culture of Everyday Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press","url_text":"University of Toronto Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-0124-6","url_text":"978-1-4426-0124-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/731516372","url_text":"731516372"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ballpoint Stool\". juxtapoz.com. High Speed Productions, Inc. April 10, 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.juxtapoz.com/current/the-ballpoint-stool","url_text":"\"The Ballpoint Stool\""}]},{"reference":"\"Damien Hirst Doodle Fetches L4,700\". Telegraph. March 28, 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/9171632/Damien-Hirst-taxi-doodle-fetches-4700.html","url_text":"\"Damien Hirst Doodle Fetches L4,700\""}]},{"reference":"\"Damien Hirst Shark Doodle Sells For L4,500\". Huffington Post. 2012-03-28. Retrieved 3 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/28/damien-hirst-shark-doodle_n_1386455.html","url_text":"\"Damien Hirst Shark Doodle Sells For L4,500\""}]},{"reference":"\"These Bagels Are Gnarly\". juxtapoz.com. High Speed Productions, Inc. 22 January 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120126023842/http://www.juxtapoz.com/Current/these-bagels-are-gnarly","url_text":"\"These Bagels Are Gnarly\""},{"url":"http://www.juxtapoz.com/current/these-bagels-are-gnarly","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mace, Lennie (1999). \"365DAZE press page\". itscom.net. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.t07.itscom.net/pcd/contents/lenniemace/365DAZE/index.html","url_text":"\"365DAZE press page\""}]},{"reference":"Brenneman, Christine (May 10, 1999). \"365DAZE\". S.F. Metropolitan. San Francisco, CA, USA. Retrieved 16 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanfrancisco.com/","url_text":"\"365DAZE\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Sterling (May 25–31, 2000). \"Scenes; Lennie Mace at Flux Gallery, St. Petersberg\". Weekly Planet. Tampa, FL: Vol. 13 No. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Loafing","url_text":"Weekly Planet"}]},{"reference":"Marthell, Vivian (April 18, 2002). \"Lust for Erotic Life\". Miami New Times. Retrieved 10 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.miaminewtimes.com/2002-04-18/culture/lust-for-erotic-life/","url_text":"\"Lust for Erotic Life\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Forshall
Josiah Forshall
["1 Life","2 Family","3 Works","4 References"]
English librarian (1795–1863) Josiah Forshall (29 March 1795 – 18 December 1863) was an English librarian. Life Forshall was born at Witney, Oxfordshire on 29 March 1795, the eldest son of Samuel Forshall. He received education at the grammar schools of Exeter and Chester, and in 1814 entered Exeter College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1818, taking a first class in mathematics and a second in literae humaniores. He became M.A. in 1821, and was elected fellow and tutor of his college. Forshall was appointed an assistant librarian in the manuscript department of the British Museum in 1824, and became keeper of that department in 1827. In 1828 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In 1828 Forshall was appointed secretary to the Museum, and in 1837 resigned his keepership in order to devote himself exclusively to his secretarial duties. He was examined before the select committee appointed to inquire into the Museum in 1835–6, and made revelations on the subject of patronage. As secretary he had much influence with the trustees. He was opposed to any attempts to make the Museum more accessible. About 1850 Forshall retired from the museum on account of ill-health. After his resignation he lived in retirement, spending much of his time, until his death, at the Foundling Hospital, of which he had been appointed chaplain in 1829. Family On 17 July 1826 the Rev. Josiah Forshall, M.A. Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford married Francis Smith, the only daughter of Richard Smith of Harborne Heath near Birmingham, at Edgbaston, Warwickshire. On the 1841 and 1851 census, the family are living at the British Museum. Their children were: William Hayes Forshall, baptised 1827 Edgbaston. Ensign William Hayes Forshall cashiered from the 4th Regiment of N.I. in 1851 at Court Martial in Rawul Pindee, India. Frederick Hale Forshall (1829 - 1901) Classical tutor, 1858 married Eliza Amelia Bucquet in Westminster Edward Vaughan Forshall (c.1832 - 1891) Schoolmaster, 1876 married Annabella Gibson/Paton/Hardyman in Armagh Francis Hyde Forshall (1833 - 1907) General Practitioner, 1866 married Frances M. Scrimgeour in Edmonton, London Frances Mary Forshall born c.1836, died in Nice, France c.1896-1900 Josiah Forshall died at his house in Woburn Place, London, on 18 December 1863, after undergoing a surgical operation. He was buried at the Foundling Hospital chapel beside his wife Frances (1795 - 1865). Works Forshall edited the catalogue of the manuscripts in the British Museum (new series): pt. i. the Arundel MSS.; pt. ii. the Burney MSS.; pt. iii. index, 1834, &c. fol., and also the Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Orientalium: Pars Prima Codices Syriacos et Carshunicos amplectens, 1838, &c. fol. He also edited the Description of the Greek Papyri in the Brit. Mus., pt. i. 1839, 8vo. In 1850 he published a pamphlet entitled Misrepresentations of H.M. Commissioners exposed. He published with Frederic Madden The Holy Bible … in the earliest English Versions made by John Wycliffe and his followers, 1850, 4 vols., a work of two decades. He also published editions of the Gospels of St. Mark (1862), St. Luke (1860), and St. John (1859), arranged in parts and sections, and some sermons. His works The Lord's Prayer with various readings and critical notes (1864), and The First Twelve Chapters of … St. Matthew in the received Greek text, with readings and notes, 1864, were published posthumously. References ^ Aris's Birmingham Gazette 17 July 1826 ^ England & Wales Census 1841, 1851 ^ England Births & Baptisms 1538-1975 ^ British Army Despatch, London, 7 November 1851 ^ The Monumental Inscriptions of Middlesex Vol II - Cansick 1872. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuc.3421902v2&seq=280&q1=forshall  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Forshall, Josiah". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Greece Netherlands Portugal People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC IdRef
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He received education at the grammar schools of Exeter and Chester, and in 1814 entered Exeter College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1818, taking a first class in mathematics and a second in literae humaniores. He became M.A. in 1821, and was elected fellow and tutor of his college.Forshall was appointed an assistant librarian in the manuscript department of the British Museum in 1824, and became keeper of that department in 1827. In 1828 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.In 1828 Forshall was appointed secretary to the Museum, and in 1837 resigned his keepership in order to devote himself exclusively to his secretarial duties. He was examined before the select committee appointed to inquire into the Museum in 1835–6, and made revelations on the subject of patronage. As secretary he had much influence with the trustees. He was opposed to any attempts to make the Museum more accessible.About 1850 Forshall retired from the museum on account of ill-health. After his resignation he lived in retirement, spending much of his time, until his death, at the Foundling Hospital, of which he had been appointed chaplain in 1829.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Edgbaston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgbaston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Court Martial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Martial"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster"},{"link_name":"Armagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armagh"},{"link_name":"Edmonton, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton,_London"},{"link_name":"Nice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nice"},{"link_name":"Woburn Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woburn_Place"},{"link_name":"Foundling Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundling_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"On 17 July 1826 the Rev. Josiah Forshall, M.A. Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford married Francis Smith, the only daughter of Richard Smith of Harborne Heath near Birmingham, at Edgbaston, Warwickshire.[1]On the 1841 and 1851 census, the family are living at the British Museum.[2] \nTheir children were:William Hayes Forshall, baptised 1827 Edgbaston.[3] Ensign William Hayes Forshall cashiered from the 4th Regiment of N.I. in 1851 at Court Martial in Rawul Pindee, India.[4]\nFrederick Hale Forshall (1829 - 1901) Classical tutor, 1858 married Eliza Amelia Bucquet in Westminster\nEdward Vaughan Forshall (c.1832 - 1891) Schoolmaster, 1876 married Annabella Gibson/Paton/Hardyman in Armagh\nFrancis Hyde Forshall (1833 - 1907) General Practitioner, 1866 married Frances M. Scrimgeour in Edmonton, London\nFrances Mary Forshall born c.1836, died in Nice, France c.1896-1900Josiah Forshall died at his house in Woburn Place, London, on 18 December 1863, after undergoing a surgical operation. He was buried at the Foundling Hospital chapel beside his wife Frances (1795 - 1865). [5]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frederic Madden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Madden"},{"link_name":"The Holy Bible … in the earliest English Versions made by John Wycliffe and his followers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ssJIAAAAcAAJ"}],"text":"Forshall edited the catalogue of the manuscripts in the British Museum (new series): pt. i. the Arundel MSS.; pt. ii. the Burney MSS.; pt. iii. index, 1834, &c. fol., and also the Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Orientalium: Pars Prima Codices Syriacos et Carshunicos amplectens, 1838, &c. fol. He also edited the Description of the Greek Papyri in the Brit. Mus., pt. i. 1839, 8vo.In 1850 he published a pamphlet entitled Misrepresentations of H.M. Commissioners [who inquired into the British Museum in 1848–9] exposed. He published with Frederic Madden The Holy Bible … in the earliest English Versions made by John Wycliffe and his followers, 1850, 4 vols., a work of two decades. He also published editions of the Gospels of St. Mark (1862), St. Luke (1860), and St. John (1859), arranged in parts and sections, and some sermons. His works The Lord's Prayer with various readings and critical notes (1864), and The First Twelve Chapters of … St. Matthew in the received Greek text, with readings and notes, 1864, were published posthumously.","title":"Works"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Shetty
Devi Shetty
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Low cost health care","4 Yeshasvini","5 Awards and recognition","6 Television","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Indian Cardiac surgeon and Entrepreneur Devi Prasad ShettyBorn (1953-05-08) 8 May 1953 (age 71)Kinnigoli, South Canara district, Madras State, (present-day Karnataka) IndiaEducationKasturba Medical College, Mangalore (MBBS, MS)Royal college of Surgeons (FRCS)Years active1983–presentKnown forFounder & Chairman, Narayana HealthMedical careerProfessionCardiothoracic surgeryInstitutionsKasturba Medical College, Mangalore Guy's Hospital, London BM Birla Heart Research Centre, Kolkata Manipal Hospital, BangaloreSub-specialtiesCardiovascular Thoracic SurgeryAwardsPadma Bhushan (2012)Schwab Foundation's (2005)Dr. B. C. Roy Award (2003) Rajyotsava award (2002) Karnataka Ratna (2001) Devi Prasad Shetty (born 8 May 1953) is an Indian entrepreneur and cardiac surgeon who is the chairman and founder of Narayana Health, a chain of 21 medical centers in India. He has performed more than 100,000 heart operations. In 2004 he was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2012, the third highest civilian award by the Government of India for his contribution to the field of affordable healthcare. Early life and education Shetty was born in Kinnigoli, a village in the Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India. The eighth of nine children, he decided to become a heart surgeon when he was a school student after hearing about Christiaan Barnard, a South African surgeon who had just performed the world's first heart transplant. Shetty was educated at St. Aloysius School, Mangaluru. He completed his MBBS in 1979, and post-graduate work in General Surgery from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Later he completed FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons, England. Career He returned to India in 1989 and initially worked at B.M. Birla Hospital in Kolkata. He successfully performed the first neonatal heart surgery in the country in 1992, on a 21-day-old baby Ronnie. In Kolkata he operated on Mother Teresa after she had a heart attack, and subsequently served as her personal physician. In 2001, Shetty founded Narayana Hrudayalaya (NH), a multi-specialty hospital in Bommasandra on the outskirts of Bangalore. He believes that the cost of healthcare can be reduced by 50 percent in the next 5–10 years if hospitals adopt the idea of economies of scale. In August 2012 Shetty announced an agreement with TriMedx, a subsidiary of Ascension Health, to create a joint venture for a chain of hospitals . In the past Narayana Hrudayalaya has collaborated with Ascension Health to set up a health care city in the Cayman Islands, planned to eventually have 2,000 beds. Shetty also founded Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS) in Kolkata, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Karnataka Government to build 5,000-bed specialty hospital near Bangalore International Airport. His company signed a MOU with the Government of Gujarat, to set up a 5,000-bed hospital at Ahmedabad. Low cost health care Shetty aims for his hospitals to use economies of scale, to allow them to complete heart surgeries at a lower cost than in the United States. In 2009 The Wall Street Journal newspaper described him as "the Henry Ford of heart surgery". Six additional hospitals were subsequently planned on the Narayana Hrudayalaya model at several cities in India, with plans to expand to 30,000 beds with hospitals in India, Africa and other countries in Asia. Shetty aims to trim costs with such measures as buying cheaper scrubs and using cross ventilation instead of air conditioning. That has cut the price of coronary bypass surgery to 95,000 rupees ($1,583), half of what it was 20 years ago. In 2013 he aimed to get the price down to $800 within a decade. The same procedure costs $106,385 at Ohio's Cleveland Clinic. He has also eliminated many pre-ops testing and innovated in patient care such as "drafting and training patients' family members to administer after-surgical care". Surgeons in his hospitals perform 30 to 35 surgeries a day compared to one or two in a US hospital. His hospitals also provide substantial free care especially for poor children. Whereas urban India calls him "Henry Ford" for his assembly line approach to heart surgeries, rural Indians calls him "Bypasswale Baba" as attested by thousands of sources such as the Deccan Herald, the English newspaper with the largest circulation in Karnataka, Shetty's home state. This is because, like a saint (or Rishi in Indian mythology), anybody who comes to Devi Shetty's Ashram/hospital gets a bypass if he or she dreams of it. Dr. Devi Shetty, Founder, Narayana Hrudalaya with Dr. Edmond Fernandes, Founder, CHD Group Shetty and his family have a 75 percent stake in Narayana Hrudayalaya which he plans to preserve. Shetty has also pioneered low-cost diagnostic services. He was appointed as chairman of the COVID-19 task force in Karnataka which was criticized by global health doctors as being a cardiac surgeon, he did not have the epidemiological approach to COVID-19 management. Yeshasvini Yeshasvini is a low-cost health insurance scheme, designed by Shetty and the Government of Karnataka for the poor farmers of the state, with 4 million people currently covered. Awards and recognition Padma Bhushan Award for Medicine, in 2012 Karnataka Ratna Award, in 2001 Entrepreneur of the Year at ET awards, in 2012 2011 The Economist Innovation Award in Business Process Honorary degree, University of Minnesota, in 2011 Honorary degree, ‘Honoris Causa’ Degree of ‘Doctor of Science’ by Indian Institute of Technology Madras, in 2014 Schwab Foundation Award, in 2005 Padma Shri Award for Medicine, in 2004 Dr. B C Roy Award, in 2003 Sir M. Visvesvaraya Memorial Award, in 2003 Ernst & Young, Entrepreneur Of The Year – Life Sciences, in 2012 Ernst & Young,  Entrepreneur of the Year – Start-up, in 2003 Rajyotsava Award, in 2002 Indian Of The Year (Public Sector) by CNN-IBN, in 2012 Television Shetty stars in the fourth (and last) episode of Netflix's docuseries The Surgeon's Cut, which was released globally on 9 December 2020. The episode follows Shetty's treatment of patients, mostly children and babies, prioritizing low-cost and affordable healthcare while performing with his team more than thirty surgeries a day. See also Narayana Health References ^ a b "Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty". MSN India. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ^ "Credihealth profile". Credihealth.com. 2017. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017. ^ a b c Gokhale, Ketaki (28 July 2013). "Heart Surgery in India for $1,583 Costs $106,385 in U.S." Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 6 May 2016. ^ a b "First break all the rules". The Economist. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ^ "Padma Awards". pib. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013. ^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015. ^ "The Henry ford of heart surgery". The Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2012. ^ Martina, Mala (22 October 2017). "Notable alumni: This Mangaluru College minted bigwigs like KV Kamath, VG Siddhartha & KL Rahul". The Economic Times. ^ "Gazette of India" (452). Government of India, Directorate of Printing. 3 January 1981. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ Chengappa, Raj (26 December 2020). "When I did a 100 heart operations in 1989, I knew it was possible to start a revolution in cardiac surgery: Dr Devi Shetty". India Today. Retrieved 19 June 2021. ^ Brief Profile - Devi Prasad Shetty ^ Anand, Geeta (25 November 2009). "The Henry Ford of Heart Surgery". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Retrieved 25 November 2009. ^ a b c "ET Awards 2012". Economic Times. 19 September 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012. ^ "Devi Shetty to leverage frugal engineering for medical fraternity". Business Standard. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012. ^ "Narayana Hrudayalaya, Gujarat join hands for health city project". Thehindubusinessline.in. 17 January 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2013. ^ "The Henry Ford of Heart Surgery". The Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ^ a b "We will prove the poor can access healthcare: Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty, Narayana Hrudayalaya". Economic Times. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012. ^ Rai, Saritha. "Devi Shetty, Who Put Heart Surgeries Within Reach Of India's Poor, Is Taking Narayana Chain Public". Forbes. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ "India's Philanthropist-Surgeon Delivers Cardiac Care Henry Ford-Style". NPR.org. Retrieved 7 May 2016. ^ Who is Devi Shetty, head of Karnataka’s Covid task force? ^ "Narayana Health, Cisco join hands to offer affordable diagnostics solution". Newindianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ "As Covid fourth wave fears loom, here's what India's renowned surgeon has to say". WION. Retrieved 3 August 2022. ^ "Padma Bhushan to Dr. Shetty". Ndtv.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017. ^ . Karnataka.gov.in. 19 January 2022 https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Karnataka+Ratna/en. Retrieved 4 September 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "Business Process award winner 2011". The Economist. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012. ^ "Devi Prasad Shetty | University Awards & Honors". ^ "Devi Shetty Conferred Doctorate by IIT, Madras". 20 July 2014. ^ "'Social enterprises' rise in Asia amid skepticism". Nikkei Asian Review. Tomomi Kikuchi. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ "Devi Shetty hails NMC bill, says it's a good move by govt". The Indian Express. 2 January 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018. ^ "Sir M.V Awardees". 9 January 2021. ^ a b "Entrepreneur Of The Year 2017 program - Past winners". Ernst & Young. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018. ^ "Rajyotsava awards for Nilekani, Kasarvalli, Devi Shetty | Bengaluru News - Times of India". The Times of India. 29 October 2002. ^ "Devi Shetty named Indian of the Year in Public Service category". 12 December 2012. ^ BBC News "The Surgeon's Cut" External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devi Shetty. Profile - Devi Prasad Shetty vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Medicine1950s Bir Bhan Bhatia (1954) V. R. Khanolkar (1954) Perakath Verghese Benjamin (1955) Mahesh Prasad Mehray (1955) Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi (1956) Chintaman Govind Pandit (1956) Isaac Santra (1956) Khushdeva Singh (1957) 1960s Hilda Mary Lazarus (1961) George William Gregory Bird (1963) Hakim Abdul Hameed (1965) Jerusha Jhirad (1966) Edith Helen Paull (1967) Amar Prasad Ray (1967) Natteri Veeraraghavan (1967) B. K. Anand (1969) Ram Kumar Caroli (1969) Vulimiri Ramalingaswami (1969) Krishna Gopal Saxena (1969) 1970s Ajit Kumar Basu (1970) Coluthur Gopalan (1970) Perugu Siva Reddy (1970) B. N. B. Rao (1971) Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi (1971) Dorothy Chacko (1972) Thayil John Cherian (1972) Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi (1972) Balu Sankaran (1972) K. N. Udupa (1972) R. Marthanda Varma (1972) Mary Verghese (1972) K. T. Dholakia (1973) M. K. Krishna Menon (1973) J. M. Pahwa (1973) Prakash Narain Tandon (1973) Jamshed Vazifdar (1973) Govindappa Venkataswamy (1973) Mani Kumar Chetri (1974) Nagarur Gopinath (1974) L. S. N. Prasad (1974) Kadiyala Ramachandra (1974) Reuben David (1975) Stanley John (1975) Mary Poonen Lukose (1975) Kadiyala Ramachandra (1975) Durga Deulkar (1976) Lucy Oommen (1977) 1980s Jasbir Singh Bajaj (1981) P. K. Sethi (1981) K. Vardachari Thiruvengadam (1981) C. P. Thakur (1982) Raj Vir Singh Yadav (1982) S. S. Badrinath (1983) Raj Baveja (1983) Shishupal Ram (1983) Purshottam Lal Wahi (1983) B. K. Goyal (1984) Vera Hingorani (1984) K. P. Mathur (1984) N. Balakrishnan Nair (1984) Hariharan Srinivasan (1984) Ramniklal K. Gandhi (1985) Samiran Nundy (1985) Usha Sharma (1985) M. S. Valiathan (1985) Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma (1985) Santosh Kumar Kackar (1986) V. Shanta (1986) Prabhu Dayal Nigam (1987) Daljit Singh (1987) Harbans Singh Wasir (1987) 1990s N. H. Antia (1990) M. G. Deo (1990) P. K. Rajagopalan (1990) M. M. S. Ahuja (1991) Sneh Bhargava (1991) K. M. Cherian (doctor) (1991) G. N. Malviya (1991) Shiela Mehra (1991) S. C. Munshi (1991) M. N. Passey (1991) Jai Pal Singh (1991) Naresh Trehan (1991) Rathin Datta (1992) Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed (1992) Anil Kohli (1992) Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist) (1992) Usha Kehar Luthra (1992) J. S. Mahashabde (1992) P. V. A. Mohandas (1992) E. T. Neelakandan Mooss (1992) Kameshwar Prasad (1992) Luis Jose De Souza (1992) Amrit Tewari (1992) G. S. Venkataraman (1992) Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (1998) K. A. Abraham (1999) Raj Bothra (1999) Balendu Prakash (1999) Devendra Triguna (1999) P. K. Warrier (1999) 2000s Mahendra Bhandari (2000) Vipin Buckshey (2000) Vaidya Suresh Chaturvedi (2000) Kirpal Singh Chugh (2000) P. K. Dave (2000) Mathew Kalarickal (2000) Kakarla Subba Rao (2000) G. S. Sainani (2000) Immaneni Sathyamurthy (2000) Jyoti Bhushan Banerji (2001) Alaka Deshpande (2001) Sharad Kumar Dixit (2001) Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah (2001) M. Krishnan Nair (2001) Dasari Prasada Rao (2001) Laishram Nabakishore Singh (2001) Bhupathiraju Somaraju (2001) Suresh H. Advani (2002) Pradeep Chowbey (2002) Vijay Kumar Dada (2002) Prakash Nanalal Kothari (2002) Harsh Mahajan (2002) Vikram Marwah (2002) Atluri Sriman Narayana (2002) Kamaljit Singh Paul (2002) Karimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan (2002) Gullapalli Nageswara Rao (2002) D. Nageshwar Reddy (2002) Prahlad Kumar Sethi (2002) J. S. Guleria (2003) Narayana Panicker Kochupillai (2003) Rajagopalan Krishnan (2003) Ashok Seth (2003) Vijay Prakash (2003) Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar (2004) S. C. Manchanda (2004) Ashwin Balachand Mehta (2004) S. K. Sama (2004) Rajan Saxena (physician) (2004) Devi Shetty (2004) Gopal Prasad Sinha (2004) G. Bakthavathsalam (2005) Jitendra Mohan Hans (2005) P. N. V. Kurup (2005) Veer Singh Mehta (2005) Lavu Narendranath (2005) Cyrus S. Poonawalla (2005) Sanjeev Bagai (2006) Mohan Kameswaran (2006) Upendra Kaul (2006) Tsering Landol (2006) Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2006) Harbhajan Singh Rissam (2006) Kamal Kumar Sethi (2006) Tehemton Erach Udwadia (2006) Harpinder Singh Chawla (2007) Narmada Prasad Gupta (2007) Ashok Kumar Hemal (2007) Atul Kumar (ophthalmologist) (2007) C. N. Manjunath (2007) Anoop Misra (2007) P. Namperumalsamy (2007) Mayilvahanan Natarajan (2007) K. R. Palaniswamy (2007) Mahipal S. Sachdev (2007) B. Paul Thaliath (2007) Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal (2007) Mohsin Wali (2007) S. N. Arya (2008) Dinesh K. Bhargava (2008) Tony Fernandez (ophthalmologist) (2008) Rakesh Kumar Jain (2008) Raman Kapur (2008) T. P. Lahane (2008) Keiki R. Mehta (2008) M. C. Pant (2008) Arjunan Rajasekaran (2008) Malvika Sabharwal (2008) Indu Bhushan Sinha (2008) Randhir Sud (2008) C. U. Velmurugendran (2008) Kalyan Banerjee (2009) Balswarup Choubey (2009) Saibaba Goud (2009) Yash Gulati (2009) P. R. Krishna Kumar (2009) Arvind Lal (2009) D. S. Rana (2009) Thanikachalam Sadagopan (2009) Ashok K. Vaid (2009) G. Vijayaraghavan (2009) 2010s K. K. Aggarwal (2010) Philip Augustine (2010) Anil Kumar Bhalla (2010) Kodaganur S. Gopinath (2010) Laxmi Chand Gupta (2010) Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (2010) Vikas Mahatme (2010) B. Ramana Rao (2010) Rabindra Narain Singh (2010) Arvinder Singh Soin (2010) Madanur Ahmed Ali (2011) Pukhraj Bafna (2011) Mansoor Hasan (2011) Indira Hinduja (2011) Shyama Prasad Mandal (2011) Jose Chacko Periappuram (2011) A. Marthanda Pillai (2011) Sivapatham Vittal (2011) Nitya Anand (2012) Mukesh Batra (2012) Mahdi Hasan (2012) Jugal Kishore (2012) V. Mohan (2012) J. Hareendran Nair (2012) Vallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan (2012) Jitendra Kumar Singh (2012) Shrinivas S. Vaishya (2012) Sudarshan K. Aggarwal (2013) Rajendra Achyut Badwe (2013) Krishna Chandra Chunekar (2013) Taraprasad Das (2013) T. V. Devarajan (2013) Saroj Chooramani Gopal (2013) Vishwa Kumar Gupta (2013) Pramod Kumar Julka (2013) Gulshan Rai Khatri (2013) Ganesh Kumar Mani (2013) Amit Prabhakar Maydeo (2013) Sundaram Natarajan (2013) C. Venkata S. Ram (2013) Kiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya (2014) Subrat Kumar Acharya (2014) Balram Bhargava (2014) Indira Chakravarty (2014) Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande (2014) Pawan Raj Goyal (2014) Rajesh Kumar Grover (2014) Amod Gupta (2014) Daya Kishore Hazra (2014) Thenumgal Poulose Jacob (2014) Shashank R. Joshi (2014) Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah (2014) Milind Vasant Kirtane (2014) Lalit Kumar (2014) Mohan Mishra (2014) Vamsi Mootha (2014) Siddhartha Mukherjee (2014) Nitish Naik (2014) M. Subhadra Nair (2014) Ashok Panagariya (2014) Narendra Kumar Pandey (2014) Sunil Pradhan (2014) Ashok Rajgopal (2014) Kamini A. Rao (2014) Sarbeswar Sahariah (2014) J. S. Titiyal (2014) Om Prakash Upadhyaya (2014) Mahesh Verma (2014) Manjula Anagani (2015) Yogesh Kumar Chawla (2015) Bimola Kumari (2015) Randeep Guleria (2015) K. P. Haridas (2015) Rajesh Kotecha (2015) Alka Kriplani (2015) Harsh Kumar (2015) Dattatreyudu Nori (2015) Tejas Patel (2015) Raghu Ram Pillarisetti (2015) Narendra Prasad (2015) Saumitra Rawat (2015) Yog Raj Sharma (2015) Nikhil Tandon (2015) Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi (2015) Gopi Chand Mannam (2016) Praveen Chandra (2016) John Ebnezar (2016) Daljeet Singh Gambhir (2016) A. G. K. Gokhale (2016) Murli Manohar Joshi (2016) Ravi Kant (2016) Shiv Narain Kureel (2016) T. K. Lahiri (2016) Anil Kumari Malhotra (2016) Yarlagadda Nayudamma (2016) Sudhir V. Shah (2016) Ram Harsh Singh (2016) M. V. Padma Srivastava (2016) T. S. Chandrasekar (2016) Harkishan Singh (2017) Suniti Solomon (2017) Bhakti Yadav (2017) Abhay and Rani Bang (2018) Yeshi Dhonden (2018) Lakshmikutty (2018) M. R. Rajagopal (2018) Sanduk Ruit (2018) Ilias Ali (2019) Omesh Kumar Bharti (2019) Mammen Chandy (2019) Sudam Kate (2019) Ravindra and Smita Kolhe (2019) Jagat Ram (2019) Ramaswami Venkataswami (2019) 2020s Yogi Aereon (2020) Padma Bandopadhyay (2020) Sushovan Banerjee (2020) Digambar Behera (2020) Leela Joshi (2020) Arunoday Mondal (2020) Shanti Roy (2020) Gurdip Singh (2020) Sandra Desa Souza (2020) Kushal Konwar Sarma (2020) Ravi Kannan R (2020) Krishna Mohan Pathi (2021) Jitendra Nath Pande (2021) Himmatrao Bawaskar (2022) Prokar Dasgupta (2022) Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao (2022) Lata Desai (2022) Vijaykumar Vinayak Dongre (2022) Dr Narendra Prasad Misra (Posthumous) (2022) Veeraswamy Seshiah (2022) Bhimsen Singhal (2022) Balaji Tambe (Posthumous) (2022) Kamlakar Tripathi (2022) Munishwar Chandar Dawar (2023) Ratan Chandra Kar (2023) Nalini Parthasarathi (2023) Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti (2023) Manoranjan Sahu (2023) Gopalsamy Veluchamy (2023) Ishwar Chander Verma (2023) vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)2010 Satya Paul Agarwal Mohammad Amin Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay M. S. Banga Anil Bordia Bipan Chandra B. K. Chaturvedi Sant Singh Chatwal G. P. Chopra Tan Chung Madhusudan Dhaky P. R. Dubhashi Puttaraj Gawai Belle Monappa Hegde Ilaiyaraaja Jagdish Chandra Kapur Shrinivas Khale Aamir Khan Sultan Khan Ram Kumar Kumudini Lakhia Kuzhur Narayana Marar Chhannulal Mishra Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss C. P. Krishnan Nair S. P. Oswal Akbar Padamsee Ramakanta Panda Balasaheb Vikhe Patil Arogyaswami Paulraj A. R. Rahman Moosa Raza Mallika Sarabhai Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana Abhijit Sen Satya Vrat Shastri Noshir M. Shroff Kushal Pal Singh Bikash Sinha Balagangadharanatha Swamiji Narayanan Vaghul P. K. Warrier Fareed Zakaria 2011 S. P. Balasubrahmanyam Rajashree Birla M. N. Buch C. V. Chandrasekhar Ajai Chowdhry Yogesh Chander Deveshwar Satyadev Dubey T. J. S. George Shankha Ghosh Kris Gopalakrishnan Keki Byramjee Grant Shashi Kapoor Krishen Khanna Khayyam Chanda Kochhar Dwijen Mukhopadhyay Madavoor Vasudevan Nair Ramdas Pai Dashrath Patel Rajendra Singh Pawar Suryanarayanan Ramachandran Shobhana Ranade Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy Kallam Anji Reddy Waheeda Rehman Shyam Saran Analjit Singh Arpita Singh Surendra Singh R. K. Srikantan Raghavan Thirumulpad 2012 Suresh H. Advani Shabana Azmi Homi K. Bhabha Shashikumar Chitre Khaled Choudhury Jatin Das Vidya Dehejia Dharmendra S. N. Goenka M. S. Gopalakrishnan T. V. Gopalakrishnan Buddhadev Das Gupta Sunil Janah Anish Kapoor S. B. Mujumdar B. Muthuraman Mira Nair Arvind Panagariya José Pereira Mata Prasad M. S. Raghunathan P. Chandrasekhara Rao Ronen Sen Devi Shetty M. V. Subbiah N. Vittal N. H. Wadia George Yeo 2013 Satya N. Atluri Maharaj Kishan Bhan Jaspal Bhatti Rahul Dravid Adi Godrej Abdul Rashid Khan Rajesh Khanna Mary Kom Nandkishore Shamrao Laud Mangesh Padgaonkar Hemendra Singh Panwar Jogesh Pati Shivajirao Girdhar Patil A. Sivathanu Pillai D. Ramanaidu Kanak Rele V. K. Saraswat Ashoke Sen Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak B. N. Suresh Sharmila Tagore Ramamurthy Thyagarajan Saroja Vaidyanathan 2014 Anisuzzaman Mrityunjay Athreya Padmanabhan Balaram Dalveer Bhandari Ruskin Bond Anita Desai Pullela Gopichand Kamal Haasan Jyeshtharaj Joshi V. N. Kaul Neelam Kler M. Mahadevappa Leander Paes K. Radhakrishnan Anumolu Ramakrishna Thirumalachari Ramasami Lloyd Rudolph Susanne Hoeber Rudolph Vinod Prakash Sharma Gulam Mohammed Sheikh Parveen Sultana Dhirubhai Thaker Vairamuthu J. S. Verma T. H. Vinayakram 2015 Jahnu Barua Manjul Bhargava Vijay P. Bhatkar Swapan Dasgupta David Frawley Bill Gates Melinda French Gates Swami Satyamitranand N. Gopalaswami Subhash C. Kashyap Gokulotsavji Maharaj Saichiro Misumi Ambrish Mithal Sudha Ragunathan Harish Salve Ashok Seth Rajat Sharma Satpal Singh Shivakumara Swami Khadg Singh Valdiya 2016 Ravindra Chandra Bhargava Robert D. Blackwill Hafeez Contractor Indu Jain Heisnam Kanhailal Anupam Kher Sania Mirza Pallonji Mistry Udit Narayan Saina Nehwal Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad Vinod Rai N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya A. V. Rama Rao D. Nageshwara Reddy Dayananda Saraswati Barjinder Singh Hamdard Ram V. Sutar Tejomayananda 2017 Vishwa Mohan Bhatt Deviprasad Dwivedi Ratnasundarsuri Niranjanananda Saraswati Cho Ramaswamy Maha Chakri Sirindhorn Tehemton Erach Udwadia 2018 Pankaj Advani Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mahendra Singh Dhoni Alexander Kadakin Ramachandran Nagaswamy Laxman Pai Arvind Parikh Sharda Sinha 2019 John T. Chambers Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa Pravin Gordhan Dharampal Gulati Darshan Lal Jain Ashok Laxmanrao Kukade Kariya Munda Budhaditya Mukherjee Mohanlal Nambi Narayanan Kuldip Nayar Bachendri Pal V. K. Shunglu Hukmdev Narayan Yadav # Posthumous conferral 1954–1959 1960–1969 1970–1979 1980–1989 1990–1999 2000–2009 2010–2019 2020–2029 Authority control databases International VIAF National Poland
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narayana Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Health"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg_2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_break_all_the_rules-4"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-6"}],"text":"Devi Prasad Shetty (born 8 May 1953) is an Indian entrepreneur and cardiac surgeon who is the chairman and founder of Narayana Health, a chain of 21 medical centers in India.[3] He has performed more than 100,000 heart operations.[4] In 2004 he was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2012, the third highest civilian award by the Government of India for his contribution to the field of affordable healthcare.[5][6]","title":"Devi Shetty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dakshina Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Christiaan Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gov-9"},{"link_name":"Kasturba Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Shetty was born in Kinnigoli, a village in the Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India. The eighth of nine children, he decided to become a heart surgeon when he was a school student after hearing about Christiaan Barnard, a South African surgeon who had just performed the world's first heart transplant.[7]Shetty was educated at St. Aloysius School, Mangaluru.[8] He completed his MBBS in 1979,[9] and post-graduate work in General Surgery from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore.[10] Later he completed FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons, England.[11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Mother Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSN-India-1"},{"link_name":"Narayana Hrudayalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Hrudayalaya"},{"link_name":"Bommasandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommasandra"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET_Awards_2012-13"},{"link_name":"Ascension Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Health"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore_International_Institute_of_Cardiac_Sciences"},{"link_name":"memorandum of understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"Bangalore International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Government of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mougujarat-15"}],"text":"He returned to India in 1989 and initially worked at B.M. Birla Hospital in Kolkata. He successfully performed the first neonatal heart surgery in the country in 1992, on a 21-day-old baby Ronnie.[12] In Kolkata he operated on Mother Teresa after she had a heart attack, and subsequently served as her personal physician.[1] \nIn 2001, Shetty founded Narayana Hrudayalaya (NH), a multi-specialty hospital in Bommasandra on the outskirts of Bangalore. He believes that the cost of healthcare can be reduced by 50 percent in the next 5–10 years if hospitals adopt the idea of economies of scale.[13]In August 2012 Shetty announced an agreement with TriMedx, a subsidiary of Ascension Health, to create a joint venture for a chain of hospitals . In the past Narayana Hrudayalaya has collaborated with Ascension Health to set up a health care city in the Cayman Islands, planned to eventually have 2,000 beds.[14]Shetty also founded Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS) in Kolkata, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Karnataka Government to build 5,000-bed specialty hospital near Bangalore International Airport. His company signed a MOU with the Government of Gujarat, to set up a 5,000-bed hospital at Ahmedabad.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economies of scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET_Awards_2012-13"},{"link_name":"scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"cross ventilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_ventilation"},{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cost-17"},{"link_name":"coronary bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg_2013-3"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg_2013-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_Edmond_Fernandes_and_Dr_Devi_Shetty_in_Bengaluru.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cost-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Shetty aims for his hospitals to use economies of scale, to allow them to complete heart surgeries at a lower cost than in the United States. In 2009 The Wall Street Journal newspaper described him as \"the Henry Ford of heart surgery\".[16] Six additional hospitals were subsequently planned on the Narayana Hrudayalaya model at several cities in India, with plans to expand to 30,000 beds with hospitals in India, Africa and other countries in Asia.[13] Shetty aims to trim costs with such measures as buying cheaper scrubs and using cross ventilation instead of air conditioning.[17] That has cut the price of coronary bypass surgery to 95,000 rupees ($1,583), half of what it was 20 years ago.[3] In 2013 he aimed to get the price down to $800 within a decade. The same procedure costs $106,385 at Ohio's Cleveland Clinic.[3] He has also eliminated many pre-ops testing and innovated in patient care such as \"drafting and training patients' family members to administer after-surgical care\".[18] Surgeons in his hospitals perform 30 to 35 surgeries a day compared to one or two in a US hospital. His hospitals also provide substantial free care especially for poor children.[19] Whereas urban India calls him \"Henry Ford\" for his assembly line approach to heart surgeries, rural Indians calls him \"Bypasswale Baba\" as attested by thousands of sources such as the Deccan Herald, the English newspaper with the largest circulation in Karnataka, Shetty's home state. This is because, like a saint (or Rishi in Indian mythology), anybody who comes to Devi Shetty's Ashram/hospital gets a bypass if he or she dreams of it.[20]Dr. Devi Shetty, Founder, Narayana Hrudalaya with Dr. Edmond Fernandes, Founder, CHD GroupShetty and his family have a 75 percent stake in Narayana Hrudayalaya which he plans to preserve.[17] Shetty has also pioneered low-cost diagnostic services.[21] He was appointed as chairman of the COVID-19 task force in Karnataka which was criticized by global health doctors as being a cardiac surgeon, he did not have the epidemiological approach to COVID-19 management.[22]","title":"Low cost health care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_break_all_the_rules-4"}],"text":"Yeshasvini is a low-cost health insurance scheme, designed by Shetty and the Government of Karnataka for the poor farmers of the state, with 4 million people currently covered.[4]","title":"Yeshasvini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Karnataka Ratna Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"ET awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Times_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET_Awards_2012-13"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Madras"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Schwab Foundation Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwab_Foundation_for_Social_Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dr. B C Roy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._B._C._Roy_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ernst & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young_Entrepreneur_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"},{"link_name":"Ernst & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young_Entrepreneur_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"CNN-IBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN-IBN_Indian_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Padma Bhushan Award for Medicine, in 2012[23]\nKarnataka Ratna Award, in 2001 [24]\nEntrepreneur of the Year at ET awards, in 2012[13]\n2011 The Economist Innovation Award in Business Process[25]\nHonorary degree, University of Minnesota, in 2011 [26]\nHonorary degree, ‘Honoris Causa’ Degree of ‘Doctor of Science’ by Indian Institute of Technology Madras, in 2014 [27]\nSchwab Foundation Award, in 2005[28]\nPadma Shri Award for Medicine, in 2004[29]\nDr. B C Roy Award, in 2003[citation needed]\nSir M. Visvesvaraya Memorial Award, in 2003[30]\nErnst & Young, Entrepreneur Of The Year – Life Sciences, in 2012[31]\nErnst & Young,  Entrepreneur of the Year – Start-up, in 2003[31]\nRajyotsava Award, in 2002 [32]\nIndian Of The Year (Public Sector) by CNN-IBN, in 2012[33]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Shetty stars in the fourth (and last) episode of Netflix's docuseries The Surgeon's Cut, which was released globally on 9 December 2020. The episode follows Shetty's treatment of patients, mostly children and babies, prioritizing low-cost and affordable healthcare while performing with his team more than thirty surgeries a day.[34]","title":"Television"}]
[{"image_text":"Dr. Devi Shetty, Founder, Narayana Hrudalaya with Dr. Edmond Fernandes, Founder, CHD Group","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dr_Edmond_Fernandes_and_Dr_Devi_Shetty_in_Bengaluru.jpg/220px-Dr_Edmond_Fernandes_and_Dr_Devi_Shetty_in_Bengaluru.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Narayana Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Health"}]
[{"reference":"\"Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty\". MSN India. Retrieved 5 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://specials.msn.co.in/sp11/india365/Inspiration_detail.aspx?ID=43","url_text":"\"Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Credihealth profile\". Credihealth.com. 2017. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018160514/http://www.credihealth.com/doctor/devi-prasad-shetty-cardiac-surgeon/overview","url_text":"\"Credihealth profile\""},{"url":"https://www.credihealth.com/doctor/devi-prasad-shetty-cardiac-surgeon/overview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gokhale, Ketaki (28 July 2013). \"Heart Surgery in India for $1,583 Costs $106,385 in U.S.\" Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 6 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-28/heart-surgery-in-india-for-1-583-costs-106-385-in-u-s-","url_text":"\"Heart Surgery in India for $1,583 Costs $106,385 in U.S.\""}]},{"reference":"\"First break all the rules\". The Economist. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15879359","url_text":"\"First break all the rules\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\". pib. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881","url_text":"\"Padma Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Padma Awards\" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. 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Retrieved 30 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122605/https://www.ey.com/in/en/about-us/entrepreneurship/entrepreneur-of-the-year/ey-entrepreneur-of-the-year-program-hall-of-fame","url_text":"\"Entrepreneur Of The Year 2017 program - Past winners\""},{"url":"http://www.ey.com/in/en/about-us/entrepreneurship/entrepreneur-of-the-year/ey-entrepreneur-of-the-year-program-hall-of-fame","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rajyotsava awards for Nilekani, Kasarvalli, Devi Shetty | Bengaluru News - Times of India\". The Times of India. 29 October 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rajyotsava-awards-for-nilekani-kasarvalli-devi-shetty/articleshow/26697750.cms","url_text":"\"Rajyotsava awards for Nilekani, Kasarvalli, Devi Shetty | Bengaluru News - Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Devi Shetty named Indian of the Year in Public Service category\". 12 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-of-the-year-public-service-526373.html","url_text":"\"Devi Shetty named Indian of the Year in Public Service category\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VI_Northfield_School_for_Girls
King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 52°24′03″N 1°58′03″W / 52.4009°N 1.9674°W / 52.4009; -1.9674This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Academy in Birmingham, West Midlands, EnglandKing Edward VI Northfield School for GirlsAddressTurves GreenNorthfieldBirmingham, West Midlands, B31 4BPEnglandInformationTypeAcademyLocal authorityBirmingham City CouncilTrustFoundation of the Schools of King Edward VIDepartment for Education URN148684 TablesOfstedReportsHeadteacherNeil JonesGenderGirlsAge11 to 16Enrolment649 as of February 2021Websitehttps://nsg.kevibham.org/ King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls (formerly Turves Green Girls' School) is a secondary school located on Turves Green in the Northfield area of Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England. Previously a foundation school administered by Birmingham City Council and The Endeavour Co-operative Learning Trust. In September 2021 the school converted to academy status and was renamed King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls. The school is now sponsored by the Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI. Pupils attending the school mainly come from the Kings Norton, Longbridge and Northfield areas of Birmingham. King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls offers GCSEs and Level 2 vocational awards as programmes of study for pupils. See also Turves Green Boys' School References ^ https://nsg.kevibham.org/ ^ "Endeavour Co-operative Education Trust (ECET)". Turves Green Girls' School. ^ "King Edward trust to welcome new school | GBCC". www.greaterbirminghamchambers.com. Retrieved 20 February 2021. ^ "Admissions". Turves Green Girls' School. External links King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls official website vteSchools in BirminghamPrimary schools Anderton Park Primary School Ark Kings Academy Bournville School King David School King Solomon International Business School Ladypool Primary School Parkfield Community School Robin Hood Academy Starbank School Washwood Heath Academy Waverley School Secondary schools Archbishop Ilsley Catholic School Arena Academy Ark Boulton Academy Ark Kings Academy Ark St Alban's Academy The Arthur Terry School Aston Manor Academy Aston University Engineering Academy Bartley Green School Birmingham Ormiston Academy Bishop Challoner RC College Bishop Walsh RC School Bordesley Green Girls' School Bournville School Broadway Academy Cardinal Wiseman RC School Cockshut Hill School Colmers School Dame Elizabeth Cadbury School Erdington Academy Fairfax Academy Fortis Academy Four Dwellings Academy George Dixon Academy Greenwood Academy Hall Green School Hamstead Hall Academy Harborne Academy Heartlands Academy Hillcrest School Hodge Hill College Hodge Hill Girls' School Holte School Holy Trinity RC School Holyhead School John Willmott School King Edward VI Balaam Wood Academy King Edward VI Handsworth Wood Girls' Academy King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls King Edward VI Sheldon Heath Academy King Solomon International Business School Kings Heath Boys King's Norton Boys' School Kings Norton Girls' School Lordswood Boys' School Lordswood Girls' School Moseley School Ninestiles Academy North Birmingham Academy Plantsbrook School Queensbridge School Rockwood Academy St Edmund Campion RC School St John Wall RC School St Paul's School for Girls St Thomas Aquinas RC School Saltley Academy Selly Park Girls' School Shenley Academy Small Heath Leadership Academy Starbank School Stockland Green School Swanshurst School Tile Cross Academy Turves Green Boys' School University of Birmingham School Washwood Heath Academy Waverley School Wheelers Lane Technology College Yardleys School Grammar schools Bishop Vesey's Grammar School King Edward VI Aston School King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Boys King Edward VI Camp Hill School for Girls King Edward VI Five Ways School King Edward VI Handsworth Grammar School for Boys King Edward VI Handsworth School Sutton Coldfield Grammar School for Girls Special schools Hallmoor School Independent schools Birmingham Blue Coat School Darul Uloom Edgbaston High School Elmhurst Ballet School Highclare School Kimichi School King Edward VI High School for Girls King Edward's School Mander Portman Woodward St George's School FE & sixth form colleges Birmingham Metropolitan College Bournville College Cadbury Sixth Form College Fircroft College Oaks Sixth Form College Queen Alexandra College South & City College Birmingham Defunct schools Al-Hijrah School The Baverstock Academy Birmingham board school BISPA Icknield Street School Oozells Street Board School St Philip's School St Peter's College 52°24′03″N 1°58′03″W / 52.4009°N 1.9674°W / 52.4009; -1.9674 This West Midlands school or sixth form college related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Turves Green Boys' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turves_Green_Boys%27_School"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Texas_gubernatorial_election
1932 Texas gubernatorial election
["1 Democratic primary","1.1 Results","2 General election","2.1 Candidates","2.2 Results","3 References"]
Texas gubernatorial election 1932 Texas gubernatorial election ← 1930 November 8, 1932 1934 →   Nominee Miriam A. Ferguson Orville Bullington Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 522,395 317,590 Percentage 61.98% 37.68% Governor before election Ross S. Sterling Democratic Elected Governor Miriam A. Ferguson Democratic Elections in Texas Federal government Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate 1846 1847 1851 1853 1857 1859 1859 sp 1870 1871 1875 1876 1881 1882 1887 1888 1892 sp 1893 1894 1899 1901 1905 1907 1911 1913 1913 sp 1916 1918 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1941 sp 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1957 sp 1958 1960 1961 sp 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1993 sp 1994 1996 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 2024 2026 U.S. House of Representatives 1846 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1866 1869 1870 1871 1872 1874 1876 1878 1879 6th sp 1880 1882 1884 1886 1887 2nd sp 1888 1890 1892 9th sp 1894 1896 11th sp 1898 1900 1901 6th sp 1902 4th sp 1903 8th sp 1904 1905 8th sp 1906 1908 1910 1912 1913 10th sp 1914 1916 1918 1919 12th sp 1920 1922 13th sp 1924 1926 1928 1930 17th sp 1931 14th sp 1932 1933 7th sp 8th sp 15th sp 1934 1936 1937 10th sp 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 6th sp 1947 9th sp 16th sp 1948 15th sp 1950 18th sp 1951 13th sp 1952 7th sp 1954 1956 1958 1960 1961 20th sp 1962 4th sp 13th sp 1963 10th sp 1964 1966 8th sp 1968 3rd sp 1970 1972 1974 1976 1st sp 22nd sp 1978 1980 1982 1983 6th sp 1984 1985 1st sp 1986 1988 1989 12th sp 18th sp 1990 1991 3rd sp 1992 1994 1996 1997 28th sp 1998 2000 2002 2003 19th sp 2004 2006 22nd 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 27th sp 2020 2021 6th sp 2022 34th sp 2024 State government General elections 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1866 1866 1869 1873 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 2018 2022 Comptroller elections 2022 Senate elections 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Constitutional amendments 1972 2005 2007 2021 2023 Austin Mayoral elections 2003 2006 2009 2012 2014 2018 2022 2024 Austin municipal elections 2022 2024 Corpus Christi Mayoral elections 2012 2014 2016 2017 sp 2018 2020 Dallas–Fort Worth Arlington mayoral elections 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Dallas mayoral elections 1856 1857 1875 1904 1925 1961 1963 1965 1995 1999 2002 sp 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Dallas municipal elections 2015 2019 2021 Fort Worth mayoral elections 2003 2007 2009 2011 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Denton mayoral elections 2020 2022 Plano municipal elections 2017 2019 2021 El Paso Mayoral elections 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 2017 2020 Municipal elections 2017 2020 Houston Mayoral elections 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2019 2023 Municipal elections 2005 2007 2009 Laredo Mayoral elections 2018 2022 Lubbock Mayoral elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 San Antonio Mayoral elections 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 Governmentvte The 1932 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1932, to elect the Governor of Texas. Democratic nominee and former Governor of Texas Miriam A. Ferguson defeated Republican nominee Orville Bullington. Democratic primary The Democratic primary election was held on July 23, 1932. As no candidate won a majority of votes, there was a run-off on August 27, 1932, between the two highest ranking candidates former Governor of Texas Miriam A. Ferguson and incumbent Governor of Texas Ross S. Sterling. Ferguson would eventually win the primary with 50.20% against Sterling, which marked the closest primary defeat for an incumbent governor in United States history. Results CandidateFirst roundRun-offVotes%Votes%Miriam A. Ferguson402,23841.75477,64450.20Ross S. Sterling296,38330.76473,84649.80Tom F. Hunter220,39122.87M. H. Wolfe32,2413.35George W. Armstrong5,3120.55Roger Q. Evans3,9740.41Frank Putnam2,9620.31Total963,501100.00951,490100.00Source: General election Similar to her 1924 campaign, Ferguson's candidacy saw a large number of defections. After his lawsuit to keep Ferguson off of the ballot failed, Democratic incumbent Ross Sterling crossed party lines to endorse Orville Bullington. On election day, November 8, 1932, Democratic nominee Miriam A. Ferguson won re-election by a margin of 204,805 votes against her foremost opponent Republican nominee Orville Bullington, thereby retaining Democratic control over the office of Governor. By contrast, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover by a margin of 662,389 votes in the concurrent presidential election. Ferguson was sworn in as the 32nd Governor of Texas on January 17, 1933. Candidates George W. Armstrong (Democratic) Orville Bullington (Republican), businessman and member of the Texas Republican Executive Committee. George Clifton Edwards (Socialist) Miriam A. Ferguson (Democratic), former Governor of Texas Otho L. Heitt (Liberty) Philip L. Howe (Communist) Results Texas gubernatorial election, 1932 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Miriam A. Ferguson 522,395 61.98 Republican Orville Bullington 317,590 37.68 Socialist George Clifton Edwards 1,873 0.22 Democratic George W. Armstrong 768 0.09 Communist Philip L. Howe 138 0.02 Liberty Otho L. Heitt 134 0.09 Total votes 843,898 100.00 Democratic hold References ^ John D. Huddleston (June 12, 2010). "Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wallace". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. ^ "A Failure to Launch? Kansas' Republican Gubernatorial Contest and the History of Incumbent Governor Primary Performance – Sabato's Crystal Ball". ^ "TX Governor – D Primary". ourcampaigns.com. January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2023. ^ Duckworth, Allen (1947). "Democratic Dilemma in Texas". Southwest Review. 32 (1). Southern Methodist University: 34–40. JSTOR 43466794. ^ Associated Press (October 9, 1932). "Mrs. Ferguson's Name To Go on Dem Ballot". Brownsville Herald. Vol. 41, no. 83. Retrieved November 4, 2023 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers at the Library of Congress. ^ "Sterling for Republican: Wearing Bullington Button Denotes Party Change". Lawrence Journal-World. Vol. 76, no. 253. Lawrence, Kansas. October 21, 1932. Retrieved November 4, 2023. ^ "1932 Presidential General Election Results – Texas". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved February 7, 2013. ^ "TX Governor". ourcampaigns.com. June 26, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2023. ^ Olien, Roger M. (1981). From Token to Triumph: The Texas Republicans Since 1920. Dallas, Texas: Southern Methodist University Press. p. 62. Retrieved November 4, 2023. vteElections in TexasGeneral 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 President of theRepublic of Texas 1836 1838 1841 1844 U.S. President 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 Dem Rep 2008 Dem Rep 2012 Dem 2016 Dem 2020 Dem Rep 2024 Dem Rep U.S. SenateClass 1 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1957 special 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1993 special 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 Class 2 1918 1924 1930 1936 1941 special 1942 1948 1954 1960 1961 special 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 2020 U.S. House 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1985 (1st sp) 1986 1988 1990 1991 (3rd sp) 1992 1994 1996 1997 (28th sp) 1998 2000 2002 2003 (19th sp) 2004 2006 22nd 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 27th sp 2020 2021 (6th sp) 2022 34th sp 2024 Governor 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1866 1869 1873 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Legislature 1992 House Senate 1994 House Senate 1996 House Senate 1998 House Senate 2000 House Senate 2002 House Senate 2004 House Senate 2006 House Senate 2008 House Senate 2010 House Senate 2012 House Senate 2014 House Senate 2016 House Senate 2018 House Senate 2020 House Senate 2022 House Senate 2024 House Senate Lieutenant Governor 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General 2018 2022 Amendments 1972 2005 2007 2021 2023 MunicipalDallas 1856 1857–1858 1875 1904 1925 2007 2011 2015 2019 2021 El Paso 2017 2020 Houston 1995 2005 2007 2009 Plano 2017 2019 2021 MayoralArlington 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Austin 2003 2006 2009 2012 2014 2018 2022 Corpus Christi 2012 2014 2016 2017 special 2018 2020 Dallas 1925 1995 1999 2002 special 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 El Paso 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 2017 2020 Fort Worth 2003 2007 2009 2011 2015 2017 2019 2021 Houston 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2019 Laredo 2018 2022 Lubbock 2006 2008 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 San Antonio 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 vte(1931←)   1932 United States elections   (→1933)President 1932 United States presidential election Democratic primaries Republican primaries Democratic convention Republican convention U.S.Senate Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Colorado (special) Connecticut Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey (special) New York North Carolina North Carolina (special) North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Utah Vermont Washington Wisconsin U.S.House Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Stategovernors Arizona Arkansas Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Lt. Gov Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Lt. Gov Missouri Lt. Gov Montana Nebraska Lt. Gov New Hampshire New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming (special) Statelegislatures Iowa Senate Mayors New York City San Diego
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegla_Loroupe_Peace_Academy
Tegla Loroupe
["1 Biography","2 Goodwill","3 International competitions","4 Marathons","5 References","6 External links"]
Kenyan long-distance runner (born 1979) This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: She was in the closing ceremony of Tokyo 2020 for her management of the Olympic Refugee team.. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2021) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tegla LoroupeLoroupe at the 2016 OlympicsPersonal informationNationalityKenyanBorn (1979-12-09) 9 December 1979 (age 44)Kutomwony, KenyaHeight156 cm (5 ft 1 in) Weight40 kg (88 lb)WebsiteTegla PeaceSportSportLong-distance runningEvent(s)3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, MarathonAchievements and titlesOlympic finals2000 SydneyPersonal bests3000 meters: 8:30.95 5000 meters: 14:45.95 10,000 meters: 30:32.03 Marathon: 2:20:43 List of world records in athletics Medal record Representing  Kenya World Championships 1995 Gothenburg 10,000 m 1999 Seville 10,000 m World Half Marathon Championships 1997 Košice Individual 1998 Zürich Individual 1998 Zürich Team 1999 Palermo Individual 1999 Palermo Team 1997 Košice Team 1993 Brussels Individual New York City Marathon 1994 New York City Marathon 1995 New York City Marathon Tegla Chepkite Loroupe (born 9 December 1979) is a Kenyan long-distance track and road runner. She is also a global spokeswoman for peace, women's rights and education. Loroupe holds the world records for 25 and 30 kilometers and previously held the world marathon record. She was the first African woman to hold the marathon World Record, which she held from 19 April 1998 until 30 September 2001. She is the three-time World Half-Marathon champion. Loroupe was also the first woman from Africa to win the New York City Marathon, which she has won twice. She has won marathons in London, Rotterdam, Hong Kong, Berlin and Rome. In 2016, she was the person organizing the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. Biography Tegla Loroupe was born in Kapsait village in the Lelan division of West Pokot District. It is situated in the Great Rift Valley, approximately 600 kilometres north of Nairobi. Her father and mother are from the Pokot tribe, a Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting parts of northern Kenya, eastern Uganda and southern Ethiopia. Loroupe was told by her father that she was useless and her career might be babysitting. She grew up with 24 siblings. The Pokots being a polygamous culture, her father had four wives. She spent her childhood working fields, tending cattle and looking after younger brothers and sisters. At the age of six, Loroupe started school at Kapsait Elementary school; she had to run ten kilometers to and from school every morning. At school, she became aware of her potential as an athlete when she won races held over a distance of 800 or 1500 meters against much older students. She decided to pursue a career as a runner. However, she was not supported by anyone but her mother. Loroupe in 2007 at a meet in Schortens, Germany. The Kenyan athletics federation, Athletics Kenya, did not support her at first, thinking Loroupe too small and too thin. However, after she won a prestigious cross country barefoot race in 1988, this changed. She began to train to compete internationally the following year, earning her first pair of running shoes in 1989, which she wore only for particularly rough races. She was nominated for the junior race of the 1989 IAAF World Cross Country Championships finishing 28th. She competed again at the 1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finishing 16th in the junior race. In 1994 and 1998, Loroupe won the Goodwill Games over 10,000 metres, barefoot. Over the same distance she won bronze medals at the World Athletics Championships in 1995 and 1999. In 1994, Loroupe ran her first major marathon in New York. Running against the world's strongest competition, she won. As a consequence she was idolised by many young people in Africa: at last, a woman champion to complement the many successful male runners. She won the New York City Marathon again in 1995 and finished 3rd in 1998. Between 1997 and 1999, she won three world titles a row over the half marathon distance. She won Rotterdam Marathon three times between 1997 and 1999. She won Berlin Marathon in 1999 and finished second in 2001. She finished second at the 1999 Osaka International Ladies Marathon. Loroupe won the Zevenheuvelenloop 15K race in the Netherland three times (1992, 1993 and 1998). She is a seven-time Egmond Half Marathon winner (1993–1998, 2000). She has won the Lisbon Half Marathon a record six times: 1994–1997, 1999 and 2000. She has won the Tilburg road race, a five times (1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999), also a record number. She won the Paris Half Marathon in 1994 and 1998, City-Pier-City Loop half marathon in the Hague in 1998, and the Parelloop 10K in race in the Netherlands in 1999 During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, favoured to win both the marathon and the 10,000 meters, she suffered from violent food poisoning the night before the race. Nevertheless, she fought through the marathon race, finishing 13th, then, the next day, ran the 10,000 metres, finishing 5th, running barefoot in both races, a feat she later stated she achieved out of a sense of duty to all the people taking her as a bearer of hope in her home country. Until the end of 2001, she continued to suffer from various health problems. In 2000, she won London Marathon and Rome City Marathon. She also won Lausanne Marathon in 2002, Cologne Marathon in 2003 and Leipzig Marathon in 2004. Loroupe competed at the 2005 World Championships marathon race in Helsinki, Finland, but finished only 40th. In February 2006 she won the Hong Kong Half-Marathon. The same year she finished 5th in the Rotterdam Marathon and 2nd in the Venice Marathon. In 2007, she participated again the New York City Marathon, finishing 8th. Loroupe's biggest successes include world records over 20, 25 and 30 kilometers as well as the past record over the marathon distance. She used to hold the One Hour running World record of 18,340 m set in Borgholzhausen, Germany, but the record was broken by Dire Tune of Ethiopia ten years later, in 2008 (new record 18,517 m). Goodwill In 2006, she was named a United Nations Ambassador of Sport by Secretary General Kofi Annan, together with Roger Federer, tennis champion from Switzerland, Elias Figueroa, Latin American soccer legend from Chile, and Katrina Webb paralympics gold medalist from Australia. She is an International Sports Ambassador for the IAAF, the International Association of Athletics Federations, and for UNICEF. In 2003, Loroupe created an annual series of Peace Marathons sponsored by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation "Peace Through Sports". Presidents, Prime Ministers, Ambassadors and government officials run with warriors and nomadic groups in her native Kenya, in Uganda and in Sudan, to bring peace to an area plagued by raiding warriors from battling tribes. In 2010 the Kenyan Government lauded her achievements as hundreds of warriors had laid down their weapons. She has established a school (Tegla Loroupe Peace Academy) and orphanage for children from the region in Kapenguria, a high-mountain town in north-west Kenya. The 2006 Peace Marathon was held on 18 November 2006, in Kapenguria, Kenya. Two thousand warriors from six tribes competed. The next Peace Marathon was 15 November 2008 in Kapenguria, Kenya. National ambassadors to Kenya participated, together with the Prime Minister, and several Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan Ministers. The Peace Marathon has been held each year since then, with the exception of the past two Covid years. Winners of the races often begin professional training in long-distance running, or join the training team of ex-warriors. In February 2007, she was named the Oxfam Ambassador of Sport and Peace to Darfur. In December 2006, she travelled with George Clooney, Joey Cheek, and Don Cheadle to Beijing, Cairo, and New York on a diplomatic mission to bring an end to violence in Darfur. She won the "Community Hero" category at the 2007 Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year awards. In November 2009, Tegla represented the Shoe4Africa team. running the New York Marathon alongside founder Toby Tanser and actress Sarah Jones finishing in 3:54:02. Loroupe is a member of the 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organisation. As reported by Olympic news outlet Around the Rings, the IOC recognised six women, five from each continent and one to represent the world, for their achievements and their work to promote women's sport. Loroupe was awarded the world trophy. In 2015 Loroupe became an Ambassador for the Homeless World Cup. In 2016, she was the Chef de Mission organizing the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics. At those games Loroupe was inducted into the Olympians for life project for her work in promoting peace. In October 2016 Loroupe was awarded United Nations Person of the Year. International competitions Year Competition Venue Position Notes Representing  Kenya 1992 Olympic Games Barcelona, Spain 17th 10,000 m 1993 World Championships Stuttgart, Germany 4th 10,000 m 1995 World Championships Gothenburg, Sweden 3rd 10,000 m 1996 Olympic Games Atlanta, United States 6th 10,000 m 1997 World Half Marathon Championships Košice, Slovakia 1st Individual 2nd Team World Championships Gothenburg, Sweden 6th 10,000 m 1998 World Half Marathon Championships Zürich, Switzerland 1st Individual 1st Team 1999 World Half Marathon Championships Palermo, Italy 1st Individual 1st Team World Championships Seville, Spain 3rd 10,000 m 2000 Olympic Games Sydney 13th Marathon 5th 10,000 m 2005 World Championships Helsinki, Finland 40th Marathon Marathons Year Competition Venue Position Notes 1994 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 1st Marathon 1995 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 1st Marathon 1996 Boston Marathon Boston, United States 2nd Marathon 1996 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 7th Marathon 1997 Rotterdam Marathon Rotterdam, Netherlands 1st Marathon 1997 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 7th Marathon 1997 Osaka International Ladies Marathon Osaka, Japan 7th Marathon 1998 Rotterdam Marathon Rotterdam, Netherlands 1st Marathon 1998 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 3rd Marathon 1999 Osaka International Ladies Marathon Osaka, Japan 2nd Marathon 1999 Rotterdam Marathon Rotterdam, Netherlands 1st Marathon 1999 Berlin Marathon Berlin, Germany 1st Marathon 2000 Rome Marathon Rome, Italy 1st Marathon 2000 London Marathon London, England 1st Marathon 2000 Sydney Marathon Sydney, Australia 13th Marathon 2000 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 6th Marathon 2001 London Marathon London, England 8th Marathon 2001 Berlin Marathon Berlin, Germany 2nd Marathon 2002 Nagoya Women's Marathon Nagoya, Japan 7th Marathon 2002 Lausanne Marathon Lausanne, Switzerland 1st Marathon 2003 Köln Marathon Cologne, Germany 1st Marathon 2004 Leipzig Marathon Leipzig, Germany 1st Marathon 2004 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 11th Marathon 2005 London Marathon London, England 11th Marathon 2005 World Athletics Championships Helsinki, Finland 40th Marathon 2006 Rotterdam Marathon Rotterdam, Netherlands 5th Marathon 2006 Venice Marathon Venice, Italy 2nd Marathon 2006 Mumbai Marathon Mumbai, India 6th Marathon 2007 The Greatest Race on Earth Various 7th Marathon 2007 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 8th Marathon 2007 Las Vegas Marathon Las Vegas, United States 3rd Marathon 2008 Nagano Marathon Nagano, Japan 12th Marathon 2009 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 2353rd Marathon 2011 Copenhagen Marathon Copenhagen, Denmark 2nd Marathon 2011 New York City Marathon New York City, United States 30th Marathon References ^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Tegla Loroupe". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. ^ a b c d "TEGLA LOROUPE". International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved 23 August 2016. ^ a b c d Tegla Loroupe gives Refugee Olympians A Lesson in Hope, Jere Longmam. 4 August 2016, NYTimes, Retrieved 11 September 2016 ^ Lisbon Half Marathon winners. Arrs.net (22 March 2016). Retrieved on 11 September 2016. ^ Paris Half Marathon – List of Winners. Arrs.net (7 March 2016). Retrieved on 11 September 2016. ^ City-Pier-City Half Marathon – List of winners. Arrs.net (4 August 2016). Retrieved on 11 September 2016. ^ Arrs.net: List of Parelloop winners ^ IAAF, 12 June 2008: Robles 12.87 World Record in Ostrava! – IAAF World Athletics Tou ^ Obare, Osinde (14 November 2010). "Loroupe seduces 700 Pokot warriors to give up guns for peace". The Standard. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2010. ^ SOYA Awards – 2007 winners. Soyaawards.com. Retrieved on 11 September 2016. ^ Fidelman, Brian (2 April 2018). "THE ROVING RUNNER; In Central Park, With an Accent on Training". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ "Sarah Runs NYC Marathon". Sarah Jones. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ Peace and Sport. Peace-sport.org (1 September 2015). Retrieved on 11 September 2016. ^ "Tegla Loroupe". Homeless World Cup. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2021. ^ "Olympians for Life Project proves popular at Olympians Reunion Centre by EY". ^ "Olympian Loroupe Sets Example with UN Honour". ^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Boston". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Generale Bank Rotterdam". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Osaka International Women's". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Generale Bank Rotterdam". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Osaka International Women's". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Generale Bank Rotterdam". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Alberto Berlin". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: IAAF Rome Millennium". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Flora London". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Olympic Games". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Flora London". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Real Berlin". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Nagoya International Women's". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Lausanne". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Ford Köln". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Stadtwerke Leipzig". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: ING New York City- early start". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Flora London- elite women". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: IAAF World Championships". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Rotterdam". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Venezia". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Standard Chartered Mumbai". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Greatest Race on Earth". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: ING New York City- early start". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Zappos.com Las Vegas". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Nagano JPN". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "199 - 2009 ING New York City Marathon". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: Nykredit Copenhagen". Retrieved 4 October 2019. ^ "ARRS - Race: ING New York City- elite women". Retrieved 4 October 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tegla Loroupe. Wikiquote has quotations related to Tegla Loroupe. Tegla Loroupe at World Athletics Biography of Tegla Laroupe at Biography Online Marathoninfo profile Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation "Peace Through Sports" Records Preceded by Ingrid Kristiansen Women's Marathon World Record Holder 19 April 1998 – 30 September 2001 Succeeded by Naoko Takahashi Sporting positions Preceded byIngrid KristiansenCatherina McKiernan Zevenheuvelenloop Women's Winner (15 km) 1992 – 19931998 Succeeded byLiz McColganLjoebov Morgounova Preceded byHeléna BarócsiIrma Heeren Egmond Women's Half Marathon Winner 1993 – 19982000 Succeeded byIrma HeerenSusan Chepkemei Preceded byTanja Semjonowa Women's Leipzig Marathon winner 2004 Succeeded byJudy Kiplimo vteFastest performance of the year in women's marathon 1963: Gail Bakken-Johnson (USA) 1964: Dale Greig (GBR) 1965: Susan Johnson (USA) 1966: Bobbi Gibb (USA) 1967: Anni Pede-Erdkamp (FRG) 1968: Carol Haddrall (CAN) 1969: Sara Mae Berman (USA) 1970: Caroline Walker (USA) 1971–72: Cheryl Flanagan (USA) 1973: Miki Gorman (USA) 1974–75: Jacqueline Hansen (USA) 1976–77: Christa Vahlensieck (FRG) 1978: Julie Brown (USA) 1979: Joan Benoit (USA) 1980: Joyce Smith (ENG) 1981: Allison Roe (NZL) 1982–83: Joan Benoit (USA) 1984–85: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR) 1986: Grete Waitz (NOR) 1987: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR) 1988: Lisa Ondieki (AUS) 1989: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR) 1990: Rosa Mota (POR) 1991: Wanda Panfil (POL) 1992: Olga Markova (RUS) 1993: Wang Junxia (CHN) 1994–95: Uta Pippig (GER) 1996: Katrin Dörre-Heinig (GER) 1997–99: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 2000–01: Catherine Ndereba (KEN) 2002–03: Paula Radcliffe (ENG) 2004: Yoko Shibui (JPN) 2005: Paula Radcliffe (ENG) 2006: Deena Kastor (USA) 2007: Zhou Chunxiu (CHN) 2008–09: Irina Mikitenko (GER) 2010: Liliya Shobukhova (RUS) 2011–12: Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN) 2013–14: Rita Jeptoo (KEN) 2015: Gladys Cherono Kiprono (KEN) 2016: Tirfi Tsegaye (ETH) 2017: Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN) 2018: Gladys Cherono Kiprono (KEN) 2019: Brigid Kosgei (KEN) 2020: Peres Jepchirchir (KEN) 2021: Joyciline Jepkosgei (KEN) 2022: Ruth Chepng'etich (KEN) 2023: Tigst Assefa (ETH) vteWorld Athletics Half Marathon Championships champions in women's half marathon 1992: Liz McColgan (GBR) 1993: Conceição Ferreira (POR) 1994: Elana Meyer (RSA) 1995: Valentina Yegorova (RUS) 1996: Ren Xiujuan (CHN) 1997–1999: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 2000–2001: Paula Radcliffe (GBR) 2002: Berhane Adere (ETH) 2003: Paula Radcliffe (GBR) 2004: Sun Yingjie (CHN) 2005: Constantina Tomescu (ROM) 2006–2008: Lornah Kiplagat (NED) 2009: Mary Keitany (KEN) 2010: Florence Kiplagat (KEN) 2012: Meseret Hailu (ETH) 2014: Gladys Cherono (KEN) 2016: Peres Jepchirchir (KEN) 2018: Netsanet Gudeta (ETH) vteBerlin Marathon – women's winners 1974: Jutta von Haase (FRG) 1975: Kristin Bochröder (FRG) 1976: Jutta von Haase (FRG) 1977: Christa Vahlensieck (FRG) 1978: Ursula Blaschke (FRG) 1979: Jutta von Haase (FRG) 1980: Gerlinde Püttmann (FRG) 1981: Angelika Stephan (FRG) 1982: Jean Lochhead (GBR) 1983: Karen Holdsworth (GBR) 1984: Ágnes Sipka (HUN) 1985: Magda Ilands (BEL) 1986: Charlotte Teske (FRG) 1987: Kerstin Preßler (FRG) 1988: Renata Kokowska (POL) 1989: Päivi Tikkanen (FIN) 1990: Uta Pippig (GDR) 1991: Renata Kokowska (POL) 1992: Uta Pippig (GER) 1993: Renata Kokowska (POL) 1994: Katrin Dörre-Heinig (GER) 1995: Uta Pippig (GER) 1996: Colleen De Reuck (RSA) 1997: Catherina McKiernan (IRL) 1998: Marleen Renders (BEL) 1999: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 2000: Kazumi Matsuo (JPN) 2001: Naoko Takahashi (JPN) 2002: Naoko Takahashi (JPN) 2003: Yasuko Hashimoto (JPN) 2004: Yoko Shibui (JPN) 2005: Mizuki Noguchi (JPN) 2006: Gete Wami (ETH) 2007: Gete Wami (ETH) 2008: Irina Mikitenko (GER) 2009: Atsede Habtamu (ETH) 2010: Aberu Kebede (ETH) 2011: Florence Kiplagat (KEN) 2012: Aberu Kebede (ETH) 2013: Florence Kiplagat (KEN) 2014: Tirfi Tsegaye (ETH) 2015: Gladys Cherono (KEN) 2016: Aberu Kebede (ETH) 2017: Gladys Cherono (KEN) 2018: Gladys Cherono (KEN) 2019: Ashete Bekere (ETH) 2020: Not held 2021: Gotytom Gebreslase (ETH) 2022: Tigst Assefa (ETH) 2023: Tigst Assefa (ETH) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon – List (M/W) Boston Marathon – List (M/W) Chicago Marathon – List (M/W) London Marathon – List (M/W) New York City Marathon – List (M/W) Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W) vteRotterdam Marathon – women's winners 1981: Marja Wokke (NED) 1982: Mathilde Heuing (FRG) 1983: Rosa Mota (POR) 1984: Carla Beurskens (NED) 1985: Wilma Rusman (NED) 1986: Ellinor Ljungros (SWE) 1987: Nelly Aerts (BEL) 1988: Xiao Hongyan (CHN) 1989: Elena Murgoci (ROM) 1990: Carla Beurskens (NED) 1991: Joke Kleijweg (NED) 1992: Aurora Cunha (POR) 1993: Anne van Schuppen (NED) 1994: Miyoko Asahina (JPN) 1995: Mónica Pont (ESP) 1996: Lieve Slegers (BEL) 1997: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 1998: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 1999: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 2000: Ana Isabel Alonso (ESP) 2001: Susan Chepkemei (KEN) 2002: Takami Ominami (JPN) 2003: Olivera Jevtić (SCG) 2004: Zhor El Kamch (MAR) 2005: Lornah Kiplagat (NED) 2006: Gishu Mindaye (ETH) 2007: Hiromi Ominami (JPN) 2008: Lyubov Morgunova (RUS) 2009: Nailiya Yulamanova (RUS) 2010: Aberu Kebede (ETH) 2011: Philes Ongori (KEN) 2012: Tiki Gelana (ETH) 2013: Jemima Sumgong (KEN) 2014: Abebech Afework (ETH) 2015: Asami Kato (JPN) 2016: Letebrhan Haylay (ETH) 2017: Meskerem Assefa (ETH) 2018: Visiline Jepkesho (KEN) 2019: Ashete Bekere (ETH) 2021: Stella Barsosio (KEN) 2022: Haven Hailu (ETH) vteCologne Marathon – women's winners 1997: Angelina Kanana (KEN) 1998: Małgorzata Sobańska (POL) 1999: Elżbieta Jarosz (POL) 2000: Małgorzata Sobańska (POL) 2001: Judith Kiplimo (KEN) 2002: Claudia Dreher (GER) 2003: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 2004 – 2005: Claudia Dreher (GER) 2006: Luminita Zaituc (GER) 2007: Sabrina Mockenhaupt (GER) 2008: Robe Tola (ETH) 2009: Sabrina Mockenhaupt (GER) 2010: Katharina Heinig (GER) 2011: Mekuria Aberume (ETH) 2012: Helena Kirop (KEN) 2013: Janet Rono (KEN) 2014: Shasho Insermu (ETH) 2015: Gelane Senbete (KEN) 2016: Bornes Kitur (KEN) 2017 – 2018: Rebecca Robisch (GER) 2019: Debbie Schöneborn (GER) vteLondon Marathon – women's winners 1981–1982: Joyce Smith (GBR) 1983: Grete Waitz (NOR) 1984–1985: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR) 1986: Grete Waitz (NOR) 1987–1988: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR) 1989: Véronique Marot (GBR) 1990: Wanda Panfil (POL) 1991: Rosa Mota (POR) 1992–1994: Katrin Dörre (GER) 1995: Małgorzata Sobańska (POL) 1996: Liz McColgan (GBR) 1997: Joyce Chepchumba (KEN) 1998: Catherina McKiernan (IRL) 1999: Joyce Chepchumba (KEN) 2000: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 2001: Derartu Tulu (ETH) 2002–2003: Paula Radcliffe (GBR) 2004: Margaret Okayo (KEN) 2005: Paula Radcliffe (GBR) 2006: Deena Kastor (USA) 2007: Zhou Chunxiu (CHN) 2008–2009: Irina Mikitenko (GER) 2010: Aselefech Mergia (ETH) 2011–2012: Mary Keitany (KEN) 2013: Priscah Jeptoo (KEN) 2014: Edna Kiplagat (KEN) 2015: Tigist Tufa (ETH) 2016: Jemima Sumgong (KEN) 2017: Mary Keitany (KEN) 2018: Vivian Cheruiyot (KEN) 2019–2020: Brigid Kosgei (KEN) 2021: Joyciline Jepkosgei (KEN) 2022: Yalemzerf Yehualaw (ETH) 2023: Sifan Hassan (NED) 2024: Peres Jepchirchir (KEN) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon – List (M/W) Boston Marathon – List (M/W) Chicago Marathon – List (M/W) London Marathon – List (M/W) New York City Marathon – List (M/W) Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W) vteRome Marathon – women's winners 1982: Laura Fogli (ITA) 1983: Alba Milana (ITA) 1984: Daniela Tiberti (ITA) 1985: Janet Richardson (USA) 1986: Katherine Gregory (USA) 1987: Maria Araneo (ITA) 1988: Fabiola Paoletti (ITA) 1989: Pascaline Wangui (KEN) 1990: Silvana Cucchietti (ITA) 1991: Fabiola Oppliger (SUI) 1992–1994: Not held 1995: Yelena Sipatova (RUS) 1996: Fatuma Roba (ETH) 1997: Jane Salumäe (EST) 1998: Franca Fiacconi (ITA) 1999: Maura Viceconte (ITA) 2000: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 2001: Maria Guida (ITA) 2002: Maria Cocchetti (ITA) 2003: Gloria Marconi (ITA) 2004: Ornella Ferrara (ITA) 2005: Silviya Skvortsova (RUS) 2006: Tetyana Hladyr (UKR) 2007: Souad Aït Salem (ALG) 2008: Galina Bogomolova (RUS) 2009–2011: Firehiwot Dado (ETH) 2012: Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai (KEN) 2013: Helena Kirop (KEN) 2014: Ayelu Lemma (ETH) 2015: Meseret Kitata (ETH) 2016: Rahma Tusa (ETH) 2017: Rahma Tusa (ETH) 2018: Rahma Tusa (ETH) 2019: Alemu Megertu (ETH) 2020: cancelled 2021: Peris Jerono (KEN) 2022: Sechale Dalasa (ETH) vteNew York City Marathon – women's winners 1971: Beth Bonner (USA) 1972–1973: Nina Kuscsik (USA) 1974: Kathrine Switzer (USA) 1975: Kim Merritt (USA) 1976–1977: Miki Gorman (USA) 1978–1980: Grete Waitz (NOR) 1981: Allison Roe (NZL) 1982–1986: Grete Waitz (NOR) 1987: Priscilla Welch (GBR) 1988: Grete Waitz (NOR) 1989: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR) 1990: Wanda Panfil (POL) 1991: Liz McColgan (GBR) 1992: Lisa Ondieki (AUS) 1993: Uta Pippig (GER) 1994–1995: Tegla Loroupe (KEN) 1996: Anuța Cătună (ROM) 1997: Franziska Rochat-Moser (SUI) 1998: Franca Fiacconi (ITA) 1999: Adriana Fernández (MEX) 2000: Lyudmila Petrova (RUS) 2001: Margaret Okayo (KEN) 2002: Joyce Chepchumba (KEN) 2003: Margaret Okayo (KEN) 2004: Paula Radcliffe (GBR) 2005–2006: Jeļena Prokopčuka (LAT) 2007–2008: Paula Radcliffe (GBR) 2009: Derartu Tulu (ETH) 2010: Edna Kiplagat (KEN) 2011: Firehiwot Dado (ETH) 2012 2013: Priscah Jeptoo (KEN) 2014–2016: Mary Keitany (KEN) 2017: Shalane Flanagan (USA) 2018: Mary Keitany (KEN) 2019: Joyciline Jepkosgei (KEN) 2020 2021: Peres Jepchirchir (KEN) 2022: Sharon Lokedi (KEN) 2023: Hellen Obiri (KEN) World Marathon Majors Berlin Marathon – List (M/W) Boston Marathon – List (M/W) Chicago Marathon – List (M/W) London Marathon – List (M/W) New York City Marathon – List (M/W) Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W) Authority control databases: People World Athletics
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She is also a global spokeswoman for peace, women's rights and education. Loroupe holds the world records for 25 and 30 kilometers and previously held the world marathon record. She was the first African woman to hold the marathon World Record, which she held from 19 April 1998 until 30 September 2001. She is the three-time World Half-Marathon champion. Loroupe was also the first woman from Africa to win the New York City Marathon, which she has won twice. She has won marathons in London, Rotterdam, Hong Kong, Berlin and Rome.In 2016, she was the person organizing the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio.[3]","title":"Tegla Loroupe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Pokot District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pokot_District"},{"link_name":"Great Rift 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Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tilburg road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilburg_Ten_Miles"},{"link_name":"Paris Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"City-Pier-City Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-Pier-City_Loop"},{"link_name":"the Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Parelloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parelloop"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Rome City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Lausanne Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Cologne Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2005 World Championships marathon race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Women%27s_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Venice Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Marathon"},{"link_name":"One Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_run"},{"link_name":"World record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Borgholzhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgholzhausen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Tegla Loroupe was born in Kapsait village in the Lelan division of West Pokot District. It is situated in the Great Rift Valley, approximately 600 kilometres north of Nairobi. Her father and mother are from the Pokot tribe, a Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting parts of northern Kenya, eastern Uganda and southern Ethiopia.[3]Loroupe was told by her father that she was useless and her career might be babysitting.[3] She grew up with 24 siblings. The Pokots being a polygamous culture, her father had four wives. She spent her childhood working fields, tending cattle and looking after younger brothers and sisters.At the age of six, Loroupe started school at Kapsait Elementary school; she had to run ten kilometers to and from school every morning. At school, she became aware of her potential as an athlete when she won races held over a distance of 800 or 1500 meters against much older students. She decided to pursue a career as a runner. However, she was not supported by anyone but her mother.Loroupe in 2007 at a meet in Schortens, Germany.The Kenyan athletics federation, Athletics Kenya, did not support her at first, thinking Loroupe too small and too thin. However, after she won a prestigious cross country barefoot race in 1988, this changed. She began to train to compete internationally the following year, earning her first pair of running shoes in 1989, which she wore only for particularly rough races. She was nominated for the junior race of the 1989 IAAF World Cross Country Championships finishing 28th. She competed again at the 1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finishing 16th in the junior race.In 1994 and 1998, Loroupe won the Goodwill Games over 10,000 metres, barefoot. Over the same distance she won bronze medals at the World Athletics Championships in 1995 and 1999.In 1994, Loroupe ran her first major marathon in New York. Running against the world's strongest competition, she won. As a consequence she was idolised by many young people in Africa: at last, a woman champion to complement the many successful male runners. She won the New York City Marathon again in 1995 and finished 3rd in 1998.Between 1997 and 1999, she won three world titles a row over the half marathon distance. She won Rotterdam Marathon three times between 1997 and 1999. She won Berlin Marathon in 1999 and finished second in 2001. She finished second at the 1999 Osaka International Ladies Marathon.Loroupe won the Zevenheuvelenloop 15K race in the Netherland three times (1992, 1993 and 1998).\nShe is a seven-time Egmond Half Marathon winner (1993–1998, 2000). She has won the Lisbon Half Marathon a record six times: 1994–1997, 1999 and 2000.[4] She has won the Tilburg road race, a five times (1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999), also a record number. She won the Paris Half Marathon in 1994 and 1998,[5] City-Pier-City Loop half marathon in the Hague in 1998,[6] and the Parelloop 10K in race in the Netherlands in 1999[7]During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, favoured to win both the marathon and the 10,000 meters, she suffered from violent food poisoning the night before the race. Nevertheless, she fought through the marathon race, finishing 13th, then, the next day, ran the 10,000 metres, finishing 5th,[1] running barefoot in both races, a feat she later stated she achieved out of a sense of duty to all the people taking her as a bearer of hope in her home country. Until the end of 2001, she continued to suffer from various health problems.In 2000, she won London Marathon and Rome City Marathon. She also won Lausanne Marathon in 2002, Cologne Marathon in 2003 and Leipzig Marathon in 2004.Loroupe competed at the 2005 World Championships marathon race in Helsinki, Finland, but finished only 40th. In February 2006 she won the Hong Kong Half-Marathon. The same year she finished 5th in the Rotterdam Marathon and 2nd in the Venice Marathon. In 2007, she participated again the New York City Marathon, finishing 8th.Loroupe's biggest successes include world records over 20, 25 and 30 kilometers as well as the past record over the marathon distance. She used to hold the One Hour running World record of 18,340 m set in Borgholzhausen, Germany, but the record was broken by Dire Tune of Ethiopia ten years later, in 2008 (new record 18,517 m).[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"Roger Federer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Federer"},{"link_name":"Elias Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Figueroa"},{"link_name":"Katrina Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Webb"},{"link_name":"International Association of Athletics Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tegla Loroupe Peace Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegla_Loroupe_Peace_Academy"},{"link_name":"Kapenguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapenguria"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kapenguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapenguria"},{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Joey Cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Cheek"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shoe4Africa team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe4Africa_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sarah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Peace and Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Around the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Homeless World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Refugee Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Olympic_Team_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-3"},{"link_name":"Olympians for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Olympians_Association#Olympians_for_Life"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 2006, she was named a United Nations Ambassador of Sport by Secretary General Kofi Annan, together with Roger Federer, tennis champion from Switzerland, Elias Figueroa, Latin American soccer legend from Chile, and Katrina Webb paralympics gold medalist from Australia. She is an International Sports Ambassador for the IAAF, the International Association of Athletics Federations, and for UNICEF.In 2003, Loroupe created an annual series of Peace Marathons sponsored by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation \"Peace Through Sports\". Presidents, Prime Ministers, Ambassadors and government officials run with warriors and nomadic groups in her native Kenya, in Uganda and in Sudan, to bring peace to an area plagued by raiding warriors from battling tribes. In 2010 the Kenyan Government lauded her achievements as hundreds of warriors had laid down their weapons.[9]She has established a school (Tegla Loroupe Peace Academy) and orphanage for children from the region in Kapenguria, a high-mountain town in north-west Kenya.The 2006 Peace Marathon was held on 18 November 2006, in Kapenguria, Kenya. Two thousand warriors from six tribes competed. The next Peace Marathon was 15 November 2008 in Kapenguria, Kenya. National ambassadors to Kenya participated, together with the Prime Minister, and several Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan Ministers. The Peace Marathon has been held each year since then, with the exception of the past two Covid years. Winners of the races often begin professional training in long-distance running, or join the training team of ex-warriors.In February 2007, she was named the Oxfam Ambassador of Sport and Peace to Darfur. In December 2006, she travelled with George Clooney, Joey Cheek, and Don Cheadle to Beijing, Cairo, and New York on a diplomatic mission to bring an end to violence in Darfur. She won the \"Community Hero\" category at the 2007 Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year awards.[10]In November 2009, Tegla represented the Shoe4Africa team.[11] running the New York Marathon alongside founder Toby Tanser and actress Sarah Jones[12] finishing in 3:54:02.Loroupe is a member of the 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organisation.[13]As reported by Olympic news outlet Around the Rings, the IOC recognised six women, five from each continent and one to represent the world, for their achievements and their work to promote women's sport. Loroupe was awarded the world trophy.In 2015 Loroupe became an Ambassador for the Homeless World Cup.[14]In 2016, she was the Chef de Mission organizing the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics.[3] At those games Loroupe was inducted into the Olympians for life project for her work in promoting peace.[15] In October 2016 Loroupe was awarded United Nations Person of the Year.[16]","title":"Goodwill"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marathons"}]
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null
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The Standard. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329115933/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/InsidePage.php?id=2000022436&cid=159","url_text":"\"Loroupe seduces 700 Pokot warriors to give up guns for peace\""},{"url":"http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/InsidePage.php?id=2000022436&cid=159","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fidelman, Brian (2 April 2018). \"THE ROVING RUNNER; In Central Park, With an Accent on Training\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E7D9163FF935A15753C1A96F9C8B63","url_text":"\"THE ROVING RUNNER; In Central Park, With an Accent on Training\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sarah Runs NYC Marathon\". Sarah Jones. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sarahjonesonline.com/appearances/sarah-runs-nyc-marathon","url_text":"\"Sarah Runs NYC Marathon\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tegla Loroupe\". Homeless World Cup. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://homelessworldcup.org/tegla-loroupe/","url_text":"\"Tegla Loroupe\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympians for Life Project proves popular at Olympians Reunion Centre by EY\".","urls":[{"url":"https://olympians.org/news/723/olympians-for-life-project-proves-popular-at-olympians-reunion-centre-by-ey/","url_text":"\"Olympians for Life Project proves popular at Olympians Reunion Centre by EY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olympian Loroupe Sets Example with UN Honour\".","urls":[{"url":"https://olympians.org/news/759/olympian-loroupe-sets-example-with-un-honour/","url_text":"\"Olympian Loroupe Sets Example with UN Honour\""}]},{"reference":"\"ARRS - Race: New York City\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Horse_Society
British Horse Society
["1 History","1.1 Aims","1.2 British Riding Clubs","2 Governance","3 Activities","3.1 Qualifications, training and education","3.2 Access and Rights of Way","3.3 Safety","3.4 Welfare","4 Successes","4.1 Dead Slow","5 Controversy","5.1 Ministry of Defence","5.2 Noel Edmonds","5.3 Rollkur","5.4 Claypits - Staple Bridleway","6 Headquarters","6.1 Green Roof","7 Hall of Fame","8 References","9 External links","9.1 Video clips"]
British charitable organization The British Horse SocietyAbbreviationBHSFounded5 November 1947 (1947-11-05)TypeCharitable organisationRegistration no.England and Wales: 210504 Scotland: SC038516FocusEquineLocationAbbey Park, Stareton, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, CV8 2XZCoordinates52°20′35″N 1°29′57″W / 52.343048°N 1.499186°W / 52.343048; -1.499186Area served United KingdomMembers Over 110,000Key peopleJames Hick (CEO), Martin Clunes (President)PublicationBritish Horse magazineEmployees 87 (average full-time equivalent) (2018)Websitewww.bhs.org.uk The British Horse Society (BHS) is a membership-based equine charity, with a stated vision of "a Society which provides a strong voice for horses and people and which spreads awareness through support, training and education". It currently has more than 110,000 members, with a further 34,000 members affiliated through a British Riding Club, making it the largest equine membership organisation in the United Kingdom. It is one of the 19 organisations which form part of the British Equestrian Federation. History The BHS was founded in 1947 in the amalgamation of two organisations – the Institute of the Horse and Pony Club, and the National Horse Association of Great Britain. Mary Colvin was its first president. Aims The primary objectives of the BHS are: To promote and advance the education, training and safety of the public in all matters relating to the horse To promote the use, breeding, well-being, safety, environment, health and management of the horse for the public benefit To promote community participation in healthy recreation involving the horse To promote and facilitate the prevention of cruelty, neglect or harm to horses and to promote the relief, safety, sanctuary, rescue and welfare of horses in need of care, attention and assistance To promote and secure the provision, protection and preservation of rights of way and of access for riding and driving horses over public roads, highways, footpaths, bridleways, carriageways, public paths and other land. British Riding Clubs The British Riding Clubs (BRC) movement became affiliated to The British Horse Society over fifty years ago, when several riding clubs from the South East England area approached the BHS with the idea of providing a scheme where riding clubs could become affiliated to the BHS, while remaining relatively autonomous, running their own affairs. Since then, the numbers have grown considerably, with more than 440 affiliated clubs, over 50 affiliated riding centres, and over 34,000 members, each coming within one of 23 administrative areas. Each riding club's membership is open to everyone, from leisure riders to competitors. The aims of BRC are to help people ride, compete and train together at national competitions, training and social events. BRC areas organise a wide range of competitive, social and educational activities for their members, with championships held at some of Britain's most prestigious events, such as the Royal Windsor Horse Show, the Royal International Horse Show, and the London International Horse Show (Olympia). Governance The president of the society is Martin Clunes. The patron of the society was Queen Elizabeth II and the vice patron is Princess Anne. Activities Qualifications, training and education The BHS has an extensive and world-standard system of qualifications, training and education, including the Horse Owner's Certificates which are aimed at the leisure rider, and the Stages exams which lead to various riding instructor's and groom's qualifications. The BHS also maintains a Register of Accredited Professional Coaches in the UK and around the world. Access and Rights of Way See also: Category:Bridleroutes in the United Kingdom The BHS Access and Rights of Way department works to improve the bridleways network throughout England, Scotland and Wales. It has created the 'National Bridleroute Network' of long distance equestrian routes, incorporating bridleways, byways and minor roads, which it has called 'bridleroutes'. This work is supported by a network of national committees and regional groups. The BHS is consulted about proposed legislation, government planning guidance, Definitive Maps and road schemes, and has influenced and continues to influence legislation. The BHS were among a group of organisations against a decision by the BMW car company to reassign the use of BMW property in Oxfordshire, resulting in closure of an existing bridleway with no alternative offered. The BHS challenged this decision by BMW in court and subsequently lost and were ordered to repay legal costs to BMW. Some questioned BHS management's application of limited financial resources to the cause. The good intent of the BHS was recognised by many, as the continued loss of bridleways across the country has eroded the freedom of those participating in horseriding activities. A protest against the court's decision, supported by a local councillor, was unsuccessful. Safety The BHS Safety Department promotes the ongoing improvement of horse and rider safety. This includes campaigning for recognition and safe conditions for riders on Britain's roads. Education of motorists and riders is a high priority. The Riding and Road Safety test is taken by more than 4,000 candidates every year. This helps to educate riders in road safety and to minimise the risks involved when riding on the road. The society runs a website dedicated to safety advice and reporting safety incidents, www.horseaccidents.org.uk. The data collected is used to lobby for better conditions for equestrians. In the site's first two years, the BHS saw a 250% increase in road accidents reported to them, and incidents involving dog attacks helped influence changes to the Dangerous Dogs Bill. Welfare The BHS Welfare team aims to prevent cases of cruelty and neglect through education. This is achieved through its network of welfare volunteers, advisory literature, and a dedicated team at the society's headquarters. The experience of BHS Welfare volunteers is intended to allow the society to respond quickly in an informed manner to reports of equine suffering and neglect, giving advice and guidance to horse owners on a long-term basis where necessary. As well as responding to welfare concerns, the department lobbies government on a number of welfare-related issues; runs campaigns including the Ragwort Awareness Campaign; promotes responsible breeding through its 'Think Before You Breed' campaign and close link with the BHS Horse and Pony Breeds Committee; works closely with other welfare organisations and monitors the horses and ponies on the BHS's rehoming scheme. To help fund its work, BHS Welfare organises and runs Challenge Rides to Peru, Jordan, Iceland, Bulgaria, Iceland, India, Lesotho, Mongolia, Morocco, Spain and Inner Mongolia. Successes Dead Slow In March 2016, the BHS launched its Dead Slow campaign, to encourage drivers to slow down to 15 mph and pass widely when they meet horses on the road. The campaign earned national coverage on BBC TV and radio, featured on petrol pumps across the UK and was raised as an Early Day Motion in Parliament by Liz Saville-Roberts MP. Controversy Ministry of Defence The BHS caused controversy in November 2006, by issuing an award to the U.K. Ministry of Defence for actions taken to improve the safety for horse riders in areas of the country used for low flight level aircraft training, despite the M.O.D. having been previously found directly responsible for the death of a novice horse rider and ordered to address their low flying policies as a result. Some felt the award was ethically improper; particularly so, since the BHS had used the name of the accident victim in promotional material without the consent of the family members. Noel Edmonds In June 2006, the then president of the BHS, celebrity Noel Edmonds, severely criticised the BHS for failing to fulfill its fundamental aims; that of recruitment of the existing horse riding community to the organisation and positive promotion of the activity to potential new participants. The chairman of the BHS, Patrick Print, attempted to mitigate Edmonds's statements by quoting some recent activities the BHS had participated in. Edmonds resigned from his position at the BHS a few months later. Rollkur In 2007, an issue of a BHS publication carried an article on the controversial rollkur procedure (otherwise known as LDR or Hyperflection) debate. The BHS received letters of complaint from its membership and some individuals called for the resignation of the senior management of the BHS for bringing the organisation's name into disrepute. The response of the then chairman, Patrick Print, to a letter from one member was deemed dismissive and confrontational by some members. The BHS has since published a policy based on the procedure being 'an unacceptable method of training horses by any rider for any length of time'. Claypits - Staple Bridleway The BHS has been caught in a controversy with Kent locals due to BHS's pressure on the Kent County Council (KCC) to convert a small footpath into a bridleway. The locals have objected to this decision for the following reasons: The 3m bridleway width stipulation challenges listed buildings: the route proposed by the BHS travels between Claypits House (1685) and the Claypits Farm Cottage (1840), both grade II listed. The current public footpath is approximately 2.1m wide resulting in the bridleway plans requiring 0.9m of private property to be removed. The existence of a bridleway which runs parallel to the proposed pathway from Goodnestone up to Crixhall. 'Pudding' and 'Disaster' has been a nickname for the pathway for decades due to the intense soil instability in the area. The clay soil along the path towards 'Clay'-pits becomes extremely sticky and saturated - this will cause issues for the Horses which will attempt to cross the path. The horse hoof's impression on the soil will create a dangerous and unstable route for pedestrians during high rainfall periods. British Horse Society PDF for 'Advice on Surfaces for Horses in England and Wales' states how 'Where the soil type is clay... then artificial surfacing may be required for the route to remain passable for all users'. The PDF guide produced by BHS further notes how 'Clay soils are particularly prone to damage by horses. Well-used paths on such soils soon become a sticky mess impassable to walkers, cyclists or riders'. The BHS realises the difficulty of bridleways along clay soils and yet, they still persist to form the bridleway. The Ordnance Survey maps used for the BHS & KCC decisions contain fundamental flaws with mistakes of several feet along the pathway. The current Public footpath is maintained by the landowner and once it becomes a Bridleway, the County Council (KCC) will be placed in charge. However, The Public Rights of Way Officer for KCC has stated that KCC 'does not have the resources to cut grass, clear trees, etc', therefore it is expected that the route will become overgrown and impassable soon after the conversion to Bridleway. The public footpath currently passes through farmland for 1.5 miles with the footpath width no wider than 5 ft. The switch to 'bridleway' will cause the farm to lose valuable land due to the widening of the footpath from 5 ft to 9.10 ft (3m). This will result in lost revenue and decreased crop yield in a time of reduced food security in the UK. KCC loss of locals objection letter. Despite acknowledgement of receipt from KCC of the objection letter from Goodnestone Parish Council, KCC did not consider the letter in the decision-making. The British Horse Society and KCC based their decision on a map from 1910, failing to acknowledge that the once quiet exit point of the footpath at Claypits is now a hazardous area with cars, vans and tractors driving past. The positioning of The Old Malthouse (Grade II listed) also severely limits the view of oncoming cars to pedestrians. The conversion of the pathway into a bridleway will cause multiple hazards for both the horse riders and the cars at this exit point, with the risk of collision marked as high. Headquarters The new British Horse Society HQ circles an ancient Oak tree and is topped with a Sedum green roof In 2010 the outdated premises were replaced with a state of the art eco-friendly HQ which sits within Abbey Park in Warwickshire. The 3.5-acre site offered a great location but came with various planning issues and constraints due to the rural location. The architects had to come up with a solution to have a minimal effect on the green belt land beyond. A view across the Sky Garden green roof showing the ancient oak tree standing at the centre of the British Horse Society Headquarters. The design they came up with was just a single storey, and circled a mature oak tree which had stood on the site for years. Constructed from natural stone, clad with European Oak and topped with a sedum green roof, the aim was to create an ecosystem around the one central oak. The aim for the building was to create a high quality modern building, without compromising the surrounding countryside. To ensure this the materials used were sustainable sourced and the building was designed with this in mind. Green Roof The 2200sqm roof took around 3 weeks to install in the summer of 2010. The green roof featured a specialist drainage and filter layer, topped with extensive substrate and a pre grown sedum blanket. The roof provides insulation to the building, helping it stay cool in the hot summer months and warm during the winter. Studies show that a thick layer of vegetation can increase the efficiency of the roof by up to 60%. The rural location meant the green roof helped to reduce the aesthetic impact of the building and blended it into its surroundings. Hall of Fame The British Horse Society Equestrian Hall of Fame honours those who have made outstanding contributions to the world of equestrianism. References ^ a b "Your Membership". The British Horse Society. ^ "The British Horse Society Annual Report 2018". BHS website. ^ "British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504". Charity Commission for England and Wales. ^ a b "British Riding Clubs". The British Horse Society. ^ "Member Bodies". British Equestrian Federation. ^ "Our Mission". The British Horse Society. ^ "British Riding Clubs Centre Membership Scheme". The British Horse Society. ^ "BRC Championships". The British Horse Society. ^ "Our People". The British Horse Society. ^ "Our Purpose". The British Horse Society. ^ "BHS Register of Instructor and Grooms". The British Horse Society. ^ "BHS Register of Instructors and Grooms". The British Horse Society. ^ "The British Horse Society: EMAGIN". The British Horse Society. ^ a b "BHS and the Government". The British Horse Society. ^ "Private Eye Magazine via Equine Ramblers". Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2013. ^ "Riders protest over bridleway closed beside BMW car plant". Horse & Hound. November 2007. ^ "Advice and Prevention: Riding on the Road". The British Horse Society. July 2013. ^ "BHS Riding and Road Safety Test". The British Horse Society. ^ "British Horse Society Website Influencing Legislation". Horse & Hound. November 2012. ^ "BHS Welfare Advisors". The British Horse Society. ^ "BHS Ragwort Campaign". The British Horse Society. ^ "Think Before You Breed". The British Horse Society. ^ "Challenge Rides". The British Horse Society. ^ "Dead? Or Dead Slow?: New statistics reveal threat on Britain's roads for horse riders | British Horse Society". www.bhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2016. ^ "BBC Breakfast on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2016. ^ "BritishHorseSociety on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2016. ^ a b "Horse road safety campaign to reach millions of UK drivers". ^ "MoD promises air advice after rider's death". The Guardian. September 2005. ^ "Noel Edmonds Calls For Changes At The BHS". Horsetalk.co.nz. June 2006. ^ "BHS Response to Rollkur complaint". Newrider.com. September 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011. ^ "High-tech data confirm record poor harvest after year of extreme weather | UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology". www.ceh.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2022. ^ "British Horse Society HQ Warwickshire". 22 February 2011. ^ "Sedum Blanket Roof System at British Horse Society | Sky Garden". ^ "Green Roof with High-Density Vegetation Acts as Passive Cooling System". 26 March 2015. ^ "Hall of Fame | the British Horse Society". External links Official British Horse Society website "British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504". Charity Commission for England and Wales. Video clips Promotional video vteBritish Equestrian Federation British Dressage British Eventing British Showjumping Association British Horse Society The Pony Club British Equestrian Vaulting British Horse Driving Trials Association British Reining Endurance GB Association of British Riding Schools Horsescotland Riding for the Disabled Association British Horseball Association Mounted Games Association of Great Britain UK Polocrosse Association British Equestrian Trade Association British Grooms Association The Showing Council Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States
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Mary Colvin was its first president.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cruelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty"},{"link_name":"neglect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglect"},{"link_name":"welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare"},{"link_name":"rights of way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_way_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_(horse)"},{"link_name":"highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways"},{"link_name":"footpaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footpaths"},{"link_name":"bridleways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridleways"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Mission-6"}],"sub_title":"Aims","text":"The primary objectives of the BHS are:To promote and advance the education, training and safety of the public in all matters relating to the horse\nTo promote the use, breeding, well-being, safety, environment, health and management of the horse for the public benefit\nTo promote community participation in healthy recreation involving the horse\nTo promote and facilitate the prevention of cruelty, neglect or harm to horses and to promote the relief, safety, sanctuary, rescue and welfare of horses in need of care, attention and assistance\nTo promote and secure the provision, protection and preservation of rights of way and of access for riding and driving horses over public roads, highways, footpaths, bridleways, carriageways, public paths and other land.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Riding_Clubs-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Windsor Horse Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Windsor_Horse_Show"},{"link_name":"Royal International Horse Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_International_Horse_Show"},{"link_name":"London International Horse Show (Olympia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_London_International_Horse_Show"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"British Riding Clubs","text":"The British Riding Clubs (BRC) movement became affiliated to The British Horse Society over fifty years ago, when several riding clubs from the South East England area approached the BHS with the idea of providing a scheme where riding clubs could become affiliated to the BHS, while remaining relatively autonomous, running their own affairs. Since then, the numbers have grown considerably, with more than 440 affiliated clubs, over 50 affiliated riding centres, and over 34,000 members, each coming within one of 23 administrative areas. Each riding club's membership is open to everyone, from leisure riders to competitors.[7]The aims of BRC are to help people ride, compete and train together at national competitions, training and social events.[4] BRC areas organise a wide range of competitive, social and educational activities for their members, with championships held at some of Britain's most prestigious events, such as the Royal Windsor Horse Show, the Royal International Horse Show, and the London International Horse Show (Olympia).[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"Martin Clunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Clunes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"patron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Princess Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Purpose-10"}],"text":"The president of the society is Martin Clunes.[9] The patron of the society was Queen Elizabeth II and the vice patron is Princess Anne.[10]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"riding instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_instructor"},{"link_name":"groom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groom_(profession)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Qualifications, training and education","text":"The BHS has an extensive and world-standard system of qualifications, training and education, including the Horse Owner's Certificates which are aimed at the leisure rider, and the Stages exams which lead to various riding instructor's and groom's qualifications.[11]The BHS also maintains a Register of Accredited Professional Coaches[12] in the UK and around the world.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Bridleroutes in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bridleroutes_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"bridleways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridleways"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"byways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byway_(road)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Government-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"bridleway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridleway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Access and Rights of Way","text":"See also: Category:Bridleroutes in the United KingdomThe BHS Access and Rights of Way department works to improve the bridleways network throughout England, Scotland and Wales. It has created the 'National Bridleroute Network' of long distance equestrian routes, incorporating bridleways, byways and minor roads, which it has called 'bridleroutes'.[13] This work is supported by a network of national committees and regional groups. The BHS is consulted about proposed legislation, government planning guidance, Definitive Maps and road schemes, and has influenced and continues to influence legislation.[14]The BHS were among a group of organisations [15] against a decision by the BMW car company to reassign the use of BMW property in Oxfordshire, resulting in closure of an existing bridleway with no alternative offered. The BHS challenged this decision by BMW in court and subsequently lost and were ordered to repay legal costs to BMW. Some questioned BHS management's application of limited financial resources to the cause. The good intent of the BHS was recognised by many, as the continued loss of bridleways across the country has eroded the freedom of those participating in horseriding activities. A protest against the court's decision, supported by a local councillor, was unsuccessful.[16]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Safety","text":"The BHS Safety Department promotes the ongoing improvement of horse and rider safety. This includes campaigning for recognition and safe conditions for riders on Britain's roads.Education of motorists and riders is a high priority.[17] The Riding and Road Safety test is taken by more than 4,000 candidates every year. This helps to educate riders in road safety and to minimise the risks involved when riding on the road.[18]The society runs a website dedicated to safety advice and reporting safety incidents, www.horseaccidents.org.uk. The data collected is used to lobby for better conditions for equestrians. In the site's first two years, the BHS saw a 250% increase in road accidents reported to them, and incidents involving dog attacks helped influence changes to the Dangerous Dogs Bill.[19]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurWelfareOfficers-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Government-14"},{"link_name":"Ragwort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Welfare","text":"The BHS Welfare team aims to prevent cases of cruelty and neglect through education. This is achieved through its network of welfare volunteers, advisory literature, and a dedicated team at the society's headquarters. The experience of BHS Welfare volunteers is intended to allow the society to respond quickly in an informed manner to reports of equine suffering and neglect, giving advice and guidance to horse owners on a long-term basis where necessary.[20]As well as responding to welfare concerns, the department lobbies government on a number of welfare-related issues;[14] runs campaigns including the Ragwort Awareness Campaign;[21] promotes responsible breeding through its 'Think Before You Breed' campaign[22] and close link with the BHS Horse and Pony Breeds Committee; works closely with other welfare organisations and monitors the horses and ponies on the BHS's rehoming scheme.To help fund its work, BHS Welfare organises and runs Challenge Rides to Peru, Jordan, Iceland, Bulgaria, Iceland, India, Lesotho, Mongolia, Morocco, Spain and Inner Mongolia.[23]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Successes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"Liz Saville-Roberts MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Saville-Roberts"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"}],"sub_title":"Dead Slow","text":"In March 2016, the BHS launched its Dead Slow campaign, to encourage drivers to slow down to 15 mph and pass widely when they meet horses on the road.[24]The campaign earned national coverage on BBC TV[25] and radio,[26] featured on petrol pumps across the UK[27] and was raised as an Early Day Motion in Parliament by Liz Saville-Roberts MP.[27]","title":"Successes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Ministry of Defence","text":"The BHS caused controversy in November 2006, by issuing an award to the U.K. Ministry of Defence for actions taken to improve the safety for horse riders in areas of the country used for low flight level aircraft training, despite the M.O.D. having been previously found directly responsible for the death of a novice horse rider and ordered to address their low flying policies as a result.Some felt the award was ethically improper; particularly so, since the BHS had used the name of the accident victim in promotional material without the consent of the family members.[28]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Edmonds"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Noel Edmonds","text":"In June 2006, the then president of the BHS, celebrity Noel Edmonds, severely criticised the BHS for failing to fulfill its fundamental aims; that of recruitment of the existing horse riding community to the organisation and positive promotion of the activity to potential new participants. The chairman of the BHS, Patrick Print, attempted to mitigate Edmonds's statements by quoting some recent activities the BHS had participated in. Edmonds resigned from his position at the BHS a few months later.[29]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rollkur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollkur"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Rollkur","text":"In 2007, an issue of a BHS publication carried an article on the controversial rollkur procedure (otherwise known as LDR or Hyperflection) debate. The BHS received letters of complaint from its membership and some individuals called for the resignation of the senior management of the BHS for bringing the organisation's name into disrepute. The response of the then chairman, Patrick Print, to a letter from one member was deemed dismissive and confrontational by some members.[30] The BHS has since published a policy based on the procedure being 'an unacceptable method of training horses by any rider for any length of time'.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/guidance/public-rights-of-way-landowner-responsibilities"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Claypits - Staple Bridleway","text":"The BHS has been caught in a controversy with Kent locals due to BHS's pressure on the Kent County Council (KCC) to convert a small footpath into a bridleway. The locals have objected to this decision for the following reasons:The 3m bridleway width stipulation challenges listed buildings: the route proposed by the BHS travels between Claypits House (1685) and the Claypits Farm Cottage (1840), both grade II listed. The current public footpath is approximately 2.1m wide resulting in the bridleway plans requiring 0.9m of private property to be removed.[1]\nThe existence of a bridleway which runs parallel to the proposed pathway from Goodnestone up to Crixhall.\n'Pudding' and 'Disaster' has been a nickname for the pathway for decades due to the intense soil instability in the area. The clay soil along the path towards 'Clay'-pits becomes extremely sticky and saturated - this will cause issues for the Horses which will attempt to cross the path. The horse hoof's impression on the soil will create a dangerous and unstable route for pedestrians during high rainfall periods.\nBritish Horse Society PDF for 'Advice on Surfaces for Horses in England and Wales' states how 'Where the soil type is clay... then artificial surfacing may be required for the route to remain passable for all users'. The PDF guide produced by BHS further notes how 'Clay soils are particularly prone to damage by horses. Well-used paths on such soils soon become a sticky mess impassable to walkers, cyclists or riders'. The BHS realises the difficulty of bridleways along clay soils and yet, they still persist to form the bridleway.\nThe Ordnance Survey maps used for the BHS & KCC decisions contain fundamental flaws with mistakes of several feet along the pathway.\nThe current Public footpath is maintained by the landowner and once it becomes a Bridleway, the County Council (KCC) will be placed in charge. However, The Public Rights of Way Officer for KCC has stated that KCC 'does not have the resources to cut grass, clear trees, etc', therefore it is expected that the route will become overgrown and impassable soon after the conversion to Bridleway.\nThe public footpath currently passes through farmland for 1.5 miles with the footpath width no wider than 5 ft. The switch to 'bridleway' will cause the farm to lose valuable land due to the widening of the footpath from 5 ft to 9.10 ft (3m). This will result in lost revenue and decreased crop yield in a time of reduced food security in the UK.[31]\nKCC loss of locals objection letter. Despite acknowledgement of receipt from KCC of the objection letter from Goodnestone Parish Council, KCC did not consider the letter in the decision-making.\nThe British Horse Society and KCC based their decision on a map from 1910, failing to acknowledge that the once quiet exit point of the footpath at Claypits is now a hazardous area with cars, vans and tractors driving past. The positioning of The Old Malthouse (Grade II listed) also severely limits the view of oncoming cars to pedestrians. The conversion of the pathway into a bridleway will cause multiple hazards for both the horse riders and the cars at this exit point, with the risk of collision marked as high.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"green roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"green belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_belt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_Garden_British_Horse_Society_Green_Roof.JPG"},{"link_name":"green roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The new British Horse Society HQ circles an ancient Oak tree and is topped with a Sedum green roofIn 2010 the outdated premises were replaced with a state of the art eco-friendly HQ which sits within Abbey Park in Warwickshire. The 3.5-acre site offered a great location but came with various planning issues and constraints due to the rural location. The architects had to come up with a solution to have a minimal effect on the green belt land beyond.A view across the Sky Garden green roof showing the ancient oak tree standing at the centre of the British Horse Society Headquarters.The design they came up with was just a single storey, and circled a mature oak tree which had stood on the site for years. Constructed from natural stone, clad with European Oak and topped with a sedum green roof, the aim was to create an ecosystem around the one central oak. The aim for the building was to create a high quality modern building, without compromising the surrounding countryside. To ensure this the materials used were sustainable sourced and the building was designed with this in mind.[32]","title":"Headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"green roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof"},{"link_name":"sedum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedum"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Green Roof","text":"The 2200sqm roof took around 3 weeks to install in the summer of 2010. The green roof featured a specialist drainage and filter layer, topped with extensive substrate and a pre grown sedum blanket. The roof provides insulation to the building, helping it stay cool in the hot summer months and warm during the winter.[33] Studies show that a thick layer of vegetation can increase the efficiency of the roof by up to 60%.[34] The rural location meant the green roof helped to reduce the aesthetic impact of the building and blended it into its surroundings.","title":"Headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The British Horse Society Equestrian Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Horse_Society_Equestrian_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The British Horse Society Equestrian Hall of Fame honours those who have made outstanding contributions to the world of equestrianism.[35]","title":"Hall of Fame"}]
[{"image_text":"The new British Horse Society HQ circles an ancient Oak tree and is topped with a Sedum green roof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg/220px-British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view across the Sky Garden green roof showing the ancient oak tree standing at the centre of the British Horse Society Headquarters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sky_Garden_British_Horse_Society_Green_Roof.JPG/220px-Sky_Garden_British_Horse_Society_Green_Roof.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Your Membership\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/press-centre/news/2020/april/charity-blog","url_text":"\"Your Membership\""}]},{"reference":"\"The British Horse Society Annual Report 2018\". BHS website.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/~/media/documents/ceo/governance/annual-report-030719.ashx?la=en","url_text":"\"The British Horse Society Annual Report 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504\". Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=210504&subId=0","url_text":"\"British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"British Riding Clubs\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/enjoy-riding/british-riding-clubs","url_text":"\"British Riding Clubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member Bodies\". British Equestrian Federation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bef.co.uk/Detail.aspx?page=BEF-Member-Bodies","url_text":"\"Member Bodies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Mission\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/about-us-and-our-work","url_text":"\"Our Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Riding Clubs Centre Membership Scheme\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/~/media/BHS/Files/PDF%20Documents/BRC/BRC%20Centre%20Booklet.ashx","url_text":"\"British Riding Clubs Centre Membership Scheme\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRC Championships\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/enjoy-riding/british-riding-clubs/brc-championships","url_text":"\"BRC Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our People\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/about-us-and-our-work","url_text":"\"Our People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Purpose\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/about-us-and-our-work","url_text":"\"Our Purpose\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Register of Instructor and Grooms\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/training-and-qualifications","url_text":"\"BHS Register of Instructor and Grooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Register of Instructors and Grooms\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/enjoy-riding/find-an-accredited-professional--coach","url_text":"\"BHS Register of Instructors and Grooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"The British Horse Society: EMAGIN\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/access","url_text":"\"The British Horse Society: EMAGIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS and the Government\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/about-us-and-our-work/corporate-information/working-with-the-law/bhs-and-the-government","url_text":"\"BHS and the Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Private Eye Magazine via Equine Ramblers\". Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001558/http://www.equineramblersuk.co.uk/horse-riding-stories.php?id=9","url_text":"\"Private Eye Magazine via Equine Ramblers\""},{"url":"http://www.equineramblersuk.co.uk/horse-riding-stories.php?id=9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riders protest over bridleway closed beside BMW car plant\". Horse & Hound. November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/news/riders-protest-over-bridleway-closed-beside-bmw-car-plant/","url_text":"\"Riders protest over bridleway closed beside BMW car plant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advice and Prevention: Riding on the Road\". The British Horse Society. July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseaccidents.org.uk/Advice_and_Prevention/Riding_on_the_Road.aspx","url_text":"\"Advice and Prevention: Riding on the Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Riding and Road Safety Test\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://pathways.bhs.org.uk/ride-safe-award/","url_text":"\"BHS Riding and Road Safety Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Horse Society Website Influencing Legislation\". Horse & Hound. November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/news/british-horse-society-website-influencing-legislation","url_text":"\"British Horse Society Website Influencing Legislation\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Welfare Advisors\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/welfare/our-welfare-advisers","url_text":"\"BHS Welfare Advisors\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Ragwort Campaign\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/welfare/our-campaigns/ragwort-toolkit/ragwort-study","url_text":"\"BHS Ragwort Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Think Before You Breed\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/welfare/our-campaigns/think-before-you-breed","url_text":"\"Think Before You Breed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Challenge Rides\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/enjoy-riding/challenge-rides","url_text":"\"Challenge Rides\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dead? Or Dead Slow?: New statistics reveal threat on Britain's roads for horse riders | British Horse Society\". www.bhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/safety/dead-slow","url_text":"\"Dead? Or Dead Slow?: New statistics reveal threat on Britain's roads for horse riders | British Horse Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Breakfast on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BBCBreakfast/status/712893519216529408","url_text":"\"BBC Breakfast on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"BritishHorseSociety on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BritishHorse/status/712903785199247360","url_text":"\"BritishHorseSociety on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horse road safety campaign to reach millions of UK drivers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/press-centre/news/jan-to-jun-2016/horse-road-safety-campaign-to-reach-millions-of-uk-driversnews-article","url_text":"\"Horse road safety campaign to reach millions of UK drivers\""}]},{"reference":"\"MoD promises air advice after rider's death\". The Guardian. September 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/15/ruralaffairs.immigrationpolicy","url_text":"\"MoD promises air advice after rider's death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel Edmonds Calls For Changes At The BHS\". Horsetalk.co.nz. June 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/archives/2006/0606/108.shtml","url_text":"\"Noel Edmonds Calls For Changes At The BHS\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Response to Rollkur complaint\". Newrider.com. September 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110617112847/http://www.newrider.com/forum/showthread.php?s=d6373eb9b6d02136d240ebd345c25c96&t=111873","url_text":"\"BHS Response to Rollkur complaint\""},{"url":"http://www.newrider.com/forum/showthread.php?s=d6373eb9b6d02136d240ebd345c25c96&t=111873","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"High-tech data confirm record poor harvest after year of extreme weather | UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology\". www.ceh.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceh.ac.uk/press/high-tech-data-confirm-record-poor-harvest-after-year-extreme-weather","url_text":"\"High-tech data confirm record poor harvest after year of extreme weather | UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Horse Society HQ Warwickshire\". 22 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-architect.co.uk/england/british-horse-society-hq","url_text":"\"British Horse Society HQ Warwickshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sedum Blanket Roof System at British Horse Society | Sky Garden\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sky-garden.co.uk/gallery/british-horse.php","url_text":"\"Sedum Blanket Roof System at British Horse Society | Sky Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Roof with High-Density Vegetation Acts as Passive Cooling System\". 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azobuild.com/news.aspx?newsID=19801","url_text":"\"Green Roof with High-Density Vegetation Acts as Passive Cooling System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame | the British Horse Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/hall-of-fame","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame | the British Horse Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_Negeri_68_Jakarta
SMA Negeri 68 Jakarta
["1 Facilities","2 Extracurriculars and clubs","3 Annual events","4 See also"]
Public school in Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta, IndonesiaSMA Negeri 68 JakartaAddressKomplek Pendidikan, Jalan Salemba Raya No. 18Salemba Raya, Jakarta Pusat, DKI JakartaJakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta 10430IndonesiaInformationTypePublic schoolMottoDisiplin, Kreasi, PrestasiEstablished1981Enrollment280/yearWebsitehttp://www.sman68.sch.id/ SMA Negeri 68 Jakarta (popularly abbreviated as enamlapan) is a public high school located at Salemba Raya street in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The school is in one complex with SMP Negeri 216 Jakarta, SD Negeri Kenari, and Menza functional building. It was established on August 29, 1981, after being inaugurated by President Soeharto. In 2006, it was appointed to become RSBI (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional). Today, there are 840 students and 103 teachers and staff. Facilities Mosque Library Classrooms Language Laboratory Biology Laboratory Physics Laboratory Chemical Laboratory Social Studies Laboratory Computer Laboratory Audio Visual Room Functional Hall Principal's Room Teacher's room and lounge School Healthcare Unit's Room Cafeteria Courtyard Parking Lots Student's Organization Room Extracurriculars and clubs ROHIS (Rohani Islam) SRP (Seksi Rohani Protestan) SRK (Seksi Rohani Katolik) PMR (Palang Merah Remaja) Paskibra MBrass 68 (Marching Band, Cheers, and Baron(Photography)) KIR (Kelompok Ilmiah Remaja) Elpala (Enam Lapan Pencinta Alam) Futsal Basket Execom Tracesight (Traditional Dance Sixty Eight) TOSLA Pramuka Jacussie (Japanese Club of Sixty Eight) Silat Solitaire (English Club) Roxxels (Modern Dance of Sixty Eight) Annual events SMA 68 has an annual event, usually held in October and early November, called Bazkom (Bazaar dan Kompetisi). Starting in 2016, 68 has another annual event, called FINAL(Festival Islam Enam Lapan). See also List of schools in Indonesia
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[]
[{"title":"List of schools in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Indonesia"}]
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.sman68.sch.id/","external_links_name":"http://www.sman68.sch.id/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinti_language
Kwinti language
["1 References","2 Bibliography"]
English-based creole of Suriname KwintiNative toSurinameEthnicityKwintiNative speakers250 (2018)Language familyEnglish Creole AtlanticSurinameKwintiLanguage codesISO 639-3kwwGlottologkwin1243 Kwinti is an English-based creole of Suriname closely related to Ndyuka. The language has less than 300 speakers, and split from Plantation Creole which is nowadays known as Sranan Tongo in the middle 18th century. Code-switching with Sranan Tongo and Dutch was common among the younger generation in 1973, and about 70% of the tribe have moved to the urban areas. UNESCO considers the language endangered. In the 1970s, Jan English-Lueck collected a vocabulary of 500 words. Unlike the Ndyuka languages, the letter r is spoken in a similar way to Sranan Tongo and Dutch, although speakers without r have been discovered later. About three quarters of the words were cognate to Sranan Tongo, very few (circa 3%) were cognate to Matawai, and about 17% were not found in the other creoles and mainly originated from Dutch. The differences can be explained by education, because according to a 2011 study the population of Witagron had a good command of both Dutch and Sranan Tongo. References ^ Kwinti at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) ^ Hoogbergen 1992, p. 123. ^ Borges 2014, p. 195. ^ Borges 2014, p. 188. ^ Elst 1973, p. 14. ^ Richard Price (2013). "The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane". New West Indian Guide. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids Volume 87: Issue 3-4. 87 (3–4): 323–327. doi:10.1163/22134360-12340110. S2CID 140546216. Retrieved 25 July 2020. ^ "Kwinti". The University of the West-Indies, Jamaica. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2020. ^ Borges 2014, pp. 188–189. ^ Borges 2014, p. 191. Bibliography Borges, Roger (2014). The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname (PDF) (PhD. dissertation). Utrecht: Radboud University Nijmegen. Elst, Dirk van der (1973). "The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 55. University of Florida. Hoogbergen, Wim (1 January 1992). "Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 66 (1–2): 27–59. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002003. Green, E.C. (1974). The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society (PhD. dissertation). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America. vteLanguages of SurinameOfficial language Dutch Regional languages Aukan Caribbean Hindustani Chinese English Javanese Kwinti Saramaccan Sranan Tongo Indigenous languages Akurio Arawak Carib Mawayana Sikiana Trió Waiwai Warao Wayana This Suriname-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This pidgin and creole language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Unlike the Ndyuka languages, the letter r is spoken in a similar way to Sranan Tongo and Dutch, although speakers without r have been discovered later. About three quarters of the words were cognate to Sranan Tongo, very few (circa 3%) were cognate to Matawai, and about 17% were not found in the other creoles and mainly originated from Dutch.[8] The differences can be explained by education, because according to a 2011 study the population of Witagron had a good command of both Dutch and Sranan Tongo.[9]","title":"Kwinti language"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/348_fulltext.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00099461/00055/15j?search=bitagron"},{"link_name":"\"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002003"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1163/13822373-90002003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002003"},{"link_name":"The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/301564036"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Suriname"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Suriname"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Languages of Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_Suriname"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surinamese_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Aukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndyuka_language"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Hindustani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Javanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javanese_language"},{"link_name":"Kwinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Saramaccan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saramaccan_language"},{"link_name":"Sranan Tongo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sranan_Tongo"},{"link_name":"Akurio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akurio_language"},{"link_name":"Arawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arawak_language"},{"link_name":"Carib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carib_language"},{"link_name":"Mawayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawayana_language"},{"link_name":"Sikiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikiana_language"},{"link_name":"Trió","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiriy%C3%B3_language"},{"link_name":"Waiwai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiwai_language"},{"link_name":"Warao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warao_language"},{"link_name":"Wayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayana_language"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Suriname.svg"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwinti_language&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Suriname-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Suriname-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suriname-stub"},{"link_name":"pidgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgin"},{"link_name":"creole language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creole_language"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwinti_language&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pidgincreole-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Pidgincreole-lang-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pidgincreole-lang-stub"}],"text":"Borges, Roger (2014). The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname (PDF) (PhD. dissertation). Utrecht: Radboud University Nijmegen.\nElst, Dirk van der (1973). \"The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname\". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 55. University of Florida.\nHoogbergen, Wim (1 January 1992). \"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons\". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 66 (1–2): 27–59. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002003.\nGreen, E.C. (1974). The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society (PhD. dissertation). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America.vteLanguages of SurinameOfficial language\nDutch\nRegional languages\nAukan\nCaribbean Hindustani\nChinese\nEnglish\nJavanese\nKwinti\nSaramaccan\nSranan Tongo\nIndigenous languages\nAkurio\nArawak\nCarib\nMawayana\nSikiana\nTrió\nWaiwai\nWarao\nWayanaThis Suriname-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis pidgin and creole language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Richard Price (2013). \"The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane\". New West Indian Guide. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids Volume 87: Issue 3-4. 87 (3–4): 323–327. doi:10.1163/22134360-12340110. S2CID 140546216. Retrieved 25 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Price_(American_anthropologist)","url_text":"Richard Price"},{"url":"https://brill.com/view/journals/nwig/87/3-4/article-p323_3.xml?lang=en","url_text":"\"The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134360-12340110","url_text":"10.1163/22134360-12340110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140546216","url_text":"140546216"}]},{"reference":"\"Kwinti\". The University of the West-Indies, Jamaica. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171921/https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/ciel/pages/kwinti.htm","url_text":"\"Kwinti\""},{"url":"https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/ciel/pages/kwinti.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Borges, Roger (2014). The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname (PDF) (PhD. dissertation). Utrecht: Radboud University Nijmegen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/348_fulltext.pdf","url_text":"The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname"}]},{"reference":"Elst, Dirk van der (1973). \"The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname\". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 55. University of Florida.","urls":[{"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00099461/00055/15j?search=bitagron","url_text":"\"The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname\""}]},{"reference":"Hoogbergen, Wim (1 January 1992). \"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons\". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 66 (1–2): 27–59. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002003.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002003","url_text":"\"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002003","url_text":"10.1163/13822373-90002003"}]},{"reference":"Green, E.C. (1974). The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society (PhD. dissertation). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301564036","url_text":"The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_Me_Free_Pt._2
Set Me Free Pt. 2
["1 Music and lyrics","2 Commercial performance","3 Music video","3.1 Synopsis","3.2 Reception","4 Accolades","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Monthly charts","6 Notes","7 References"]
2023 single by Jimin "Set Me Free Pt. 2"Single by Jiminfrom the album Face LanguageKoreanEnglishReleasedMarch 17, 2023Genre Hip hop pop Length3:20LabelBig HitSongwriter(s)GhstloopPdoggJiminSupreme BoiProducer(s)PdoggGhstloopJimin singles chronology "Vibe" (2023) "Set Me Free Pt. 2" (2023) "Like Crazy" (2023) Music video"Set Me Free Pt. 2" on YouTube "Set Me Free Pt. 2" is a song by South Korean singer Jimin of BTS, released as the lead single from his debut solo studio album Face on March 17, 2023, through Big Hit Music. An intense hip hop and pop track about Jimin's refusal to be brought down by those who criticize him and overcoming his internal battles, the song was written by Ghstloop, Pdogg, Jimin, and Supreme Boi, with the first two also responsible for production. The song features the singer rapping for the first time and also utilizes distorted vocal effects and Auto-Tune. An accompanying music video shows Jimin performing the song, complete with elaborate choreography, in a circular room filled with flashing lights, surrounded by a large group of dancers. The single debuted at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the highest-charting debut single by a Korean solo artist in OCC chart history at the time, and the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States. Music and lyrics "Set Me Free Pt. 2" was written by Jimin, Supreme Boi, Ghstloop and Pdogg, while the latter two handled the production. Musically, it is a hip-hop and pop track that incorporates "band-style" trumpets, heavy bass drum, synth brass, vocal effects, and auto-tuned vocals. Lyrically, the song was described as a "self-liberation," where the singer "depict his agitation in a way that implies he wants to break out of any boxes in which he might be placed ." The lyrics, “Going insane to stay sane / Raise your hands for the past me" sees the singer refusing to be defeated by his "haters" and the hard times that life throws at him. Eventually with phrases like "Set me free" and "Finally free" repeated throughout, the song sees the singer "overcome his internal battles" and "break free from his mental confines". Confident in his newfound freedom, Jimin tells his critics to "get lost while he enjoys this 'prime time' revelation" through lines such as "F*ck all the opps" and "Look at me now/ I won't stop, even if they mock me." Commercial performance "Set Me Free Pt. 2" was the second most-downloaded song of its release week in South Korea, with only two days of availability during the period dated March 12–18, 2023, and debuted at number 27 on the week 11 issue of the Gaon Digital Chart; it also debuted on Billboard's South Korea Songs chart at number six. The song entered the top 100 of the component Streaming Chart in its second week, ranking at number 70 on the week 12 issue as the second-highest charting "Hot" entry for the week dated March 19–25. In Japan, "Set Me Free Pt. 2" sold 4,647 copies on its first day of release, topping Oricon's daily Digital Singles chart issue for March 17, 2023. With three days of availability during an ongoing tracking period (dated March 13–19), the single went on to sell 6,423 cumulative copies and debuted atop the subsequent weekly digital chart issue dated March 27. "Set Me Free Pt. 2" became the highest-charting debut single by a Korean solo artist in the history of the UK Singles Chart, following its debut at number 30. Jimin surpassed the record previously set by BTS bandmate J-Hope who debuted at number 37 with "On the Street" a month prior. It was both the most-downloaded and best-selling song overall for the week dated March 24–30, 2023. Jimin earned his second official entry and highest peak on the US Billboard Hot 100 as a solo artist—he previously peaked at number 76 with the collaboration single "Vibe" by Taeyang—with "Set Me Free Pt. 2". The single debuted at number 30 on the chart issue dated April 1, 2023, with 6.4 million streams and 63,000 downloads sold, making him the only member of BTS to achieve a solo top-40 entry. The single was the best-selling digital track of its release week in the country, earning Jimin his second number one on the component Digital Songs and World Digital Song Sales charts. Two of his older songs, "Filter" and "Christmas Love", reentered the World chart following "Set Me Free"'s release, at numbers five and eleven respectively. He also topped the Emerging Artists chart for the first time. Worldwide, the single accumulated 56 million streams and 42,000 digital sales, earning Jimin his first top-10 entry and highest peak on the Billboard Global 200—he previously peaked at number 12 with "Vibe"—with its debut at number eight. He is the highest-charting member of BTS on the global ranking; bandmate Jungkook previously peaked at number nine with "Dreamers" in 2022. In territories outside of the US, the single accumulated 49.7 million streams and 27,000 cumulative sales, debuting at number five on the Global Excl. U.S. chart; Jimin is the second member of BTS to have multiple (three) top-10 solo singles on the ranking. Music video Directed by Oui Kim, the music video focuses heavily on the performance aspect of the song and its "really intense vibe". It was preceded by a 30-second long teaser, uploaded to YouTube on March 14, of Jimin looking "menacingly" into the camera before walking slowly through a group of dancers "dressed in gray uniformed tracksuits" as the song's melody comes "booming" in. The camera then panned around the dancers as they "burst into explosive choreography in a circular room ringed in giant squares of flashing light". Jimin's voice was heard next, singing "Set me free", then the clip ended; the song's title and release date and time appeared onscreen immediately afterwards. In an introductory video released shortly before the premiere of his album, the singer stated that he "tried to convey a sense of grandeur, powerfulness and toughness" through the song's performance. Synopsis The visual opens with the same scene from the teaser of Jimin looking directly at the camera before moving through a synchronized throng of dancers as the song begins. Dressed in a "dark combat-style outfit"—black bomber jacket, pants, and boots—he performs the song as the "commanding centerpiece" in an elaborate choreography routine", moving in unison across the screen with the dancers as "waves of light" flash around them. At one point, the dancers form an actual maze, at other times they surround and stare at Jimin "pointing and jeering". The lights darken momentarily and when they brighten again, Jimin appears wearing a jacket only, with a poem by German poet Rainer Maria Rilke, "Ich lebe mein leben in wachsenden ringen", tattooed in black ink across his neck and bare chest. The dancers converge upon him as the song winds down, "maniacally mobbing and grasping at him, almost consuming him", before lifting him bodily into the air, then simultaneously collapsing to the ground, taking him with them. Jimin emerges from beneath the horde, now dressed in "a soft, white outfit", standing alone and free at the end. Reception The music video received 2.7 million views within its first two hours. GMA Network's Nika Roque described Jimin as "badass and edgy" in the video, while Vulture.com's Jennifer Zhan called him "living art". Ian Jay Capati of ABS-CBN summarized the video as "captivating" overall, with "jaw-dropping visuals and choreography" to match. In an opinion piece for Junkee, pop culture writer Jenna Guillaume commented that the music video highlights Jimin's personal growth through its "striking choreography...thoughtful costuming and set design." She felt that the use of a panopticon-like structure for the set alluded to "themes of imprisonment and always being watched". Regarding the visual's costuming, Guillaume likened Jimin's progression from the dark combat outfit, which she described as "indicative of a tough exterior", to being seen with fewer accessories and items of clothing, to his emerging in all white at the end, to a butterfly emerging from a cocoon, and thought it significant that this version of the singer was the one to "defeat the forces trying to overtake him" and " alone, triumphant and free by the strength of his own will." Accolades The song won first place on the March 23 episode of M Countdown, though Jimin had not yet begun domestic music show promotions. He also won the Melon Popularity Award for the fourth week of March ending March 27. Charts Weekly charts Weekly chart performance for "Set Me Free Pt. 2" Chart (2023) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 71 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 67 Canada (Canadian Hot 100) 45 France (SNEP) 144 Global 200 (Billboard) 8 Greece International (IFPI) 20 Hungary (Single Top 40) 2 India International Singles (IMI) 4 Indonesia (Billboard) 20 Japan (Japan Hot 100) 59 Japan Digital Singles (Oricon) 1 Latvia (LAIPA) 13 MENA (IFPI) 11 New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ) 4 Peru (Billboard) 20 Philippines (Billboard) 18 Poland (Polish Streaming Top 100) 62 Portugal (AFP) 90 Singapore (RIAS) 7 South Korea (Circle) 24 Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) 93 UK Singles (OCC) 30 US Billboard Hot 100 30 US World Digital Song Sales (Billboard) 1 Vietnam (Vietnam Hot 100) 5 Monthly charts Monthly chart performance for "Set Me Free Pt. 2" Chart (2023) Position South Korea (Circle) 39 Notes ^ Per the Circle Chart, "Hot" songs are those that have "Jumped up over 100 ranks". ^ as neither a featured artist nor part of a collaboration single ^ translates to "I live my life in widening circles" in English References ^ a b Roby, India (March 24, 2023). "On 'FACE,' Jimin Battles His Bleakest Thoughts — And Emerges Triumphant". Nylon. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Jimin - Face Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved April 26, 2023 ^ "The Quietus | Reviews | Jimin". The Quietus. Retrieved April 25, 2023. ^ a b Johnston, Maura (March 24, 2023). "Jimin Shows Off His Pop Strengths, And Explores Some Moods, On 'FACE'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023. ^ Kaufman, Gil (March 17, 2023). "BTS' Jimin Says 'Intense' Solo Single 'Set Me Free Pt. 2' Is, Of Course, About 'Setting Myself Free'". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ Daly, Rhian (March 24, 2023). "Jimin – 'FACE' review: BTS singer captures the turbulence of modern life in shadowy debut solo album". NME. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023. ^ "Download Chart 2023 Weeks 11". Circle Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 23, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ "Digital Chart 2023 Weeks 11". Circle Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023. ^ "South Korea Songs (Week of April 1, 2023)". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ "Streaming Chart 2023 Weeks 12". Circle Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023. ^ デイリー デジタルシングル (単曲) ランキング 2023年03月17日付 (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023. ^ BTSジミン、ソロ楽曲「Set Me Free Pt.2」が「デジタルシングル」初登場1位【オリコンランキング】 (in Japanese). Oricon. March 22, 2023. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 21, 2023. ^ Smith, Carl (March 24, 2023). "Jimin breaks solo BTS UK chart record with Set Me Free Pt 2 as he releases solo album FACE". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023. ^ Lee, Jae-hoon (March 25, 2023). 지민 '셋 미 프리 Pt.2', 英 싱글차트 30위…K팝 솔로 최고 데뷔 순위. Newsis (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "Official Singles Downloads Chart Top 100 (24 March 2023 - 30 March 2023)". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023. ^ "Official Singles Sales Chart Top 100 (24 March 2023 - 30 March 2023)". Official Charts Company. Archived from the original on April 8, 2023. Retrieved April 8, 2023. ^ a b Zellner, Xander (March 27, 2023). "Jimin Rules Emerging Artists Chart, Becomes First BTS Member to Score Unaccompanied Solo Top 40 Hot 100 Hit". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ a b "World Digital Song Sales (Week of April 1, 2023)". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ Trust, Gary (March 27, 2023). "Miley Cyrus Keeps Atop Billboard Global Charts, Jimin & Taylor Swift Notch Top 10 Debuts". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023. ^ Brandle, Lars (March 17, 2023). "BTS' Jimin Unleashes 'Intense' Solo Single 'Set Me Free Pt.2'". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023. ^ Siroky, Mary (March 17, 2023). "Jimin of BTS Breaks Down His "Very Intense" New Single "Set Me Free Pt.2": Exclusive". Consequence. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023. ^ a b c Roque, Nika (March 15, 2023). "Jimin of BTS is totally edgy in teaser for solo single 'Set Me Free Pt. 2'". GMA Network. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ a b Ziwei, Puah (March 15, 2023). "Watch the captivating teaser for Jimin's new single, 'Set Me Free Pt.2'". NME. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023. ^ Paul, Larisha (March 14, 2023). "Jimin Previews Debut Album 'Face' With 'Set Me Free Pt. 2' Teaser". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ a b Rowley, Glenn (March 14, 2023). "Jimin Drops Bombastic Teaser for Solo Single 'Set Me Free Pt.2'". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 14, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023. ^ Cho, Yong-jun (March 24, 2023). "Jimin of BTS shows his true colors in first solo album 'Face'". Korea JoongAng Daily. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ a b c d e Guillaume, Jenna (March 17, 2023). "Jimin Sets Himself Free With First Solo Single". Junkee. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 29, 2023. ^ Paul, Larisha (March 17, 2023). "Jimin Puts Himself in Charge With Solo Single 'Set Me Free Pt. 2'". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 17, 2023. Retrieved March 17, 2023. ^ a b Zhan, Jennifer (March 17, 2023). "Jimin Is Literal Poetry in Motion in the 'Set Me Free Pt. 2' Video". Vulture.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ a b Capati, Ian Jay (March 17, 2023). "K-pop: BTS' Jimin releases solo single 'Set Me Free Pt. 2'". ABS-CBN. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ Kim, Han-gil (March 24, 2023). '엠카' BTS 지민, 트와이스 꺾고 출연 없이 1위 ]. TV Daily (in Korean). Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023. ^ 주간 인기상 . Melon (in Korean). Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved April 3, 2023. (Note: Click on tab marked '3월' at top of page and scroll down to week labelled '03.27') ^ "The ARIA Report: Week Commencing 27 March 2023". The ARIA Report. No. 1725. Australian Recording Industry Association. March 27, 2023. p. 4. ^ "Jimin – Set Me Free Pt.2" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. Retrieved April 7, 2023. ^ "Jimin Chart History (Canadian Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "Jimin – Set Me Free Pt.2" (in French). Les classement single. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "Jimin Chart History (Global 200)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "Official IFPI Charts – Digital Singles Chart (International) Week: 12/2023". IFPI Greece. Archived from the original on March 30, 2023. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ "Archívum – Slágerlisták – MAHASZ" (in Hungarian). Single (track) Top 40 lista. Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ "IMI International Top 20 Singles for week ending 27th March 2023 | Week 12 of 52". IMIcharts.com. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023. ^ "Jimin Chart History (Indonesia Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "Jimin Chart History (Japan Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ 週間 デジ タルシングル (単曲) ランキング 2023年03月27日付 (2023年03月13日~2023年03月19日) (in Japanese). Oricon. Archived from the original on March 22, 2023. Retrieved March 27, 2023. ^ "Mūzikas Patēriņa Tops/ 12. nedēļa" (in English and Latvian). LAIPA. March 26, 2023. Retrieved June 18, 2023. ^ "The Official Mena Chart - This Week's Official MENA Chart Top 20 from 17/03/2023 to 23/03/2023". theofficialmenachart.com. International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023. ^ "NZ Hot Singles Chart". Recorded Music NZ. March 27, 2023. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023. ^ "Jimin Chart History (Peru Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "Jimin Chart History (Philippines Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "OLiS – oficjalna lista sprzedaży – single w streamie" (Select week 17.03.2023–23.03.2023.) (in Polish). OLiS. Retrieved March 30, 2023. ^ "Jimin – Set Me Free Pt.2". AFP Top 100 Singles. Retrieved April 7, 2023. ^ "RIAS Top Charts Week 13 (24 - 30 Mar 2023)". RIAS. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023. Retrieved April 4, 2023. ^ "Digital Chart 2023 Weeks 13". Circle Chart (in Korean). Retrieved April 6, 2023. ^ "Hitparade Singles Top 100: Week 12/2023". swisscharts.com (in German). March 26, 2023. Archived from the original on April 2, 2023. Retrieved April 2, 2023. ^ "Official Singles Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved March 29, 2023. ^ "Jimin Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "Jimin Chart History (Billboard Vietnam Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved January 4, 2024. ^ "Digital Chart – April 2023". Circle Chart (in Korean). Retrieved May 11, 2023. vteJimin Awards and nominations Discography Studio albums Face Singles "With You" "Set Me Free Pt. 2" "Like Crazy" Featured singles "Vibe" "Angel Pt. 1" Other songs "Face-Off" "Alone" Related articles Big Hit Music BTS   Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin"},{"link_name":"BTS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BTS"},{"link_name":"Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_(Jimin_album)"},{"link_name":"Big Hit Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Hit_Music"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"Pdogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pdogg"},{"link_name":"rapping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapping"},{"link_name":"Auto-Tune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"}],"text":"\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" is a song by South Korean singer Jimin of BTS, released as the lead single from his debut solo studio album Face on March 17, 2023, through Big Hit Music. An intense hip hop and pop track about Jimin's refusal to be brought down by those who criticize him and overcoming his internal battles, the song was written by Ghstloop, Pdogg, Jimin, and Supreme Boi, with the first two also responsible for production. The song features the singer rapping for the first time and also utilizes distorted vocal effects and Auto-Tune.An accompanying music video shows Jimin performing the song, complete with elaborate choreography, in a circular room filled with flashing lights, surrounded by a large group of dancers.The single debuted at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the highest-charting debut single by a Korean solo artist in OCC chart history at the time, and the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States.","title":"Set Me Free Pt. 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin"},{"link_name":"Pdogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pdogg"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nylon_review-1"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"synth brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_bass"},{"link_name":"vocal effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone_singing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"auto-tuned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nylon_review-1"}],"text":"\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" was written by Jimin, Supreme Boi, Ghstloop and Pdogg, while the latter two handled the production. Musically, it is a hip-hop[1] and pop track[2] that incorporates \"band-style\" trumpets, heavy bass drum,[3] synth brass, vocal effects,[4] and auto-tuned vocals.[5] Lyrically, the song was described as a \"self-liberation,\" where the singer \"depict his agitation in a way that implies he wants to break out of any boxes in which he might be placed [in].\"[4] The lyrics, “Going insane to stay sane / Raise your hands for the past me\" sees the singer refusing to be defeated by his \"haters\" and the hard times that life throws at him.[6] Eventually with phrases like \"Set me free\" and \"Finally free\" repeated throughout, the song sees the singer \"overcome his internal battles\" and \"break free from his mental confines\". Confident in his newfound freedom, Jimin tells his critics to \"get lost while he enjoys this 'prime time' revelation\" through lines such as \"F*ck all the opps\" and \"Look at me now/ I won't stop, even if they mock me.\"[1]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"most-downloaded song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Download_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gaon Digital Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"South Korea Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_Songs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"J-Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Hope"},{"link_name":"On the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Street"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Singles_debut-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(Taeyang_song)"},{"link_name":"Taeyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeyang"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"best-selling digital track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Digital_Song_Sales_number_ones_of_2023"},{"link_name":"Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emerging_Artists-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDSS_debut-20"},{"link_name":"Emerging Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_Artists"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emerging_Artists-19"},{"link_name":"Billboard Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"Jungkook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungkook"},{"link_name":"Dreamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamers_(Jungkook_song)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMFP2_G200-21"}],"text":"\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" was the second most-downloaded song of its release week in South Korea, with only two days of availability during the period dated March 12–18, 2023,[7] and debuted at number 27 on the week 11 issue of the Gaon Digital Chart;[8] it also debuted on Billboard's South Korea Songs chart at number six.[9] The song entered the top 100 of the component Streaming Chart in its second week, ranking at number 70 on the week 12 issue as the second-highest charting \"Hot\" entry[a] for the week dated March 19–25.[10]In Japan, \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" sold 4,647 copies on its first day of release, topping Oricon's daily Digital Singles chart issue for March 17, 2023.[11] With three days of availability during an ongoing tracking period (dated March 13–19), the single went on to sell 6,423 cumulative copies and debuted atop the subsequent weekly digital chart issue dated March 27.[12]\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" became the highest-charting debut single by a Korean solo artist in the history of the UK Singles Chart, following its debut at number 30. Jimin surpassed the record previously set by BTS bandmate J-Hope who debuted at number 37 with \"On the Street\" a month prior.[13][14] It was both the most-downloaded and best-selling song overall for the week dated March 24–30, 2023.[15][16]Jimin earned his second official entry and highest peak on the US Billboard Hot 100 as a solo artist—he previously peaked at number 76 with the collaboration single \"Vibe\" by Taeyang—with \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\". The single debuted at number 30 on the chart issue dated April 1, 2023, with 6.4 million streams and 63,000 downloads sold, making him the only member of BTS to achieve a solo[b] top-40 entry. The single was the best-selling digital track of its release week in the country, earning Jimin his second number one on the component Digital Songs and World Digital Song Sales charts.[17] Two of his older songs, \"Filter\" and \"Christmas Love\", reentered the World chart following \"Set Me Free\"'s release, at numbers five and eleven respectively.[18] He also topped the Emerging Artists chart for the first time.[17]Worldwide, the single accumulated 56 million streams and 42,000 digital sales, earning Jimin his first top-10 entry and highest peak on the Billboard Global 200—he previously peaked at number 12 with \"Vibe\"—with its debut at number eight. He is the highest-charting member of BTS on the global ranking; bandmate Jungkook previously peaked at number nine with \"Dreamers\" in 2022. In territories outside of the US, the single accumulated 49.7 million streams and 27,000 cumulative sales, debuting at number five on the Global Excl. U.S. chart; Jimin is the second member of BTS to have multiple (three) top-10 solo singles on the ranking.[19]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB_SMF-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence_SMF-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA_teaser-24"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_SMFP2_teaser-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_teaser-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMF_teaser-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_SMFP2_teaser-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMF_teaser-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Directed by Oui Kim,[20] the music video focuses heavily on the performance aspect of the song and its \"really intense vibe\".[21] It was preceded by a 30-second long teaser,[22] uploaded to YouTube on March 14, of Jimin looking \"menacingly\"[23] into the camera before walking slowly through a group of dancers \"dressed in gray uniformed tracksuits\"[24] as the song's melody comes \"booming\" in.[25] The camera then panned around the dancers[23] as they \"burst into explosive choreography in a circular room ringed in giant squares of flashing light\". Jimin's voice was heard next, singing \"Set me free\", then the clip ended; the song's title and release date and time appeared onscreen immediately afterwards.[25] In an introductory video released shortly before the premiere of his album, the singer stated that he \"tried to convey a sense of grandeur, powerfulness and toughness\" through the song's performance.[26]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA_teaser-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_SMF-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture.com-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"The visual opens with the same scene from the teaser of Jimin looking directly at the camera before moving through a synchronized throng of dancers as the song begins. Dressed in a \"dark combat-style outfit\"[27]—black bomber jacket, pants, and boots[22]—he performs the song as the \"commanding centerpiece\" in an elaborate choreography routine\", moving in unison across the screen with the dancers as \"waves of light\" flash around them.[28] At one point, the dancers form an actual maze, at other times they surround and stare at Jimin \"pointing and jeering\".[27] The lights darken momentarily and when they brighten again, Jimin appears wearing a jacket only, with a poem by German poet Rainer Maria Rilke, \"Ich lebe mein leben in wachsenden ringen\",[c] tattooed in black ink[27] across his neck and bare chest.[29] The dancers converge upon him as the song winds down, \"maniacally mobbing and grasping at him, almost consuming him\", before lifting him bodily into the air, then simultaneously collapsing to the ground, taking him with them. Jimin emerges from beneath the horde, now dressed in \"a soft, white outfit\", standing alone and free at the end.[27]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ian_Jay-33"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA_teaser-24"},{"link_name":"Vulture.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture.com-32"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ian_Jay-33"},{"link_name":"Junkee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkee"},{"link_name":"pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture"},{"link_name":"panopticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"The music video received 2.7 million views within its first two hours.[30] GMA Network's Nika Roque described Jimin as \"badass and edgy\" in the video,[22] while Vulture.com's Jennifer Zhan called him \"living art\".[29] Ian Jay Capati of ABS-CBN summarized the video as \"captivating\" overall, with \"jaw-dropping visuals and choreography\" to match.[30] In an opinion piece for Junkee, pop culture writer Jenna Guillaume commented that the music video highlights Jimin's personal growth through its \"striking choreography...thoughtful costuming and set design.\" She felt that the use of a panopticon-like structure for the set alluded to \"themes of imprisonment and always being watched\". Regarding the visual's costuming, Guillaume likened Jimin's progression from the dark combat outfit, which she described as \"indicative of a tough exterior\", to being seen with fewer accessories and items of clothing, to his emerging in all white at the end, to a butterfly emerging from a cocoon, and thought it significant that this version of the singer was the one to \"defeat the forces trying to overtake him\" and \"[stand] alone, triumphant and free by the strength of his own will.\"[27]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Countdown"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The song won first place on the March 23 episode of M Countdown, though Jimin had not yet begun domestic music show promotions.[31] He also won the Melon Popularity Award for the fourth week of March ending March 27.[32]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set_Me_Free_Pt._2&action=edit&section=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Jimin-37"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Jimin-38"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Jimin-39"},{"link_name":"Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardglobal200_Jimin-40"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_-42"},{"link_name":"India International Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMI_International_Top_20_Singles"},{"link_name":"IMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Music_Industry"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardjapanhot100_Jimin-45"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"LAIPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Music_Producers_Association"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"MENA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Polish Streaming Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_music_charts"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Portugal_Jimin-53"},{"link_name":"RIAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-57"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Jimin-58"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDSS_debut-20"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set_Me_Free_Pt._2&action=edit&section=9"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[33]\n\n71\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[34]\n\n67\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[35]\n\n45\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[36]\n\n144\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[37]\n\n8\n\n\nGreece International (IFPI)[38]\n\n20\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[39]\n\n2\n\n\nIndia International Singles (IMI)[40]\n\n4\n\n\nIndonesia (Billboard)[41]\n\n20\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[42]\n\n59\n\n\nJapan Digital Singles (Oricon)[43]\n\n1\n\n\nLatvia (LAIPA)[44]\n\n13\n\n\nMENA (IFPI)[45]\n\n11\n\n\nNew Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)[46]\n\n4\n\n\nPeru (Billboard)[47]\n\n20\n\n\nPhilippines (Billboard)[48]\n\n18\n\n\nPoland (Polish Streaming Top 100)[49]\n\n62\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[50]\n\n90\n\n\nSingapore (RIAS)[51]\n\n7\n\n\nSouth Korea (Circle)[52]\n\n24\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[53]\n\n93\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[54]\n\n30\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[55]\n\n30\n\n\nUS World Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[18]\n\n1\n\n\nVietnam (Vietnam Hot 100)[56]\n\n5\n\n\n\nMonthly charts[edit]\n\nMonthly chart performance for \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korea (Circle)[57]\n\n39","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"}],"text":"^ Per the Circle Chart, \"Hot\" songs are those that have \"Jumped up over 100 ranks\".\n\n^ as neither a featured artist nor part of a collaboration single\n\n^ translates to \"I live my life in widening circles\" in English","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Roby, India (March 24, 2023). \"On 'FACE,' Jimin Battles His Bleakest Thoughts — And Emerges Triumphant\". Nylon. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/jimins-face-album-review","url_text":"\"On 'FACE,' Jimin Battles His Bleakest Thoughts — And Emerges Triumphant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)","url_text":"Nylon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230324190407/https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/jimins-face-album-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jimin - Face Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved April 26, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/face-invisible-face--mw0003937033","url_text":"Jimin - Face Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"The Quietus | Reviews | Jimin\". The Quietus. Retrieved April 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/32827-jimin-bts-face-review","url_text":"\"The Quietus | Reviews | Jimin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus","url_text":"The Quietus"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Maura (March 24, 2023). \"Jimin Shows Off His Pop Strengths, And Explores Some Moods, On 'FACE'\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Johnston","url_text":"Johnston, Maura"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-jimin-face-1234702867/","url_text":"\"Jimin Shows Off His Pop Strengths, And Explores Some Moods, On 'FACE'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001241/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-jimin-face-1234702867","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Gil (March 17, 2023). \"BTS' Jimin Says 'Intense' Solo Single 'Set Me Free Pt. 2' Is, Of Course, About 'Setting Myself Free'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/bts-jimin-talks-solo-single-set-me-free-pt-2-1235288590/","url_text":"\"BTS' Jimin Says 'Intense' Solo Single 'Set Me Free Pt. 2' Is, Of Course, About 'Setting Myself Free'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230318032001/https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/bts-jimin-talks-solo-single-set-me-free-pt-2-1235288590/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Daly, Rhian (March 24, 2023). \"Jimin – 'FACE' review: BTS singer captures the turbulence of modern life in shadowy debut solo album\". NME. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Kaunas
Wall of Kaunas
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 54°53′48″N 23°54′18″E / 54.89667°N 23.90500°E / 54.89667; 23.90500City plan of Kaunas in 1774 Authentic surviving fragment of the Kaunas city wall The Kaunas city wall (Lithuanian: Kauno miesto gynybinė siena) was a masonry defensive wall in Kaunas, an important city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Its construction began in the early 17th century as a result of Kaunas' prosperity and medieval city's standards, however it was unfinished due to later wars and economic reasons. The city wall surrounded Kaunas from the eastern side and had land fortifications: bastions, redans, artillery batteries, fortified towers. In 1607 multiple gates of the city wall were mentioned named after Neris river (on a road to Ukmergė; later renamed to Panerių or Raginės after the name of the suburb), Lithuania's capital Vilnius, and Tatars which were built along the main roads of the city. A small part of the city wall with a tower is preserved in the courtyard of the Kaunas State Musical Theatre. References ^ a b Varsackytė, Rasa; Balkus, Mindaugas. "Kaunas: Dates and Facts. Overview of Kaunas History". Kaunas County Public Library. Retrieved 5 February 2023. ^ a b Mekiša, Rytis. "Tarp mito ir tikrovės: Kauno miesto gynybinės sienos". Kamane.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023. ^ Rickevičienė, Raimonda (25 April 2021). "Kauno gynybinė siena ir atminties saugojimas". Lithuanian National Radio and Television (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023. ^ a b "Kauno miesto sienos liekanos ir Malūnininko bokštas". PamatykLietuvoje.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023. ^ a b Bertašius, Mindaugas. "Kauno miesto gynybinė siena". Kaunosenamiestis.autc.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023. 54°53′48″N 23°54′18″E / 54.89667°N 23.90500°E / 54.89667; 23.90500
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountants_Association_of_Canada
Certified General Accountants Association of Canada
["1 History","2 Education","3 Online learning","4 Research","5 Mutual recognition agreements","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"]
Part of a series onAccounting Historical costConstant purchasing powerManagementTax Major typesAuditBudgetCostForensicFinancialFundGovernmentalManagementSocialTax Key conceptsAccounting periodAccrualConstant purchasing powerEconomic entityFair valueGoing concernHistorical costMatching principleMaterialityRevenue recognitionUnit of account Selected accountsAssetsCashCost of goods soldDepreciation / Amortization (business)EquityExpensesGoodwillLiabilitiesProfitRevenue Accounting standardsGenerally-accepted principlesGenerally-accepted auditing standardsConvergenceInternational Financial Reporting StandardsInternational Standards on AuditingManagement Accounting Principles Financial statementsAnnual reportBalance sheetCash-flowEquityIncomeManagement discussionNotes to the financial statements BookkeepingBank reconciliationDebits and creditsDouble-entry systemFIFO and LIFOJournalLedger / General ledgerTrial balance AuditingFinancialInternalFirmsReportSarbanes–Oxley Act People and organizationsAccountantsAccounting organizationsLuca Pacioli DevelopmentHistoryResearchPositive accountingSarbanes–Oxley Act MisconductCreativeEarnings managementError accountHollywoodOff-balance-sheetTwo sets of books vte Founded in 1908, the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (CGA-Canada) serves Certified General Accountants and students in Canada and nearly 100 countries. CGA-Canada established the designation's certification requirements and professional standards, offers professional development, conducts research and advocacy, and represents CGAs nationally and internationally. CGA-Canada joined the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada (CPA Canada) to integrate operations under the CPA banner in 2015. CPA Canada is the new national accounting body formed by the merger of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) and the Society of Certified Management Accountants (CMA) in 2013, and now Certified General Accountants. In October 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 CGA-Canada was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., CGA-Canada has also been named one of "BC's Top Employers" and one of "Canada's Greenest Employers". History The national association, first known as the Canadian Accountants' Association, was founded in 1908 by a trio of Canadian Pacific Railway accountants in Montreal, Quebec. Five years later, in 1913, the General Accountants' Association, as it was then known, was granted a charter from the government of Canada. By the mid-1940s, association chapters were established from coast-to-coast. Provincial, territorial and regional (offshore) chapters were later established under their own charters. Auditing rights are regulated by provincial governments. In Prince Edward Island, only qualified CAs and CGAs can perform public accounting and auditing in accordance with the Public Accounting and Auditing Act. In all other provinces, except Quebec and Ontario (detailed below), only qualified CAs, CGAs, and CMAs (Certified Management Accountants) may audit public companies. 1948 Bilingual origins: Examinations are offered in English and French in Quebec. The move to a bilingual organization is underway. 1950s CGA-British Columbia and the University of British Columbia's School of Commerce develop an innovative five-year extension program, available on campus or by correspondence. The program is later adopted in other jurisdictions and becomes a national curriculum standard. 1964 Education program goes international: The education program is extended to the Caribbean and Bermuda. 1974 Code of Ethics enshrined: CGA-Canada approves what would become the Code of Ethical Principles and Rules of Conduct. 1977 Founding member of IFAC: CGA-Canada becomes a founding member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). 1982 Name change to the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada. 1988 John Leslie's award: The John Leslie Award is established in honour of the association's founding president and Chair, and recognizes exceptional service. 1987-1991 Competency-based accounting education: A major revision of the CGA education program is completed. Competency-based objectives, management emphasis and integration of ethics and information technology become hallmarks of the revised program. 1998 Degree required: CGAs are now required to obtain a bachelor's degree prior to certification. Partnerships are developed with universities to provide distance-learning options. 2003 Asian links secured: CGA-Hong Kong is granted affiliate status. CGA education materials are offered at more than a dozen Chinese universities. 2013 Unifying the accounting profession: CGA-Canada entered into an Integration Agreement with CPA Canada, the body responsible for the new national designation Chartered Professional Accountant. 2014 Unification completes in October 2014. Historically Quebec and Ontario only allowed CAs to audit public companies. In 2004, the Ontario government passed legislation that would enable CAs, CGAs and CMAs to practice public accounting under a reconstituted Public Accountants Council, and as of June 2010 Ontario CGAs were allowed to issue audit opinions. In August 2005, a panel was constituted under the Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT) to rule on a challenge filed by CGA New Brunswick and CGA-Canada. It found Quebec's measures denying CGAs the right to practice public accounting in Quebec to impair trade and recommended legislative changes. The Quebec government committed to address the problem. By November 2009, the 'Regulation respecting the public accountancy permit of the Ordre des comptables généraux accrédités du Québec' enabled qualified CGAs to offer the full range of public accounting services to for-profit and publicly listed companies. On November 6, 2009, Ontario issued a Notice of Measure claiming that material differences exist in respect of the practice of public accounting in Canada and to protect consumers out of province public accountants would be assessed against Ontario's requirements. Manitoba supported by Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan objected on the grounds that the Ontario regime causes injury to CGAs and impairs internal trade. A Panel convened under the Agreement on Internal Trade reviewed submissions and held a public hearing in Toronto on November 29, 2011. The Panel found that Ontario's notice of measure has impaired or would impair internal trade and has caused or would cause injury. The Panel recommended that Ontario comply with its AIT obligations by April 15, 2012. The outcome is important for CGAs because it removes the last barrier to mobility, allowing CGAs to practice anywhere in Canada. In November 2008, Dr. Catherine Boivie was appointed to the Board of Directors as the Public Representative. Based in British Columbia, Dr. Boivie is the chief executive officer of Inventure Solutions and senior vice-president of information technology (IT) and facilities at Vancity, Canada's largest credit union. In October 2013, CGA-Canada entered into an Integration Agreement with CPA Canada, the body responsible for the new national designation Chartered Professional Accountant. This followed most provincial CGA bodies ratifying the unification of the accounting profession in Canada. Education CGA-Canada's professional education program is competency-based. Competency-based education requires candidates to perform tasks and roles to standards expected in the workplace. The knowledge, skills and professional values required of a CGA are reflected in a list of competencies. These competencies extend over three areas: professionalism, leadership and professional knowledge. They are validated periodically through extensive survey analysis. The CGA Competency Framework details the 130 competencies required of a newly certified CGA. The complete academic program consists of 19 courses, two business cases, and professional qualification exams, spread over several levels: Levels 1 to 3 (Foundation Studies), Level 4 (Advanced Studies), and final level, the PACE qualification or certification level. A CGA must have an undergraduate degree. Students normally require 36 months of supervised work experiences, but in all cases they require a minimum of 24 months. They may meet the experience requirements in any business sector and in a variety of fields. Before issuing audit opinions a CGA must first be licensed as a public accountant. The requirements for licensing include at least 500 public accounting hours per year. CGA is recognized in 170+ countries through their partnership with ACCA. Online learning CGA-Canada has been providing online professional accounting education. Via the Internet, students can complete their studies using a system that integrates text material, study guides, video and audio tools, discussion forums, group case study and project work, web research and email. Introduced in 2011, Professional Experience Required for Certification (PERC) is the national reporting process for students in the CGA program. With PERC, students can document their experiences online and submit it annually. In addition to its own online program of studies, CGA-Canada has also developed online degree partnerships with several Canadian universities. Research CGA-Canada develops research and supports positions with a view to influence social policy, regulation and standards-setting. This initiative has resulted in the following research items. IFRS Adoption in Canada: An Empirical Analysis of the Impact on Financial Statements (October 2013) Empirical Testing of the Momentum Effect in Canadian Capital Markets (June 2013) Money Talks: Emphasizing Wealth in Household Finances (May 2013) Issue in Focus — Is the Capital Cost Allowance System in Canada Unnecessarily Complex? (April 2013) Informed View — Mobile Payments in Canada – The Demand Side of the Equation (March 2013) Youth Unemployment in Canada: Challenging Conventional Thinking? (October 2012) Informed View — Starting Early – A Way to Improved Financial Literacy (September 2012) Informed View — Canada's Immigration System — Short-term Solutions May Impede Long-term Prosperity (July 17, 2012) Issue in Focus — Labour Shortages in Skilled Trades — The Best Guestimate? (July 17, 2012) Informed View — Regulating Sustainability Reporting – Is a Mandatory Approach Better than a Voluntary One? (Dec 20, 2011) Does Canada Have a Problem with Occupational Fraud? (Dec 6, 2011) Issue in Focus — Planning for Retirement – There is No Substitute (Nov 2, 2011) Informed View — The Bank of Canada's Overnight Rate – As Low and as Long as Needed (Oct 5, 2011) Issue in Focus — The Need for Tax Simplification – A Challenge and an Opportunity (Aug 10, 2011) A Driving Force No More: Have Canadian Consumers Reached Their Limits? (Jun 14, 2011) Issue in Focus — Can We Get Better for Less? Value for Money in Canadian Health Care (May 11, 2011) The Effects of IFRS on Financial Ratios: Early Evidence in Canada (Mar 16, 2011) Issue in Focus — MD&A – Counterpart to or Distraction from Financial Reporting (Jan 17, 2011) Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Rebuilding a Foundation for Post-Recovery Growth (Dec 7, 2010) Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises — Country Focus: Canada (Dec 7, 2010) Informed View — Shifting the Burden of Health Care Costs – Where To? (Nov 18, 2010) Laying the Foundation for a National Entrepreneurship Strategy: The CGA Entrepreneurship Report (Oct 18, 2010) Informed View — Living Standards – Measure it Right (Jul 29, 2010) 0CPA Australia/CGA-Canada: Report of the Forum on SME Issues — Unlocking the potential of the SME Sector (Jul 14, 2010)* Issue in Focus — Registered Education Savings Plans – Valuable Opportunities for the Students of Tomorrow (Jun 24, 2010) Where Is the Money Now: The State of Canadian Household Debt as Conditions for Economic Recovery Emerge (May 11, 2010) Gauging the Path of Private Canadian Pensions: 2010 Update on the State of Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Pension Plans (Apr 30, 2010) Earnings Quality Differential Between Canadian and U.S. Public Companies (Mar 31, 2010 Issue in Focus — Fair Value Accounting: The Road to Be Most Travelled (January 2010) The Public Underwriting of Private Debt:The Prospect of Industry Targeting (December 2009) Where Has the Money Gone: The State of Canadian Household Debt in a Stumbling Economy (May 2009) The Federal Budget Surplus: Surprise or Strategy? (July 2008) Where Does the Money Go: The Increasing Reliance on Household Debt in Canada (October 2007) Fading Productivity: Making Sense of Canada's Productivity Challenge (May 2007) Tackling Compliance: Small Business and Regulation in Canada (October 2006) Demystifying Income Trusts (March 2006) The State of Defined-Benefit Pension Plans in Canada: An Update (November 2005) Measuring Up: A Study on Corporate Sustainability Reporting in Canada (June 2005) Growing Up: The Social and Economic Implications of an Aging Population (January 2005) Addressing the Pensions Dilemma in Canada (June 2004) Mutual recognition agreements In December 2006, CGA-Canada and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) announced a mutual recognition agreement (MRA) to take effect on 1 January 2007. This agreement was renewed in 2011. In April 2008, CGA-Canada and CPA Australia entered into a MRA to extend the global reach of both organizations into new continents. In June 2009, CGA-Canada and CPA Ireland entered into a mutual recognition agreement. The MRA establishes a strategic partnership between the two leading accounting organizations and gives members the opportunity to qualify for another designation. In June 2010, CGA-Canada and the Ordre des Experts-Comptables, France's foremost accounting organization, have entered into a MRA. Under this accord, CGAs and members of the CSOEC can be considered for membership by the other body. The association is a member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC). CGA-Canada is an affiliate of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean and is a member of the International Federation of Francophone Accountants (FIDEF). See also Canadian accounting profession Certified General Accountants of Ontario Certified General Accountant Chartered Professional Accountant IFACnet External links Certified General Accounts Association of Canada home page References ^ "News about unification of CA CMA CGA designations in Canada » Your home for CA-CMA-CGA unification information". Archived from the original on 2013-11-29. Retrieved 2013-10-29. ^ http://www.cga.org/canada/competency ^ https://www.handt.ca ^ CGA-Canada's website Online learning Archived May 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine ^ "IFAC's Members". IFAC. Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2011-07-01. ^ "Members And Affiliates". ICAC. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-07-01. ^ "Canada: Membres actifs FIDEF". FIDEF. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-07-03. vteIFAC Member Bodies and AssociatesAsia IICA ICAI ICMAI (formerly ICWAI) ICAN ICASL ICMASL ICAB ICMAB ICMAP ICAP ICPAI PIPFA MIA CICPA HKICPA ISCA PICPA IUAA IAI JICPA Africa LICPA ICAG ICPAK ICAN ICAN ICASL ONECCA SAICA SAIPA NBAA OECT ICPAU ICAZ Europe AAT ACCA CA Ireland CPA Ireland CIMA CIPFA ICAEW ICAS IDW IEKA IFA OEC KWT Americas AICPA CMA USA BICA CPA Canada CISPA ICAB ICAG ICAJ ICATT Oceania CA ANZ CPA Australia IPA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Certified General Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountant"},{"link_name":"Chartered Professional Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Professional_Accountant"},{"link_name":"Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants"},{"link_name":"Certified Management Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Management_Accountant"},{"link_name":"Certified General Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountant"}],"text":"Founded in 1908, the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (CGA-Canada) serves Certified General Accountants and students in Canada and nearly 100 countries. CGA-Canada established the designation's certification requirements and professional standards, offers professional development, conducts research and advocacy, and represents CGAs nationally and internationally. CGA-Canada joined the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada (CPA Canada) to integrate operations under the CPA banner in 2015. CPA Canada is the new national accounting body formed by the merger of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) and the Society of Certified Management Accountants (CMA) in 2013, and now Certified General Accountants.In October 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 CGA-Canada was named one of \"Canada's Top 100 Employers\" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., CGA-Canada has also been named one of \"BC's Top Employers\" and one of \"Canada's Greenest Employers\".","title":"Certified General Accountants Association of Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Edward Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island"},{"link_name":"Chartered Professional Accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Professional_Accountant"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Chartered Professional Accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Professional_Accountant"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The national association, first known as the Canadian Accountants' Association, was founded in 1908 by a trio of Canadian Pacific Railway accountants in Montreal, Quebec. Five years later, in 1913, the General Accountants' Association, as it was then known, was granted a charter from the government of Canada. By the mid-1940s, association chapters were established from coast-to-coast. Provincial, territorial and regional (offshore) chapters were later established under their own charters.Auditing rights are regulated by provincial governments. In Prince Edward Island, only qualified CAs and CGAs can perform public accounting and auditing in accordance with the Public Accounting and Auditing Act. In all other provinces, except Quebec and Ontario (detailed below), only qualified CAs, CGAs, and CMAs (Certified Management Accountants) may audit public companies.1948 Bilingual origins: Examinations are offered in English and French in Quebec. The move to a bilingual organization is underway.\n1950s CGA-British Columbia and the University of British Columbia's School of Commerce develop an innovative five-year extension program, available on campus or by correspondence. The program is later adopted in other jurisdictions and becomes a national curriculum standard.\n1964 Education program goes international: The education program is extended to the Caribbean and Bermuda.\n1974 Code of Ethics enshrined: CGA-Canada approves what would become the Code of Ethical Principles and Rules of Conduct.\n1977 Founding member of IFAC: CGA-Canada becomes a founding member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).\n1982 Name change to the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada.\n1988 John Leslie's award: The John Leslie Award is established in honour of the association's founding president and Chair, and recognizes exceptional service.\n1987-1991 Competency-based accounting education: A major revision of the CGA education program is completed. Competency-based objectives, management emphasis and integration of ethics and information technology become hallmarks of the revised program.\n1998 Degree required: CGAs are now required to obtain a bachelor's degree prior to certification. Partnerships are developed with universities to provide distance-learning options.\n2003 Asian links secured: CGA-Hong Kong is granted affiliate status. CGA education materials are offered at more than a dozen Chinese universities.\n2013 Unifying the accounting profession: CGA-Canada entered into an Integration Agreement with CPA Canada, the body responsible for the new national designation Chartered Professional Accountant.\n2014 Unification completes in October 2014.Historically Quebec and Ontario only allowed CAs to audit public companies. In 2004, the Ontario government passed legislation that would enable CAs, CGAs and CMAs to practice public accounting under a reconstituted Public Accountants Council, and as of June 2010 Ontario CGAs were allowed to issue audit opinions.In August 2005, a panel was constituted under the Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT) to rule on a challenge filed by CGA New Brunswick and CGA-Canada. It found Quebec's measures denying CGAs the right to practice public accounting in Quebec to impair trade and recommended legislative changes. The Quebec government committed to address the problem. By November 2009, the 'Regulation respecting the public accountancy permit of the Ordre des comptables généraux accrédités du Québec' enabled qualified CGAs to offer the full range of public accounting services to for-profit and publicly listed companies.On November 6, 2009, Ontario issued a Notice of Measure claiming that material differences exist in respect of the practice of public accounting in Canada and to protect consumers out of province public accountants would be assessed against Ontario's requirements. Manitoba supported by Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan objected on the grounds that the Ontario regime causes injury to CGAs and impairs internal trade. A Panel convened under the Agreement on Internal Trade reviewed submissions and held a public hearing in Toronto on November 29, 2011. The Panel found that Ontario's notice of measure has impaired or would impair internal trade and has caused or would cause injury. The Panel recommended that Ontario comply with its AIT obligations by April 15, 2012. The outcome is important for CGAs because it removes the last barrier to mobility, allowing CGAs to practice anywhere in Canada.In November 2008, Dr. Catherine Boivie was appointed to the Board of Directors as the Public Representative. Based in British Columbia, Dr. Boivie is the chief executive officer of Inventure Solutions and senior vice-president of information technology (IT) and facilities at Vancity, Canada's largest credit union.In October 2013, CGA-Canada entered into an Integration Agreement with CPA Canada, the body responsible for the new national designation Chartered Professional Accountant. This followed most provincial CGA bodies ratifying the unification of the accounting profession in Canada.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"CGA-Canada's professional education program is competency-based. Competency-based education requires candidates to perform tasks and roles to standards expected in the workplace.[2]The knowledge, skills and professional values required of a CGA are reflected in a list of competencies. These competencies extend over three areas: professionalism, leadership and professional knowledge. They are validated periodically through extensive survey analysis. The CGA Competency Framework details the 130 competencies required of a newly certified CGA.The complete academic program consists of 19 courses, two business cases, and professional qualification exams, spread over several levels: Levels 1 to 3 (Foundation Studies), Level 4 (Advanced Studies), and final level, the PACE qualification or certification level.[3]A CGA must have an undergraduate degree. Students normally require 36 months of supervised work experiences, but in all cases they require a minimum of 24 months. They may meet the experience requirements in any business sector and in a variety of fields.Before issuing audit opinions a CGA must first be licensed as a public accountant. The requirements for licensing include at least 500 public accounting hours per year.CGA is recognized in 170+ countries through their partnership with ACCA.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"CGA-Canada has been providing online professional accounting education. Via the Internet, students can complete their studies using a system that integrates text material, study guides, video and audio tools, discussion forums, group case study and project work, web research and email.Introduced in 2011, Professional Experience Required for Certification (PERC) is the national reporting process for students in the CGA program. With PERC, students can document their experiences online and submit it annually.In addition to its own online program of studies, CGA-Canada has also developed online degree partnerships with several Canadian universities.[4]","title":"Online learning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga-canada.org/en-ca/ResearchAndAdvocacy/Pages/_ca_about_research_advocacy_index.aspx"}],"text":"CGA-Canada develops research and supports positions with a view to influence social policy, regulation and standards-setting.This initiative has resulted in the following research items. [1]IFRS Adoption in Canada: An Empirical Analysis of the Impact on Financial Statements (October 2013)\nEmpirical Testing of the Momentum Effect in Canadian Capital Markets (June 2013)\nMoney Talks: Emphasizing Wealth in Household Finances (May 2013)\nIssue in Focus — Is the Capital Cost Allowance System in Canada Unnecessarily Complex? (April 2013)\nInformed View — Mobile Payments in Canada – The Demand Side of the Equation (March 2013)\nYouth Unemployment in Canada: Challenging Conventional Thinking? (October 2012)\nInformed View — Starting Early – A Way to Improved Financial Literacy (September 2012)\nInformed View — Canada's Immigration System — Short-term Solutions May Impede Long-term Prosperity (July 17, 2012)\nIssue in Focus — Labour Shortages in Skilled Trades — The Best Guestimate? (July 17, 2012)\nInformed View — Regulating Sustainability Reporting – Is a Mandatory Approach Better than a Voluntary One? (Dec 20, 2011)\nDoes Canada Have a Problem with Occupational Fraud? (Dec 6, 2011)\nIssue in Focus — Planning for Retirement – There is No Substitute (Nov 2, 2011)\nInformed View — The Bank of Canada's Overnight Rate – As Low and as Long as Needed (Oct 5, 2011)\nIssue in Focus — The Need for Tax Simplification – A Challenge and an Opportunity (Aug 10, 2011)\nA Driving Force No More: Have Canadian Consumers Reached Their Limits? (Jun 14, 2011)\nIssue in Focus — Can We Get Better for Less? Value for Money in Canadian Health Care (May 11, 2011)\nThe Effects of IFRS on Financial Ratios: Early Evidence in Canada (Mar 16, 2011)\nIssue in Focus — MD&A – Counterpart to or Distraction from Financial Reporting (Jan 17, 2011)\nSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Rebuilding a Foundation for Post-Recovery Growth (Dec 7, 2010)\nSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises — Country Focus: Canada (Dec 7, 2010)\nInformed View — Shifting the Burden of Health Care Costs – Where To? (Nov 18, 2010)\nLaying the Foundation for a National Entrepreneurship Strategy: The CGA Entrepreneurship Report (Oct 18, 2010)\nInformed View — Living Standards – Measure it Right (Jul 29, 2010)\n0CPA Australia/CGA-Canada: Report of the Forum on SME Issues — Unlocking the potential of the SME Sector (Jul 14, 2010)*\nIssue in Focus — Registered Education Savings Plans – Valuable Opportunities for the Students of Tomorrow (Jun 24, 2010)\nWhere Is the Money Now: The State of Canadian Household Debt as Conditions for Economic Recovery Emerge (May 11, 2010)\nGauging the Path of Private Canadian Pensions: 2010 Update on the State of Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Pension Plans (Apr 30, 2010)\nEarnings Quality Differential Between Canadian and U.S. Public Companies (Mar 31, 2010\nIssue in Focus — Fair Value Accounting: The Road to Be Most Travelled (January 2010)\nThe Public Underwriting of Private Debt:The Prospect of Industry Targeting (December 2009)\nWhere Has the Money Gone: The State of Canadian Household Debt in a Stumbling Economy (May 2009)\nThe Federal Budget Surplus: Surprise or Strategy? (July 2008)\nWhere Does the Money Go: The Increasing Reliance on Household Debt in Canada (October 2007)\nFading Productivity: Making Sense of Canada's Productivity Challenge (May 2007)\nTackling Compliance: Small Business and Regulation in Canada (October 2006)\nDemystifying Income Trusts (March 2006)\nThe State of Defined-Benefit Pension Plans in Canada: An Update (November 2005)\nMeasuring Up: A Study on Corporate Sustainability Reporting in Canada (June 2005)\nGrowing Up: The Social and Economic Implications of an Aging Population (January 2005)\nAddressing the Pensions Dilemma in Canada (June 2004)","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Association of Chartered Certified Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Chartered_Certified_Accountants"},{"link_name":"CPA Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPA_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120523025758/http://www.cga-canada.org/en-ca/OtherDocuments/ca_mra_ad.pdf"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cpaireland.ie/"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga-canada.org/en-ca/MediaCentre/CurrentMediaReleases/Pages/ca_mdr_2009-06-03.aspx"},{"link_name":"Ordre des Experts-Comptables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_des_Experts-Comptables"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga-canada.org/en-ca/MediaCentre/MediaReleases/CurrentMediaReleases/Pages/ca_mdr_2010-06-28.aspx"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Accountants"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants_of_the_Caribbean"},{"link_name":"International Federation of Francophone Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Francophone_Accountants"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In December 2006, CGA-Canada and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) announced a mutual recognition agreement (MRA) to take effect on 1 January 2007. This agreement was renewed in 2011.In April 2008, CGA-Canada and CPA Australia entered into a MRA to extend the global reach of both organizations into new continents. [2]In June 2009, CGA-Canada and CPA Ireland [3] entered into a mutual recognition agreement. The MRA establishes a strategic partnership between the two leading accounting organizations and gives members the opportunity to qualify for another designation. [4]In June 2010, CGA-Canada and the Ordre des Experts-Comptables, France's foremost accounting organization, have entered into a MRA. Under this accord, CGAs and members of the CSOEC can be considered for membership by the other body. [5]The association is a member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).[5]CGA-Canada is an affiliate of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean and is a member of the International Federation of Francophone Accountants (FIDEF).[6][7]","title":"Mutual recognition agreements"}]
[]
[{"title":"Canadian accounting profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_accounting_profession"},{"title":"Certified General Accountants of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountants_of_Ontario"},{"title":"Certified General Accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountant"},{"title":"Chartered Professional Accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Professional_Accountant"},{"title":"IFACnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFACnet"}]
[{"reference":"\"News about unification of CA CMA CGA designations in Canada » Your home for CA-CMA-CGA unification information\". Archived from the original on 2013-11-29. Retrieved 2013-10-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131129220319/http://cpacanada.ca/blog/2013/10/09/cpa-canada-welcomes-positive-cga-member-vote-result/","url_text":"\"News about unification of CA CMA CGA designations in Canada » Your home for CA-CMA-CGA unification information\""},{"url":"http://cpacanada.ca/blog/2013/10/09/cpa-canada-welcomes-positive-cga-member-vote-result/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"IFAC's Members\". IFAC. Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2011-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101219013349/http://www.ifac.org/About/2009-annual-report/ifac/members_and_associates/members1.html","url_text":"\"IFAC's Members\""},{"url":"http://www.ifac.org/About/2009-annual-report/ifac/members_and_associates/members1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Members And Affiliates\". ICAC. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-07-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120326112351/http://www.icac.org.jm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=28","url_text":"\"Members And Affiliates\""},{"url":"http://www.icac.org.jm/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14&Itemid=28","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Canada: Membres actifs FIDEF\". FIDEF. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-07-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120326130242/http://www.fidef.org/5/11/46/article.asp","url_text":"\"Canada: Membres actifs FIDEF\""},{"url":"http://www.fidef.org/5/11/46/article.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_(crater)
Ellison (crater)
["1 Satellite craters","2 References"]
Coordinates: 55°06′N 107°30′W / 55.1°N 107.5°W / 55.1; -107.5Lunar impact craterFeature on the moonEllisonLunar Orbiter 5 imageCoordinates55°06′N 107°30′W / 55.1°N 107.5°W / 55.1; -107.5Diameter36 kmDepthUnknownColongitude108° at sunriseEponymMervyn A. Ellison Ellison is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon from the Earth. It is located just beyond the northwest limb of the Moon, to the southwest of the large walled plain Poczobutt. Due west of Ellison is the crater Coulomb. The outer rim of Ellison is roughly circular, with an inward protrusion along the southern rim and a slight outward bulge to the wet-northwest. It has a single terrace on the northeastern inner wall, formed from the slumping of material. Instead of a central peak, there is a small crater located at the midpoint. A smaller crater is located just to the west-southwest of this centrally-located formation, but the flat interior floor is otherwise devoid of features of interest. Ellison lies at the approximate margin of the Coulomb-Sarton Basin, a 530 km wide impact crater of Pre-Nectarian age. Satellite craters By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Ellison. Ellison Latitude Longitude Diameter P 52.8° N 109.6° W 32 km References Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1. vteCraters on the Moon: C–FC C. Herschel C. Mayer Cabannes Cabeus Cailleux Cai Lun Cajal Cajori Calippus Cameron Campanus Campbell Cannizzaro Cannon Cantor Capella Capuanus Cardanus Carlini Carlos Carmichael Carnot Carol Carpenter Carrel Carrillo Carrington Cartan Carver Casatus Cassegrain Cassini Catalán Catharina Cauchy Cavalerius Cavendish Caventou Cayley Celsius Censorinus Cepheus Chacornac Chadwick Chaffee Challis Chalonge Chamberlin Champollion Chandler Chang Heng Chang-Ngo Chant Chaplygin Chapman Chappe Chappell Charles Charlier Chaucer Chauvenet Chawla Chebyshev Chernyshev Chevallier Ching-Te Chladni Chrétien Cichus Clairaut Clark Clausius Clavius Cleomedes Cleostratus Clerke Coblentz Cockcroft Collins Colombo Compton Comrie Comstock Condon Condorcet Congreve Conon Cook Cooper Copernicus Cori Coriolis Couder Coulomb Courtney Cremona Crile Crocco Crommelin Crookes Crozier Crüger Ctesibius Curie Curtis Curtius Cusanus Cuvier Cyrano Cyrillus Cysatus D D. Brown da Vinci Daedalus Dag Daguerre Dale d'Alembert Dalton Daly Damoiseau Dandelion Daniell Danjon Dante Darney D'Arrest D'Arsonval Darwin Das Daubrée Davisson Davy Dawes Dawson De Forest de Gasparis de Gerlache De La Rue De Moraes De Morgan De Roy De Sitter De Vico De Vries Debes Debus Debye Dechen Delambre Delaunay Delia Delisle Dellinger Delmotte Delporte Deluc Dembowski Democritus Demonax Denning Desargues Descartes Deseilligny Deslandres Deutsch Dewar Diana Diderot Dionysius Diophantus Dirichlet Dobrovolʹskiy Doerfel Dollond Donati Donna Donner Doppelmayer Doppler Douglass Dove Draper Drebbel Dreyer Drude Dryden Drygalski Dubyago Dufay Dugan Dunér Dunthorne Dyson Dziewulski E Eckert Eddington Edison Edith Egede Ehrlich Eichstadt Eijkman Eimmart Einstein Einthoven Elger Ellerman Ellison Elmer Elvey Emden Encke Endymion Engelʹgardt Eötvös Epigenes Epimenides Eratosthenes Erlanger Erro Esclangon Esnault-Pelterie Espin Euclides Euctemon Eudoxus Euler Evans Evdokimov Evershed Ewen F Fabbroni Fabricius Fabry Fahrenheit Fairouz Faraday Faustini Fauth Faye Fechner Fedorov Felix Fényi Feoktistov Fermat Fermi Fernelius Fersman Fesenkov Feuillée Fibiger Finsch Finsen Firmicus Firsov Fischer Fitzgerald Fizeau Flammarion Flamsteed Fleming Florensky Florey Focas Fontana Fontenelle Foster Foucault Fourier Fowler Fox Fra Mauro Fracastorius Franck Franklin Franz Fraunhofer Fredholm Freud Freundlich Fridman Froelich Frost Fryxell Furnerius
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_craters"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"far side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_(Moon)"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Poczobutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poczobutt_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Coulomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Coulomb-Sarton Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb-Sarton_Basin"},{"link_name":"Pre-Nectarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Nectarian"}],"text":"Lunar impact craterFeature on the moonEllison is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon from the Earth. It is located just beyond the northwest limb of the Moon, to the southwest of the large walled plain Poczobutt. Due west of Ellison is the crater Coulomb.The outer rim of Ellison is roughly circular, with an inward protrusion along the southern rim and a slight outward bulge to the wet-northwest. It has a single terrace on the northeastern inner wall, formed from the slumping of material. Instead of a central peak, there is a small crater located at the midpoint. A smaller crater is located just to the west-southwest of this centrally-located formation, but the flat interior floor is otherwise devoid of features of interest.Ellison lies at the approximate margin of the Coulomb-Sarton Basin, a 530 km wide impact crater of Pre-Nectarian age.","title":"Ellison (crater)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Ellison.","title":"Satellite craters"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, E. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). \"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"USGS"}]},{"reference":"Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bussey","url_text":"Bussey, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Spudis","url_text":"Spudis, P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81528-4","url_text":"978-0-521-81528-4"}]},{"reference":"Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. 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S2CID 122125855.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971SSRv...12..136M","url_text":"1971SSRv...12..136M"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00171763","url_text":"10.1007/BF00171763"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122125855","url_text":"122125855"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Moore","url_text":"Moore, Patrick"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/patrickmooreonmo00patr","url_text":"On the Moon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Co.","url_text":"Sterling Publishing Co."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35469-6","url_text":"978-0-304-35469-6"}]},{"reference":"Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-33500-3","url_text":"978-0-521-33500-3"}]},{"reference":"Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_R%C3%BCkl","url_text":"Rükl, Antonín"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmbach_Books","url_text":"Kalmbach Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913135-17-4","url_text":"978-0-913135-17-4"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_William_Webb","url_text":"Webb, Rev. T. W."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00webb","url_text":"Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20917-3","url_text":"978-0-486-20917-3"}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, Ewen A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62248-6","url_text":"978-0-521-62248-6"}]},{"reference":"Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-193-1","url_text":"978-1-85233-193-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._F._Green_Airport_station
T. F. Green Airport station
["1 History","1.1 Ridership","2 Funding, facilities and cost","3 Amtrak","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 41°43′39″N 71°26′30″W / 41.7275°N 71.4417°W / 41.7275; -71.4417Railway station in Warwick, Rhode Island T. F. Green Airport/Warwick T.F. Green Airport station and parking garage in 2017General informationLocation700 Jefferson BoulevardWarwick, Rhode IslandCoordinates41°43′39″N 71°26′30″W / 41.7275°N 71.4417°W / 41.7275; -71.4417Owned byState of Rhode IslandLine(s)Amtrak Northeast CorridorPlatforms1 side platformTracks3ConnectionsRIPTA:ConstructionParking650 spaces ($6.75 daily fee)Bicycle facilitiesracks availableAccessibleYesOther informationFare zone9HistoryOpenedDecember 6, 2010Passengers2018227 (weekday average boardings) Services Preceding station MBTA Following station Wickford JunctionTerminus Providence/​Stoughton Line Providencetoward South Station Former and proposed services Preceding station Amtrak Following station Kingstontoward Norfolk, Newport News or Roanoke Northeast Regional(proposed stop) Providencetoward Boston South Preceding station MBTA Following station Terminus Foxboro event service2012–2018 Providencetoward Foxboro Location T. F. Green Airport station (signed as T. F. Green Airport/Warwick) is a train station and intermodal facility in Warwick, Rhode Island, on the Northeast Corridor, adjacent to T. F. Green Airport. It extends the MBTA Commuter Rail Providence/Stoughton Line from Boston, which previously only went as far as the Providence train station. The station was completed in October 2010 and MBTA service began on December 6, 2010. On November 14, 2011, service expanded to 10 weekday trains in each direction. Trips to and from Boston's South Station take 75 to 90 minutes. The station's primary purpose is to serve local commuters to Providence and Boston, but it will also bring passengers and employees to and from the airport. The station also makes it possible to move between T.F. Green and Logan International Airport in about two hours via subway and commuter rail. Amtrak trains cannot and do not serve the station because the track that serves the single platform is not electrified. Funding was not provided for the necessary track and electrical work, although long-range plans call for this infrastructure to be provided. History 2007 map of South County Commuter Rail service to T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction A state study of rail corridors was completed in 1994 and the Northeast Corridor was designated as the highest-priority line for commuter service to Providence. An addendum in 1995 projected daily ridership from a Warwick station to be 454 in 2000 and 529 in 2020. An operations plan was released in 2001, and environmental assessment was completed in 2003. The station's ceremonial groundbreaking took place on July 17, 2006, but construction was delayed by negotiations with Amtrak over the agreement to allow the MBTA to run commuter trains on Amtrak-owned tracks. Site preparation began in September 2007 and construction began in late 2008 or early 2009. The station was originally scheduled to open in late 2010, and construction was completed on schedule, with the opening ceremony taking place on October 27, 2010. On October 13, 2010, the MBTA and the Rhode Island Department of Transportation signed an agreement enabling MBTA operations to the station to begin on December 6, 2010, initially with 6 inbound and 5 outbound trains each weekday. This service consisted of three peak-hour trains in each direction between T.F. Green and South Station, plus several off-peak shuttles to/from Providence. This was despite earlier concerns that service could be delayed pending completion of the Wickford Junction station and the siding there used to allow trains to reverse directions. However, the siding at T.F. Green was deemed sufficient for operations. In November 2011, service was increased significantly, with mid-day service and more rush hour trains. The line was extended 10 miles past T.F. Green with the opening of Wickford Junction station in April 2012. Normal service to T.F. Green Airport is weekday-only, with no regular weekend trains. Beginning on September 16, 2012, special Sunday trains serving New England Patriots games were extended from Providence to T.F. Green Airport. These trains run on game days only to Foxboro, which was not served by regular daily MBTA service. Game-day service was cut back to Providence in the 2019 season. Ridership Daily boardings were projected to reach 529 in 2020 by the 1995 analysis; this was halved to 245 in the 2003 Environmental Assessment. In the first quarter of 2012, inbound ridership from the station averaged 149 riders per day, lower than state officials hoped. By July 2012, the count increased to more than 200 daily, even as passenger traffic at the airport decreased. By early 2017, total ridership (boardings plus alightings) was 414. For the second half of 2017, the state offered free intrastate rides, primarily in an attempt to promote the under-utilized Wickford Junction station. The six-month promotion was expected to cost about $102,000. However, a 2018 count had just 227 daily boardings - barely increased from 2012. Funding, facilities and cost Interlink skyway as seen from an airport parking lot A new passenger shelter was installed on the platform in 2012 The station includes a four-level, 3,500-space garage with facilities for airport car rental companies and park and ride commuters. The station is connected to the airport via an elevated 1,250-foot (380-meter) skywalk with moving sidewalks, known as the Interlink. Costs included: $28.1M — commuter parking garage $46.9M — rental car garage $40.2M — rental car desk and service areas $22.9M — commuter rail platform $43.5M — skywalk $14.1M — connection from airport terminal to skywalk The total cost of the T.F. Green amenities, plus an additional station at Wickford Junction was $336 million. The project sponsor was the Rhode Island Department of Transportation, which assembled funding consisting of: $29M already collected from a $4.25 car rental fee $22.2M grant from Rhode Island $88.9M grant from federal highway funds $42M loan from the federal government under the Transportation Finance and Infrastructure Act $39.6M bond from Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation (of which the Airport Corporation is a subsidiary) $20M of federal funding was earmarked by former Rhode Island senator Lincoln Chafee in the 2005 SAFETEA transportation bill. As part of the 1989 Pilgrim Partnership Agreement, Rhode Island provides capital funding (including some of its federal formula funds) for MBTA expansion in the state. (Rhode Island also gave the MBTA $11 million to cover capital costs for the T.F. Green project.) Massachusetts (through the MBTA) provides the operating subsidy for MBTA Commuter Rail service in return. Rhode Island also pays Amtrak to allow the MBTA to use its tracks. The Rhode Island Airport Corporation, which runs T.F. Green Airport, will be responsible for repaying the bonds using revenues from car rental and commuter parking facilities. Amtrak An Amtrak train passing a stopped commuter train at T.F. Green Although Amtrak owns the tracks through the station, T.F. Green Airport is not a stop on Amtrak's Northeast Regional or Acela Express trains. The station is on a third track built west of the existing two-track Northeast Corridor line, however the new track was not electrified due to lack of funding. All Amtrak trains currently operating on the Northeast Corridor require overhead electric power. Amtrak had requested a separate track for its trains, which was not built, and has also cited a lack of sufficient ridership for the stop to be economically sustainable. This may change with time. Long-term Amtrak plans released in 2010 called for a fourth track (as a second passing siding) with a second platform at the station for intrastate commuter service as well as possible future Amtrak use. The new siding and the current siding would need to have catenary wire extended over them in order for Amtrak trains to stop. A 2017 Amtrak/RIDOT study analyzed several potential scenarios for intercity service to the station: addition of Amtrak service with a new platform, extension of Shore Line East service to Providence, additional Westerly–Boston local service, and new intercity line between Boston and T.F. Green, Westerly, or New London. In June 2019, a $2.8 million federal grant was awarded to fund preliminary engineering and environmental review work to allow Northeast Regional trains to stop at the station. References ^ a b c Belcher, Jonathan (March 25, 2017). "Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2016" (PDF). NETransit. ^ a b Central Transportation Planning Staff (2019). "2018 Commuter Rail Counts". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. ^ a b "Increased Service to T.F. Green International Airport". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012. ^ a b c d Needham, Cynthia (22 August 2007). "Airport train station revived". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2008. ^ "Rail Corridor Feasibility Study" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. November 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2017. ^ a b Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). "South County Commuter Rail Service Plan" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2017. ^ a b "South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. February 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012. ^ Downing, Neil (17 October 2007). "Train station construction to begin". Providence Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2008. ^ Lord, Peter B. (2 August 2009). "Finally, work on a commuter rail station at T.F. Green advances and so does its cost". Providence Journal. Retrieved 18 April 2011. ^ "Providence/Stoughton Line Schedule" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2012. ^ "Riding the T: Patriots". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012. ^ "Gillette Stadium". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019. ^ Klepper, David (6 April 2012). "RI rail passenger count up; still lower than hoped". Boston Globe. Retrieved 7 April 2012. ^ Parker, Paul Edward (24 August 2012). "Reinvent RI: Passenger traffic down at T.F. Green Airport, up at train station". Providence Journal. Retrieved 4 September 2012. ^ "You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday". Boston Globe. July 2, 2017. ^ Intermodal Planning - Park & Ride Facilities Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine. Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Accessed 18 April 2011. ^ a b c Howell, John. "Warwick station hinges on Amtrak deal". Warwick Online, 31 January 2008. ^ a b Bierman, Noah (September 10, 2009). "Vote set on T link to R.I. airport". The Boston Globe. ^ a b Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). "South County Commuter Rail Service Plan" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012. ^ "RI Airport Corporation". Rhode Island Airport Corporation. Retrieved 4 September 2012. ^ Miller, Hannah (11 October 2005). "Warwick station will provide direct train access to T.F. Green airport". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2012. ^ South County Commuter Rail Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine (Microsoft Word document). November 2007. Accessed 25 Feb 2011. ^ The NEC Master Plan Working Group (May 2010). "Part II: Current and Future Service and Infrastructure by Sgement" (PDF). The Northeast Corridor Infrastructure Master Plan. Amtrak. p. 6. Retrieved 26 January 2016. ^ "Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport" (PDF). Amtrak and the Rhode Island Department of Transportation. April 2017. ^ "New $2.8 Million Grant Keeps Development of Amtrak Service to T.F. Green On Track" (Press release). Office of Jack Reed. June 10, 2019. Further reading Amtrak; RIdot (April 2017). Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport (PDF) (Report). External links Media related to T. F. Green Airport station at Wikimedia Commons MBTA – T.F. Green Airport T.F. Green Station Project | RIdot
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F. Green Airport station (signed as T. F. Green Airport/Warwick) is a train station and intermodal facility in Warwick, Rhode Island, on the Northeast Corridor, adjacent to T. F. Green Airport. It extends the MBTA Commuter Rail Providence/Stoughton Line from Boston, which previously only went as far as the Providence train station. The station was completed in October 2010 and MBTA service began on December 6, 2010.[1] On November 14, 2011, service expanded to 10 weekday trains in each direction.[3] Trips to and from Boston's South Station take 75 to 90 minutes.The station's primary purpose is to serve local commuters to Providence and Boston, but it will also bring passengers and employees to and from the airport. The station also makes it possible to move between T.F. Green and Logan International Airport in about two hours via subway and commuter rail. Amtrak trains cannot and do not serve the station because the track that serves the single platform is not electrified. Funding was not provided for the necessary track and electrical work, although long-range plans call for this infrastructure to be provided.[4]","title":"T. F. Green Airport station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_FTA_RI_South_County_Commuter_Rail_Warwick_Wickford.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT1994-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2001-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2003-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revived-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-projo_10_17-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revived-4"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2010schedule-10"},{"link_name":"Wickford Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickford_Junction_(MBTA_station)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nov2011-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-netransit-1"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Foxboro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foxboro_station"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"2007 map of South County Commuter Rail service to T.F. Green Airport and Wickford JunctionA state study of rail corridors was completed in 1994 and the Northeast Corridor was designated as the highest-priority line for commuter service to Providence.[5] An addendum in 1995 projected daily ridership from a Warwick station to be 454 in 2000 and 529 in 2020.[6] An operations plan was released in 2001, and environmental assessment was completed in 2003.[7]The station's ceremonial groundbreaking took place on July 17, 2006, but construction was delayed by negotiations with Amtrak over the agreement to allow the MBTA to run commuter trains on Amtrak-owned tracks.[4] Site preparation began in September 2007 and construction began in late 2008 or early 2009.[8][9] The station was originally scheduled to open in late 2010, and construction was completed on schedule, with the opening ceremony taking place on October 27, 2010.[4]On October 13, 2010, the MBTA and the Rhode Island Department of Transportation signed an agreement enabling MBTA operations to the station to begin on December 6, 2010, initially with 6 inbound and 5 outbound trains each weekday. This service consisted of three peak-hour trains in each direction between T.F. Green and South Station, plus several off-peak shuttles to/from Providence.[10] This was despite earlier concerns that service could be delayed pending completion of the Wickford Junction station and the siding there used to allow trains to reverse directions. However, the siding at T.F. Green was deemed sufficient for operations. In November 2011, service was increased significantly, with mid-day service and more rush hour trains.[3] The line was extended 10 miles past T.F. Green with the opening of Wickford Junction station in April 2012.[1]Normal service to T.F. Green Airport is weekday-only, with no regular weekend trains. Beginning on September 16, 2012, special Sunday trains serving New England Patriots games were extended from Providence to T.F. Green Airport. These trains run on game days only to Foxboro, which was not served by regular daily MBTA service.[11] Game-day service was cut back to Providence in the 2019 season.[12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2001-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RIDOT2003-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200pass-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-freerides-15"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CRcounts-2"}],"sub_title":"Ridership","text":"Daily boardings were projected to reach 529 in 2020 by the 1995 analysis; this was halved to 245 in the 2003 Environmental Assessment.[6][7]In the first quarter of 2012, inbound ridership from the station averaged 149 riders per day, lower than state officials hoped.[13] By July 2012, the count increased to more than 200 daily, even as passenger traffic at the airport decreased.[14]By early 2017, total ridership (boardings plus alightings) was 414. For the second half of 2017, the state offered free intrastate rides, primarily in an attempt to promote the under-utilized Wickford Junction station. The six-month promotion was expected to cost about $102,000.[15] However, a 2018 count had just 227 daily boardings - barely increased from 2012.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:T.F._Green_skyway_5.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_T.F._Green_platform_shelter.JPG"},{"link_name":"car rental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_rental"},{"link_name":"park and ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_and_ride"},{"link_name":"skywalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyway"},{"link_name":"moving sidewalks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_sidewalk"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warwick-17"},{"link_name":"Wickford Junction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickford_Junction_(MBTA_station)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe0910-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpPlan-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warwick-17"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Lincoln Chafee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Chafee"},{"link_name":"2005 SAFETEA transportation bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safe,_Accountable,_Flexible,_Efficient_Transportation_Equity_Act:_A_Legacy_for_Users"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"MBTA Commuter Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBTA_Commuter_Rail"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-globe0910-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-warwick-17"}],"text":"Interlink skyway as seen from an airport parking lotA new passenger shelter was installed on the platform in 2012The station includes a four-level, 3,500-space garage with facilities for airport car rental companies and park and ride commuters. The station is connected to the airport via an elevated 1,250-foot (380-meter) skywalk with moving sidewalks, known as the Interlink.[16] Costs included:[17]$28.1M — commuter parking garage\n$46.9M — rental car garage\n$40.2M — rental car desk and service areas\n$22.9M — commuter rail platform\n$43.5M — skywalk\n$14.1M — connection from airport terminal to skywalkThe total cost of the T.F. Green amenities, plus an additional station at Wickford Junction was $336 million.[18] The project sponsor was the Rhode Island Department of Transportation,[19] which assembled funding consisting of:[17]$29M already collected from a $4.25 car rental fee\n$22.2M grant from Rhode Island\n$88.9M grant from federal highway funds\n$42M loan from the federal government under the Transportation Finance and Infrastructure Act\n$39.6M bond from Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation (of which the Airport Corporation is a subsidiary)[20]$20M of federal funding was earmarked by former Rhode Island senator Lincoln Chafee in the 2005 SAFETEA transportation bill.[21]As part of the 1989 Pilgrim Partnership Agreement, Rhode Island provides capital funding (including some of its federal formula funds) for MBTA expansion in the state. (Rhode Island also gave the MBTA $11 million to cover capital costs for the T.F. Green project.) Massachusetts (through the MBTA) provides the operating subsidy for MBTA Commuter Rail service in return.[22] Rhode Island also pays Amtrak to allow the MBTA to use its tracks.[18]The Rhode Island Airport Corporation, which runs T.F. Green Airport, will be responsible for repaying the bonds using revenues from car rental and commuter parking facilities.[17]","title":"Funding, facilities and cost"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amtrak_passing_at_T.F._Green.JPG"},{"link_name":"Northeast Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Regional"},{"link_name":"Acela Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acela_Express"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpPlan-19"},{"link_name":"electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_electrification_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revived-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Shore Line East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Line_East"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"An Amtrak train passing a stopped commuter train at T.F. GreenAlthough Amtrak owns the tracks through the station, T.F. Green Airport is not a stop on Amtrak's Northeast Regional or Acela Express trains.[19] The station is on a third track built west of the existing two-track Northeast Corridor line, however the new track was not electrified due to lack of funding. All Amtrak trains currently operating on the Northeast Corridor require overhead electric power. Amtrak had requested a separate track for its trains, which was not built, and has also cited a lack of sufficient ridership for the stop to be economically sustainable. This may change with time.[4] Long-term Amtrak plans released in 2010 called for a fourth track (as a second passing siding) with a second platform at the station for intrastate commuter service as well as possible future Amtrak use. The new siding and the current siding would need to have catenary wire extended over them in order for Amtrak trains to stop.[23]A 2017 Amtrak/RIDOT study analyzed several potential scenarios for intercity service to the station: addition of Amtrak service with a new platform, extension of Shore Line East service to Providence, additional Westerly–Boston local service, and new intercity line between Boston and T.F. Green, Westerly, or New London.[24] In June 2019, a $2.8 million federal grant was awarded to fund preliminary engineering and environmental review work to allow Northeast Regional trains to stop at the station.[25]","title":"Amtrak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf"}],"text":"Amtrak; RIdot (April 2017). Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport (PDF) (Report).","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"2007 map of South County Commuter Rail service to T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/US_FTA_RI_South_County_Commuter_Rail_Warwick_Wickford.jpg/220px-US_FTA_RI_South_County_Commuter_Rail_Warwick_Wickford.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interlink skyway as seen from an airport parking lot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/T.F._Green_skyway_5.JPG/220px-T.F._Green_skyway_5.JPG"},{"image_text":"A new passenger shelter was installed on the platform in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_T.F._Green_platform_shelter.JPG/220px-New_T.F._Green_platform_shelter.JPG"},{"image_text":"An Amtrak train passing a stopped commuter train at T.F. Green","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Amtrak_passing_at_T.F._Green.JPG/220px-Amtrak_passing_at_T.F._Green.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"Belcher, Jonathan (March 25, 2017). \"Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2016\" (PDF). NETransit.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transithistory.org/roster/MBTARouteHistory.pdf","url_text":"\"Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2016\""}]},{"reference":"Central Transportation Planning Staff (2019). \"2018 Commuter Rail Counts\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mass.gov/lists/2018-commuter-rail-counts","url_text":"\"2018 Commuter Rail Counts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Increased Service to T.F. Green International Airport\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mbta.com/about_the_mbta/news_events/?id=23038&month=&year=","url_text":"\"Increased Service to T.F. Green International Airport\""}]},{"reference":"Needham, Cynthia (22 August 2007). \"Airport train station revived\". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824231247/http://www.projo.com/news/content/AIRPORT_TRAIN_08-22-07_EN6QRPQ.31da5a2.html","url_text":"\"Airport train station revived\""},{"url":"http://www.projo.com/news/content/AIRPORT_TRAIN_08-22-07_EN6QRPQ.31da5a2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rail Corridor Feasibility Study\" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. November 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424230300/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","url_text":"\"Rail Corridor Feasibility Study\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). \"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","url_text":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment\" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. February 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095315/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","url_text":"\"South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Downing, Neil (17 October 2007). \"Train station construction to begin\". Providence Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projo.com/business/content/BZ_DOT_October_17_10-17-07_IH7GQ3F.254619c.html","url_text":"\"Train station construction to begin\""}]},{"reference":"Lord, Peter B. (2 August 2009). \"Finally, work on a commuter rail station at T.F. Green advances and so does its cost\". Providence Journal. Retrieved 18 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projo.com/business/content/People_mover_02-08-09_65D7J7B_v23.3c91227.html","url_text":"\"Finally, work on a commuter rail station at T.F. Green advances and so does its cost\""}]},{"reference":"\"Providence/Stoughton Line Schedule\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204103358/http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Documents/Schedules_and_Maps/Commuter_Rail/Providence-Stou%20Line%20040708.pdf","url_text":"\"Providence/Stoughton Line Schedule\""},{"url":"http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Documents/Schedules_and_Maps/Commuter_Rail/Providence-Stou%20Line%20040708.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riding the T: Patriots\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919202058/http://www.mbta.com/riding_the_t/patriots/","url_text":"\"Riding the T: Patriots\""},{"url":"http://www.mbta.com/riding_the_t/patriots/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gillette Stadium\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094348/https://mbta.com/destinations/gillette-stadium","url_text":"\"Gillette Stadium\""},{"url":"https://mbta.com/destinations/gillette-stadium","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klepper, David (6 April 2012). \"RI rail passenger count up; still lower than hoped\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 7 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/04/06/ri_rail_passenger_count_up_still_lower_than_hoped/","url_text":"\"RI rail passenger count up; still lower than hoped\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Paul Edward (24 August 2012). \"Reinvent RI: Passenger traffic down at T.F. Green Airport, up at train station\". Providence Journal. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/2012/08/reinvent-ri-pas.html","url_text":"\"Reinvent RI: Passenger traffic down at T.F. Green Airport, up at train station\""}]},{"reference":"\"You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday\". Boston Globe. July 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/culture/travel/2017/07/02/you-can-ride-rhode-islands-commuter-rail-for-free-starting-monday","url_text":"\"You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday\""}]},{"reference":"Bierman, Noah (September 10, 2009). \"Vote set on T link to R.I. airport\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/09/10/vote_set_on_t_link_to_ri_airport/","url_text":"\"Vote set on T link to R.I. airport\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). \"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","url_text":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RI Airport Corporation\". Rhode Island Airport Corporation. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pvdairport.com/main.aspx?sec_id=15","url_text":"\"RI Airport Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Hannah (11 October 2005). \"Warwick station will provide direct train access to T.F. Green airport\". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2005/10/11/Metro/Warwick.Station.Will.Provide.Direct.Train.Access.To.T.f.Green.Airport-1016314.shtml","url_text":"\"Warwick station will provide direct train access to T.F. Green airport\""}]},{"reference":"The NEC Master Plan Working Group (May 2010). \"Part II: Current and Future Service and Infrastructure by Sgement\" (PDF). The Northeast Corridor Infrastructure Master Plan. Amtrak. p. 6. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/870/270/Northeast-Corridor-Infrastructure-Master-Plan.pdf","url_text":"\"Part II: Current and Future Service and Infrastructure by Sgement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport\" (PDF). Amtrak and the Rhode Island Department of Transportation. April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"New $2.8 Million Grant Keeps Development of Amtrak Service to T.F. Green On Track\" (Press release). Office of Jack Reed. June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reed.senate.gov/news/releases/new-28-million-grant-keeps-development-of-amtrak-service-to-tf-green-on-track","url_text":"\"New $2.8 Million Grant Keeps Development of Amtrak Service to T.F. Green On Track\""}]},{"reference":"Amtrak; RIdot (April 2017). Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport (PDF) (Report).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf","url_text":"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T._F._Green_Airport_station&params=41.7275_N_71.4417_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-RI","external_links_name":"41°43′39″N 71°26′30″W / 41.7275°N 71.4417°W / 41.7275; -71.4417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T._F._Green_Airport_station&params=41.7275_N_71.4417_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-RI","external_links_name":"41°43′39″N 71°26′30″W / 41.7275°N 71.4417°W / 41.7275; -71.4417"},{"Link":"http://www.transithistory.org/roster/MBTARouteHistory.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.mass.gov/lists/2018-commuter-rail-counts","external_links_name":"\"2018 Commuter Rail Counts\""},{"Link":"http://www.mbta.com/about_the_mbta/news_events/?id=23038&month=&year=","external_links_name":"\"Increased Service to T.F. Green International Airport\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824231247/http://www.projo.com/news/content/AIRPORT_TRAIN_08-22-07_EN6QRPQ.31da5a2.html","external_links_name":"\"Airport train station revived\""},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/news/content/AIRPORT_TRAIN_08-22-07_EN6QRPQ.31da5a2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424230300/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rail Corridor Feasibility Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095315/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/business/content/BZ_DOT_October_17_10-17-07_IH7GQ3F.254619c.html","external_links_name":"\"Train station construction to begin\""},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/business/content/People_mover_02-08-09_65D7J7B_v23.3c91227.html","external_links_name":"\"Finally, work on a commuter rail station at T.F. Green advances and so does its cost\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204103358/http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Documents/Schedules_and_Maps/Commuter_Rail/Providence-Stou%20Line%20040708.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Providence/Stoughton Line Schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Documents/Schedules_and_Maps/Commuter_Rail/Providence-Stou%20Line%20040708.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919202058/http://www.mbta.com/riding_the_t/patriots/","external_links_name":"\"Riding the T: Patriots\""},{"Link":"http://www.mbta.com/riding_the_t/patriots/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094348/https://mbta.com/destinations/gillette-stadium","external_links_name":"\"Gillette Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://mbta.com/destinations/gillette-stadium","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/04/06/ri_rail_passenger_count_up_still_lower_than_hoped/","external_links_name":"\"RI rail passenger count up; still lower than hoped\""},{"Link":"http://news.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/2012/08/reinvent-ri-pas.html","external_links_name":"\"Reinvent RI: Passenger traffic down at T.F. Green Airport, up at train station\""},{"Link":"https://www.boston.com/culture/travel/2017/07/02/you-can-ride-rhode-islands-commuter-rail-for-free-starting-monday","external_links_name":"\"You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/intermod/index.asp","external_links_name":"Intermodal Planning - Park & Ride Facilities"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611082955/http://www.dot.ri.gov/intermod/index.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.warwickonline.com/warwickonline/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=35769","external_links_name":"Warwick station hinges on Amtrak deal"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/09/10/vote_set_on_t_link_to_ri_airport/","external_links_name":"\"Vote set on T link to R.I. airport\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pvdairport.com/main.aspx?sec_id=15","external_links_name":"\"RI Airport Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2005/10/11/Metro/Warwick.Station.Will.Provide.Direct.Train.Access.To.T.f.Green.Airport-1016314.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Warwick station will provide direct train access to T.F. Green airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/RI_Providence_South_County_(2).doc","external_links_name":"South County Commuter Rail"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927171117/http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/RI_Providence_South_County_(2).doc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/870/270/Northeast-Corridor-Infrastructure-Master-Plan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Part II: Current and Future Service and Infrastructure by Sgement\""},{"Link":"https://www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.reed.senate.gov/news/releases/new-28-million-grant-keeps-development-of-amtrak-service-to-tf-green-on-track","external_links_name":"\"New $2.8 Million Grant Keeps Development of Amtrak Service to T.F. Green On Track\""},{"Link":"https://www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf","external_links_name":"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport"},{"Link":"https://www.mbta.com/stops/place-NEC-1768","external_links_name":"MBTA – T.F. Green Airport"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.ri.gov/projects/TFGreen/index.php","external_links_name":"T.F. Green Station Project"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-1017
USS LST-1017
["1 Construction and commissioning","1.1 Service in United States Navy","1.2 Service in Republic of China Navy","2 Awards","3 Citations","4 Sources"]
LST-542-class landing ship tank ROCS Chung Chi History United States NameLST-1017 BuilderBethlehem Steel Co., Quincy Laid down25 March 1944 Launched25 April 1944 Commissioned12 May 1944 Decommissioned29 June 1946 Stricken12 March 1948 Identification Callsign: NVPT FateTransferred to Republic of China, 1946 Taiwan Name Chung Chi (中基) Acquired14 December 1946 Commissioned14 December 1946 Decommissioned1 September 1990 IdentificationHull number: LST-206 StatusDecommissioned General characteristics Class and typeLST-542-class tank landing ship Displacement 1,625 long tons (1,651 t) light 4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full Length328 ft (100 m) Beam50 ft (15 m) Draft Unloaded : 2 ft 4 in (0.71 m) forward 7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) aft Loaded : 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) forward 14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft Propulsion2 × General Motors 12-567 diesel engines, two shafts, twin rudders Speed12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph) Boats & landing craft carried2 × LCVPs Troops16 officers, 147 enlisted men Complement7 officers, 104 enlisted men Armament 8 × 40 mm guns 12 × 20 mm guns USS LST-1017 was a LST-542-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II. She was transferred to the Republic of China Navy as ROCS Chung Chi (LST-206). Construction and commissioning LST-1017 was laid down on 25 March 1944 at Bethlehem Steel Company, Quincy, Massachusetts. Launched on 25 April 1944 and commissioned on 12 May 1944. Service in United States Navy LST-1017 on 19 June 1945 During World War II, LST-1017 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific theater. She then participated in the Morotai landings on 15 September 1944 and Leyte landings from 5 to 18 November 1944. In 1945, she took part in the Lingayen Gulf landing from 4 to 17 January, the Mindanao Island landing from 17 to 23 April, Transporting Australian Troops ex Cairns (Queensland) on 27 May, disembarked Morotai 13 June 1945 and Balikpapan operation from 26 June to 9 July. She was assigned to occupation and China from 20 October 1945 to 29 June 1946. She was decommissioned on 29 June 1946 and struck from the Naval Register, 12 March 1948 after she was transferred to the Republic of China on 14 December 1946. Service in Republic of China Navy Chung Chi was decommissioned on 1 September 1990. Awards LST-1017 have earned the following awards: China Service Medal (extended) American Campaign Medal Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (5 battle stars) World War II Victory Medal Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp) Philippines Presidential Unit Citation Philippines Liberation Medal (2 battle stars) Citations ^ a b "Tank Landing Ship LST". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ a b "LST-1017". NHHC. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ 2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號, retrieved 21 August 2021 Sources United States. Dept. of the Treasury (1962). Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97. U.S. Government Printing Office. Moore, Capt. John (1984). Jane's Fighting Ships 1984-85. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710607959. Saunders, Stephen (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009-2010. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710628886. Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222. United Kingdom: Fairplay Publishing Limited. 1967. vteLST-542-class tank landing shipsLST-542 – LST-599 LST-542 / Chelan County LST-543 LST-544 LST-545 LST-546 / T-LST-546 LST-547 LST-548 / T-LST-548 LST-549 LST-550 / T-LST-550 LST-551 / Chesterfield County LST-552 LST-553 LST-554 LST-555 LST-556 LST-557 LST-558 LST-559 LST-560 LST-561 / Chittenden County LST-562 LST-563 LST-564 LST-565 LST-566 / T-LST-566 LST-567 LST-568 LST-569 LST-570 LST-571 LST-572 LST-573 LST-574 LST-575 / LST(M)-575 / Wythe LST-576 LST-577 LST-578 LST-579 LST-580 LST-581 LST-582 LST-583 / Churchill County LST-584 LST-585 LST-586 LST-587 LST-588 LST-589 LST-590 / T-LST-590 LST-591 LST-592 LST-593 LST-594 LST-595 LST-596 LST-597 LST-598 LST-599 LST-600 – LST-699 LST-600 LST-601 / Clarke County LST-602 / Clearwater County LST-603 / Coconino County LST-604 / Silenus LST-605 LST-606 LST-607 / T-LST-607 LST-608 LST-609 LST-610 LST-611 / Crook County LST-612 LST-613 / T-LST-613 LST-614 LST-615 LST-616 LST-617 LST-618 LST-619 LST-620 LST-621 LST-622 LST-623 / T-LST-623 LST-624 LST-625 LST-626 LST-627 LST-628 LST-629 LST-630 LST-631 LST-632 LST-633 LST-634 LST-635 LST-636 LST-637 LST-638 LST-639 LST-640 LST-641 LST-642 LST-643 LST-644 / Minos LST-645 / Minotaur LST-646 LST-647 LST-648 LST-649 LST-650 / Pandemus LST-651 LST-652 / LST(H)-652 / T-LST-652 LST-653 LST-654 LST-655 LST-656 LST-657 / T-LST-657 LST-658 LST-659 LST-660 LST-661 LST-662 LST-663 LST-664 LST-665 LST-666 LST-667 LST-668 LST-669 LST-670 LST-671 LST-672 LST-673 LST-674 LST-675 LST-676 / LST(M)-676 / Yavapai LST-677 / LST(M)-677 / Yolo LST-678 / Presque Isle (APB-44) LST-679 LST-680 LST-681 LST-682 LST-683 LST-684 LST-685 / Curry County LST-686 LST-687 LST-688 LST-689 / Daggett County LST-690 LST-691 LST-692 / Daviess County LST-693 LST-694 LST-695 LST-696 LST-697 LST-698 LST-699 LST-700 – LST-799 LST-700 LST-701 LST-702 LST-703 LST-704 LST-705 LST-706 LST-707 LST-708 LST-709 LST-710 / Accomac LST-711 LST-712 LST-713 LST-714 LST-715 / DeKalb County LST-716 LST-717 LST-718 LST-719 LST-720 LST-721 LST-722 / Dodge County LST-723 LST-724 LST-725 LST-726 LST-727 LST-728 LST-729 LST-730 LST-731 / LST(H)-731 / Douglas County LST-732 LST-733 LST-734 LST-735 / Dukes County LST-736 LST-737 LST-738 LST-739 LST-740 LST-741 LST-742 / Dunn County LST-743 LST-744 LST-745 LST-746 LST-747 LST-748 LST-749 LST-750 LST-751 LST-752 LST-753 LST-754 LST-755 LST-756 LST-757 LST-758 / Duval County LST-759 / Eddy County LST-760 LST-761 / Esmeraldo County LST-762 / Floyd County LST-763 LST-764 LST-765 LST-766 LST-767 LST-768 LST-769 LST-770 LST-771 LST-772 / Ford County LST-773 / Antigone LST-774 LST-775 LST-776 LST-777 LST-778 LST-779 LST-780 LST-781 LST-782 LST-783 LST-784 / Garfield County LST-785 LST-786 / Garrett County LST-787 LST-788 LST-789 LST-790 / LST(H)-790 LST-791 LST-792 LST-793 LST-794 / Gibson County LST-795 LST-796 LST-797 LST-798 LST-799 / Greer County LST-800 – LST-899 LST-800 LST-801 LST-802 / Hamilton County LST-803 / Hampden County LST-804 LST-805 LST-806 LST-807 LST-808 LST-809 LST-810 LST-811 LST-812 LST-813 LST-814 LST-815 LST-816 LST-817 LST-818 LST-819 / Hampshire County LST-820 LST-821 / Harnett County LST-822 / Harris County LST-823 LST-824 / Henry County LST-825 / Hickman County LST-826 LST-827 / Hillsborough County LST-828 LST-829 LST-830 LST-831 LST-832 LST-833 LST-834 LST-835 / Hillsdale County LST-836 / Holmes County LST-837 LST-838 / Hunterdon County LST-839 / Iredell County LST-840 / Iron County LST-841 LST-842 LST-843 LST-844 LST-845 / Jefferson County LST-846 / Jennings County LST-847 LST-848 / Jerome County LST-849 / Johnson County LST-850 / Juniata County LST-851 LST-852 / Satyr LST-853 / Kane County LST-854 / Kemper County LST-855 / Kent County LST-856 LST-857 / King County LST-858 / Stentor LST-859 / Lafayette County LST-860 LST-861 LST-862 LST-863 LST-864 LST-865 LST-866 LST-867 LST-868 LST-869 LST-870 LST-871 / LST(H)-871 LST-872 LST-873 LST-874 LST-875 LST-876 LST-877 LST-878 LST-879 LST-880 / Lake County LST-881 LST-882 LST-883 / La Moure County LST-884 LST-885 LST-886 LST-887 / Lawrence County LST-888 / Lee County LST-889 LST-890 LST-891 LST-892 LST-893 LST-894 LST-895 LST-896 LST-897 LST-898 / Lincoln County LST-899 LST-900 – LST-999 LST-900 / Linn County LST-901 / Litchfield County LST-902 / Luzerne County LST-903 / Lyman County LST-904 / Lyon County LST-905 / Madera County LST-906 LST-907 LST-908 LST-909 LST-910 LST-911 LST-912 / Mahnomen County LST-913 LST-914 / Mahoning County LST-915 LST-916 LST-917 LST-918 LST-919 LST-920 LST-921 LST-922 LST-923 LST-924 LST-925 LST-926 LST-927 LST-928 / Cameron LST-929 / LST(H)-929 LST-930 / LST(H)-930 LST-931 / LST(H)-931 LST-932 LST-933 LST-934 LST-935 LST-936 LST-937 LST-938 / Maricopa County LST-939 LST-940 LST-941 LST-942 LST-943 LST-944 LST-945 LST-946 LST-947 LST-948 / Myrmidon LST-949 / LST(H)-949 LST-950 / LST(H)-950 LST-951 / LST(H)-951 LST-952 / LST(H)-952 LST-953 / Marinette County LST-954 / Numitor LST-955 / Patroclus LST-956 / Sarpedon LST-957 LST-958 LST-959 LST-960 LST-961 LST-962 / Romulus LST-963 / Sphinx LST-964 LST-965 LST-966 / Callisto LST-967 / Ulysses LST-968 LST-969 LST-970 LST-971 / Menelaus LST-972 LST-973 LST-974 LST-975 / Marion County LST-976 / Telamon LST-977 / Alecto LST-978 LST-979 LST-980 / Meeker County LST-981 LST-982 LST-983 / Middlesex County LST-984 LST-985 LST-986 LST-987 / Millard County LST-988 / Mineral County LST-989 LST-990 LST-991 LST-992 LST-993 LST-994 LST-995 LST-996 LST-997 LST-998 LST-999 LST-1000 – LST-1099 LST-1000 LST-1001 LST-1002 LST-1003 / Coronis LST-1004 LST-1005 LST-1006 LST-1007 LST-1008 LST-1009 LST-1010 LST-1011 LST-1012 LST-1013 LST-1014 LST-1015 LST-1016 LST-1017 LST-1018 LST-1019 LST-1020 LST-1021 LST-1022 LST-1023 LST-1024 LST-1025 LST-1026 LST-1027 LST-1028 LST-1029 LST-1030 LST-1031 LST-1032 / Monmouth County LST-1033 / LST(H)-1033 LST-1034 LST-1035 LST-1036 / Creon LST-1037 / Poseidon LST-1038 / Monroe County LST-1039 LST-1040 LST-1041 / Montgomery County LST-1042 LST-1043 LST-1044 LST-1045 LST-1046 LST-1047 LST-1048 / Morgan County LST-1049 LST-1050 LST-1051 LST-1052 LST-1053 LST-1054 LST-1055 LST-1056 LST-1057 LST-1058 LST-1059 LST-1060 LST-1061 LST-1062 LST-1063 LST-1064 / Nansemond County LST-1065 LST-1066 / New London County LST-1067 / Nye County LST-1068 / Orange County LST-1069 / Orleans Parish LST-1070 / Electron LST-1071 / Ouachita County LST-1072 / T-LST-1072 LST-1073 / Outagamie County LST-1074 / Overton County LST-1075 LST-1076 / Page County LST-1077 / Park County LST-1078 / Proton LST-1079 / Payette County LST-1080 / Pender County LST-1081 / Pima County LST-1082 / Pitkin County LST-1083 / Plumas County LST-1084 / Polk County LST-1085 / Colington LST-1086 / Potter County LST-1087 LST-1088 / Pulaski County LST-1089 / Rice County LST-1090 / Russell County LST-1091 / Sagadahoc County LST-1092 / Aventinus LST-1093 / Fabius LST-1094 / Chloris LST-1095 / Megara LST-1096 / St. Clair County LST-1097 / League Island LST-1098 / Laysan Island LST-1099 / Okala LST-1100 – LST-1152 LST-1100 / Palmyra LST-1101 / Saline County LST-1102 / Chimon LST-1103 LST-1104 LST-1105 LST-1106 LST-1107 LST-1108 LST-1109 LST-1110 / San Bernardino County LST-1111 / Blackford LST-1112 / Dorchester LST-1113 / Kingman LST-1114 / Presque Isle (AKS-19) / Vandenburgh LST-1115 / Pentheus LST-1116 / Proserpine LST-1117 / Tantalus LST-1118 / Typhon LST-1119 / Diomedes LST-1120 LST-1121 / Demeter LST-1122 / San Joaquin County LST-1123 / Sedgwick County LST-1124 / Amphitrite LST-1125 / Brontes LST-1126 / Snohomish County LST-1127 / Helios LST-1128 / Solano County LST-1129 / Somervell County LST-1130 LST-1131 / Askari LST-1132 / Bellerophon LST-1133 / Chiron LST-1134 / Stark County LST-1135 LST-1136 / Bellona LST-1137 / Chimaera LST-1138 / Steuben County LST-1139 LST-1140 LST-1141 / Stone County LST-1142 / Strafford County LST-1143 / Daedalus LST-1144 / Sublette County LST-1145 / Gordius LST-1146 / Summit County LST-1147 / Indra LST-1148 / Sumner County LST-1149 / Krishna LST-1150 / Sutter County LST-1151 / Quirinus LST-1152 / Sweetwater County Other operators Argentina (merchant marine) Altamar (ex-LST-1133, ex-USS Chiron)  Argentine Navy Cabo San Bartolome (ex-LST-851) Cabo San Diego (ex-LST-995) Cabo San Francisco de Paula (ex-LST-998) Cabo San Gonzalo (ex-LST-872) Cabo San Isidro (ex-LST-919) Cabo San Pablo (ex-LST-994) BDT-8 (ex-LST-869) BDT-9 (ex-LST-1057) Cabo Pio (ex-LST-1044) Cabo San Sebastian (ex-LST-1108) BDT-12 (ex-LST-1104) Cabo Buen Tiempo (ex-LST-801) Cabo San Vincente (ex-LST-734)  Brazilian Navy Belmonte (ex-Helios) Garcia D'Avila (ex–Outagamie County)  Chilean Navy Aguila (ex-Aventinus) Comandante Hemmerdinger (ex–New London County) Comandante Araya (ex–Nye County)  Republic of China Navy Chung Hai (ex-LST-755) Chung Chuan (ex-LST-640) Chung Hsing (ex-LST-557) Chung Chien (ex-LST-716) Chung Chi (ex-LST-1017) Chung Cheng (ex-LST-1075) Chung Shun (ex-LST-732) Chung Hsun (ex-LST-993) Chung Lien (ex-LST-1050) Chung Yung (ex-LST-574) Chung Sheng (ex-LST(H)-1033) Chung Kong (ex-LST-945) Chung Hai / Kao Hsiung (ex–Dukes County) Heng Shan / Chung Chuan (ex-LST-1030) Chung Fu (ex–Iron County) Chung Cheng (ex–Lafayette County) Chung Chiang (ex–San Bernardino County) Chung Chin (ex–Sagadahoc County) Chung Ming (ex–Sweetwater County) Chung Pang (ex–LST-578) Chung Yeh (ex–Sublette County) Chung Yeh (ex-LST-717) ex-LST(H)-929 ex-LST-991 ex-LST-993 ex-LST-1008  People's Liberation Army Navy Dabie Shan (ex-LST-1008)  Ecuadorian Navy Hualcopo (ex–Summit County)  French Navy Odet (ex-LST-815) Chélif (ex-LST-874) Adour (ex-LST-860) Golo (ex-LST-973)  German Navy Odin (ex-Ulysses) Wotan (ex-Diomedes) Bamberg (ex–Greer County) Bochum (ex–Rice County) Bottrup (ex–Saline County) ex–Millard County ex–Montgomery County  Hellenic Navy Ikaria (ex–Potter County) Kriti (ex–Page County)  Indonesian Navy Tandjung Nusanive (ex–Lawrence County) Teluk Langsa (ex–Solano County) Teluk Bayur (ex-LST-616) Teluk Amboina Teluk Kau (ex-T-LST-652) Teluk Ratai (ex–Presque Isle (APB-44)) Teluk Saleh (ex–Clarke County) Teluk Bone (ex–Iredell County) Jaya Wijaya (ex-Askari) Tandjung Radja (ex–Russell County) Imperial Iranian Navy Sohrab (ex-Gordius)  Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force Hayatomo (ex–Hamilton County) Ōsumi (ex–Daggett County) Shimokita (ex–Hillsdale County) Shiretoko (ex–Nansemond County)  Republic of Korea Navy Duk Soo (ex-Minotaur) Un Bong (ex-LST-1010) Wi Bong (ex–Johnson County) Suyeong (ex–Kane County) Buk Han (ex–Linn County) Hwa San (ex–Pender County)  Royal Malaysian Navy Sri Langkawi (ex–Hunterdon County) Sri Banggi (ex–Henry County) Rajah Jarom (ex–Sedgwick County)  Mexican Navy Rio Panuco (ex–Park County) Manzanillo (ex–Clearwater County) Rio Grijalva (ex-Megara)  Royal Netherlands Navy LST 2 / Pelikaan (ex–LST-627) LST 3 (ex–LST-1040) LST 4 (ex–LST-585)  Philippine Navy Aklan / Kamagong (ex-Romulus) Narra (ex-Krishna) Yakal (ex–Vĩnh Long) Pampanga (ex-LST-842) Bulacan (ex-LST-843) Albay (ex-LST-865) Misamis Oriental (ex-LST-875) Agusan del Sur (ex–Nha Trang) Sierra Madre (ex–Mỹ Tho) Zamboanga de Sur (ex–Cam Ranh) Surigao del Sur (ex-LST-546) Cagayan (ex–Hickman County) Ilocos Norte (ex–Madera County) Lanao del Norte (ex-LST-566) Leyte del Sur (ex-LST-607) Davao Oriental (ex-Ōsumi) Benguet (ex–Daviess County) Aurora (ex–Harris County) Cavite (ex-Shimokita) Samar del Norte (ex-Shiretoko) Cotabato del Norte (ex–Orleans Parish) Tawi-Tawi (ex-T-LST-1072) Kalinga Apayao (ex–Cần Thơ)  Republic of Singapore Navy Endurance (ex–Holmes County) Excellence (ex-LST-629) Intrepid (ex-LST-579) Resolution (ex-T-LST-649) Persistence (ex-LST-613) Perseverance (ex-T-LST-623) Turkish Naval Forces Onaran (ex-Alecto) Başaran (ex-Patroclus) Bayraktar (ex-Bottrup) Sancaktar (ex-Bochum)  Royal Navy (United Kingdom) LST-1021 United States Army FS-751 (ex-LST-1047) LST-694 LST-715 LST-742 LST-883 Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela Capana (ex-LST-907) Guayana (ex-Quirinus) Republic of Vietnam Navy Cam Ranh (ex–Marion County) Đà Nẵng (ex–Maricopa County) Vũng Tàu (ex–Coconino County) Nha Trang (ex–Jerome County) Mỹ Tho (ex–Harnett County) Cần Thơ (ex–Garrett County) Vĩnh Long (ex-Satyr)  Vietnam People's Navy Trần Khánh Dư (ex–Đà Nẵng) HQ-503 (ex-Vũng Tàu) Angthong (ex-LST-924) Chang (ex–Lincoln County) Pangan (ex–Stark County) Lanta (ex–Stone County) Prathong (ex–Dodge County) Preceded by: LST-491 class Followed by: Talbot County class List of United States Navy LSTs List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LST-542-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LST-542-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"tank landing ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"USS LST-1017 was a LST-542-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II. She was transferred to the Republic of China Navy as ROCS Chung Chi (LST-206).[1]","title":"USS LST-1017"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Steel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"Quincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"LST-1017 was laid down on 25 March 1944 at Bethlehem Steel Company, Quincy, Massachusetts. Launched on 25 April 1944 and commissioned on 12 May 1944.[2]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_LST-1017_on_19_June_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"Morotai landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai"},{"link_name":"Leyte landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Landing"},{"link_name":"Lingayen Gulf landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Mindanao Island landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Balikpapan operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Naval Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Register"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Service in United States Navy","text":"LST-1017 on 19 June 1945During World War II, LST-1017 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific theater. She then participated in the Morotai landings on 15 September 1944 and Leyte landings from 5 to 18 November 1944. In 1945, she took part in the Lingayen Gulf landing from 4 to 17 January, the Mindanao Island landing from 17 to 23 April, Transporting Australian Troops ex Cairns (Queensland) on 27 May, disembarked Morotai 13 June 1945 and Balikpapan operation from 26 June to 9 July. She was assigned to occupation and China from 20 October 1945 to 29 June 1946.[1]She was decommissioned on 29 June 1946 and struck from the Naval Register, 12 March 1948 after she was transferred to the Republic of China on 14 December 1946.[2]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Service in Republic of China Navy","text":"Chung Chi was decommissioned on 1 September 1990.[3]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"},{"link_name":"Navy Occupation Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Occupation_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Philippines Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Presidential_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"Philippines Liberation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Liberation_Medal"}],"text":"LST-1017 have earned the following awards:China Service Medal (extended)\nAmerican Campaign Medal\nAsiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (5 battle stars)\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nNavy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp)\nPhilippines Presidential Unit Citation\nPhilippines Liberation Medal (2 battle stars)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/161017.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"LST-1017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/l/lst-1017.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9tGFnsTueI"}],"text":"^ a b \"Tank Landing Ship LST\". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021.\n\n^ a b \"LST-1017\". NHHC. Retrieved 21 August 2021.\n\n^ 2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號, retrieved 21 August 2021","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States. Dept. of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BnfPAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Jane's Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0710607959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710607959"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0710628886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710628886"},{"link_name":"Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 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Thơ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Garrett_County_(LST-786)"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Satyr_(ARL-23)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"Trần Khánh Dư","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maricopa_County_(LST-938)"},{"link_name":"HQ-503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coconino_County_(LST-603)"},{"link_name":"Angthong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-924"},{"link_name":"Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lincoln_County_(LST-898)"},{"link_name":"Pangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark_County"},{"link_name":"Lanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stone_County"},{"link_name":"Prathong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dodge_County_(LST-722)"},{"link_name":"LST-491 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LST-491-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"Talbot County class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_County-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"List of United States Navy LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_LSTs"},{"link_name":"List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships"}],"text":"United States. Dept. of the Treasury (1962). Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97. U.S. Government Printing Office.\nMoore, Capt. John (1984). Jane's Fighting Ships 1984-85. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710607959.\nSaunders, Stephen (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009-2010. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710628886.\nFairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222. United Kingdom: Fairplay Publishing Limited. 1967.vteLST-542-class tank landing shipsLST-542 – LST-599\nLST-542 / Chelan County\nLST-543\nLST-544\nLST-545\nLST-546 / T-LST-546\nLST-547\nLST-548 / T-LST-548\nLST-549\nLST-550 / T-LST-550\nLST-551 / Chesterfield County\nLST-552\nLST-553\nLST-554\nLST-555\nLST-556\nLST-557\nLST-558\nLST-559\nLST-560\nLST-561 / Chittenden County\nLST-562\nLST-563\nLST-564\nLST-565\nLST-566 / T-LST-566\nLST-567\nLST-568\nLST-569\nLST-570\nLST-571\nLST-572\nLST-573\nLST-574\nLST-575 / LST(M)-575 / Wythe\nLST-576\nLST-577\nLST-578\nLST-579\nLST-580\nLST-581\nLST-582\nLST-583 / Churchill County\nLST-584\nLST-585\nLST-586\nLST-587\nLST-588\nLST-589\nLST-590 / T-LST-590\nLST-591\nLST-592\nLST-593\nLST-594\nLST-595\nLST-596\nLST-597\nLST-598\nLST-599\nLST-600 – LST-699\nLST-600\nLST-601 / Clarke County\nLST-602 / Clearwater County\nLST-603 / Coconino County\nLST-604 / Silenus\nLST-605\nLST-606\nLST-607 / T-LST-607\nLST-608\nLST-609\nLST-610\nLST-611 / Crook County\nLST-612\nLST-613 / T-LST-613\nLST-614\nLST-615\nLST-616\nLST-617\nLST-618\nLST-619\nLST-620\nLST-621\nLST-622\nLST-623 / T-LST-623\nLST-624\nLST-625\nLST-626\nLST-627\nLST-628\nLST-629\nLST-630\nLST-631\nLST-632\nLST-633\nLST-634\nLST-635\nLST-636\nLST-637\nLST-638\nLST-639\nLST-640\nLST-641\nLST-642\nLST-643\nLST-644 / Minos\nLST-645 / Minotaur\nLST-646\nLST-647\nLST-648\nLST-649\nLST-650 / Pandemus\nLST-651\nLST-652 / LST(H)-652 / T-LST-652\nLST-653\nLST-654\nLST-655\nLST-656\nLST-657 / T-LST-657\nLST-658\nLST-659\nLST-660\nLST-661\nLST-662\nLST-663\nLST-664\nLST-665\nLST-666\nLST-667\nLST-668\nLST-669\nLST-670\nLST-671\nLST-672\nLST-673\nLST-674\nLST-675\nLST-676 / LST(M)-676 / Yavapai\nLST-677 / LST(M)-677 / Yolo\nLST-678 / Presque Isle (APB-44)\nLST-679\nLST-680\nLST-681\nLST-682\nLST-683\nLST-684\nLST-685 / Curry County\nLST-686\nLST-687\nLST-688\nLST-689 / Daggett County\nLST-690\nLST-691\nLST-692 / Daviess County\nLST-693\nLST-694\nLST-695\nLST-696\nLST-697\nLST-698\nLST-699\nLST-700 – LST-799\nLST-700\nLST-701\nLST-702\nLST-703\nLST-704\nLST-705\nLST-706\nLST-707\nLST-708\nLST-709\nLST-710 / Accomac\nLST-711\nLST-712\nLST-713\nLST-714\nLST-715 / DeKalb County\nLST-716\nLST-717\nLST-718\nLST-719\nLST-720\nLST-721\nLST-722 / Dodge County\nLST-723\nLST-724\nLST-725\nLST-726\nLST-727\nLST-728\nLST-729\nLST-730\nLST-731 / LST(H)-731 / Douglas County\nLST-732\nLST-733\nLST-734\nLST-735 / Dukes County\nLST-736\nLST-737\nLST-738\nLST-739\nLST-740\nLST-741\nLST-742 / Dunn County\nLST-743\nLST-744\nLST-745\nLST-746\nLST-747\nLST-748\nLST-749\nLST-750\nLST-751\nLST-752\nLST-753\nLST-754\nLST-755\nLST-756\nLST-757\nLST-758 / Duval County\nLST-759 / Eddy County\nLST-760\nLST-761 / Esmeraldo County\nLST-762 / Floyd County\nLST-763\nLST-764\nLST-765\nLST-766\nLST-767\nLST-768\nLST-769\nLST-770\nLST-771\nLST-772 / Ford County\nLST-773 / Antigone\nLST-774\nLST-775\nLST-776\nLST-777\nLST-778\nLST-779\nLST-780\nLST-781\nLST-782\nLST-783\nLST-784 / Garfield County\nLST-785\nLST-786 / Garrett County\nLST-787\nLST-788\nLST-789\nLST-790 / LST(H)-790\nLST-791\nLST-792\nLST-793\nLST-794 / Gibson County\nLST-795\nLST-796\nLST-797\nLST-798\nLST-799 / Greer County\nLST-800 – LST-899\nLST-800\nLST-801\nLST-802 / Hamilton County\nLST-803 / Hampden County\nLST-804\nLST-805\nLST-806\nLST-807\nLST-808\nLST-809\nLST-810\nLST-811\nLST-812\nLST-813\nLST-814\nLST-815\nLST-816\nLST-817\nLST-818\nLST-819 / Hampshire County\nLST-820\nLST-821 / Harnett County\nLST-822 / Harris County\nLST-823\nLST-824 / Henry County\nLST-825 / Hickman County\nLST-826\nLST-827 / Hillsborough County\nLST-828\nLST-829\nLST-830\nLST-831\nLST-832\nLST-833\nLST-834\nLST-835 / Hillsdale County\nLST-836 / Holmes County\nLST-837\nLST-838 / Hunterdon County\nLST-839 / Iredell County\nLST-840 / Iron County\nLST-841\nLST-842\nLST-843\nLST-844\nLST-845 / Jefferson County\nLST-846 / Jennings County\nLST-847\nLST-848 / Jerome County\nLST-849 / Johnson County\nLST-850 / Juniata County\nLST-851\nLST-852 / Satyr\nLST-853 / Kane County\nLST-854 / Kemper County\nLST-855 / Kent County\nLST-856\nLST-857 / King County\nLST-858 / Stentor\nLST-859 / Lafayette County\nLST-860\nLST-861\nLST-862\nLST-863\nLST-864\nLST-865\nLST-866\nLST-867\nLST-868\nLST-869\nLST-870\nLST-871 / LST(H)-871\nLST-872\nLST-873\nLST-874\nLST-875\nLST-876\nLST-877\nLST-878\nLST-879\nLST-880 / Lake County\nLST-881\nLST-882\nLST-883 / La Moure County\nLST-884\nLST-885\nLST-886\nLST-887 / Lawrence County\nLST-888 / Lee County\nLST-889\nLST-890\nLST-891\nLST-892\nLST-893\nLST-894\nLST-895\nLST-896\nLST-897\nLST-898 / Lincoln County\nLST-899\nLST-900 – LST-999\nLST-900 / Linn County\nLST-901 / Litchfield County\nLST-902 / Luzerne County\nLST-903 / Lyman County\nLST-904 / Lyon County\nLST-905 / Madera County\nLST-906\nLST-907\nLST-908\nLST-909\nLST-910\nLST-911\nLST-912 / Mahnomen County\nLST-913\nLST-914 / Mahoning County\nLST-915\nLST-916\nLST-917\nLST-918\nLST-919\nLST-920\nLST-921\nLST-922\nLST-923\nLST-924\nLST-925\nLST-926\nLST-927\nLST-928 / Cameron\nLST-929 / LST(H)-929\nLST-930 / LST(H)-930\nLST-931 / LST(H)-931\nLST-932\nLST-933\nLST-934\nLST-935\nLST-936\nLST-937\nLST-938 / Maricopa County\nLST-939\nLST-940\nLST-941\nLST-942\nLST-943\nLST-944\nLST-945\nLST-946\nLST-947\nLST-948 / Myrmidon\nLST-949 / LST(H)-949\nLST-950 / LST(H)-950\nLST-951 / LST(H)-951\nLST-952 / LST(H)-952\nLST-953 / Marinette County\nLST-954 / Numitor\nLST-955 / Patroclus\nLST-956 / Sarpedon\nLST-957\nLST-958\nLST-959\nLST-960\nLST-961\nLST-962 / Romulus\nLST-963 / Sphinx\nLST-964\nLST-965\nLST-966 / Callisto\nLST-967 / Ulysses\nLST-968\nLST-969\nLST-970\nLST-971 / Menelaus\nLST-972\nLST-973\nLST-974\nLST-975 / Marion County\nLST-976 / Telamon\nLST-977 / Alecto\nLST-978\nLST-979\nLST-980 / Meeker County\nLST-981\nLST-982\nLST-983 / Middlesex County\nLST-984\nLST-985\nLST-986\nLST-987 / Millard County\nLST-988 / Mineral County\nLST-989\nLST-990\nLST-991\nLST-992\nLST-993\nLST-994\nLST-995\nLST-996\nLST-997\nLST-998\nLST-999\nLST-1000 – LST-1099\nLST-1000\nLST-1001\nLST-1002\nLST-1003 / Coronis\nLST-1004\nLST-1005\nLST-1006\nLST-1007\nLST-1008\nLST-1009\nLST-1010\nLST-1011\nLST-1012\nLST-1013\nLST-1014\nLST-1015\nLST-1016\nLST-1017\nLST-1018\nLST-1019\nLST-1020\nLST-1021\nLST-1022\nLST-1023\nLST-1024\nLST-1025\nLST-1026\nLST-1027\nLST-1028\nLST-1029\nLST-1030\nLST-1031\nLST-1032 / Monmouth County\nLST-1033 / LST(H)-1033\nLST-1034\nLST-1035\nLST-1036 / Creon\nLST-1037 / Poseidon\nLST-1038 / Monroe County\nLST-1039\nLST-1040\nLST-1041 / Montgomery County\nLST-1042\nLST-1043\nLST-1044\nLST-1045\nLST-1046\nLST-1047\nLST-1048 / Morgan County\nLST-1049\nLST-1050\nLST-1051\nLST-1052\nLST-1053\nLST-1054\nLST-1055\nLST-1056\nLST-1057\nLST-1058\nLST-1059\nLST-1060\nLST-1061\nLST-1062\nLST-1063\nLST-1064 / Nansemond County\nLST-1065\nLST-1066 / New London County\nLST-1067 / Nye County\nLST-1068 / Orange County\nLST-1069 / Orleans Parish\nLST-1070 / Electron\nLST-1071 / Ouachita County\nLST-1072 / T-LST-1072\nLST-1073 / Outagamie County\nLST-1074 / Overton County\nLST-1075\nLST-1076 / Page County\nLST-1077 / Park County\nLST-1078 / Proton\nLST-1079 / Payette County\nLST-1080 / Pender County\nLST-1081 / Pima County\nLST-1082 / Pitkin County\nLST-1083 / Plumas County\nLST-1084 / Polk County\nLST-1085 / Colington\nLST-1086 / Potter County\nLST-1087\nLST-1088 / Pulaski County\nLST-1089 / Rice County\nLST-1090 / Russell County\nLST-1091 / Sagadahoc County\nLST-1092 / Aventinus\nLST-1093 / Fabius\nLST-1094 / Chloris\nLST-1095 / Megara\nLST-1096 / St. Clair County\nLST-1097 / League Island\nLST-1098 / Laysan Island\nLST-1099 / Okala\nLST-1100 – LST-1152\nLST-1100 / Palmyra\nLST-1101 / Saline County\nLST-1102 / Chimon\nLST-1103\nLST-1104\nLST-1105\nLST-1106\nLST-1107\nLST-1108\nLST-1109\nLST-1110 / San Bernardino County\nLST-1111 / Blackford\nLST-1112 / Dorchester\nLST-1113 / Kingman\nLST-1114 / Presque Isle (AKS-19) / Vandenburgh\nLST-1115 / Pentheus\nLST-1116 / Proserpine\nLST-1117 / Tantalus\nLST-1118 / Typhon\nLST-1119 / Diomedes\nLST-1120\nLST-1121 / Demeter\nLST-1122 / San Joaquin County\nLST-1123 / Sedgwick County\nLST-1124 / Amphitrite\nLST-1125 / Brontes\nLST-1126 / Snohomish County\nLST-1127 / Helios\nLST-1128 / Solano County\nLST-1129 / Somervell County\nLST-1130\nLST-1131 / Askari\nLST-1132 / Bellerophon\nLST-1133 / Chiron\nLST-1134 / Stark County\nLST-1135\nLST-1136 / Bellona\nLST-1137 / Chimaera\nLST-1138 / Steuben County\nLST-1139\nLST-1140\nLST-1141 / Stone County\nLST-1142 / Strafford County\nLST-1143 / Daedalus\nLST-1144 / Sublette County\nLST-1145 / Gordius\nLST-1146 / Summit County\nLST-1147 / Indra\nLST-1148 / Sumner County\nLST-1149 / Krishna\nLST-1150 / Sutter County\nLST-1151 / Quirinus\nLST-1152 / Sweetwater County\nOther operators Argentina (merchant marine)\nAltamar (ex-LST-1133, ex-USS Chiron)\n Argentine Navy\nCabo San Bartolome (ex-LST-851)\nCabo San Diego (ex-LST-995)\nCabo San Francisco de Paula (ex-LST-998)\nCabo San Gonzalo (ex-LST-872)\nCabo San Isidro (ex-LST-919)\nCabo San Pablo (ex-LST-994)\nBDT-8 (ex-LST-869)\nBDT-9 (ex-LST-1057)\nCabo Pio (ex-LST-1044)\nCabo San Sebastian (ex-LST-1108)\nBDT-12 (ex-LST-1104)\nCabo Buen Tiempo (ex-LST-801)\nCabo San Vincente (ex-LST-734)\n Brazilian Navy\nBelmonte (ex-Helios)\nGarcia D'Avila (ex–Outagamie County)\n Chilean Navy\nAguila (ex-Aventinus)\nComandante Hemmerdinger (ex–New London County)\nComandante Araya (ex–Nye County)\n Republic of China Navy\nChung Hai (ex-LST-755)\nChung Chuan (ex-LST-640)\nChung Hsing (ex-LST-557)\nChung Chien (ex-LST-716)\nChung Chi (ex-LST-1017)\nChung Cheng (ex-LST-1075)\nChung Shun (ex-LST-732)\nChung Hsun (ex-LST-993)\nChung Lien (ex-LST-1050)\nChung Yung (ex-LST-574)\nChung Sheng (ex-LST(H)-1033)\nChung Kong (ex-LST-945)\nChung Hai / Kao Hsiung (ex–Dukes County)\nHeng Shan / Chung Chuan (ex-LST-1030)\nChung Fu (ex–Iron County)\nChung Cheng (ex–Lafayette County)\nChung Chiang (ex–San Bernardino County)\nChung Chin (ex–Sagadahoc County)\nChung Ming (ex–Sweetwater County)\nChung Pang (ex–LST-578)\nChung Yeh (ex–Sublette County)\nChung Yeh (ex-LST-717)\nex-LST(H)-929\nex-LST-991\nex-LST-993\nex-LST-1008\n People's Liberation Army Navy\nDabie Shan (ex-LST-1008)\n Ecuadorian Navy\nHualcopo (ex–Summit County)\n French Navy\nOdet (ex-LST-815)\nChélif (ex-LST-874)\nAdour (ex-LST-860)\nGolo (ex-LST-973)\n German Navy\nOdin (ex-Ulysses)\nWotan (ex-Diomedes)\nBamberg (ex–Greer County)\nBochum (ex–Rice County)\nBottrup (ex–Saline County)\nex–Millard County\nex–Montgomery County\n Hellenic Navy\nIkaria (ex–Potter County)\nKriti (ex–Page County)\n Indonesian Navy\nTandjung Nusanive (ex–Lawrence County)\nTeluk Langsa (ex–Solano County)\nTeluk Bayur (ex-LST-616)\nTeluk Amboina\nTeluk Kau (ex-T-LST-652)\nTeluk Ratai (ex–Presque Isle (APB-44))\nTeluk Saleh (ex–Clarke County)\nTeluk Bone (ex–Iredell County)\nJaya Wijaya (ex-Askari)\nTandjung Radja (ex–Russell County)\n Imperial Iranian Navy\nSohrab (ex-Gordius)\n Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force\nHayatomo (ex–Hamilton County)\nŌsumi (ex–Daggett County)\nShimokita (ex–Hillsdale County)\nShiretoko (ex–Nansemond County)\n Republic of Korea Navy\nDuk Soo (ex-Minotaur)\nUn Bong (ex-LST-1010)\nWi Bong (ex–Johnson County)\nSuyeong (ex–Kane County)\nBuk Han (ex–Linn County)\nHwa San (ex–Pender County)\n Royal Malaysian Navy\nSri Langkawi (ex–Hunterdon County)\nSri Banggi (ex–Henry County)\nRajah Jarom (ex–Sedgwick County)\n Mexican Navy\nRio Panuco (ex–Park County)\nManzanillo (ex–Clearwater County)\nRio Grijalva (ex-Megara)\n Royal Netherlands Navy\nLST 2 / Pelikaan (ex–LST-627)\nLST 3 (ex–LST-1040)\nLST 4 (ex–LST-585)\n Philippine Navy\nAklan / Kamagong (ex-Romulus)\nNarra (ex-Krishna)\nYakal (ex–Vĩnh Long)\nPampanga (ex-LST-842)\nBulacan (ex-LST-843)\nAlbay (ex-LST-865)\nMisamis Oriental (ex-LST-875)\nAgusan del Sur (ex–Nha Trang)\nSierra Madre (ex–Mỹ Tho)\nZamboanga de Sur (ex–Cam Ranh)\nSurigao del Sur (ex-LST-546)\nCagayan (ex–Hickman County)\nIlocos Norte (ex–Madera County)\nLanao del Norte (ex-LST-566)\nLeyte del Sur (ex-LST-607)\nDavao Oriental (ex-Ōsumi)\nBenguet (ex–Daviess County)\nAurora (ex–Harris County)\nCavite (ex-Shimokita)\nSamar del Norte (ex-Shiretoko)\nCotabato del Norte (ex–Orleans Parish)\nTawi-Tawi (ex-T-LST-1072)\nKalinga Apayao (ex–Cần Thơ)\n Republic of Singapore Navy\nEndurance (ex–Holmes County)\nExcellence (ex-LST-629)\nIntrepid (ex-LST-579)\nResolution (ex-T-LST-649)\nPersistence (ex-LST-613)\nPerseverance (ex-T-LST-623)\n Turkish Naval Forces\nOnaran (ex-Alecto)\nBaşaran (ex-Patroclus)\nBayraktar (ex-Bottrup)\nSancaktar (ex-Bochum)\n Royal Navy (United Kingdom)\nLST-1021\n United States Army\nFS-751 (ex-LST-1047)\nLST-694\nLST-715\nLST-742\nLST-883\n Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela\nCapana (ex-LST-907)\nGuayana (ex-Quirinus)\n Republic of Vietnam Navy\nCam Ranh (ex–Marion County)\nĐà Nẵng (ex–Maricopa County)\nVũng Tàu (ex–Coconino County)\nNha Trang (ex–Jerome County)\nMỹ Tho (ex–Harnett County)\nCần Thơ (ex–Garrett County)\nVĩnh Long (ex-Satyr)\n Vietnam People's Navy\nTrần Khánh Dư (ex–Đà Nẵng)\nHQ-503 (ex-Vũng Tàu)\n\nAngthong (ex-LST-924)\nChang (ex–Lincoln County)\nPangan (ex–Stark County)\nLanta (ex–Stone County)\nPrathong (ex–Dodge County)\n\nPreceded by: LST-491 class\nFollowed by: Talbot County class\n\nList of United States Navy LSTs\nList of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"LST-1017 on 19 June 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USS_LST-1017_on_19_June_1945.jpg/220px-USS_LST-1017_on_19_June_1945.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/161017.htm","url_text":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\""}]},{"reference":"\"LST-1017\". NHHC. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/l/lst-1017.html","url_text":"\"LST-1017\""}]},{"reference":"2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號, retrieved 21 August 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9tGFnsTueI","url_text":"2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號"}]},{"reference":"United States. Dept. of the Treasury (1962). Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97. U.S. Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury","url_text":"United States. Dept. of the Treasury"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BnfPAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Capt. John (1984). Jane's Fighting Ships 1984-85. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710607959.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships","url_text":"Jane's Fighting Ships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710607959","url_text":"978-0710607959"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Stephen (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009-2010. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710628886.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710628886","url_text":"978-0710628886"}]},{"reference":"Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222. United Kingdom: Fairplay Publishing Limited. 1967.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4b8eAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/161017.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/l/lst-1017.html","external_links_name":"\"LST-1017\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9tGFnsTueI","external_links_name":"2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BnfPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4b8eAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica
["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Ecology","5 Conservation","6 Cultivation","7 Phytochemical profile","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"]
Tasmanian shrub from the family Proteaceae King's lomatia Lomatia tasmanica in Hobart Botanical Garden Conservation status Critically endangered  (EPBC Act) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Order: Proteales Family: Proteaceae Genus: Lomatia Species: L. tasmanica Binomial name Lomatia tasmanicaW.M.Curtis Lomatia tasmanica, commonly known as King's lomatia, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Tasmania. Growing up to 8 metres (26 ft) tall, the plant has shiny green pinnate (lobed) leaves and bears red flowers in the summer, but yields neither fruit nor seeds. King's lomatia is unusual because all of the remaining plants are genetically identical clones. Because it has three sets of chromosomes (a triploid) and is therefore sterile, reproduction occurs only vegetatively: when a branch falls, that branch grows new roots, establishing a new plant that is genetically identical to its parent. Charles Denison "Deny" King discovered the plant in 1934, though it was not described until 1967 by botanist Winifred Mary Curtis of the Tasmanian Herbarium. Only one colony of King's lomatia is known to be alive in the wild, consisting of about 500 to 600 plants over an area 1.2 km in length. Description The individual plants of L. tasmanica are straggly shrubs or small trees to 8 m (26 ft) high, though taller or longer trunked specimens are often bent over. The trunks of very old plants can reach diameters of 8 cm (3.1 in). The upper branchlets are covered in fine rusty fur. The stems may grow roots from nodes on the ground. The leaves are alternately arranged and more crowded toward the ends of branches. Roughly oval in shape, they are 10–18 cm (3.9–7.1 in) long and pinnate, made up of 11 to 25 primary lobes that have irregularly toothed margins and are sometimes subdivided into smaller lobes. The upper surface is green and shiny, while the undersurface is partly hairy, particularly along the midrib. Flowering takes place in February. The terminal flowerheads, or inflorescences, are 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) long. Taxonomy Charles Denison "Deny" King discovered the plant in May 1934 while mining tin in the remote southwest of Tasmania. Winifred Curtis of the Tasmanian Herbarium named the plant in King's honour in 1967, after he sent specimens he collected at Cox's Bight, Port Davey to be identified in 1965. It is also sometimes called "King's holly", though it is not a holly. L. tasmanica was thought to possibly be a hybrid between L. polymorpha and another species. Genetic analysis using microsatellite markers showed that species found close together geographically are most closely related to each other; L. tasmanica is the sister of a lineage that gave rise to the other two Tasmanian Lomatia species, L. polymorpha and L. tinctoria. Subfossil remains identical to L. tasmanica were found in 43,600-year-old beds. The climate at that time was most likely as cool as or cooler than it is at Melaleuca today (an average yearly temperature of 11.5 °C, with the coldest month having an average minimum of 4.5 °C and the warmest month an average maximum of 20 °C), and possibly wetter (more than 2400 mm of precipitation annually). Distribution and habitat The entire population of Lomatia tasmanica consists of around 500 to 600 plants in an area less than 1.2 km long in southwestern Tasmania. The climate is wet, receiving an average total of 1700 mm of rain each year, and all plants grow within 25 metres (82 ft) of a river or creek. L. tasmanica mainly grows in rainforest or mixed forest made up of trees 8–15 metres (26–49 ft) high such as myrtle beech (Lophozonia cunninghamii), celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius), southern sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum), leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida), satinwood (Nematolepis squamea), blue-green tea tree (Leptospermum glaucescens), and horizontal scrub (Anodopetalum biglandulosum), as well as understory species such as thyme archeria (Archeria serpyllifolia), native plum (Cenarrhenes nitida), sweet-scented trochocarpa (Trochocarpa gunnii), Raukaua gunnii, white waratah (Agastachys odorata), climbing heath (Prionotes cerinthoides), hard water fern (Parablechnum wattsii), and brickmaker's sedge (Gahnia grandis). Scattered Smithton peppermint (Eucalyptus nitida) tower over the canopy. Profuse moss and fern growth highlights the wetness of the habitat. L. tasmanica also extends into neighbouring dry sclerophyll forest composed of Smithton peppermint over an understory of blue-green tea tree on more elevated areas. Finally, it grows in a dense riverbank scrubland with species such as silver banksia (Banksia marginata), mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), prickly-leaved wattle (Acacia verticillata), swamp honey-myrtle (Melaleuca squamea), scented paperbark (M. squarrosa), horizontal scrub, and Smithton peppermint over a dense low understory of Bauera rubioides, Gahnia grandis, Epacris aff. heteronema, scrambling coral fern (Gleichenia microphylla), Calorophus erostris, lesser wire rush (Empodisma minus), and button grass (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus). Ecology Lomatia tasmanica grows in a climate of infrequent bushfires. Fieldwork in the early 2000s established that the area had last been burnt in 1934. Most plants were around 60 years old, though some were estimated at up to 300 years old. The area in which it grows is federally protected, lying wholly within the Southwest National Park. Although all the plants are technically separate in that each has its own root system, they are collectively considered to be one of the oldest living plant clones. Each plant's lifespan is approximately 300 years, but the plant has been cloning itself for at least 43,600 years and possibly as long as 135,000 years. This estimate is based on radiocarbon dating of fossilised leaf fragments that were found 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) away from the extant colony. The fossilised fragments are identical to the contemporary plant in cell structure and shape, which suggests that the ancestral and modern plant are also genetically identical. This further implies that the ancestral plant was also triploid and therefore also clonal, due to the extreme rarity of naturally occurring sexually reproducing triploid organisms. Conservation Lomatia tasmanica has been declared critically endangered under the Australian government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is also classified at a state level as "Endangered" under the Tasmanian government's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995. The original plant group that King discovered in 1934 has disappeared (and likely died out), and the sole remaining group of approximately 500 to 600 plants covers a 1.2-kilometre-long area in the extreme southwest of Tasmania. This area is prone to fires and other natural threats to the plants, so Tasmania has begun an effort to develop other populations of L. tasmanica in controlled environments such as the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, which has been propagating the plant from cuttings since 1994. Because of its fragility and rarity, their specimens are not on display to the public. Due to its inability to reproduce sexually, there is no possibility of increasing the plant's genetic diversity to promote disease resistance through purely natural means. Infestation with the fungal pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi has been recorded in other plant species around 20 metres (66 ft) away from some wild L. tasmanica populations. Bushfire could also spread this pathogen and potentially facilitate its infection of the remaining wild plants. Cultivation Lomatia tasmanica strikes readily from cuttings but is difficult to keep alive in cultivation, often perishing when dried out. The cuttings are taken in January and February and take up to 12 months to form roots. Like their wild counterparts, the cultivated plants are susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi. L. tasmanica has been grafted successfully onto L. tinctoria, and the Botanic Gardens sought to trial grafting it onto L. ferruginea. Phytochemical profile Lomatia tasmanica was subjected to natural products isolation methods by researchers at The University of Tasmania. Their study uncovered several unique compounds some of which are shared by other Lomatia. Long chain non-polar molecules Heptacosane and Nonacosane were found in relatively fair yield. Juglone, and Glucose Pentaacetate were also found from extractions done on the leaves of the plant. Uniquely developed Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) utilising a household espresso machine was conducted on the leaves as well as a Diethyl-Ether maceration. Juglone and other naphthoquinone pigments have been previously isolated from Lomatia species. It is possible to speculate that the presence of a single naphthoquinone in L. tasmanica reflects the primitive and ancient position of it within the Lomatia lineage. See also List of oldest trees References ^ a b "Lomatia tasmanica – King's Lomatia". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ "Lomatia tasmanica W.M.Curtis". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ a b c d e "Lomatia tasmanica". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government. ^ a b c d Threatened Species Section (2006). "Flora Recovery Plan: King's lomatia, Lomatia tasmanica 2006–2010" (PDF). Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment. ^ a b c d Lynch, A. J. J.; Balmer, J. (2004). "The ecology, phytosociology and stand structure of an ancient endemic plant Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) approaching extinction". Australian Journal of Botany. 52 (5): 619–627. doi:10.1071/BT03023. ^ a b c Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-207-17277-9. ^ Threatened Species Unit (1 June 2005). "Lomatia tasmanica" (PDF). Threatened Flora of Tasmania. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ Milner, Melita L.; McIntosh, Emma J.; Crisp, Michael D.; Weston, Peter H.; Rossetto, Maurizio (2013). "Microsatellite variation for phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population-genetic studies in Lomatia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 26 (3): 186–95. doi:10.1071/SB13002. S2CID 42204696. ^ Jordan, Greg J.; Carpenter, Raymond J.; Hill, Robert S. (1991). "Late Pleistocene Vegetation and Climate Near Melaleuca Inlet, South-Western Tasmania". Australian Journal of Botany. 39 (4): 315–33. doi:10.1071/BT9910315. ^ Lynch, A. J. J.; Barnes, R. W.; Vaillancourt, R. E.; Cambecèdes, J. (1998). "Genetic evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) is an ancient clone" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 46 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1071/BT96120. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ "The Oldest Living Plant Individual". Botanical Electronic News. 8 November 1996. Retrieved 11 November 2013. ^ "Botanists collaborate to secure future of rare Tasmanian plant". Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009. ^ a b Tapson, Natalie (2009). "Lomatia tasmanica: A Tasmanian Icon". Hobart, Tasmania: Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2017. ^ Deans, Bianca J.; Tedone, Laura; Bissember, Alex C.; Smith, Jason A. (September 2018). "Phytochemical profile of the rare, ancient clone Lomatia tasmania and comparison to other endemic Tasmanian species L. tinctoria and L. polymorpha". Phytochemistry. 153: 74–78. Bibcode:2018PChem.153...74D. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.019. PMID 29886159. S2CID 47015048. Retrieved 14 March 2021. External links "King, Charles Denison (1909–1991)". Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 29 January 2005. Taxon identifiersLomatia tasmanica Wikidata: Q310793 APNI: 95473 BOLD: 1107403 CoL: 3VWYS FoAO2: Lomatia tasmanica GBIF: 5636538 iNaturalist: 628010 IPNI: 705176-1 ISC: 119576 NCBI: 1441048 Open Tree of Life: 5494496 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705176-1 SPRAT: 3745 Tropicos: 50179118 WFO: wfo-0000442366 Authority control databases: National Israel
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proteaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"genetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"triploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid"},{"link_name":"sterile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility"},{"link_name":"Charles Denison \"Deny\" King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deny_King"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Winifred Mary Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Herbarium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recoveryplan-4"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica, commonly known as King's lomatia, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Tasmania. Growing up to 8 metres (26 ft) tall, the plant has shiny green pinnate (lobed) leaves and bears red flowers in the summer, but yields neither fruit nor seeds. King's lomatia is unusual because all of the remaining plants are genetically identical clones. Because it has three sets of chromosomes (a triploid) and is therefore sterile, reproduction occurs only vegetatively: when a branch falls, that branch grows new roots, establishing a new plant that is genetically identical to its parent.Charles Denison \"Deny\" King discovered the plant in 1934, though it was not described until 1967 by botanist Winifred Mary Curtis of the Tasmanian Herbarium. Only one colony of King's lomatia is known to be alive in the wild, consisting of about 500 to 600 plants[3][4] over an area 1.2 km in length.","title":"Lomatia tasmanica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch04-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrigley91-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrigley91-6"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpipwe-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"}],"text":"The individual plants of L. tasmanica are straggly shrubs or small trees to 8 m (26 ft) high, though taller or longer trunked specimens are often bent over. The trunks of very old plants can reach diameters of 8 cm (3.1 in).[5] The upper branchlets are covered in fine rusty fur.[3] The stems may grow roots from nodes on the ground.[6] The leaves are alternately arranged[3] and more crowded toward the ends of branches.[6] Roughly oval in shape, they are 10–18 cm (3.9–7.1 in) long and pinnate, made up of 11 to 25 primary lobes that have irregularly toothed margins and are sometimes subdivided into smaller lobes.[3] The upper surface is green and shiny,[7] while the undersurface is partly hairy, particularly along the midrib. Flowering takes place in February. The terminal flowerheads, or inflorescences, are 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) long.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Denison \"Deny\" King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deny_King"},{"link_name":"southwest of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Winifred Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Herbarium"},{"link_name":"Port Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Davey"},{"link_name":"holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly"},{"link_name":"sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milner-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jordan91-9"}],"text":"Charles Denison \"Deny\" King discovered the plant in May 1934 while mining tin in the remote southwest of Tasmania. Winifred Curtis of the Tasmanian Herbarium named the plant in King's honour in 1967, after he sent specimens he collected at Cox's Bight, Port Davey to be identified in 1965. It is also sometimes called \"King's holly\", though it is not a holly.L. tasmanica was thought to possibly be a hybrid between L. polymorpha and another species. Genetic analysis using microsatellite markers showed that species found close together geographically are most closely related to each other; L. tasmanica is the sister of a lineage that gave rise to the other two Tasmanian Lomatia species, L. polymorpha and L. tinctoria.[8]Subfossil remains identical to L. tasmanica were found in 43,600-year-old beds. The climate at that time was most likely as cool as or cooler than it is at Melaleuca today (an average yearly temperature of 11.5 °C, with the coldest month having an average minimum of 4.5 °C and the warmest month an average maximum of 20 °C), and possibly wetter (more than 2400 mm of precipitation annually).[9]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lophozonia cunninghamii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophozonia_cunninghamii"},{"link_name":"Phyllocladus aspleniifolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllocladus_aspleniifolius"},{"link_name":"Atherosperma moschatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosperma"},{"link_name":"Eucryphia lucida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucryphia_lucida"},{"link_name":"Nematolepis squamea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematolepis_squamea"},{"link_name":"Leptospermum glaucescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospermum_glaucescens"},{"link_name":"Anodopetalum biglandulosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodopetalum"},{"link_name":"understory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory"},{"link_name":"Archeria serpyllifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeria_serpyllifolia"},{"link_name":"Cenarrhenes nitida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenarrhenes"},{"link_name":"Trochocarpa gunnii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochocarpa_gunnii"},{"link_name":"Raukaua gunnii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raukaua_gunnii"},{"link_name":"Agastachys odorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastachys"},{"link_name":"Prionotes cerinthoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionotes"},{"link_name":"Parablechnum wattsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parablechnum_wattsii"},{"link_name":"Gahnia grandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahnia_grandis"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus nitida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_nitida"},{"link_name":"Banksia marginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_marginata"},{"link_name":"Leptospermum scoparium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospermum_scoparium"},{"link_name":"Acacia verticillata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_verticillata"},{"link_name":"Melaleuca squamea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaleuca_squamea"},{"link_name":"M. squarrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaleuca_squarrosa"},{"link_name":"Bauera rubioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauera_rubioides"},{"link_name":"Gleichenia microphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichenia_microphylla"},{"link_name":"Calorophus erostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calorophus_erostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Empodisma minus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empodisma_minus"},{"link_name":"Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnoschoenus_sphaerocephalus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch04-5"}],"text":"The entire population of Lomatia tasmanica consists of around 500 to 600 plants in an area less than 1.2 km long in southwestern Tasmania. The climate is wet, receiving an average total of 1700 mm of rain each year, and all plants grow within 25 metres (82 ft) of a river or creek. L. tasmanica mainly grows in rainforest or mixed forest made up of trees 8–15 metres (26–49 ft) high such as myrtle beech (Lophozonia cunninghamii), celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius), southern sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum), leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida), satinwood (Nematolepis squamea), blue-green tea tree (Leptospermum glaucescens), and horizontal scrub (Anodopetalum biglandulosum), as well as understory species such as thyme archeria (Archeria serpyllifolia), native plum (Cenarrhenes nitida), sweet-scented trochocarpa (Trochocarpa gunnii), Raukaua gunnii, white waratah (Agastachys odorata), climbing heath (Prionotes cerinthoides), hard water fern (Parablechnum wattsii), and brickmaker's sedge (Gahnia grandis). Scattered Smithton peppermint (Eucalyptus nitida) tower over the canopy. Profuse moss and fern growth highlights the wetness of the habitat.L. tasmanica also extends into neighbouring dry sclerophyll forest composed of Smithton peppermint over an understory of blue-green tea tree on more elevated areas. Finally, it grows in a dense riverbank scrubland with species such as silver banksia (Banksia marginata), mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), prickly-leaved wattle (Acacia verticillata), swamp honey-myrtle (Melaleuca squamea), scented paperbark (M. squarrosa), horizontal scrub, and Smithton peppermint over a dense low understory of Bauera rubioides, Gahnia grandis, Epacris aff. heteronema, scrambling coral fern (Gleichenia microphylla), Calorophus erostris, lesser wire rush (Empodisma minus), and button grass (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus).[5]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwest National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch04-5"},{"link_name":"oldest living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-living_organisms"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch-etal.-1998-Genetic-evidence-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Botanical-E-News-11"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"fossilised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"triploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica grows in a climate of infrequent bushfires. Fieldwork in the early 2000s established that the area had last been burnt in 1934. Most plants were around 60 years old, though some were estimated at up to 300 years old. The area in which it grows is federally protected, lying wholly within the Southwest National Park.[5]Although all the plants are technically separate in that each has its own root system, they are collectively considered to be one of the oldest living plant clones. Each plant's lifespan is approximately 300 years, but the plant has been cloning itself for at least 43,600 years and possibly as long as 135,000 years.[10][11] This estimate is based on radiocarbon dating of fossilised leaf fragments that were found 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) away from the extant colony. The fossilised fragments are identical to the contemporary plant in cell structure and shape, which suggests that the ancestral and modern plant are also genetically identical. This further implies that the ancestral plant was also triploid and therefore also clonal, due to the extreme rarity of naturally occurring sexually reproducing triploid organisms.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nat-threatened-sp.-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recoveryplan-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tasmanian_Botanical_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tasmanian-Bot-Gardens-12"},{"link_name":"Phytophthora cinnamomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recoveryplan-4"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica has been declared critically endangered under the Australian government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.[1] It is also classified at a state level as \"Endangered\" under the Tasmanian government's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.[4]The original plant group that King discovered in 1934 has disappeared (and likely died out), and the sole remaining group of approximately 500 to 600 plants covers a 1.2-kilometre-long area in the extreme southwest of Tasmania. This area is prone to fires and other natural threats to the plants, so Tasmania has begun an effort to develop other populations of L. tasmanica in controlled environments such as the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, which has been propagating the plant from cuttings since 1994.[12] Because of its fragility and rarity, their specimens are not on display to the public. Due to its inability to reproduce sexually, there is no possibility of increasing the plant's genetic diversity to promote disease resistance through purely natural means.Infestation with the fungal pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi has been recorded in other plant species around 20 metres (66 ft) away from some wild L. tasmanica populations. Bushfire could also spread this pathogen and potentially facilitate its infection of the remaining wild plants.[4]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrigley91-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtbg-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch04-5"},{"link_name":"grafted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recoveryplan-4"},{"link_name":"L. ferruginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomatia_ferruginea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtbg-13"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica strikes readily from cuttings but is difficult to keep alive in cultivation,[6] often perishing when dried out. The cuttings are taken in January and February and take up to 12 months to form roots.[13] Like their wild counterparts, the cultivated plants are susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi.[5] L. tasmanica has been grafted successfully onto L. tinctoria,[4] and the Botanic Gardens sought to trial grafting it onto L. ferruginea.[13]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phytochemical-14"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica was subjected to natural products isolation methods by researchers at The University of Tasmania. Their study uncovered several unique compounds some of which are shared by other Lomatia. Long chain non-polar molecules Heptacosane and Nonacosane were found in relatively fair yield. Juglone, and Glucose Pentaacetate were also found from extractions done on the leaves of the plant. Uniquely developed Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) utilising a household espresso machine was conducted on the leaves as well as a Diethyl-Ether maceration. Juglone and other naphthoquinone pigments have been previously isolated from Lomatia species. It is possible to speculate that the presence of a single naphthoquinone in L. tasmanica reflects the primitive and ancient position of it within the Lomatia lineage.[14]","title":"Phytochemical profile"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of oldest trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_trees"}]
[{"reference":"\"Lomatia tasmanica – King's Lomatia\". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=3745","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica – King's Lomatia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lomatia tasmanica W.M.Curtis\". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=41581","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica W.M.Curtis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index","url_text":"Australian Plant Name Index"}]},{"reference":"\"Lomatia tasmanica\". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45150","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Australia_(series)","url_text":"Flora of Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_and_Heritage","url_text":"Department of the Environment and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"Threatened Species Section (2006). \"Flora Recovery Plan: King's lomatia, Lomatia tasmanica 2006–2010\" (PDF). Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/3e029474-3915-494d-a5be-41a609b0c93f/files/l-tasmanica.pdf","url_text":"\"Flora Recovery Plan: King's lomatia, Lomatia tasmanica 2006–2010\""}]},{"reference":"Lynch, A. J. J.; Balmer, J. (2004). \"The ecology, phytosociology and stand structure of an ancient endemic plant Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) approaching extinction\". Australian Journal of Botany. 52 (5): 619–627. doi:10.1071/BT03023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT03023","url_text":"10.1071/BT03023"}]},{"reference":"Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-207-17277-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-207-17277-9","url_text":"978-0-207-17277-9"}]},{"reference":"Threatened Species Unit (1 June 2005). \"Lomatia tasmanica\" (PDF). Threatened Flora of Tasmania. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Lomatia-tasmanica.pdf","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica\""}]},{"reference":"Milner, Melita L.; McIntosh, Emma J.; Crisp, Michael D.; Weston, Peter H.; Rossetto, Maurizio (2013). \"Microsatellite variation for phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population-genetic studies in Lomatia (Proteaceae)\". Australian Systematic Botany. 26 (3): 186–95. doi:10.1071/SB13002. S2CID 42204696.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSB13002","url_text":"10.1071/SB13002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42204696","url_text":"42204696"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Greg J.; Carpenter, Raymond J.; Hill, Robert S. (1991). \"Late Pleistocene Vegetation and Climate Near Melaleuca Inlet, South-Western Tasmania\". Australian Journal of Botany. 39 (4): 315–33. doi:10.1071/BT9910315.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT9910315","url_text":"10.1071/BT9910315"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, A. J. J.; Barnes, R. W.; Vaillancourt, R. E.; Cambecèdes, J. (1998). \"Genetic evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) is an ancient clone\" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 46 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1071/BT96120. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.utas.edu.au/7645/1/Lynch1998.pdf","url_text":"\"Genetic evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) is an ancient clone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT96120","url_text":"10.1071/BT96120"}]},{"reference":"\"The Oldest Living Plant Individual\". Botanical Electronic News. 8 November 1996. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben149.html","url_text":"\"The Oldest Living Plant Individual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Botanists collaborate to secure future of rare Tasmanian plant\". Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090914195850/http://www.rtbg.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?sys=News%20Article&intID=1560","url_text":"\"Botanists collaborate to secure future of rare Tasmanian plant\""},{"url":"http://www.rtbg.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?sys=News%20Article&intID=1560","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tapson, Natalie (2009). \"Lomatia tasmanica: A Tasmanian Icon\". Hobart, Tasmania: Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://gardens.rtbg.tas.gov.au/lomatia-tasmanica/","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica: A Tasmanian Icon\""}]},{"reference":"Deans, Bianca J.; Tedone, Laura; Bissember, Alex C.; Smith, Jason A. (September 2018). \"Phytochemical profile of the rare, ancient clone Lomatia tasmania and comparison to other endemic Tasmanian species L. tinctoria and L. polymorpha\". Phytochemistry. 153: 74–78. Bibcode:2018PChem.153...74D. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.019. PMID 29886159. S2CID 47015048. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942218301572","url_text":"\"Phytochemical profile of the rare, ancient clone Lomatia tasmania and comparison to other endemic Tasmanian species L. tinctoria and L. polymorpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PChem.153...74D","url_text":"2018PChem.153...74D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2018.05.019","url_text":"10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29886159","url_text":"29886159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47015048","url_text":"47015048"}]},{"reference":"\"King, Charles Denison (1909–1991)\". Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 29 January 2005.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/biography/king-charles-denison.html","url_text":"\"King, Charles Denison (1909–1991)\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angk_Snuol_District
Angk Snuol District
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611District in Kandal, CambodiaAngk Snuol អង្គស្នួលDistrictAngk SnuolLocation in CambodiaCoordinates: 11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611Country CambodiaProvinceKandalCommunes16Villages307Population (1998) • Total88,921Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)Geocode0808 This article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script. Angk Snuol (Khmer: អង្គស្នួល) is a district (srok) of Kandal Province, Cambodia. The district is subdivided into 16 communes (khum) such as Baek Chan, Boeng Thum, Chhak Chheu Neang, Damnak Ampil, Kamboul, Kantaok, Krang Mkak, Lumhach, Mkak, Ovlaok, Peuk, Ponsang, Prey Puok, Samraong Leu, Snao, Tuol Prech and 307 villages (phum). References ^ General Population Census of Cambodia, 1998: Village Gazetteer. National Institute of Statistics. February 2000. pp. 149–152. ^ "Kandal Administration". Royal Government of Cambodia. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-03-01. External links Kandal at Royal Government of Cambodia website Kandal at Ministry of Commerce website vte Kandal provinceCapital: Ta KhmauMunicipality Ta Khmau Districts Ang Snuol Kandal Steung Kien Svay Khsach Kandal Koh Thom Leuk Daek Levea Em Muk Kamphol Ponhea Leu S'ang vte Districts, Municipalities, and Khans of CambodiaAutonomous municipalityPhnom Penh Khans Chamkar Mon Chbar Ampov Chroy Changvar Dangkao Doun Penh※ Mean Chey Prampir Makara Prek Pnov Pou Senchey Russey Keo Sen Sok Tuol Kouk Boeng Keng Kang Kamboul ProvincesBanteay Meanchey Mongkol Borey Phnom Srok Poipet Municipality Preah Net Preah Ou Chrov Thma Puok Serei Saophoan Municipality※ Svay Chek Malai Battambang Banan Battambang Municipality※ Thma Koul Bavel Aek Phnom Moung Russei Ratanak Mondul Sangkae Samlout Sampov Loun Phnom Proek Kamrieng Koas Krala Rukhak Kiri Kampong Cham Batheay Chamkar Leu Cheung Prey Kampong Cham Municipality※ Kampong Siem Kang Meas Koh Sotin Prey Chhor Srey Santhor Steung Trang Kampong Chhnang Baribour Chol Kiri Kampong Chhnang Municipality※ Kampong Leaeng Kampong Tralach Rolea B'ier Samaki Mean Chey Teuk Phos Kampong Speu Basedth Chbar Mon Municipality※ Kong Pisey Aural Odong Phnom Sruoch Samraong Tong Thpong Kampong Thom Baray Kampong Svay Stueng Saen Municipality※ Prasat Balangk Prasat Sambour Sandan Santuk Steung Taing Kouk Kampot Angkor Chey Banteay Meas Chhouk Chum Kiri Dang Tong Kampong Trach Kampot Municipality※ Tuek Chhou Kandal Kandal Stueng Kien Svay Khsach Kandal Kaoh Thum Leuk Daek Lvea Aem Mukh Kampul Angk Snuol Ponhea Lueu S'ang Ta Khmau Municipality※ Kep Damnak Chang'aeur Kep Municipality※ Koh Kong Botum Sakor Kiri Sakor Koh Kong Khemarak Phoumin Municipality※ Mondol Seima Srae Ambel Thma Bang Kratié Chhloung Kratié Municipality※ Prek Prasab Sambour Snuol Chetr Borei Mondulkiri Kaeo Seima Koh Nheaek Ou Reang Pich Chenda Senmonorom Municipality※ Oddar Meanchey Anlong Veng Banteay Ampil Chong Kal Samraong Municipality※ Trapeang Prasat Pailin Pailin Municipality※ Sala Krau Preah Vihear Chey Saen Chhaeb Choam Khsant Kulaen Rovieng Sangkom Thmei Tbaeng Meanchey Preah Vihear Municipality※ Pursat Bakan Kandieng Krakor Phnom Kravanh Pursat Municipality※ Veal Veaeng Talou Sen Chey Prey Veng Ba Phnom Kamchay Mear Kampong Trabaek Kanhchriech Me Sang Peam Chor Peam Ro Pea Reang Preah Sdach Prey Veng Municipality※ Pou Rieng Sithor Kandal Svay Antor Ratanakiri Anduong Meas Banlung Municipality※ Bar Kaev Koun Mom Lumphat Ou Chum Ou Ya Dav Ta Veaeng Veun Sai Siem Reap Angkor Chum Angkor Thom Banteay Srei Chi Kraeng Kralanh Puok Prasat Bakong Siem Reap Municipality※ Sout Nikom Srei Snam Svay Leu Varin Sihanoukville Kampong Seila Prey Nob Sihanoukville Municipality※ Steung Hav Stung Treng Sesan Siem Bouk Siem Pang Stung Treng Municipality※ Thala Borivat Borei O’Svay Sen Chey Svay Rieng Bavet Municipality Chantrea Kampong Rou Romeas Haek Rumduol Svay Chrum Svay Rieng Municipality※ Svay Teab Takéo Angkor Borei Bati Borei Cholsar Doun Kaev Municipality※ Kaoh Andaet Kiri Vong Prey Kabbas Samraŏng Tram Kak Treang Tboung KhmumInternet Dambae Krouch Chhmar Memot Ou Reang Ov Ponhea Kraek Suong Municipality※ Tboung Khmum※ denotes capital/provincial seat. Authority control databases VIAF 11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611 This Cambodian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"General Population Census of Cambodia, 1998: Village Gazetteer. National Institute of Statistics. February 2000. pp. 149–152.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kandal Administration\". Royal Government of Cambodia. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224050400/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html","url_text":"\"Kandal Administration\""},{"url":"http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine-homocysteine_S-methyltransferase
Betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase
["1 Isozymes","2 Tissue distribution","3 Clinical significance","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
Class of enzymes betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferaseCrystal structure of rat liver betaine homocysteine s-methyltransferase.IdentifiersEC no.2.1.1.5CAS no.9029-78-1 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins In the field of enzymology, a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase also known as betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is a zinc metallo-enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from trimethylglycine and a hydrogen ion from homocysteine to produce dimethylglycine and methionine respectively: Trimethylglycine (methyl donor) + homocysteine (hydrogen donor) → dimethylglycine (hydrogen receiver) + methionine (methyl receiver) Diagram of the action of BHMT This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. This enzyme participates in the metabolism of glycine, serine, threonine and also methionine. Isozymes In humans, there are two isozymes, BHMT and BHMT2, each encoded by a separate gene. betaine-homocysteine methyltransferaseBetaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 homotetramer, HumanIdentifiersSymbolBHMTNCBI gene635HGNC1047OMIM602888RefSeqNM_001713UniProtQ93088Other dataEC number2.1.1.5LocusChr. 5 q13.1-q15Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase 2IdentifiersSymbolBHMT2NCBI gene23743HGNC1048OMIM605932RefSeqNM_017614UniProtQ9H2M3Other dataEC number2.1.1.5LocusChr. 5 q13Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro Tissue distribution BHMT is expressed most predominantly in the liver and kidney. Clinical significance Mutations in the BHMT gene are known to exist in humans. Anomalies may influence the metabolism of homocysteine , which is implicated in disorders ranging from vascular disease, autism, and schizophrenia to neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida. See also Betaine References ^ PDB: 1UMY​; González B, Pajares MA, Martínez-Ripoll M, Blundell TL, Sanz-Aparicio J (May 2004). "Crystal structure of rat liver betaine homocysteine s-methyltransferase reveals new oligomerization features and conformational changes upon substrate binding". J. Mol. Biol. 338 (4): 771–82. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.5080. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.005. PMID 15099744. ^ Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D (December 2006). "Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63 (23): 2792–803. doi:10.1007/s00018-006-6249-6. hdl:10261/13799. PMID 17086380. S2CID 6076708. ^ Garrow TA (September 1996). "Purification, kinetic properties, and cDNA cloning of mammalian betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (37): 22831–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.37.22831. PMID 8798461. ^ Sunden SL, Renduchintala MS, Park EI, Miklasz SD, Garrow TA (September 1997). "Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression in porcine and human tissues and chromosomal localization of the human gene". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 345 (1): 171–4. doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0246. PMID 9281325. ^ Chadwick LH, McCandless SE, Silverman GL, Schwartz S, Westaway D, Nadeau JH (November 2000). "Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase-2: cDNA cloning, gene sequence, physical mapping, and expression of the human and mouse genes". Genomics. 70 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6319. PMID 11087663. ^ Szegedi SS, Castro CC, Koutmos M, Garrow TA (April 2008). "Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (14): 8939–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.M710449200. PMC 2276374. PMID 18230605. ^ Sunden SL, Renduchintala MS, Park EI, Miklasz SD, Garrow TA (September 1997). "Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression in porcine and human tissues and chromosomal localization of the human gene". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 345 (1): 171–4. doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0246. PMID 9281325. Further reading Klee WA, Richards HH, Cantoni GL (1961). "The synthesis of methionine by enzymic transmethylation. VII Existence of two separate homocysteine methylpherases on mammalian liver". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 54: 157–64. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(61)90948-9. PMID 14456704. External links Betaine+Homocysteine+Methyltransferase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) EC 2.1.1.5 vteMetabolism: Protein metabolism, synthesis and catabolism enzymesEssential amino acids are in CapitalsK→acetyl-CoALYSINE→ Saccharopine dehydrogenase Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase LEUCINE→ 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex Enoyl-CoA hydratase HMG-CoA lyase HMG-CoA reductase Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase Leucine 2,3-aminomutase Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (See Template:Leucine metabolism in humans – this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase) TRYPTOPHAN→ Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase Arylformamidase Kynureninase 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→ (see below) GG→pyruvate→citrateglycine→serine→ Serine hydroxymethyltransferase Serine dehydratase glycine→creatine: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase Creatine kinase alanine→ Alanine transaminase cysteine→ D-cysteine desulfhydrase threonine→ L-threonine dehydrogenase G→glutamate→α-ketoglutarateHISTIDINE→ Histidine ammonia-lyase Urocanate hydratase Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase proline→ Proline oxidase Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase/ALDH4A1 PYCR1 arginine→ Ornithine aminotransferase Ornithine decarboxylase Agmatinase →alpha-ketoglutarate→TCA Glutamate dehydrogenase Other cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase Glutathione synthetase Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase glutamate→glutamine: Glutamine synthetase Glutaminase G→propionyl-CoA→succinyl-CoAVALINE→ Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex Enoyl-CoA hydratase 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase ISOLEUCINE→ Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase METHIONINE→ generation of homocysteine: Methionine adenosyltransferase Adenosylhomocysteinase regeneration of methionine: Methionine synthase/Homocysteine methyltransferase Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine beta synthase Cystathionine gamma-lyase THREONINE→ Threonine aldolase →succinyl-CoA→TCA Propionyl-CoA carboxylase Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase G→fumaratePHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→ Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine aminotransferase 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase tyrosine→melanin: Tyrosinase G→oxaloacetateasparagine→aspartate→ Asparaginase/Asparagine synthetase Aspartate transaminase vteTransferase: one carbon transferases (EC 2.1)2.1.1: Methyl-N- Histamine N-methyltransferase Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase Amine N-methyltransferase Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase O- 5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase/Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase Catechol-O-methyl transferase Homocysteine Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase Homocysteine methyltransferase Methionine synthase Other Phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase DNMT3B Histone methyltransferase Thymidylate synthase DNA methyltransferase Thiopurine methyltransferase Cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase 2.1.2: Hydroxymethyl-,Formyl- and RelatedHydroxymethyltransferase Serine hydroxymethyltransferase 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase Formyltransferase Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase Inosine monophosphate synthase Other Glutamate formimidoyltransferase Aminomethyltransferase 2.1.3: Carboxy-and CarbamoylCarboxy methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase Carbamoyl Aspartate carbamoyltransferase Ornithine carbamoyltransferase Oxamate carbamoyltransferase Putrescine carbamoyltransferase 3-hydroxymethylcephem carbamoyltransferase Lysine carbamoyltransferase N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase 2.1.4: Amidine Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology This EC 2.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Schwartz
Luke Schwartz
["1 Poker career","2 References","3 External links"]
English poker player (born 1984) Luke SchwartzNickname(s)__FullFlush1__ResidenceLondon, EnglandBorn (1984-02-15) 15 February 1984 (age 40)World Series of PokerBracelet(s)1Final table(s)1Money finish(es)3Highest ITMMain Event finish249th, 2013European Poker TourTitle(s)NoneFinal table(s)5Money finish(es)7 Luke Schwartz-Orbach (born 15 February 1984) known as Luke Schwartz is a professional poker player from north London, England. Poker career Schwartz's first major cash was at the Grosvenor World Masters in 2005 where he won £3,900 for his eighth-place finish in the £1,000 No Limit Hold'em Main Event. Since then, he has only had a few other results, including £10,850 at the 2005 Harbour Lights in Brighton. Schwartz is best known for his online prowess, especially on Full Tilt Poker before the site was shut down, where he played under the moniker __FullFlush1__. He started off grinding ring games in 2005 but went broke several times before winning the Sunday Million on Poker Stars in 2007. After this win, Schwartz returned to the cash tables. In recent times, he has taken on some of the biggest names in online poker such as Urindanger, durrrr, and Ziigmund, at the biggest stakes with some success. Luke Schwartz has played in the Party Poker Premier League several times including Party Poker Premier League 4 where he finished second and won $200,000, beaten by David Benyamine. What has perhaps garnered more attention is Schwartz' outspoken nature, both on and off the table. He regards himself as the best tournament player around, and even made his claim at the Monte Carlo High Rollers event to the rest of his table, which included Daniel Negreanu and Phil Ivey. In December 2009, Schwartz was chip leader heading into the Full Tilt Poker Million VIII final table, and eventually finished fourth, collecting prize money of $150,000. Schwartz had previously won his heat in the Poker Million VIII, overcoming a table of Bill Edler, Mark Vos and Tony G, before coming from behind to defeat John Duthie heads-up. He then navigated a semi-final featuring Annette Obrestad and Tony Bloom to secure his place in the final. In 2012 at World Series of Poker Schwartz finished fourth for over $400,000. According to High Stakes Database, Schwartz’ cash game losses stand at $775,000. Schwartz is currently a featured blogger on Black Belt Poker. His comments, many of which divide audiences, are often cited on forums such as Two Plus Two. As of 2023, his live tournament winnings exceed $1.7 million. References ^ "Poker Player __FullFlush1__". HighstakesDB. Retrieved 13 December 2014. ^ "European Poker Tour - EPT London, No Limit Hold'em". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "The Grosvenor World Masters, No Limit Hold'em: Hendon Mob Poker Database". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved 13 December 2014. ^ "__FullFlush1__: Luke Schwartz lets rip!". bluffeurope.com. ^ Murray, Brendan (23 January 2010). "Schwartz, Negreanu, Rousso Join Premier League Line-Up - European Poker News". Card Player. Retrieved 13 December 2014. ^ "PartyPoker Premier League IV | PartyPoker Premier League IV | PokerNews". www.pokernews.com. Retrieved 8 July 2017. ^ "Schwartz takes on Ivey, Negreanu and Hansen". Poker Listings. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2014. ^ "James Akenhead Wins Full Tilt Poker Million VIII". pokerplayer.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2009. ^ "Poker Million Heat - Luke Schwartz". cardplayer.com. ^ "Full Tilt Poker Million VIII, Semi-Final 1". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "43rd World Series of Poker - WSOP 2012, The Poker Players Championship (Event #45)". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved 19 April 2024. ^ "Luke Schwartz's profile on The Hendon Mob". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved 18 December 2023. External links Card Player profile Hendon Mob profile WPT profile WSOP profile
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli_Lindholm
Olli Lindholm
["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","4 References","5 External links"]
Finnish singer and guitarist (1964–2019) Olli LindholmLindholm in 2008Background informationBorn(1964-03-19)19 March 1964Pori, FinlandDied12 February 2019(2019-02-12) (aged 54)Tampere, FinlandGenresRock, Finnish rockOccupation(s)Singer, guitaristInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active1981–2019Formerly ofAppendix (1982) Yö (1981–2019)Websitewww.ollilindholm.fi Musical artist Olli Lindholm (19 March 1964 – 12 February 2019) was a Finnish singer and guitarist. He was the lead singer of the renowned Finnish band Yö since the early 1980s with a string of hits and albums. In addition, he worked on a solo basis with his own four albums released on various labels including Maailma on kaunis in 2010 that peaked at number one on The Official Finnish Chart Suomen virallinen lista. Career Olli Lindholm was a founding member of the Finnish rock band Yö. The band was formed in 1981. During his decades long participation in Yö, members of the band had drastically changed, as he was eventually the only original member left. Lindholm's career in music had started from punk rock at the age of 16. He participated in multiple bands during the early years of his career. For instance, he started with another Finnish punk band Appendix in 1982 as a founding member and vocalist and guitarist. He was awarded the Iskelmä-Finlandia "Best Finnish singer" award in 2008. He served as a guest judge during the auditions to the Finnish Idol series in 2011. A biography of his life was written in 2017. He also served as a judge in The Voice of Finland, at the time of his death in 2019. Personal life Lindholm had two children from a marriage that had ended in a divorce. He lived in the city of Tampere. In February 2019, Lindholm suddenly died following an aortic rupture. Discography (For Olli Lindholm discography with Yö, refer to the band's discography section) Albums Solo albums Year Album Peak positions FIN 2000 Voima 30 2010 Maailma on kaunis 1 2012 Nukku-matti ja herra kuu (with Susanna Hietala) 14 2013 Minun jouluni 6 References ^ Lassi, Teija (12 February 2019). "Olli Lindholm sai sairauskohtauksen yöllä saunaillan jälkeen – uutinen kuolemasta yllätti kaikki, tämä tiedetään nyt". Iltalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ Makkonen, Nita; Kosonen, Tero (12 February 2019). "Olli Lindholm on kuollut – sairauskohtaus tuli täytenä yllätyksenä". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ TILASTOT – Suomen virallinen lista – Albumit 37/2010" (in Finnish) ^ a b "The Voice of Finlandin nauhoitettujen jaksojen kohtalosta syntyi päätös – seuraavaan jaksoon tulee kunnianosoitus Olli Lindholmille". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 12 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ a b Liikkanen, Maija (12 February 2019). "Olli Lindholm luotsasi Yötä lähes 40 vuotta – ura alkoi punk-rockista". MTV3 (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ Dome.fi: Olli Lindholm sai Iskelmä-Finlandian – katso kuva (in Finnish) ^ a b Järvenpää, Juha (12 February 2019). "Olli Lindholm avautui pari vuotta sitten terveysongelmistaan kirjailija Arno Kotrolle – verenpaine pilvissä, hermosto hälytystilassa". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ a b "Tältä näyttää Olli Lindholmin kotona – vaimo muutti pois eron jälkeen viime vuonna". Iltalehti (in Finnish). 24 June 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2019. ^ "Olli Lindholmin eno ja isähahmo paljastaa ensi kertaa, mihin laulaja todella kuoli vuosi sitten – näin traaginen yö eteni". Ilta Sanomat (in Finnish). 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020. ^ "Olli Lindholm discography". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 November 2013. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olli Lindholm. Official website Olli Lindholm at AllMusic Olli Lindholm at IMDb  Authority control databases International ISNI National Finland Artists MusicBrainz
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0al%C4%8Dia
Šalčia
[]
Coordinates: 54°20′44″N 24°49′57″E / 54.34556°N 24.83250°E / 54.34556; 24.83250This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Šalčia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) River in Lithuania and BelarusŠalčiaŠalčia in ŠalčininkaiLocationCountryLithuania and BelarusPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationŠalčininkai district MouthMerkys • coordinates54°20′44″N 24°49′57″E / 54.34556°N 24.83250°E / 54.34556; 24.83250Length76 km (47 mi)Basin size749 km2 (289 sq mi)Discharge  • average5.72 m3/s (202 cu ft/s) Basin featuresProgressionMerkys→ Neman→ Baltic Sea The Šalčia (Belarusian: Шальча, romanized: Shalcha) is a river in Lithuania. It originates in a region located to the east of Šalčininkai and runs for 76 km before flowing into the Merkys near Valkininkai. This article related to a river in Lithuania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to a river in Belarus is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_Lithuania
Referendums in Lithuania
["1 2002 law changes","2 Referendum results","3 Notes","4 References"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Politics of Lithuania Constitution Taxation Executive President Gitanas Nausėda Prime Minister Ingrida Šimonytė Legislature Seimas Seimas Palace Speaker: Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen Judiciary Constitutional Court Supreme Court Elections Recent elections Seimas: 201620202024 Presidential: 201420192024 European: 201420192024 Referendums Political parties Administrative divisions Counties Municipalities Elderships Foreign relations Ministers of Foreign Affairs Lithuania portal Other countries vte Part of the Politics seriesDirect democracy Referendum types Optional referendum Legislative referral Popular initiative Recall referendum Popular referendum Mandatory referendum Referendums by country Australia Canada Czechia EU France Germany Italy Iran Israel Kenya Lithuania Netherlands New Zealand Poland Philippines Sweden Slovakia Switzerland Turkey Taiwan UK Ukraine USA Referendums by issue Civil rights Finance Mining War Independence EU Referendums by method E-referendum History of direct democracy Athenian democracy in USA Related Direct election Citizens' assembly Popular assembly Citizen's jury Participatory budgeting List of direct democracy parties Ballot title Sortition Politics portalvte There have been twelve referendums in Lithuania since it declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990. Because of strict requirements, only four referendums have been successful. Older Lithuanian laws required that more than half of all registered voters (not half of voters who participate) would vote in support of a proposal for it to become a binding obligation to the government. In 2002, this requirement was lowered to one third of all registered voters. The procedure to call for a referendum is also challenging. The initiators need to present 300,000 signatures of registered voters in three months or the Seimas, the Parliament of Lithuania, has to approve it by a quarter of all the members of the Seimas. Despite the difficulties, the idea to call referendums is very popular among politicians. 2002 law changes In anticipation of the 2003 referendum regarding membership of the European Union, the Law on Referendum was passed on 4 June 2002. The law prescribes that the voting is conducted based on democratic principles: universal, direct, and equal suffrage and secret ballot. There are two types of referendums: mandatory and consultative (deliberative). Mandatory referendums must be held to: Amend Chapters 1 (The State of Lithuania) and 14 (Amending the Constitution) of the Constitution of Lithuania Amend the 8 June 1992 Constitutional Act, "On Non-Alignment of the Republic of Lithuania to Post-Soviet Eastern Alliances" Approve participation in international organizations if membership requires partial transfer of the scope of competence of Government bodies to the institutions of international organizations or the jurisdiction. Other mandatory or consultative referendums might be held if enough registered voters express support by signing the petition which specify what type of referendums it should be. The law lowered the requirements for the number of votes needed to approve the resolution. For consultative referendums, a half of all registered voters need to participate and a half of those participating need to vote in favor. Seimas then have a month to decide on the resolution. For mandatory referendums, instead of a half of all registered voters, it now demands one third. In addition, more than a half of all voters need to participate, and of those participating, a half needs to vote in favor. There are exceptions to this rule: To change the first sentence ("The State of Lithuania shall be an independent, democratic Republic") of the Constitution and to amend the Constitutional Act of 8 June 1992 requires approval of at least three quarters of all citizens registered to vote. To amend Chapters 1 through 14 of the Constitution it requires approval of more than half of all registered voters. A decision on participation in international organizations will be adopted if it has been approved by more than one half of the voters who have participated in the referendum. This exception was adopted on February 25, 2003, just 2.5 months before the referendum on the European Union. The law also lowered the number of Seimas votes needed to announce a referendum from one third to one quarter. However, the requirements for citizen-initiated referendum are the same: they need to collect 300,000 signatures of registered voters in three months. Referendum results The successful referendums are marked in light green, while failed ones are in pink. The color denotes which number was used to determine the outcome. Two referendums failed on two counts: they not only did not receive support from more than 50% of all registered voters, but also less than 50% of the voters came to vote. They are deemed not to have taken place. # Date Topic Voter turnout (%) Voted "Yes" (%) Voted "No" (%) from total from voters from total from voters 1 9 February 1991 Demand independence from the Soviet Union 84.74 76.46 90.24 5.54 6.54 2 23 May 1992 Restore the institution of the President of Lithuania 59.18 40.99 69.27 15.13 25.57 3 14 June 1992 Demand immediate withdrawal of Russian troops and compensation for damages from the Soviet Union 76.05 68.95 90.67 5.51 7.25 4 25 October 1992 Approve the Constitution of Lithuania 75.26 56.75 75.42 15.78 20.98 5 27 August 1994 Pass Law on Illegal Privatization, Depreciated Deposits, and Broken Laws 36.89 30.85 83.63 3.81 10.34 6 20 October 1996 Amend Articles 55, 57, and 131 of the Constitution of Lithuania 52.11 33.86 65.00 9.18 17.63 7 20 October 1996 Should the deposits be compensated by funds acquired from privatization 52.46 38.97 74.31 10.01 19.10 8 10 November 1996 Amend Article 47 of the Constitution of Lithuania 39.73 17.24 43.41 15.91 40.05 9 10–11 May 2003 Approve Lithuania's membership in the European Union 63.37 57.00 89.95 5.59 8.82 10 12 October 2008 Extend the operation of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant 48.44 42.91 88.59 4.03 8.32 11 14 October 2012 Approve the construction of Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant 52.58 18.52 35.23 34.05 64.77 12 29 June 2014 Ban sale of Lithuanian land to non-citizens 14.98 10.60 70.77 3.95 26.40 13 12 May 2019 Reduce the number of members of the Seimas 47.45 35.25 76.19 11.02 23.81 14 12 May 2019 Allow dual citizenship 52.78 38.46 73.92 13.57 26.08 15 12 May 2024 Allow multiple citizenships 59.00 43.60 73.90 count ongoing count ongoing Notes ^ a b c d The phrase "from total" means a percentage from the total number of registered voters. For a referendum to be successful it must be higher than 50%. The phrase "from voters" means a percentage from the voters who participated in the referendums. ^ a b c d The ballot included 8 distinct statements. Only numbers for the first statement are shown as the results for other statements differ only slightly. ^ a b c d The ballot included three distinct statements. Only numbers for the first statement are shown as the results for other statements differ only slightly. ^ Because dual citizenship is prohibited by Article 12 of the Constitution, amending it requires at least half of all registered voters ^ "Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments". LRT. 13 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ "Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse". VRK – The Central Electoral Commission of The Republic of Lithuania. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024. ^ provisional results ^ Because dual citizenship is prohibited by Article 12 of the Constitution, amending it requires at least half of all registered voters ^ provisional results References (in Lithuanian) Nuo 1991 m. iki šiol paskelbtų referendumų rezultatai (Results from Refrenda 1991-Present), Microsoft Word Document, Seimas. Accessed June 17, 2006. Law on Referendum, Seimas, June 4, 2002. No. IX – 929 (as last amended on 17 November 2005 — No X-398). Accessed June 17, 2006. (in Lithuanian) Law on Amendment of Chapters 7, 11, 13, 35, 43, 50, 51, 54, 78 and on Adding Chapter 78(1) to Law on Referendum, Seimas, February 25, 2003, No. IX-1349. Accessed June 17, 2006. (in Lithuanian) Audrius Bačiulis, Referendumas - būdas siekti populiarumo (Referendum - a way to seek popularity), Veidas, July 18, 2002, No. 29. Accessed June 17, 2006. vte Elections and referendums in LithuaniaPresidential 1993 1997–98 2002–03 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Parliamentary 1920 1922 1923 1926 1936 1940 1947 1951 1955 1959 1963 1967 1971 1975 1980 1985 1990 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Municipal 1918 1919 1924 1929 1931 1934 1940 1990 1995 1997 2000 2002 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 European 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Referendums 1991 1992 (May) 1992 (Jun) 1992 (Oct) 1994 1996 (Oct) 1996 (Nov) 2003 2008 2012 2014 2019 2024 See also: Elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Central Lithuania Klaipėda Region vteReferendums in EuropeSovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Seimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seimas"}],"text":"There have been twelve referendums in Lithuania since it declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990. Because of strict requirements, only four referendums have been successful. Older Lithuanian laws required that more than half of all registered voters (not half of voters who participate) would vote in support of a proposal for it to become a binding obligation to the government. In 2002, this requirement was lowered to one third of all registered voters.The procedure to call for a referendum is also challenging. The initiators need to present 300,000 signatures of registered voters in three months or the Seimas, the Parliament of Lithuania, has to approve it by a quarter of all the members of the Seimas. Despite the difficulties, the idea to call referendums is very popular among politicians.","title":"Referendums in Lithuania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2003 referendum regarding membership of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Lithuanian_European_Union_membership_referendum"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Post-Soviet Eastern Alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States"},{"link_name":"Seimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seimas"}],"text":"In anticipation of the 2003 referendum regarding membership of the European Union, the Law on Referendum was passed on 4 June 2002.The law prescribes that the voting is conducted based on democratic principles: universal, direct, and equal suffrage and secret ballot. There are two types of referendums: mandatory and consultative (deliberative). Mandatory referendums must be held to:Amend Chapters 1 (The State of Lithuania) and 14 (Amending the Constitution) of the Constitution of Lithuania\nAmend the 8 June 1992 Constitutional Act, \"On Non-Alignment of the Republic of Lithuania to Post-Soviet Eastern Alliances\"\nApprove participation in international organizations if membership requires partial transfer of the scope of competence of Government bodies to the institutions of international organizations or the jurisdiction.\nOther mandatory or consultative referendums might be held if enough registered voters express support by signing the petition which specify what type of referendums it should be.The law lowered the requirements for the number of votes needed to approve the resolution. For consultative referendums, a half of all registered voters need to participate and a half of those participating need to vote in favor. Seimas then have a month to decide on the resolution. For mandatory referendums, instead of a half of all registered voters, it now demands one third. In addition, more than a half of all voters need to participate, and of those participating, a half needs to vote in favor. There are exceptions to this rule:To change the first sentence (\"The State of Lithuania shall be an independent, democratic Republic\") of the Constitution and to amend the Constitutional Act of 8 June 1992 requires approval of at least three quarters of all citizens registered to vote.\nTo amend Chapters 1 through 14 of the Constitution it requires approval of more than half of all registered voters.\nA decision on participation in international organizations will be adopted if it has been approved by more than one half of the voters who have participated in the referendum. This exception was adopted on February 25, 2003, just 2.5 months before the referendum on the European Union.The law also lowered the number of Seimas votes needed to announce a referendum from one third to one quarter. However, the requirements for citizen-initiated referendum are the same: they need to collect 300,000 signatures of registered voters in three months.","title":"2002 law changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The successful referendums are marked in light green, while failed ones are in pink. The color denotes which number was used to determine the outcome. Two referendums failed on two counts: they not only did not receive support from more than 50% of all registered voters, but also less than 50% of the voters came to vote. They are deemed not to have taken place.","title":"Referendum results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reg_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reg_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reg_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reg_1-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st8_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st8_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st8_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st8_2-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st3_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st3_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st3_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st3_3-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments"},{"link_name":"LRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRT"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240513100751/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rezultatai.vrk.lt/?srcUrl=/rinkimai/1504/1/2104/rezultatai/lt/rezultataiRefUzsienioRpg_rpgId-19468.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ a b c d The phrase \"from total\" means a percentage from the total number of registered voters. For a referendum to be successful it must be higher than 50%. The phrase \"from voters\" means a percentage from the voters who participated in the referendums.\n\n^ a b c d The ballot included 8 distinct statements. Only numbers for the first statement are shown as the results for other statements differ only slightly.\n\n^ a b c d The ballot included three distinct statements. Only numbers for the first statement are shown as the results for other statements differ only slightly.\n\n^ Because dual citizenship is prohibited by Article 12 of the Constitution, amending it requires at least half of all registered voters\n\n^ \"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\". LRT. 13 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n\n^ \"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\". VRK – The Central Electoral Commission of The Republic of Lithuania. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n\n^ provisional results\n\n^ Because dual citizenship is prohibited by Article 12 of the Constitution, amending it requires at least half of all registered voters\n\n^ provisional results","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\". LRT. 13 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments","url_text":"\"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRT","url_text":"LRT"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240513100751/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\". VRK – The Central Electoral Commission of The Republic of Lithuania. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rezultatai.vrk.lt/?srcUrl=/rinkimai/1504/1/2104/rezultatai/lt/rezultataiRefUzsienioRpg_rpgId-19468.html","url_text":"\"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments","external_links_name":"\"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240513100751/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://rezultatai.vrk.lt/?srcUrl=/rinkimai/1504/1/2104/rezultatai/lt/rezultataiRefUzsienioRpg_rpgId-19468.html","external_links_name":"\"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\""},{"Link":"http://www3.lrs.lt/docs2/QKVXRGNF.DOC","external_links_name":"Nuo 1991 m. iki šiol paskelbtų referendumų rezultatai (Results from Refrenda 1991-Present)"},{"Link":"http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=269831","external_links_name":"Law on Referendum"},{"Link":"http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=205775","external_links_name":"Law on Amendment of Chapters 7, 11, 13, 35, 43, 50, 51, 54, 78 and on Adding Chapter 78(1) to Law on Referendum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121436/http://www.veidas.lt/lt/leidinys.full/3d35d2faa1237?veidas=6fe850cb5a278c71d75f06b7a59e62ab","external_links_name":"Referendumas - būdas siekti populiarumo (Referendum - a way to seek popularity)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ciaranfi
Giuseppe Ciaranfi
["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
Italian painter A Declaration of Love Benedetto Varchi Reads His Storia Fiorentina to Cosimo I Giuseppe Ciaranfi (1838, Pistoia - 18 January 1902, Florence) was an Italian history and genre painter. Biography He initially studied with Enrico Pollastrini in Florence. In 1859, he was admitted to the nude figure lessons at the Accademia di Belle Arti. Three years later, he made his debut with a work depicting Benedetto Varchi, discussing Florentine history with Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Together with other painters and men of letters, he frequented the cultural salons held at the home of the architect Francesco Bartolini  and his wife, the Irish-born poet Louisa Grace Bartolini, who was also an artist. In 1866, King Victor Emmanuel II commissioned him to create a tableau showing King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia helping the poor. In 1875, he presented a scene from the life of Saint Joseph in Bologna. In 1892, he created a popular portrait of Savonarola and, in 1901, he participated in the eighth International Art Exhibition at the Glaspalast in Munich. From 1876, he occupied the Chair of Painting at the Accademia. His students there included Cesare Ciani, Alfredo Müller, Cesare Laurenti and Angiolo Tommasi, as well as the Bulgarian artists, Anton Mitov and Petko Klisurov. References ^ a b Istituto Matteucci short biography. Further reading Angelo De Gubernatis, "Ciaranfi (Giuseppe)", in: Dizionario degli artisti italiani viventi, pittori, scultori e architetti, Le Monnier, 1889 (Online) Luigi Forteguerri, Piccola biografia di Giuseppe Ciaranfi, Cino Dei Fratelli Bracali, 1902 External links Media related to Giuseppe Ciaranfi at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International VIAF Artists RKD Artists ULAN This article about an Italian painter born in the 19th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.istitutomatteucci.it/it/dizionario-degli-artisti/ciaranfi-giuseppe","external_links_name":"Istituto Matteucci"},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9314172/f130","external_links_name":"Online"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/171027444","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/265484","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500432882","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Ciaranfi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_murmur
Diastolic heart murmur
["1 Types","2 Individual murmurs","2.1 Early diastolic","2.2 Mid-diastolic","2.3 Late diastolic","3 References"]
Aspect of heart function This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds Diastolic heart murmurs are heart murmurs heard during diastole, i.e. they start at or after S2 and end before or at S1. Many involve stenosis of the atrioventricular valves or regurgitation of the semilunar valves. Types Early diastolic murmurs start at the same time as S2 with the close of the semilunar (aortic & pulmonary) valves and typically end before S1. Common causes include aortic or pulmonary regurgitation and left anterior descending artery stenosis. Mid-diastolic murmurs start after S2 and end before S1. They are due to turbulent flow across the atrioventricular (mitral & tricuspid) valves during the rapid filling phase from mitral or tricuspid stenosis. Late diastolic (presystolic) murmurs start after S2 and extend up to S1 and have a crescendo configuration. They can be associated with AV valve narrowing. They include mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, myxoma, and complete heart block. Individual murmurs Early diastolic Time Condition Description Early diastolic Aortic regurgitation The murmur is low intensity, high-pitched, best heard over the left sternal border or over the right second intercostal space, especially if the patient leans forward and holds breath in full expiration. The radiation is typically toward the apex. The configuration is usually decrescendo and has a blowing character. The presence of this murmur is a good positive predictor for AR and the absence of this murmur strongly suggests the absence of AR. An Austin Flint murmur is usually associated with significant aortic regurgitation. Early diastolic Pulmonary regurgitation Pulmonary regurgitation is most commonly due to pulmonary hypertension (Graham-Steell murmur). It is a high-pitched and blowing murmur with a decrescendo configuration. It may increase in intensity during inspiration and best heard over left second and third intercostal spaces. The murmur usually does not extend to S1. Early diastolic Left anterior descending artery stenosis This murmur, also known as Dock's murmur, is similar to that of aortic regurgitation and is heard at the left second or third intercostal space. A Coronary artery bypass surgery can eliminate the murmur. Early diastolic Cabot–Locke murmur This murmur sounds similar to aortic insufficiency, but does not have a decrescendo. It is often heard in untreated anemia, and is best heard at the left sternal border. Mid-diastolic Time Condition Description Mid-diastolic Mitral stenosis This murmur has a rumbling character and is best heard with the bell of the stethoscope in the left ventricular impulse area with the patient in the lateral decubitus position. It usually starts with an opening snap. In general, the shorter the duration (S2 to Opening Snap), the more severe the mitral stenosis. However, this rule can be misleading in situations where the stenosis is so severe that the flow becomes reduced, or during high-output situations such as pregnancy where a less severe stenosis may still produce a strong murmur. In mitral stenosis, tapping apical impulse is present. Mid-diastolic Tricuspid stenosis Best heard over the left sternal border with rumbling character and tricuspid opening snap with wide splitting S1. May increase in intensity with inspiration (Carvallo's sign). Tricuspid stenosis often occurs in association with mitral stenosis. Isolated TS are often associated with carcinoid disease and right atrial myxoma. Mid-diastolic Atrial myxoma Atrial myxomas are benign tumors of the heart. Left myxomas are far more common than right myxomas and those may cause obstruction of the mitral valve producing a mid-diastolic murmur similar to that of mitral stenosis. Mid-diastolic Increased flow across the atrioventricular valve This can also produce a mid-diastolic murmur, such as in severe mitral regurgitation where a large regurgitant volume in the left atrium can lead to "functional mitral stenosis." Mid-diastolic Austin Flint murmur An apical diastolic rumbling murmur in patients with pure aortic regurgitation. This can be mistaken with the murmur in mitral stenosis because an Austin Flint murmur does not have an opening snap that is found in mitral stenosis. Mid-diastolic Carey-Coombs murmur A mid-diastolic murmur over the left ventricular impulse due to mitral valvulitis from acute rheumatic fever. Late diastolic Time Condition Description Late diastolic (presystolic) Complete heart block A short late diastolic murmur can occasionally be heard (Rytand's murmur). References ^ "diastolic murmur" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary ^ "Diastolic Murmurs -- Clinical Methods -- NCBI Bookshelf". Retrieved 2008-12-31. ^ "Techniques - Heart Sounds & Murmurs Exam - Physical Diagnosis Skills - University of Washington School of Medicine". Retrieved 2009-03-06. ^ "presystolic murmur" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary vteSigns and symptoms relating to the circulatory systemChest pain Referred pain Angina Levine's sign Auscultation Heart sounds Split S2 S3 S4 Gallop rhythm Heart murmur Systolic Functional murmur Still's murmur Diastolic Pulmonary insufficiency Graham Steell murmur Continuous Carey Coombs murmur Mitral insufficiency Presystolic murmur Pericardial friction rub Heart click Bruit carotid Pulse Tachycardia Bradycardia Pulsus paradoxus doubled Pulsus bisferiens Pulsus bigeminus Pulsus alternans Other Palpitations Apex beat Cœur en sabot Jugular venous pressure Cannon A waves Hyperaemia Shock Cardiogenic Obstructive Hypovolemic Distributive See further Template:Shock Cardiovascular diseaseAortic insufficiency Collapsing pulse De Musset's sign Duroziez's sign Müller's sign Austin Flint murmur Mayne's sign Other endocardium endocarditis: Roth's spot Janeway lesion/Osler's node Bracht–Wachter bodies Pericardium Cardiac tamponade/Pericardial effusion: Beck's triad Ewart's sign Other rheumatic fever: Anitschkow cell Aschoff body EKG J wave Gallavardin phenomenon Vascular diseaseArterial aortic aneurysm Cardarelli's sign Oliver's sign pulmonary embolism Right heart strain radial artery sufficiency Allen's test pseudohypertension thrombus Lines of Zahn Adson's sign arteriovenous fistula Nicoladoni–Branham sign Venous Friedreich's sign Caput medusae Kussmaul's sign Trendelenburg test superior vena cava syndrome Pemberton's sign
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phonocardiograms_from_normal_and_abnormal_heart_sounds.svg"},{"link_name":"Auscultogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auscultogram"},{"link_name":"heart murmurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmurs"},{"link_name":"diastole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastole"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlDiastolic_Murmurs_--_Clinical_Methods_--_NCBI_Bookshelf-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlTechniques_-_Heart_Sounds_&_Murmurs_Exam_-_Physical_Diagnosis_Skills_-_University_of_Washington_School_of_Medicine-3"},{"link_name":"S2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2_(heart_sound)"},{"link_name":"S1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S1_(heart_sound)"},{"link_name":"atrioventricular valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valve#Atrioventricular_valves"},{"link_name":"regurgitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regurgitation_(circulation)"},{"link_name":"semilunar valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valve#Semilunar_valves"}],"text":"Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart soundsDiastolic heart murmurs are heart murmurs heard during diastole,[1][2][3] i.e. they start at or after S2 and end before or at S1. Many involve stenosis of the atrioventricular valves or regurgitation of the semilunar valves.","title":"Diastolic heart murmur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"presystolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presystolic_murmur"},{"link_name":"AV valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valve#Atrioventricular_valves"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mitral stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_stenosis"},{"link_name":"tricuspid stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_stenosis"},{"link_name":"myxoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma"},{"link_name":"complete heart block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_heart_block"}],"text":"Early diastolic murmurs start at the same time as S2 with the close of the semilunar (aortic & pulmonary) valves and typically end before S1. Common causes include aortic or pulmonary regurgitation and left anterior descending artery stenosis.\nMid-diastolic murmurs start after S2 and end before S1. They are due to turbulent flow across the atrioventricular (mitral & tricuspid) valves during the rapid filling phase from mitral or tricuspid stenosis.\nLate diastolic (presystolic) murmurs start after S2 and extend up to S1 and have a crescendo configuration. They can be associated with AV valve narrowing.[4] They include mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, myxoma, and complete heart block.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Individual murmurs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Early diastolic","title":"Individual murmurs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mid-diastolic","title":"Individual murmurs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Late diastolic","title":"Individual murmurs"}]
[{"image_text":"Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Phonocardiograms_from_normal_and_abnormal_heart_sounds.svg/160px-Phonocardiograms_from_normal_and_abnormal_heart_sounds.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Diastolic Murmurs -- Clinical Methods -- NCBI Bookshelf\". Retrieved 2008-12-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=cm&part=A805","url_text":"\"Diastolic Murmurs -- Clinical Methods -- NCBI Bookshelf\""}]},{"reference":"\"Techniques - Heart Sounds & Murmurs Exam - Physical Diagnosis Skills - University of Washington School of Medicine\". Retrieved 2009-03-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://depts.washington.edu/physdx/heart/tech4_diastolic.html","url_text":"\"Techniques - Heart Sounds & Murmurs Exam - Physical Diagnosis Skills - University of Washington School of Medicine\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukataa
Mukataa
["1 Arafat's compound","1.1 Israeli siege of March 2002","1.2 Siege of 6 June 2002","1.3 Siege of September 2002","1.4 Temporary burial-place of Arafat","2 References","3 External links"]
Coordinates: 31°54′44.4″N 35°12′30.83″E / 31.912333°N 35.2085639°E / 31.912333; 35.2085639Arabic term for an administrative center This article is about the type of building in Palestine. For the Ottoman instrument for financing state expenses, see Muqata'ah. The Mukataa in Ramallah, 2013 Mukataa (Arabic: مقاطعة, romanized: muqāṭaʿah) is an Arabic word for headquarters or administrative center, particularly in Palestine. Mukataas were mostly built during the British Mandate as Tegart forts and were used both as British government centers and as dwellings for the British administrative staff. Some Mukataas also included police stations and prisons. After the British left, the buildings often functioned similarly under the Jordanians, and then the Israelis. After the Oslo Accords, the Mukataas were used as governmental offices and headquarters for the Palestinian National Authority. The Mukaatas in Ramallah and Gaza, the two major Palestinian cities, were also used as headquarters to the high Palestinian Authority leadership, including as office for Yasser Arafat, long-time Palestinian Authority president.The Mukataa with the headquarters of the President of the PLO, 2007 During Operation Defensive Shield in April 2002, the Israeli Defence Forces raided the Mukataas in the West Bank. Some Mukataas, including the Mukataa in Hebron, were entirely demolished. Arafat's compound The Mukataa in Ramallah, built in the 1930s during the British Mandate by the British engineer Sir Charles Tegart, was a military headquarters, a court of law and a prison. In May 1948, Jordan took over, and used the compound again as a prison and as a residence for Jordanian army officers and their families. From the occupation in 1967 it was the Israeli military headquarters, until the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994. In 1996, Arafat moved in and the Mukataa became the official West Bank headquarters, known as Arafat's compound. Israeli siege of March 2002 On 29 March 2002, the Israel Defense Forces raided the compound and placed it under siege during Operation Defensive Shield. The Israeli army destroyed the offices of three security services, along with a VIP guesthouse, a prison, sleeping quarters for guards, a large kitchen, a car repair shop and a large meeting hall. The siege was lifted on 2 May after six men wanted by Israel – four of them convicted of involvement in the October 2001 assassination of the Israeli tourism minister Rehavam Ze'evi – were moved to a prison in Jericho to be guarded by U.S. and British wardens. The US-brokered plan was to enable Israel to avoid angering the United States over the Israeli Cabinet decision to bar a UN fact-finding mission from investigating allegations surrounding Israeli army actions in Jenin refugee camp during Operation Rampart. Although the military had withdrawn from the compound, the cities and refugee camps in the West Bank remained surrounded by Israeli troops. Siege of 6 June 2002 On 6 June 2002, the IDF executed a new siege after having attacked the headquarters with tanks, bulldozers and armored vehicles. Arafat's office building was partly destroyed, besides other parts of the compound. The attack was a retaliation for a suicide bombing carried out by Islamic Jihad. While Arafat was building a new Cabinet, the Israeli army five days later strengthened the siege on his headquarters with the support of US President George W. Bush. The White House rejected Egypt's call for a quick timetable for Palestinian statehood and Bush hinted that an international conference was a long way off, "because no one has confidence in the emerging Palestinian government." Siege of September 2002 The tomb of Yasser Arafat, covered by a poster while the mausoleum for him was being built After a suicide bombing struck Tel Aviv on 19 September 2002, the Mukataa was again placed under siege. During the next ten days, the IDF destroyed all of the buildings that had survived the former sieges with bulldozers and explosives, including the main interior ministry building. Only part of the building where Arafat and his people remained was left. The siege re-ignited Palestinian support for Yasser Arafat. On 24 September 2002, the UN Security Council demanded an end of the siege, but Israel ignored the Resolution. UN Under-Secretary-General Terje Rød-Larsen, one of the architects of the Oslo Accords, said on 27 September that "the Israeli army's siege of Yasser Arafat amid the ruins of his bulldozed presidential compound could mean 'the death' of hopes for a Palestinian state and a peace agreement." He alluded to the possible death of the two-state solution and said that "we're moving in the direction of state destruction and not state-building". On 11 September 2003, the Israeli security Cabinet decided to "remove" Arafat, who still remained in the besieged compound. In a statement it said: "Recent days' events have proven again that Yasser Arafat is a complete obstacle to any process of reconciliation... Israel will act to remove this obstacle in the manner, at the time, and in the ways that will be decided on separately...." The compound remained under siege until Arafat's transfer in October 2004, for medical care in a French hospital. Temporary burial-place of Arafat This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Mausoleum of Arafat, today In the early days of November, when it was clear his death was near, several locations were mentioned as possible burial sites. Jerusalem was the first choice, but Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon said he would not allow this. Following Arafat's death on 11 November 2004, the Palestinian leadership decided that he was to be "temporarily" interred in the Mukataa compound, pending the establishment of a Palestinian state and the transfer of his body to the Dome of the Rock compound on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Plans for Arafat to lie in state at the Mukataa prior to burial were canceled, because thousands of emotional mourners overwhelmed Palestinian security forces. Arafat was buried within the compound on 12 November, in a temporary manner. On 11 November 2007, a larger tomb clad in Jerusalem stone, and designed by Palestinian architects opened to the public. The message on the tomb indicated that the final resting place of Arafat shall be in Jerusalem, if it comes under Palestinian control. References ^ mukataa. webster-dictionary.org. Retrieved 15 October 2013. ^ a b c "Inside Arafat's compound of rubble". BBC, 22 September 2002. ^ "Arafat Siege Could End Soon". CBS, 29 April 2002. ^ "Arafat siege to end as handover agreed". The Daily Telegraph, 1 May 2002. ^ Documents, working papers. 2002, vol. 4: Documents 9396–9428: working papers, 2002 ordinary session (second part), 22–26 April 2002, Vol. 4: Documents 9396–9428, p. 207. Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly Published by Council of Europe, 2002 ISBN 92-871-4917-8. ^ "Arafat asks Tenet to pressure Israel, aide says". CNN, 4 June 2002. ^ a b Anton La Guardia and Alan Philps, "Bush abandons Arafat as Israeli tanks again besiege his HQ". The Telegraph, 11 June 2002. ^ "Israelis leave Arafat compound after raid". CNN, 6 June 2002. ^ "Yasser Arafat amid the ruins". The Economist, 26 September 2002. ^ "Siege continues at Arafat's HQ". Mark Willacy, ABC, 23 September 2002. ^ Resolution 1435 (2002). Adopted by the Security Council at its 4614th meeting, on 24 September 2002. S/RES/1435 (2002). ^ Jonathan Steele, "Israel defies UN vote demanding end to Arafat siege". The Guardian, 25 September 2002. ^ "Israeli siege of Arafat ′is killing peace hope′". Archived from the original on 1 June 2004. Retrieved 16 October 2013.. Justin Huggler, The Independent, 28 September 2002. ^ "Excerpts: Israeli security cabinet statement". BBC, 11 September 2003. ^ "Israeli Cabinet Decides in Principle for Arafat Expulsion". Fox News, 12 September 2003. External links IDF Bulldozers tear down the Mukataa (Waronline.org Forums) "Arafat buried in Ram Allah" (Aljazeera) Portal: Palestine Authority control databases International VIAF National Israel 31°54′44.4″N 35°12′30.83″E / 31.912333°N 35.2085639°E / 31.912333; 35.2085639
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended"},{"link_name":"Muqata'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqata%27ah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramallah_Muqata%27a_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Tegart forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegart_fort"},{"link_name":"police stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_station"},{"link_name":"prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"Jordanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Israelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Oslo Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accords"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Ramallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramallah_President.jpg"},{"link_name":"PLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Operation Defensive Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield"},{"link_name":"Israeli Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"}],"text":"Arabic term for an administrative centerThis article is about the type of building in Palestine. For the Ottoman instrument for financing state expenses, see Muqata'ah.The Mukataa in Ramallah, 2013Mukataa (Arabic: مقاطعة, romanized: muqāṭaʿah) is an Arabic word for headquarters or administrative center, particularly in Palestine.[1] Mukataas were mostly built during the British Mandate as Tegart forts and were used both as British government centers and as dwellings for the British administrative staff. Some Mukataas also included police stations and prisons. After the British left, the buildings often functioned similarly under the Jordanians, and then the Israelis.After the Oslo Accords, the Mukataas were used as governmental offices and headquarters for the Palestinian National Authority. The Mukaatas in Ramallah and Gaza, the two major Palestinian cities, were also used as headquarters to the high Palestinian Authority leadership, including as office for Yasser Arafat, long-time Palestinian Authority president.The Mukataa with the headquarters of the President of the PLO, 2007During Operation Defensive Shield in April 2002, the Israeli Defence Forces raided the Mukataas in the West Bank. Some Mukataas, including the Mukataa in Hebron, were entirely demolished.","title":"Mukataa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah"},{"link_name":"Charles Tegart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tegart"},{"link_name":"Palestinian Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_compound_of_rubble-2"}],"text":"The Mukataa in Ramallah, built in the 1930s during the British Mandate by the British engineer Sir Charles Tegart, was a military headquarters, a court of law and a prison. In May 1948, Jordan took over, and used the compound again as a prison and as a residence for Jordanian army officers and their families. From the occupation in 1967 it was the Israeli military headquarters, until the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994. In 1996, Arafat moved in and the Mukataa became the official West Bank headquarters, known as Arafat's compound.[2]","title":"Arafat's compound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel Defense Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces"},{"link_name":"Operation Defensive Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_compound_of_rubble-2"},{"link_name":"Rehavam Ze'evi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehavam_Ze%27evi"},{"link_name":"Jenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenin"},{"link_name":"Operation Rampart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jenin_(2002)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn_arafat_asks_pressure-6"}],"sub_title":"Israeli siege of March 2002","text":"On 29 March 2002, the Israel Defense Forces raided the compound and placed it under siege during Operation Defensive Shield. The Israeli army destroyed the offices of three security services, along with a VIP guesthouse, a prison, sleeping quarters for guards, a large kitchen, a car repair shop and a large meeting hall.[2]The siege was lifted on 2 May after six men wanted by Israel – four of them convicted of involvement in the October 2001 assassination of the Israeli tourism minister Rehavam Ze'evi – were moved to a prison in Jericho to be guarded by U.S. and British wardens. The US-brokered plan was to enable Israel to avoid angering the United States over the Israeli Cabinet decision to bar a UN fact-finding mission from investigating allegations surrounding Israeli army actions in Jenin refugee camp during Operation Rampart.[3][4][5] Although the military had withdrawn from the compound, the cities and refugee camps in the West Bank remained surrounded by Israeli troops.[6]","title":"Arafat's compound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_bush_abandons-7"},{"link_name":"suicide bombing carried out by Islamic Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megiddo_Junction_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"a new Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority_Government_of_June_2002"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"The White House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_White_House"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_bush_abandons-7"}],"sub_title":"Siege of 6 June 2002","text":"On 6 June 2002, the IDF executed a new siege after having attacked the headquarters with tanks, bulldozers and armored vehicles. Arafat's office building was partly destroyed, besides other parts of the compound.[7] The attack was a retaliation for a suicide bombing carried out by Islamic Jihad.[8]While Arafat was building a new Cabinet, the Israeli army five days later strengthened the siege on his headquarters with the support of US President George W. Bush. The White House rejected Egypt's call for a quick timetable for Palestinian statehood and Bush hinted that an international conference was a long way off, \"because no one has confidence in the emerging Palestinian government.\"[7]","title":"Arafat's compound"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramallah_Arrafat.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"suicide bombing struck Tel Aviv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allenby_Street_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC_compound_of_rubble-2"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Terje Rød-Larsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terje_R%C3%B8d-Larsen"},{"link_name":"Oslo Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accords"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsen-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Siege of September 2002","text":"The tomb of Yasser Arafat, covered by a poster while the mausoleum for him was being builtAfter a suicide bombing struck Tel Aviv on 19 September 2002, the Mukataa was again placed under siege. During the next ten days, the IDF destroyed all of the buildings that had survived the former sieges with bulldozers and explosives, including the main interior ministry building. Only part of the building where Arafat and his people remained was left.[2][9]The siege re-ignited Palestinian support for Yasser Arafat.[10] On 24 September 2002, the UN Security Council demanded an end of the siege, but Israel ignored the Resolution.[11][12]UN Under-Secretary-General Terje Rød-Larsen, one of the architects of the Oslo Accords, said on 27 September that \"the Israeli army's siege of Yasser Arafat amid the ruins of his bulldozed presidential compound could mean 'the death' of hopes for a Palestinian state and a peace agreement.\" He alluded to the possible death of the two-state solution and said that \"we're moving in the direction of state destruction and not state-building\".[13]On 11 September 2003, the Israeli security Cabinet decided to \"remove\" Arafat, who still remained in the besieged compound. In a statement it said: \"Recent days' events have proven again that Yasser Arafat is a complete obstacle to any process of reconciliation... Israel will act to remove this obstacle in the manner, at the time, and in the ways that will be decided on separately....\"[14][15] The compound remained under siege until Arafat's transfer in October 2004, for medical care in a French hospital.","title":"Arafat's compound"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mausoleo_Arafat_(Muqata,_Ramallah)_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ariel Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon"},{"link_name":"Palestinian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_state"},{"link_name":"Dome of the Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock"},{"link_name":"Temple Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_stone"}],"sub_title":"Temporary burial-place of Arafat","text":"The Mausoleum of Arafat, todayIn the early days of November, when it was clear his death was near, several locations were mentioned as possible burial sites. Jerusalem was the first choice, but Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon said he would not allow this.Following Arafat's death on 11 November 2004, the Palestinian leadership decided that he was to be \"temporarily\" interred in the Mukataa compound, pending the establishment of a Palestinian state and the transfer of his body to the Dome of the Rock compound on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Plans for Arafat to lie in state at the Mukataa prior to burial were canceled, because thousands of emotional mourners overwhelmed Palestinian security forces. Arafat was buried within the compound on 12 November, in a temporary manner. On 11 November 2007, a larger tomb clad in Jerusalem stone, and designed by Palestinian architects opened to the public. The message on the tomb indicated that the final resting place of Arafat shall be in Jerusalem, if it comes under Palestinian control.","title":"Arafat's compound"}]
[{"image_text":"The Mukataa in Ramallah, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ramallah_Muqata%27a_2013.jpg/300px-Ramallah_Muqata%27a_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mukataa with the headquarters of the President of the PLO, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ramallah_President.jpg/300px-Ramallah_President.jpg"},{"image_text":"The tomb of Yasser Arafat, covered by a poster while the mausoleum for him was being built","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ramallah_Arrafat.jpeg/300px-Ramallah_Arrafat.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Mausoleum of Arafat, today","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mausoleo_Arafat_%28Muqata%2C_Ramallah%29_02.JPG/300px-Mausoleo_Arafat_%28Muqata%2C_Ramallah%29_02.JPG"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking_Glass_(opera)
Through the Looking Glass (opera)
["1 Roles","2 Synopsis","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"]
For other uses, see Through the Looking Glass (disambiguation). Through the Looking GlassChamber opera by Alan JohnAlice Liddell, on whose life the opera is basedLibrettistAndrew UptonLanguageEnglishBased onThrough the Looking-Glassby Lewis CarrollPremiereMay 20, 2008 (2008-05-20)Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne Through the Looking Glass is a chamber opera by the Australian composer Alan John to a libretto by Andrew Upton, based on Lewis Carroll's 1871 book and on the life of Alice Liddell, the girl for whom Carroll wrote the story's 1865 prequel, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The work was commissioned by the Victorian Opera and the Malthouse Theatre in association with Opera Australia; it premiered on 20 May 2008 at the Merlyn Theatre (Malthouse Theatre). The performance time is approximately 70 minutes. Roles Role Voice type Premiere cast, 20 May 2008Conductor: Richard Gill Alice(both the young girl in the storyand the adult Alice Liddell) mezzo-soprano Dimity Shepherd Lewis Carroll,Train Driver,The Red King,Humpty Dumpty,The White Knight tenor David Hobson Tiger Lily,Passenger,The White Queen,Pudding,Ensemble soprano Margaret Haggart Rose,The Red Queen,Passenger,Sheep,Unicorn,Ensemble mezzo-soprano Suzanne Johnston Violet,Passenger,Tweedledee,The White King,Ensemble tenor Kanen Breen Daisy,Guard,Tweedledum,MuttonEnsemble bass Gary Rowley Young Alice,Fawn Stephanie Pidcock,Jacqueline Bathman,Dana Hehir,alternating with:Emilia Bertolini,Francesca Codd,Hayley Heath Director Michael Kantor Set & costume design Peter Corrigan Lighting design Paul Jackson Dramaturge Maryanne Lynch Musical Preparation David McSkimming Assistant Conductor Nicholas Carter Assistant Director Anna Tregloan Synopsis Prologue – Young Alice, Alice, Lewis Carroll "Alas, poor Alice; locked forever in a dream", sings Young Alice. Will she ever grow up? Lewis Carroll arrives and interrupts the reverie telling them that he has a book in which the story is written in a backside down and inside out way. Scene 1 The Mirror – Alice, ensemble Alice begins her journey into looking-glass world – she enters a tulgey wood where she is uncertain of what she is seeking. A chorus reminds her to beware the manxome foe with his vorpal blade and especially avoid the Jabberwock. Scene 2 Garden of Live Flowers – Alice, Rose, Violet, Daisy, Tiger Lily Alice moves through the garden of live flowers, each one of whom has a personal remark to make on her appearance. Alice's threat that she will pick the live flowers sends them into a panic which ends with the arrival of the Red Queen. Scene 3 Red Queen – Alice, Red Queen, Young Alice The Red Queen gives Alice firm advice on how to behave in life, including how one needs to run to keep up with things, which leads to the entry of three Young Alices, who explain that what appears to be a game of chess, might be moved through and how she will meet a White Knight and finally end up as Queen. Scene 4 The Train – Guard, Alice, passengers, The Driver, Young Alice Alice travels by train to the third square in spite of the wishes of the passengers to throw her from the train. Scene 5 The Forest – Alice, Fawn Jumping a brook, the train lands in a forest where things have no names. Alice struggles to remember her name as does a Fawn whom she meets, and who finally flees from her once it has remembered its name in case Alice might try to tame it. Scene 6 Tweedledum & Tweedledee – Young Alice, Tweedledum, Tweedledee, Alice The tulgey wood leads her on to the fourth square, the home of the Tweedles, where a massive battle is about to ensue. The arrival of a monstrous crow prevents the battle and Alice finds herself ... Scene 7 The White Queen – Alice, The White Queen, Young Alice ... addressing the White Queen, who explains the difficulties of living backwards and how to believe in as many as six impossible things before breakfast. The Young Alices offer the advice that it is better to suffer now for crimes one might commit, to which Alice replies that she has never heard such a thing. Scene 8 The River – Young Alice, Alice, Lewis Carroll, sheep Alice, accompanied by Lewis Carroll and the Young Alices, embark on a boat journey on "a perfect summer's day". Alice leaning out of the boat trying to grasp the rushes and Carroll remembering how the story poured from him, while a sheep knits, unobserved by Alice. Scene 9 Humpty Dumpty – Alice, Young Alice, Humpty Dumpty Alice meets Humpty Dumpty ("Are you the Jabberwock?" asks Young Alice) who explains to her how words are very important and who also sings her his very disturbing song, "I sent a message to the fish." Scene 10 The Battle – White King, Unicorn, Alice, Mutton, Pudding, Young Alice Alice finds herself in a square where a picnic takes place. Alice is introduced to the food, oysters, a leg of mutton and a pudding. An argument breaks out amongst the picnickers over who eats what and how much until a voice calls out reminding them that they are deep in a tulgey wood. Is it the Jabberwock? Scene 11 White Knight – White Knight, Alice Alice, the mature woman, seeks permission from the White Knight to grow up. He captures her soul in a photograph. Scene 12 Alice's Duet – Young Alice, Alice The Young Alice and the grown-up Alice sing of memories of sunny days and "moving under sunny skies never seen by waking eyes." Reception The work was placed on the syllabus of the Victorian Certificate of Education Theatre Studies program. References Perkin, Corrie (10 May 2008). "Alice at the opera". The Australian. Retrieved 11 May 2008. Usher, Robin (16 May 2008). "Here's looking at you, kid". The Age. Retrieved 16 May 2008. Burch, Peter (22 May 2008). "Alice falls into a deep, dark hole". The Australian. Retrieved 22 May 2008. Slavin, John (22 May 2008). "Walt Disney meets surrealism in operatic Carroll fairytale". The Age. External links Malthouse Theatre: Through the Looking Glass Victorian Opera: Through the Looking Glass vteLewis Carroll's Alice Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking-Glass UniverseCharactersAlice's Adventuresin Wonderland Alice portrayals Bill the Lizard Caterpillar Cheshire Cat Dodo Dormouse Duchess Gryphon Hatter Tarrant Hightopp King of Hearts Knave of Hearts March Hare Mock Turtle Mouse Pat Puppy Queen of Hearts White Rabbit Minor characters Through theLooking-Glass Bandersnatch Humpty Dumpty Jubjub bird Red King Red Queen The Sheep The Lion and the Unicorn Tweedledum and Tweedledee White King White Knight White Queen Minor characters Locationsand events Wonderland Looking-Glass world Unbirthday Poems "All in the golden afternoon..." "How Doth the Little Crocodile" "The Mouse's Tale" "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat" "You Are Old, Father William" "'Tis the Voice of the Lobster" "Jabberwocky" Vorpal sword "The Walrus and the Carpenter" "Haddocks' Eyes" "The Mock Turtle's Song" The Hunting of the Snark Related Alice Liddell Alice syndrome Alice's Shop Illustrators John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Translations Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking-Glass AdaptationsStage Alice in Wonderland (1886 musical) Alice in Wonderland (1979 opera) But Never Jam Today (1979 musical) Through the Looking Glass (2008 opera) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (2011 ballet) Wonderland (2011 musical) Peter and Alice (2013 play) Wonder.land (2015 musical) Alice's Adventures Under Ground (2016 opera) Alice by Heart (2019 musical) Film 1903 1910 1915 Alice Comedies (1923–1927) 1931 1933 1949 1951 Alice of Wonderland in Paris (1966) 1972 1976 1976 (Spanish) Alice or the Last Escapade (1977) 1981 1982 The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland (1987) 1988 (Czechoslovak) 1988 (Australian) Malice in Wonderland (2009) 2010 Alice in Murderland (2010) Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016) Come Away (2020) Alice and the Land that Wonders (2020) Alice, Through the Looking (2021) Television Alice in Wonderland (1962) Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid like You Doing in a Place like This? (1966) Alice in Wonderland (1966) Alice Through the Looking Glass (1966) 1983 (TV film) Fushigi no Kuni no Alice (1983) 1985 (TV film) Adventures in Wonderland (1992) Alice through the Looking Glass (1998) Alice in Wonderland (1999) Alice (2009) Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (2013) Alice's Wonderland Bakery (2022) Music "White Rabbit" (1967 song) "Don't Come Around Here No More" (1985 music video) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Almost Alice (2010) "Alice" "Follow Me Down" "Tea Party" Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016) "Just Like Fire" "Alice" (2020 song) Video games Through the Looking Glass (1984) Alice in Wonderland (1985) Märchen Maze (1988) Wonderland (1990) Alice: An Interactive Museum (1991) Alice no Paint Adventure (1995) Alice in Wonderland (2000) American McGee's Alice (2000) Kingdom Hearts (2002) Alice in the Country of Hearts (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Alice: Madness Returns (2011) Kingdom Hearts χ (2013) Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland (1895) New Adventures of Alice (1917) Alice Through the Needle's Eye (1984) Automated Alice (1996) Retellings The Nursery "Alice" (1890) Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable (1905) American McGee's Alice (2000) Alice in Verse: The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland (2010) Alice: Madness Returns (2011) Parodies The Westminster Alice (1902) Clara in Blunderland (1902) Lost in Blunderland (1903) John Bull's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland (1904) Alice in Blunderland: An Iridescent Dream (1904) The Looking Glass Wars 2004 2007 2009 Imitations Mopsa the Fairy (1869) Davy and the Goblin (1884) The Admiral's Caravan (1891) Gladys in Grammarland (1896) Rollo in Emblemland (1902) Alice in Orchestralia (1925) Literary Alice in Borderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Alice in Murderland Alice in Sunderland Lost Girls Miyuki-chan in Wonderland Pandora Hearts Tweedledum and Tweedledee Unbirthday: A Twisted Tale Related Betty in Blunderland (1934 animated short) Thru the Mirror (1936 animated short) Jabberwocky (1971 film) Jabberwocky (1977 film) Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959 film) Malice in Wonderland (1982 animated short) Dungeonland (1983 module) The Land Beyond the Magic Mirror (1983 module) Dreamchild (1985 film) The Hunting of the Snark (1991 musical) How Doth the Little Crocodile (1998 artworks) Abby in Wonderland (2008 film) Disney franchise Category
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The performance time is approximately 70 minutes.","title":"Through the Looking Glass (opera)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prologue – Young Alice, Alice, Lewis Carroll\"Alas, poor Alice; locked forever in a dream\", sings Young Alice. Will she ever grow up? Lewis Carroll arrives and interrupts the reverie telling them that he has a book in which the story is written in a backside down and inside out way.Scene 1 The Mirror – Alice, ensembleAlice begins her journey into looking-glass world – she enters a tulgey wood where she is uncertain of what she is seeking. A chorus reminds her to beware the manxome foe with his vorpal blade and especially avoid the Jabberwock.Scene 2 Garden of Live Flowers – Alice, Rose, Violet, Daisy, Tiger LilyAlice moves through the garden of live flowers, each one of whom has a personal remark to make on her appearance. Alice's threat that she will pick the live flowers sends them into a panic which ends with the arrival of the Red Queen.Scene 3 Red Queen – Alice, Red Queen, Young AliceThe Red Queen gives Alice firm advice on how to behave in life, including how one needs to run to keep up with things, which leads to the entry of three Young Alices, who explain that what appears to be a game of chess, might be moved through and how she will meet a White Knight and finally end up as Queen.Scene 4 The Train – Guard, Alice, passengers, The Driver, Young AliceAlice travels by train to the third square in spite of the wishes of the passengers to throw her from the train.Scene 5 The Forest – Alice, FawnJumping a brook, the train lands in a forest where things have no names. Alice struggles to remember her name as does a Fawn whom she meets, and who finally flees from her once it has remembered its name in case Alice might try to tame it.Scene 6 Tweedledum & Tweedledee – Young Alice, Tweedledum, Tweedledee, AliceThe tulgey wood leads her on to the fourth square, the home of the Tweedles, where a massive battle is about to ensue. The arrival of a monstrous crow prevents the battle and Alice finds herself ...Scene 7 The White Queen – Alice, The White Queen, Young Alice... addressing the White Queen, who explains the difficulties of living backwards and how to believe in as many as six impossible things before breakfast. The Young Alices offer the advice that it is better to suffer now for crimes one might commit, to which Alice replies that she has never heard such a thing.Scene 8 The River – Young Alice, Alice, Lewis Carroll, sheepAlice, accompanied by Lewis Carroll and the Young Alices, embark on a boat journey on \"a perfect summer's day\". Alice leaning out of the boat trying to grasp the rushes and Carroll remembering how the story poured from him, while a sheep knits, unobserved by Alice.Scene 9 Humpty Dumpty – Alice, Young Alice, Humpty DumptyAlice meets Humpty Dumpty (\"Are you the Jabberwock?\" asks Young Alice) who explains to her how words are very important and who also sings her his very disturbing song, \"I sent a message to the fish.\"Scene 10 The Battle – White King, Unicorn, Alice, Mutton, Pudding, Young AliceAlice finds herself in a square where a picnic takes place. Alice is introduced to the food, oysters, a leg of mutton and a pudding. An argument breaks out amongst the picnickers over who eats what and how much until a voice calls out reminding them that they are deep in a tulgey wood. Is it the Jabberwock?Scene 11 White Knight – White Knight, AliceAlice, the mature woman, seeks permission from the White Knight to grow up. He captures her soul in a photograph.Scene 12 Alice's Duet – Young Alice, AliceThe Young Alice and the grown-up Alice sing of memories of sunny days and \"moving under sunny skies never seen by waking eyes.\"","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian Certificate of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education"}],"text":"The work was placed on the syllabus of the Victorian Certificate of Education Theatre Studies program.","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romophone
Romophone
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
UK record label RomophoneFounded1993 (1993)FounderLouise Barder and Virginia BarderDefunct2003 (2003)StatusDefunctGenreOperaCountry of originUnited Kingdom Romophone was a UK historical reissues record label dedicated to restoring and transferring historic 78 rpm recordings of opera singers to CD. It was founded in 1993 by Louise Barder and Virginia Barder. Romophone CDs characteristically present the complete recording output of a singer on a particular label in a particular period, in chronological order. Romophone has been praised for the accuracy and faithfulness of the material it presents, both discographic and musical. The CD liner notes include biographical material about the singers and photographs (often rare and previously unpublished). Libretti and lyrics are not included in the liner notes. Singers represented on the Romophone label include Frances Alda, Lucrezia Bori, Edmond Clement, Léon David, Emma Calvé, Emmy Destinn, Emma Eames, Kirsten Flagstad, Amelita Galli-Curci, Mary Garden, Beniamino Gigli, Lotte Lehmann, Giovanni Martinelli, Edith Mason, John McCormack, Nellie Melba, Claudia Muzio, Pol Plançon, Rosa Ponselle, Elisabeth Rethberg, Tito Schipa, Elisabeth Schumann, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Luisa Tetrazzini, Marcella Sembrich, Mattia Battistini, Mario Ancona and Leonard Warren among others. Two complete opera recordings from La Scala - Il Trovatore (1930) and Madama Butterfly (1929/30) - are in the catalogue, as well as collections including Wagner en Français, America the Beautiful, The Century's Greatest Singers in Puccini and Christmas From a Golden Age. Romophone won a Gramophone Award for Best Historical Recording in 1996, for a volume of recordings by Lucrezia Bori, remastered by Ward Marston. Romophone issued its first release in 1993, and ceased activity around 2003. The Romophone catalogue was acquired by Naxos. See also List of record labels References ^ Will Crutchfield, "From the Attic: Singing as Good as It Gets", New York Times, March 27, 1994 ^ David Mermelstein, "CD Player As Time Machine: Voices Echo Across Decades", New York Times, July 19, 1998 ^ Steane, John Barry (1996). 'Historic vocal — Lucrezia Bori Opera and Operetta Arias, Volumes 1 and 2'. Gramophone, November 1996, p. 54. Retrieved 2011-09-19. ^ 'Historic reissue label Romophone is to cease trading after 10 years and 64 releases'. Gramophone, November 2003, p. 15. Retrieved 2011-09-19. ^ "Classical Music News from NAXOS.COM". Retrieved 12 July 2020. External links Romophone CDs at naxoslicensing.com Searchable archive of Romophone CD reviews on the Gramophone website This article about a United Kingdom record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Jethro_Tull_album)
A (Jethro Tull album)
["1 Overview","2 Track listing","2.1 2021 40th Anniversary A La Mode Edition","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "A" Jethro Tull album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1980 studio album by Jethro TullAStudio album by Jethro TullReleased29 August 1980Recorded16 May – 6 June 1980StudioMaison Rouge Studios, Fulham, London Maison Rogue Mobile, RadnageGenreElectronic rockprogressive rockfolk rockLength42:30LabelChrysalisProducerIan AndersonRobin BlackJethro Tull chronology Stormwatch(1979) A(1980) The Broadsword and the Beast(1982) Singles from A "Fylingdale Flyer"Released: 1980 "Working John, Working Joe"Released: 1980 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular Music A is the 13th studio album by British rock band Jethro Tull. It was released on 29 August 1980 in the UK and 1 September of the same year in the United States. The album was initially written and recorded with the intention of being frontman Ian Anderson's debut solo album (hence the album's title: the master tapes were marked "A" for Anderson during recording), however the album was eventually released as a Jethro Tull album after pressure from Chrysalis Records. Anderson has since stated that he regrets allowing the album to be released under the Jethro Tull name. Musically, the album was a departure from prior Tull works, adopting more of an electronic rock sound with heavy use of synthesizers, although still retaining the band's trademark folk influence and Anderson's flute playing. Lyrically, the album saw a similar departure from the fantasy and folklore themes of previous Tull work, instead emphasizing contemporary matters such as the Cold War. The album was the first Tull album released following a large lineup change which saw drummer Barrie "Barriemore" Barlow and keyboardists John Evan and Dee Palmer departing the band in 1980 while bassist John Glascock had died from heart complications the previous year. The album instead features Glascock's touring replacement Dave Pegg on bass in his first recorded appearance with the band, Mark Craney on drums and Eddie Jobson on keyboards (with Jobson credited as a "special guest") and electric violin. Overview A was recorded as an intended Ian Anderson solo album before Tull's record label, Chrysalis, asked that it become credited to the group. This is the reason for the album's title, as the tapes were marked "A" for "Anderson". It is noted for its more synthesiser-based sound, a fact which created controversy among many of the band's fans. On the other hand, it features a folk-influenced piece, "The Pine Marten's Jig". A features a dramatically different line-up of Tull from the band's previous album, Stormwatch (1979). Former keyboardist John Evan and organist Dee Palmer were fired from the group, while drummer Barriemore Barlow left the band due to depression over the death of John Glascock as well as plans to start his own band. The only members of Tull to appear on both Stormwatch (1979) and A (1980) are Ian Anderson and Martin Barre. This is also bassist Dave Pegg's first appearance on a Tull studio recording, but he had become a member of the band during the Stormwatch tour in 1979, replacing the deceased Glascock. Conflicting reasons have been given for the line-up change. Anderson has stated that he wanted to take the band in a different direction from the folk rock and progressive rock of the 1970s. Barriemore Barlow was unhappy with the direction the band was taking and later stated that he would have left anyway. However, biographer David Rees reports in his book Minstrels in the Gallery: A History of Jethro Tull (2001) that Anderson had never intended to replace Jethro Tull's previous line-up with the musicians who recorded A, but was forced by Chrysalis Records, which had decided to release his 'solo' album under the name Jethro Tull. This claim was further evidenced by Anderson's note in the 2003 re-release of the album. A 40th anniversary box set was released in April 2021, featuring the album remixed by Steven Wilson. It includes some bonus tracks, a DVD of Slipstream, and audio of a concert in Los Angeles. Track listing All tracks are written by Ian Anderson with additional music material from Eddie Jobson; arranged by Jethro TullSide oneNo.TitleLength1."Crossfire"3:552."Fylingdale Flyer"4:353."Working John, Working Joe"5:044."Black Sunday"6:35 Side twoNo.TitleLength1."Protect and Survive"3:362."Batteries Not Included"3:523."Uniform"3:344."4.W.D. (Low Ratio)"3:425."The Pine Marten's Jig" (instrumental)3:286."And Further On"4:21 The 2004 remastered two-disc edition includes Slipstream as a bonus DVD. 2021 40th Anniversary A La Mode Edition CD 1: Original Album And Associated Tracks Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1."Crossfire"4:052."Fylingdale Flyer"4:353."Working John, Working Joe"5:074."Black Sunday"6:425."Protect And Survive"3:376."Batteries Not Included"3:527."Uniform"3:338."4.W.D. (Low Ratio)"3:449."The Pine Marten's Jig"3:2510."And Further On"4:2511."Crossfire (Extended Version)"4:3912."Working John, Working Joe (Take 4)"5:1613."Cheerio (Early Version)"0:3914."Coruisk"6:2915."Slipstream Introduction"2:51CD 2: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Part 1 Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1."Slipstream Introduction"3:012."Black Sunday"7:073."Crossfire"3:594."Songs From The Wood"4:515."Hunting Girl"6:046."The Pine Marten's Jig"3:437."Working John, Working Joe"4:178."Heavy Horses"7:299."Musicians Introductions"1:5510."Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day"3:2811."Instrumental (Inc Flute Solo)"6:16CD 3: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Part 2 Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1."Trio Instrumental"5:082."Keyboard Solo"7:583."Batteries Not Included"4:144."Uniform (Inc Drum Solo)"6:485."Protect And Survive (Inc Violin Solo)"6:246."Bungle In The Jungle"5:317."Encore Intro - Guitar And Bass Instrumental"3:018."Aqualung"9:489."Locomotive Breath / Instrumental / Black Sunday (Reprise)"7:02DVD 1: Steven Wilson Album RemixNo.TitleLength1."Crossfire (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 2."Fylingdale Flyer (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 3."Working John, Working Joe (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 4."Black Sunday (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 5."Protect And Survive (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 6."Batteries Not Included (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 7."Uniform (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 8."4.W.D. (Low Ratio) (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 9."The Pine Marten's Jig (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 10."And Further On (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 11."Crossfire (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 12."Fylingdale Flyer (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 13."Working John, Working Joe (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 14."Black Sunday (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 15."Protect And Survive (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 16."Batteries Not Included (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 17."Uniform (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 18."4.W.D. (Low Ratio) (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 19."The Pine Marten's Jig (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 20."And Further On (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 21."Cheerio (Early Version) (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 22."Coruisk (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 23."Slipstream Introduction (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 24."Crossfire (Extended Version) (-Stereo Only-)" 25."Working John, Working Joe (Take 4) (-Stereo Only-)" DVD 2: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Steven Wilson Concert Mix (DTS 96/24 5.1 Surround, Dolby AC3 5.1 Surround, Stereo 96/24 LPCM)No.TitleLength1."Slipstream Introduction" 2."Black Sunday" 3."Crossfire" 4."Songs From The Wood" 5."Hunting Girl" 6."The Pine Marten's Jig" 7."Working John, Working Joe" 8."Heavy Horses" 9."Musicians Introductions" 10."Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day" 11."Instrumental (Inc Flute Solo)" 12."Trio Instrumental" 13."Keyboard Solo" 14."Batteries Not Included" 15."Uniform (Inc Drum Solo)" 16."Protect And Survive (Inc Violin Solo)" 17."Bungle In The Jungle" 18."Encore Intro - Guitar And Bass Instrumental" 19."Aqualung" 20."Locomotive Breath / Instrumental / Black Sunday (Reprise)" Slipstream Video Steven Wilson Album Remix (DTS 96/24 5.1 Surround, Dolby AC3 5.1 Surround, Stereo 48/24 LPCM)No.TitleLength1."Slipstream Introduction" 2."Black Sunday" 3."Dun Ringil" 4."Flyingdale Flyer" 5."Songs From The Wood" 6."Heavy Horses" 7."Sweet Dream" 8."Too Old To Rock'n'Roll: Too Young To Die" 9."Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day" 10."Aqualung" 11."Locomotive Breath"  Personnel Ian Anderson – vocals, flute Martin Barre – guitar Dave Pegg – bass guitar, mandolin Mark Craney – drums Guest personnel Eddie Jobson – keyboards, synthesizer, electric violin on The Pine Marten's Jig Technical staff Robin Black – sound engineer John Shaw – photography Peter Wagg – art direction Charts 1980 chart performance for A Chart (1980) Peakposition Australian Albums (Kent Music Report) 47 Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) 10 Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM) 48 Dutch Albums (Album Top 100) 60 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 26 Norwegian Albums (VG-lista) 9 UK Albums (OCC) 25 US Billboard 200 30 2021 chart performance for A Chart (2021) Peakposition Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) 91 Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) 65 German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) 11 Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) 14 Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) 18 References ^ Eder, Bruce. A review allmusic.com. Retrieved 20 June 2011. ^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734. ^ Kovarsky, Jerry (17 November 2016). "Interview: Eddie Jobson". Keyboard Magazine. Retrieved 28 July 2019. ^ A New Day Yesterday: The 25th Anniversary Collection, 1969–1994 ^ David Rees (1998). Minstrels in the Gallery. p. 224. ^ "Jethro Tull 'A' 40th Anniversary Edition". Jethrotull.com. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021. ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 155. ISBN 0-646-11917-6. ^ "Austriancharts.at – Jethro Tull – A" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 4703a". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 27 April 2018. ^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Jethro Tull – A" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Jethro Tull – A" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Jethro Tull – A". Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Jethro Tull Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – Jethro Tull – A" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Ultratop.be – Jethro Tull – A" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Jethro Tull – A" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2021. 16. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 29 April 2021. ^ "Swisscharts.com – Jethro Tull – A". Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021. External links A (1980) at AllMusic A (2004) at AllMusic (Bonus DVD) vteJethro Tull Ian Anderson David Goodier John O'Hara Scott Hammond Joe Parrish Mick Abrahams Clive Bunker Glenn Cornick Tony Iommi Martin Barre John Evan Jeffrey Hammond Barriemore Barlow John Glascock Dee Palmer Dave Pegg Mark Craney Eddie Jobson Gerry Conway Peter-John Vettese Paul Burgess Doane Perry Don Airey Maartin Allcock Andrew Giddings Dave Mattacks Jonathan Noyce Florian Opahle Studio albums This Was Stand Up Benefit Aqualung Thick as a Brick A Passion Play War Child Minstrel in the Gallery Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die! Songs from the Wood Heavy Horses Stormwatch A The Broadsword and the Beast Under Wraps Crest of a Knave Rock Island Catfish Rising Roots to Branches J-Tull Dot Com The Jethro Tull Christmas Album The Zealot Gene RökFlöte Live albums Bursting Out Live at Hammersmith '84 A Little Light Music Jethro Tull in Concert Living with the Past Nothing Is Easy: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Aqualung Live Live at Montreux 2003 Live at Madison Square Garden 1978 Live at Carnegie Hall 1970 Compilations Living in the Past M.U. – The Best of Jethro Tull Repeat – The Best of Jethro Tull – Vol II Original Masters 20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights Nightcap The Best of Jethro Tull – The Anniversary Collection Through the Years The Very Best Of The Best of Acoustic Jethro Tull The Essential 50 for 50 Boxed sets 20 Years of Jethro Tull 25th Anniversary Box Set Videos Slipstream 20 Years of Jethro Tull 25th Anniversary Video Living with the Past A New Day Yesterday Nothing Is Easy: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970 Live at Montreux 2003 Jack in the Green Live at Madison Square Garden 1978 Live at AVO Session Basel Around the World Live Songs "Sunshine Day" "A Song for Jeffrey" "Love Story" "Living in the Past" "Bourée" "Sweet Dream" "The Witch's Promise" "Teacher" "Aqualung" "Cross-Eyed Mary" "Mother Goose" "Hymn 43" "Locomotive Breath" "Life Is a Long Song" "Bungle in the Jungle" "Skating Away on the Thin Ice of the New Day" "Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die" "The Whistler" "Songs from the Wood" "Heavy Horses" "Dun Ringill" Related Discography Members A Billion Hands Concert The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus A Classic Case Thick as a Brick 2 Jethro Tull – The String Quartets Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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It was released on 29 August 1980 in the UK and 1 September of the same year in the United States.The album was initially written and recorded with the intention of being frontman Ian Anderson's debut solo album (hence the album's title: the master tapes were marked \"A\" for Anderson during recording), however the album was eventually released as a Jethro Tull album after pressure from Chrysalis Records. Anderson has since stated that he regrets allowing the album to be released under the Jethro Tull name.Musically, the album was a departure from prior Tull works, adopting more of an electronic rock sound with heavy use of synthesizers, although still retaining the band's trademark folk influence and Anderson's flute playing. Lyrically, the album saw a similar departure from the fantasy and folklore themes of previous Tull work, instead emphasizing contemporary matters such as the Cold War. The album was the first Tull album released following a large lineup change which saw drummer Barrie \"Barriemore\" Barlow and keyboardists John Evan and Dee Palmer departing the band in 1980 while bassist John Glascock had died from heart complications the previous year. The album instead features Glascock's touring replacement Dave Pegg on bass in his first recorded appearance with the band, Mark Craney on drums and Eddie Jobson on keyboards (with Jobson credited as a \"special guest\") and electric violin.","title":"A (Jethro Tull album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stormwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwatch_(album)"},{"link_name":"John Evan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evan"},{"link_name":"Dee Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Barriemore Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriemore_Barlow"},{"link_name":"John Glascock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glascock"},{"link_name":"Martin Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Barre"},{"link_name":"Dave Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pegg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Minstrels in the Gallery: A History of Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrels_in_the_Gallery:_A_History_of_Jethro_Tull&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minstrels_in_the_Gallery-5"},{"link_name":"Steven Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_(video)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A was recorded as an intended Ian Anderson solo album before Tull's record label, Chrysalis, asked that it become credited to the group.[3] This is the reason for the album's title, as the tapes were marked \"A\" for \"Anderson\". It is noted for its more synthesiser-based sound, a fact which created controversy among many of the band's fans.[citation needed] On the other hand, it features a folk-influenced piece, \"The Pine Marten's Jig\".A features a dramatically different line-up of Tull from the band's previous album, Stormwatch (1979). Former keyboardist John Evan and organist Dee Palmer were fired from the group, while drummer Barriemore Barlow left the band due to depression over the death of John Glascock as well as plans to start his own band.The only members of Tull to appear on both Stormwatch (1979) and A (1980) are Ian Anderson and Martin Barre. This is also bassist Dave Pegg's first appearance on a Tull studio recording, but he had become a member of the band during the Stormwatch tour in 1979, replacing the deceased Glascock. Conflicting reasons have been given for the line-up change. Anderson has stated that he wanted to take the band in a different direction from the folk rock and progressive rock of the 1970s.[4]Barriemore Barlow was unhappy with the direction the band was taking and later stated that he would have left anyway. However, biographer David Rees reports in his book Minstrels in the Gallery: A History of Jethro Tull (2001) that Anderson had never intended to replace Jethro Tull's previous line-up with the musicians who recorded A, but was forced by Chrysalis Records, which had decided to release his 'solo' album under the name Jethro Tull.[5] This claim was further evidenced by Anderson's note in the 2003 re-release of the album.A 40th anniversary box set was released in April 2021, featuring the album remixed by Steven Wilson. It includes some bonus tracks, a DVD of Slipstream, and audio of a concert in Los Angeles.[6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_(Jethro_Tull)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Ian Anderson with additional music material from Eddie Jobson; arranged by Jethro TullSide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Crossfire\"3:552.\"Fylingdale Flyer\"4:353.\"Working John, Working Joe\"5:044.\"Black Sunday\"6:35Side twoNo.TitleLength1.\"Protect and Survive\"3:362.\"Batteries Not Included\"3:523.\"Uniform\"3:344.\"4.W.D. (Low Ratio)\"3:425.\"The Pine Marten's Jig\" (instrumental)3:286.\"And Further On\"4:21The 2004 remastered two-disc edition includes Slipstream as a bonus DVD.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021 40th Anniversary A La Mode Edition","text":"CD 1: Original Album And Associated Tracks Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1.\"Crossfire\"4:052.\"Fylingdale Flyer\"4:353.\"Working John, Working Joe\"5:074.\"Black Sunday\"6:425.\"Protect And Survive\"3:376.\"Batteries Not Included\"3:527.\"Uniform\"3:338.\"4.W.D. (Low Ratio)\"3:449.\"The Pine Marten's Jig\"3:2510.\"And Further On\"4:2511.\"Crossfire (Extended Version)\"4:3912.\"Working John, Working Joe (Take 4)\"5:1613.\"Cheerio (Early Version)\"0:3914.\"Coruisk\"6:2915.\"Slipstream Introduction\"2:51CD 2: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Part 1 Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1.\"Slipstream Introduction\"3:012.\"Black Sunday\"7:073.\"Crossfire\"3:594.\"Songs From The Wood\"4:515.\"Hunting Girl\"6:046.\"The Pine Marten's Jig\"3:437.\"Working John, Working Joe\"4:178.\"Heavy Horses\"7:299.\"Musicians Introductions\"1:5510.\"Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day\"3:2811.\"Instrumental (Inc Flute Solo)\"6:16CD 3: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Part 2 Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1.\"Trio Instrumental\"5:082.\"Keyboard Solo\"7:583.\"Batteries Not Included\"4:144.\"Uniform (Inc Drum Solo)\"6:485.\"Protect And Survive (Inc Violin Solo)\"6:246.\"Bungle In The Jungle\"5:317.\"Encore Intro - Guitar And Bass Instrumental\"3:018.\"Aqualung\"9:489.\"Locomotive Breath / Instrumental / Black Sunday (Reprise)\"7:02DVD 1: Steven Wilson Album RemixNo.TitleLength1.\"Crossfire (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 2.\"Fylingdale Flyer (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 3.\"Working John, Working Joe (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 4.\"Black Sunday (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 5.\"Protect And Survive (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 6.\"Batteries Not Included (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 7.\"Uniform (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 8.\"4.W.D. (Low Ratio) (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 9.\"The Pine Marten's Jig (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 10.\"And Further On (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 11.\"Crossfire (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 12.\"Fylingdale Flyer (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 13.\"Working John, Working Joe (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 14.\"Black Sunday (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 15.\"Protect And Survive (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 16.\"Batteries Not Included (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 17.\"Uniform (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 18.\"4.W.D. (Low Ratio) (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 19.\"The Pine Marten's Jig (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 20.\"And Further On (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 21.\"Cheerio (Early Version) (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 22.\"Coruisk (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 23.\"Slipstream Introduction (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 24.\"Crossfire (Extended Version) (-Stereo Only-)\" 25.\"Working John, Working Joe (Take 4) (-Stereo Only-)\"DVD 2: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Steven Wilson Concert Mix (DTS 96/24 5.1 Surround, Dolby AC3 5.1 Surround, Stereo 96/24 LPCM)No.TitleLength1.\"Slipstream Introduction\" 2.\"Black Sunday\" 3.\"Crossfire\" 4.\"Songs From The Wood\" 5.\"Hunting Girl\" 6.\"The Pine Marten's Jig\" 7.\"Working John, Working Joe\" 8.\"Heavy Horses\" 9.\"Musicians Introductions\" 10.\"Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day\" 11.\"Instrumental (Inc Flute Solo)\" 12.\"Trio Instrumental\" 13.\"Keyboard Solo\" 14.\"Batteries Not Included\" 15.\"Uniform (Inc Drum Solo)\" 16.\"Protect And Survive (Inc Violin Solo)\" 17.\"Bungle In The Jungle\" 18.\"Encore Intro - Guitar And Bass Instrumental\" 19.\"Aqualung\" 20.\"Locomotive Breath / Instrumental / Black Sunday (Reprise)\"Slipstream Video Steven Wilson Album Remix (DTS 96/24 5.1 Surround, Dolby AC3 5.1 Surround, Stereo 48/24 LPCM)No.TitleLength1.\"Slipstream Introduction\" 2.\"Black Sunday\" 3.\"Dun Ringil\" 4.\"Flyingdale Flyer\" 5.\"Songs From The Wood\" 6.\"Heavy Horses\" 7.\"Sweet Dream\" 8.\"Too Old To Rock'n'Roll: Too Young To Die\" 9.\"Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day\" 10.\"Aqualung\" 11.\"Locomotive Breath\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Martin Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Barre"},{"link_name":"Dave Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pegg"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"Mark Craney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Craney"},{"link_name":"Eddie Jobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Jobson"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"}],"text":"Ian Anderson – vocals, flute\nMartin Barre – guitar\nDave Pegg – bass guitar, mandolin\nMark Craney – drumsGuest personnelEddie Jobson – keyboards, synthesizer, electric violin on The Pine Marten's JigTechnical staffRobin Black – sound engineer\nJohn Shaw – photography\nPeter Wagg – art direction","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195313734","url_text":"978-0195313734"}]},{"reference":"Kovarsky, Jerry (17 November 2016). \"Interview: Eddie Jobson\". Keyboard Magazine. Retrieved 28 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/artists/interview-eddie-jobson","url_text":"\"Interview: Eddie Jobson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_Magazine","url_text":"Keyboard Magazine"}]},{"reference":"David Rees (1998). Minstrels in the Gallery. p. 224.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jethro Tull 'A' 40th Anniversary Edition\". Jethrotull.com. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://jethrotull.com/jethro-tull-a-40th-anniversary-edition/","url_text":"\"Jethro Tull 'A' 40th Anniversary Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 155. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas
1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas
["1 Overview","2 District 1","3 District 2","4 District 3","5 District 4","6 District 5","7 District 6","8 District 7","9 District 8","10 District 9","11 District 10","12 District 11","13 District 12","14 District 13","15 District 14","16 District 15","17 District 16","18 District 17","19 District 18","20 District 19","21 District 20","22 District 21","23 District 22","24 District 23","25 District 24","26 District 25","27 District 26","28 District 27","29 District 28","30 District 29","31 District 30","32 References"]
1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas ← 1994 November 5, 1996 1998 → All 30 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives   Majority party Minority party   Party Democratic Republican Last election 19 11 Seats before 18 12 Seats won 17 13 Seat change 1 1 Popular vote 2,206,346 2,604,389 Percentage 44.8% 52.9% Swing 2.7% 2.8% Democratic   50–60%   60–70%   70–80%   80–90% Republican   50–60%   60–70%   70–80%   80–90% Elections in Texas Federal government Presidential elections 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Presidential primaries Democratic 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 Republican 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024 U.S. Senate 1846 1847 1851 1853 1857 1859 1859 sp 1870 1871 1875 1876 1881 1882 1887 1888 1892 sp 1893 1894 1899 1901 1905 1907 1911 1913 1913 sp 1916 1918 1922 1924 1928 1930 1934 1936 1940 1941 sp 1942 1946 1948 1952 1954 1957 sp 1958 1960 1961 sp 1964 1966 1970 1972 1976 1978 1982 1984 1988 1990 1993 sp 1994 1996 2000 2002 2006 2008 2012 2014 2018 2020 2024 2026 U.S. House of Representatives 1846 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1866 1869 1870 1871 1872 1874 1876 1878 1879 6th sp 1880 1882 1884 1886 1887 2nd sp 1888 1890 1892 9th sp 1894 1896 11th sp 1898 1900 1901 6th sp 1902 4th sp 1903 8th sp 1904 1905 8th sp 1906 1908 1910 1912 1913 10th sp 1914 1916 1918 1919 12th sp 1920 1922 13th sp 1924 1926 1928 1930 17th sp 1931 14th sp 1932 1933 7th sp 8th sp 15th sp 1934 1936 1937 10th sp 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 6th sp 1947 9th sp 16th sp 1948 15th sp 1950 18th sp 1951 13th sp 1952 7th sp 1954 1956 1958 1960 1961 20th sp 1962 4th sp 13th sp 1963 10th sp 1964 1966 8th sp 1968 3rd sp 1970 1972 1974 1976 1st sp 22nd sp 1978 1980 1982 1983 6th sp 1984 1985 1st sp 1986 1988 1989 12th sp 18th sp 1990 1991 3rd sp 1992 1994 1996 1997 28th sp 1998 2000 2002 2003 19th sp 2004 2006 22nd 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 27th sp 2020 2021 6th sp 2022 34th sp 2024 State government General elections 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Gubernatorial elections 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1866 1866 1869 1873 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 2026 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General elections 2018 2022 Comptroller elections 2022 Senate elections 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 House of Representatives elections 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 2022 2024 Constitutional amendments 1972 2005 2007 2021 2023 Austin Mayoral elections 2003 2006 2009 2012 2014 2018 2022 2024 Austin municipal elections 2022 2024 Corpus Christi Mayoral elections 2012 2014 2016 2017 sp 2018 2020 Dallas–Fort Worth Arlington mayoral elections 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Dallas mayoral elections 1856 1857 1875 1904 1925 1961 1963 1965 1995 1999 2002 sp 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 Dallas municipal elections 2015 2019 2021 Fort Worth mayoral elections 2003 2007 2009 2011 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 Denton mayoral elections 2020 2022 Plano municipal elections 2017 2019 2021 El Paso Mayoral elections 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 2017 2020 Municipal elections 2017 2020 Houston Mayoral elections 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2019 2023 Municipal elections 2005 2007 2009 Laredo Mayoral elections 2018 2022 Lubbock Mayoral elections 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020 San Antonio Mayoral elections 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 Governmentvte The 1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas occurred on November 5, 1996, to elect the members of the state of Texas's delegation to the United States House of Representatives. Texas had thirty seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1990 United States census. Texas underwent mid-decade redistricting as a result of the Supreme Court case Bush v. Vera. The court had ruled that districts such as District 18 and District 30 were racially gerrymandered. A prior district court decision had voided the results of the primary elections in 13 districts, which the Supreme Court upheld. These districts instead conducted special elections concurrent with the general elections. These elections occurred simultaneously with the United States Senate elections of 1996, the United States House elections in other states, and various state and local elections. Texas Democrats maintained their majority in Texas' congressional delegation, albeit reduced by two seats from 1994. These elections produced an unusually high level of turnover due to the retirements of several representatives. Overview United States House of Representatives elections in Texas, 1996 Party Votes Percentage Seats before Seats after +/– Republican 2,604,389 52.91% 11 13 +2 Democratic 2,206,346 44.82% 19 17 -2 Independent 43,570 0.89% 0 0 - Libertarian 30,019 0.61% 0 0 - Natural Law 29,993 0.61% 0 0 - Constitution 7,887 0.02% 0 0 - Totals 4,922,204 100.00% 30 30 — District 1 See also: Texas's 1st congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Jim Chapman opted to retire rather than run for re-election. Texas's 1st congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Max Sandlin 102,697 51.56 Republican Ed Merritt 93,105 46.75 Natural Law Margaret Palms 3,368 1.69 Total votes 199,170 100 Democratic hold District 2 See also: Texas's 2nd congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Charlie Wilson opted to retire rather than run for re-election. Texas's 2nd congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Jim Turner 102,908 52.25 Republican Brian Babin 89,838 45.61 Independent Henry McCullough 2,390 1.21 Libertarian David Constant 1,240 0.63 Natural Law Gary Hardy 595 0.30 Total votes 196,971 100 Democratic hold District 3 See also: Texas's 3rd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Sam Johnson ran for re-election. The 3rd district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 3rd congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Sam Johnson (incumbent) 142,325 72.98 Democratic Lee Cole 47,654 24.43 Libertarian John Davis 5,045 2.59 Write-in Others 2 0.00 Total votes 195,026 100 Republican hold District 4 1996 Texas's 4th congressional district election← 19941998 →   Nominee Ralph Hall Jerry Ray Hall Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 132,126 71,065 Percentage 63.8% 34.3% County results R. Hall:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% J. Hall:      50–60% U.S. Representative before election Ralph Hall Democratic Elected U.S. Representative Ralph Hall Democratic See also: Texas's 4th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ralph Hall ran for re-election. Texas's 4th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ralph M. Hall 132,126 63.77 Republican Jerry Ray Hall 71,065 34.30 Libertarian Steven Rothacker 3,172 1.53 Natural Law Enos Denham 814 0.39 Total votes 207,177 100 Democratic hold District 5 See also: Texas's 5th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat John Wiley Bryant retired to run for U.S. Senator. The 5th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 5th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Pete Sessions 80,196 53.07 Democratic John Pouland 70,922 46.93 Write-in Jesus Christ 1 0.00 Total votes 151,119 100.00 Republican gain from Democratic District 6 See also: Texas's 6th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Joe Barton ran for re-election. The 6th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 6th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Joe Barton (incumbent) 160,800 77.12 Independent Skeet Richardson 26,713 12.81 Libertarian Catherine Anderson 14,456 6.93 Constitution Doug Williams 6,547 3.14 Total votes 208,516 100 Republican hold District 7 See also: Texas's 7th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Bill Archer ran for re-election. The 7th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 7th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Bill Archer (incumbent) 152,024 81.37 Democratic Al J.K. Siegmund 28,187 15.09 Independent Gene Hsiao 3,896 2.09 Independent Randy Sims 2,724 1.46 Total votes 186,831 100 Republican hold District 8 1996 Texas's 8th congressional district election← 19941998 →   Candidate Kevin Brady Gene Fontenot Party Republican Republican First round 80,32541.5% 75,39938.9% Runoff 30,36659.1% 21,00440.9%   Candidate CJ Newman Robert Musemeche Party Democratic Democratic First round 26,24613.6% 11,6896.0% Runoff Eliminated Eliminated First round county results Runoff county resultsBrady:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70% Fontenot:      40–50% U.S. Representative before election Jack Fields Republican Elected U.S. Representative Kevin Brady Republican See also: Texas's 8th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Jack Fields opted to retire rather than run for re-election. The 8th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 8th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kevin Brady 80,325 41.48 Republican Gene Fontenot 75,399 38.93 Democratic CJ Newman 26,246 13.55 Democratic Robert Musemeche 11,689 6.04 Total votes 193,659 100 No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10. Texas's 8th congressional district runoff, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kevin Brady 30,366 59.11 Republican Gene Fontenot 21,004 40.89 Total votes 51,370 100 Republican hold District 9 1996 Texas's 9th congressional district election← 19941998 →   Candidate Nick Lampson Steve Stockman Party Democratic Republican First round 83,78244.1% 88,17146.4% Runoff 59,22552.8% 52,87047.2%   Candidate Geraldine Sam Party Democratic First round 17,8879.4% Runoff Eliminated First round county results Runoff county resultsLampson:      50–60% Stockman:      40–50%      60–70% U.S. Representative before election Steve Stockman Republican Elected U.S. Representative Nick Lampson Democratic See also: Texas's 9th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Steve Stockman ran for re-election. The 9th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 9th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Steve Stockman (incumbent) 88,171 46.44 Democratic Nick Lampson 83,782 44.13 Democratic Geraldine Sam 17,887 9.42 Total votes 189,840 100 No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10. Stockman lost reelection by 5.66% to Democratic challenger Nick Lampson. Texas's 9th congressional district runoff, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Nick Lampson 59,225 52.83 Republican Steve Stockman (incumbent) 52,870 47.17 Total votes 112,095 100.00 Democratic gain from Republican District 10 See also: Texas's 10th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Lloyd Doggett ran for re-election. He won against Republican candidate Teresa Doggett, to whom he has no relation. Texas's 10th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Lloyd Doggett (incumbent) 132,066 56.20 Republican Teresa Doggett 97,204 41.36 Libertarian Gary Johnson 3,950 1.68 Natural Law Steve Klayman 1,771 0.75 Total votes 234,991 100 Democratic hold District 11 See also: Texas's 11th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Chet Edwards ran for re-election. Texas's 11th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Chet Edwards (incumbent) 99,990 56.83 Republican Jay Mathis 74,549 42.37 Natural Law Ken Hardin 1,396 0.79 Total votes 175,935 100 Democratic hold District 12 1996 Texas's 12th congressional district election← 19941998 →   Nominee Kay Granger Hugh Parmer Party Republican Democratic Popular vote 98,349 69,859 Percentage 57.8% 41.0% County results Granger:      50–60%      60–70% U.S. Representative before election Pete Geren Democratic Elected U.S. Representative Kay Granger Republican See also: Texas's 12th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Pete Geren opted to retire rather than run for re-election. Texas's 12th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Kay Granger 98,349 57.78 Democratic Hugh Parmer 69,859 41.04 Natural Law Heather Proffer 1,996 1.17 Total votes 170,204 100.00 Republican gain from Democratic District 13 See also: Texas's 13th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Mac Thornberry ran for re-election. Texas's 13th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Mac Thornberry (incumbent) 116,098 66.87 Democratic Samuel Brown Silverman 56,066 32.29 Natural Law Don Harkey 1,463 0.84 Total votes 173,627 100 Republican hold District 14 See also: Texas's 14th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Greg Laughlin switched his party affiliation to the Republican Party on June 26, 1995. He was defeated in the Republican Primary by former U.S. Representative Ron Paul. Texas's 14th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Ron Paul 99,961 51.08 Democratic Lefty Morris 93,200 47.62 Natural Law Ed Fasanella 2,538 1.30 Total votes 195,699 100 Republican hold District 15 See also: Texas's 15th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Kika de la Garza opted to retire rather than run for re-election. Texas's 15th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ruben Hinojosa 86,347 62.30 Republican Tom Haughey 50,914 36.74 Natural Law Rob Wofford 1,333 0.96 Total votes 138,594 100 Democratic hold District 16 See also: Texas's 16th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ronald D. Coleman opted to retire rather than run for re-election. Texas's 16th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Silvestre Reyes 90,260 70.63 Republican Rick Ledesma 35,271 27.60 Natural Law Carl Proffer 2,253 1.76 Total votes 127,784 100 Democratic hold District 17 1996 Texas's 17th congressional district election← 19941998 →   Nominee Charles Stenholm Rudy Izzard Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 99,678 91,429 Percentage 51.7% 47.4% County results Stenholm:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% Izzard:      50–60% U.S. Representative before election Charles Stenholm Democratic Elected U.S. Representative Charles Stenholm Democratic See also: Texas's 17th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Charles Stenholm ran for re-election. Texas's 17th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Charles Stenholm 99,678 51.65 Republican Rudy Izzard 91,429 47.37 Natural Law Richard Caro 1,887 0.98 Total votes 192,994 100 Democratic hold District 18 See also: Texas's 18th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Sheila Jackson Lee ran for re-election. The 18th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 18th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Sheila Jackson Lee (incumbent) 106,111 77.07 Republican Larry White 13,956 10.14 Republican Jerry Burley 7,877 5.72 Republican George Young 5,332 3.87 Democratic Mike Lamson 4,412 3.20 Total votes 137,688 100 Democratic hold District 19 See also: Texas's 19th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Larry Combest ran for re-election. Texas's 19th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Larry Combest (incumbent) 156,910 80.37 Democratic John Sawyer 38,316 19.63 Total votes 195,226 100 Republican hold District 20 See also: Texas's 20th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Henry B. González ran for re-election. Texas's 20th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Henry B. Gonzalez (incumbent) 88,190 63.72 Republican James Walker 47,616 34.40 Libertarian Alex De Pena 2,156 1.56 Natural Law Lyndon Felps 447 0.32 Total votes 138,409 100 Democratic hold District 21 See also: Texas's 21st congressional districtIncumbent Republican Lamar Smith ran for re-election. Texas's 21st congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Lamar Smith (incumbent) 205,830 76.43 Democratic Gordon Wharton 60,338 22.40 Natural Law Randy Rutenbeck 3,139 1.17 Total votes 269,307 100 Republican hold District 22 See also: Texas's 22nd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Tom DeLay ran for re-election. The 22nd district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 22nd congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Tom DeLay (incumbent) 126,056 68.11 Democratic Scott Douglas Cunningham 59,030 31.89 Total votes 185,086 100 Republican hold District 23 See also: Texas's 23rd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Henry Bonilla ran for re-election. Texas's 23rd congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Henry Bonilla (incumbent) 101,332 61.85 Democratic Charles Jones 59,596 36.37 Natural Law Linda Caswell 2,911 1.78 Total votes 163,839 100 Republican hold District 24 See also: Texas's 24th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Martin Frost ran for re-election. The 24th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 24th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Martin Frost 77,847 55.75 Write-in Martin Frost 8 0.01 Total Martin Frost (incumbent) 77,855 55.76 Republican Ed Harrison 54,551 39.07 Democratic Marion Jacob 4,656 3.33 Independent Dale Mouton 2,574 1.84 Write-in Fred Hank 1 0.00 Total votes 139,637 100 Democratic hold District 25 See also: Texas's 25th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ken Bentsen ran for re-election. The 25th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 25th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ken Bentsen (incumbent) 43,701 34.04 Republican Dolly Madison McKenna 21,898 17.06 Democratic Beverley Clark 21,699 16.90 Republican Brent Perry 16,737 13.04 Republican John Devine 9,070 7.06 Republican John Sanchez 8,984 7.00 Republican Ken Mathis 3,649 2.84 Republican RC Meinke 997 0.78 Republican Lloyd Oliver 827 0.64 Republican Dotty Quinn Collins 561 0.44 Socialist Workers Jerry Freiwirth 270 0.21 Total votes 128,393 100 No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10. Texas's 25th congressional district runoff, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Ken Bentsen (incumbent) 29,396 57.32 Republican Dolly Madison McKenna 21,892 42.68 Total votes 51,288 100 Democratic hold District 26 See also: Texas's 26th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Dick Armey ran for re-election. The 26th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 26th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Republican Dick Armey (incumbent) 163,708 73.63 Democratic Jerry Frankel 58,623 26.37 Write-in Others 11 0.00 Total votes 222,342 100 Republican hold District 27 See also: Texas's 27th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Solomon Ortiz ran for re-election. Texas's 27th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Solomon Ortiz (incumbent) 97,350 64.64 Republican Joe Gardner 50,964 33.84 Natural Law Kevin Richardson 2,286 1.52 Total votes 150,600 100 Democratic hold District 28 See also: Texas's 28th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Frank Tejeda ran for re-election. Texas's 28th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Frank Tejeda (incumbent) 110,148 75.37 Republican Mark Cude 34,191 23.40 Natural Law Clifford Finley 1,796 1.23 Total votes 150,600 100 Democratic hold District 29 See also: Texas's 29th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Gene Green ran for re-election. The 29th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 29th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Gene Green (incumbent) 61,751 67.51 Republican Jack Rodriguez 28,381 31.03 Constitution Jack Klinger 1,340 1.46 Total votes 91,472 100 Democratic hold District 30 See also: Texas's 30th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Eddie Bernice Johnson ran for re-election. The 30th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party. Texas's 30th congressional district, 1996 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic Eddie Bernice Johnson (incumbent) 61,723 54.59 Republican John Hendry 20,665* 18.28 Democratic James Sweatt 9,909 8.76 Democratic Marvin Crenshaw 7,765 6.87 Republican Lisa Kitterman 7,761 6.86 Independent Lisa Hembry 3,501 3.10 Independent Ada Granado 1,278 1.13 Independent Stevan Hammond 468 0.41 Write-in Eddie Bernice Johnson (misspelled) 2 0.00 Total votes 113,072 100 *Includes one write-in vote References ^ "Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996)". Justia Law. Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ "History". redistricting.capitol.texas.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ a b Ramos, Mary G. (1997). "Texas Almanac, 1998-1999". The Portal to Texas History. p. 385. Retrieved June 17, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "1996 General Election". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "1996 November Special Election". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ a b c d "1996 Special Runoff Election". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022. ^ June 1996 0, Mimi Swartz (June 1, 1996). "Truckin'". Texas Monthly. Retrieved June 21, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Texas Rep. Jack Fields to retire". UPI. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ "Senate Names Pete Geren 20th Secretary of the Army". www.army.mil. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ Cooper, Kenneth J. (June 27, 1995). "TEXAN BECOMES SECOND HOUSE DEMOCRAT IN '95 TO SWITCH TO REPUBLICANS". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ "1996 Republican Party Primary Runoff Election". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved June 14, 2022. ^ "DE LA GARZA, Eligio (Kika), II | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved June 21, 2022. ^ Ap (November 5, 1995). "Texas Democrat Retiring". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2022. vte(1995←)   1996 United States elections   (→1997)President 1996 United States presidential election U.S. Senate Alabama Alaska Arkansas Colorado Delaware District of Columbia (shadow) Georgia Idaho Illinois Iowa Kansas Kansas (special) Kentucky Louisiana Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico North Carolina Oklahoma Oregon Oregon (special) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Virginia West Virginia Wyoming U.S. House Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia delegate shadow Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Northern Mariana Islands Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia United States Virgin Islands Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Governors American Samoa Delaware Indiana Missouri Lt. Gov Montana New Hampshire North Carolina Lt. Gov North Dakota Puerto Rico Utah Vermont Washington West Virginia Statelegislatures Arizona Senate California Assembly Senate Iowa Senate Kentucky Senate Minnesota House Senate Texas House Wisconsin Senate Assembly Mayors Baton Rouge, LA Fresno, CA Milwaukee, WI Orlando, FL Portland, OR San Diego, CA San Juan, PR States Alabama Alaska American Samoa Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Guam Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas United States Virgin Islands Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming vteElections in TexasGeneral 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 President of theRepublic of Texas 1836 1838 1841 1844 U.S. President 1848 1852 1856 1860 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 Dem Rep 2008 Dem Rep 2012 Dem 2016 Dem 2020 Dem Rep 2024 Dem Rep U.S. SenateClass 1 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1957 special 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1993 special 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018 2024 Class 2 1918 1924 1930 1936 1941 special 1942 1948 1954 1960 1961 special 1966 1972 1978 1984 1990 1996 2002 2008 2014 2020 U.S. House 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1985 (1st sp) 1986 1988 1990 1991 (3rd sp) 1992 1994 1996 1997 (28th sp) 1998 2000 2002 2003 (19th sp) 2004 2006 22nd 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 27th sp 2020 2021 (6th sp) 2022 34th sp 2024 Governor 1845 1847 1849 1851 1853 1855 1857 1859 1861 1863 1866 1869 1873 1876 1878 1880 1882 1884 1886 1888 1890 1892 1894 1896 1898 1900 1902 1904 1906 1908 1910 1912 1914 1916 1918 1920 1922 1924 1926 1928 1930 1932 1934 1936 1938 1940 1942 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Legislature 1992 House Senate 1994 House Senate 1996 House Senate 1998 House Senate 2000 House Senate 2002 House Senate 2004 House Senate 2006 House Senate 2008 House Senate 2010 House Senate 2012 House Senate 2014 House Senate 2016 House Senate 2018 House Senate 2020 House Senate 2022 House Senate 2024 House Senate Lieutenant Governor 2006 2010 2014 2018 2022 Attorney General 2018 2022 Amendments 1972 2005 2007 2021 2023 MunicipalDallas 1856 1857–1858 1875 1904 1925 2007 2011 2015 2019 2021 El Paso 2017 2020 Houston 1995 2005 2007 2009 Plano 2017 2019 2021 MayoralArlington 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 Austin 2003 2006 2009 2012 2014 2018 2022 Corpus Christi 2012 2014 2016 2017 special 2018 2020 Dallas 1925 1995 1999 2002 special 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 El Paso 2001 2003 2005 2009 2013 2017 2020 Fort Worth 2003 2007 2009 2011 2015 2017 2019 2021 Houston 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2019 Laredo 2018 2022 Lubbock 2006 2008 2010 2012 2016 2018 2020 San Antonio 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"1990 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"mid-decade redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Texas#Final_Democratic_gerrymander_(1990s)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bush v. Vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Vera"},{"link_name":"District 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_18th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"District 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_30th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"United States Senate elections of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"United States House elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The 1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas occurred on November 5, 1996, to elect the members of the state of Texas's delegation to the United States House of Representatives. Texas had thirty seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1990 United States census.Texas underwent mid-decade redistricting as a result of the Supreme Court case Bush v. Vera. The court had ruled that districts such as District 18 and District 30 were racially gerrymandered.[1] A prior district court decision had voided the results of the primary elections in 13 districts, which the Supreme Court upheld. These districts instead conducted special elections concurrent with the general elections.[2][3]These elections occurred simultaneously with the United States Senate elections of 1996, the United States House elections in other states, and various state and local elections.Texas Democrats maintained their majority in Texas' congressional delegation, albeit reduced by two seats from 1994. These elections produced an unusually high level of turnover due to the retirements of several representatives.[3]","title":"1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Jim Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Chapman_(congressman)"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 1st congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Jim Chapman opted to retire rather than run for re-election.","title":"District 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 2nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charlie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Texas_politician)"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 2nd congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Charlie Wilson opted to retire rather than run for re-election.","title":"District 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 3rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Sam Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Johnson"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 3rd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Sam Johnson ran for re-election. The 3rd district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ralph Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hall"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 4th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ralph Hall ran for re-election.","title":"District 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Wiley Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_Bryant"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 5th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat John Wiley Bryant retired to run for U.S. Senator.[7] The 5th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Joe Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Barton"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 6th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Joe Barton ran for re-election. The 6th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 7th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Bill Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Archer"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 7th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Bill Archer ran for re-election. The 7th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 8th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Jack Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Fields"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 8th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Jack Fields opted to retire rather than run for re-election.[8] The 8th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10.","title":"District 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 9th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Steve Stockman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Stockman"},{"link_name":"Nick Lampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lampson"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 9th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Steve Stockman ran for re-election. The 9th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10. Stockman lost reelection by 5.66% to Democratic challenger Nick Lampson.","title":"District 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 10th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Doggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Doggett"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 10th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Lloyd Doggett ran for re-election. He won against Republican candidate Teresa Doggett, to whom he has no relation.","title":"District 10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 11th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_11th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Chet Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Edwards"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 11th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Chet Edwards ran for re-election.","title":"District 11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 12th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Pete Geren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Geren"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 12th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Pete Geren opted to retire rather than run for re-election.[9]","title":"District 12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 13th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Mac Thornberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Thornberry"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 13th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Mac Thornberry ran for re-election.","title":"District 13"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 14th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_14th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Greg Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Laughlin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ron Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 14th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Greg Laughlin switched his party affiliation to the Republican Party on June 26, 1995.[10] He was defeated in the Republican Primary by former U.S. Representative Ron Paul.[11]","title":"District 14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 15th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_15th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Kika de la Garza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kika_de_la_Garza"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 15th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Kika de la Garza opted to retire rather than run for re-election.[12]","title":"District 15"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 16th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_16th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ronald D. Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_D._Coleman"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 16th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ronald D. Coleman opted to retire rather than run for re-election.[13]","title":"District 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 17th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_17th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charles Stenholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stenholm"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 17th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Charles Stenholm ran for re-election.","title":"District 17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 18th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_18th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Sheila Jackson Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Jackson_Lee"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 18th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Sheila Jackson Lee ran for re-election. The 18th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 19th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_19th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Larry Combest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Combest"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 19th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Larry Combest ran for re-election.","title":"District 19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 20th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_20th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Henry B. González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Gonz%C3%A1lez"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 20th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Henry B. González ran for re-election.","title":"District 20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 21st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_21st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Lamar Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Smith"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 21st congressional districtIncumbent Republican Lamar Smith ran for re-election.","title":"District 21"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 22nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tom DeLay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLay"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 22nd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Tom DeLay ran for re-election. The 22nd district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 22"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 23rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_23rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Henry Bonilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bonilla"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 23rd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Henry Bonilla ran for re-election.","title":"District 23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 24th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_24th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Martin Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frost"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 24th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Martin Frost ran for re-election. The 24th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 25th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_25th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ken Bentsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Bentsen_Jr."}],"text":"See also: Texas's 25th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ken Bentsen ran for re-election. The 25th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10.","title":"District 25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 26th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_26th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Dick Armey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Armey"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 26th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Dick Armey ran for re-election. The 26th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 26"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 27th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_27th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Solomon Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_P._Ortiz"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 27th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Solomon Ortiz ran for re-election.","title":"District 27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 28th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_28th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Frank Tejeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tejeda"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 28th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Frank Tejeda ran for re-election.","title":"District 28"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 29th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_29th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Gene Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Green"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 29th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Gene Green ran for re-election. The 29th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 30th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_30th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Eddie Bernice Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Bernice_Johnson"},{"link_name":"write-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-in_candidate"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 30th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Eddie Bernice Johnson ran for re-election. The 30th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.*Includes one write-in vote","title":"District 30"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996)\". Justia Law. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/517/952/","url_text":"\"Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". redistricting.capitol.texas.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://redistricting.capitol.texas.gov/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Ramos, Mary G. (1997). \"Texas Almanac, 1998-1999\". The Portal to Texas History. p. 385. Retrieved June 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth162515/m1/384/","url_text":"\"Texas Almanac, 1998-1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 General Election\". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist56_state.htm","url_text":"\"1996 General Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 November Special Election\". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist57_state.htm","url_text":"\"1996 November Special Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Special Runoff Election\". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist58_state.htm","url_text":"\"1996 Special Runoff Election\""}]},{"reference":"June 1996 0, Mimi Swartz (June 1, 1996). \"Truckin'\". Texas Monthly. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/truckin/","url_text":"\"Truckin'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Rep. Jack Fields to retire\". UPI. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/12/11/Texas-Rep-Jack-Fields-to-retire/9690818658000/","url_text":"\"Texas Rep. Jack Fields to retire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Names Pete Geren 20th Secretary of the Army\". www.army.mil. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/4042/senate_names_pete_geren_20th_secretary_of_the_army","url_text":"\"Senate Names Pete Geren 20th Secretary of the Army\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Kenneth J. (June 27, 1995). \"TEXAN BECOMES SECOND HOUSE DEMOCRAT IN '95 TO SWITCH TO REPUBLICANS\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/06/27/texan-becomes-second-house-democrat-in-95-to-switch-to-republicans/ddef4179-595f-4de6-8298-45899bfeb083/","url_text":"\"TEXAN BECOMES SECOND HOUSE DEMOCRAT IN '95 TO SWITCH TO REPUBLICANS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Republican Party Primary Runoff Election\". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist54_state.htm","url_text":"\"1996 Republican Party Primary Runoff Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"DE LA GARZA, Eligio (Kika), II | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\". history.house.gov. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DE-LA-GARZA,-Eligio-(Kika),-II-(D000203)/","url_text":"\"DE LA GARZA, Eligio (Kika), II | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\""}]},{"reference":"Ap (November 5, 1995). \"Texas Democrat Retiring\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/05/us/texas-democrat-retiring.html","url_text":"\"Texas Democrat Retiring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/517/952/","external_links_name":"\"Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996)\""},{"Link":"https://redistricting.capitol.texas.gov/history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth162515/m1/384/","external_links_name":"\"Texas Almanac, 1998-1999\""},{"Link":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist56_state.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 General Election\""},{"Link":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist57_state.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 November Special Election\""},{"Link":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist58_state.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 Special Runoff Election\""},{"Link":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/truckin/","external_links_name":"\"Truckin'\""},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/12/11/Texas-Rep-Jack-Fields-to-retire/9690818658000/","external_links_name":"\"Texas Rep. Jack Fields to retire\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/article/4042/senate_names_pete_geren_20th_secretary_of_the_army","external_links_name":"\"Senate Names Pete Geren 20th Secretary of the Army\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/06/27/texan-becomes-second-house-democrat-in-95-to-switch-to-republicans/ddef4179-595f-4de6-8298-45899bfeb083/","external_links_name":"\"TEXAN BECOMES SECOND HOUSE DEMOCRAT IN '95 TO SWITCH TO REPUBLICANS\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist54_state.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 Republican Party Primary Runoff Election\""},{"Link":"https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DE-LA-GARZA,-Eligio-(Kika),-II-(D000203)/","external_links_name":"\"DE LA GARZA, Eligio (Kika), II | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/05/us/texas-democrat-retiring.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas Democrat Retiring\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_Turkish_Memorial_Cemetery
Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery
["1 See also","2 References"]
Cemetery in Sana'a, Yemen The Sana'a Turkish Memorial Cemetery (Turkish: Yemen-Türk Şehitliği) is a burial ground of Ottoman soldiers in Sana'a, Yemen. Inaugurated in 2011 after renovation, the Turkish Memorial Cemetery holds remains of soldiers, who fell during World War I, and commemorates the four-centuries-long presence of Ottoman Empire in Yemen. It is situated next to the former Ottoman Army barracks in the Yemeni capital city, today General Staff headquarters of the Yemen Armed Forces. Turkish high officials visiting Yemen pay tribute at the cemetery. See also Yemen Eyalet (1517–1872) Yemen Vilayet (1872–1918) Arab Revolt (1916–1918) References ^ "Turkey extends visa-free regime to embattled Yemen". Today's Zaman. 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2015-02-24. ^ "Turkey's Abdullah Gul to visit Yemen to boost economic ties". 26 September News. Retrieved 2015-02-24. ^ "President visits Yemen; Prime Minister Kuwait, Qatar". Today's Zaman. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2015-02-24. ^ "Sana'daki Türk Bayrağı dalgalanmaya devam ediyor". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2015-02-24. ^ "Turkish delegation leaves Sana'a, paying visit to Turkish cemetery". Yemen Fox. 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2015-02-24. ^ "Turkish and Yemeni foreign ministers meet in Sana'a". Anadolu Agency. 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2015-02-24. ^ "Davutoglu in Yemen". Dünya. 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2015-02-24. vte Tourist attractions in YemenWorldHeritageSitesListed Historic Town of Zabid Old City of Sanaa Old Walled City of Shibam Socotra Archipelago Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba Tentative list Archaeological Site of Marib Historic City of Saada The Historic City of Thula The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada Jibla and its surroundings Jabal Haraz Jabal Bura Balhaf/Burum coastal area The Hawf Area Sharma/Jethmun coastal area Yemen portalArchaeological sites Al Hajjarah Awwam Baraqish Baynun Cisterns of Tawila Haram Kaminahu Ma'rib Marib Dam Maṣna'at Māriya Nahom Nashan Nashaq Sanaa Shabwa Shaharah Shibam Sirwah Timna Zabid Zafar Museums House of Folklore National Museum of Yemen Yemen Military Museum PalacesCastles Aljabowbi Castle Cairo Castle Dar al-Bashair Dar al-Hajar Dar al-Shukr Dar as-Sa'd Fort Al-Ghwayzi Ghumdan Palace Palace of Queen Arwa Sultan Al-Qu'aiti Palace Citadel of Rada'a Seiyun Palace Sheba Palace Places of worship Aidrus Mosque Al-Asha'ir Mosque Al-Bakiriyya Mosque Al-Hadi Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque Al-Muhdhar Mosque Al-Qalis Church Al Shohada Mosque Al Tawheed Mosque Alansar Mosque Albolaily Mosque Alemaan Mosque Ashrafiya Mosque Barran Temple Great Mosque of Sanaa Grand Synagogue of Aden Hanthel Mosque Jennad Mosque Mudhaffar Mosque Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Mosque Queen Arwa Mosque Saleh Mosque St. Francis of Assisi Church St. Mary Help of Christians Church Talha Mosque Temple of Awwam Protected area Bura Community Protected Area Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park Ras Isa Marine Park Socotra Island Protected Area Zuqur Islands Marine National Park Others Amiriya Madrasa Yemen Gate Big Ben Aden Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery Shaharah Bridge Sira Fortress This article about the military of Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a building or structure in Yemen is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Ottoman soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Army"},{"link_name":"Sana'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27a"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tz1-1"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26sn-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tz2-3"},{"link_name":"Yemen Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yf1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d1-7"}],"text":"The Sana'a Turkish Memorial Cemetery (Turkish: Yemen-Türk Şehitliği) is a burial ground of Ottoman soldiers in Sana'a, Yemen.Inaugurated in 2011 after renovation, the Turkish Memorial Cemetery holds remains of soldiers, who fell during World War I,[1] and commemorates the four-centuries-long presence of Ottoman Empire in Yemen.[2][3] It is situated next to the former Ottoman Army barracks in the Yemeni capital city, today General Staff headquarters of the Yemen Armed Forces.[4] Turkish high officials visiting Yemen pay tribute at the cemetery.[5][6][7]","title":"Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery"}]
[]
[{"title":"Yemen Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet"},{"title":"Yemen Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet"},{"title":"Arab Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt"}]
[{"reference":"\"Turkey extends visa-free regime to embattled Yemen\". Today's Zaman. 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_turkey-extends-visa-free-regime-to-embattled-yemen_232188.html","url_text":"\"Turkey extends visa-free regime to embattled Yemen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman","url_text":"Today's Zaman"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Abdullah Gul to visit Yemen to boost economic ties\". 26 September News. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.26sep.net/nprint.php?lng=english&sid=70502","url_text":"\"Turkey's Abdullah Gul to visit Yemen to boost economic ties\""}]},{"reference":"\"President visits Yemen; Prime Minister Kuwait, Qatar\". Today's Zaman. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/hasan-kanbolat/president-visits-yemen-prime-minister-kuwait-qatar_232029.html","url_text":"\"President visits Yemen; Prime Minister Kuwait, Qatar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman","url_text":"Today's Zaman"}]},{"reference":"\"Sana'daki Türk Bayrağı dalgalanmaya devam ediyor\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/28284241.asp","url_text":"\"Sana'daki Türk Bayrağı dalgalanmaya devam ediyor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish delegation leaves Sana'a, paying visit to Turkish cemetery\". Yemen Fox. 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yemenfox.net/news_details.php?sid=5014","url_text":"\"Turkish delegation leaves Sana'a, paying visit to Turkish cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish and Yemeni foreign ministers meet in Sana'a\". Anadolu Agency. 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/92749--turkish-and-yemeni-foreign-ministers-meet-in-sanaa","url_text":"\"Turkish and Yemeni foreign ministers meet in Sana'a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_Agency","url_text":"Anadolu Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Davutoglu in Yemen\". Dünya. 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dunya.com/davutoglu-in-yemen-169333h.htm","url_text":"\"Davutoglu in Yemen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_(newspaper,_1981)","url_text":"Dünya"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorcum
Gorinchem
["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Politics","4 Transport","5 Notable people","5.1 Public thinking & public service","5.2 The arts","5.3 Science & business","5.4 Sport","6 International relations","7 Gallery","8 References","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°49′50″N 4°58′27″E / 51.830556°N 4.974167°E / 51.830556; 4.974167Municipality in South Holland, NetherlandsGorinchemMunicipalityLingehaven in Gorinchem FlagCoat of armsLocation in South HollandCoordinates: 51°49′50″N 4°58′27″E / 51.830556°N 4.974167°E / 51.830556; 4.974167CountryNetherlandsProvinceSouth HollandGovernment • BodyMunicipal council • MayorReinie Melissant-Briene (CDA)Area • Total21.93 km2 (8.47 sq mi) • Land18.83 km2 (7.27 sq mi) • Water3.10 km2 (1.20 sq mi)Elevation2 m (7 ft)Population (January 2021) • Total37,410 • Density1,987/km2 (5,150/sq mi)DemonymGorkumerTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postcode4200–4208Area code0183Websitewww.gorinchem.nl Dutch Topographic map of Gorinchem (town), Sept. 2014 Gorinchem (Dutch pronunciation: ⓘ or ), also spelled Gorkum, is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 21.93 km2 (8.47 sq mi) of which 3.10 km2 (1.20 sq mi) is water. It had a population of 37,410 in 2021. The municipality of Gorinchem also includes the population centre of Dalem. History Dalem Gate It is generally assumed that Gorinchem was founded c. 1000 AD by fishermen and farmers on the raised land near the mouth of the river Linge at the Merwede. Goriks Heem ("Home of Gorik" in early Middle Dutch) is first mentioned in a document from 1224 in which Floris IV granted people from Gorinchem exemption of toll payments throughout Holland. Somewhere between 1247 and 1267, Gorinchem became property of the Lords of Arkel. At the end of the 13th century earthen mounts reinforced with palisades were built around the settlement to protect it from domination by the neighboring counties of Holland and Gelre. Half a century later real city walls were built complete with 7 gates and 23 watchtowers. Otto van Arkel granted it city rights on 11 November 1322. Jan van Arkel had a dispute with Albert I, brother of Willem V of Holland, leading to war and subsequently to the annexation of Gorinchem to Holland in 1417. This resulted in increased trade and Gorinchem grew to be the eighth city of Holland. On 9 July 1572, the Watergeuzen (Dutch rebels against Spanish rule) conquered the city and captured 19 Catholic priests and monks. Because they refused to renounce their faith, these priests and monks were brought to Brielle where they were hanged and were from then on known among Catholics as the Martyrs of Gorkum. By the 16th century, the city walls were so deteriorated that they were replaced with new fortifications and eleven bastions that still are almost completely intact. The new walls were completed in 1609 and were located further from the town centre, making the city twice as large. In 1673, Gorinchem became part of the old Dutch Water Line. The city walls had four city gates: the Arkel Gate in the north, the Dalem Gate in the east, the Water Gate in the south (where the ferry to Woudrichem was), and the Kansel Gate in the west. Of these four gates, only the Dalem Gate remains. The others were removed in the 19th century to make way for vehicular traffic. A portion of the Water Gate was preserved in the gardens of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam. Map of Gorinchem of 1869. In the 18th century, the economy went into decline. After the French domination, the retreating French troops took station in the bastion fortress of Gorinchem. After a three-month siege they capitulated but the city was heavily damaged. During the Industrial Revolution, Gorinchem recovered. Increased shipping led to new canals being dug and a railway connection to the city. Its population quickly increased, filling the innercity, and new neighbourhoods had to be built outside the city walls. At the beginning of the 20th century, expansion took place in the Lingewijk and West neighbourhoods. After World War II, expansion started in the north-western portion of the municipality which was completed in the 1970s. This was followed by developments of the neighbourhoods Wijdschild and Laag Dalem east of the city center. In 1986, the town Dalem was added to the municipality. In August 2021 ANWB named Gorinchem the most beautiful star fort in the Netherlands. Demographics Gorinchem had 37,456 inhabitants on 1 January 2021. Politics The current mayor of Gorinchem is Reinie Melissant-Briene of the CDA. The municipal executive consists of the City Interest, Democrats Gorinchem, PvdA and CDA. The municipal council of Gorinchem has 25 members, which are directly elected. The composition of the municipal council as of the 2018 Dutch municipal elections is as shown in the table below. Party Role Seats   City Interest Executive 5             Democrats Gorinchem Executive 4             PvdA Executive 3         VVD Opposition 3         SP Opposition 2       CDA Executive 2       CU-SGP Opposition 2       D66 Opposition 2       GroenLinks Opposition 1     Active Gorcum Opposition 1   Transport The city is crossed by two motorways; the A15 on the northside, and the A27 on the westside. The city also has a railway station: Gorinchem. Notable people Martyrs de Gorkum Public thinking & public service John V, Lord of Arkel (1362–1428) stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and West Frisia Henry of Gorkum (c. 1378– 1431) a Dutch theologian Willem Hessels van Est (1542–1613) a Dutch Catholic theologian The Martyrs of Gorkum a group of 19 Dutch Catholic clerics who were hanged in 1572 Thomas van Erpe (1584–1624) a Dutch Orientalist, published a book of Arabic grammar Dirk Rafelsz Camphuysen (1586–1627) theologian, poet, painter Johannes van Neercassel (1625–1686) Archbishop of Utrecht 1661 to 1686. Hendrik Hamel (1630–1692) seafarer and writer Aegidius van Braam (1758–1822) a Dutch naval vice-admiral Pierre van Paassen (1895–1968) a Dutch–Canadian-American journalist, writer, and Unitarian minister Roger van Boxtel (born 1954) a retired Dutch politician and businessman, lives in Gorinchem Abraham Bloemaert Ida Gerhardt, 1968 The arts Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) Dutch painter and printmaker in etching and engraving Anthonie Verstraelen (1593/1594-1641) a Dutch landscape painter of winter scenes Aert van der Neer (c. 1603–1677) a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter Cornelis Saftleven (ca.1607–1681) a Dutch painter, worked in many genres Jacob van der Ulft (1621–1689) a Dutch painter, glass painter, print artist, architect and Mayor of Gorinchem 1660 to 1679 Hendrik Verschuring (1627–1690) a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter Jan van der Heyden (1637–1712) a Dutch Baroque-era painter, glass painter, draughtsman and printmaker Ida Gerhardt (1905–1997) a classicist and Dutch poet of a post-symbolist tradition A. Teeuw (1921–2012) a Dutch critic of Indonesian literature Jan van Munster (born 1939) a Dutch sculptor and installation artist Dinand Woesthoff (born 1972) a Dutch musician, lead singer with Dutch band Kane Nikos Vertis (born 1976) a Greek singer Boaz de Jong (born 1988) stage name Boaz van de Beatz, a Dutch record producer and DJ Chu Lan-ting (born 1990) stage name Diana Wang, a Dutch-born Taiwanese singer and film actress Science & business Gerard Boate (1604–1650) physician and author of The Natural History of Ireland and his brother Arnold Boate (1606–1653) a Dutch physician and Hebrew scholar Louis Jérôme Reiche (1799–1890) a French merchant, manufacturer and entomologist Berend George Escher (1885–1967) a Dutch geologist and vulcanologist Frans Michel Penning (1894–1953) a Dutch experimental physicist Sport Ab Oord (1885–1961) a Dutch weightlifter, competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics Hadriaan van Nes (born 1942) a retired rower, team silver medallist at the 1968 Summer Olympics Ruud Brood (born 1962) a football manager and former player with over 300 club caps Arie Loef (born 1969) a retired speed skater, competed at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics Marco van Hoogdalem (born 1972) a retired Dutch football player with over 350 club caps Henk Norel (born 1987) a Dutch basketball player, 79 games with the Netherlands national basketball team Frenkie de Jong (born 1997) a Dutch football player who is currently playing for FC Barcelona. International relations Gorinchem is twinned with Gangjin, South Korea Sint Niklaas, Belgium Gallery Gorinchem, church: de Grote Kerk Gorinchem Gorinchem, monumental building Gorinchem, windmill between Gorinchem and Arkel, bridge: de Haarbrug References ^ "Burgemeester en wethouders" (in Dutch). Gemeente Gorinchem. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013. ^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" . StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020. ^ "Postcodetool for 4205AZ". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013. ^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" . CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022. ^ "Erpenius, Thomas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 09 (11th ed.). 1911. ^ "Camphuysen, Dirk Rafelsz" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 05 (11th ed.). 1911. ^ "Bloemaert, Abraham" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). 1911. ^ "Neer, van der" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911. ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Boate, Gerard" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 05. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Boate, Arnold" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 05. London: Smith, Elder & Co. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gorinchem. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gorinchem. Official website Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gorinchem" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. Places adjacent to Gorinchem Molenlanden Hardinxveld-Giessendam Gorinchem West Betuwe (GE) Boven MerwedeAltena (NB) Waal / Zaltbommel (GE) vteMunicipalities of South Holland Alblasserdam Albrandswaard Alphen aan den Rijn Barendrecht Bodegraven-Reeuwijk Capelle aan den IJssel Delft Dordrecht Goeree-Overflakkee Gorinchem Gouda Hardinxveld-Giessendam Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht Hillegom Hoeksche Waard Kaag en Braassem Katwijk Krimpen aan den IJssel Krimpenerwaard Lansingerland Leiden Leiderdorp Leidschendam-Voorburg Lisse Maassluis Midden-Delfland Molenlanden Nieuwkoop Nissewaard Noordwijk Oegstgeest Papendrecht Pijnacker-Nootdorp Ridderkerk Rijswijk Rotterdam Schiedam Sliedrecht Teylingen The Hague Vlaardingen Voorne aan Zee Voorschoten Waddinxveen Wassenaar Westland Zoetermeer Zoeterwoude Zuidplas Zwijndrecht See also Netherlands Provinces Municipalities Authority control databases National Germany Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɣɔrkʏm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Nl-Gorinchem.ogg/Nl-Gorinchem.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-Gorinchem.ogg"},{"link_name":"[ˈɣɔrkəm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"also spelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling"},{"link_name":"South Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Holland"},{"link_name":"Dalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalem,_Netherlands"}],"text":"Municipality in South Holland, NetherlandsGorinchem (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣɔrkʏm] ⓘ or [ˈɣɔrkəm]), also spelled Gorkum, is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 21.93 km2 (8.47 sq mi) of which 3.10 km2 (1.20 sq mi) is water. It had a population of 37,410 in 2021.The municipality of Gorinchem also includes the population centre of Dalem.","title":"Gorinchem"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorinchem,_Dalem_poort.JPG"},{"link_name":"Linge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linge"},{"link_name":"Merwede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merwede"},{"link_name":"Middle Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Dutch"},{"link_name":"Floris IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floris_IV,_Count_of_Holland"},{"link_name":"toll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toll_(fee)"},{"link_name":"Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland"},{"link_name":"Lords of Arkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_van_Arkel"},{"link_name":"palisades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palisade"},{"link_name":"city walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_wall"},{"link_name":"gates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_gate"},{"link_name":"watchtowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watchtower"},{"link_name":"city rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_rights_in_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Jan van Arkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Arkel"},{"link_name":"Albert I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Willem V of Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Watergeuzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Gueux"},{"link_name":"Brielle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brielle"},{"link_name":"Martyrs of Gorkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum"},{"link_name":"bastions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion"},{"link_name":"Dutch Water Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Water_Line"},{"link_name":"Rijksmuseum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijksmuseum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorinchem_1869.png"},{"link_name":"French domination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands#The_French-Batavian_period_(1785%E2%80%931815)"},{"link_name":"bastion fortress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion_fortress"},{"link_name":"ANWB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANWB"}],"text":"Dalem GateIt is generally assumed that Gorinchem was founded c. 1000 AD by fishermen and farmers on the raised land near the mouth of the river Linge at the Merwede. Goriks Heem (\"Home of Gorik\" in early Middle Dutch) is first mentioned in a document from 1224 in which Floris IV granted people from Gorinchem exemption of toll payments throughout Holland.Somewhere between 1247 and 1267, Gorinchem became property of the Lords of Arkel. At the end of the 13th century earthen mounts reinforced with palisades were built around the settlement to protect it from domination by the neighboring counties of Holland and Gelre. Half a century later real city walls were built complete with 7 gates and 23 watchtowers. Otto van Arkel granted it city rights on 11 November 1322.Jan van Arkel had a dispute with Albert I, brother of Willem V of Holland, leading to war and subsequently to the annexation of Gorinchem to Holland in 1417. This resulted in increased trade and Gorinchem grew to be the eighth city of Holland.On 9 July 1572, the Watergeuzen (Dutch rebels against Spanish rule) conquered the city and captured 19 Catholic priests and monks. Because they refused to renounce their faith, these priests and monks were brought to Brielle where they were hanged and were from then on known among Catholics as the Martyrs of Gorkum.By the 16th century, the city walls were so deteriorated that they were replaced with new fortifications and eleven bastions that still are almost completely intact. The new walls were completed in 1609 and were located further from the town centre, making the city twice as large. In 1673, Gorinchem became part of the old Dutch Water Line.The city walls had four city gates: the Arkel Gate in the north, the Dalem Gate in the east, the Water Gate in the south (where the ferry to Woudrichem was), and the Kansel Gate in the west. Of these four gates, only the Dalem Gate remains. The others were removed in the 19th century to make way for vehicular traffic. A portion of the Water Gate was preserved in the gardens of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.Map of Gorinchem of 1869.In the 18th century, the economy went into decline. After the French domination, the retreating French troops took station in the bastion fortress of Gorinchem. After a three-month siege they capitulated but the city was heavily damaged.During the Industrial Revolution, Gorinchem recovered. Increased shipping led to new canals being dug and a railway connection to the city. Its population quickly increased, filling the innercity, and new neighbourhoods had to be built outside the city walls.At the beginning of the 20th century, expansion took place in the Lingewijk and West neighbourhoods. After World War II, expansion started in the north-western portion of the municipality which was completed in the 1970s. This was followed by developments of the neighbourhoods Wijdschild and Laag Dalem east of the city center. In 1986, the town Dalem was added to the municipality.In August 2021 ANWB named Gorinchem the most beautiful star fort in the Netherlands.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gorinchem had 37,456 inhabitants on 1 January 2021.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reinie Melissant-Briene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinie_Melissant-Briene"},{"link_name":"CDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal"},{"link_name":"PvdA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"CDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Appeal"},{"link_name":"2018 Dutch municipal elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Dutch_municipal_elections"}],"text":"The current mayor of Gorinchem is Reinie Melissant-Briene of the CDA. The municipal executive consists of the City Interest, Democrats Gorinchem, PvdA and CDA.The municipal council of Gorinchem has 25 members, which are directly elected. The composition of the municipal council as of the 2018 Dutch municipal elections is as shown in the table below.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A15_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"A27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A27_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Gorinchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorinchem_railway_station"}],"text":"The city is crossed by two motorways; the A15 on the northside, and the A27 on the westside.The city also has a railway station: Gorinchem.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyrs_de_Gorkum.jpg"}],"text":"Martyrs de Gorkum","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John V, Lord of Arkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V,_Lord_of_Arkel"},{"link_name":"stadtholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder"},{"link_name":"Henry of Gorkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Gorkum"},{"link_name":"Willem Hessels van Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Hessels_van_Est"},{"link_name":"Martyrs of Gorkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum"},{"link_name":"Thomas van Erpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_van_Erpe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dirk Rafelsz Camphuysen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Rafelsz_Camphuysen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Johannes van Neercassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_Neercassel"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Hamel"},{"link_name":"Aegidius van Braam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegidius_van_Braam"},{"link_name":"Pierre van Paassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_van_Paassen"},{"link_name":"Roger van Boxtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_van_Boxtel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meyssens,_Johannes_-_Abraham_Bloemaert.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IdaGerhardt.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Public thinking & public service","text":"John V, Lord of Arkel (1362–1428) stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and West Frisia\nHenry of Gorkum (c. 1378– 1431) a Dutch theologian\nWillem Hessels van Est (1542–1613) a Dutch Catholic theologian\nThe Martyrs of Gorkum a group of 19 Dutch Catholic clerics who were hanged in 1572\nThomas van Erpe (1584–1624) a Dutch Orientalist, published a book of Arabic grammar [5]\nDirk Rafelsz Camphuysen (1586–1627) theologian, poet, painter [6]\nJohannes van Neercassel (1625–1686) Archbishop of Utrecht 1661 to 1686.\nHendrik Hamel (1630–1692) seafarer and writer\nAegidius van Braam (1758–1822) a Dutch naval vice-admiral\nPierre van Paassen (1895–1968) a Dutch–Canadian-American journalist, writer, and Unitarian minister\nRoger van Boxtel (born 1954) a retired Dutch politician and businessman, lives in GorinchemAbraham BloemaertIda Gerhardt, 1968","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham Bloemaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Bloemaert"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Anthonie Verstraelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonie_Verstraelen"},{"link_name":"Aert van der Neer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aert_van_der_Neer"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Saftleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Saftleven"},{"link_name":"Jacob van der Ulft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_der_Ulft"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Verschuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Verschuring"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Jan van der Heyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_der_Heyden"},{"link_name":"Ida Gerhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Gerhardt"},{"link_name":"A. Teeuw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Teeuw"},{"link_name":"Jan van Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Munster"},{"link_name":"Dinand Woesthoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinand_Woesthoff"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(Dutch_band)"},{"link_name":"Nikos Vertis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Vertis"},{"link_name":"Boaz van de Beatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaz_van_de_Beatz"},{"link_name":"Diana Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Wang"}],"sub_title":"The arts","text":"Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) Dutch painter and printmaker in etching and engraving [7]\nAnthonie Verstraelen (1593/1594-1641) a Dutch landscape painter of winter scenes\nAert van der Neer (c. 1603–1677) a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter [8]\nCornelis Saftleven (ca.1607–1681) a Dutch painter, worked in many genres\nJacob van der Ulft (1621–1689) a Dutch painter, glass painter, print artist, architect and Mayor of Gorinchem 1660 to 1679\nHendrik Verschuring (1627–1690) a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter\nJan van der Heyden (1637–1712) a Dutch Baroque-era painter, glass painter, draughtsman and printmaker\nIda Gerhardt (1905–1997) a classicist and Dutch poet of a post-symbolist tradition\nA. Teeuw (1921–2012) a Dutch critic of Indonesian literature\nJan van Munster (born 1939) a Dutch sculptor and installation artist\nDinand Woesthoff (born 1972) a Dutch musician, lead singer with Dutch band Kane\nNikos Vertis (born 1976) a Greek singer\nBoaz de Jong (born 1988) stage name Boaz van de Beatz, a Dutch record producer and DJ\nChu Lan-ting (born 1990) stage name Diana Wang, a Dutch-born Taiwanese singer and film actress","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerard Boate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Boate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Arnold Boate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Boate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Louis Jérôme Reiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Reiche"},{"link_name":"Berend George Escher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berend_George_Escher"},{"link_name":"Frans Michel Penning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Michel_Penning"}],"sub_title":"Science & business","text":"Gerard Boate (1604–1650) physician and author of The Natural History of Ireland [9] and his brother\nArnold Boate (1606–1653) a Dutch physician and Hebrew scholar [10]\nLouis Jérôme Reiche (1799–1890) a French merchant, manufacturer and entomologist\nBerend George Escher (1885–1967) a Dutch geologist and vulcanologist\nFrans Michel Penning (1894–1953) a Dutch experimental physicist","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ab Oord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Oord"},{"link_name":"1924 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Hadriaan van Nes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriaan_van_Nes"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ruud Brood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruud_Brood"},{"link_name":"Arie Loef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Loef"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1994 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Marco van Hoogdalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_van_Hoogdalem"},{"link_name":"Henk Norel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Norel"},{"link_name":"Netherlands national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Frenkie de Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkie_de_Jong"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Ab Oord (1885–1961) a Dutch weightlifter, competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics\nHadriaan van Nes (born 1942) a retired rower, team silver medallist at the 1968 Summer Olympics\nRuud Brood (born 1962) a football manager and former player with over 300 club caps\nArie Loef (born 1969) a retired speed skater, competed at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics\nMarco van Hoogdalem (born 1972) a retired Dutch football player with over 350 club caps\nHenk Norel (born 1987) a Dutch basketball player, 79 games with the Netherlands national basketball team\nFrenkie de Jong (born 1997) a Dutch football player who is currently playing for FC Barcelona.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gorinchem is twinned with","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorichem,_Grote_Kerk_foto1_2010-06-27_13.37.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorinchem_2019_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorinchem,_monumentaal_pand_2006-06-13_15.14.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorinchem,_molen_2007-03-15_15.43.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tussen_Gorinchem_en_Arkel,_de_Haarbrug_foto3_2010-06-27_12.36.JPG"}],"text":"Gorinchem, church: de Grote Kerk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGorinchem\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGorinchem, monumental building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGorinchem, windmill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbetween Gorinchem and Arkel, bridge: de Haarbrug","title":"Gallery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockholst_Livingston
Henry Brockholst Livingston
["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Judicial career","2.2 Virginia-New York Alliance","2.3 Later years and death","3 Family","3.1 Marriages and children","3.2 Descendants","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"]
US Supreme Court justice from 1807 to 1823 For the U.S. Representative, see Henry W. Livingston. Henry Brockholst LivingstonAssociate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesIn officeJanuary 20, 1807 – March 18, 1823Nominated byThomas JeffersonPreceded byWilliam PatersonSucceeded bySmith Thompson Personal detailsBorn(1757-11-25)November 25, 1757New York City, New York, British AmericaDiedMarch 18, 1823(1823-03-18) (aged 65)Washington, D.C., U.S.Political partyDemocratic-RepublicanSpouse(s) Catherine Keteltas ​ ​(m. 1784; died 1804)​Ann LudlowCatherine SeamanRelativesWilliam Livingston (Father)John Jay (brother-in-law)John Symmes (brother-in-law)Maurice Power (son-in-law)Robert Livingston (uncle)Peter Van Brugh Livingston (uncle)Philip Livingston (uncle)Henry Ledyard (grandson)EducationPrinceton University (BA)Signature Henry Brockholst Livingston (November 25, 1757 – March 18, 1823) was an American Revolutionary War officer, a justice of the New York Court of Appeals and eventually an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Early life Livingston was born in New York City in 1757 to Susanna French (d. 1789) and William Livingston (1723–1790). He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1774. Career Livingston inherited the family estate in New Jersey, Liberty Hall (the modern-day site of Kean University), and retained it until 1798. During the American Revolutionary War, he was a lieutenant colonel of the New York Line, serving on the staff of General Philip Schuyler from 1775 to 1777 and as an aide-de-camp to then-Major General Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Saratoga. He was a private secretary to John Jay, then the U.S. Minister to Spain from 1779 to 1782. Livingston was briefly imprisoned by the British in New York in 1782. After the war, Livingston read law and was admitted to the bar in 1783. He was in private practice in New York City from 1783 to 1802. He was an Original Member of the Society of the Cincinnati. Portrait of Henry Brockholst Livingston, ca. 1790, artist unknown (Frick Photoarchive b13623618). Livingston served as one of three defense attorneys, alongside Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr, in the trial of Levi Weeks for the murder of Elma Sands. Judicial career From 1802 to 1807, Livingston served as a justice of the Supreme Court of New York, where he authored a famous dissent in the 1805 case of Pierson v. Post. Two years later, on November 10, 1806, Livingston received a recess appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States from Thomas Jefferson, to a seat vacated by William Paterson. Formally nominated on December 15, 1806, as Jefferson's second nominee, Livingston was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1806, and was sworn into office on January 20, 1807. He served on the Supreme Court from then until his death in 1823. During his Supreme Court tenure, Livingston's votes and opinions often followed the lead of Chief Justice John Marshall. In that era, Supreme Court justices were required to ride a circuit; in Justice Livingston's case, he presided over cases in New York State. Virginia-New York Alliance Prior to his appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court, Livingston served as a judge for the State Supreme Court of New York, a member of the New York State Assembly, and an immensely prominent political activist. Due to family ties, Livingston's allegiance to the Democratic-Republican party soon faded. Essentially, Livingston rebelled and goaded the Federalists to an enormous extent. With members consisting of Aaron Burr, Robert R. Livingston, and Edward Livingston (both cousins of Brockholst), Livingston became one of the few emerging from a compact political faction in New York to form an alliance with Jefferson's supporters in Virginia. This became known as the Virginia-New York alliance, which proved to be vital in Jefferson's 1800–1801 election. Livingston's gravesite Later years and death Livingston was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814. Livingston died in Washington, D.C. His remains are interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. Family Coat of Arms of Henry Brockholst Livingston Livingston's paternal uncles were Robert Livingston (1708–1790), Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792), Philip Livingston (1716–1778), and his paternal grandparents were Philip Livingston (1686–1749), the 2nd Lord of Livingston Manor, and Catherine Van Brugh, the only child of Albany mayor Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740). His sister, Sarah Van Brugh Livingston (1756–1802), married John Jay (1745–1829) who was a diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, signatory of the Treaty of Paris, the second governor of New York, and the first chief justice of the United States, in 1774. Another sister, Susannah Livingston (1748–1840), married John Cleves Symmes (1742–1814), who was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New Jersey, and later a pioneer in the Northwest Territory. Her stepdaughter Anna Symmes, Symmes' daughter from a previous marriage, married eventual president William Henry Harrison, and was the grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison. Marriages and children Livingston married three times. He first married Catherine Keteltas (1761–1804), the daughter of Peter Keteltas and Elizabeth Van Zandt, on December 2, 1784. He and Catherine were the parents of: Eliza Livingston (1786–1860), who married Jasper Hall Livingston (1780–1835), the son of Philip Philip Livingston (1741–1787) Susan French Livingston (1789–1864), who married Benjamin Ledyard (1779–1812). Catherine Augusta Livingston (b. c. 1790), who married Archibald McVicker (1785–1849) Robert C. Livingston (b. c. 1793) After his first wife's death in 1804, he married Ann N. Ludlow (1775–1815), the daughter of Gabriel Henry Ludlow and Ann Williams. Together, they were the parents of: Carroll Livingston (1805–1867), who married Cornelia Livingston. Anson Livingston (1807–1873), who married Anne Greenleaf Livingston (1809–1887), daughter of Henry Walter Livingston (1768–1810) After his second wife's death in 1815, he married Catherine Seaman (1775–1859), the daughter of Edward Seaman and the widow of Capt. John Kortright. Together, Henry and Catherine were the parents of: Jasper Hall Livingston (1815–1900), a twin, who married Matilda Anne Cecila Morris, the youngest daughter of Sir John Morris, 2nd Baronet of Clasemont, in 1851. Catherine Louise Livingston (b. 1815–1890), a twin, who married Maurice Power (1811–1870), an Irish MP for County Cork who served as lieutenant governor for St. Lucia. Henry Brockholst Livingston (1819–1892), who married Marianna Gribaldo and resided in Italy. Descendants Further information: Livingston family Through his daughter Eliza, he was the great-grandfather of Edwin Brockholst Livingston (1852–1929), a historian. Through his daughter, Susan, he was the grandfather of Henry Brockholst Ledyard (1812–1880) and great-grandfather of Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr. (1844–1921) and Lewis Cass Ledyard (1851–1932). Through his daughter, Catherine McVicker, he was the grandfather of Brockholst McVicker (1810–1883) and Archibald McVicker (1816–1904). Through his daughter, Catherine Power, he was the grandfather of: Brockholst Livingston Power, John Livingston Power, and Alice Livingston Power (who married her cousin, Edwin). Through his son, Henry, he was the grandfather of Oscar Enrico Federico Livingston (1875–1945). Through his son Anson, he was the grandfather of Ludlow Livingston (1838–1873), Mary Allen Livingston Harrison (1830–1921) and Ann Ludlow Livingston (1832–1913). See also Wikisource has original works by or about:Henry Brockholst Livingston Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court References ^ a b "Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ a b c d Livingston, Edwin Brockholst (1910). The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The Nephew," a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants. New York: The Knickerbocker Press. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ Nelson, William (1876). Biographical Sketch of William Colfax, Captain of Washington's Body Guard. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020. ^ Harison, Richard (1980). "Brockholst Livingston," in Princetonians, 1769–1775: A Biographical Dictionary. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 397–407. ^ James, Bill (2012). Popular Crime: Reflections on the Celebration of Violence. Simon and Schuster. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4165-5274-1. ^ McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 9, 2022. ^ "Livingston, Henry Brockholst". www.fjc.gov. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017. ^ Abraham, Henry J. (2006). "President Jefferson's Three Appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States: 1804, 1807, and 1807". Journal of Supreme Court History. 31 (2): 141–154. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2006.00132.x. S2CID 145007294. ^ "American Antiquarian Society Members Directory". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2015. ^ "Green-Wood Cemetery". March 18, 2013. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017. ^ Kamuf, Betty (July 20, 2016). "The Life of John Cleves Symmes". Cincinnati.com. USA Today. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ "The Livingstons of Livingston Manor". HathiTrust digital library. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2014. ^ a b Farmer, Silas (1889), The History of Detroit and Michigan, pp. 1041–1043, archived from the original on July 29, 2014, retrieved April 26, 2017 ^ a b Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1885). History of Chicago | From the Earliest Period to the Present Time | Vol. II – From 1857 until the Fire of 1871. Chicago: The A. T. Andreas Company. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ Gordon, William Seton (1919). Gabriel Ludlow and His Descendants. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ Ferreri, James G. (April 26, 2013). "The Underground Railroad wound through Staten Island's Livingston". SILive.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ Fioravante, Janice (November 24, 2002). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Livingston, Staten Island; Filmgoers May Find the Streets Familiar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ a b Hall, Henry (1895). America's Successful Men of Affairs: The City of New York | Vol. I. New York: New York Tribune. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ The Letters of Moore Furman, Deputy Quarter-Master General of New Jersey in the Revolution. New York: F.H. Hitchcock. 1912. p. 9. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2015. ^ Lodge, Edmund (1890). The Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Companionage of the British Empire. London: Hurst and Blackett, Limited. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ Urban, Sylvanus (1855). The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review, Vol. XLIII. London: John Bowyer Nichols and Sons. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ "Legal Notices". New York Daily Tribune. January 20, 1860. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ De Burgh, Hussey (1878). The Landowners of Ireland. Hodges, Foster, and Figgis. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017. ^ "Death of Henry Livingston". The New York Times. London. July 21, 1892. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b di Magistrati (1877). Annali della giurisprudenza italiana: raccolta generale di decisioni in materia civile e commerciale, di diritto pubblico e amministrativo e di procedura civile (in Italian). Firenze. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Society, Chicago Medical (1922). History of medicine and surgery and physicians and surgeons of Chicago, endorsed by and published under the supervision of the council of the Chicago Medical Society. The Biographical Publishing Corporation. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017. Sources Henry Brockholst Livingston at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center. "Brockholst Livingston," in Princetonians, 1769-1775 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), 397–407. Further reading Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3. Bibliography on William Patterson at Supreme Court Historical Society. Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7. Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4. Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6. Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3. Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1. Warren, Charles. (1928) The Supreme Court in United States History The+Supreme+Court+in+United+States+History,+2+vols.&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=cwNWS8v8K5LUMr2WyIQJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CCsQ6AEwCg Archived May 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, 2 vols. at Google books. Legal offices Preceded byWilliam Paterson Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States 1807–1823 Succeeded bySmith Thompson vteJustices of the Supreme Court of the United StatesChief justices John Jay (1789–1795, cases) John Rutledge (1795, cases) Oliver Ellsworth (1796–1800, cases) John Marshall (1801–1835, cases) Roger B. Taney (1836–1864, cases) Salmon P. Chase (1864–1873, cases) Morrison Waite (1874–1888, cases) Melville Fuller (1888–1910, cases) Edward Douglass White (1910–1921, cases) William Howard Taft (1921–1930, cases) Charles Evans Hughes (1930–1941, cases) Harlan F. Stone (1941–1946, cases) Fred M. Vinson (1946–1953, cases) Earl Warren (1953–1969, cases) Warren E. Burger (1969–1986, cases) William Rehnquist (1986–2005, cases) John Roberts (2005–present, cases) Associate justices J. Rutledge* (1790–1791) Cushing (1790–1810) Wilson (1789–1798) Blair (1790–1795) Iredell (1790–1799) T. Johnson (1792–1793) Paterson (1793–1806) S. Chase (1796–1811) Washington (1798–1829) Moore (1800–1804) W. Johnson (1804–1834) Livingston (1807–1823) Todd (1807–1826) Duvall (1811–1835) Story (1812–1845) Thompson (1823–1843) Trimble (1826–1828) McLean (1829–1861) Baldwin (1830–1844) Wayne (1835–1867) Barbour (1836–1841) Catron (1837–1865) McKinley (1838–1852) Daniel (1842–1860) Nelson (1845–1872) Woodbury (1845–1851) Grier (1846–1870) Curtis (1851–1857) Campbell (1853–1861) Clifford (1858–1881) Swayne (1862–1881) Miller (1862–1890) Davis (1862–1877) Field (1863–1897) Strong (1870–1880) Bradley (1870–1892) Hunt (1873–1882) J. M. Harlan (1877–1911) Woods (1881–1887) Matthews (1881–1889) Gray (1882–1902) Blatchford (1882–1893) L. Lamar (1888–1893) Brewer (1890–1910) Brown (1891–1906) Shiras (1892–1903) H. Jackson (1893–1895) E. White* (1894–1910) Peckham (1896–1909) McKenna (1898–1925) Holmes (1902–1932) Day (1903–1922) Moody (1906–1910) Lurton (1910–1914) Hughes* (1910–1916) Van Devanter (1911–1937) J. Lamar (1911–1916) Pitney (1912–1922) McReynolds (1914–1941) Brandeis (1916–1939) Clarke (1916–1922) Sutherland (1922–1938) Butler (1923–1939) Sanford (1923–1930) Stone* (1925–1941) O. Roberts (1930–1945) Cardozo (1932–1938) Black (1937–1971) Reed (1938–1957) Frankfurter (1939–1962) Douglas (1939–1975) Murphy (1940–1949) Byrnes (1941–1942) R. Jackson (1941–1954) W. Rutledge (1943–1949) Burton (1945–1958) Clark (1949–1967) Minton (1949–1956) J. M. Harlan II (1955–1971) Brennan (1956–1990) Whittaker (1957–1962) Stewart (1958–1981) B. White (1962–1993) Goldberg (1962–1965) Fortas (1965–1969) T. Marshall (1967–1991) Blackmun (1970–1994) Powell (1972–1987) Rehnquist* (1972–1986) Stevens (1975–2010) O'Connor (1981–2006) Scalia (1986–2016) Kennedy (1988–2018) Souter (1990–2009) Thomas (1991–present) Ginsburg (1993–2020) Breyer (1994–2022) Alito (2006–present) Sotomayor (2009–present) Kagan (2010–present) Gorsuch (2017–present) Kavanaugh (2018–present) Barrett (2020–present) K. Jackson (2022–present) *Also served as Chief Justice of the United States vteMarshall Court (1801–1835)Justices Marshall Cushing Paterson Chase Washington Moore Johnson Livingston Todd Duvall Story Thompson Trimble McLean Baldwin Wayne DecisionsBy volumeCranch 5 (1) 6 (2) 7 (3) 8 (4) 9 (5) 10 (6) 11 (7) 12 (8) 13 (9) Wheat. 14 (1) 15 (2) 16 (3) 17 (4) 18 (5) 19 (6) 20 (7) 21 (8) 22 (9) 23 (10) 24 (11) 25 (12) Pet. 26 (1) 27 (2) 28 (3) 29 (4) 30 (5) 31 (6) 32 (7) 33 (8) 34 (9) By topic Aboriginal title Criminal law (list) Statutes Judiciary Act of 1789 Crimes Act of 1790 Judiciary Act of 1793 Midnight Judges Act (1801) Judiciary Act of 1802 Crimes Act of 1825 Topics Circuit assignments Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States People Deutsche Biographie Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry W. Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Livingston"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"New York Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"associate justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-2"}],"text":"For the U.S. Representative, see Henry W. Livingston.Henry Brockholst Livingston (November 25, 1757 – March 18, 1823) was an American Revolutionary War officer, a justice of the New York Court of Appeals and eventually an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.[2]","title":"Henry Brockholst Livingston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"William Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Livingston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson1876-3"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Livingston was born in New York City in 1757 to Susanna French (d. 1789) and William Livingston (1723–1790).[3]He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1774.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Hall_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Kean University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kean_University"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"New York Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Line"},{"link_name":"Philip Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Benedict Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga"},{"link_name":"U.S. Minister to Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Minister_to_Spain"},{"link_name":"read law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_law"},{"link_name":"Society of the Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Brockholst_Livingston,_ca._1790,_artist_unknown_(Frick_Photoarchive).png"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"Levi Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Weeks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James2012-5"}],"text":"Livingston inherited the family estate in New Jersey, Liberty Hall (the modern-day site of Kean University), and retained it until 1798. During the American Revolutionary War, he was a lieutenant colonel of the New York Line, serving on the staff of General Philip Schuyler from 1775 to 1777 and as an aide-de-camp to then-Major General Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Saratoga. He was a private secretary to John Jay, then the U.S. Minister to Spain from 1779 to 1782. Livingston was briefly imprisoned by the British in New York in 1782.After the war, Livingston read law and was admitted to the bar in 1783. He was in private practice in New York City from 1783 to 1802. He was an Original Member of the Society of the Cincinnati.Portrait of Henry Brockholst Livingston, ca. 1790, artist unknown (Frick Photoarchive b13623618).Livingston served as one of three defense attorneys, alongside Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr, in the trial of Levi Weeks for the murder of Elma Sands.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Pierson v. Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson_v._Post"},{"link_name":"recess appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"William Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sworn into office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall"},{"link_name":"ride a circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_court"},{"link_name":"New York State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjc-7"}],"sub_title":"Judicial career","text":"From 1802 to 1807, Livingston served as a justice of the Supreme Court of New York, where he authored a famous dissent in the 1805 case of Pierson v. Post.Two years later, on November 10, 1806, Livingston received a recess appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States from Thomas Jefferson, to a seat vacated by William Paterson. Formally nominated on December 15, 1806, as Jefferson's second nominee, Livingston was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1806,[6] and was sworn into office on January 20, 1807.[1] He served on the Supreme Court from then until his death in 1823. During his Supreme Court tenure, Livingston's votes and opinions often followed the lead of Chief Justice John Marshall. In that era, Supreme Court justices were required to ride a circuit; in Justice Livingston's case, he presided over cases in New York State.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham2006-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justice_Livingston.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Virginia-New York Alliance","text":"Prior to his appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court, Livingston served as a judge for the State Supreme Court of New York, a member of the New York State Assembly, and an immensely prominent political activist. Due to family ties, Livingston's allegiance to the Democratic-Republican party soon faded. Essentially, Livingston rebelled and goaded the Federalists to an enormous extent. With members consisting of Aaron Burr, Robert R. Livingston, and Edward Livingston (both cousins of Brockholst), Livingston became one of the few emerging from a compact political faction in New York to form an alliance with Jefferson's supporters in Virginia. This became known as the Virginia-New York alliance, which proved to be vital in Jefferson's 1800–1801 election.[8]Livingston's gravesite","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Green-Wood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Later years and death","text":"Livingston was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.[9]Livingston died in Washington, D.C. His remains are interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Livingston.svg"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1708%E2%80%931790)"},{"link_name":"Peter Van Brugh Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Van_Brugh_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Philip Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Philip Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Livingston_(1686%E2%80%931749)"},{"link_name":"Livingston Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Manor"},{"link_name":"Albany mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Pieter Van Brugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Van_Brugh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-2"},{"link_name":"John Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay"},{"link_name":"Founding Fathers of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"chief justice of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Cleves Symmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cleves_Symmes"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"Anna Symmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Harrison"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamuf2016-11"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of Henry Brockholst LivingstonLivingston's paternal uncles were Robert Livingston (1708–1790), Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792), Philip Livingston (1716–1778), and his paternal grandparents were Philip Livingston (1686–1749), the 2nd Lord of Livingston Manor, and Catherine Van Brugh, the only child of Albany mayor Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740).[2]His sister, Sarah Van Brugh Livingston (1756–1802), married John Jay (1745–1829) who was a diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, signatory of the Treaty of Paris, the second governor of New York, and the first chief justice of the United States, in 1774.Another sister, Susannah Livingston (1748–1840), married John Cleves Symmes (1742–1814), who was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New Jersey, and later a pioneer in the Northwest Territory. Her stepdaughter Anna Symmes, Symmes' daughter from a previous marriage, married eventual president William Henry Harrison, and was the grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison.[11]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farm-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreas1885-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon1919-15"},{"link_name":"Anson Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston,_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Henry Walter Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Walter_Livingston"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferreri2013-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fioravante2002-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall1895-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-2"},{"link_name":"Jasper Hall Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Hall_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Sir John Morris, 2nd Baronet of Clasemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_baronets"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge1890-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urban1855-21"},{"link_name":"Maurice Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Power"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1832%E2%80%9347)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor for St. Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenryObit1892-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magistrati1877-25"}],"sub_title":"Marriages and children","text":"Livingston married three times. He first married Catherine Keteltas (1761–1804), the daughter of Peter Keteltas and Elizabeth Van Zandt, on December 2, 1784.[2] He and Catherine were the parents of:Eliza Livingston (1786–1860), who married Jasper Hall Livingston (1780–1835), the son of Philip Philip Livingston (1741–1787)[12]\nSusan French Livingston (1789–1864), who married Benjamin Ledyard (1779–1812).[13]\nCatherine Augusta Livingston (b. c. 1790), who married Archibald McVicker (1785–1849)[14]\nRobert C. Livingston (b. c. 1793)After his first wife's death in 1804, he married Ann N. Ludlow (1775–1815), the daughter of Gabriel Henry Ludlow and Ann Williams.[15] Together, they were the parents of:Carroll Livingston (1805–1867), who married Cornelia Livingston.\nAnson Livingston (1807–1873), who married Anne Greenleaf Livingston (1809–1887), daughter of Henry Walter Livingston (1768–1810)[16][17][18]After his second wife's death in 1815, he married Catherine Seaman (1775–1859), the daughter of Edward Seaman and the widow of Capt. John Kortright.[19] Together, Henry and Catherine were the parents of:[2]Jasper Hall Livingston (1815–1900), a twin, who married Matilda Anne Cecila Morris, the youngest daughter of Sir John Morris, 2nd Baronet of Clasemont, in 1851.[20][21]\nCatherine Louise Livingston (b. 1815–1890), a twin, who married Maurice Power (1811–1870), an Irish MP for County Cork who served as lieutenant governor for St. Lucia.[22][23]\nHenry Brockholst Livingston (1819–1892),[24] who married Marianna Gribaldo and resided in Italy.[25]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Livingston family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family"},{"link_name":"Edwin Brockholst Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Brockholst_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Henry Brockholst Ledyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ledyard"},{"link_name":"Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Ledyard_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lewis Cass Ledyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass_Ledyard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farm-13"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society1922-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreas1885-14"},{"link_name":"Edwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Brockholst_Livingston"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magistrati1877-25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall1895-18"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Further information: Livingston familyThrough his daughter Eliza, he was the great-grandfather of Edwin Brockholst Livingston (1852–1929), a historian.Through his daughter, Susan, he was the grandfather of Henry Brockholst Ledyard (1812–1880) and great-grandfather of Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr. (1844–1921) and Lewis Cass Ledyard (1851–1932).[13]Through his daughter, Catherine McVicker, he was the grandfather of Brockholst McVicker (1810–1883)[26] and Archibald McVicker (1816–1904).[14]Through his daughter, Catherine Power, he was the grandfather of: Brockholst Livingston Power, John Livingston Power, and Alice Livingston Power (who married her cousin, Edwin).Through his son, Henry, he was the grandfather of Oscar Enrico Federico Livingston (1875–1945).[25]Through his son Anson, he was the grandfather of Ludlow Livingston (1838–1873), Mary Allen Livingston Harrison (1830–1921) and Ann Ludlow Livingston (1832–1913).[18]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Brockholst Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1383961"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"}],"text":"Henry Brockholst Livingston at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.\n\"Brockholst Livingston,\" in Princetonians, 1769-1775 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), 397–407.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/justicespresiden0000abra"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-506557-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3"},{"link_name":"Bibliography on William Patterson at","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081120012443/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_list/04_d_p.html"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Congressional Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56802-126-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"},{"link_name":"The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse"},{"link_name":"Chelsea House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7910-1377-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United 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databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606548#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/173224/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000024940719"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/43275538"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHJ9GKxBGrthX4W9pgKd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1081485485"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007403876105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85145397"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1081485485.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62v2jr9"}],"text":"Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.\nBibliography on William Patterson at Supreme Court Historical Society.\nCushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.\nFrank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.\nHall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.\nMartin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.\nUrofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.\nWarren, Charles. (1928) The Supreme Court in United States History The+Supreme+Court+in+United+States+History,+2+vols.&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=cwNWS8v8K5LUMr2WyIQJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CCsQ6AEwCg Archived May 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, 2 vols. at Google books.vteJustices of the Supreme Court of the United StatesChief justices\nJohn Jay (1789–1795, cases)\nJohn Rutledge (1795, cases)\nOliver Ellsworth (1796–1800, cases)\nJohn Marshall (1801–1835, cases)\nRoger B. Taney (1836–1864, cases)\nSalmon P. Chase (1864–1873, cases)\nMorrison Waite (1874–1888, cases)\nMelville Fuller (1888–1910, cases)\nEdward Douglass White (1910–1921, cases)\nWilliam Howard Taft (1921–1930, cases)\nCharles Evans Hughes (1930–1941, cases)\nHarlan F. Stone (1941–1946, cases)\nFred M. Vinson (1946–1953, cases)\nEarl Warren (1953–1969, cases)\nWarren E. Burger (1969–1986, cases)\nWilliam Rehnquist (1986–2005, cases)\nJohn Roberts (2005–present, cases)\nAssociate justices\nJ. Rutledge* (1790–1791)\nCushing (1790–1810)\nWilson (1789–1798)\nBlair (1790–1795)\nIredell (1790–1799)\nT. Johnson (1792–1793)\nPaterson (1793–1806)\nS. Chase (1796–1811)\nWashington (1798–1829)\nMoore (1800–1804)\nW. Johnson (1804–1834)\nLivingston (1807–1823)\nTodd (1807–1826)\nDuvall (1811–1835)\nStory (1812–1845)\nThompson (1823–1843)\nTrimble (1826–1828)\nMcLean (1829–1861)\nBaldwin (1830–1844)\nWayne (1835–1867)\nBarbour (1836–1841)\nCatron (1837–1865)\nMcKinley (1838–1852)\nDaniel (1842–1860)\nNelson (1845–1872)\nWoodbury (1845–1851)\nGrier (1846–1870)\nCurtis (1851–1857)\nCampbell (1853–1861)\nClifford (1858–1881)\nSwayne (1862–1881)\nMiller (1862–1890)\nDavis (1862–1877)\nField (1863–1897)\nStrong (1870–1880)\nBradley (1870–1892)\nHunt (1873–1882)\nJ. M. Harlan (1877–1911)\nWoods (1881–1887)\nMatthews (1881–1889)\nGray (1882–1902)\nBlatchford (1882–1893)\nL. Lamar (1888–1893)\nBrewer (1890–1910)\nBrown (1891–1906)\nShiras (1892–1903)\nH. Jackson (1893–1895)\nE. White* (1894–1910)\nPeckham (1896–1909)\nMcKenna (1898–1925)\nHolmes (1902–1932)\nDay (1903–1922)\nMoody (1906–1910)\nLurton (1910–1914)\nHughes* (1910–1916)\nVan Devanter (1911–1937)\nJ. Lamar (1911–1916)\nPitney (1912–1922)\nMcReynolds (1914–1941)\nBrandeis (1916–1939)\nClarke (1916–1922)\nSutherland (1922–1938)\nButler (1923–1939)\nSanford (1923–1930)\nStone* (1925–1941)\nO. Roberts (1930–1945)\nCardozo (1932–1938)\nBlack (1937–1971)\nReed (1938–1957)\nFrankfurter (1939–1962)\nDouglas (1939–1975)\nMurphy (1940–1949)\nByrnes (1941–1942)\nR. Jackson (1941–1954)\nW. Rutledge (1943–1949)\nBurton (1945–1958)\nClark (1949–1967)\nMinton (1949–1956)\nJ. M. Harlan II (1955–1971)\nBrennan (1956–1990)\nWhittaker (1957–1962)\nStewart (1958–1981)\nB. White (1962–1993)\nGoldberg (1962–1965)\nFortas (1965–1969)\nT. Marshall (1967–1991)\nBlackmun (1970–1994)\nPowell (1972–1987)\nRehnquist* (1972–1986)\nStevens (1975–2010)\nO'Connor (1981–2006)\nScalia (1986–2016)\nKennedy (1988–2018)\nSouter (1990–2009)\nThomas (1991–present)\nGinsburg (1993–2020)\nBreyer (1994–2022)\nAlito (2006–present)\nSotomayor (2009–present)\nKagan (2010–present)\nGorsuch (2017–present)\nKavanaugh (2018–present)\nBarrett (2020–present)\nK. Jackson (2022–present)\n\n*Also served as Chief Justice of the United StatesvteMarshall Court (1801–1835)Justices\nMarshall\nCushing\nPaterson\nChase\nWashington\nMoore\nJohnson\nLivingston\nTodd\nDuvall\nStory\nThompson\nTrimble\nMcLean\nBaldwin\nWayne\nDecisionsBy volumeCranch\n5 (1)\n6 (2)\n7 (3)\n8 (4)\n9 (5)\n10 (6)\n11 (7)\n12 (8)\n13 (9)\nWheat.\n14 (1)\n15 (2)\n16 (3)\n17 (4)\n18 (5)\n19 (6)\n20 (7)\n21 (8)\n22 (9)\n23 (10)\n24 (11)\n25 (12)\nPet.\n26 (1)\n27 (2)\n28 (3)\n29 (4)\n30 (5)\n31 (6)\n32 (7)\n33 (8)\n34 (9)\nBy topic\nAboriginal title\nCriminal law (list)\nStatutes\nJudiciary Act of 1789\nCrimes Act of 1790\nJudiciary Act of 1793\nMidnight Judges Act (1801)\nJudiciary Act of 1802\nCrimes Act of 1825\nTopics\nCircuit assignmentsAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Portrait of Henry Brockholst Livingston, ca. 1790, artist unknown (Frick Photoarchive b13623618).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston%2C_ca._1790%2C_artist_unknown_%28Frick_Photoarchive%29.png/220px-Henry_Brockholst_Livingston%2C_ca._1790%2C_artist_unknown_%28Frick_Photoarchive%29.png"},{"image_text":"Livingston's gravesite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Justice_Livingston.jpg/150px-Justice_Livingston.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Henry Brockholst Livingston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Livingston.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Livingston.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"Henry Brockholst Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_Brockholst_Livingston"},{"title":"Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office"},{"title":"United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court"}]
[{"reference":"\"Justices 1789 to Present\". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx","url_text":"\"Justices 1789 to Present\""}]},{"reference":"Livingston, Edwin Brockholst (1910). The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, \"The Nephew,\" a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants. New York: The Knickerbocker Press. Retrieved April 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/livingstonslivi00unkngoog","url_text":"The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, \"The Nephew,\" a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, William (1876). Biographical Sketch of William Colfax, Captain of Washington's Body Guard. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. 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Retrieved December 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1383961","url_text":"\"Livingston, Henry Brockholst\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center","url_text":"Federal Judicial Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171210073123/https://www.fjc.gov/node/1383961","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Henry J. (2006). \"President Jefferson's Three Appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States: 1804, 1807, and 1807\". Journal of Supreme Court History. 31 (2): 141–154. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2006.00132.x. 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HathiTrust digital library. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89061955639;view=1up;seq=701","url_text":"\"The Livingstons of Livingston Manor\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731035113/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89061955639;view=1up;seq=701","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Farmer, Silas (1889), The History of Detroit and Michigan, pp. 1041–1043, archived from the original on July 29, 2014, retrieved April 26, 2017","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Yl06VbZ-RfwC&pg=1041","url_text":"The History of Detroit and Michigan"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140729220123/http://books.google.com/books?id=Yl06VbZ-RfwC&pg=1041","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1885). History of Chicago | From the Earliest Period to the Present Time | Vol. II – From 1857 until the Fire of 1871. Chicago: The A. T. Andreas Company. 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The Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Companionage of the British Empire. London: Hurst and Blackett, Limited. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FO1DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA857","url_text":"The Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Companionage of the British Empire"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731035114/https://books.google.com/books?id=FO1DAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA857","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Urban, Sylvanus (1855). The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review, Vol. XLIII. London: John Bowyer Nichols and Sons. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=N7DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA523","url_text":"The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review, Vol. XLIII"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210731035111/https://books.google.com/books?id=N7DPAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA523","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Notices\". New York Daily Tribune. January 20, 1860. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77624401/legal-notices-supreme-court/","url_text":"\"Legal Notices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New-York_Tribune","url_text":"New York Daily Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210513161158/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77624401/legal-notices-supreme-court/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"De Burgh, Hussey (1878). The Landowners of Ireland. Hodges, Foster, and Figgis. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. 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ISBN 0-19-506557-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/justicespresiden0000abra","url_text":"Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3","url_text":"0-19-506557-3"}]},{"reference":"Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly","url_text":"Congressional Quarterly"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7","url_text":"1-56802-126-7"}]},{"reference":"Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse","url_text":"The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_House","url_text":"Chelsea House"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4","url_text":"0-7910-1377-4"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Teg_Bahadur
Guru Tegh Bahadur
["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Installation as Guru of Sikhs","1.3 Journeys","2 Execution","2.1 Narrative","2.2 Historiography","2.3 Scholarly analysis","3 Legacy and memorials","4 Gallery","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
Ninth Sikh guru from 1665 to 1675 Guru Tegh Bahadurਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰA mid-17th-century portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur painted by Ahsan, the royal painter of Shaista Khan, governor of Bengal, circa 1668–69PersonalBornTyag Mal1 April 1621 (1621-04)Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, India)Died11 November 1675 (1675-11-12) (aged 54)Delhi, Mughal Empire (present-day India)Cause of deathExecution by decapitationReligionSikhismSpouseMata GujriChildrenGuru Gobind SinghParent(s)Guru Hargobind and Mata NanakiKnown for Hymns to Guru Granth Sahib Executed under the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Founder of Anandpur Sahib Other namesNinth MasterNinth NanakSrisht-di-Chadar ("Shield of The World")Dharam-di-Chadar ("Shield of Dharma")Hind-di-Chadar ("Shield of India")SignatureMilitary serviceBattles/warsEarly Mughal-Sikh WarsBattle of Kartarpur (1635) Skirmish Of Dhubri (1669)Religious careerPeriod in office1664–1675PredecessorGuru Har KrishanSuccessorGuru Gobind Singh Part of a series onSikhism People Topics Outline History Glossary Sikh gurus Guru Nanak Guru Angad Guru Amar Das Guru Ram Das Guru Arjan Guru Hargobind Guru Har Rai Guru Har Krishan Guru Tegh Bahadur Guru Gobind Singh Guru Granth Sahib Selected revered saints Bhagat Kabir Bhagat Ravidas Bhagat Farid Bhagat Ramanand Bhagat Beni Bhagat Namdev Bhagat Sadhana Bhagat Bhikhan Bhagat Parmanand Bhagat Sain Bhagat Dhanna Bhagat Pipa Bhagat Surdas Bhagat Jaidev Bhagat Trilochan Bhatt Kalshar Bhatt Balh Bhatt Bhalh Bhatt Bhika Bhatt Gayand Bhatt Harbans Bhatt Jalap Bhatt Kirat Bhatt Mathura Bhatt Nalh Bhatt Salh Baba Sundar Satta Doom Balvand Rai Philosophy Naam Japo Kirat Karō Vand Chakkō Charhdi Kalā Guru Maneyo Granth Five Thieves Five Virtues Practices Sikh Rehat Maryada Prohibitions Ardās Kirtan Amrit Velā Dasvand The Five Ks Langar Sewa Simran Nitnem Dastar (Turban) Naam Karan Amrit Sanskar Anand Karaj Antam Sanskar Scripture Guru Granth Sahib Dasam Granth Sarbloh Granth Five Banis Places and Takhts Gurdwara Harmandir Sahib Akal Takht Keshgarh Sahib Damdama Sahib Patna Sahib Hazur Sahib General topics Ik Onkar Khalsa Waheguru Panj Pyare Nirgun and Sargun Khanda Literature Music Names Nanakshahi calendar Criticism Jathedar of Akal Takht War Sects Sikhism and other religions Sikhism and Hinduism Sikhism and Islam Sikhism and Jainism Religion portalvte Interior view of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib Guru Tegh Bahadur (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ (Gurmukhi); Punjabi pronunciation: ; 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675) was the ninth of ten gurus who founded the Sikh religion and was the leader of Sikhs from 1665 until his beheading in 1675. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India in 1621 and was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru. Considered a principled and fearless warrior, he was a learned spiritual scholar and a poet whose 115 hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the main text of Sikhism. Tegh Bahadur was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, in Delhi, India. Sikh holy premises Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of Guru Tegh Bahadur. His day of martyrdom (Shaheedi Divas) is commemorated in India every year on 24 November. Biography Early life Guru Tegh Bahadur was born Tyag Mal (Tīāg Mal) (Punjabi: ਤਿਆਗ ਮਲ) in Amritsar on 1 April 1621. He was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru.: 27  His family belonged to the Sodhi clan of Khatris. Hargobind had one daughter, Bibi Viro, and five sons: Baba Gurditta, Suraj Mal, Ani Rai, Atal Rai, and Tyag Mal. He gave Tyag Mal the name Tegh Bahadur (Brave Sword) after Tyag Mal showed valor in the Battle of Kartarpur against the Mughals. Tegh Bahadur was brought up in the Sikh culture and trained in archery and horsemanship. He was also taught the old classics such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Puranas. He was married on 3 February 1632 to Gujri. In the 1640s, nearing his death, Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki moved to his ancestral village of Bakala in Amritsar district, together with Tegh Bahadur and Gujri. After Hargobind's death, Tegh Bahadur continued to live in Bakala with his wife and mother. Installation as Guru of Sikhs In March 1664, Guru Har Krishan contracted smallpox. When his followers asked who would lead them after him, he said, "Baba Bakala", meaning his successor was to be found in Bakala. Taking advantage of the ambiguity in the words of the dying guru, many installed themselves in Bakala, claiming to be the new guru. Sikhs were puzzled to see so many claimants. Sikh tradition has a legend about how Tegh Bahadur was selected as the ninth guru. A wealthy trader named Makhan Shah Labana had vowed to give 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru upon escaping a shipwreck some time ago, and he came to Bakala in search of the ninth guru. He met each claimant he could find, making his obeisance and offering them two gold coins in the belief that the right guru would know of his silent promise to give them 500 coins. Every "guru" he met accepted the two gold coins and bid him farewell. Then he discovered that Tegh Bahadur also lived at Bakala. Makhan Shah gave Tegh Bahadur the usual offering of two gold coins. Tegh Bahadur blessed him and remarked that his offering was short of the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah made good the difference and ran upstairs. He began shouting from the rooftop, "Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re", meaning "I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru". In August 1664, a Sikh congregation led by Diwan Dargha Mal, son of a well-known devotee of Har Krishan, arrived in Bakala and appointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs. As had been the custom among Sikhs after the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armed bodyguards, but he otherwise lived an austere life. Journeys Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, including Dhaka and Assam, to preach the teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh guru. The places he visited and stayed in became sites of Sikh temples. During his travels, he started a number of community water wells and langars (community kitchens for the poor). Tegh Bahadur visited the towns of Mathura, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi. His son, Guru Gobind Singh, who would be the tenth Sikh guru, was born in Patna in 1666 while he was away in Dhubri, Assam, where the Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib now stands. There he helped end the war between Raja Ram Singh of Bengal and Raja Chakardwaj of Ahom state (later Assam). After his visit to Assam, Bengal, and Bihar, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Rani Champa of Bilaspur, who offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state. The Guru bought the site for 500 rupees. There, he founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the foothills of the Himalayas. In 1672, Tegh Bahadur traveled in and around the Malwa region to meet the masses as the persecution of non-Muslims reached new heights. Execution Narrative Many scholars identify the traditional Sikh narrative as follows: A congregation of Hindu Pandits from Kashmir requested help against Aurangzeb's oppressive policies, and Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to protect their rights. According to Trilochan Singh in Guru Tegh Bahadur: Prophet and Martyr, the convoy of Kashmiri Pandits who tearfully pleaded with the Guru at Anandpur were 500 in number and were led by a certain Pandit Kirpa Ram, who recounted tales of religious oppression under the governorship of Iftikhar Khan. The Kashmiri Pandits decided to meet with the Guru after they first sought the assistance of Shiva at the Amarnath shrine, where one of them is said to have had a dream where Shiva instructed the Pandits to seek out the ninth Sikh guru for assistance in their plight and hence a group was formed for carrying out the task. Guru Tegh Bahadur left from his base at Makhowal to confront the persecution of Kashmiri Pandits by Mughal officials but was arrested at Ropar and put to jail in Sirhind. Four months later, in November 1675, he was transferred to Delhi and asked to perform a miracle to prove his nearness to God or convert to Islam. The Guru declined, and three of his colleagues, who had been arrested with him, were tortured to death in front of him: Bhai Mati Das was sawn in two, Bhai Dayal Das was thrown into a cauldron of boiling liquid, and Bhai Sati Das was cut into pieces.: 48  Thereafter on 11 November, Tegh Bahadur was publicly beheaded in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort. Historiography Painting depicting the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in Chandni Chowk, Delhi. Fresco art depicting head of Guru Tegh Bahadar being brought to Anandpur by Sikhs The primary nucleus of Sikh narratives remains the Bachittar Natak, a memoir of Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur's son, dated between late 1680s and late 1690s. Guru Tegh Bahadur's son and successor recalled the Guru's execution: In this dark age, Tegh Bahadur performed a great act of chivalry (saka) for the sake of the frontal mark and sacred thread. He offered all he had for the holy. He gave up his head, but did not utter a sigh. He suffered martyrdom for the sake of religion. He laid down his head, but not his honor. Real men of God do not perform tricks like showmen. Having broken the pitcher on the head of the Emperor of Delhi, he departed to the world of God. No one has ever performed a deed like him. At his departure, the whole world mourned, while the heavens hailed it as a victory.— Guru Gobind Singh, Bachittar Natak: Apni Katha More Sikh accounts of Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution, all claiming to be sourced from the "testimony of trustworthy Sikhs", only started emerging in around the late eighteenth century, and are thus, often conflicting, according to historian Satish Chandra. Persian and non Sikh sources maintain that the Guru was a bandit whose plunder and rapine of Punjab along with his rebellious activities precipitated his execution. According to Chandra, the earliest Persian source to chronicle his execution is Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin by Ghulam Husain Khan c. 1782, where Tegh Bahadur's (alleged) oppression of subjects is held to have incurred Aurangzeb's wrath: Tegh Bahadur, the eighth successor of (Guru) Nanak became a man of authority with a large number of followers. (In fact) several thousand persons used to accompany him as he moved from place to place. His contemporary Hafiz Adam, a faqir belonging to the group of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi's followers, had also come to have a large number of murids and followers. Both these men (Guru Tegh Bahadur and Hafiz Adam) used to move about in Punjab, adopting a habit of coercion and extortion. Tegh Bahadur used to collect money from Hindus and Hafiz Adam from Muslims. The royal waqia navis (news reporter and intelligence agent) wrote to the Emperor Alamgir ... of their manner of activity, adding that if their authority increased they could become even refractory.— Ghulam Husain, Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin Chandra cautions against taking Ghulam Husain's argument at face value, as Ghulam Husain was a relative of Alivardi Khan — one of the closest confidantes of Aurangzeb — and might have been providing an "official justification". Also, the Guru's alleged association with Hafiz Adam is anachronistic. Chandra further writes that Ghulam Husain's account places Guru Tegh Bahadur's confinement and execution in Lahore, while Sikh tradition places it in Delhi, and Chandra finds no reason to reject said tradition. The Sikh sakhis (traditional accounts) written during the eighteenth century indirectly support the narrative in the Persian sources, saying that "the Guru was in violent opposition to the Muslim rulers of the country" in response to the dogmatic policies implemented by Aurangzeb. Both Persian and Sikh sources agree that Guru Tegh Bahadur militarily opposed the Mughal state and was therefore targeted for execution in accordance with Aurangzeb's zeal for punishing enemies of the state. Bhimsen, a contemporary chronicler of Guru Gobind Singh, wrote (c.1708) that the successors of Guru Nanak maintained extravagant lifestyles, and some of them, including Tegh Bahadur, rebelled against the state: Tegh Bahadur proclaimed himself Padshah and acquired a large following, as a result, Aurangzeb had him executed. Muhammad Qasim's Ibratnama, written in 1723, claimed Tegh Bahadur's religious inclinations along with his life of splendor and conferral of sovereignty by his followers had him condemned and executed. Chronicler Sohan Lal Suri, the court historian of Ranjit Singh, in his magisterial Umdat ut Tawarikh (c. 1805) chose to reiterate Ghulam Husain Khan's argument at large: he states that the Guru gained thousands of followers of soldiers and horsemen during his travels between 1672 and 1673 in southern Punjab, essentially having a nomadic army, and provided shelter to rebels who were resistant to Mughal representatives. Aurangzeb was warned about such activity as a cause of concern that could possibly lead to insurrection or rebellion and to eliminate the threat of the Guru at the earliest opportunity. Chandra writes that in contrast to this dominating theme in Sikh literature, some pre-modern Sikh accounts had laid the blame on an acrimonious succession dispute: Ram Rai, elder brother of Guru Har Krishan, was held to have instigated Aurangzeb against Tegh Bahadur by suggesting that he prove his spiritual greatness by performing miracles at the Court. Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal Empire. This fresco has since been lost. Scholarly analysis Satish Chandra expresses doubt about the authenticity of these meta-narratives, centered on miracles — Aurangzeb was not a believer in them, according to Chandra. He further expresses doubt pertaining to the narrative of the persecution of Hindus in Kashmir within Sikh accounts, remarking that no contemporary sources mentioned the persecution of Hindus there. Louis E. Fenech refuses to pass any judgement, in light of the paucity of primary sources; however, he notes that these Sikh accounts had coded martyrdom into the events, with an aim to elicit pride rather than trauma in readers. He further argues that Tegh Bahadur sacrificed himself for the sake of his own faith, saying that the janju and tilak mentioned in a passage in the Bachittar Natak refer to Tegh Bahadur's own sacred thread and frontal mark. Barbara Metcalf notes that Tegh Bahadur's familial ties to Dara Shikoh (Aurangzeb summoned both Guru Har Rai and later Guru Har Krishan to his court to account for their rumored support to Shikoh), along with his proselytization and being a military organizer, invoked both political and Islamic justifications for the execution.Aurangzeb sitting on his throne, receiving the news of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Guru’s companions, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dayala Das at Delhi’s Chandi Chowk. Painting by Basahatullah, court painter of the Maharaja of Nabha, circa 19th century. Legacy and memorials Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, Delhi Guru Tegh Bahadur composed 116 hymns in 15 ragas (musical measures), and these were included in the Guru Granth Sahib (pages 219–1427) by his son, Guru Gobind Singh. They cover a wide range of spiritual topics, including human attachments, the body, the mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death, and deliverance. Guru Tegh Bahadur built the city of Anandpur Sahib and was responsible for saving a faction of Kashmiri Pandits, who were being persecuted by the Mughals. After the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a number of Sikh gurudwaras were built in his and his associates' memory. The Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, was built over where he was beheaded. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, also in Delhi, is built where one of Guru Tegh Bahadur's disciples burned his house down to cremate the Guru's body. Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib in Punjab marks the site where, in November 1675, the head of the martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated after being brought there by Bhai Jaita (renamed Bhai Jiwan Singh according to Sikh rites) in defiance of the Mughal authority of Aurangzeb. The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur hardened the resolve of Sikhs against Muslim rule and persecution. Pashaura Singh states that "if the martyrdom of Guru Arjan had helped bring the Sikh Panth together, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom helped to make the protection of human rights central to its Sikh identity". Wilfred Smith stated that "the attempt to forcibly convert the ninth Guru to an externalized, impersonal Islam clearly made an indelible impression on the martyr's nine-year-old son, Gobind, who reacted slowly but deliberately by eventually organizing the Sikh group into a distinct, formal, symbol-patterned community". It inaugurated the Khalsa identity. In one of his poetic works, the classical Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah, referred to Guru Tegh Bahadur as "Ghazi", an honorific title for a warrior. In India, 24 November is observed as Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day (Shaheedi Diwas). In certain parts of India, this day of the year is a public holiday. Guru Tegh Bahadur is remembered for giving up his life to protect the freedom of the oppressed to practice their own religion. Gallery Guru Tegh Bahadur, fresco from Qila Mubarak. Portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Pahari style. 18th century painting of Guru Tegh Bahadur. 19th century painting depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur. Guru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting. Gouache on paper. Guru Tegh Bahadur painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler. Portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur from the last quarter of the 19th century. Notes ^ The authorship is disputed. While W. H. McLeod considered the work to be Guru Gobind Singh's, Gurinder Singh Mann and Purnima Dhavan concluded it to be the work of multiple court poets; there is a rough consensus to date the text. ^ Ghulam Muhiuddin Bute Shah in his Tarikh- i-Punjab reiterates this narrative. References ^ a b c Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–245, 444–446, Quote: "This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." Quote: "This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri Pandits came seeking protection from Aurangzeb's army.". ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. ^ Gill, Sarjit S., and Charanjit Kaur (2008), "Gurdwara and its politics: Current debate on Sikh identity in Malaysia", SARI: Journal Alam dan Tamadun Melayu, Vol. 26 (2008), pages 243–255, Quote: "Guru Tegh Bahadur died in order to protect the freedom of India from invading Mughals." ^ a b c d e f Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 653–91. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5. ^ Singh, Harmeet Shah (21 April 2022). "Explained - The legacy of Guru Teg Bahadar and its revisionism". India Today. Take for instance, the description of Guru Teg Bahadar as 'Hind di Chadar' in present-day parlance and 'Dharam di Chadar' some 100 years ago. That appears to be a departure from how he was originally described in contemporaneous poetic texts after his execution in 1675. Chandra Sain Sainapati was a court poet of Guru Gobind Singh, the son of Guru Teg Bahadar. In his composition called Sri Gur Sobha, Sainapati described the martyred Guru as 'Srisht ki Chadar', or the protector of humanity. 'Pargat Bhae Gur Teg Bahadar, Sagal Srisht Pe Dhaapi Chadar,' the poet wrote, meaning 'Guru Tegh Bahadar was revealed, and protected the whole creation.' ^ W. H. McLeod (1984). Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780719010637. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2013. ^ "The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)". sikhs.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2014. ^ a b c "Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016. ^ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2017.;Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (1). American Oriental Society: 20–31. doi:10.2307/606726. JSTOR 606726.;Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4). American Oriental Society: 623–642. doi:10.2307/606445. JSTOR 606445.;McLeod, Hew (1999). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (sup001). Taylor & Francis: 155–165. doi:10.1080/00856408708723379. ISSN 0085-6401. ^ a b H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2016. ^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017. ^ a b William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2016. ^ a b Bhatia, H.S.; Bakshi, S.R. (2000). The Sikh Gurus and Sikhism. Deep & Deep Publications. ISBN 8176291307. ^ McLeod, W. H. (24 July 2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6. ^ Smith, Bonnie (2008). The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volume 2. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9. ^ H.S. Singha (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-81-7010-245-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2018. ^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 621–22. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5. ^ a b Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2. ^ Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. ^ Singh, Fauja; Talib, Gurbachan Singh (1975). Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyr and Teacher. Punjabi University. pp. 24–26. ^ H.R. Gupta (1994). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469–1708. Vol. 1. p. 188. ISBN 9788121502764. ^ a b Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur : testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 37–41. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2. ^ Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. pp. 139–40. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. ^ a b Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 187–89. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2. ^ Pruthi, Raj (2004). Sikhism and Indian civilization. Discovery Publishing House. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-7141-879-4. ^ Gobind Singh (Translated by Navtej Sarna) (2011). Zafarnama. Penguin Books. pp. xviii–xix. ISBN 978-0-670-08556-9. ^ Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2. ^ Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. ^ Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 121–24. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2. ^ Jerryson, Michael (2020). Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World . p. 684. ISBN 9781440859915. ^ a b Singh, Trilochan (1967). "Chapter XXII". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. pp. 293–300. ^ a b c d J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0. ^ Purnima Dhavan (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 33, 36–37. ISBN 978-0-19-987717-1. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018. ^ Pashaura Singh (2014). Louis E. Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018. ^ a b c Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4): 633. doi:10.2307/606445. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 606445. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017. ^ a b Grewal, J. S. (2020). "New Perspectives and Sources". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780199494941. ^ Doniger, Wendy; Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2015). Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-19-539553-2. ^ a b Singh, Surinder (2022). Medieval Panjab in Transition Authority, Resistance and Spirituality C.1500 – C.1700. Routledge. p. 384. ISBN 9781000609448. ^ Singh, Trilochan (1967). "Chapter XXIV". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. p. 311. ^ a b c d e f g Chandra, Satish. "Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 February 2002. Retrieved 20 October 2016. ^ Grewal, J.S. (2001). Sikh History From Persian Sources. Indian History Congress. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-81-89487-18-8. Most of the non Sikh sources mention Guru Tegh Bahadur's militancy as the reason for Aurangzeb's action. By contrast, the Sikh sources dwell exclusively on the religious dimension of the situation. ^ Chandavarkar, Rajnayaran (3 September 2009). History, Culture and the Indian City. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-139-48044-4. In another, the historian Satish Chandra pointed out that the 'official explanation' for the execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur by the Mughal court was that he had 'resorted to plunder and rapine'. ^ "Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin – Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021. ^ Dogra, R. C. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Vikas Pub. House. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-7069-8368-5. ^ a b Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. ^ Truschke, Audrey (16 May 2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5. ^ Grewal 2001, p. 105. ^ Grewal 2001, p. 110. ^ Grewal 2001, p. 13. ^ Mir, Farina (2010). The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 207–37. ISBN 978-0-520-26269-0. ^ Fenech, Louis E. (2013). "The Historiography of the Ẓafar-nāmah". The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780199931439. ^ Grewal, J. S. (2020). "New Perspectives and Sources". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199494941. Fenech argues that the twentieth-century Tat Khalsa wrongly treated the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur as a sacrifice to save Hinduism. In his view, the tilak and janju in the passage under consideration refer to the frontal mark and the sacred thread of Guru Tegh Bahadur himself. In other words, Guru Tegh Bahadur sacrificed his life for the sake of his own faith. ^ Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2002). A Concise History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3. ^ Tegh Bahadur (Translated by Gopal Singh) (2005). Mahalla nawan: compositions of Guru Tegh Bahādur-the ninth guru (from Sri Guru Granth Sahib): Bāṇī Gurū Tega Bahādara. Allied Publishers. pp. xxviii–xxxiii, 15–27. ISBN 978-81-7764-897-3. ^ Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2. ^ "Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day 2022: 8 powerful quotes by the ninth Sikh Guru". Hindustan Times. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022. ^ SK Chatterji (1975), Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Sis Ganj Gurdwara, Sikh Review, 23(264): 100–09 ^ a b John, Rachel (24 November 2019). "Guru Tegh Bahadur — the ninth Sikh guru who sacrificed himself for religious freedom". ThePrint. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ Harbans Singh (1992), "History of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib", in Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume 1, pg. 547 ^ Wilfred Smith (1981). On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies. Walter De Gruyter. p. 191. ISBN 978-9027934482. ^ Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? (2015). Sufi lyrics. C. Shackle, Inc OverDrive. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-0-674-25966-9. OCLC 1240164691.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ NEWS, SA (24 November 2022). "Guru Tegh Bahadur Martyrdom Day 2022: Revelation From Guru Granth Sahib Ji". SA News Channel. Retrieved 24 November 2022. ^ "Letter from Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, U.T." (PDF). Dnh.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016. ^ "LIST OF RESTRICTED HOLIDAYS 2016". Arunachalipr.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016. ^ "HP Government – Holidays – Government of Himachal Pradesh, India". Himachal.nic.in. 13 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Guru Tegh Bahadur. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Teg_bahadur_ji.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Gurmukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi"},{"link_name":"[gʊɾuː t̯eːɣ bəɦaːd̯ʊɾᵊ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gurus"},{"link_name":"Sikh religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"beheading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"Guru Hargobind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Hargobind_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcgtb-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fenech4-9"},{"link_name":"Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Rakab_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singharakab-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nesbitt122-11"}],"text":"Ninth Sikh guru from 1665 to 1675Interior view of Gurdwara Sis Ganj SahibGuru Tegh Bahadur (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ (Gurmukhi); Punjabi pronunciation: [gʊɾuː t̯eːɣ bəɦaːd̯ʊɾᵊ]; 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675)[6][7] was the ninth of ten gurus who founded the Sikh religion and was the leader of Sikhs from 1665 until his beheading in 1675. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India in 1621 and was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru. Considered a principled and fearless warrior, he was a learned spiritual scholar and a poet whose 115 hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the main text of Sikhism.Tegh Bahadur was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, in Delhi, India.[3][8][9] Sikh holy premises Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of Guru Tegh Bahadur.[10] His day of martyrdom (Shaheedi Divas) is commemorated in India every year on 24 November.[11]","title":"Guru Tegh Bahadur"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"Sodhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodhi"},{"link_name":"Khatris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kartarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kartarpur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"horsemanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsemanship"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Upanishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Gujri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Gujri"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bakala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Bakala"},{"link_name":"Amritsar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_district"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gandhi621-17"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Guru Tegh Bahadur was born Tyag Mal (Tīāg Mal) (Punjabi: ਤਿਆਗ ਮਲ) in Amritsar on 1 April 1621. He was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru.[12][13]: 27  His family belonged to the Sodhi clan of Khatris. Hargobind had one daughter, Bibi Viro, and five sons: Baba Gurditta, Suraj Mal, Ani Rai, Atal Rai, and Tyag Mal.[14] He gave Tyag Mal the name Tegh Bahadur (Brave Sword) after Tyag Mal showed valor in the Battle of Kartarpur against the Mughals.[12]Tegh Bahadur was brought up in the Sikh culture and trained in archery and horsemanship. He was also taught the old classics such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Puranas. He was married on 3 February 1632 to Gujri.[15][16]In the 1640s, nearing his death, Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki moved to his ancestral village of Bakala in Amritsar district, together with Tegh Bahadur and Gujri. After Hargobind's death, Tegh Bahadur continued to live in Bakala with his wife and mother.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guru Har Krishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk1992-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hss2000-19"},{"link_name":"Makhan Shah Labana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhan_Shah_Labana"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk1992-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Guru Arjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk37-22"}],"sub_title":"Installation as Guru of Sikhs","text":"In March 1664, Guru Har Krishan contracted smallpox. When his followers asked who would lead them after him, he said, \"Baba Bakala\", meaning his successor was to be found in Bakala. Taking advantage of the ambiguity in the words of the dying guru, many installed themselves in Bakala, claiming to be the new guru. Sikhs were puzzled to see so many claimants.[18][19]Sikh tradition has a legend about how Tegh Bahadur was selected as the ninth guru. A wealthy trader named Makhan Shah Labana had vowed to give 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru upon escaping a shipwreck some time ago, and he came to Bakala in search of the ninth guru. He met each claimant he could find, making his obeisance and offering them two gold coins in the belief that the right guru would know of his silent promise to give them 500 coins. Every \"guru\" he met accepted the two gold coins and bid him farewell. Then he discovered that Tegh Bahadur also lived at Bakala. Makhan Shah gave Tegh Bahadur the usual offering of two gold coins. Tegh Bahadur blessed him and remarked that his offering was short of the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah made good the difference and ran upstairs. He began shouting from the rooftop, \"Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re\", meaning \"I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru\".[18]In August 1664, a Sikh congregation led by Diwan Dargha Mal, son of a well-known devotee of Har Krishan, arrived in Bakala and appointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs.[20]As had been the custom among Sikhs after the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armed bodyguards,[21] but he otherwise lived an austere life.[22]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps189-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rp88-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsxviii-26"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"link_name":"Dhubri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubri"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Sri_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps189-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Bilaspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"rupees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupees"},{"link_name":"Anandpur Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcgtb-8"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"non-Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafir"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Journeys","text":"Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, including Dhaka and Assam, to preach the teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh guru. The places he visited and stayed in became sites of Sikh temples.[23] During his travels, he started a number of community water wells and langars (community kitchens for the poor).[24][25]Tegh Bahadur visited the towns of Mathura, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi.[26] His son, Guru Gobind Singh, who would be the tenth Sikh guru, was born in Patna in 1666 while he was away in Dhubri, Assam, where the Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib now stands. There he helped end the war between Raja Ram Singh of Bengal and Raja Chakardwaj of Ahom state (later Assam).[24][27]After his visit to Assam, Bengal, and Bihar, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Rani Champa of Bilaspur, who offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state. The Guru bought the site for 500 rupees. There, he founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the foothills of the Himalayas.[8][28] In 1672, Tegh Bahadur traveled in and around the Malwa region to meet the masses as the persecution of non-Muslims reached new heights.[29]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Anandpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Iftikhar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar_Khan_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-31"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Amarnath shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnath_Temple"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-31"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindus"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-32"},{"link_name":"Bhai Mati Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Mati_Das"},{"link_name":"Bhai Dayal Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Dayala"},{"link_name":"Bhai Sati Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Sati_Das"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-32"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p236-34"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"}],"sub_title":"Narrative","text":"Many scholars identify the traditional Sikh narrative as follows: A congregation of Hindu Pandits from Kashmir requested help against Aurangzeb's oppressive policies, and Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to protect their rights.[30] According to Trilochan Singh in Guru Tegh Bahadur: Prophet and Martyr, the convoy of Kashmiri Pandits who tearfully pleaded with the Guru at Anandpur were 500 in number and were led by a certain Pandit Kirpa Ram, who recounted tales of religious oppression under the governorship of Iftikhar Khan.[31] The Kashmiri Pandits decided to meet with the Guru after they first sought the assistance of Shiva at the Amarnath shrine, where one of them is said to have had a dream where Shiva instructed the Pandits to seek out the ninth Sikh guru for assistance in their plight and hence a group was formed for carrying out the task.[31] Guru Tegh Bahadur left from his base at Makhowal to confront the persecution of Kashmiri Pandits by Mughal officials but was arrested at Ropar and put to jail in Sirhind.[32][33] Four months later, in November 1675, he was transferred to Delhi and asked to perform a miracle to prove his nearness to God or convert to Islam.[32] The Guru declined, and three of his colleagues, who had been arrested with him, were tortured to death in front of him: Bhai Mati Das was sawn in two, Bhai Dayal Das was thrown into a cauldron of boiling liquid, and Bhai Sati Das was cut into pieces.[32][13]: 48  Thereafter on 11 November, Tegh Bahadur was publicly beheaded in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort.[32][34][3]","title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_depicting_the_execution_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chandni Chowk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni_Chowk"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_is_brought_to_Anandpur_by_Sikhs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bachittar Natak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachittar_Natak"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Satish Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Husain Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Hussain_Khan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"Alivardi Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alivardi_Khan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ha-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal2001105-48"},{"link_name":"Padshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padishah"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal2001110-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal200113-50"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"Guru Har Krishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_mural_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai_depicting_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Guru_Gobind_Singh_receiving_a_delegation_of_Kashmiri_Pandits_whom_petition_their_help_against_religious_persecution.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Historiography","text":"Painting depicting the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in Chandni Chowk, Delhi.Fresco art depicting head of Guru Tegh Bahadar being brought to Anandpur by SikhsThe primary nucleus of Sikh narratives remains the Bachittar Natak, a memoir of Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur's son, dated between late 1680s and late 1690s.[35][36][37][a] \nGuru Tegh Bahadur's son and successor recalled the Guru's execution:[38][39]In this dark age, Tegh Bahadur performed a great act of chivalry (saka) for the sake of the frontal mark and sacred thread. He offered all he had for the holy. He gave up his head, but did not utter a sigh. He suffered martyrdom for the sake of religion. He laid down his head, but not his honor. Real men of God do not perform tricks like showmen. Having broken the pitcher on the head of the Emperor of Delhi, he departed to the world of God. No one has ever performed a deed like him. At his departure, the whole world mourned, while the heavens hailed it as a victory.— Guru Gobind Singh, Bachittar Natak: Apni KathaMore Sikh accounts of Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution, all claiming to be sourced from the \"testimony of trustworthy Sikhs\", only started emerging in around the late eighteenth century, and are thus, often conflicting, according to historian Satish Chandra.[40]Persian and non Sikh sources[41] maintain that the Guru was a bandit[35] whose plunder and rapine of Punjab along with his rebellious activities precipitated his execution.[42] According to Chandra, the earliest Persian source to chronicle his execution is Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin by Ghulam Husain Khan c. 1782, where Tegh Bahadur's (alleged) oppression of subjects is held to have incurred Aurangzeb's wrath:[40]Tegh Bahadur, the eighth successor of (Guru) Nanak became a man of authority with a large number of followers. (In fact) several thousand persons used to accompany him as he moved from place to place. His contemporary Hafiz Adam, a faqir belonging to the group of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi's followers, had also come to have a large number of murids and followers. Both these men (Guru Tegh Bahadur and Hafiz Adam) used to move about in Punjab, adopting a habit of coercion and extortion. Tegh Bahadur used to collect money from Hindus and Hafiz Adam from Muslims. The royal waqia navis (news reporter and intelligence agent) wrote to the Emperor Alamgir [Aurangzeb]... of their manner of activity, adding that if their authority increased they could become even refractory.— Ghulam Husain, Siyar-ul-MutakhkherinChandra cautions against taking Ghulam Husain's argument at face value, as Ghulam Husain was a relative of Alivardi Khan — one of the closest confidantes of Aurangzeb — and might have been providing an \"official justification\".[40][43] Also, the Guru's alleged association with Hafiz Adam is anachronistic. Chandra further writes that Ghulam Husain's account places Guru Tegh Bahadur's confinement and execution in Lahore, while Sikh tradition places it in Delhi, and Chandra finds no reason to reject said tradition.[40]The Sikh sakhis (traditional accounts)[44] written during the eighteenth century indirectly support the narrative in the Persian sources, saying that \"the Guru was in violent opposition to the Muslim rulers of the country\" in response to the dogmatic policies implemented by Aurangzeb.[45] Both Persian and Sikh sources agree that Guru Tegh Bahadur militarily opposed the Mughal state and was therefore targeted for execution in accordance with Aurangzeb's zeal for punishing enemies of the state.[46]Bhimsen, a contemporary chronicler of Guru Gobind Singh, wrote (c.1708)[47] that the successors of Guru Nanak maintained extravagant lifestyles, and some of them, including Tegh Bahadur, rebelled against the state: Tegh Bahadur proclaimed himself Padshah and acquired a large following, as a result, Aurangzeb had him executed. Muhammad Qasim's Ibratnama, written in 1723,[48] claimed Tegh Bahadur's religious inclinations along with his life of splendor and conferral of sovereignty by his followers had him condemned and executed.[49]Chronicler Sohan Lal Suri, the court historian of Ranjit Singh, in his magisterial Umdat ut Tawarikh (c. 1805) chose to reiterate Ghulam Husain Khan's argument at large: he states that the Guru gained thousands of followers of soldiers and horsemen during his travels between 1672 and 1673 in southern Punjab, essentially having a nomadic army, and provided shelter to rebels who were resistant to Mughal representatives. Aurangzeb was warned about such activity as a cause of concern that could possibly lead to insurrection or rebellion and to eliminate the threat of the Guru at the earliest opportunity.[38][40]Chandra writes that in contrast to this dominating theme in Sikh literature, some pre-modern Sikh accounts had laid the blame on an acrimonious succession dispute: Ram Rai, elder brother of Guru Har Krishan, was held to have instigated Aurangzeb against Tegh Bahadur by suggesting that he prove his spiritual greatness by performing miracles at the Court.[40][b]Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal Empire. This fresco has since been lost.","title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ha-46"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Barbara Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurangzeb_sitting_on_his_throne,_receiving_the_news_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_and_the_Guru%E2%80%99s_companions,_Bhai_Mati_Das_and_Bhai_Dayala_Das_at_Delhi%E2%80%99s_Chandi_Chowk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Bhai Mati Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Mati_Das"},{"link_name":"Bhai Dayala Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Dayala"},{"link_name":"Chandi Chowk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni_Chowk"},{"link_name":"Maharaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"},{"link_name":"Nabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabha_State"}],"sub_title":"Scholarly analysis","text":"Satish Chandra expresses doubt about the authenticity of these meta-narratives, centered on miracles — Aurangzeb was not a believer in them, according to Chandra. He further expresses doubt pertaining to the narrative of the persecution of Hindus in Kashmir within Sikh accounts, remarking that no contemporary sources mentioned the persecution of Hindus there.[45][40][50]Louis E. Fenech refuses to pass any judgement, in light of the paucity of primary sources; however, he notes that these Sikh accounts had coded martyrdom into the events, with an aim to elicit pride rather than trauma in readers. He further argues that Tegh Bahadur sacrificed himself for the sake of his own faith, saying that the janju and tilak mentioned in a passage in the Bachittar Natak refer to Tegh Bahadur's own sacred thread and frontal mark.[35][51][52]Barbara Metcalf notes that Tegh Bahadur's familial ties to Dara Shikoh (Aurangzeb summoned both Guru Har Rai and later Guru Har Krishan to his court to account for their rumored support to Shikoh), along with his proselytization and being a military organizer, invoked both political and Islamic justifications for the execution.[53]Aurangzeb sitting on his throne, receiving the news of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Guru’s companions, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dayala Das at Delhi’s Chandi Chowk. Painting by Basahatullah, court painter of the Maharaja of Nabha, circa 19th century.","title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Rakabganj_Sahib,_Delhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Rakab_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"ragas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk37-22"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahalla-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pslf-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"},{"link_name":"gurudwaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudwaras"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Chandni Chowk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni_Chowk"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skc-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-60"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Rakab_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singharakab-10"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-60"},{"link_name":"Bhai Jiwan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Jiwan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Sikh rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_rites"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Guru Arjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws1981-62"},{"link_name":"Bulleh Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleh_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pslf-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcgtb-8"}],"text":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, DelhiGuru Tegh Bahadur composed 116 hymns in 15 ragas (musical measures),[22] and these were included in the Guru Granth Sahib (pages 219–1427) by his son, Guru Gobind Singh.[54][55] They cover a wide range of spiritual topics, including human attachments, the body, the mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death, and deliverance.[56]Guru Tegh Bahadur built the city of Anandpur Sahib and was responsible for saving a faction of Kashmiri Pandits, who were being persecuted by the Mughals.[1][3]After the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a number of Sikh gurudwaras were built in his and his associates' memory. The Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, was built over where he was beheaded.[57][58] Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, also in Delhi, is built where one of Guru Tegh Bahadur's disciples burned his house down to cremate the Guru's body.[10][58]Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib in Punjab marks the site where, in November 1675, the head of the martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated after being brought there by Bhai Jaita (renamed Bhai Jiwan Singh according to Sikh rites) in defiance of the Mughal authority of Aurangzeb.[59]The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur hardened the resolve of Sikhs against Muslim rule and persecution. Pashaura Singh states that \"if the martyrdom of Guru Arjan had helped bring the Sikh Panth together, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom helped to make the protection of human rights central to its Sikh identity\".[3] Wilfred Smith stated that \"the attempt to forcibly convert the ninth Guru to an externalized, impersonal Islam clearly made an indelible impression on the martyr's nine-year-old son, Gobind, who reacted slowly but deliberately by eventually organizing the Sikh group into a distinct, formal, symbol-patterned community\". It inaugurated the Khalsa identity.[60]In one of his poetic works, the classical Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah, referred to Guru Tegh Bahadur as \"Ghazi\", an honorific title for a warrior.[61]In India, 24 November is observed as Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day (Shaheedi Diwas).[62] In certain parts of India, this day of the year is a public holiday.[63][64][65] Guru Tegh Bahadur is remembered for giving up his life to protect the freedom of the oppressed to practice their own religion.[1][3][8]","title":"Legacy and memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadur,_fresco_from_Qila_Mubarak.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_in_the_Pahari_style.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadur,_the_Ninth_Sikh_Guru.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_19th_century_painting_depicting_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadur,_Pahari_painting.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg"}],"text":"Guru Tegh Bahadur, fresco from Qila Mubarak.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Pahari style.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t18th century painting of Guru Tegh Bahadur.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t19th century painting depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting. Gouache on paper.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuru Tegh Bahadur painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur from the last quarter of the 19th century.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"W. H. McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._McLeod"},{"link_name":"Gurinder Singh Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurinder_Singh_Mann"},{"link_name":"Purnima Dhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnima_Dhavan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"}],"text":"^ The authorship is disputed. While W. H. McLeod considered the work to be Guru Gobind Singh's, Gurinder Singh Mann and Purnima Dhavan concluded it to be the work of multiple court poets; there is a rough consensus to date the text.[36]\n\n^ Ghulam Muhiuddin Bute Shah in his Tarikh- i-Punjab reiterates this narrative.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Interior view of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Guru_Teg_bahadur_ji.jpg/231px-Guru_Teg_bahadur_ji.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painting depicting the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in Chandni Chowk, Delhi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Painting_depicting_the_execution_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg/220px-Painting_depicting_the_execution_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fresco art depicting head of Guru Tegh Bahadar being brought to Anandpur by Sikhs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Head_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_is_brought_to_Anandpur_by_Sikhs.jpg/220px-Head_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_is_brought_to_Anandpur_by_Sikhs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal Empire. This fresco has since been lost.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Detail_of_a_mural_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai_depicting_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Guru_Gobind_Singh_receiving_a_delegation_of_Kashmiri_Pandits_whom_petition_their_help_against_religious_persecution.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aurangzeb sitting on his throne, receiving the news of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Guru’s companions, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dayala Das at Delhi’s Chandi Chowk. Painting by Basahatullah, court painter of the Maharaja of Nabha, circa 19th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aurangzeb_sitting_on_his_throne%2C_receiving_the_news_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_and_the_Guru%E2%80%99s_companions%2C_Bhai_Mati_Das_and_Bhai_Dayala_Das_at_Delhi%E2%80%99s_Chandi_Chowk.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, Delhi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gurdwara_Rakabganj_Sahib%2C_Delhi.jpg/300px-Gurdwara_Rakabganj_Sahib%2C_Delhi.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–245, 444–446, Quote: \"This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity.\" Quote: \"This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri Pandits came seeking protection from Aurangzeb's army.\". ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8","url_text":"978-0-19-969930-8"}]},{"reference":"Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9","url_text":"978-0-415-66744-9"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 653–91. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5","url_text":"978-81-269-0858-5"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Harmeet Shah (21 April 2022). \"Explained - The legacy of Guru Teg Bahadar and its revisionism\". India Today. Take for instance, the description of Guru Teg Bahadar as 'Hind di Chadar' in present-day parlance and 'Dharam di Chadar' some 100 years ago. That appears to be a departure from how he was originally described in contemporaneous poetic texts after his execution in 1675. Chandra Sain Sainapati was a court poet of Guru Gobind Singh, the son of Guru Teg Bahadar. In his composition called Sri Gur Sobha, Sainapati described the martyred Guru as 'Srisht ki Chadar', or the protector of humanity. 'Pargat Bhae Gur Teg Bahadar, Sagal Srisht Pe Dhaapi Chadar,' the poet wrote, meaning 'Guru Tegh Bahadar was revealed, and protected the whole creation.'","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/legacy-guru-teg-bahadar-sikh-guru-1940109-2022-04-21","url_text":"\"Explained - The legacy of Guru Teg Bahadar and its revisionism\""}]},{"reference":"W. H. McLeod (1984). Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780719010637. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719010637","url_text":"9780719010637"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)\". sikhs.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sikhs.org/guru9.htm","url_text":"\"The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107050930/http://www.sikhs.org/guru9.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur\". BBC. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml","url_text":"\"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170414075330/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8","url_text":"978-0-19-969930-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504190932/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fenech, Louis E. (2001). \"Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (1). American Oriental Society: 20–31. doi:10.2307/606726. JSTOR 606726.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606726","url_text":"10.2307/606726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606726","url_text":"606726"}]},{"reference":"Fenech, Louis E. (1997). \"Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4). American Oriental Society: 623–642. doi:10.2307/606445. JSTOR 606445.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606445","url_text":"10.2307/606445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445","url_text":"606445"}]},{"reference":"McLeod, Hew (1999). \"Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab\". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (sup001). Taylor & Francis: 155–165. doi:10.1080/00856408708723379. ISSN 0085-6401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856408708723379","url_text":"10.1080/00856408708723379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401","url_text":"0085-6401"}]},{"reference":"H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1","url_text":"978-81-7010-301-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920113541/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0","url_text":"978-0-19-874557-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170309075522/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA34","url_text":"The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4","url_text":"978-1-898723-13-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200528230214/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA34%2F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bhatia, H.S.; Bakshi, S.R. (2000). The Sikh Gurus and Sikhism. Deep & Deep Publications. ISBN 8176291307.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedichis0000unse_f4o8/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater&q=%22April+1%22","url_text":"The Sikh Gurus and Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8176291307","url_text":"8176291307"}]},{"reference":"McLeod, W. H. (24 July 2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA88","url_text":"The A to Z of Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6","url_text":"978-0-8108-6344-6"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Bonnie (2008). The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volume 2. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/410","url_text":"The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/410","url_text":"410"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514890-9","url_text":"978-0-19-514890-9"}]},{"reference":"H.S. Singha (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-81-7010-245-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA21","url_text":"Sikh Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8","url_text":"978-81-7010-245-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504192024/https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA21","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 621–22. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5","url_text":"978-81-269-0858-5"}]},{"reference":"Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-234-2","url_text":"978-81-7201-234-2"}]},{"reference":"Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1","url_text":"978-81-7010-301-1"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Fauja; Talib, Gurbachan Singh (1975). Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyr and Teacher. Punjabi University. pp. 24–26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"H.R. Gupta (1994). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469–1708. Vol. 1. p. 188. ISBN 9788121502764.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121502764","url_text":"9788121502764"}]},{"reference":"Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur : testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 37–41. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-234-2","url_text":"978-81-7201-234-2"}]},{"reference":"Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. pp. 139–40. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1","url_text":"978-81-7010-301-1"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 187–89. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2","url_text":"978-81-8382-075-2"}]},{"reference":"Pruthi, Raj (2004). Sikhism and Indian civilization. Discovery Publishing House. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-7141-879-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-879-4","url_text":"978-81-7141-879-4"}]},{"reference":"Gobind Singh (Translated by Navtej Sarna) (2011). Zafarnama. Penguin Books. pp. xviii–xix. ISBN 978-0-670-08556-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08556-9","url_text":"978-0-670-08556-9"}]},{"reference":"Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-234-2","url_text":"978-81-7201-234-2"}]},{"reference":"Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1","url_text":"978-81-7010-301-1"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 121–24. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2","url_text":"978-81-8382-075-2"}]},{"reference":"Jerryson, Michael (2020). Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World [2 Volumes]. p. 684. ISBN 9781440859915.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pfjtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA684","url_text":"Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World [2 Volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440859915","url_text":"9781440859915"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Trilochan (1967). \"Chapter XXII\". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. pp. 293–300.","urls":[]},{"reference":"J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew","url_text":"The Sikhs of the Punjab"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/71","url_text":"71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0","url_text":"978-0-521-63764-0"}]},{"reference":"Purnima Dhavan (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 33, 36–37. ISBN 978-0-19-987717-1. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987717-1","url_text":"978-0-19-987717-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504223455/https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pashaura Singh (2014). Louis E. Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7","url_text":"978-0-19-100411-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504171425/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fenech, Louis E. (1997). \"Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4): 633. doi:10.2307/606445. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 606445. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445","url_text":"\"Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606445","url_text":"10.2307/606445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279","url_text":"0003-0279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445","url_text":"606445"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000554/https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grewal, J. S. (2020). \"New Perspectives and Sources\". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780199494941.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199494941","url_text":"9780199494941"}]},{"reference":"Doniger, Wendy; Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2015). Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-19-539553-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FdgWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261","url_text":"Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539553-2","url_text":"978-0-19-539553-2"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Surinder (2022). Medieval Panjab in Transition Authority, Resistance and Spirituality C.1500 – C.1700. Routledge. p. 384. ISBN 9781000609448.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JHVmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT379","url_text":"Medieval Panjab in Transition Authority, Resistance and Spirituality C.1500 – C.1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000609448","url_text":"9781000609448"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Trilochan (1967). \"Chapter XXIV\". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. p. 311.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish. \"Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 February 2002. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020228135707/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/05162524.htm","url_text":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/05162524.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grewal, J.S. (2001). Sikh History From Persian Sources. Indian History Congress. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-81-89487-18-8. Most of the non Sikh sources mention Guru Tegh Bahadur's militancy as the reason for Aurangzeb's action. By contrast, the Sikh sources dwell exclusively on the religious dimension of the situation.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9yj-OwAACAAJ","url_text":"Sikh History From Persian Sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89487-18-8","url_text":"978-81-89487-18-8"}]},{"reference":"Chandavarkar, Rajnayaran (3 September 2009). History, Culture and the Indian City. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-139-48044-4. In another, the historian Satish Chandra pointed out that the 'official explanation' for the execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur by the Mughal court was that he had 'resorted to plunder and rapine'.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yH4hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192","url_text":"History, Culture and the Indian City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48044-4","url_text":"978-1-139-48044-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin – Banglapedia\". en.banglapedia.org. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin","url_text":"\"Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin – Banglapedia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151706/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dogra, R. C. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Vikas Pub. House. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-7069-8368-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-8368-5","url_text":"978-0-7069-8368-5"}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA296","url_text":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9","url_text":"978-81-241-1066-9"}]},{"reference":"Truschke, Audrey (16 May 2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48","url_text":"Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5","url_text":"978-1-5036-0259-5"}]},{"reference":"Mir, Farina (2010). The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 207–37. ISBN 978-0-520-26269-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialspacelangu00mirf","url_text":"The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialspacelangu00mirf/page/n221","url_text":"207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26269-0","url_text":"978-0-520-26269-0"}]},{"reference":"Fenech, Louis E. (2013). \"The Historiography of the Ẓafar-nāmah\". The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780199931439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199931439","url_text":"9780199931439"}]},{"reference":"Grewal, J. S. (2020). \"New Perspectives and Sources\". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199494941. Fenech argues that the twentieth-century Tat Khalsa wrongly treated the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur as a sacrifice to save Hinduism. In his view, the tilak and janju in the passage under consideration refer to the frontal mark and the sacred thread of Guru Tegh Bahadur himself. In other words, Guru Tegh Bahadur sacrificed his life for the sake of his own faith.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199494941","url_text":"9780199494941"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2002). A Concise History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&pg=PA21","url_text":"A Concise History of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63974-3","url_text":"978-0-521-63974-3"}]},{"reference":"Tegh Bahadur (Translated by Gopal Singh) (2005). Mahalla nawan: compositions of Guru Tegh Bahādur-the ninth guru (from Sri Guru Granth Sahib): Bāṇī Gurū Tega Bahādara. Allied Publishers. pp. xxviii–xxxiii, 15–27. ISBN 978-81-7764-897-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-897-3","url_text":"978-81-7764-897-3"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2","url_text":"978-81-8382-075-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day 2022: 8 powerful quotes by the ninth Sikh Guru\". Hindustan Times. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/guru-tegh-bahadur-s-martyrdom-day-2022-8-powerful-quotes-by-the-ninth-sikh-guru-101669217215300.html","url_text":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day 2022: 8 powerful quotes by the ninth Sikh Guru\""}]},{"reference":"John, Rachel (24 November 2019). \"Guru Tegh Bahadur — the ninth Sikh guru who sacrificed himself for religious freedom\". ThePrint. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/guru-tegh-bahadur-the-ninth-sikh-guru-who-sacrificed-himself-for-religious-freedom/324938/","url_text":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur — the ninth Sikh guru who sacrificed himself for religious freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Wilfred Smith (1981). On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies. Walter De Gruyter. p. 191. ISBN 978-9027934482.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingi0000smit/page/191","url_text":"On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingi0000smit/page/191","url_text":"191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027934482","url_text":"978-9027934482"}]},{"reference":"Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? (2015). Sufi lyrics. C. Shackle, Inc OverDrive. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-0-674-25966-9. OCLC 1240164691.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240164691","url_text":"Sufi lyrics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25966-9","url_text":"978-0-674-25966-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240164691","url_text":"1240164691"}]},{"reference":"NEWS, SA (24 November 2022). \"Guru Tegh Bahadur Martyrdom Day 2022: Revelation From Guru Granth Sahib Ji\". SA News Channel. Retrieved 24 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/guru-tegh-bahadur-martyrdom-day/","url_text":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur Martyrdom Day 2022: Revelation From Guru Granth Sahib Ji\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter from Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, U.T.\" (PDF). Dnh.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806124235/http://www.dnh.nic.in/Docs/14Dec2015/HolidayNotification2016.pdf","url_text":"\"Letter from Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, U.T.\""},{"url":"http://www.dnh.nic.in/Docs/14Dec2015/HolidayNotification2016.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LIST OF RESTRICTED HOLIDAYS 2016\". Arunachalipr.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108090922/http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Restricted.htm","url_text":"\"LIST OF RESTRICTED HOLIDAYS 2016\""},{"url":"http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Restricted.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HP Government – Holidays – Government of Himachal Pradesh, India\". Himachal.nic.in. 13 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/holidays-2016.html","url_text":"\"HP Government – Holidays – Government of Himachal Pradesh, India\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161101172904/http://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/holidays-2016.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Brazilian_Grand_Prix
2009 Brazilian Grand Prix
["1 Background","2 Qualifying report","2.1 Qualifying classification","3 Race report","3.1 Race classification","4 Championship standings after the race","5 References","6 External links"]
2009 Brazilian Grand Prix Race 16 of 17 in the 2009 Formula One World Championship← Previous raceNext race → Race detailsDate 18 October 2009 (2009-10-18)Official name Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2009Location Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, BrazilCourse Permanent racing facilityCourse length 4.309 km (2.677 miles)Distance 71 laps, 305.909 km (190.083 miles)Weather Partially cloudy and dryPole positionDriver Rubens Barrichello Brawn-MercedesTime 1:19.576Fastest lapDriver Mark Webber Red Bull-RenaultTime 1:13.733 on lap 25PodiumFirst Mark Webber Red Bull-RenaultSecond Robert Kubica BMW SauberThird Lewis Hamilton McLaren-Mercedes Lap leaders Motor car race The 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2009) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil on 18 October 2009. It was the sixteenth race of the 2009 Formula One World Championship. The 71-lap race was won by Mark Webber, driving a Red Bull-Renault. Webber took his second victory of the season, and the second of his career, by 7.6 seconds from Robert Kubica in a BMW Sauber, with Lewis Hamilton third in a McLaren-Mercedes. Jenson Button finished fifth in his Brawn-Mercedes to secure his first and only Drivers' Championship, while Brawn GP sealed the Constructors' Championship. Background Local favourite Felipe Massa won the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix for Ferrari as Lewis Hamilton picked up the World Championship for McLaren by overtaking Timo Glock on the last corner of the race for 5th. Massa also won the race in 2006, and was runner-up to teammate Kimi Räikkönen in 2007 as the Finn took the World Championship. The World title had been won at Interlagos for the previous 4 years, with Hamilton, Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso (twice) taking the title. Alonso has never won the Brazilian GP, however, with Juan Pablo Montoya and Massa winning the 2005 and 2006 races respectively. Another former Brazilian Grand Prix winner lining up was Giancarlo Fisichella, who won in 2003. The race has a history of home success, with Massa, Ayrton Senna, Nelson Piquet Sr, Carlos Pace and Emerson Fittipaldi winning. Rubens Barrichello aimed for his first win at Interlagos, hoping to improve on his previous best placing of 3rd in 2004. Massa had targeted a return after injuries sustained in an accident in qualifying in the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix, but this was not possible. Massa instead was given the honour of waving the chequered flag at the end of the race. Championship leader Jenson Button needed to finish within four points of teammate Barrichello to seal the 2009 drivers' title. Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel needed to finish first or second in order to stay in the running for the title fight. In the constructors' standings, Brawn GP required just half a point to be declared champions, while Red Bull Racing needed to finish first and second in both Brazil and Abu Dhabi with Brawn not scoring in either round to take the title for themselves. GP2 driver and Toyota test driver Kamui Kobayashi replaced Toyota's Timo Glock after tests revealed that he had cracked a vertebra in his qualifying accident at the previous race at Suzuka. Tyre supplier Bridgestone selected the medium and supersoft tyres for the Grand Prix weekend. Qualifying report Qualifying was dominated by a tropical storm that would interrupt the session for over an hour, and made the session last 2 hours and 41 minutes, the longest qualifying session in the history of F1. The first session saw the elimination of Giancarlo Fisichella, both McLaren cars and championship contender Sebastian Vettel; Nick Heidfeld joined them as the fifth and final car eliminated. The rains set in after the first session, delaying qualifying until the circuit could be declared safe. Nico Rosberg topped the timing sheets with a lap time of 1:22.828. When the weather had cleared and the cars eventually re-emerged, Rosberg would once again come out on top. The session was almost immediately red-flagged with Vitantonio Liuzzi crashing heavily at the first corner. Unable to set a time, he was subsequently eliminated. Q2 also saw the elimination of championship leader Jenson Button down in fourteenth and behind Jaime Alguersuari, Kamui Kobayashi and Romain Grosjean, the three least-experienced drivers in the field. For the first time since the knockout qualifying system was introduced, the third and final ten-minute session was contested by drivers from nine of the ten teams, the only exclusion being McLaren, with both Hamilton and Kovalainen having been knocked out in the first session; Williams were the only team to field two cars in the final session. Jenson Button's closest championship rival and teammate Rubens Barrichello took his first pole since the 2004 Brazilian Grand Prix at the same track, on a drying circuit with a 1:19.576, but the release of the post-qualifying car weights revealed him to be the lightest car on the grid. It would also be his final pole and also the last pole for his team. Qualifying classification Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡" Pos. No. Driver Constructor Qualifying times Finalgrid Q1 Q2 Q3 1 23 Rubens Barrichello Brawn-Mercedes 1:24.100 1:21.659 1:19.576 1 2 14 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 1:24.722 1:20.803 1:19.668 2 3 20 Adrian Sutil Force India-Mercedes 1:24.447 1:20.753 1:19.912 3 4 9 Jarno Trulli Toyota 1:24.621 1:20.635 1:20.097 4 5 4‡ Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 1:23.047 1:21.378 1:20.168 5 6 12 Sébastien Buemi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:24.591 1:20.701 1:20.250 6 7 16 Nico Rosberg Williams-Toyota 1:22.828 1:20.368 1:20.326 7 8 5 Robert Kubica BMW Sauber 1:23.072 1:21.147 1:20.631 8 9 17 Kazuki Nakajima Williams-Toyota 1:23.161 1:20.427 1:20.674 9 10 7 Fernando Alonso Renault 1:24.842 1:21.657 1:21.422 10 11 10 Kamui Kobayashi Toyota 1:24.335 1:21.960 N/A 11 12 11 Jaime Alguersuari Toro Rosso-Ferrari 1:24.773 1:22.231 N/A 12 13 8 Romain Grosjean Renault 1:24.394 1:22.477 N/A 13 14 22 Jenson Button Brawn-Mercedes 1:24.297 1:22.504 N/A 14 15 21 Vitantonio Liuzzi Force India-Mercedes 1:24.645 No time N/A 201 16 15 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull-Renault 1:25.009 N/A N/A 15 17 2‡ Heikki Kovalainen McLaren-Mercedes 1:25.052 N/A N/A 16 18 1‡ Lewis Hamilton McLaren-Mercedes 1:25.192 N/A N/A 17 19 6 Nick Heidfeld BMW Sauber 1:25.515 N/A N/A 18 20 3‡ Giancarlo Fisichella Ferrari 1:40.703 N/A N/A 19 Source: 1.^ – Vitantonio Liuzzi received a five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change. Race report The opening lap was dominated by three separate incidents. Heikki Kovalainen made contact with Sebastian Vettel coming out of the Senna 'S', and while Vettel emerged unscathed, Kovalainen ran out of road and very nearly collected Fisichella, who was forced to go the long way around. The second incident took place just two corners later when Jarno Trulli tangled with Adrian Sutil while trying to make a pass coming out of the fifth corner. Both the Toyota and the Force India were eliminated, with Sutil taking out Fernando Alonso in the process when the Renault driver was unable to avoid his out-of-control Force India, an incident which caused the deployment of the safety car. The third and final incident took place in the pit lane; after his encounter with Vettel, Heikki Kovalainen pitted, followed closely by Kimi Räikkönen, the latter having damaged his front wing after light contact with Mark Webber. Kovalainen was released from his pit while the fuel hose was still attached, taking it with him and with it, a spray of fuel. Räikkönen's exhaust ignited the spilt fuel in a fireball, but no one was injured and both drivers were able to continue once Brawn mechanics extricated the McLaren fuel hose from Kovalainen's car. Pole-sitter Barrichello controlled the first phase of the race, though Mark Webber and Robert Kubica stayed in touch, just two and a half seconds adrift. Aided by the first-lap incidents and the safety car, Button was placed ninth at the end of the first lap. He proceeded to take Grosjean around the outside at Turn 6 and then Nakajima at the first corner once green-flag conditions resumed, before being held up by debutant Kamui Kobayashi. He was heard on the team radio voicing his displeasure at the newcomer's tactics in defending his line. When he finally cleared the Toyota driver, Button was able to build a lead of three and a half seconds on him in a single lap. Barrichello was unable to sustain the pace needed to maintain his lead over Webber, and in the first round of pit stops, the home town driver was passed by the Australian before coming under fire from Robert Kubica. Meanwhile, Lewis Hamilton — having started seventeenth — had pitted on the first lap and removed the softer tyre compound as his team switched him to a one-stop strategy. Other incidents early in the race saw Nick Heidfeld run out of fuel after his fuel-rig malfunctioned, whilst Kobayashi's blocking tactics removed fellow countryman Kazuki Nakajima's front wing, and the Williams driver crashed heavily at the fourth corner. His teammate Nico Rosberg had succumbed to gearbox troubles a few laps earlier. The second stage of the race saw Button leading a group of four one-stopping drivers, with their ultimate success or failures having consequences on the championship standings given Barrichello's position. Both Hamilton and then Vettel successfully leap-frogged Button after Button's second stop and the Briton was caught behind Kovalainen, though a fading Rubens Barrichello was in a position such that had the race ended there and then, Button would still be declared World Champion. Button inherited sixth position when Kovalainen pitted, while Hamilton managed a pass down the inside of Barrichello into the first corner that inadvertently damaged the Brazilian's tyre, causing a puncture and forcing him to pit. He resumed in eighth, with Vettel's fourth placing meaning that, barring a dramatic turn in events, Button would be the 2009 World Champion even if he retired. Mark Webber, who had led unchallenged since the first stops, went on to win the race, with Robert Kubica securing BMW Sauber's first podium since Malaysia. It turned out to be team's last podium. Lewis Hamilton's pass on Barrichello was good enough to net him third place and see McLaren overtake Ferrari for third in the constructors' standings. Sebastian Vettel was fourth when he needed to be first or second to continue the championship fight in Abu Dhabi, while Button's fifth place from fourteenth on the grid was enough for him to secure the 2009 World Championship, becoming the tenth British champion and the first British champion to succeed another since 1969, when Jackie Stewart succeeded Graham Hill as World Champion. He also became the second driver in succession to win a World Championship by finishing fifth in Brazil whilst driving a Mercedes-powered car carrying the number 22. Button used only one chassis over the course of the season (most drivers change chassis several times), having driven it in every practice and qualifying session and race, meaning that he won the World Championship in the oldest car on the grid. Kimi Räikkönen, Sebastien Buemi and Rubens Barrichello rounded out the minor points placings. Felipe Massa was the chequered flag waver in this Grand Prix. The podium trophies were of an unusual three-pronged design and matt-turquoise in colour. They were designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer and were constructed of recycled plastic bottle tops, collected on site over the course of the Grand Prix weekend, and remoulded at the site's plastic recycling plant. The initiative is to highlight sponsor Petrobras' green credentials. Race classification Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡" Pos No Driver Constructor Laps Time/Retired Grid Points 1 14 Mark Webber Red Bull-Renault 71 1:32:23.081 2 10 2 5 Robert Kubica BMW Sauber 71 + 7.626 8 8 3 1‡ Lewis Hamilton McLaren-Mercedes 71 + 18.944 17 6 4 15 Sebastian Vettel Red Bull-Renault 71 + 19.652 15 5 5 22 Jenson Button Brawn-Mercedes 71 + 29.005 14 4 6 4‡ Kimi Räikkönen Ferrari 71 + 33.340 5 3 7 12 Sébastien Buemi Toro Rosso-Ferrari 71 + 35.991 6 2 8 23 Rubens Barrichello Brawn-Mercedes 71 + 45.454 1 1 9 10 Kamui Kobayashi Toyota 71 + 1:03.324 11 10 3‡ Giancarlo Fisichella Ferrari 71 + 1:10.665 19 11 21 Vitantonio Liuzzi Force India-Mercedes 71 + 1:11.388 20 12 2‡ Heikki Kovalainen McLaren-Mercedes 71 + 1:13.4992 16 13 8 Romain Grosjean Renault 70 + 1 Lap 13 14 11 Jaime Alguersuari Toro Rosso-Ferrari 70 + 1 Lap 12 Ret 17 Kazuki Nakajima Williams-Toyota 30 Collision 9 Ret 16 Nico Rosberg Williams-Toyota 27 Gearbox 7 Ret 6 Nick Heidfeld BMW Sauber 21 Fuel system 18 Ret 20 Adrian Sutil Force India-Mercedes 0 Collision 3 Ret 9 Jarno Trulli Toyota 0 Collision 4 Ret 7 Fernando Alonso Renault 0 Collision 10 Source: 2.^ – Heikki Kovalainen received a 25-second time penalty for an unsafe release from his first pit stop. Championship standings after the race Drivers' Championship standings Pos. Driver Points 1 Jenson Button* 89 1 2 Sebastian Vettel 74 1 3 Rubens Barrichello 72 4 Mark Webber 61.5 1 5 Lewis Hamilton 49 Source: Constructors' Championship standings Pos. Constructor Points 1 Brawn-Mercedes* 161 2 Red Bull-Renault 135.5 1 3 McLaren-Mercedes 71 1 4 Ferrari 70 5 Toyota 54.5 Source: Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings. Bold text and an asterisk indicates the World Champions. References ^ "Formula 1 Grande Premio Petrobras do Brasil 2009". formula1.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2020. ^ Whyatt, Chris (18 October 2009). "Brilliant Button clinches title". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009. ^ "Massa given home race honour". ITV F1. ITV. 8 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009. ^ Beer, Matt (11 October 2009). "Glock ruled out of Brazilian Grand Prix". Autosport.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2009. ^ "Brazilian GP: Bridgestone preview". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023. ^ "Qualifying – Barrichello rises to the challenge in Brazil". Formula1. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ "Rubens Barrichello - Pole positions". Stats F1. Retrieved 29 September 2021. ^ "2009 Brazilian GP Qualifying Results". formula1.com. Formula One Association. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009. ^ "Liuzzi to get gearbox penalty after Q2 crash". formula1.com. Formula One. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009. ^ Collins, Sam (18 October 2009). "Brawn BGP-001: record breaker". Racecar Engineering. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009. ^ Jonathan Noble (19 October 2009). "Paddock Life: Interlagos edition". Autosport. Haymarket Publishing. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009. ^ "2009 Brazilian GP Race Results". formula1.com. Formula One Association. 18 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009. ^ "2009 Brazilian Grand Prix – Document 48" (PDF). fia.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 18 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009. ^ a b "Brazil 2009 - Championship • STATS F1". www.statsf1.com. Retrieved 13 March 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix. Wikinews has related news: Mark Webber wins 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix, Jenson Button and Brawn wins championship 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix Preview Previous race:2009 Japanese Grand Prix FIA Formula One World Championship2009 season Next race:2009 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix Previous race:2008 Brazilian Grand Prix Brazilian Grand Prix Next race:2010 Brazilian Grand Prix vte« previous Formula One Grands Prix (2000–2009) next »2000 AUS BRA SMR GBR ESP EUR MON CAN FRA AUT GER HUN BEL ITA USA JPN MAL 2001 AUS MAL BRA SMR ESP AUT MON CAN EUR FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA USA JPN 2002 AUS MAL BRA SMR ESP AUT MON CAN EUR GBR FRA GER HUN BEL ITA USA JPN 2003 AUS MAL BRA SMR ESP AUT MON CAN EUR FRA GBR GER HUN ITA USA JPN 2004 AUS MAL BHR SMR ESP MON EUR CAN USA FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA CHN JPN BRA 2005 AUS MAL BHR SMR ESP MON EUR CAN USA FRA GBR GER HUN TUR ITA BEL BRA JPN CHN 2006 BHR MAL AUS SMR EUR ESP MON GBR CAN USA FRA GER HUN TUR ITA CHN JPN BRA 2007 AUS MAL BHR ESP MON CAN USA FRA GBR EUR HUN TUR ITA BEL JPN CHN BRA 2008 AUS MAL BHR ESP TUR MON CAN FRA GBR GER HUN EUR BEL ITA SIN JPN CHN BRA 2009 AUS MAL CHN BHR ESP MON TUR GBR GER HUN EUR BEL ITA SIN JPN BRA ABU
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Autódromo José Carlos Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Pace"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"2009 Formula One World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Mark Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Webber_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_RB5"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Robert Kubica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kubica"},{"link_name":"BMW Sauber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Sauber_F1.09"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_MP4-24"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Brawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawn_GP"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Motor car raceThe 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2009)[1] was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil on 18 October 2009. It was the sixteenth race of the 2009 Formula One World Championship.The 71-lap race was won by Mark Webber, driving a Red Bull-Renault. Webber took his second victory of the season, and the second of his career, by 7.6 seconds from Robert Kubica in a BMW Sauber, with Lewis Hamilton third in a McLaren-Mercedes. Jenson Button finished fifth in his Brawn-Mercedes to secure his first and only Drivers' Championship, while Brawn GP sealed the Constructors' Championship.[2]","title":"2009 Brazilian Grand Prix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felipe Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Massa"},{"link_name":"2008 Brazilian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_(racing)"},{"link_name":"Timo Glock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Glock"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Kimi Räikkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Fernando Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alonso"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2006 races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Fisichella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Ayrton Senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Senna"},{"link_name":"Nelson Piquet Sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquet"},{"link_name":"Carlos Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pace"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Rubens Barrichello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2009 Hungarian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Hungarian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Red Bull's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Vettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel"},{"link_name":"Brawn GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawn_GP"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP2_series"},{"link_name":"Kamui Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Toyota's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)"},{"link_name":"Suzuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bridgestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgestone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Local favourite Felipe Massa won the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix for Ferrari as Lewis Hamilton picked up the World Championship for McLaren by overtaking Timo Glock on the last corner of the race for 5th. Massa also won the race in 2006, and was runner-up to teammate Kimi Räikkönen in 2007 as the Finn took the World Championship. The World title had been won at Interlagos for the previous 4 years, with Hamilton, Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso (twice) taking the title. Alonso has never won the Brazilian GP, however, with Juan Pablo Montoya and Massa winning the 2005 and 2006 races respectively. Another former Brazilian Grand Prix winner lining up was Giancarlo Fisichella, who won in 2003.The race has a history of home success, with Massa, Ayrton Senna, Nelson Piquet Sr, Carlos Pace and Emerson Fittipaldi winning. Rubens Barrichello aimed for his first win at Interlagos, hoping to improve on his previous best placing of 3rd in 2004. Massa had targeted a return after injuries sustained in an accident in qualifying in the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix, but this was not possible. Massa instead was given the honour of waving the chequered flag at the end of the race.[3]Championship leader Jenson Button needed to finish within four points of teammate Barrichello to seal the 2009 drivers' title. Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel needed to finish first or second in order to stay in the running for the title fight. In the constructors' standings, Brawn GP required just half a point to be declared champions, while Red Bull Racing needed to finish first and second in both Brazil and Abu Dhabi with Brawn not scoring in either round to take the title for themselves.GP2 driver and Toyota test driver Kamui Kobayashi replaced Toyota's Timo Glock after tests revealed that he had cracked a vertebra in his qualifying accident at the previous race at Suzuka.[4]Tyre supplier Bridgestone selected the medium and supersoft tyres for the Grand Prix weekend.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Fisichella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Vettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel"},{"link_name":"Nick Heidfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld"},{"link_name":"Nico Rosberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Rosberg"},{"link_name":"Vitantonio Liuzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitantonio_Liuzzi"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Jaime Alguersuari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Alguersuari"},{"link_name":"Kamui Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Romain Grosjean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Grosjean"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Rubens Barrichello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello"},{"link_name":"2004 Brazilian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Qualifying was dominated by a tropical storm that would interrupt the session for over an hour, and made the session last 2 hours and 41 minutes, the longest qualifying session in the history of F1.[6][better source needed] The first session saw the elimination of Giancarlo Fisichella, both McLaren cars and championship contender Sebastian Vettel; Nick Heidfeld joined them as the fifth and final car eliminated. The rains set in after the first session, delaying qualifying until the circuit could be declared safe. Nico Rosberg topped the timing sheets with a lap time of 1:22.828.When the weather had cleared and the cars eventually re-emerged, Rosberg would once again come out on top. The session was almost immediately red-flagged with Vitantonio Liuzzi crashing heavily at the first corner. Unable to set a time, he was subsequently eliminated. Q2 also saw the elimination of championship leader Jenson Button down in fourteenth and behind Jaime Alguersuari, Kamui Kobayashi and Romain Grosjean, the three least-experienced drivers in the field.For the first time since the knockout qualifying system was introduced, the third and final ten-minute session was contested by drivers from nine of the ten teams, the only exclusion being McLaren, with both Hamilton and Kovalainen having been knocked out in the first session; Williams were the only team to field two cars in the final session. Jenson Button's closest championship rival and teammate Rubens Barrichello took his first pole since the 2004 Brazilian Grand Prix[7] at the same track, on a drying circuit with a 1:19.576, but the release of the post-qualifying car weights revealed him to be the lightest car on the grid. It would also be his final pole and also the last pole for his team.","title":"Qualifying report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KERS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake#Kinetic_energy_recovery_systems"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Qualifying classification","text":"Cars that use the KERS system are marked with \"‡\"1.^ – Vitantonio Liuzzi received a five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change.[9]","title":"Qualifying report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Malaysian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oscar Niemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer"},{"link_name":"plastic recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling"},{"link_name":"Petrobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrobras"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The opening lap was dominated by three separate incidents. Heikki Kovalainen made contact with Sebastian Vettel coming out of the Senna 'S', and while Vettel emerged unscathed, Kovalainen ran out of road and very nearly collected Fisichella, who was forced to go the long way around. The second incident took place just two corners later when Jarno Trulli tangled with Adrian Sutil while trying to make a pass coming out of the fifth corner. Both the Toyota and the Force India were eliminated, with Sutil taking out Fernando Alonso in the process when the Renault driver was unable to avoid his out-of-control Force India, an incident which caused the deployment of the safety car. The third and final incident took place in the pit lane; after his encounter with Vettel, Heikki Kovalainen pitted, followed closely by Kimi Räikkönen, the latter having damaged his front wing after light contact with Mark Webber. Kovalainen was released from his pit while the fuel hose was still attached, taking it with him and with it, a spray of fuel. Räikkönen's exhaust ignited the spilt fuel in a fireball, but no one was injured and both drivers were able to continue once Brawn mechanics extricated the McLaren fuel hose from Kovalainen's car.Pole-sitter Barrichello controlled the first phase of the race, though Mark Webber and Robert Kubica stayed in touch, just two and a half seconds adrift. Aided by the first-lap incidents and the safety car, Button was placed ninth at the end of the first lap. He proceeded to take Grosjean around the outside at Turn 6 and then Nakajima at the first corner once green-flag conditions resumed, before being held up by debutant Kamui Kobayashi. He was heard on the team radio voicing his displeasure at the newcomer's tactics in defending his line. When he finally cleared the Toyota driver, Button was able to build a lead of three and a half seconds on him in a single lap.Barrichello was unable to sustain the pace needed to maintain his lead over Webber, and in the first round of pit stops, the home town driver was passed by the Australian before coming under fire from Robert Kubica. Meanwhile, Lewis Hamilton — having started seventeenth — had pitted on the first lap and removed the softer tyre compound as his team switched him to a one-stop strategy. Other incidents early in the race saw Nick Heidfeld run out of fuel after his fuel-rig malfunctioned, whilst Kobayashi's blocking tactics removed fellow countryman Kazuki Nakajima's front wing, and the Williams driver crashed heavily at the fourth corner. His teammate Nico Rosberg had succumbed to gearbox troubles a few laps earlier.The second stage of the race saw Button leading a group of four one-stopping drivers, with their ultimate success or failures having consequences on the championship standings given Barrichello's position. Both Hamilton and then Vettel successfully leap-frogged Button after Button's second stop and the Briton was caught behind Kovalainen, though a fading Rubens Barrichello was in a position such that had the race ended there and then, Button would still be declared World Champion. Button inherited sixth position when Kovalainen pitted, while Hamilton managed a pass down the inside of Barrichello into the first corner that inadvertently damaged the Brazilian's tyre, causing a puncture and forcing him to pit. He resumed in eighth, with Vettel's fourth placing meaning that, barring a dramatic turn in events, Button would be the 2009 World Champion even if he retired.Mark Webber, who had led unchallenged since the first stops, went on to win the race, with Robert Kubica securing BMW Sauber's first podium since Malaysia. It turned out to be team's last podium. Lewis Hamilton's pass on Barrichello was good enough to net him third place and see McLaren overtake Ferrari for third in the constructors' standings. Sebastian Vettel was fourth when he needed to be first or second to continue the championship fight in Abu Dhabi, while Button's fifth place from fourteenth on the grid was enough for him to secure the 2009 World Championship, becoming the tenth British champion and the first British champion to succeed another since 1969, when Jackie Stewart succeeded Graham Hill as World Champion. He also became the second driver in succession to win a World Championship by finishing fifth in Brazil whilst driving a Mercedes-powered car carrying the number 22. Button used only one chassis over the course of the season (most drivers change chassis several times), having driven it in every practice and qualifying session and race, meaning that he won the World Championship in the oldest car on the grid.[10] Kimi Räikkönen, Sebastien Buemi and Rubens Barrichello rounded out the minor points placings.Felipe Massa was the chequered flag waver in this Grand Prix. The podium trophies were of an unusual three-pronged design and matt-turquoise in colour. They were designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer and were constructed of recycled plastic bottle tops, collected on site over the course of the Grand Prix weekend, and remoulded at the site's plastic recycling plant. The initiative is to highlight sponsor Petrobras' green credentials.[11]","title":"Race report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KERS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake#Kinetic_energy_recovery_systems"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Race classification","text":"Cars that use the KERS system are marked with \"‡\"2.^ – Heikki Kovalainen received a 25-second time penalty for an unsafe release from his first pit stop.[13]","title":"Race report"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Vettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rubens Barrichello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Mark Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Webber_(racing_driver)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawn_GP"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-14"}],"text":"Drivers' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos.\n\nDriver\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Jenson Button*\n\n89\n\n\n 1\n\n2\n\n Sebastian Vettel\n\n74\n\n\n 1\n\n3\n\n Rubens Barrichello\n\n72\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n Mark Webber\n\n61.5\n\n\n 1\n\n5\n\n Lewis Hamilton\n\n49\n\n\nSource:[14]\n\n\n\nConstructors' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos.\n\nConstructor\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Brawn-Mercedes*\n\n161\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n Red Bull-Renault\n\n135.5\n\n\n 1\n\n3\n\n McLaren-Mercedes\n\n71\n\n\n 1\n\n4\n\n Ferrari\n\n70\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n Toyota\n\n54.5\n\n\nSource:[14]Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.\nBold text and an asterisk indicates the World Champions.","title":"Championship standings after the race"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Formula 1 Grande Premio Petrobras do Brasil 2009\". formula1.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091126011026/http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_822/circuit_diagram.html","url_text":"\"Formula 1 Grande Premio Petrobras do Brasil 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_822/circuit_diagram.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whyatt, Chris (18 October 2009). \"Brilliant Button clinches title\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8313300.stm","url_text":"\"Brilliant Button clinches title\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091022053007/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8313300.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Massa given home race honour\". ITV F1. ITV. 8 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091011230730/http://www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=47131","url_text":"\"Massa given home race honour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)","url_text":"ITV"},{"url":"http://www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=47131","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beer, Matt (11 October 2009). \"Glock ruled out of Brazilian Grand Prix\". Autosport.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79383","url_text":"\"Glock ruled out of Brazilian Grand Prix\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091013165009/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79383","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazilian GP: Bridgestone preview\". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://us.motorsport.com/f1/news/brazilian-gp-bridgestone-preview-2009-10-14/2368569/","url_text":"\"Brazilian GP: Bridgestone preview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qualifying – Barrichello rises to the challenge in Brazil\". Formula1. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020084722/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/10/10106.html","url_text":"\"Qualifying – Barrichello rises to the challenge in Brazil\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/10/10106.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rubens Barrichello - Pole positions\". Stats F1. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsf1.com/en/rubens-barrichello/pole.aspx","url_text":"\"Rubens Barrichello - Pole positions\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Brazilian GP Qualifying Results\". formula1.com. Formula One Association. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2009/822/6692/","url_text":"\"2009 Brazilian GP Qualifying Results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020084826/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2009/822/6692/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liuzzi to get gearbox penalty after Q2 crash\". formula1.com. Formula One. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/10/10111.html","url_text":"\"Liuzzi to get gearbox penalty after Q2 crash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One","url_text":"Formula One"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020111428/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/10/10111.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sam (18 October 2009). \"Brawn BGP-001: record breaker\". Racecar Engineering. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021052341/http://www.racecar-engineering.com/news/cars/427080/f1-jenson-button-s-winning-brawn-chassis-breaks-records.html","url_text":"\"Brawn BGP-001: record breaker\""},{"url":"http://www.racecar-engineering.com/news/cars/427080/f1-jenson-button-s-winning-brawn-chassis-breaks-records.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Noble (19 October 2009). \"Paddock Life: Interlagos edition\". Autosport. Haymarket Publishing. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autosport.com/news/grapevine.php/id/79628","url_text":"\"Paddock Life: Interlagos edition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091022070945/http://www.autosport.com/news/grapevine.php/id/79628","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Brazilian GP Race Results\". formula1.com. Formula One Association. 18 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2009/822/6693/","url_text":"\"2009 Brazilian GP Race Results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020093025/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2009/822/6693/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Brazilian Grand Prix – Document 48\" (PDF). fia.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 18 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/f1_media/Documents/brz09_document_48.pdf","url_text":"\"2009 Brazilian Grand Prix – Document 48\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazil 2009 - Championship • STATS F1\". www.statsf1.com. Retrieved 13 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsf1.com/en/2009/bresil/championnat.aspx","url_text":"\"Brazil 2009 - Championship • STATS F1\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimsoft
Nimsoft
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
NimsoftCompany typeBrandIndustryIT Management softwareFounded1998HeadquartersLong Island, New York, United StatesParentCA TechnologiesWebsitewww.nimsoft.com Nimsoft was an independent company software vendor that offered information technology (IT) monitoring, service desk products, and services. It was acquired by CA Inc. in 2010, and since October 2012 its products were integrated into that business. The Nimsoft brand is still used by CA. Nimsoft products allow users to monitor and manage business services and specific systems within the IT infrastructure, including network components, servers, databases, applications, virtualized environments and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology. Nimsoft software also allows customers to monitor systems hosted in internal data centers, as well as in externally hosted environments, including software as a service (SaaS) and cloud computing environments. History Nimbus Software was founded in Oslo, Norway, in 1998 (not to be confused with Nimbus Data). Converse Software, the exclusive US distributor of Nimbus Software, was founded in Silicon Valley in 2002. Nimbus Software and Converse Software merged in 2004 to form Nimsoft. Gary Read, the founder of the US distributor, was appointed CEO and the new company's headquarters were established in Silicon Valley. In 2007 a 10.3 million Series A round of funding from JMI Equity and Northzone Ventures closed. Nimsoft acquired Indicative Software in April 2008 to offer business service management and established a new research and development base in Fort Collins, Colorado. Nimsoft received the San Francisco Business Times 2008 "Best Place to Work Award". Nimsoft closed a $12 million funding round led by Goldman Sachs in October 2008. In May 2009 Nimsoft acquired the intellectual property assets of Cittio. It allowed users access to product capabilities including network discovery, topology mapping, and root cause analysis (RCA) utilizing graph theory. That October Nimsoft announced its unified monitoring architecture to monitor externally hosted systems and services, including SaaS and cloud computing-based IT infrastructures. In March 2010, CA Inc. announced it would acquire Nimsoft for $350 million. In September 2010, Nimsoft extended its software to allow support of Vblock products from the VCE Company. In April 2011, Nimsoft announced its Unified Manager, software combining IT monitoring and service management. Enhanced management support for NetApp storage was announced in June. CA acquired Netherlands-based WatchMouse in July, and its software was integrated into Nimsoft. Nimsoft ceased to exist as an independent operating unit within CA in 2012, although the same products are still offered under that brand name. Since CA Inc. was acquired by Broadcom in 2018, the product has been re-branded as DX Unified Infrastructure Management. References ^ a b Denise Dubie, Network World. “Managing IT assets where they live: Nimsoft extends monitoring capabilities beyond data center to cloud computing environments, SaaS provided apps.” October 21, 2009. ^ Tony C. Yang, San Francisco Business Times. "Keeping an eye on IT." May 30, 2008. ^ a b "Denise Dubie, Network World. "Goldman Sachs leads $12 million investment in Nimsoft." October 7, 2008". Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2010. ^ Denise Dubie, Network World. "Nimsoft, Indicative join forces to take on the Big Four". April 9, 2008. ^ "Nimsoft Wins "Best Place to Work Award", Sponsored by San Francisco Business Times". Press release. Nimsoft. May 1, 2008. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2013. ^ Ellen Messmer, Network World. "Nimsoft acquires the assets of Cittio". May 19, 2009. ^ Charles Babcock, InformationWeek, "CA to buy Nimsoft for USD 350 million", March 11, 2010. Archived June 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Beth Schultz, Network World, "Nimsoft delivers integrated monitoring for Vblock units", September 28, 2010". Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2011. ^ "Nimsoft Broadens Offerings With Unified Manager - Data Center Knowledge". datacenterknowledge.com. 6 April 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2017. ^ "Nimsoft enhances management support for NetApp storage". Press release. Computer Technology Review. June 17, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2013. ^ Charles Babcock (July 29, 2011). "CA Buys Watchmouse, For Remote App Testing Power". Information Week. Retrieved August 13, 2013. ^ Aiello, Chloe (2018-07-11). "Broadcom reaches deal to acquire CA Technologies for $18.9 billion in cash". CNBC. Retrieved 2024-04-18. ^ Roumeliotis, Greg; Nellis, Stephen (11 July 2018). "Chipmaker Broadcom inks $19 billion deal to buy software company CA". Reuters. Retrieved 17 April 2024. External links Nimsoft Unified Monitoring Site
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The Nimsoft brand is still used by CA.Nimsoft products allow users to monitor and manage business services and specific systems within the IT infrastructure, including network components, servers, databases, applications, virtualized environments and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology.Nimsoft software also allows customers to monitor systems hosted in internal data centers, as well as in externally hosted environments, including software as a service (SaaS) and cloud computing environments.[1]","title":"Nimsoft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Nimbus Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Data"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Gary Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Read&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubie-3"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubie-3"},{"link_name":"root cause analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause_analysis"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-networkworld.com-1"},{"link_name":"CA Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Inc."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"VCE Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCE_(company)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"NetApp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetApp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"CA Inc. was acquired by Broadcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Technologies#Acquisition_by_Broadcom"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Nimbus Software was founded in Oslo, Norway, in 1998 (not to be confused with Nimbus Data).\nConverse Software, the exclusive US distributor of Nimbus Software, was founded in Silicon Valley in 2002.\nNimbus Software and Converse Software merged in 2004 to form Nimsoft. Gary Read, the founder of the US distributor, was appointed CEO and the new company's headquarters were established in Silicon Valley.[2]\nIn 2007 a 10.3 million Series A round of funding from JMI Equity and Northzone Ventures closed.[3]\nNimsoft acquired Indicative Software in April 2008 to offer business service management and established a new research and development base in Fort Collins, Colorado.[4]\nNimsoft received the San Francisco Business Times 2008 \"Best Place to Work Award\".[5]\nNimsoft closed a $12 million funding round led by Goldman Sachs in October 2008.[3]In May 2009 Nimsoft acquired the intellectual property assets of Cittio. It allowed users access to product capabilities including network discovery, topology mapping, and root cause analysis (RCA) utilizing graph theory.[6]\nThat October Nimsoft announced its unified monitoring architecture to monitor externally hosted systems and services, including SaaS and cloud computing-based IT infrastructures.[1]In March 2010, CA Inc. announced it would acquire Nimsoft for $350 million.[7] In September 2010, Nimsoft extended its software to allow support of Vblock products from the VCE Company.[8]In April 2011, Nimsoft announced its Unified Manager, software combining IT monitoring and service management.[9]\nEnhanced management support for NetApp storage was announced in June.[10]\nCA acquired Netherlands-based WatchMouse in July, and its software was integrated into Nimsoft.[11]Nimsoft ceased to exist as an independent operating unit within CA in 2012, although the same products are still offered[when?] under that brand name.Since CA Inc. was acquired by Broadcom in 2018,[12][13] the product has been re-branded as DX Unified Infrastructure Management.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Schlissel
Dan Schlissel
["1 Early life","2 -ismist Recordings","3 Stand Up! Records","4 Other work","4.1 Record producing","4.2 Akumal Comedy Festival","4.3 Scottish tartan","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"]
American record label owner and producer Dan SchlisselBorn (1970-11-09) November 9, 1970 (age 53)Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.Occupation(s)record label owner, record producerYears active1992-Known forStand Up! Records, -ismist RecordingsAwardsGrammy Award for Best Comedy Album, 2006 (Lewis Black, The Carnegie Hall Performance)and 2 nominations Dan Schlissel (born November 9, 1970) is an American record producer from Minneapolis, Minnesota, and founder of the record labels Stand Up! Records, which specializes in comedy, and -ismist Recordings, which focused on punk and alternative rock from Nebraska and nearby Midwestern states. Schlissel won a Grammy as producer of Lewis Black's 2006 album The Carnegie Hall Performance, and was nominated for his work on Black's two Grammy-nominated albums, Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues and Anticipation. He is known for his work with Black and other comics including Doug Stanhope, Maria Bamford, Marc Maron, and Mitch Hedberg, and helping release the debut record of Iowa metal band Slipknot. Comedian and actor Marc Maron, who released his first three albums on Stand Up!, described Schlissel as "a guy who loves comedy, and is very attentive to the process of recording comedy," and, referencing the large number of noteworthy comics who were given important exposure in their early careers by the label, joked that "you've done everybody's first two records." Early life Schlissel was born in Worcester, Massachusetts to Israeli immigrants Sam and Helena Schlissel. His father, born in Poland, was a Holocaust survivor who worked in the textile industry, and his mother was a native Israeli. His first language was Hebrew. His family moved up and down the East Coast when he was a child, living in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and frequently visiting relatives in the Bronx, where Schlissel first discovered comedy via Saturday Night Live's first season and Johnny Carson's Tonight Show. Another early comedy influence was Monty Python-esque Israeli group HaGashash HaHiver, who performed in Hebrew, as well as the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Abbott and Costello, Buster Keaton, Eddie Murphy's Comedian, and Woody Allen and Jackie Mason's standup albums. He cites Rodney Dangerfield's No Respect as his favorite comedy album. In 1982, his family moved to Kearney, Nebraska, where he spent his teenage years. In 1988, he enrolled at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics. -ismist Recordings Main article: -ismist Recordings In 1992, inspired by the success of indie music labels such as Sub Pop, he founded the label which would eventually become -ismist Recordings, at first basing the business out of his dorm room. Over the 1990s, -ismist released nearly 80 albums and singles by Midwestern bands including Killdozer, Season to Risk, and House of Large Sizes, beginning with Nebraska indie-rock bands including Such Sweet Thunder. Schlissel, via -ismist, also distributed other Midwestern indie labels and organized two music festivals in 1996 and 1997. Schlissel helped then-unknown Iowa metal band Slipknot release its first album, Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat, which it had originally self-pressed. Schlissel and -ismist distributed the last third of the 1,000-copy run of the album, and helped the band get its first significant notice from music critics and radio airplay. Slipknot later moved on to major label Roadrunner Records, and Schlissel became disillusioned with running a music label; he moved to Minneapolis in 1998 to take a job at a software company. He considered folding -ismist, but instead found new focus after convincing Lewis Black to work with him after meeting the comedian after a show. Schlissel recorded Black's The White Album in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1999, with John Machnik, who would be his production partner for many years. Released on -ismist, the album was an immediate success, eventually selling around 60,000 copies, more than the entire previous -ismist catalog combined. The label would go on to release several other comedy albums, including two by Doug Stanhope, Sicko and Something to Take the Edge Off, and Jimmy Shubert's Animal Instincts, while Schlissel launched a new label, Stand Up! Records, in 2000. By 2002, -ismist had effectively closed down and been replaced by Stand Up! Records. Stand Up! Records Main article: Stand Up! Records Stand Up! has released more than 200 comedy albums and videos since its founding in 2000, including albums by Black, Stanhope, Patton Oswalt, Greg Proops, David Cross, Maria Bamford, Hannibal Buress, Judy Gold, the Sklar Brothers, and Eddie Pepitone. A relatively small operation, the label is run almost entirely by Schlissel, who also served as recording engineer and producer on many of the label's albums. The label has been praised for bringing an independent approach to the comedy genre, inspired by Schlissel's roots in punk and indie rock. Henry Owings, founder of humor magazine Chunklet, stated that Schlissel "has done a great job trying to reintroduce some fresh blood into comedy albums. … If anybody's trying to bring back the idea of comedy albums being something that should be looked at in the same light as a music album, it's him." Through Stand Up! Records, Schlissel produced the feature length documentary 'ReConquistador' starring Daniel Lobell, and edited by Bruno Kohfield-Galeano. The film was accepted into multiple film festivals and had many screenings which included both Leammle theaters. Other work Record producing In addition to being Stand Up!'s label head, Schlissel was also producer and recording engineer on many of the label's releases. He has also produced albums for other labels. Even after Lewis Black moved to the larger Comedy Central Records label, he continued to work with Schlissel, who produced or edited four more Black albums in the mid-2000s, Rules of Enragement, Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues, The Carnegie Hall Performance, and Anticipation. Of these, Carnegie Hall won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, while Luther Burbank and Anticipation were both nominated in that category. Stand Up! also released the vinyl editions of Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues and Rules of Enragement. Also for Comedy Central Records, Schlissel was the recording engineer on Mitch Hedberg's last album, Mitch All Together, which was recorded live in 2003 in Minneapolis, and produced Hannibal Buress' Animal Furnace and Ryan Stout's Touché. He was also recording engineer on Mitch Fatel's Miniskirts and Muffins, Dan Cummins' Revenge is Near, and Nick DiPaolo's Funny How?, and edited Ben Roy's I Got Demons. Akumal Comedy Festival From 2012 to 2015, Stand Up! hosted the annual Akumal Comedy Festival in Mexico, a nonprofit event held in Tulum, Playa del Carmen, and Akumal which raised money for the Mexican Red Cross. The festival featured comics performing in both English and Spanish. Headliners included Darryl Lenox, Maggie Faris, and Derek Sheen. The festival was co-founded by Schlissel and Twin Cities comic Gus Lynch, who also acted in the films Saving Silverman, North Country, and I Spy. Lynch died after an accidental fall at the Mayan ruins at Coba in 2014; the final festival was held in his honor. Scottish tartan In 2018, during the label's first visit to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Schlissel registered a Scottish tartan with the National Records of Scotland in the name of Stand Up! Records. Designed by Edinburgh kiltmaker Gordon Nicolson, the tartan blends the colors red, black, and tan (from Shepard Fairey's Stand Up! Records logo), blue (from the Israeli flag, symbolizing Schlissel's Jewish heritage), and silver-grey (for -ismist Recordings' 25th anniversary). Personal life Schlissel is married and has a daughter. He lives in Minneapolis. References ^ a b c "Mate Feed Kill Repeat: IsmIist Recordings". Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2020-02-22. ^ "Winners: 49th Annual GRAMMY Awards (2006)". The Recording Academy. Retrieved September 4, 2019. ^ Marc Maron (2018-09-03). "Episode 947: Dan Schlissel". WTF with Marc Maron (Podcast). Retrieved 2020-04-01. ^ a b Roth, David (2019). "The Art of the Laugh with Stand Up! Records and Dan Schlissel". TPT Originals. PBS. Twin Cities PBS. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ a b Snyders, Matt (2008-05-21). "Indie comedy label Stand Up! has produced the edgiest comedy in the country". City Pages. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ a b c d Wood, Drew (2018-07-12). "Q&A with Dan Schlissel of Minneapolis Label Stand Up! Records". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ Smith, Rod (30 September 2007). "A Man Walks Into A Bar". City Pages. Minneapolis. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2020-02-25. ^ a b c Lara Smith (17 April 2019). "Dan Schlissel: For the Record". Comedy Wham (Podcast). Comedy Wham. Retrieved 20 February 2020. ^ a b Austen, Jake (August 2013). "Slissel". Roctober. Chicago. ^ Birchmeier, Jason. Review of Such Sweet Thunder, Redneck/Burning Ditches at AllMusic. Retrieved 2020-03-01. ^ a b Matteson, Cory (2013-08-03). "Comedy record producer learned the ropes in Lincoln". Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ Joel McIver (7 March 2012). Slipknot: All Hope Is Gone. Omnibus Press. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-85712-772-3. ^ John Machnik at AllMusic. Retrieved 2020-04-18. ^ Hendrickson, Tad (2016-09-28). "Meet the Minnesotan who helped launch the careers of Lewis Black and other comedy stars". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ Joe Randazzo (2 June 2015). "An Interview With Dan Schlissel". Funny on Purpose: The Definitive Guide to an Unpredictable Career in Comedy: Standup + Improv + Sketch + TV + Writing + Directing + YouTube. Chronicle Books LLC. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-1-4521-3559-5. ^ Schaust, Sam (2018-05-10). "The Long Play: Why Stand Up! Records' Dan Schlissel Won't Stop Printing Comedy on Wax". Twin Cities Business. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20. ^ John Wenzel (December 2009). Mock Stars: Indie Comedy and the Dangerously Funny: Easyread Large Edition. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-1-4587-4742-6. ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27103836/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ql_1 ^ https://www.laemmle.com/film/reconquistador ^ https://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/352367/reconquistador-depicts-comedian-daniel-lobells-jewish-roots-in-spain/ ^ a b Dan Schlissel at AllMusic. Retrieved 2020-02-28. ^ "Artists: Lewis Black". The Recording Academy. Retrieved 2020-02-22. ^ Wenzel, John (2012-04-09). "Review: Ben Roy, I Got Demons (Greater Than Collective)". The Spit Take. Retrieved 2020-04-17. ^ "About the Akumal Comedy Festival". Akumal Comedy Festival. Retrieved 2020-03-02. ^ Walsh, Paul (2014-12-02). "Twin Cities comic dies after fall from ruins in Mexico". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-03-02. ^ "Tartan Details - Stand Up! Records". The Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 2020-02-22. External links Official Stand Up! Records website Official -ismist website Dan Schlissel at IMDb Stand Up! Records tartan at the Scottish Register of Tartans Authority control databases: Artists Grammy Awards
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Stand Up! Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up!_Records"},{"link_name":"-ismist Recordings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/-ismist_Recordings"},{"link_name":"Grammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Comedy_Album"},{"link_name":"Lewis Black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Black"},{"link_name":"The Carnegie Hall Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carnegie_Hall_Performance"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Performing_Arts_Center_Blues"},{"link_name":"Anticipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipation_(Lewis_Black_album)"},{"link_name":"Doug Stanhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Stanhope"},{"link_name":"Maria Bamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Bamford"},{"link_name":"Marc Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Maron"},{"link_name":"Mitch Hedberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Hedberg"},{"link_name":"Slipknot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipknot_(band)"},{"link_name":"Marc Maron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Maron"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WTFMaron_Schlissel-3"}],"text":"Dan Schlissel (born November 9, 1970) is an American record producer from Minneapolis, Minnesota, and founder of the record labels Stand Up! Records, which specializes in comedy, and -ismist Recordings, which focused on punk and alternative rock from Nebraska and nearby Midwestern states. Schlissel won a Grammy as producer of Lewis Black's 2006 album The Carnegie Hall Performance,[2] and was nominated for his work on Black's two Grammy-nominated albums, Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues and Anticipation. He is known for his work with Black and other comics including Doug Stanhope, Maria Bamford, Marc Maron, and Mitch Hedberg, and helping release the debut record of Iowa metal band Slipknot.Comedian and actor Marc Maron, who released his first three albums on Stand Up!, described Schlissel as \"a guy who loves comedy, and is very attentive to the process of recording comedy,\" and, referencing the large number of noteworthy comics who were given important exposure in their early careers by the label, joked that \"you've done everybody's first two records.\"[3]","title":"Dan Schlissel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPT2019-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFKR-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityPages2008-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MplsStPaul2018-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citypages2007-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comedywham2019-8"},{"link_name":"Monty Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python"},{"link_name":"HaGashash HaHiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaGashash_HaHiver"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comedywham2019-8"},{"link_name":"Marx Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Abbott and Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello"},{"link_name":"Buster Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Eddie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Jackie Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Mason"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roctober2013-9"},{"link_name":"Rodney Dangerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Dangerfield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MplsStPaul2018-6"},{"link_name":"Kearney, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearney,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska, Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska,_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFKR-1"}],"text":"Schlissel was born in Worcester, Massachusetts to Israeli immigrants[4] Sam and Helena Schlissel.[1] His father, born in Poland, was a Holocaust survivor who worked in the textile industry, and his mother was a native Israeli.[5][6] His first language was Hebrew.[7] His family moved up and down the East Coast when he was a child, living in New Jersey and Pennsylvania,[8] and frequently visiting relatives in the Bronx, where Schlissel first discovered comedy via Saturday Night Live's first season and Johnny Carson's Tonight Show. Another early comedy influence was Monty Python-esque Israeli group HaGashash HaHiver, who performed in Hebrew,[8] as well as the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Abbott and Costello, Buster Keaton, Eddie Murphy's Comedian, and Woody Allen and Jackie Mason's standup albums.[9] He cites Rodney Dangerfield's No Respect as his favorite comedy album.[6]In 1982, his family moved to Kearney, Nebraska, where he spent his teenage years. In 1988, he enrolled at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sub Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop"},{"link_name":"Killdozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killdozer_(band)"},{"link_name":"Season to Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_to_Risk"},{"link_name":"House of Large Sizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Large_Sizes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic_suchsweet-10"},{"link_name":"Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JournalStar-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIver2012-12"},{"link_name":"Roadrunner Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPT2019-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MplsStPaul2018-6"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"John Machnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Machnik"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicmachnik-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roctober2013-9"},{"link_name":"Doug Stanhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Stanhope"},{"link_name":"Sicko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicko_(album)"},{"link_name":"Something to Take the Edge Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_to_Take_the_Edge_Off"},{"link_name":"Stand Up! Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up!_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JournalStar-11"}],"text":"In 1992, inspired by the success of indie music labels such as Sub Pop, he founded the label which would eventually become -ismist Recordings, at first basing the business out of his dorm room. Over the 1990s, -ismist released nearly 80 albums and singles by Midwestern bands including Killdozer, Season to Risk, and House of Large Sizes, beginning with Nebraska indie-rock bands including Such Sweet Thunder.[10] Schlissel, via -ismist, also distributed other Midwestern indie labels and organized two music festivals in 1996 and 1997. Schlissel helped then-unknown Iowa metal band Slipknot release its first album, Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat, which it had originally self-pressed.[11][12] Schlissel and -ismist distributed the last third of the 1,000-copy run of the album, and helped the band get its first significant notice from music critics and radio airplay.Slipknot later moved on to major label Roadrunner Records, and Schlissel became disillusioned with running a music label; he moved to Minneapolis in 1998 to take a job at a software company.[4] He considered folding -ismist, but instead found new focus after convincing Lewis Black to work with him after meeting the comedian after a show.[6]Schlissel recorded Black's The White Album in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1999, with John Machnik, who would be his production partner for many years.[13] Released on -ismist, the album was an immediate success, eventually selling around 60,000 copies, more than the entire previous -ismist catalog combined.[9] The label would go on to release several other comedy albums, including two by Doug Stanhope, Sicko and Something to Take the Edge Off, and Jimmy Shubert's Animal Instincts, while Schlissel launched a new label, Stand Up! Records, in 2000. By 2002, -ismist had effectively closed down and been replaced by Stand Up! Records.[11]","title":"-ismist Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patton Oswalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patton_Oswalt"},{"link_name":"Greg Proops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Proops"},{"link_name":"David Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cross"},{"link_name":"Maria Bamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Bamford"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Buress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Buress"},{"link_name":"Judy Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Gold"},{"link_name":"Sklar Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklar_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Eddie Pepitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Pepitone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarTrib2016-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randazzo2015-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCBusiness2018-16"},{"link_name":"Chunklet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunklet_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenzel2009-17"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lobell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lobell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Stand Up! has released more than 200 comedy albums and videos since its founding in 2000, including albums by Black, Stanhope, Patton Oswalt, Greg Proops, David Cross, Maria Bamford, Hannibal Buress, Judy Gold, the Sklar Brothers, and Eddie Pepitone.[14][15]A relatively small operation, the label is run almost entirely by Schlissel, who also served as recording engineer and producer on many of the label's albums.[16] The label has been praised for bringing an independent approach to the comedy genre, inspired by Schlissel's roots in punk and indie rock. Henry Owings, founder of humor magazine Chunklet, stated that Schlissel \"has done a great job trying to reintroduce some fresh blood into comedy albums. … If anybody's trying to bring back the idea of comedy albums being something that should be looked at in the same light as a music album, it's him.\"[17]Through Stand Up! Records, Schlissel produced the feature length documentary 'ReConquistador' starring Daniel Lobell, and edited by Bruno Kohfield-Galeano.[18] The film was accepted into multiple film festivals and had many screenings which included both Leammle theaters. [19] [20]","title":"Stand Up! Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comedy Central Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central_Records"},{"link_name":"Rules of Enragement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_Enragement"},{"link_name":"Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Performing_Arts_Center_Blues"},{"link_name":"The Carnegie Hall Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carnegie_Hall_Performance"},{"link_name":"Anticipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipation_(Lewis_Black_album)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicschlissel-21"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Comedy_Album"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Mitch All Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_All_Together"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityPages2008-5"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Buress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Buress"},{"link_name":"Ryan Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Stout"},{"link_name":"Mitch Fatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Fatel"},{"link_name":"Dan Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Cummins"},{"link_name":"Nick DiPaolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_DiPaolo"},{"link_name":"Ben Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Roy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spittake2012-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicschlissel-21"}],"sub_title":"Record producing","text":"In addition to being Stand Up!'s label head, Schlissel was also producer and recording engineer on many of the label's releases. He has also produced albums for other labels.Even after Lewis Black moved to the larger Comedy Central Records label, he continued to work with Schlissel, who produced or edited four more Black albums in the mid-2000s, Rules of Enragement, Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues, The Carnegie Hall Performance, and Anticipation.[21] Of these, Carnegie Hall won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, while Luther Burbank and Anticipation were both nominated in that category.[22] Stand Up! also released the vinyl editions of Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues and Rules of Enragement.Also for Comedy Central Records, Schlissel was the recording engineer on Mitch Hedberg's last album, Mitch All Together, which was recorded live in 2003 in Minneapolis,[5] and produced Hannibal Buress' Animal Furnace and Ryan Stout's Touché. He was also recording engineer on Mitch Fatel's Miniskirts and Muffins, Dan Cummins' Revenge is Near, and Nick DiPaolo's Funny How?, and edited Ben Roy's I Got Demons.[23][21]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulum"},{"link_name":"Playa del Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen"},{"link_name":"Akumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akumal"},{"link_name":"Mexican Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Darryl Lenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Lenox"},{"link_name":"Derek Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Sheen"},{"link_name":"Saving Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Silverman"},{"link_name":"North Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_(film)"},{"link_name":"I Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Spy_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comedywham2019-8"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarTribLynch2014-25"}],"sub_title":"Akumal Comedy Festival","text":"From 2012 to 2015, Stand Up! hosted the annual Akumal Comedy Festival in Mexico, a nonprofit event held in Tulum, Playa del Carmen, and Akumal which raised money for the Mexican Red Cross. The festival featured comics performing in both English and Spanish. Headliners included Darryl Lenox, Maggie Faris, and Derek Sheen. The festival was co-founded by Schlissel and Twin Cities comic Gus Lynch, who also acted in the films Saving Silverman, North Country, and I Spy.[24] Lynch died after an accidental fall at the Mayan ruins at Coba in 2014; the final festival was held in his honor.[8][25]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"tartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartan"},{"link_name":"National Records of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Shepard Fairey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_Fairey"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Scottish tartan","text":"In 2018, during the label's first visit to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Schlissel registered a Scottish tartan with the National Records of Scotland in the name of Stand Up! Records. Designed by Edinburgh kiltmaker Gordon Nicolson, the tartan blends the colors red, black, and tan (from Shepard Fairey's Stand Up! Records logo), blue (from the Israeli flag, symbolizing Schlissel's Jewish heritage), and silver-grey (for -ismist Recordings' 25th anniversary).[26]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MplsStPaul2018-6"}],"text":"Schlissel is married and has a daughter. He lives in Minneapolis.[6]","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Mate Feed Kill Repeat: IsmIist Recordings\". Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816154754/http://mfkr1.com/web/ismist-recordings/","url_text":"\"Mate Feed Kill Repeat: IsmIist Recordings\""},{"url":"http://mfkr1.com/web/ismist-recordings/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners: 49th Annual GRAMMY Awards (2006)\". The Recording Academy. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/49th-annual-grammy-awards","url_text":"\"Winners: 49th Annual GRAMMY Awards (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recording_Academy","url_text":"The Recording Academy"}]},{"reference":"Marc Maron (2018-09-03). \"Episode 947: Dan Schlissel\". WTF with Marc Maron (Podcast). Retrieved 2020-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-947-dan-schlissel","url_text":"\"Episode 947: Dan Schlissel\""}]},{"reference":"Roth, David (2019). \"The Art of the Laugh with Stand Up! Records and Dan Schlissel\". TPT Originals. PBS. Twin Cities PBS. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tptoriginals.org/the-art-of-the-laugh-with-stand-up-records-and-dan-schlissel/","url_text":"\"The Art of the Laugh with Stand Up! Records and Dan Schlissel\""}]},{"reference":"Snyders, Matt (2008-05-21). \"Indie comedy label Stand Up! has produced the edgiest comedy in the country\". City Pages. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypages.com/news/indie-comedy-label-stand-up-has-produced-the-edgiest-comedy-in-the-country-6682706","url_text":"\"Indie comedy label Stand Up! has produced the edgiest comedy in the country\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Drew (2018-07-12). \"Q&A with Dan Schlissel of Minneapolis Label Stand Up! Records\". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/q-a-with-dan-schlissel-of-minneapolis-label-stand-up-records/","url_text":"\"Q&A with Dan Schlissel of Minneapolis Label Stand Up! Records\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Rod (30 September 2007). \"A Man Walks Into A Bar\". City Pages. Minneapolis. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2020-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220635/http://citypages.com/databank/25/1208/article11849.asp","url_text":"\"A Man Walks Into A Bar\""},{"url":"http://citypages.com/databank/25/1208/article11849.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lara Smith (17 April 2019). \"Dan Schlissel: For the Record\". Comedy Wham (Podcast). Comedy Wham. Retrieved 20 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comedywham.com/interviews/dan-schlissel-for-the-record","url_text":"\"Dan Schlissel: For the Record\""}]},{"reference":"Austen, Jake (August 2013). \"Slissel\". Roctober. Chicago.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Matteson, Cory (2013-08-03). \"Comedy record producer learned the ropes in Lincoln\". Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalstar.com/entertainment/performing-arts/comedy-record-producer-learned-the-ropes-in-lincoln/article_764449b6-457b-5f9d-aa80-7a638ce43626.html","url_text":"\"Comedy record producer learned the ropes in Lincoln\""}]},{"reference":"Joel McIver (7 March 2012). Slipknot: All Hope Is Gone. Omnibus Press. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-85712-772-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wDoDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53","url_text":"Slipknot: All Hope Is Gone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-772-3","url_text":"978-0-85712-772-3"}]},{"reference":"Hendrickson, Tad (2016-09-28). \"Meet the Minnesotan who helped launch the careers of Lewis Black and other comedy stars\". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/meet-the-minnesotan-who-helped-launch-the-careers-of-lewis-black-and-other-comedy-stars/395117531/","url_text":"\"Meet the Minnesotan who helped launch the careers of Lewis Black and other comedy stars\""}]},{"reference":"Joe Randazzo (2 June 2015). \"An Interview With Dan Schlissel\". Funny on Purpose: The Definitive Guide to an Unpredictable Career in Comedy: Standup + Improv + Sketch + TV + Writing + Directing + YouTube. Chronicle Books LLC. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-1-4521-3559-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aKGdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159","url_text":"\"An Interview With Dan Schlissel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-3559-5","url_text":"978-1-4521-3559-5"}]},{"reference":"Schaust, Sam (2018-05-10). \"The Long Play: Why Stand Up! Records' Dan Schlissel Won't Stop Printing Comedy on Wax\". Twin Cities Business. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://tcbmag.com/news/articles/2018/may/the-long-play-why-stand-up!-records-dan-schlisse","url_text":"\"The Long Play: Why Stand Up! Records' Dan Schlissel Won't Stop Printing Comedy on Wax\""}]},{"reference":"John Wenzel (December 2009). Mock Stars: Indie Comedy and the Dangerously Funny: Easyread Large Edition. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-1-4587-4742-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eOTXNMw2xskC&pg=PA209","url_text":"Mock Stars: Indie Comedy and the Dangerously Funny: Easyread Large Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-4742-6","url_text":"978-1-4587-4742-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Artists: Lewis Black\". The Recording Academy. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/lewis-black","url_text":"\"Artists: Lewis Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recording_Academy","url_text":"The Recording Academy"}]},{"reference":"Wenzel, John (2012-04-09). \"Review: Ben Roy, I Got Demons (Greater Than Collective)\". The Spit Take. Retrieved 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thespittake.com/2012/04/09/ben-roy-i-got-demons-greater-than-collective/","url_text":"\"Review: Ben Roy, I Got Demons (Greater Than Collective)\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Akumal Comedy Festival\". Akumal Comedy Festival. Retrieved 2020-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://akumalcomedyfestival.com/","url_text":"\"About the Akumal Comedy Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Paul (2014-12-02). \"Twin Cities comic dies after fall from ruins in Mexico\". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-comic-dies-after-fall-from-ruins-in-mexico/284496321/","url_text":"\"Twin Cities comic dies after fall from ruins in Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tartan Details - Stand Up! Records\". The Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails?ref=12297","url_text":"\"Tartan Details - Stand Up! Records\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816154754/http://mfkr1.com/web/ismist-recordings/","external_links_name":"\"Mate Feed Kill Repeat: IsmIist Recordings\""},{"Link":"http://mfkr1.com/web/ismist-recordings/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/49th-annual-grammy-awards","external_links_name":"\"Winners: 49th Annual GRAMMY Awards (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-947-dan-schlissel","external_links_name":"\"Episode 947: Dan Schlissel\""},{"Link":"https://www.tptoriginals.org/the-art-of-the-laugh-with-stand-up-records-and-dan-schlissel/","external_links_name":"\"The Art of the Laugh with Stand Up! Records and Dan Schlissel\""},{"Link":"http://www.citypages.com/news/indie-comedy-label-stand-up-has-produced-the-edgiest-comedy-in-the-country-6682706","external_links_name":"\"Indie comedy label Stand Up! has produced the edgiest comedy in the country\""},{"Link":"http://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/q-a-with-dan-schlissel-of-minneapolis-label-stand-up-records/","external_links_name":"\"Q&A with Dan Schlissel of Minneapolis Label Stand Up! Records\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220635/http://citypages.com/databank/25/1208/article11849.asp","external_links_name":"\"A Man Walks Into A Bar\""},{"Link":"http://citypages.com/databank/25/1208/article11849.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.comedywham.com/interviews/dan-schlissel-for-the-record","external_links_name":"\"Dan Schlissel: For the Record\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/redneck-burning-ditches-mw0001187035","external_links_name":"Review of Such Sweet Thunder, Redneck/Burning Ditches"},{"Link":"https://journalstar.com/entertainment/performing-arts/comedy-record-producer-learned-the-ropes-in-lincoln/article_764449b6-457b-5f9d-aa80-7a638ce43626.html","external_links_name":"\"Comedy record producer learned the ropes in Lincoln\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wDoDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53","external_links_name":"Slipknot: All Hope Is Gone"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/john-machnik-mn0001962261/credits","external_links_name":"John Machnik"},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/meet-the-minnesotan-who-helped-launch-the-careers-of-lewis-black-and-other-comedy-stars/395117531/","external_links_name":"\"Meet the Minnesotan who helped launch the careers of Lewis Black and other comedy stars\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aKGdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159","external_links_name":"\"An Interview With Dan Schlissel\""},{"Link":"http://tcbmag.com/news/articles/2018/may/the-long-play-why-stand-up!-records-dan-schlisse","external_links_name":"\"The Long Play: Why Stand Up! Records' Dan Schlissel Won't Stop Printing Comedy on Wax\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eOTXNMw2xskC&pg=PA209","external_links_name":"Mock Stars: Indie Comedy and the Dangerously Funny: Easyread Large Edition"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27103836/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ql_1","external_links_name":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27103836/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ql_1"},{"Link":"https://www.laemmle.com/film/reconquistador","external_links_name":"https://www.laemmle.com/film/reconquistador"},{"Link":"https://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/352367/reconquistador-depicts-comedian-daniel-lobells-jewish-roots-in-spain/","external_links_name":"https://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/352367/reconquistador-depicts-comedian-daniel-lobells-jewish-roots-in-spain/"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/dan-schlissel-mn0001427303/credits","external_links_name":"Dan Schlissel"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/lewis-black","external_links_name":"\"Artists: Lewis Black\""},{"Link":"http://www.thespittake.com/2012/04/09/ben-roy-i-got-demons-greater-than-collective/","external_links_name":"\"Review: Ben Roy, I Got Demons (Greater Than Collective)\""},{"Link":"http://akumalcomedyfestival.com/","external_links_name":"\"About the Akumal Comedy Festival\""},{"Link":"http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-comic-dies-after-fall-from-ruins-in-mexico/284496321/","external_links_name":"\"Twin Cities comic dies after fall from ruins in Mexico\""},{"Link":"https://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails?ref=12297","external_links_name":"\"Tartan Details - Stand Up! Records\""},{"Link":"http://www.standuprecords.com/","external_links_name":"Official Stand Up! Records website"},{"Link":"http://ismista.com/","external_links_name":"Official -ismist website"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5312484/","external_links_name":"Dan Schlissel"},{"Link":"https://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails?ref=12297","external_links_name":"Stand Up! Records tartan at the Scottish Register of Tartans"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/artists/dan-schlissel/17372","external_links_name":"Grammy Awards"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraj%C3%A1_da_Silva
Pirajá da Silva
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References"]
Pirajá da SilvaBorn28 January 1873Camamu, Bahia, BrazilDied1 March 1961 (aged 88)Salvador, Bahia, BrazilKnown forSchistosomiasis disease Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva (28 January 1873 – 1 March 1961) was a Brazilian parasitologist, medical researcher, and physician. Biography He graduated from the Bahia School of Medicine (now part of the Federal University of Bahia) in 1896, and in 1908 was responsible for the identification and complete description of the pathogenic agent and the pathophysiological cycle of schistosomiasis disease. Legacy A species of venomous snake, Bothrops pirajai, is named in his honor. References ^ Manoel Augusto Pirajá da Silva. bahiana.edu.br ^ Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva. dec.ufcg.edu.br ^ See: Silva, Pirajá da (August 1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase" . Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 281–282. Silva, Pirajá da (December 1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase na Bahia. Dezesseis observações" . Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 441–444. Silva, Pirajá da (1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase. Vinte observações" . Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 451–454. Silva, Pirajá da (1908). "La schistosomose à Bahia" . Archives de Parasitologie (in French). 13: 283–302. Silva, Pirajá da (1909). "Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil". Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 12: 159–164. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Piraja", p. 208). Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands 2 Poland Portugal Academics International Plant Names Index Other IdRef This biographical article related to medicine in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (August 1908). \"Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase\" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia]. Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 281–282.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (December 1908). \"Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase na Bahia. Dezesseis observações\" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia. Sixteen observations.]. Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 441–444.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (1908). \"Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase. Vinte observações\" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia. Twenty observations.]. Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 451–454.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (1908). \"La schistosomose à Bahia\" [Schistosomiasis in Bahia]. Archives de Parasitologie (in French). 13: 283–302.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89098735657&view=1up&seq=293","url_text":"\"La schistosomose à Bahia\""}]},{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (1909). \"Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil\". Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 12: 159–164.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077012006&view=1up&seq=177","url_text":"\"Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_Industries
Clandestine Industries
["1 History and products","2 References"]
American clothing company This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Clandestine Industries" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Clandestine Industries" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Clandestine IndustriesThe Clandestine Industries "Bartskull" logo.IndustryApparelFounded2006, 2023Defunct2012HeadquartersChicago, IllinoisKey peoplePete Wentz (founder)ProductsApparel, jewelry, accessories Clandestine Industries is a brand and clothing company owned by Pete Wentz, bassist of Fall Out Boy, and partners. It was active from 2006 to 2012, and then was brought back in 2023. The brand primarily releases clothing and accessories, as well as Wentz's self-published media. The brand's logo is a “bartskull” (a bat/heart/skull).This design came from reoccurring nightmares that Wentz had as a child. It is commonly known for being a tattoo of his. History and products Clandestine Industries was formed in 2006 by Wentz, who published his first book, The Boy With A Thorn In His Side, through the company. After Wentz found success with the book, he decided to expand the company to design and sell clothing. Previously, Wentz's Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance labels had released a DVD entitled Release The Bats on June 11, 2005. The cover art stated the film was "presented by Clandestine Industries", suggesting the company had been mapped out since at least 2004. From its initial inception, Clandestine Industries released limited-edition tees, hoodies, and accessories such as belts and jewelry, all embellished with the brand's trademark 'bartskull' logo. They also worked alongside companies such as DKNY Jeans, Wet Seal and Nordstrom. In 2007, a Clandestine Industries Landmark retail store, which contained exclusive store-only garments, opened in Pete's hometown of Chicago,. In February 2009, Clandestine Industries relaunched its website and debuted a new collection entitled, "Don't Call It A Comeback," and immediately sold out of items only an hour after the release. The line was primarily sold on the brand's website, at the Landmark, and occasionally alongside merchandise at Fall Out Boy shows. Wentz, along with other musicians from the emo circuit such as Gabe Saporta, Travie McCoy, Patrick Stump, and Mikey Way, often advertised his range by wearing the products in public; most famously the Stay Gold hoodie and the Please Call Gabe Saporta t-shirt. The latter item did not display Saporta's actual contact details, but workers from the production company employed by Wentz later leaked them publicly. On June 27, 2010, the Chicago Landmark store closed. On Wentz's blog, he explained that the closing of the Landmark would aid in expanding the brand's webstore. In June 2011, the website was relaunched with a brand new summer range. Wentz commented on his blog, "this is what the original intention of Clandestine was". Despite no formal announcement of Clandestine's shutdown, the brand's Tumblr, Facebook, and Twitter accounts were abandoned around 2012, and it is now considered defunct. Fans have created petitions asking for the brand to be bought back, and items from the brand for sale can be found on websites such as eBay and Livejournal. On November 7, 2023, Wentz posted a photo on instagram with the caption ''Now with a working link clandestineindustries.com'', announcing that Clandestine Industries has returned with new clothing items. References ^ "Nadud Le: Pete Wentz Tattoos Collection". Blogspot. Nadud Le. 12 April 2013. ^ "Archived copy". www.clandestineindustries.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Fall Out Boy – Release The Bats (2005, DVD)". Discogs. ^ "Clandestine Industries Landmark Store - Wrigleyville - Chicago, IL 60657 | Metromix Chicago". Archived from the original on 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2010-09-25. ^ "Www.clandestineindustries.com down? Current status and outage history". Currentlydown.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018. ^ "Media Effects on Our Generation". AeR's Blog. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2021. ^ "Fresh: The Freshest Fashion: clandestine industries hoodies". Blogspot. 26 May 2007. ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "dress like pete wentz!". dress like pete wentz!. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 August 2021. ^ "did you get what you deserve?". did you get what you deserve?. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 August 2021. ^ Twitter https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) ^ "From Pete Wentz's blog: Clandestineindustries: Alright guys, let's celebrate the first... - Friends or Enemies". Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2010-09-25. ^ "A Homeboy's Life - new clandestine samples blowing my mind. This is". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2011-06-17. ^ "Clandestine Industries". Clandestineindustries.tumblr.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018. ^ "Clandestine Industries". Facebook.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018. ^ "Clandestine Ind (@Clandestineind) - Twitter". Twitter.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018. ^ "clandestine industries". eBay. ^ "4 Clandestine industries hoodies and 1 clandestine industries shirt". themerchbooth.livejournal.com. ^ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2023-11-08.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Wentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wentz"},{"link_name":"Fall Out Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Clandestine Industries is a brand and clothing company owned by Pete Wentz, bassist of Fall Out Boy, and partners. It was active from 2006 to 2012, and then was brought back in 2023. The brand primarily releases clothing and accessories, as well as Wentz's self-published media.The brand's logo is a “bartskull” (a bat/heart/skull).This design came from reoccurring nightmares that Wentz had as a child. It is commonly known for being a tattoo of his.[1]","title":"Clandestine Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirt"},{"link_name":"hoodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodie"},{"link_name":"accessories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_accessory"},{"link_name":"DKNY Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKNY"},{"link_name":"Wet Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Seal"},{"link_name":"Nordstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstrom"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo#2002%E2%80%932010:_Mainstream"},{"link_name":"Gabe Saporta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Saporta"},{"link_name":"Travie McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travie_McCoy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Patrick Stump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stump"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mikey Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Way"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"leaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_leak"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tumblr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Livejournal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livejournal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Clandestine Industries was formed in 2006 by Wentz, who published his first book, The Boy With A Thorn In His Side, through the company.[2] After Wentz found success with the book, he decided to expand the company to design and sell clothing. Previously, Wentz's Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance labels had released a DVD entitled Release The Bats on June 11, 2005. The cover art stated the film was \"presented by Clandestine Industries\", suggesting the company had been mapped out since at least 2004.[3]From its initial inception, Clandestine Industries released limited-edition tees, hoodies, and accessories such as belts and jewelry, all embellished with the brand's trademark 'bartskull' logo. They also worked alongside companies such as DKNY Jeans, Wet Seal and Nordstrom. In 2007, a Clandestine Industries Landmark retail store, which contained exclusive store-only garments, opened in Pete's hometown of Chicago,.[4] In February 2009, Clandestine Industries relaunched its website and debuted a new collection entitled, \"Don't Call It A Comeback,\" and immediately sold out of items only an hour after the release. The line was primarily sold on the brand's website,[5] at the Landmark, and occasionally alongside merchandise at Fall Out Boy shows. Wentz, along with other musicians from the emo circuit such as Gabe Saporta, Travie McCoy,[6] Patrick Stump,[7] and Mikey Way,[8] often advertised his range by wearing the products in public; most famously the Stay Gold hoodie[9] and the Please Call Gabe Saporta t-shirt.[10] The latter item did not display Saporta's actual contact details, but workers from the production company employed by Wentz later leaked them publicly.[11]On June 27, 2010, the Chicago Landmark store closed. On Wentz's blog, he explained that the closing of the Landmark would aid in expanding the brand's webstore.[12]In June 2011, the website was relaunched with a brand new summer range. Wentz commented on his blog, \"this is what the original intention of Clandestine was\".[13]Despite no formal announcement of Clandestine's shutdown, the brand's Tumblr, Facebook, and Twitter accounts were abandoned around 2012,[14][15][16] and it is now considered defunct.[citation needed] Fans have created petitions asking for the brand to be bought back, and items from the brand for sale can be found on websites such as eBay[17] and Livejournal.[18]On November 7, 2023, Wentz posted a photo on instagram with the caption ''Now with a working link clandestineindustries.com'',[19] announcing that Clandestine Industries has returned with new clothing items.","title":"History and products"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Nadud Le: Pete Wentz Tattoos Collection\". Blogspot. Nadud Le. 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nadudle.blogspot.com/2013/04/pete-wentz-tattoos-collection.html","url_text":"\"Nadud Le: Pete Wentz Tattoos Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". www.clandestineindustries.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100812102447/http://www.clandestineindustries.com/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.clandestineindustries.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fall Out Boy – Release The Bats (2005, DVD)\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Fall-Out-Boy-Release-The-Bats/release/6208923","url_text":"\"Fall Out Boy – Release The Bats (2005, DVD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clandestine Industries Landmark Store - Wrigleyville - Chicago, IL 60657 | Metromix Chicago\". Archived from the original on 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2010-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317094442/http://chicago.metromix.com/style/store/clandestine-industries-landmark-store-wrigleyville/148025/content","url_text":"\"Clandestine Industries Landmark Store - Wrigleyville - Chicago, IL 60657 | Metromix Chicago\""},{"url":"http://chicago.metromix.com/style/store/clandestine-industries-landmark-store-wrigleyville/148025/content","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Www.clandestineindustries.com down? Current status and outage history\". Currentlydown.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.currentlydown.com/www.clandestineindustries.com","url_text":"\"Www.clandestineindustries.com down? Current status and outage history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Effects on Our Generation\". AeR's Blog. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://internetcupcake.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/media-effects-on-our-generation/","url_text":"\"Media Effects on Our Generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh: The Freshest Fashion: clandestine industries hoodies\". Blogspot. 26 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://freshestfashion.blogspot.com/2007/05/clandestine-industries-hoodies.html","url_text":"\"Fresh: The Freshest Fashion: clandestine industries hoodies\""}]},{"reference":"Twitter https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880","url_text":"https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880"}]},{"reference":"\"dress like pete wentz!\". dress like pete wentz!. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dresslikepeterwentz.tumblr.com/post/69832130439/clandestine-industries-stay-gold-hoodie-92-from","url_text":"\"dress like pete wentz!\""}]},{"reference":"\"did you get what you deserve?\". did you get what you deserve?. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://max-kuehn.tumblr.com/post/634388633484427265","url_text":"\"did you get what you deserve?\""}]},{"reference":"Twitter https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696","url_text":"https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696"}]},{"reference":"\"From Pete Wentz's blog: Clandestineindustries: Alright guys, let's celebrate the first... - Friends or Enemies\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2010-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003043053/http://www.friendsorenemies.com/profiles/blogs/from-pete-wentzs-blog-3","url_text":"\"From Pete Wentz's blog: Clandestineindustries: Alright guys, let's celebrate the first... - Friends or Enemies\""},{"url":"http://www.friendsorenemies.com/profiles/blogs/from-pete-wentzs-blog-3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Homeboy's Life - new clandestine samples blowing my mind. This is\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2011-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607040739/http://petewentz.com/post/6166785829/new-clandestine-samples-blowing-my-mind-this-is","url_text":"\"A Homeboy's Life - new clandestine samples blowing my mind. This is\""},{"url":"http://petewentz.com/post/6166785829/new-clandestine-samples-blowing-my-mind-this-is","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clandestine Industries\". Clandestineindustries.tumblr.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://clandestineindustries.tumblr.com/","url_text":"\"Clandestine Industries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clandestine Industries\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/clandestineindustries","url_text":"\"Clandestine Industries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clandestine Ind (@Clandestineind) - Twitter\". Twitter.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/clandestineind","url_text":"\"Clandestine Ind (@Clandestineind) - Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"clandestine industries\". eBay.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p2380057.m570.l1311&_nkw=clandestine+industries&_sacat=0","url_text":"\"clandestine industries\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 Clandestine industries hoodies and 1 clandestine industries shirt\". themerchbooth.livejournal.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://themerchbooth.livejournal.com/877103.html","url_text":"\"4 Clandestine industries hoodies and 1 clandestine industries shirt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2023-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CzWlwNCp8X6/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Pro_Bowl
1984 Pro Bowl
["1 AFC roster","1.1 Offense","1.2 Defense","1.3 Special teams","2 NFC roster","2.1 Offense","2.2 Defense","2.3 Special teams","3 Box score","4 References","5 External links"]
National Football League all-star game 1984 NFL Pro Bowl NFC AFC 45 3 Head coach:Bill Walsh(San Francisco 49ers) Head coach:Chuck Knox(Seattle Seahawks) 1234 Total NFC 3141414 45 AFC 0300 3 DateJanuary 29, 1984StadiumAloha Stadium, Honolulu, HawaiiMVPJoe Theismann (Washington Redskins)RefereeJerry SeemanAttendance50,445TV in the United StatesNetworkABCAnnouncersFrank Gifford, O. J. Simpson & Lynn Swann ← 1983 Pro Bowl 1985 → The 1984 Pro Bowl was the 34th Pro Bowl, the annual all-star game of the National Football League (NFL), and featured the outstanding performers from the 1983 season. The game was contested by teams representing the National Football Conference (NFC) and American Football Conference (AFC), and played on January 29, 1984, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii before a crowd of 50,445. The NFC won the game 45–3. Chuck Knox of the Seattle Seahawks led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by San Francisco 49ers head coach Bill Walsh. The referee was Jerry Seeman. Joe Theismann of the Washington Redskins was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Players on the winning NFC team received $10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $5,000. AFC roster Offense Position Starter(s) Reserve(s) Quarterback 14 Dan Fouts, San Diego   9 Bill Kenney, Kansas City13 Dan Marino, Miami Running back 28 Curt Warner, Seattle 34 Earl Campbell, Houston20 Joe Cribbs, Buffalo Fullback 33 Tony Collins, New England Wide receiver 85 Mark Duper, Miami80 Cris Collinsworth, Cincinnati 89 Wes Chandler, San Diego82 John Stallworth, Pittsburgh Tight end 46 Todd Christensen, L.A. Raiders 89 Kellen Winslow, San Diego Offensive tackle 78 Anthony Muñoz, Cincinnati76 Brian Holloway, New England 79 Marvin Powell, New York Jets70 Henry Lawrence, L. A. Raiders Offensive guard 73 John Hannah, New England64 Ed Newman, Miami 75 Chris Hinton, Baltimore67 Bob Kuechenberg, Miami Center 52 Mike Webster, Pittsburgh 57 Dwight Stephenson, Miami Defense Position Starter(s) Reserve(s) Defensive end 99 Mark Gastineau, New York Jets75 Doug Betters, Miami 75 Howie Long, L.A. Raiders Defensive tackle 73 Bob Baumhower, Miami76 Fred Smerlas, Buffalo 73 Joe Klecko, New York Jets Outside linebacker 53 Rod Martin, L.A. Raiders56 Chip Banks, Cleveland 83 Ted Hendricks, L.A. Raiders Inside linebacker 58 Jack Lambert, Pittsburgh 53 Randy Gradishar, Denver Cornerback 37 Lester Hayes, L.A. Raiders24 Gary Green, Kansas City 20 Louis Wright, Denver26 Raymond Clayborn, New England Free safety 20 Deron Cherry, Kansas City 26 Vann McElroy, L.A. Raiders Strong safety 45 Kenny Easley, Seattle Special teams Position Starter(s) Punter   3 Rich Camarillo, New England Placekicker   1 Gary Anderson, Pittsburgh Kick returner 34 Greg Pruitt, L. A. Raiders NFC roster Offense Position Starter(s) Reserve(s) Quarterback   7 Joe Theismann, Washington 16 Joe Montana, San Francisco Running back 29 Eric Dickerson, L.A. Rams 34 Walter Payton, Chicago33 Tony Dorsett, Dallas Fullback 31 William Andrews, Atlanta Wide receiver 81 Roy Green, St. Louis82 Mike Quick, Philadelphia 87 Charlie Brown, Washington80 James Lofton, Green Bay Tight end 82 Paul Coffman, Green Bay 84 Doug Cosbie, Dallas Offensive tackle 66 Joe Jacoby, Washington78 Jackie Slater, Los Angeles Rams 78 Mike Kenn, Atlanta Offensive guard 68 Russ Grimm, Washington72 Kent Hill, Los Angeles Rams 68 R. C. Thielemann, Atlanta Center 53 Jeff Bostic, Washington 54 Larry McCarren, Green Bay Defense Position Starter(s) Reserve(s) Defensive end 72 Ed Jones, Dallas74 Fred Dean, San Francisco 63 Lee Roy Selmon, Tampa Bay Defensive tackle 54 Randy White, Dallas65 Dave Butz, Washington 78 Doug English, Detroit Outside linebacker 56 Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants53 Hugh Green, Tampa Bay 57 Rickey Jackson, New Orleans Inside linebacker 50 Mike Singletary, Chicago 53 Harry Carson, New York Giants Cornerback 24 Everson Walls, Dallas42 Ronnie Lott, San Francisco 36 Mark Haynes, New York Giants Free safety 29 Mark Murphy, Washington 22 Dwight Hicks, San Francisco Strong safety 21 Nolan Cromwell, L.A. Rams Special teams Position Starter(s) Punter 18 Carl Birdsong, St. Louis Placekicker   6 Ali Haji-Sheikh, New York Giants Kick returner 81 Billy Johnson, Atlanta Box score 1984 Pro Bowl: NFC vs AFC Period 1 2 34Total NFC 3 14 141445 AFC 0 3 003 at Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, Hawaii Date: January 29, 1984Game time: 11:08 a.m. HSTGame weather: Mostly sunny, 81 °C (178 °F)Game attendance: 50,445Referee: Jerry Seeman (70)Game Book Game information First quarter NFC – Ali Haji-Sheikh 23-yard field goal, 9:53. NFC 3–0. Second quarter NFC – William Andrews 16-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 12:02. NFC 10–0. NFC – William Andrews 2-yard pass from Joe Montana (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 1:08. NFC 17–0. AFC – Gary Anderson 43-yard field goal, 0:00. NFC 17–3. Third quarter NFC – Nolan Cromwell 44-yard interception return (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 13:21. NFC 24–3. NFC – James Lofton 8-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 6:04. NFC 31–3. Fourth quarter NFC – Paul Coffman 6-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 11:43. NFC 38–3. NFC – Eric Dickerson 14-yard run (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 0:25. NFC 45–3. Top passers NFC – Joe Theisman – 21/27, 242 yards, 3 TD AFC – Dan Fouts – 7/9, 103 yards, INT Top rushers NFC – Eric Dickerson – 11 rushes, 46 yards, TD AFC – Joe Cribbs – 4 rushes, 32 yards Top receivers NFC – Mike Quick – 1 reception, 51 yards AFC – Cris Collinsworth – 5 receptions, 73 yards References ^ a b "1984 Pro Bowl game book" (PDF). NFL Game Statistics & Information. National Football League. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2012. ^ a b "NFC Pro Bowl romp over AFC really the Joe Theismann Show". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. AP. January 30, 1984. Retrieved January 16, 2012. ^ "NFL Pro Bowl history". CBSSports.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2012. External links "1984 Pro Bowl players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2011. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"all-star game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-star_game"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1983 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"National Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"American Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Aloha Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Honolulu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameBook-1"},{"link_name":"Chuck Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Knox"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Seattle_Seahawks_season"},{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_San_Francisco_49ers_season"},{"link_name":"Bill Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walsh_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRecap-2"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seeman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameBook-1"},{"link_name":"Joe Theismann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Theismann"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRecap-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 1984 Pro Bowl was the 34th Pro Bowl, the annual all-star game of the National Football League (NFL), and featured the outstanding performers from the 1983 season. The game was contested by teams representing the National Football Conference (NFC) and American Football Conference (AFC), and played on January 29, 1984, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii before a crowd of 50,445.[1] The NFC won the game 45–3.Chuck Knox of the Seattle Seahawks led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by San Francisco 49ers head coach Bill Walsh.[2] The referee was Jerry Seeman.[1]Joe Theismann of the Washington Redskins was named the game's Most Valuable Player.[2] Players on the winning NFC team received $10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $5,000.[3]","title":"1984 Pro Bowl"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"AFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Offense","title":"AFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defense","title":"AFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special teams","title":"AFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Offense","title":"NFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defense","title":"NFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special teams","title":"NFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Aloha Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Honolulu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"HST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seeman"},{"link_name":"Game Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nflgsis.com/1983/Post/04/54788/Gamebook.pdf"},{"link_name":"Ali Haji-Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Haji-Sheikh"},{"link_name":"William Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Andrews_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Joe Theismann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Theismann"},{"link_name":"Joe Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Montana"},{"link_name":"Gary Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Anderson_(placekicker)"},{"link_name":"Nolan Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"James Lofton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lofton"},{"link_name":"Paul Coffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Coffman"},{"link_name":"Eric Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"Joe Theisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Theisman"},{"link_name":"Dan Fouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Fouts"},{"link_name":"Eric Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"Joe Cribbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cribbs"},{"link_name":"Mike Quick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Quick"},{"link_name":"Cris Collinsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cris_Collinsworth"}],"text":"1984 Pro Bowl: NFC vs AFC\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nNFC\n3\n14\n141445\n\nAFC\n0\n3\n003\n\nat Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, Hawaii\n\nDate: January 29, 1984Game time: 11:08 a.m. HSTGame weather: Mostly sunny, 81 °C (178 °F)Game attendance: 50,445Referee: Jerry Seeman (70)Game Book\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\n\nNFC – Ali Haji-Sheikh 23-yard field goal, 9:53. NFC 3–0.\nSecond quarter\n\nNFC – William Andrews 16-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 12:02. NFC 10–0.\nNFC – William Andrews 2-yard pass from Joe Montana (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 1:08. NFC 17–0.\nAFC – Gary Anderson 43-yard field goal, 0:00. NFC 17–3.\nThird quarter\n\nNFC – Nolan Cromwell 44-yard interception return (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 13:21. NFC 24–3.\nNFC – James Lofton 8-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 6:04. NFC 31–3.\nFourth quarter\n\nNFC – Paul Coffman 6-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 11:43. NFC 38–3.\nNFC – Eric Dickerson 14-yard run (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 0:25. NFC 45–3.\n\n\nTop passers\n\nNFC – Joe Theisman – 21/27, 242 yards, 3 TD\nAFC – Dan Fouts – 7/9, 103 yards, INT\nTop rushers\n\nNFC – Eric Dickerson – 11 rushes, 46 yards, TD\nAFC – Joe Cribbs – 4 rushes, 32 yards\nTop receivers\n\nNFC – Mike Quick – 1 reception, 51 yards\nAFC – Cris Collinsworth – 5 receptions, 73 yards","title":"Box score"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"1984 Pro Bowl game book\" (PDF). NFL Game Statistics & Information. National Football League. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nflgsis.com/1983/Post/04/54788/Gamebook.pdf","url_text":"\"1984 Pro Bowl game book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League","url_text":"National Football League"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043108/http://www.nflgsis.com/1983/Post/04/54788/Gamebook.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NFC Pro Bowl romp over AFC really the Joe Theismann Show\". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. AP. January 30, 1984. Retrieved January 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NE8NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=720DAAAAIBAJ&pg=4840%2C5731842","url_text":"\"NFC Pro Bowl romp over AFC really the Joe Theismann Show\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Post-Gazette","url_text":"Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"AP"}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Pro Bowl history\". CBSSports.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/story/10540742","url_text":"\"NFL Pro Bowl history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBSSports.com","url_text":"CBSSports.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110810235233/http://www.cbssports.com/nfl/story/10540742","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"1984 Pro Bowl players\". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1983/probowl.htm","url_text":"\"1984 Pro Bowl players\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-Football-Reference.com","url_text":"Pro-Football-Reference.com"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111231010400/http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1983/probowl.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecropt
Lecropt
["1 Geography","2 Lecropt Kirk","3 Famous people from Lecropt","4 Locations","5 Transport","6 References"]
Coordinates: 56°09′25″N 3°58′48″W / 56.157°N 3.98°W / 56.157; -3.98Parish in Stirling Council, ScotlandLecropt Leac CroitParishLecroptCoordinates: 56°09′25″N 3°58′48″W / 56.157°N 3.98°W / 56.157; -3.98CountryScotlandCouncil areaStirling CouncilPopulation • Total75 Lecropt (Leac Croit in Gaelic) is a rural parish lying to the west of Bridge of Allan, Scotland. The population of the parish of Lecropt is estimated to be around 75, consisting entirely of isolated farms and houses, as well as the Keir Estate owned by the landed Stirling family. Lecropt today contains no town or village, though it lies on the outskirts of the village of Bridge of Allan. Historically, Lecropt's population was higher and was as high as 500 around the year 1800. The decline in population over the decades can be explained partly, but not wholly, by rural depopulation. However, in 1800 Bridge of Allan, then a tiny hamlet of no more than 100 people, was included in Lecropt. As Bridge of Allan grew during the 19th century, the whole village was eventually brought under the adjacent parish of Logie, reducing Lecropt's population. There had also been another village called Lecropt, the site of which was further north-west, on the other side of the line of the M9 motorway from the current parish church. This village hosted the parish church until this was moved to its present site in the early 19th century, on the A9 road. The village of Lecropt itself had been abandoned. Geography This part needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this part. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lecropt" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Historically, about two thirds of this parish were situated within the county of Perth, and one-third in the county of Stirling. Today, Lecropt falls wholly within Stirling Council area. The River Teith bounds it on the south-west, where it meets the Forth and the Allan Water on the east. The southern point is where the Allan falls into the united streams of the other two. From east to west it extends about 3 miles (5 km), and nearly about as much from north to south. It contains about 2,000 acres (8.1 km2), one-half of which – the southern part – is known as the Carse of Lecropt. The fertile soil of the carse is a rich clay. The other, northern half is upland, or what is generally called dry-field. Much of this consists of the policy lands of Keir House. The clay soil on the south is divided from the upland by a bank, which crosses the parish almost parallel to the north side, and nearly at one-third of the distance between it and the southern extremity. The defunct political party Scottish Voice was based here, headquartered at the Keir Estate offices on the Lecropt Kirk-Doune road. The party contested its first election to the Scottish Parliament on 3 May 2007. Lecropt Kirk (see below) and nearby Lecropt Nursery, which used to be the parish school, stand on the A9 road leading out of Bridge of Allan, north towards Dunblane. Lecropt was a separate civil parish until 1900, when it was amalgamated into the parish of Dunblane and Lecropt. Lecropt Kirk Lecropt Kirk Lecropt Kirk is a handsome essay in Gothic revival style, built in 1825–7 to the designs of David Hamilton and William Stirling, a local architect. It is a parish church of the Church of Scotland. Occupying an elevated position overlooking the carse lands, Stirling Castle and the Wallace Monument can be clearly seen from the church grounds and is located about a mile from Bridge of Allan and 3 miles (4.8 km) from Dunblane. The interior contains in its loft, vaults and monuments the influence of an old landed family, the Stirlings of Keir, built in the age of patronage. This late Georgian church is an early example of its style in Scotland, in company with the other carse Kirks of Kippen and Kincardine in Menteith. There has been a church at Lecropt prior to 1827, the old kirk was built in 1400 in what is now the Keir estate although nothing remains of the Kirk, except the old graveyard, which lies unloved, overgrown and difficult to access. It is known that there was a church at Lecropt prior to 1260. Important stained glass by Stephen Adam was added in 1907. Famous people from Lecropt David Stirling, founder of the Special Air Service. Archie Stirling, founder and leader of Scottish Voice. Locations Bairnsburn Cottonhaugh (historic; abandoned) Craigarnhall Craigdownings (historic; abandoned) Easter Row Greenocks Heathershot (historic; abandoned) Knockhill Lecropt Kirk (see above) Longleys Mid Lecropt: a farm and cottage are situated just west of the M9 motorway, and just south-west of Lecropt Kirk Moss Side (historic; abandoned) Netherton Old Keir Park of Keir Southland (formerly Deafleys, renamed) Steeds Westleys Transport The parish church, as mentioned above, is on the A9 road just outside Bridge of Allan in the direction of Dunblane. The M9 motorway passes through the parish. Imposing views of the church towering above the carse lands are to be had when travelling north on this motorway. However, no junction connects the motorway directly to Lecropt, access normally being via Keir roundabout (junction 11 on the M9) or through Bridge of Allan. Lecropt is in a very central position in Scotland's road network. The A9 leads north to Perth, Inverness and, via the A90, Dundee and Aberdeen. Southwards on the M9 is Edinburgh and, via the M80, Glasgow. Lecropt is served by Bridge of Allan railway station, which is ¼ mile south east of the church, connecting the parish with Dunblane, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow. References ^ "DSA Building/Design Report". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2009-12-21. ^ "old-lecropt-graveyard". Hole Ousia. September 11, 2016. ^ "church20.jpg". www.dunblaneweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2003. Retrieved 2023-03-04. ^ "Always happy in his designs: the legacy of Stephen Adam". www.victorianweb.org. Parish of Lecropt, Presbytery of Dunblane, Synod Perth and Stirling. The Rev. Peter M'Laren, Minister (Statistical Account of Scotland 1845) https://web.archive.org/web/20070306185811/http://www.dgnscrn.demon.co.uk/genuki/STI/Lecropt/index.html
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Allan"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Keir Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_House"}],"text":"Parish in Stirling Council, ScotlandLecropt (Leac Croit in Gaelic) is a rural parish lying to the west of Bridge of Allan, Scotland.The population of the parish of Lecropt is estimated to be around 75, consisting entirely of isolated farms and houses, as well as the Keir Estate owned by the landed Stirling family. Lecropt today contains no town or village, though it lies on the outskirts of the village of Bridge of Allan.Historically, Lecropt's population was higher and was as high as 500 around the year 1800. The decline in population over the decades can be explained partly, but not wholly, by rural depopulation. However, in 1800 Bridge of Allan, then a tiny hamlet of no more than 100 people, was included in Lecropt. As Bridge of Allan grew during the 19th century, the whole village was eventually brought under the adjacent parish of Logie, reducing Lecropt's population.There had also been another village called Lecropt, the site of which was further north-west, on the other side of the line of the M9 motorway from the current parish church. This village hosted the parish church until this was moved to its present site in the early 19th century, on the A9 road. The village of Lecropt itself had been abandoned.","title":"Lecropt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshire"},{"link_name":"county of Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire"},{"link_name":"Stirling Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Council"},{"link_name":"River Teith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teith"},{"link_name":"Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forth"},{"link_name":"Allan Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Water"},{"link_name":"carse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carse"},{"link_name":"Scottish Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Voice"},{"link_name":"Doune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doune"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Dunblane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Scotland"}],"text":"Historically, about two thirds of this parish were situated within the county of Perth, and one-third in the county of Stirling. Today, Lecropt falls wholly within Stirling Council area. The River Teith bounds it on the south-west, where it meets the Forth and the Allan Water on the east. The southern point is where the Allan falls into the united streams of the other two. From east to west it extends about 3 miles (5 km), and nearly about as much from north to south.It contains about 2,000 acres (8.1 km2), one-half of which – the southern part – is known as the Carse of Lecropt. The fertile soil of the carse is a rich clay. The other, northern half is upland, or what is generally called dry-field. Much of this consists of the policy lands of Keir House.The clay soil on the south is divided from the upland by a bank, which crosses the parish almost parallel to the north side, and nearly at one-third of the distance between it and the southern extremity.The defunct political party Scottish Voice was based here, headquartered at the Keir Estate offices on the Lecropt Kirk-Doune road. The party contested its first election to the Scottish Parliament on 3 May 2007.Lecropt Kirk (see below) and nearby Lecropt Nursery, which used to be the parish school, stand on the A9 road leading out of Bridge of Allan, north towards Dunblane.Lecropt was a separate civil parish until 1900, when it was amalgamated into the parish of Dunblane and Lecropt.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lecropt_Kirk_(geograph_4257232).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Stirling Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Castle"},{"link_name":"Wallace Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Monument"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Allan"},{"link_name":"Dunblane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stephen Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Adam_(stained_glass_designer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lecropt KirkLecropt Kirk is a handsome essay in Gothic revival style, built in 1825–7 to the designs of David Hamilton and William Stirling, a local architect.[1] It is a parish church of the Church of Scotland.Occupying an elevated position overlooking the carse lands, Stirling Castle and the Wallace Monument can be clearly seen from the church grounds and is located about a mile from Bridge of Allan and 3 miles (4.8 km) from Dunblane.The interior contains in its loft, vaults and monuments the influence of an old landed family, the Stirlings of Keir, built in the age of patronage. This late Georgian church is an early example of its style in Scotland, in company with the other carse Kirks of Kippen and Kincardine in Menteith.There has been a church at Lecropt prior to 1827, the old kirk was built in 1400 in what is now the Keir estate although nothing remains of the Kirk, except the old graveyard, which lies unloved, overgrown and difficult to access.[2] It is known that there was a church at Lecropt prior to 1260.[3]Important stained glass by Stephen Adam was added in 1907.[4]","title":"Lecropt Kirk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Archie Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Scottish Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Voice"}],"text":"David Stirling, founder of the Special Air Service.\nArchie Stirling, founder and leader of Scottish Voice.","title":"Famous people from Lecropt"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bairnsburn\nCottonhaugh (historic; abandoned)\nCraigarnhall\nCraigdownings (historic; abandoned)\nEaster Row\nGreenocks\nHeathershot (historic; abandoned)\nKnockhill\nLecropt Kirk (see above)\nLongleys\nMid Lecropt: a farm and cottage are situated just west of the M9 motorway, and just south-west of Lecropt Kirk\nMoss Side (historic; abandoned)\nNetherton\nOld Keir\nPark of Keir\nSouthland (formerly Deafleys, renamed)\nSteeds\nWestleys","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A9 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A9_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"M9 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9_motorway_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"A90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A90_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"M80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M80_motorway"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"}],"text":"The parish church, as mentioned above, is on the A9 road just outside Bridge of Allan in the direction of Dunblane.The M9 motorway passes through the parish. Imposing views of the church towering above the carse lands are to be had when travelling north on this motorway. However, no junction connects the motorway directly to Lecropt, access normally being via Keir roundabout (junction 11 on the M9) or through Bridge of Allan.Lecropt is in a very central position in Scotland's road network. The A9 leads north to Perth, Inverness and, via the A90, Dundee and Aberdeen. Southwards on the M9 is Edinburgh and, via the M80, Glasgow.Lecropt is served by Bridge of Allan railway station, which is ¼ mile south east of the church, connecting the parish with Dunblane, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow.","title":"Transport"}]
[{"image_text":"Lecropt Kirk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lecropt_Kirk_%28geograph_4257232%29.jpg/310px-Lecropt_Kirk_%28geograph_4257232%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"DSA Building/Design Report\". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2009-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213105242/http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/building_full.php?id=M024733","url_text":"\"DSA Building/Design Report\""},{"url":"http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/building_full.php?id=M024733","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"old-lecropt-graveyard\". Hole Ousia. September 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://holeousia.com/old-lecropt-graveyard/","url_text":"\"old-lecropt-graveyard\""}]},{"reference":"\"church20.jpg\". www.dunblaneweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2003. Retrieved 2023-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030829210729/http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/church20.jpg","url_text":"\"church20.jpg\""},{"url":"http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/church20.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Always happy in his designs: the legacy of Stephen Adam\". www.victorianweb.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victorianweb.org/art/stainedglass/adam/gailbraith.html","url_text":"\"Always happy in his designs: the legacy of Stephen Adam\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lecropt&params=56.157_N_3.98_W_region:GB-SCT_type:city","external_links_name":"56°09′25″N 3°58′48″W / 56.157°N 3.98°W / 56.157; -3.98"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lecropt&params=56.157_N_3.98_W_region:GB-SCT_type:city","external_links_name":"56°09′25″N 3°58′48″W / 56.157°N 3.98°W / 56.157; -3.98"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lecropt%22","external_links_name":"\"Lecropt\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lecropt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lecropt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lecropt%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lecropt%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lecropt%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213105242/http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/building_full.php?id=M024733","external_links_name":"\"DSA Building/Design Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/building_full.php?id=M024733","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://holeousia.com/old-lecropt-graveyard/","external_links_name":"\"old-lecropt-graveyard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030829210729/http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/church20.jpg","external_links_name":"\"church20.jpg\""},{"Link":"http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/church20.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianweb.org/art/stainedglass/adam/gailbraith.html","external_links_name":"\"Always happy in his designs: the legacy of Stephen Adam\""},{"Link":"http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/index.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070306185811/http://www.dgnscrn.demon.co.uk/genuki/STI/Lecropt/index.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070306185811/http://www.dgnscrn.demon.co.uk/genuki/STI/Lecropt/index.html"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol
["1 Human odor perception","2 References","3 External links"]
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol Names Preferred IUPAC name (3Z)-Hex-3-en-1-ol Identifiers CAS Number 928-96-1 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEBI CHEBI:28857 Y ChemSpider 21105914 Y ECHA InfoCard 100.011.994 EC Number 231-192-8 KEGG C08492 Y PubChem CID 5281167 RTECS number MP8400000 UNII V14F8G75P4 Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID6022137 InChI InChI=1S/C6H12O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7/h3-4,7H,2,5-6H2,1H3/b4-3- YKey: UFLHIIWVXFIJGU-ARJAWSKDSA-N YInChI=1/C6H12O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7/h3-4,7H,2,5-6H2,1H3/b4-3-Key: UFLHIIWVXFIJGU-ARJAWSKDBI SMILES CC\C=C/CCO Properties Chemical formula C6H12O Molar mass 100.159 g/mol Appearance colorless liquid Density 0.846 g/cm3 Melting point −61 °C (−78 °F; 212 K) Boiling point 156.5 °C (313.7 °F; 429.6 K) Solubility in water very slightly soluble Solubility soluble in ethanol, ether Hazards NFPA 704 (fire diamond) 0 2 0 Flash point 44 °C (111 °F) Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): LD50 (median dose) 4700 mg/kg (rat, oral) Safety data sheet (SDS) External MSDS Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). Y verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, also known as (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and leaf alcohol, is a colorless oily liquid with an intense grassy-green odor of freshly cut green grass and leaves. It is produced in small amounts by most plants and it acts as an attractant to many predatory insects. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is a very important aroma compound that is used in fruit and vegetable flavors and in perfumes. The yearly production is about 30 tonnes. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is an alcohol and its esters are also important flavor and fragrance raw materials. The related aldehyde cis-3-hexenal (leaf aldehyde) has a similar and even stronger smell but is relatively unstable and isomerizes into the conjugated trans-2-hexenal. This compound has been recognized as a semiochemical involved in mechanisms and behaviors of attraction in diverse animals such as insects and mammals. However, there is no scientific evidence of its aphrodisiac effects in humans. The popular Mexican alcoholic beverage, mezcal, is found to have enhanced concentrations of this compound when a maguey worm is served in the glass. Human odor perception A pair of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, both in the gene for the OR2J3 odor receptor, strongly reduce sensitivity to this odorant. References ^ McRae JF, Mainland JD, Jaeger SR, Adipietro KA, Matsunami H, Newcomb RD (2012). "Genetic Variation in the Odorant Receptor OR2J3 is Associated with the Ability to Detect the "Grassy" Smelling Odor, cis-3-hexen-1-ol". Chemical Senses. 37 (7): 585–593. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjs049. PMC 3408771. PMID 22714804. External links Pheromone database Molecule of the Month: Hexenal That Worm at the Bottom of Your Mezcal Isn’t a Total Lie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"odor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor"},{"link_name":"freshly cut green grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smell_of_freshly_cut_grass"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"attractant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attractant"},{"link_name":"predatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"aroma compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_compound"},{"link_name":"flavors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoring"},{"link_name":"perfumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"aldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde"},{"link_name":"cis-3-hexenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-3-Hexenal"},{"link_name":"isomerizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomerization"},{"link_name":"conjugated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system"},{"link_name":"semiochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiochemical"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals"},{"link_name":"aphrodisiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisiac"},{"link_name":"mezcal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezcal"},{"link_name":"maguey worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguey_worm"}],"text":"Chemical compoundcis-3-Hexen-1-ol, also known as (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and leaf alcohol, is a colorless oily liquid with an intense grassy-green odor of freshly cut green grass and leaves. It is produced in small amounts by most plants and it acts as an attractant to many predatory insects. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is a very important aroma compound that is used in fruit and vegetable flavors and in perfumes. The yearly production is about 30 tonnes.cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is an alcohol and its esters are also important flavor and fragrance raw materials. The related aldehyde cis-3-hexenal (leaf aldehyde) has a similar and even stronger smell but is relatively unstable and isomerizes into the conjugated trans-2-hexenal.This compound has been recognized as a semiochemical involved in mechanisms and behaviors of attraction in diverse animals such as insects and mammals. However, there is no scientific evidence of its aphrodisiac effects in humans. The popular Mexican alcoholic beverage, mezcal, is found to have enhanced concentrations of this compound when a maguey worm is served in the glass.","title":"cis-3-Hexen-1-ol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single-nucleotide polymorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"OR2J3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR2J3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McRae2012-1"}],"text":"A pair of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, both in the gene for the OR2J3 odor receptor, strongly reduce sensitivity to this odorant.[1]","title":"Human odor perception"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"McRae JF, Mainland JD, Jaeger SR, Adipietro KA, Matsunami H, Newcomb RD (2012). \"Genetic Variation in the Odorant Receptor OR2J3 is Associated with the Ability to Detect the \"Grassy\" Smelling Odor, cis-3-hexen-1-ol\". Chemical Senses. 37 (7): 585–593. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjs049. PMC 3408771. PMID 22714804.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408771","url_text":"\"Genetic Variation in the Odorant Receptor OR2J3 is Associated with the Ability to Detect the \"Grassy\" Smelling Odor, cis-3-hexen-1-ol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchemse%2Fbjs049","url_text":"10.1093/chemse/bjs049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408771","url_text":"3408771"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22714804","url_text":"22714804"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridei_Chronicles
The Bridei Chronicles
["1 The Dark Mirror","2 Blade of Fortriu","3 The Well Of Shades","4 Fourth novel","5 References","6 External links"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Bridei Chronicles" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Bridei Chronicles is Juliet Marillier's third series of historical fantasy novels. They depict the tutelage by Broichan, rise to power, and reign of King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century. Like much of Marillier's work, The Bridei Chronicles are rooted in historical fact and many of the principal characters are historical personages. However, a strong element of fantasy is also present, and the author's note makes clear that history is only a starting point for her romantic tales. The Dark Mirror "The Dark Mirror (novel)" redirects here. For other novels, see Dark Mirror § Literature. The Dark Mirror is the first book of The Bridei Chronicles and tells of Bridei's education under the supervision of Broichan, the king's Druid. Bridei is sent at a very early age by his father Maelchon and mother Anfreda to Broichan at Pitnochie. One night Bridei is woken by the moon and outside discovers a baby of the Good Folk, which he takes in and later names Tuala. As the years pass, Bridei and Tuala begin to fall apart as they come to terms with their destinies. The pair are tested to the ends of their wits until their love for each other blossoms and triumphs. The book ends with Bridei elected as the new king and his announcement of his betrothal to Tuala. The religion of the Picts is important in this book. One aspect of that religion is a yearly human sacrifice. Bridei participates in the ritual just once, and is so troubled by the experience that he decides there will be no more such sacrifice. Blade of Fortriu Blade of Fortriu is the second book of The Bridei Chronicles and tells of Ana and Faolan's trip to the Caitt chieftain Alpin and of Bridei's war on the Gaels. This trip forces the assassin to take on roles that hit close to home. Will Faolan be able to defeat the memories of the past in order to complete his mission? Help comes from two unlikely places and the seeds of friendship form in a man who once thought that concept beyond him. The main characters, Bridei, his wife Tuala, Faolan, Ana, Drustan, and Alpin, are well crafted. Each of them must make difficult choices. Bridei, in particular, shows restraint and compassion as a war leader. The Well Of Shades The Well Of Shades is the third book of The Bridei Chronicles. It follows Bridei's rule further and the decisions he has to make concerning the welfare of Fortriu. Faolan becomes a more central character as he keeps his promise to Ana and returns to his homeland. While there he must come face to face with the demons of his past. While in Erin he meets an unlikely travel companion who understands what it is to have blood on your hands. Tuala discovers the origins of her father. Meanwhile, a fair haired princess of the Light Isles threatens to unleash chaos in the court. Christian cleric and priest Colmcille also makes an appearance and shows the people of Bridei's kingdom just what the Christian faith can do. Could his presence ruin what Bridei and Broichan had spent so many years creating; a true Fortriu under one religion? Fourth novel Although the release date and title is unknown, the fourth book in the Bridei Chronicles seems to be in Juliet Marillier's writing future. She plans to start writing after the completion of a stand-alone novel Heart's Blood. Marillier stated, that she does not know, whether 'Book Four will ever see the light of day', because her US publisher would not want to publish another book of the series. She wrote a statement to this topic on her official Facebook site. References External links The Dark Mirror vteWorks by Juliet MarillierThe Sevenwaters Trilogy Daughter of the Forest (1999) Son of the Shadows (2000) Child of the Prophecy (2001) Heir to Sevenwaters (2008) Seer of Sevenwaters (2010) "Twixt Firelight and Water: A Tale of Sevenwaters" (2011) Flame of Sevenwaters (2012) Saga of the Light Isles Wolfskin (2002) Foxmask (2003) The Bridei Chronicles The Dark Mirror (2004) Blade of Fortriu (2005) The Well of Shades (2006) Wildwood series Wildwood Dancing (2006) Cybele's Secret (2007)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juliet Marillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Marillier"},{"link_name":"historical fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Broichan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broichan"},{"link_name":"Bridei I of the Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridei_I"}],"text":"The Bridei Chronicles is Juliet Marillier's third series of historical fantasy novels. They depict the tutelage by Broichan, rise to power, and reign of King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century.Like much of Marillier's work, The Bridei Chronicles are rooted in historical fact and many of the principal characters are historical personages. However, a strong element of fantasy is also present, and the author's note makes clear that history is only a starting point for her romantic tales.","title":"The Bridei Chronicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Mirror § Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Mirror_(disambiguation)#Literature"},{"link_name":"Maelchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maelchon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anfreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anfreda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Good Folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy"}],"text":"\"The Dark Mirror (novel)\" redirects here. For other novels, see Dark Mirror § Literature.The Dark Mirror is the first book of The Bridei Chronicles and tells of Bridei's education under the supervision of Broichan, the king's Druid. Bridei is sent at a very early age by his father Maelchon and mother Anfreda to Broichan at Pitnochie. One night Bridei is woken by the moon and outside discovers a baby of the Good Folk, which he takes in and later names Tuala. As the years pass, Bridei and Tuala begin to fall apart as they come to terms with their destinies. The pair are tested to the ends of their wits until their love for each other blossoms and triumphs. The book ends with Bridei elected as the new king and his announcement of his betrothal to Tuala.The religion of the Picts is important in this book. One aspect of that religion is a yearly human sacrifice. Bridei participates in the ritual just once, and is so troubled by the experience that he decides there will be no more such sacrifice.","title":"The Dark Mirror"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Blade of Fortriu is the second book of The Bridei Chronicles and tells of Ana and Faolan's trip to the Caitt chieftain Alpin and of Bridei's war on the Gaels. This trip forces the assassin to take on roles that hit close to home. Will Faolan be able to defeat the memories of the past in order to complete his mission? Help comes from two unlikely places and the seeds of friendship form in a man who once thought that concept beyond him.The main characters, Bridei, his wife Tuala, Faolan, Ana, Drustan, and Alpin, are well crafted. Each of them must make difficult choices. Bridei, in particular, shows restraint and compassion as a war leader.","title":"Blade of Fortriu"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Well Of Shades is the third book of The Bridei Chronicles. It follows Bridei's rule further and the decisions he has to make concerning the welfare of Fortriu. Faolan becomes a more central character as he keeps his promise to Ana and returns to his homeland. While there he must come face to face with the demons of his past. While in Erin he meets an unlikely travel companion who understands what it is to have blood on your hands. Tuala discovers the origins of her father. Meanwhile, a fair haired princess of the Light Isles threatens to unleash chaos in the court. Christian cleric and priest Colmcille also makes an appearance and shows the people of Bridei's kingdom just what the Christian faith can do. Could his presence ruin what Bridei and Broichan had spent so many years creating; a true Fortriu under one religion?","title":"The Well Of Shades"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Although the release date and title is unknown, the fourth book in the Bridei Chronicles seems to be in Juliet Marillier's writing future. She plans to start writing after the completion of a stand-alone novel Heart's Blood.\nMarillier stated, that she does not know, whether 'Book Four will ever see the light of day', because her US publisher would not want to publish another book of the series. She wrote a statement to this topic on her official Facebook site.","title":"Fourth novel"}]
[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground
Addiscombe Recreation Ground
["1 Facilities","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Coordinates: 51°22′39″N 0°04′14″W / 51.37750°N 0.07056°W / 51.37750; -0.07056 Addiscombe Recreation Ground Addiscombe Recreation Ground, commonly known as Bingham Park, is a park situated in Addiscombe, London. The park is managed by London Borough of Croydon. Addiscombe tram stop is located just next to the recreation ground and is served by Tramlink. The area covers 8 acres (3.2 ha). Facilities A basketball court (left) and a playground (right) in Addiscombe Recreation Ground Children's playground Toilets Football pitches Tennis courts Basketball court Grass areas and flower beds. The ground is locked at night. History Addiscombe Recreation Ground The park is within a residential area and can only be reached by foot. The area was acquired in 1905 and laid out in 1911. It had previously been farmland but expansion of Croydon in the early 20th-century meant that it was needed for residential purposes. The land was once part of the Ashburton Estate owned by the Baring family. See also List of Parks and Open Spaces in Croydon Addiscombe Linear Park References ^ "Addiscombe Recreation Ground history" (PDF). Croydon.gov.uk. Parks Department, London Borough of Croydon. Retrieved 11 October 2019. External links Croydon Council - Information Croydon Council - History vteLondon Borough of CroydonDistricts Addington Addiscombe Beddington Broad Green Coombe Coulsdon Croydon Crystal Palace Forestdale Hamsey Green Kenley Monks Orchard New Addington Norbury Norwood New Town Old Coulsdon Old Town Pollards Hill Purley Russell Hill Sanderstead Selhurst Selsdon Shirley (Including Shirley Oaks and Upper Shirley) South Croydon South Norwood Spring Park Thornton Heath Upper Norwood Waddon Woodcote Woodside Whyteleafe Attractions Addington Palace Croydon Airport Croydon Clocktower David Lean Cinema Museum of Croydon Croydon Central Library Croydon Palace Fairfield Halls Ashcroft Theatre RAF Kenley Selhurst Park Shirley Windmill Warehouse Theatre Street markets Croydon Farmers Market Surrey Street Market Parks andopen spaces Addington Hills Addington Park Addington Vale Addiscombe Railway Park Addiscombe Recreation Ground Apsley Road Playground Ashburton Park Ashburton Playing Fields Beaulieu Heights Bramley Bank Brickfields Meadow Coombe Wood Cotelands Croham Hurst Duppas Hill Farthing Downs Foxley Wood Grangewood Park Great North Wood Happy Valley Park Heathfield House Heavers Meadow Hutchinson's Bank Kenley Common Littleheath Woods Lloyd Park Mitcham Common Norwood Grove Park Hill Pollards Hill Queen's Gardens Riddlesdown Common Roundshaw Selsdon Wood South Norwood Country Park South Norwood Lake and Grounds South Norwood Recreation Ground Spa Wood Wandle Park Woodside Green Constituencies Croydon South Croydon Central Croydon North Wards Addiscombe East Addiscombe West Bensham Manor Broad Green Coulsdon Town Crystal Palace & Upper Norwood Fairfield Kenley New Addington North New Addington South Norbury & Pollards Hill Norbury Park Old Coulsdon Park Hill & Whitgift Purley & Woodcote Purley Oaks & Riddlesdown Sanderstead Selhurst Selsdon & Addington Village Selsdon Vale & Forestdale Shirley North Shirley South South Croydon South Norwood Thornton Heath Waddon West Thornton Woodside Rail stationsand tram stops Addington Village Addiscombe Ampere Way Arena Blackhorse Lane Centrale Church Street Coombe Lane Coulsdon South Coulsdon Town East Croydon Fieldway George Street Gravel Hill Harrington Road Kenley King Henry's Drive Lebanon Road Lloyd Park New Addington Norbury Norwood Junction Purley Oaks Purley Reedham Reeves Corner Riddlesdown Sanderstead Sandilands Selhurst South Croydon Thornton Heath Waddon Waddon Marsh Wandle Park Wellesley Road West Croydon Woodmansterne Woodside Art and architecture Croydon Vision 2020 Grade I and II* listed buildings Public art Tallest buildings and structures Other topics Coat of arms Council Economy Parks and open spaces People Schools Category Commons 51°22′39″N 0°04′14″W / 51.37750°N 0.07056°W / 51.37750; -0.07056 This London location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Column_in_Olomouc
Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc
["1 History","2 Description","3 John Sarkander","4 Inner chapel","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°35′38.19″N 17°15′1.53″E / 49.5939417°N 17.2504250°E / 49.5939417; 17.2504250Monument Holy Trinity ColumnSloup Nejsvětější Trojice"To the glory of God the Almighty, the Virgin Mary and the saints I will build a column that in its height and splendour will be unrivalled in any other town." From Wenzel Render's letter to the Olomouc City Council.49°35′38.19″N 17°15′1.53″E / 49.5939417°N 17.2504250°E / 49.5939417; 17.2504250LocationOlomouc, Czech RepublicBeginning date1716Completion date1754 UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameHoly Trinity Column in OlomoucTypeCulturalCriteriai, ivDesignated2000 (24th session)Reference no.859revRegionEurope and North America The Holy Trinity Column (Czech: Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice) in Olomouc, in the Czech Republic is a Baroque monument (Trinity column) that was built between 1716 and 1754. The main purpose was to celebrate the Catholic Church and faith, partly caused by feeling of gratitude for ending a plague, which struck Moravia (now in the Czech Republic) between 1713 and 1715.: 18  The column was also understood to be an expression of local patriotism, since all artists and master craftsmen working on this monument were Olomouc citizens, and almost all depicted saints were connected with the city of Olomouc in some way.: 26  It is the biggest Baroque sculptural group in the Czech Republic. In 2000 it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "one of the most exceptional examples of the apogee of central European Baroque artistic expression". History Historical picture of the Holy Trinity Column on Olomouc Upper Square According to the ICOMOS evaluation of this patrimony, "the erection of Marian (plague) columns on town squares is an exclusively Baroque, post-Tridentine, phenomenon. Its iconographic basis lies in the Book of Revelation. The basic model is thought to have been the column in the Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, from 1614. This monument for Olomouc was the culmination of work of several artists and master craftsmen, but it did not bring much fortune to them. The first to die during the work was Wenzel Render, a monumental mason and privileged imperial architect. He came first with the idea to build the column, enforced his will upon the city council, designed it, built the first stage and helped to finance it. His followers Franz Thoneck, Johann Wenzel Rokický and Augustin Scholtz also did not live long enough to see the column finished; it was completed by Johann Ignaz Rokický. The sculptural decoration was started by Phillip Sattler.: 19–21  After his death Andreas Zahner continued: 21  and made 18 sculptures and 9 reliefs in 7 years before he died as well. Goldsmith Simon Forstner, who made gilded copper sculptures of the Holy Trinity and of the Assumption of the Virgin,: 35–39  was somewhat luckier and managed to finish his brilliant work. However he lost his health when working on the sculptures and using toxic mercury compounds during the gilding process. Gilded replica of a stone shot reminds that the column was hit from Prussian cannons several times during the siege of Olomouc in 1758. After the Holy Trinity Column was finished in 1754, it became a source of great pride for Olomouc, since all people participating in its creation were citizens of the town. The column was consecrated in a great celebration attended by Empress Maria Theresa and her husband Francis I.: 28  Only four years later, when Olomouc was besieged by a Prussian army and the Holy Trinity Column was hit by shots from Prussian cannons several times, Olomouc citizens went in a procession to beg the Prussian general not to shoot at the monument. General James Keith complied with their wishes.: 21  The column was repaired soon after the war and a replica of a stone shot was half-buried in its stem on the place where it was hit to remind people of this event.: 22  Description Gilded statue of the Holy Trinity atop the column The column is dominated by gilded copper sculptures of the Holy Trinity accompanied by the Archangel Gabriel on the top and the Assumption of the Virgin beneath it. The base of the column, in three levels, is surrounded by 18 more stone sculptures of saints and 14 reliefs in elaborate cartouches. At the uppermost stage are saints connected with Jesus’ earth life – his mother's parents St. Anne and St. Joachim, his foster-father St. Joseph, and St. John the Baptist, who was preparing his coming – who are accompanied by St. Lawrence and St. Jerome, saints to whom the chapel in the Olomouc town hall was dedicated. Three reliefs represent the Three theological virtues Faith, Hope, and Love. Below them, the second stage is dedicated to Moravian saints St. Cyril and St. Methodius (Czech Metoděj), who came to Great Moravia to spread Christianity in 863 (St. Methodius became Moravian Archbishop), St. Blaise, in whose name one of the main Olomouc churches is consecrated, and patrons of neighbouring Bohemia St. Adalbert of Prague (Czech Vojtěch) and St. John of Nepomuk (Czech Jan Nepomucký), whose following was very strong there as well. In the lowest stage one can see the figures of an Austrian patron St. Maurice and a Bohemian patron St. Wenceslas (Czech Václav), in whose names two important Olomouc churches were consecrated, another Austrian patron St. Florian, who was also viewed as a protector against various disasters, especially fire, St. John of Capistrano (Czech Jan Kapistránský), who used to preach in Olomouc, St. Anthony of Padua, a member of the Franciscan Order, which owned an important monastery in Olomouc, and St. Aloysius Gonzaga, a patron of students. His sculpture showed that Olomouc was very proud of its university. Reliefs of all twelve apostles are placed among these sculptures. John Sarkander Statue of Saint John Sarkander on the Holy Trinity Column The last missing in this list of saints is St. John Sarkander (Czech Jan Sarkander), whose statue (holding a lily as a symbol of purity) is on the second stage. John Sarkander was a priest who was tortured to death in Olomouc prison in the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, because he, as the legend says, refused to break the seal of confession. The decision to place him here violated the tradition, since Sarkander had not been canonized and not even beatified in that time yet, which could have resulted in problems with the Holy See. However, his following was so strong here that the craftsmen decided to take the risk. Sarkander was beatified in 1859 and canonized in 1995 on the occasion of the visit of Pope John Paul II in Olomouc. Inner chapel Relief depicting the Crucifixion The column also houses a small chapel inside with reliefs depicting Cain's offering from his crop, Abel's offering of firstlings of his flock, Noah's first burnt offering after the Flood, Abraham's offering of Isaac and of a lamb, and Jesus' death. The cities of Jerusalem and Olomouc can be seen in the background of the last mentioned relief. See also 1754 in architecture Marian and Holy Trinity columns Pestsäule, Vienna References ^ a b c d e f g h Jemelková, Simona; Zápalková, Helena; Ondrušková, Markéta (2008). Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice Olomouc (in Czech). Olomouc: Muzeum umění Olomouc. ISBN 978-80-87149-14-0. ^ "Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc". UNESCO World Heritage centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 6 June 2021. ^ "Olomouc (Czech Republic)" (PDF). Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 19 November 2013. ^ Schulz, Jindřich, ed. (2009). "Čestný sloup Nejsvětější Trojice". Dějiny Olomouce (in Czech). Vol. 1. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého. pp. 453–456. ISBN 978-80-244-2370-8. Bibliography Books in Czech: Perůtka, Marek (ed.) (2001). Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice v Olomouci. Olomouc: Statutární město Olomouc. (includes English summary) Los, Petr & Brabcová, Jitka (2002). Svatí na sloupu Nejsvětější Trojice v Olomouci. Olomouc: Danal. ISBN 80-85973-94-4 Tichák, Milan (2002). Příběhy olomouckých pomníků. Olomouc: Burian a Tichák, s. r. o. External links Media related to Holy Trinity column in Olomouc at Wikimedia Commons UNESCO World Heritage Site: Holy Trinity Column Holy Trinity Column – history and regeneration Holy Trinity Column – Olomouc official website Holy Trinity Column – touristic information vteWorld Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic Český Krumlov Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region1 The Great Spa Towns of Europe2 Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž Holašovice Historical Village Reservation Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc Jewish Quarter and St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč Kutná Hora Landscape for Breeding and Training of Ceremonial Carriage Horses at Kladruby nad Labem Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape Litomyšl Castle Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk Prague and Průhonice Park Telč Villa Tugendhat Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe3 Flag of the Czech Republic1 Shared with Germany; 2 Shared with six countries; 3 Shared with 17 countries Authority control databases: National Israel United States Czech Republic
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Trinity column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_and_Holy_Trinity_columns"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-2"}],"text":"MonumentThe Holy Trinity Column (Czech: Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice) in Olomouc, in the Czech Republic is a Baroque monument (Trinity column) that was built between 1716 and 1754. The main purpose was to celebrate the Catholic Church and faith, partly caused by feeling of gratitude for ending a plague, which struck Moravia (now in the Czech Republic) between 1713 and 1715.[1]: 18  The column was also understood to be an expression of local patriotism, since all artists and master craftsmen working on this monument were Olomouc citizens, and almost all depicted saints were connected with the city of Olomouc in some way.[1]: 26It is the biggest Baroque sculptural group in the Czech Republic. In 2000 it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as \"one of the most exceptional examples of the apogee of central European Baroque artistic expression\".[2]","title":"Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column-history.jpg"},{"link_name":"ICOMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICOMOS"},{"link_name":"Marian (plague) columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_column"},{"link_name":"post-Tridentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Book of Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation"},{"link_name":"Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"1614","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1610s_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schulz_et_al.-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"gilded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Assumption of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"gilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column-stone_shot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"General James Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Edward_James_Keith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"}],"text":"Historical picture of the Holy Trinity Column on Olomouc Upper SquareAccording to the ICOMOS evaluation of this patrimony, \"the erection of Marian (plague) columns on town squares is an exclusively Baroque, post-Tridentine, phenomenon. Its iconographic basis lies in the Book of Revelation. The basic model is thought to have been the column in the Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, from 1614.[3]This monument for Olomouc was the culmination of work of several artists and master craftsmen, but it did not bring much fortune to them. The first to die during the work was Wenzel Render, a monumental mason and privileged imperial architect. He came first with the idea to build the column, enforced his will upon the city council, designed it, built the first stage and helped to finance it.[4] His followers Franz Thoneck, Johann Wenzel Rokický and Augustin Scholtz also did not live long enough to see the column finished; it was completed by Johann Ignaz Rokický. The sculptural decoration was started by Phillip Sattler.[1]: 19–21  After his death Andreas Zahner continued[1]: 21  and made 18 sculptures and 9 reliefs in 7 years before he died as well. Goldsmith Simon Forstner, who made gilded copper sculptures of the Holy Trinity and of the Assumption of the Virgin,[1]: 35–39  was somewhat luckier and managed to finish his brilliant work. However he lost his health when working on the sculptures and using toxic mercury compounds during the gilding process.Gilded replica of a stone shot reminds that the column was hit from Prussian cannons several times during the siege of Olomouc in 1758.After the Holy Trinity Column was finished in 1754, it became a source of great pride for Olomouc, since all people participating in its creation were citizens of the town. The column was consecrated in a great celebration attended by Empress Maria Theresa and her husband Francis I.[1]: 28Only four years later, when Olomouc was besieged by a Prussian army and the Holy Trinity Column was hit by shots from Prussian cannons several times, Olomouc citizens went in a procession to beg the Prussian general not to shoot at the monument. General James Keith complied with their wishes.[1]: 21  The column was repaired soon after the war and a replica of a stone shot was half-buried in its stem on the place where it was hit to remind people of this event.[1]: 22","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column_-_top.jpg"},{"link_name":"gilded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Assumption of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin"},{"link_name":"cartouches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"St. Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anne"},{"link_name":"St. Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph"},{"link_name":"St. John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"St. Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jerome"},{"link_name":"Three theological virtues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_theological_virtues"},{"link_name":"Moravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"St. Cyril and St. Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cyril_and_St._Methodius"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Great Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia"},{"link_name":"St. Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Methodius_of_Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"St. Blaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Blaise"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"St. Adalbert of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Adalbert_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"St. John of Nepomuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"St. Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Maurice"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"St. Wenceslas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Wenceslas"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"St. Florian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Florian"},{"link_name":"St. John of Capistrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Capistrano"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"St. Anthony of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anthony_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Franciscan Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Order"},{"link_name":"St. Aloysius Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Aloysius_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"its university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palack%C3%BD_University,_Olomouc"},{"link_name":"twelve apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_apostles"}],"text":"Gilded statue of the Holy Trinity atop the columnThe column is dominated by gilded copper sculptures of the Holy Trinity accompanied by the Archangel Gabriel on the top and the Assumption of the Virgin beneath it.The base of the column, in three levels, is surrounded by 18 more stone sculptures of saints and 14 reliefs in elaborate cartouches. At the uppermost stage are saints connected with Jesus’ earth life – his mother's parents St. Anne and St. Joachim, his foster-father St. Joseph, and St. John the Baptist, who was preparing his coming – who are accompanied by St. Lawrence and St. Jerome, saints to whom the chapel in the Olomouc town hall was dedicated. Three reliefs represent the Three theological virtues Faith, Hope, and Love.Below them, the second stage is dedicated to Moravian saints St. Cyril and St. Methodius (Czech Metoděj), who came to Great Moravia to spread Christianity in 863 (St. Methodius became Moravian Archbishop), St. Blaise, in whose name one of the main Olomouc churches is consecrated, and patrons of neighbouring Bohemia St. Adalbert of Prague (Czech Vojtěch) and St. John of Nepomuk (Czech Jan Nepomucký), whose following was very strong there as well.In the lowest stage one can see the figures of an Austrian patron St. Maurice and a Bohemian patron St. Wenceslas (Czech Václav), in whose names two important Olomouc churches were consecrated, another Austrian patron St. Florian, who was also viewed as a protector against various disasters, especially fire, St. John of Capistrano (Czech Jan Kapistránský), who used to preach in Olomouc, St. Anthony of Padua, a member of the Franciscan Order, which owned an important monastery in Olomouc, and St. Aloysius Gonzaga, a patron of students. His sculpture showed that Olomouc was very proud of its university.Reliefs of all twelve apostles are placed among these sculptures.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column-John_Sarkander.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. John Sarkander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sarkander"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily"},{"link_name":"tortured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"seal of confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_and_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"canonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"}],"text":"Statue of Saint John Sarkander on the Holy Trinity ColumnThe last missing in this list of saints is St. John Sarkander (Czech Jan Sarkander), whose statue (holding a lily as a symbol of purity) is on the second stage. John Sarkander was a priest who was tortured to death in Olomouc prison in the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, because he, as the legend says, refused to break the seal of confession. The decision to place him here violated the tradition, since Sarkander had not been canonized and not even beatified in that time yet, which could have resulted in problems with the Holy See. However, his following was so strong here that the craftsmen decided to take the risk. Sarkander was beatified in 1859 and canonized in 1995 on the occasion of the visit of Pope John Paul II in Olomouc.","title":"John Sarkander"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column_Genesis_20_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel"},{"link_name":"offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel"},{"link_name":"Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"}],"text":"Relief depicting the CrucifixionThe column also houses a small chapel inside with reliefs depicting Cain's offering from his crop, Abel's offering of firstlings of his flock, Noah's first burnt offering after the Flood, Abraham's offering of Isaac and of a lamb, and Jesus' death. The cities of Jerusalem and Olomouc can be seen in the background of the last mentioned relief.","title":"Inner chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"80-85973-94-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-85973-94-4"}],"text":"Books in Czech:Perůtka, Marek (ed.) (2001). Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice v Olomouci. Olomouc: Statutární město Olomouc. (includes English summary)\nLos, Petr & Brabcová, Jitka (2002). Svatí na sloupu Nejsvětější Trojice v Olomouci. Olomouc: Danal. ISBN 80-85973-94-4\nTichák, Milan (2002). Příběhy olomouckých pomníků. Olomouc: Burian a Tichák, s. r. o.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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[{"title":"1754 in architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1754_in_architecture"},{"title":"Marian and Holy Trinity columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_and_Holy_Trinity_columns"},{"title":"Pestsäule, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pests%C3%A4ule,_Vienna"}]
[{"reference":"Jemelková, Simona; Zápalková, Helena; Ondrušková, Markéta (2008). Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice Olomouc (in Czech). Olomouc: Muzeum umění Olomouc. ISBN 978-80-87149-14-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-87149-14-0","url_text":"978-80-87149-14-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc\". UNESCO World Heritage centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/859","url_text":"\"Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olomouc (Czech Republic)\" (PDF). Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 19 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/859.pdf","url_text":"\"Olomouc (Czech Republic)\""}]},{"reference":"Schulz, Jindřich, ed. (2009). \"Čestný sloup Nejsvětější Trojice\". Dějiny Olomouce (in Czech). Vol. 1. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého. pp. 453–456. ISBN 978-80-244-2370-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-244-2370-8","url_text":"978-80-244-2370-8"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drazen_Prelec
Drazen Prelec
["1 References"]
American economist Drazen Prelec (born 1955 in Yugoslavia) is a professor of management science and economics in the MIT Sloan School of Management, and holds appointments in the Department of Economics and in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT as well. He is a pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics. Prelec studied applied mathematics as an undergraduate at Harvard University, and went on to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard in experimental psychology, supervised by Richard Herrnstein and Duncan Luce. He was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows and was a Guggenheim Fellow. He joined the MIT faculty in 1991. Prelec has made seminal contributions to theories of intertemporal choice, in particular the generalized theory of hyperbolic discounting, as well as to non-expected utility theories, in particular probability weighting functions. He is also responsible for developing the theory of self-signaling. A study by Prelec and Duncan Simester showed that people buying tickets to sporting events would be willing to pay significantly higher prices using credit cards than they would for cash purchases. Working in the area of Wisdom of the crowd, Prelec also devised a system, the "Bayesian Truth Serum", for eliciting more truthful answers to polls based on paired questions in which one question of each pair asks about the respondent's own opinion and the other asks the respondent to estimate others' opinions. Prelec is of Croatian descent. References ^ "Drazen Prelec distinguished Croatian expert for Neuroeconomics and professor at MIT, USA". ^ a b "Faculty & Research: Drazen Prelec". MIT Sloan School of Management. Retrieved 2015-08-03. ^ "Drazen Prelec MIT Sloan". MIT Sloan School of Management. Retrieved 2022-01-22. ^ Nichols, Michelle (June 4, 2004). "The crazy logic of a successful sale". Business Week. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008.. ^ "The Harvard Game in a Market Setting". Yale Center for the Study of American Politics. Retrieved 2022-01-22. ^ Loewenstein, George; Prelec, Drazen (1 May 1992). "Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation*". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 107 (2): 573–597. doi:10.2307/2118482. JSTOR 2118482. S2CID 15959172. ^ Prelec, Drazen (1998). "The Probability Weighting Function". Econometrica. 66 (3): 497–527. doi:10.2307/2998573. JSTOR 2998573. ^ Mijović-Prelec, Danica; Prelec, Draz̆en (27 January 2010). "Self-deception as self-signalling: a model and experimental evidence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1538): 227–240. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0218. PMC 2827460. PMID 20026461. ^ Morin, Richard (February 17, 2002). "Don't leave home with it". The Washington Post. p. B5. ^ Rosato, Donna (June 17, 2008). "Life without plastic". CNN. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009. ^ Harford, Tim (March 19, 2009). "Your Brain on Credit". Forbes. ^ McKee, Maggie (October 14, 2004). "Mathematical "truth serum" promotes honesty". New Scientist. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Academics Mathematics Genealogy Project
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[]
null
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S2CID 15959172.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2118482","url_text":"10.2307/2118482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118482","url_text":"2118482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15959172","url_text":"15959172"}]},{"reference":"Prelec, Drazen (1998). \"The Probability Weighting Function\". Econometrica. 66 (3): 497–527. doi:10.2307/2998573. 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PMID 20026461.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827460","url_text":"\"Self-deception as self-signalling: a model and experimental evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0218","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2009.0218"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827460","url_text":"2827460"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20026461","url_text":"20026461"}]},{"reference":"Morin, Richard (February 17, 2002). \"Don't leave home with it\". The Washington Post. p. B5.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/409214379.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+17%2C+2002&author=Morin%2C+Richard&desc=Don%27t+Leave+Home+With+It","url_text":"\"Don't leave home with it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Rosato, Donna (June 17, 2008). \"Life without plastic\". CNN. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091223034901/https://money.cnn.com/2008/06/16/pf/without_plastic.moneymag/","url_text":"\"Life without plastic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2008/06/16/pf/without_plastic.moneymag/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harford, Tim (March 19, 2009). \"Your Brain on Credit\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l
Bokmål
["1 History","2 Controversy","2.1 Riksmål versus Bokmål","2.2 Terminology","3 Characteristics","3.1 Differences from Danish","3.2 Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect","4 See also","5 References"]
One of two official written standards for the Norwegian language Norwegian BokmålbokmålPronunciationUrban East Norwegian: Native toNorwayNative speakersNone(written only)Language familyIndo-European GermanicNorth GermanicDanishNorwegian BokmålEarly formsOld Norse Old East Norse Early Old Danish Late Old Danish Dano-Norwegian Riksmål Standard forms Bokmål (official) Riksmål (unofficial) Writing systemLatin (Norwegian alphabet)Official statusOfficial language in  Norway Nordic Council Regulated by Norwegian Language Council (Bokmål) Norwegian Academy (Riksmål) Language codesISO 639-1nbISO 639-2nobISO 639-3nobGlottolog(insufficiently attested or not a distinct language)norw1259Linguasphere52-AAA-ba to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cgThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. Bokmål (Urban East Norwegian: ⓘ) (UK: /ˈbuːkmɔːl/, US: /ˈbʊk-, ˈboʊk-/; lit. 'book-tongue') is one of the official written standards for the Norwegian language, alongside Nynorsk. Bokmål is by far the most used written form of Norwegian today, as it is adopted by 85% to 90% of the population in Norway. There is no countrywide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål and the spoken dialects vary greatly. Bokmål is regulated by the governmental Language Council of Norway. A related, more conservative orthographic standard, commonly known as Riksmål, is regulated by the non-governmental Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature. The written standard is a Norwegianised variety of the Danish language. The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name Riksmål after being under development since 1879. The architects behind the reform were Marius Nygaard and Jacob Jonathan Aars. It was an adaptation of written Danish, which was commonly used since the past union with Denmark, to the Dano-Norwegian koiné spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper Aftenposten adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name Bokmål was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language Dano-Norwegian lost by a single vote in the Lagting. The government does not regulate spoken Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the phonology of the speaker's local dialect. Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that, in the region of South-Eastern Norway, is commonly seen as the de facto standard for spoken Bokmål. In The Phonology of Norwegian, Gjert Kristoffersen writes that Bokmål is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of Southern Norway , with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian'). Standard Østnorsk (lit. ''Standard East Norwegian'') or sometimes described as "Urban East Norwegian" is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries. However, Standard Østnorsk as a spoken language is not used (and does not have prestige) outside South-Eastern Norway. All spoken variations of the Norwegian language are used in the Storting (parliament) and in Norwegian national broadcasters such as NRK and TV 2, even in cases where the conventions of Bokmål are used. The spoken variation typically reflects the region the speaker grew up in. History Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway, Old Norwegian, was essentially the same as the other Old Norse dialects. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an independent kingdom, the written language remained essentially constant. In 1380, Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as Denmark–Norway until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union. During this period, the modern Danish and Norwegian languages emerged. Norwegian went through a Middle Norwegian transition, and a Danish written language more heavily influenced by Low German was gradually standardised. This process was aided by the Reformation, which prompted Christiern Pedersen's translation of the Bible into Danish. Remnants of written Old Norse and Norwegian were thus displaced by the Danish standard, which became used for virtually all administrative documents. Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by urban elites on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a Dano-Norwegian vernacular often called the "educated daily speech" had become the mother tongue of elites in most Norwegian cities, such as Bergen, Kristiania and Trondheim. This Dano-Norwegian koiné could be described as Danish with regional Norwegian pronunciation (see Norwegian dialects), some Norwegian vocabulary, and simplified grammar. Knud Knudsen, often called the "father of Bokmål" With the gradual subsequent process of Norwegianisation of the written language used in the cities of Norway, from Danish to Bokmål and Riksmål, the upper-class sociolects in the cities changed accordingly. In 1814, when Norway was ceded from Denmark to Sweden, Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet Henrik Wergeland (1808–1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language. Haugen indicates that: "Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianisation of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start." The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like Peter Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, schoolmaster and agitator for language reform Knud Knudsen, and Knudsen's famous disciple, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, as well as a more cautious Norwegianisation by Henrik Ibsen. In particular, Knudsen's work on language reform in the mid-19th century was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917, so much so that he is now often called the "father of Bokmål". Controversy Main article: Norwegian language conflict Riksmål versus Bokmål Poster from a campaign against mandatory Samnorsk, c. 1955 Since the creation of Landsmål, the Danish written in Norway was referred to as (det almindelige) Bogmaal, etc. ("(The ordinary) book language"), e.g. in Den norske Literatur fra 1814 indtil vore Dage (Hans Olaf Hansen, 1862), or the synonym Bogsprog, e.g. in the 1885 decision that adopted Landsmål as a co-official language. The term Riksmål (Rigsmaal), meaning National Language, was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation Riksmålsforbundet in 1907, which he led until his death in 1910. The 1907 reform documents do not mention the language by name, but the term Riksmål eventually caught on and was adopted by the Ministry of Church and Education in the years leading up to the 1917 spelling reform, appearing in its 1908 publication Utredning av spørsmaalet om et mulig samarbeide mellem landsmaal og riksmaal i retskrivningen ("Investigation of the question of a possible cooperation between Landmål and Riksmål with regards to orthography"). Through this work an official policy to merge the standards (to a common Samnorsk) through spelling reforms came to be. In line with these plans, the 1917 reform introduced some elements from Norwegian dialects and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The reform met some resistance from the Riksmål movement, and Riksmålsvernet (The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919. In 1929, the parliament voted to rename the written standards. Bokmål was re-introduced as the official name for the Dano-Norwegian standard, replacing Riksmål, while Landsmål was renamed Nynorsk. In 1938 both written standards were heavily reformed and many common spellings and grammatical endings were made mandatory. This meant the removal of many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms in Bokmål, a decision that was harshly criticised by the Riksmål movement for being too radical and premature. While it criticised the adoption of Nynorsk spellings, it initially also expressed support for making the orthography more phonemic, for instance by removing silent h's in interrogative pronouns (which was done in Swedish a few years earlier). The resistance culminated in the 1950s under the leadership of Arnulf Øverland. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and some of the common traditional Danish spellings and inflections were admitted back into the standard through the reforms in 1981 and 2005. Currently, Riksmål denotes a language form regulated by the non-governmental organisation The Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. It is based on pre-1938 Bokmål and has been regulated by The Academy as a private alternative to the official Bokmål spelling standard since the 1950s. Over time it has accepted widespread "radical" spellings into the Riksmål standard. Since the official Samnorsk policy was abolished, Riksmål and Bokmål have converged, and The Academy currently edits an online dictionary that covers both. The differences have diminished (now being comparable to American and British English differences), but The Academy still upholds its own standard. Norway's most popular daily newspaper, Aftenposten, is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are "translated" into the standard. Aftenposten gave up its most markedly conservative "signal words" in 1990. While the specifics of the debate are unique to Norway, some parallels can be found in Austrian German and the One Standard German Axiom, which revolves over the kind of standard to be used in a non-dominant country. Terminology This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is Nynorsk and gray denotes neutral areas.In the Norwegian discourse, the term Dano-Norwegian is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names Riksmål and Bokmål, meaning state language and book language respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of Nynorsk in the 19th century, a written language based on rural Modern Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to the Danish and Dano-Norwegian spoken in Norwegian cities. Characteristics Differences from Danish Main article: Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish. Differences between Bokmål and Danish Danish Bokmål Definite plural suffix either -ene or -ernethe womenthe wagons yeskvindernevognene nokvinnenevognene West Scandinavian diphthongsheathhay nohedehø yesheihøy Softening of p, t and kloss (noun)food (noun)roof (noun) yestabmadtag notapmattak Danish vocabularyafraid (adjective)angry (adjective)boy (noun)frog (noun) yesbange (also ræd)vreddreng (also gut)frø noreddsint or vredguttfrosk Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect Most natives of Oslo today speak a dialect that is an amalgamation of vikværsk (which is the technical term for the traditional dialects in the Oslofjord area) and written Danish; and subsequently Riksmål and Bokmål, which primarily inherited their non-Oslo elements from Danish. The present-day Oslo dialect is also influenced by other Eastern Norwegian dialects. The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and Standard Østnorsk followed Danish rather than the traditional Oslo dialect as it is commonly portrayed in literature about Norwegian dialects. In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect and Nynorsk, and these forms are also given. Differences between Bokmål and the traditional Oslo dialect Danish Bokmål/Standard Østnorsk traditional Oslo dialect Nynorsk1 traditional radical Differentiation between masculine and femininea small mana small woman noen lille manden lille kvinde noen liten mannen liten kvinne yesen liten mannei lita kvinne Differentiation between masc. and fem. definite pluralthe boatsthe wagons nobådenevognene nobåtenevognene yesbåtanevognene Definite plural neuter suffixthe houses -ene/ernehusene -enehusene -ahusa Weak past participle suffixcycled -etcyklet -etsyklet -asykla Weak preterite suffixcycled -edecyklede Strong past participle suffixwritten -etskrevet -iskrivi -eskrive Split infinitivecomelie (in bed) nokommeligge yeskommaligge Splitting of masculines ending on unstressed vowelladderround nostigerunde yesstegarunde nostigerunde West Scandinavian diphthongsleg (noun)smoke (noun)soft/wet (adjective) nobenrøgblød nobenrøkbløt yesbeinrøykblaut West Scandinavian u for obridge (noun) nobro2 yesbru West Scandinavian a-umlautfloor (noun) nogulv yesgolv yesgølv yesgolv Stress on first syllable in loan wordsbanana (noun) no/baˈnaˀːn/ no officially recognisedstandard pronunciation yes/ˈbɑnɑn/ no officially recognisedstandard pronunciation Retroflex flap /ɽ/ from old Norse /rð/table, board (noun) no/boˀːr/ yes/buːɽ/ Retroflex flap /ɽ/ from old Norse /l/sun (noun) no/soˀːl/ yes/suːɽ/ 1 Closest match to the traditional Oslo dialect. 2 However, Bokmål uses ku "cow" and (now archaic) su "sow" exclusively. See also Bokmål language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Danish Language Nynorsk History of Norway Samnorsk Høgnorsk – Unofficial Norwegian written standard language References ^ "Bokmål". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 May 2019. ^ "Bokmål". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019. ^ "Bokmål" (US) and "Bokmål". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. ^ "Bokmål". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 1 May 2019. ^ Vikør, Lars. "Fakta om norsk språk". Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-02-09. ^ a b Lundeby, Einar. "Stortinget og språksaken". Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2007-06-12. ^ Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld. "Marius Nygaard". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2010. ^ "Råd om uttale". Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-03-15. ^ a b c Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5. ^ a b c d Haugen, Einar (1977). Norwegian English Dictionary. Oslo: Unifersitetsforlaget. ISBN 0-299-03874-2. ^ Peter Burgess, J.; Hyvik, Jens Johan (October 2004). "Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814" (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 10 (4): 620. doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x. ISSN 1354-5078. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2023-06-28. ^ a b Gjerset, Knut (1915). History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II. The MacMillan Company. ^ Hoel, Oddmund Løkensgard (1996). Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865. Oslo: Noregs Forskingsråd. ISBN 82-12-00695-6. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2009-02-08. ^ Larson, Karen (1948). A History of Norway. Princeton University Press. ^ Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane. Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 82-7634-103-9. vteNorwegian language Alphabet Orthography Æ Ø Å Scandinavian Braille Phonology Norwegian language conflict VarietiesWrittenOfficial Bokmål Nynorsk Samnorsk (discontinued) Unofficial Høgnorsk Riksmål SpokenWest and south Arendalsk Bergensk Sandnesmål Sognamål Stavangersk etc. East Bohusmål Gudbrandsdalsmål Hallingmål-Valdris Särna-Idremål  Urban East Norwegian Vikværsk Oslo dialect etc. Trøndersk Herjedalsk  Jemtlansk Medalsk Trondheimsk etc. North Brønnøymål etc. Non-dialectical Kebabnorsk Modern Norwegian Svorsk American Norwegian Extinct Old West Norse Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Dano-Norwegian Russenorsk Other topics Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish Exonyms Literature Profanity Sign language "Kjell" Norvegia Institutions Language Council of Norway Noregs Mållag Norwegian Academy Riksmål Society vteDanish language Alphabet Æ Ø Å Danish Braille Grammar History Literature Orthography Phonology Dania transcription Stød Dialects Jutlandic (jysk) South Jutlandic Insular Danish (ømål) East Danish (østdansk) Bornholmsk Scanian Southern Schleswig Danish Variants,derivatives, etc. Standard Danish (rigsdansk) Gøtudanskt Petuh Perkerdansk Dano-Norwegian Riksmål Bokmål Danglish Related topics Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish Dansk Sprognævn vteLanguages of NorwayOfficial languages Norwegian Bokmål Nynorsk Sámi Southern Lule Northern Minority languages Kven Romani Scandoromani Sign languages Norwegian Sign Language vteGermanic languagesAccording to contemporary philologyWestAnglo-FrisianAnglic English dialects Old English Middle English Modern English Early Modern English Irish Middle English Fingallian Kildare Yola Scots Early Scots Middle Scots FrisianHistorical forms Old Frisian Middle Frisian East Frisian Ems Saterland Frisian Weser Wangerooge Frisian Wursten Frisian North Frisian Insular Eiderstedt Föhr–Amrum Föhr Amrum Heligolandic Sylt Mainland Bökingharde Mooring Halligen Goesharde Northern Central Southern Karrharde Strand Wiedingharde West Frisian Hindeloopen Schiermonnikoog Westlauwers–Terschellings Mainland West Frisian Clay Frisian Wood Frisian Westereendersk Terschelling Low GermanHistorical forms Old Saxon Middle Low German West Low German Dutch Low Saxon Stellingwarfs Tweants Gronings Drèents Gelders-Overijssels Achterhooks Sallaans Urkers Veluws Northern Low Saxon East Frisian Low Saxon Eastphalian Westphalian East Low German Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch Brandenburgisch Central Pomeranian East Pomeranian Low Prussian Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German Low FranconianHistorical forms Frankish Old Dutch Middle Dutch Standard variants Dutch Afrikaans (Kaaps) West Low Franconian Central Dutch Hollandic Kleverlandish West Flemish French Flemish Zeelandic East Flemish Brabantian Surinamese Dutch Jersey Dutch Mohawk Dutch Stadsfries/Bildts/Amelands/Midslands East Low Franconian Limburgish Southeast Limburgish Cover groups Meuse-Rhenish High GermanHistorical forms Old High German Middle High German New High German Early New High German Standard German German Standard German Austrian Standard German Swiss Standard German Non-standard variants and creoles Namibian German Namibian Black German Berlinerisch Unserdeutsch Barossa German Rotwelsch Lotegorisch Yenish Yiddish Eastern Western Scots Yiddish Klezmer-loshn Lachoudisch Central GermanWest Central German Central Franconian Ripuarian Colognian Moselle Franconian Luxembourgish Transylvanian Saxon Hunsrückisch Hunsrik Rhine Franconian Lorraine Franconian Palatine Volga German Pennsylvania Dutch Hessian Central Hessian Amana German East Central German Thuringian Upper Saxon Erzgebirgisch Lusatian Silesian German High Prussian Wymysorys Halcnovian Upper German Alemannic in the broad sense Low Alemannic Alsatian Coloniero High Alemannic Swiss German Highest Alemannic Walser German Swabian Bavarian Northern Bavarian Central Bavarian Viennese German Southern Bavarian South Tyrolean Cimbrian Mòcheno Hutterite German Gottscheerish South Franconian East Franconian Vogtlandian Langobardic North and EastNorthHistorical forms Proto-Norse Old Norse Old West Norse Old East Norse Old Gutnish West Norwegian Bergensk Kebabnorsk Sognamål Trøndersk Valdris Vestlandsk Vikværsk Bokmål (written) Nynorsk (written) Old Norwegian Middle Norwegian Faroese Icelandic Old Icelandic Middle Icelandic Greenlandic Norse Norn East Swedish Swedish dialects Rinkebysvenska Danish Danish dialects Insular Danish Jutlandic South Jutlandic East Danish Bornholmsk Scanian Southern Schleswig Danish Gøtudanskt Perkerdansk Old Danish Middle Danish Dalecarlian Elfdalian Gutnish Mainland Gutnish Fårö Gutnish East Gothic (Crimean Gothic) Burgundian Vandalic PhilologyLanguage subgroups North East West Elbe (Irminonic) Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic) North Sea (Ingvaeonic) Northwest Gotho-Nordic South Reconstructed Proto-Germanic Proto-Germanic grammar Germanic parent language Ancient Belgian language Diachronic features Grimm's law Verner's law Holtzmann's law Sievers's law Kluge's law Germanic substrate hypothesis West Germanic gemination High German consonant shift Germanic a-mutation Germanic umlaut Germanic spirant law Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law Great Vowel Shift Synchronic features Germanic verb Germanic strong verb Germanic weak verb Preterite-present verb Grammatischer Wechsel Indo-European ablaut Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left. Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈbûːkmoːɫ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Bokm%C3%A5l_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg/Bokm%C3%A5l_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokm%C3%A5l_(Pronuncation).ogg"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈbuːkmɔːl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈbʊk-, ˈboʊk-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norwegian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vikor-5"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Language Council of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"orthographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"link_name":"Riksmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_for_Language_and_Literature"},{"link_name":"Danish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundeby-6"},{"link_name":"Marius Nygaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Nygaard_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"koiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Aftenposten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten"},{"link_name":"Lagting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundeby-6"},{"link_name":"phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_phonology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"South-Eastern Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stlandet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"},{"link_name":"Urban East Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"Storting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"TV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_2_(Norway)"}],"text":"Bokmål (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈbûːkmoːɫ] ⓘ) (UK: /ˈbuːkmɔːl/, US: /ˈbʊk-, ˈboʊk-/;[1][2][3][4] lit. 'book-tongue') is one of the official written standards for the Norwegian language, alongside Nynorsk. Bokmål is by far the most used written form of Norwegian today, as it is adopted by 85% to 90%[5] of the population in Norway. There is no countrywide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål and the spoken dialects vary greatly.Bokmål is regulated by the governmental Language Council of Norway. A related, more conservative orthographic standard, commonly known as Riksmål, is regulated by the non-governmental Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature. The written standard is a Norwegianised variety of the Danish language.The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name Riksmål after being under development since 1879.[6] The architects behind the reform were Marius Nygaard and Jacob Jonathan Aars.[7] It was an adaptation of written Danish, which was commonly used since the past union with Denmark, to the Dano-Norwegian koiné spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper Aftenposten adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name Bokmål was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language Dano-Norwegian lost by a single vote in the Lagting.[6]The government does not regulate spoken Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the phonology of the speaker's local dialect.[8] Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that, in the region of South-Eastern Norway, is commonly seen as the de facto standard for spoken Bokmål. In The Phonology of Norwegian, Gjert Kristoffersen writes thatBokmål [...] is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of Southern Norway [sic], with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian').[9]Standard Østnorsk (lit. ''Standard East Norwegian'') or sometimes described as \"Urban East Norwegian\" is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries. However, Standard Østnorsk as a spoken language is not used (and does not have prestige) outside South-Eastern Norway. All spoken variations of the Norwegian language are used in the Storting (parliament) and in Norwegian national broadcasters such as NRK and TV 2, even in cases where the conventions of Bokmål are used. The spoken variation typically reflects the region the speaker grew up in.","title":"Bokmål"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Old Norse dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse#Dialects"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugen-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"Denmark–Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Middle Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Christiern Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiern_Pedersen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugen-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gjerset-12"},{"link_name":"Dano-Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano-Norwegian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"koiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_dialects"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knudknudsen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Knud Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Knudsen_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"sociolects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolects"},{"link_name":"Henrik Wergeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gjerset-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugen-10"},{"link_name":"Peter Asbjørnsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Moe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe"},{"link_name":"Knud Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Knudsen_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugen-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsen-14"}],"text":"Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway, Old Norwegian, was essentially the same as the other Old Norse dialects. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an independent kingdom, the written language remained essentially constant.[10]In 1380,[11] Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as Denmark–Norway until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union.[citation needed] During this period, the modern Danish and Norwegian languages emerged. Norwegian went through a Middle Norwegian transition, and a Danish written language more heavily influenced by Low German was gradually standardised. This process was aided by the Reformation, which prompted Christiern Pedersen's translation of the Bible into Danish. Remnants of written Old Norse and Norwegian were thus displaced by the Danish standard, which became used for virtually all administrative documents.[10][12]Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by urban elites on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a Dano-Norwegian vernacular often called the \"educated daily speech\"[citation needed] had become the mother tongue of elites in most Norwegian cities, such as Bergen, Kristiania and Trondheim. This Dano-Norwegian koiné could be described as Danish with regional Norwegian pronunciation (see Norwegian dialects), some Norwegian vocabulary, and simplified grammar.[13]Knud Knudsen, often called the \"father of Bokmål\"With the gradual subsequent process of Norwegianisation of the written language used in the cities of Norway, from Danish to Bokmål and Riksmål, the upper-class sociolects in the cities changed accordingly. In 1814, when Norway was ceded from Denmark to Sweden, Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet Henrik Wergeland (1808–1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language.[12] Haugen indicates that:\"Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianisation of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start.\"[10]The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like Peter Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, schoolmaster and agitator for language reform Knud Knudsen, and Knudsen's famous disciple, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, as well as a more cautious Norwegianisation by Henrik Ibsen.[10][14] In particular, Knudsen's work on language reform in the mid-19th century was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917, so much so that he is now often called the \"father of Bokmål\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk,_1955.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnorsk"},{"link_name":"Landsmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Riksmålsforbundet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5lsforbundet"},{"link_name":"Samnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnorsk"},{"link_name":"Norwegian dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_dialects"},{"link_name":"phonemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_orthography"},{"link_name":"Arnulf Øverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_%C3%98verland"},{"link_name":"American and British English differences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences"},{"link_name":"Aftenposten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"One Standard German Axiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Standard_German_Axiom"}],"sub_title":"Riksmål versus Bokmål","text":"Poster from a campaign against mandatory Samnorsk, c. 1955Since the creation of Landsmål, the Danish written in Norway was referred to as (det almindelige) Bogmaal, etc. (\"(The ordinary) book language\"), e.g. in Den norske Literatur fra 1814 indtil vore Dage (Hans Olaf Hansen, 1862), or the synonym Bogsprog, e.g. in the 1885 decision that adopted Landsmål as a co-official language.The term Riksmål (Rigsmaal), meaning National Language, was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation Riksmålsforbundet in 1907, which he led until his death in 1910.The 1907 reform documents do not mention the language by name, but the term Riksmål eventually caught on and was adopted by the Ministry of Church and Education in the years leading up to the 1917 spelling reform, appearing in its 1908 publication Utredning av spørsmaalet om et mulig samarbeide mellem landsmaal og riksmaal i retskrivningen (\"Investigation of the question of a possible cooperation between Landmål and Riksmål with regards to orthography\"). Through this work an official policy to merge the standards (to a common Samnorsk) through spelling reforms came to be.In line with these plans, the 1917 reform introduced some elements from Norwegian dialects and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The reform met some resistance from the Riksmål movement, and Riksmålsvernet (The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919.In 1929, the parliament voted to rename the written standards. Bokmål was re-introduced as the official name for the Dano-Norwegian standard, replacing Riksmål, while Landsmål was renamed Nynorsk.In 1938 both written standards were heavily reformed and many common spellings and grammatical endings were made mandatory. This meant the removal of many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms in Bokmål, a decision that was harshly criticised by the Riksmål movement for being too radical and premature. While it criticised the adoption of Nynorsk spellings, it initially also expressed support for making the orthography more phonemic, for instance by removing silent h's in interrogative pronouns (which was done in Swedish a few years earlier).The resistance culminated in the 1950s under the leadership of Arnulf Øverland. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and some of the common traditional Danish spellings and inflections were admitted back into the standard through the reforms in 1981 and 2005.Currently, Riksmål denotes a language form regulated by the non-governmental organisation The Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. It is based on pre-1938 Bokmål and has been regulated by The Academy as a private alternative to the official Bokmål spelling standard since the 1950s. Over time it has accepted widespread \"radical\" spellings into the Riksmål standard. Since the official Samnorsk policy was abolished, Riksmål and Bokmål have converged, and The Academy currently edits an online dictionary that covers both. The differences have diminished (now being comparable to American and British English differences), but The Academy still upholds its own standard.Norway's most popular daily newspaper, Aftenposten, is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are \"translated\" into the standard.[citation needed] Aftenposten gave up its most markedly conservative \"signal words\" in 1990.While the specifics of the debate are unique to Norway, some parallels can be found in Austrian German and the One Standard German Axiom, which revolves over the kind of standard to be used in a non-dominant country.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"Modern Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"puristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_purism"}],"sub_title":"Terminology","text":"Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is Nynorsk and gray denotes neutral areas.In the Norwegian discourse, the term Dano-Norwegian is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names Riksmål and Bokmål, meaning state language and book language respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of Nynorsk in the 19th century, a written language based on rural Modern Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to the Danish and Dano-Norwegian spoken in Norwegian cities.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Differences from Danish","text":"The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"},{"link_name":"Standard Østnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Oslo dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_dialect"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect","text":"Most natives of Oslo today speak a dialect that is an amalgamation of vikværsk (which is the technical term for the traditional dialects in the Oslofjord area) and written Danish; and subsequently Riksmål and Bokmål, which primarily inherited their non-Oslo elements from Danish. The present-day Oslo dialect is also influenced by other Eastern Norwegian dialects.[9]The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and Standard Østnorsk followed Danish rather than the traditional Oslo dialect as it is commonly portrayed in literature about Norwegian dialects.[9][15] In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect and Nynorsk, and these forms are also given.1 Closest match to the traditional Oslo dialect.2 However, Bokmål uses ku \"cow\" and (now archaic) su \"sow\" exclusively.","title":"Characteristics"}]
[{"image_text":"Knud Knudsen, often called the \"father of Bokmål\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Knudknudsen.jpg/170px-Knudknudsen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster from a campaign against mandatory Samnorsk, c. 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg/170px-Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is Nynorsk and gray denotes neutral areas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/200px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Bokmål language edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"},{"title":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"title":"Danish Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Language"},{"title":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"title":"History of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Norway"},{"title":"Samnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnorsk"},{"title":"Høgnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk"}]
[{"reference":"\"Bokmål\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Bokm%C3%A5l","url_text":"\"Bokmål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language","url_text":"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"}]},{"reference":"\"Bokmål\". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal","url_text":"\"Bokmål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Collins English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110725/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bokmål\". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bokm%C3%A5l","url_text":"\"Bokmål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico","url_text":"Oxford Dictionaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Bokmål\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bokm%C3%A5l","url_text":"\"Bokmål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Vikør, Lars. \"Fakta om norsk språk\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Vik%C3%B8r","url_text":"Vikør, Lars"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140203190655/http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/","url_text":"\"Fakta om norsk språk\""},{"url":"http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lundeby, Einar. \"Stortinget og språksaken\". Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2007-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Lundeby","url_text":"Lundeby, Einar"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130222201525/http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/","url_text":"\"Stortinget og språksaken\""},{"url":"http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld. \"Marius Nygaard\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyvind_Fjeld_Halvorsen","url_text":"Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning","url_text":"\"Marius Nygaard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110102115232/http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Råd om uttale\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/","url_text":"\"Råd om uttale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214121312/http://sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjert_Kristoffersen","url_text":"Kristoffersen, Gjert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823765-5","url_text":"978-0-19-823765-5"}]},{"reference":"Haugen, Einar (1977). Norwegian English Dictionary. Oslo: Unifersitetsforlaget. ISBN 0-299-03874-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-03874-2","url_text":"0-299-03874-2"}]},{"reference":"Peter Burgess, J.; Hyvik, Jens Johan (October 2004). \"Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814\" (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 10 (4): 620. doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x. ISSN 1354-5078. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2023-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10(4)_2004.pdf","url_text":"\"Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.2004.00185.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-5078","url_text":"1354-5078"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130721/https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10%284%29_2004.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gjerset, Knut (1915). History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II. The MacMillan Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hoel, Oddmund Løkensgard (1996). Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865. Oslo: Noregs Forskingsråd. ISBN 82-12-00695-6. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2009-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101","url_text":"Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-12-00695-6","url_text":"82-12-00695-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923050324/http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Karen (1948). A History of Norway. Princeton University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"}]},{"reference":"Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane. Høyskoleforlaget. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blow_Out
The Blow Out
["1 Plot","2 Outside references","3 References","4 External links"]
1936 film by Tex Avery The Blow OutTitle CardDirected byFred AveryStory byCal HowardProduced byLeon SchlesingerStarringJoe DoughertyMartha WentworthTex AveryJoe TwerpBernice HansenMusic byBernard BrownNorman SpencerAnimation byCharles JonesSid SutherlandRobert Clampett (uncredited)Color processBlack & WhiteProductioncompanyWarner Bros. CartoonsDistributed byWarner Bros.The Vitaphone CorporationRelease date April 4, 1936 (1936-04-04) (US) Running time7:30LanguageEnglish The Blow Out is a 1936 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated short film directed by Tex Avery. The short was released on April 4, 1936, and is the first Porky Pig solo cartoon. Plot As the cartoon opens, a hooded figure appears at the doorway of a building and leaves behind an alarm clock that suddenly starts smoking. At the next second, the clock explodes, blowing the building to smithereens. Afterwards, newspaper headlines explain that the figure, known as the Mad Bomber, has been terrorizing the entire city by placing time bombs at different buildings to blow them up. As a result, the police are making every effort to search the city and offer a cash reward of $2,000 to anybody who can capture the fiend. In the Mad Bomber's hideout, the Mad Bomber is seen making his next time bomb. He does this by taking apart an alarm clock, stuffing it full of various explosives (dynamite, a black bomb, skyrockets, and firecrackers), and puts the alarm clock back together, to make a bomb that is capable of, as he puts it, "blowing up an entire city." After completing his bomb, the Mad Bomber looks at a map of the city, where x's mark the buildings he's already blown up, and draws an x to mark his next target, the Blotz Building. Then he dons a black hat and cloak and makes his way out of the hideout. Elsewhere in the city, Porky Pig is staring into the window of an ice cream parlor where they sell ice cream sodas for 10 cents. After watching a customer buy and drink an ice cream soda, Porky checks his money and decides the five pennies he has are enough for the soda. Porky comes up to the manager and asks for an ice cream soda, but the manager points out that Porky has only half the amount of money for the soda. Porky starts to leave, feeling disappointed, but suddenly gets the idea that half a soda would be worth half the price. He zips back and requests half of a soda, but the manager still tells Porky that he needs five more pennies for the soda. Porky leaves the parlor disappointed and sits down at the curb, wondering how to get five more pennies. As Porky does this, a rich gentleman walks by and drops his cane. Porky notices this and hands back the cane, to which the gentleman thanks Porky by giving him a penny. Overjoyed at being rewarded with a penny, Porky dances a jig and tosses the penny into his pocket, as this has solved his problem. With that, Porky retrieves a glove for a fancy dressed lady (just before the lady picks it up herself) and a handkerchief for Mrs. Cudd (after seeing it all the way from a corner down the street), each time being rewarded with a penny and dancing a jig before putting them into his pocket. During the quest, Porky spies a nickel on the pavement and decides it could save him the trouble of earning two more pennies, but before he can pick it up, a scotty dog zips down all the way from a corner and steals the nickel. Whether the scotty dog dropped the nickel on the ground or the nickel was a rare one is never revealed, the scotty dog doesn't thank Porky for finding it nor reward him with a penny. Undaunted, Porky continues on his quest to retrieve lost items. At this point, on the same street, the Mad Bomber stops outside the Blotz Building. He takes the time bomb out from under his cloak, activates the timer, and leaves the bomb at the base of the building. Porky happens to see the Mad Bomber leave the scene and, thinking the time bomb is just a regular alarm clock and the Mad Bomber lost it, picks up the bomb. He finds the Mad Bomber in an alley, waiting for the explosion, and hands the bomb back to him, in the hopes of being rewarded with a penny, but the Mad Bomber freaks out and runs away, leaving Porky to chase after him. The Mad Bomber then runs through several buildings (with Porky following him) and tries hiding in a garage, but one of the double doors is missing and after the Mad bomber shuts it, Porky appears through the opening and tries to hand back the bomb. The Mad Bomber then zips up the fire escape of an apartment building and makes it to the top, but Porky takes the steps up to meet him with the bomb. The Mad Bomber zips back down and finds Porky at the bottom of the building. He tries ducking into an open manhole to hide under the street, but no matter where he turns, Porky is there, still trying to hand back the bomb. The Mad Bomber finally gets out from under the street and tries blocking the manhole with a safety sign (vowing to have Porky blown to bits), but Porky comes out from another manhole and grabs hold of the Mad Bomber's cloak. At that moment, two policemen spot the Mad Bomber and they pursue him, thinking that Porky holding onto the Mad Bomber's cloak is a sign that Porky's trying to tackle him. The Mad Bomber reaches his hideout, and just as the police, followed by the press arrive at the scene, he locks five doors to the entrance and barricades the last door with various furniture, vowing that they'll never find him. Once more, however, Porky appears and tries to hand back the time bomb. The Mad Bomber decides he's had it and flees the hideout, only to run into the waiting police paddy wagon. Porky then comes out, shoves the bomb (now beginning to smoke) into the paddy wagon, and holds out his hand, expecting the Mad Bomber to pay him a penny for his troubles, but as the paddy wagon drives away to the City Jail, the bomb blows up on its creator, sending fireworks and skyrockets shooting out of the paddy wagon. Since Porky has helped catch the Mad Bomber, the Chief of Police rewards him with the $2000 cash reward. Porky once more dances a victory jig, but as he tosses the money bag into the air (thinking he's been rewarded with a penny), it hits him on the head and bursts open. One of the reporters asks Porky what he intends to do with his reward, to which Porky starts to reply "I'm g-g-gonna b-b-b-buy me a..." The final scene then shows Porky back in the Ice Cream Parlor gulping down one ice cream soda after another, revealing that he used the $2000 reward to buy a feast of 20,000 ice cream sodas. Outside references Thomas Pynchon refers to the cartoon involving "Porky Pig and the anarchist" several times in his novels The Crying of Lot 49 and Gravity's Rainbow. References ^ Scott, Keith (October 3, 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. p. 18. Retrieved October 3, 2022. ^ Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 43. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 124–126. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020. ^ Robertson, David; M Cuthbertson, Ian (1990). Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 148. ISBN 9781349108077. ^ Weisenburger, Steve (2011). A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel. University of Georgia Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780820337647. External links The Blow Out at IMDb vtePorky Pig in animation Porky Pig filmography Short films1930s1935 I Haven't Got a Hat Country Mouse (cameo) Hollywood Capers (cameo) Gold Diggers of '49 1936 Alpine Antics The Phantom Ship (cameo) Boom Boom The Blow Out Westward Whoa Plane Dippy Fish Tales Shanghaied Shipmates Porky's Pet Porky the Rain-Maker Porky's Poultry Plant Porky's Moving Day Milk and Money Boulevardier from the Bronx (cameo) Little Beau Porky The Village Smithy Porky in the North Woods 1937 Porky the Wrestler Porky's Road Race Picador Porky Porky's Romance Porky's Duck Hunt Porky and Gabby Porky's Building Porky's Super Service Porky's Badtime Story Porky's Railroad Get Rich Quick Porky Porky's Garden Rover's Rival The Case of the Stuttering Pig Porky's Double Trouble Porky's Hero Agency 1938 Porky's Poppa Porky at the Crocadero What Price Porky Porky's Phoney Express Porky's Five & Ten Porky's Hare Hunt Injun Trouble Porky the Fireman Porky's Party Porky's Spring Planting Porky & Daffy Wholly Smoke Porky in Wackyland Porky's Naughty Nephew Porky in Egypt The Daffy Doc Porky the Gob 1939 The Lone Stranger and Porky It's an Ill Wind Porky's Tire Trouble Porky's Movie Mystery Chicken Jitters Porky and Teabiscuit Kristopher Kolumbus Jr. Polar Pals Scalp Trouble Old Glory Porky's Picnic Wise Quacks Porky's Hotel Jeepers Creepers Naughty Neighbors Pied Piper Porky Porky the Giant Killer The Film Fan 1940s1940 Porky's Last Stand Africa Squeaks Ali-Baba Bound Pilgrim Porky Slap Happy Pappy Porky's Poor Fish You Ought to Be in Pictures The Chewin' Bruin Porky's Baseball Broadcast Patient Porky Calling Dr. Porky Prehistoric Porky The Sour Puss Porky's Hired Hand The Timid Toreador 1941 Porky's Snooze Reel Porky's Bear Facts Toy Trouble Porky's Preview Porky's Ant A Coy Decoy Porky's Prize Pony Meet John Doughboy We, the Animals The Henpecked Duck Notes to You Robinson Crusoe, Jr. Porky's Midnight Matinee Porky's Pooch 1942 Porky's Pastry Pirates Who's Who in the Zoo Porky's Cafe Any Bonds Today? My Favorite Duck 1943 Confusions of a Nutzy Spy Yankee Doodle Daffy Porky Pig's Feat A Corny Concerto 1944 Tom Turk and Daffy Tick Tock Tuckered Swooner Crooner Duck Soup to Nuts Slightly Daffy Brother Brat 1945 Trap Happy Porky Wagon Heels 1946 Baby Bottleneck Daffy Doodles Kitty Kornered The Great Piggy Bank Robbery (cameo) Mouse Menace 1947 One Meat Brawl Little Orphan Airedale 1948 Daffy Duck Slept Here Nothing But the Tooth The Pest That Came to Dinner Riff Raffy Daffy Scaredy Cat 1949 Awful Orphan Porky Chops Paying the Piper Daffy Duck Hunt Curtain Razor Often an Orphan Dough for the Do-Do Bye, Bye Bluebeard 1950s Boobs in the Woods (1950) The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950) An Egg Scramble (1950) Golden Yeggs (1950) The Ducksters (1950) Dog Collared (1950) The Wearing of the Grin (1951) Drip-Along Daffy (1951) The Prize Pest (1951) Thumb Fun (1952) Cracked Quack (1952) Fool Coverage (1952) Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century (1953) Claws for Alarm (1954) My Little Duckaroo (1954) Jumpin' Jupiter (1955) Dime to Retire (1955) Rocket Squad (1956) Deduce, You Say! (1956) Boston Quackie (1957) Robin Hood Daffy (1958) China Jones (1959) 1960s Daffy's Inn Trouble (1961) Dumb Patrol (1964) Corn on the Cop (1965) Mucho Locos (1966) 1980s Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol (1979) 1980s Duck Dodgers and the Return of the 24½th Century (1980) 1990s Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers (1992) Carrotblanca (1995; cameo) Superior Duck (1996) 2000s My Generation G...G...Gap (2004) Feature filmsTheatrical The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979) The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981) Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982) Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988; cameo) Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988) Space Jam (1996) Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003; cameo) Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2024) Direct-to-video Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006) Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run (2015) TV series The Porky Pig Show (1964–1967) Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1992) Baby Looney Tunes (2002–2005) Duck Dodgers (2003–2005) The Looney Tunes Show (2011–2013) New Looney Tunes (2015–2020) Looney Tunes Cartoons (2020–2023) Bugs Bunny Builders (2022–present) Tiny Toons Looniversity (2023–present) TV specials Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies (1972) Carnival of the Animals (1976) Bugs Bunny's Easter Special (1977) Bugs Bunny in Space (1977) Bugs Bunny's Howl-oween Special (1977) Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet (1979) Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales (1979) The Bugs Bunny Mystery Special (1980) Battle of the Music Video Stars (1988) Overtures to Disaster (1991) vteFilms directed by Tex AveryShort subjectsWalter Lantz Towne Hall Follies (1935) The Quail Hunt (1935) I'm Cold (1954) Crazy Mixed Up Pup (1955) The Legend of Rockabye Point (1955) Sh-h-h-h-h-h (1955) Warner Bros. Gold Diggers of '49 (1935) Plane Dippy (1936) Page Miss Glory (1936) The Blow Out (1936) I'd Love to Take Orders from You (1936) I Love to Singa (1936) Porky the Rain Maker (1936) The Village Smithy (1936) Milk and Money (1936) Don't Look Now (1936) Porky the Wrestler (1937) Picador Porky (1937) I Only Have Eyes for You (1937) Porky's Duck Hunt (1937) Uncle Tom's Bungalow (1937) Ain't We Got Fun (1937) Egghead Rides Again (1937) A Sunbonnet Blue (1937) Porky's Garden (1937) I Wanna Be a Sailor (1937) Little Red Walking Hood (1937) Daffy Duck & Egghead (1938) The Sneezing Weasel (1938) The Penguin Parade (1938) The Isle of Pingo Pongo (1938) Cinderella Meets Fella (1938) A Feud There Was (1938) Johnny Smith and Poker-Huntas (1938) Daffy Duck in Hollywood (1938) The Mice Will Play (1938) Hamateur Night (1939) A Day at the Zoo (1939) Thugs with Dirty Mugs (1939) Believe It or Else (1939) Dangerous Dan McFoo (1939) Detouring America (1939) Land of the Midnight Fun (1939) Fresh Fish (1939) Screwball Football (1939) The Early Worm Gets the Bird (1940) Cross-Country Detours (1940) The Bear's Tale (1940) A Gander at Mother Goose (1940) Circus Today (1940) A Wild Hare (1940) Ceiling Hero (1940) Wacky Wild Life (1940) Of Fox and Hounds (1940) Holiday Highlights (1940) The Crackpot Quail (1941) The Haunted Mouse (1941) Tortoise Beats Hare (1941) Hollywood Steps Out (1941) Porky's Preview (1941) The Heckling Hare (1941) Aviation Vacation (1941) All This and Rabbit Stew (1941) The Bug Parade (1941) The Cagey Canary (1941) Wabbit Twouble (1941) Aloha Hooey (1942) Crazy Cruise (1942) Paramount Pictures Down on the Farm (1941) In a Pet Shop (1941) In the Zoo (1941) Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Blitz Wolf (1942) The Early Bird Dood It! (1942) Dumb-Hounded (1943) Red Hot Riding Hood (1943) Who Killed Who? (1943) One Ham's Family (1943) What's Buzzin' Buzzard (1943) Screwy Squirrel (1944) Batty Baseball (1944) Happy-Go-Nutty (1944) Big Heel-Watha (1944) The Screwy Truant (1945) The Shooting of Dan McGoo (1945) Jerky Turkey (1945) Swing Shift Cinderella (1945) Wild and Woolfy (1945) Lonesome Lenny (1946) The Hick Chick (1946) Northwest Hounded Police (1946) Henpecked Hoboes (1946) Hound Hunters (1947) Red Hot Rangers (1947) Uncle Tom's Cabaña (1947) Slap Happy Lion (1947) King-Size Canary (1947) What Price Fleadom (1948) Little 'Tinker (1948) Half-Pint Pygmy (1948) Lucky Ducky (1948) The Cat That Hated People (1948) Bad Luck Blackie (1949) Señor Droopy (1949) The House of Tomorrow (1949) Doggone Tired (1949) Wags to Riches (1949) Little Rural Riding Hood (1949) Out-Foxed (1949) The Counterfeit Cat (1949) Ventriloquist Cat (1950) The Cuckoo Clock (1950) Garden Gopher (1950) The Chump Champ (1950) The Peachy Cobbler (1950) Cock-a-Doodle Dog (1951) Daredevil Droopy (1951) Droopy's Good Deed (1951) Symphony in Slang (1951) Car of Tomorrow (1951) Droopy's Double Trouble (1951) Magical Maestro (1952) One Cab's Family (1952) Rock-a-Bye Bear (1952) Little Johnny Jet (1953) The T.V. of Tomorrow (1953) The Three Little Pups (1953) Drag-a-Long Droopy (1954) Billy Boy (1954) Homesteader Droopy (1954) The Farm of Tomorrow (1954) The Flea Circus (1954) Dixieland Droopy (1954) Field and Scream (1955) The First Bad Man (1955) Deputy Droopy (1955) Cellbound (1955) Millionaire Droopy (1956) Cat's Meow (1957) Characters Big Bad Wolf Bugs Bunny Butch Cecil Turtle Chilly Willy Daffy Duck Droopy Elmer Fudd George and Junior Porky Pig Red Screwy Squirrel Willoughby Related Casper's First Christmas The Kwicky Koala Show The Tex Avery Show The Wacky World of Tex Avery Tex Avery Screwball Classics
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Tex Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Avery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-2"},{"link_name":"Porky Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porky_Pig"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Blow Out is a 1936 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated short film directed by Tex Avery.[2] The short was released on April 4, 1936, and is the first Porky Pig solo cartoon.[3]","title":"The Blow Out"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As the cartoon opens, a hooded figure appears at the doorway of a building and leaves behind an alarm clock that suddenly starts smoking. At the next second, the clock explodes, blowing the building to smithereens. Afterwards, newspaper headlines explain that the figure, known as the Mad Bomber, has been terrorizing the entire city by placing time bombs at different buildings to blow them up. As a result, the police are making every effort to search the city and offer a cash reward of $2,000 to anybody who can capture the fiend.In the Mad Bomber's hideout, the Mad Bomber is seen making his next time bomb. He does this by taking apart an alarm clock, stuffing it full of various explosives (dynamite, a black bomb, skyrockets, and firecrackers), and puts the alarm clock back together, to make a bomb that is capable of, as he puts it, \"blowing up an entire city.\" After completing his bomb, the Mad Bomber looks at a map of the city, where x's mark the buildings he's already blown up, and draws an x to mark his next target, the Blotz Building. Then he dons a black hat and cloak and makes his way out of the hideout.Elsewhere in the city, Porky Pig is staring into the window of an ice cream parlor where they sell ice cream sodas for 10 cents. After watching a customer buy and drink an ice cream soda, Porky checks his money and decides the five pennies he has are enough for the soda. Porky comes up to the manager and asks for an ice cream soda, but the manager points out that Porky has only half the amount of money for the soda. Porky starts to leave, feeling disappointed, but suddenly gets the idea that half a soda would be worth half the price. He zips back and requests half of a soda, but the manager still tells Porky that he needs five more pennies for the soda.Porky leaves the parlor disappointed and sits down at the curb, wondering how to get five more pennies. As Porky does this, a rich gentleman walks by and drops his cane. Porky notices this and hands back the cane, to which the gentleman thanks Porky by giving him a penny. Overjoyed at being rewarded with a penny, Porky dances a jig and tosses the penny into his pocket, as this has solved his problem. With that, Porky retrieves a glove for a fancy dressed lady (just before the lady picks it up herself) and a handkerchief for Mrs. Cudd (after seeing it all the way from a corner down the street), each time being rewarded with a penny and dancing a jig before putting them into his pocket.During the quest, Porky spies a nickel on the pavement and decides it could save him the trouble of earning two more pennies, but before he can pick it up, a scotty dog zips down all the way from a corner and steals the nickel. Whether the scotty dog dropped the nickel on the ground or the nickel was a rare one is never revealed, the scotty dog doesn't thank Porky for finding it nor reward him with a penny. Undaunted, Porky continues on his quest to retrieve lost items.At this point, on the same street, the Mad Bomber stops outside the Blotz Building. He takes the time bomb out from under his cloak, activates the timer, and leaves the bomb at the base of the building. Porky happens to see the Mad Bomber leave the scene and, thinking the time bomb is just a regular alarm clock and the Mad Bomber lost it, picks up the bomb. He finds the Mad Bomber in an alley, waiting for the explosion, and hands the bomb back to him, in the hopes of being rewarded with a penny, but the Mad Bomber freaks out and runs away, leaving Porky to chase after him.The Mad Bomber then runs through several buildings (with Porky following him) and tries hiding in a garage, but one of the double doors is missing and after the Mad bomber shuts it, Porky appears through the opening and tries to hand back the bomb. The Mad Bomber then zips up the fire escape of an apartment building and makes it to the top, but Porky takes the steps up to meet him with the bomb. The Mad Bomber zips back down and finds Porky at the bottom of the building. He tries ducking into an open manhole to hide under the street, but no matter where he turns, Porky is there, still trying to hand back the bomb. The Mad Bomber finally gets out from under the street and tries blocking the manhole with a safety sign (vowing to have Porky blown to bits), but Porky comes out from another manhole and grabs hold of the Mad Bomber's cloak.At that moment, two policemen spot the Mad Bomber and they pursue him, thinking that Porky holding onto the Mad Bomber's cloak is a sign that Porky's trying to tackle him. The Mad Bomber reaches his hideout, and just as the police, followed by the press arrive at the scene, he locks five doors to the entrance and barricades the last door with various furniture, vowing that they'll never find him. Once more, however, Porky appears and tries to hand back the time bomb. The Mad Bomber decides he's had it and flees the hideout, only to run into the waiting police paddy wagon. Porky then comes out, shoves the bomb (now beginning to smoke) into the paddy wagon, and holds out his hand, expecting the Mad Bomber to pay him a penny for his troubles, but as the paddy wagon drives away to the City Jail, the bomb blows up on its creator, sending fireworks and skyrockets shooting out of the paddy wagon.Since Porky has helped catch the Mad Bomber, the Chief of Police rewards him with the $2000 cash reward. Porky once more dances a victory jig, but as he tosses the money bag into the air (thinking he's been rewarded with a penny), it hits him on the head and bursts open. One of the reporters asks Porky what he intends to do with his reward, to which Porky starts to reply \"I'm g-g-gonna b-b-b-buy me a...\" The final scene then shows Porky back in the Ice Cream Parlor gulping down one ice cream soda after another, revealing that he used the $2000 reward to buy a feast of 20,000 ice cream sodas.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Pynchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon"},{"link_name":"The Crying of Lot 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gravity's Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Thomas Pynchon refers to the cartoon involving \"Porky Pig and the anarchist\" several times in his novels The Crying of Lot 49 [4] and Gravity's Rainbow.[5]","title":"Outside references"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Scott, Keith (October 3, 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. p. 18. Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0zGKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20","url_text":"Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 43. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0894-2","url_text":"0-8050-0894-2"}]},{"reference":"Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 124–126. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/124/mode/2up","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3831-7","url_text":"0-8160-3831-7"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, David; M Cuthbertson, Ian (1990). Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 148. ISBN 9781349108077.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1JqwCwAAQBAJ&dq=Porky+Pig+and+the+anarchist&pg=PA148","url_text":"Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan_UK","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349108077","url_text":"9781349108077"}]},{"reference":"Weisenburger, Steve (2011). A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel. University of Georgia Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780820337647.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fK73JkjMDmQC&dq=Porky+Pig+and+the+anarchist&pg=PA285","url_text":"A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press","url_text":"University of Georgia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820337647","url_text":"9780820337647"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0zGKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20","external_links_name":"Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/124/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1JqwCwAAQBAJ&dq=Porky+Pig+and+the+anarchist&pg=PA148","external_links_name":"Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fK73JkjMDmQC&dq=Porky+Pig+and+the+anarchist&pg=PA285","external_links_name":"A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027371/","external_links_name":"The Blow Out"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_Kiuru
Pauli Kiuru
["1 References"]
Finnish triathlete, businessman and politician Pauli Antero Kiuru Pauli Antero Kiuru (born 8 December 1962 in Valkeakoski) is a Finnish triathlete, businessman and politician. He is a member of the Parliament of Finland since 2011, representing the National Coalition Party. He has been on the podium of the Ironman World Championship race three times; He was third in years 1990 and 1992, and second in year 1993. References ^ "Eduskunta - kansanedustajat". Eduskunta.fi. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014. ^ Babbitt, Bob (2021-05-20). "Recalled: The 1993 Hawaii Ironman". Triathlete. Retrieved 2023-09-08. vteEduskunta members 2023–2027National Coalition Party (48) Aalto-Setälä Autto Eestilä Fagerström Grahn-Laasonen Häkkänen Hänninen Heinonen Heikkinen Ikonen Jukkola Jäntti Kaleva Kauma Kaunisto Kaunistola Keto-Huovinen Kilpi Kinnari Kiuru Kopra Koulumies Lahdenperä Laiho Limnéll Lindberg Marttinen Multala Mykkänen Orpo Partanen Päivärinta Risikko Salla Sammallahti Sarkomaa Satonen Sirén Talvitie Toveri Valkonen Valtola Valtonen Vestman Vikman Väyrynen Wallinheimo Zyskowicz Finns Party (46) Antikainen Bergbom Eerola Elomaa Garedew Halla-aho Huhtasaari Huru Immonen Junnila Juuso Juvonen Kangas Keskisarja Koponen Koskela Laakso Lehtinen Lundén Meri Mäenpää Mäkelä Niemi Nieminen Peltokangas Piisinen Polvinen Puisto Purra Ranne Rantanen Reijonen Rintamäki Ronkainen Rostila Rydman Savio Seppänen Sillanpää Simula Strandman Tavio Tynkkynen Vigelius Vornanen Vähämäki Social democrats (43) Asell Berg Eloranta Eskelinen Filatov Gebhard Guzenina Haatainen Harakka Heinäluoma Hiltunen Kari Kiljunen Kiuru Kokko Koskinen Kvarnström Kymäläinen Lindén Lindtman Lyly Malm Marin Marttila Merinen Mikkonen Mäkinen Mäkynen Nikkanen Nurminen Ojala-Niemelä Peltonen Perholehto Rantanen Razmyar Räsänen Skinnari Suhonen Tuppurainen Viitala Viitanen Väätäinen Werning Centre Party (23) Aittakumpu Honkonen Hoskonen Huttunen Kaikkonen Kalli Kallio Kalmari Kemppi Kettunen Kosonen Kulmuni Kurvinen Lintilä Lohi Mattila Mehtälä Oinas-Panuma Ovaska Saarikko Savola Siponen Viljanen Green League (13) Diarra Elo Forsgrén Haavisto Harjanne Holopainen Hopsu Hyrkkö Mikkonen Ohisalo Pitko Tynkkynen Virta Left Alliance (11) Andersson Furuholm Honkasalo Kivelä Kontula Koskela Kyllönen Meriluoto Pekonen Saramo Sarkkinen Swedish People's Party (9) Adlercreutz Andersson Bergqvist Biaudet Henriksson Norrback Ollikainen Strand Wickström Christian Democrats (5) Essayah Poutala Räsänen Tanus Östman Movement Now (1) Harkimo Åland Coalition (1) Löfström ‡ = Elected under a different party.Italic = Left office before end of term. This article about a National Coalition Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pauli_Kiuru.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valkeakoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkeakoski"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"National Coalition Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ironman World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironman_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pauli Antero KiuruPauli Antero Kiuru (born 8 December 1962 in Valkeakoski) is a Finnish triathlete, businessman and politician. He is a member of the Parliament of Finland since 2011, representing the National Coalition Party.[1]He has been on the podium of the Ironman World Championship race three times; He was third in years 1990 and 1992, and second in year 1993.[2]","title":"Pauli Kiuru"}]
[{"image_text":"Pauli Antero Kiuru","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pauli_Kiuru.jpg/220px-Pauli_Kiuru.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\". Eduskunta.fi. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022011741/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=1137","url_text":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""},{"url":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=1137","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Babbitt, Bob (2021-05-20). \"Recalled: The 1993 Hawaii Ironman\". Triathlete. Retrieved 2023-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.triathlete.com/events/ironman/recalled-the-1993-hawaii-ironman/","url_text":"\"Recalled: The 1993 Hawaii Ironman\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022011741/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=1137","external_links_name":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""},{"Link":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=1137","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.triathlete.com/events/ironman/recalled-the-1993-hawaii-ironman/","external_links_name":"\"Recalled: The 1993 Hawaii Ironman\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pauli_Kiuru&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosaprepitant
Fosaprepitant
["1 References"]
Chemical compound FosaprepitantClinical dataTrade namesEmend, IvemendAHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer InformationMedlinePlusa604003License data EU EMA: by INN US DailyMed: Fosaprepitant US FDA: Fosaprepitant Pregnancycategory AU: B2 Routes ofadministrationIntravenousATC codeA04AD12 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status AU: S4 (Prescription only) UK: POM (Prescription only) US: ℞-only EU: Rx-only Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailabilityn/aProtein binding>95% (aprepitant)MetabolismTo aprepitantElimination half-life9 to 13 hours (aprepitant)Identifiers IUPAC name ethoxy]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)morpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo- 2H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]phosphonic acid CAS Number172673-20-0 Y 265121-04-8 (dimeglumine)PubChem CID219090IUPHAR/BPS7623DrugBankDB06717 NChemSpider189912 NUNII6L8OF9XRDCKEGGD06597 NChEBICHEBI:64321 NChEMBLChEMBL1199324 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID801021651 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC23H22F7N4O6PMolar mass614.414 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image SMILES C(c1cc(cc(c1)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F)O2(N(CCO2)Cc3c(=O)n(n3)P(=O)(O)O)c4ccc(cc4)F InChI InChI=1S/C23H22F7N4O6P/c1-12(14-8-15(22(25,26)27)10-16(9-14)23(28,29)30)40-20-19(13-2-4-17(24)5-3-13)33(6-7-39-20)11-18-31-21(35)34(32-18)41(36,37)38/h2-5,8-10,12,19-20H,6-7,11H2,1H3,(H,31,32,35)(H2,36,37,38)/t12-,19+,20-/m1/s1 NKey:BARDROPHSZEBKC-OITMNORJSA-N N  NY (what is this?)  (verify) Fosaprepitant, sold under the brand names Emend (US) and Ivemend (EU) among others, is an antiemetic medication, administered intravenously. It is a prodrug of aprepitant. Fosaprepitant was developed by Merck & Co. and was approved for medical use in the United States, and in the European Union in January 2008. References ^ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. ^ "Emend IV fosaprepitant 150mg (as fosaprepitant dimeglumine) powder for injection vial (167061)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 27 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2023. ^ "Fosaprepitant MSN (Accelagen Pty Ltd)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 11 November 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023. ^ "Emend- fosaprepitant dimeglumine injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". DailyMed. 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022. ^ a b "Ivemend EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022. ^ Garnock-Jones KP (September 2016). "Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine: A Review in the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Chemotherapy". Drugs. 76 (14): 1365–72. doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0627-7. PMID 27510503. S2CID 30018182. ^ "Drugs.com, FDA Approves Emend (fosaprepitant dimeglumine) for Injection, Merck's New Intravenous Therapy, for Use in Combination with Other Antiemetics for Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Chemotherapy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-03-15. vteAntiemetics (A04)5-HT3 serotonin ion channel antagonists Alosetron Azasetron Bemesetron Cilansetron Clozapine Dazopride Dolasetron Granisetron Lerisetron Mianserin Mirtazapine Olanzapine Ondansetron Palonosetron (+netupitant) Quetiapine Ramosetron Ricasetron Tropisetron Zatosetron 5-HT serotonin G-protein receptor antagonists Clozapine Cyproheptadine Hydroxyzine Olanzapine Risperidone Ziprasidone CB1 agonists (cannabinoids) Dronabinol Nabilone Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis) D2/D3 antagonists Chlorpromazine Haloperidol Hydroxyzine Metoclopramide Metopimazine Prochlorperazine Thiethylperazine Trimethobenzamide H1 antagonists (antihistamines) Cyclizine Dimenhydrinate Diphenhydramine Hydroxyzine Meclizine Promethazine mACh antagonists (anticholinergics) Atropine Diphenhydramine Hydroxyzine (very mild) Hyoscyamine Scopolamine NK1 antagonists Aprepitant Fosaprepitant Maropitant Netupitant Rolapitant Others Amisulpride Cerium oxalate Dexamethasone Lorazepam Midazolam Propofol vteNeurokinin receptor modulatorsNK1 Agonists: Substance P Antagonists: Aprepitant Befetupitant Burapitant Casopitant CI-1021 CP-96345 CP-99994 CP-122721 Dapitant Elinzanetant Ezlopitant Figopitant FK-888 Fosaprepitant Fosnetupitant GR-203040 GW-597599 HSP-117 L-733,060 L-741,671 L-743,310 L-758,298 Lanepitant LY-306740 Maropitant Netupitant NKP-608 Nolpitantium besilate Orvepitant Rolapitant RP-67580 SDZ NKT 343 Serlopitant T-2328 Telmapitant Tradipitant Vestipitant Vofopitant NK2 Agonists: Neurokinin A Antagonists: GR-159897 Ibodutant Nepadutant Saredutant NK3 Agonists: Neurokinin B Senktide Antagonists: Elinzanetant Fezolinetant Osanetant Pavinetant SB-218,795 SB-222,200 Talnetant Portal: Medicine This drug article relating to the gastrointestinal system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database","url_text":"\"Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230302112837/https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emend IV fosaprepitant 150mg (as fosaprepitant dimeglumine) powder for injection vial (167061)\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 27 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/artg/167061","url_text":"\"Emend IV fosaprepitant 150mg (as fosaprepitant dimeglumine) powder for injection vial (167061)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fosaprepitant MSN (Accelagen Pty Ltd)\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 11 November 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/fosaprepitant-msn-accelagen-pty-ltd","url_text":"\"Fosaprepitant MSN (Accelagen Pty Ltd)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230318050818/https://www.tga.gov.au/resources/prescription-medicines-registrations/fosaprepitant-msn-accelagen-pty-ltd","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emend- fosaprepitant dimeglumine injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution\". DailyMed. 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8d66803a-6811-4c29-9c57-e16acfa87f21","url_text":"\"Emend- fosaprepitant dimeglumine injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211201165415/https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=8d66803a-6811-4c29-9c57-e16acfa87f21","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ivemend EPAR\". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ivemend","url_text":"\"Ivemend EPAR\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211231185908/https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/ivemend","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garnock-Jones KP (September 2016). \"Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine: A Review in the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Chemotherapy\". Drugs. 76 (14): 1365–72. doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0627-7. PMID 27510503. S2CID 30018182.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40265-016-0627-7","url_text":"10.1007/s40265-016-0627-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27510503","url_text":"27510503"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30018182","url_text":"30018182"}]},{"reference":"\"Drugs.com, FDA Approves Emend (fosaprepitant dimeglumine) for Injection, Merck's New Intravenous Therapy, for Use in Combination with Other Antiemetics for Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Chemotherapy\". Archived from the original on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.drugs.com/newdrugs/fda-approves-emend-fosaprepitant-dimeglumine-merck-s-new-intravenous-therapy-combination-other-833.html","url_text":"\"Drugs.com, FDA Approves Emend (fosaprepitant dimeglumine) for Injection, Merck's New Intravenous Therapy, for Use in Combination with Other Antiemetics for Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Chemotherapy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080409192526/http://www.drugs.com/newdrugs/fda-approves-emend-fosaprepitant-dimeglumine-merck-s-new-intravenous-therapy-combination-other-833.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraubillen_cross
Fraubillen cross
["1 Literature","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 49°52′27″N 6°22′15″E / 49.87417°N 6.37083°E / 49.87417; 6.37083Fraubillen crossde: FraubillenkreuzThe Fraubillen crossArtistWillibrordSubjectCrossDimensions3.5 m (11 ft)Coordinates49°52′27″N 6°22′15″E / 49.87417°N 6.37083°E / 49.87417; 6.37083 Rear view of the Fraubillen cross The Fraubillen cross (German: Fraubillenkreuz) is a menhir, which has been resculpted into a cross. It stands by a wayside on the Ferschweiler Plateau in the Eifel mountains in Germany, between Ferschweiler, Schankweiler, Nusbaum-Rohrbach and Bollendorf. According to tradition, the celebrated missionary in the Eifel region, Willibrord refashioned the roughly 5,000-year-old menhir by hand into the shape of a cross as a Christian monument. Two niches for figures have been chiselled into the rock, each surrounded by holes. Today, the cross is about 3.5 metres high. The origin of its name is unclear. It could be derived from Unserer lieben Frau Bild-Kreuz, "Sculpted Cross of Our Dear Lady". Another possibility is that the name is derived from Sibyl, which was given to prophetic women. Evidence of the latter is that the menhir was mentioned in 1617 as the Sybillen Creutz ("Sybil Cross"). Literature Johannes Groht: Menhire in Deutschland. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) 2013, ISBN 978-3-943904-18-5, pp. 339–340. Leonard Palzkill: Sauertal ohne Grenzen. Wanderungen durch die deutsch-luxemburgische Felsenlandschaft. Verbandsgemeinde Irrel, Irrel, 2002, ISBN 3-00-008585-8, p. 41: "Fraubillenkreuz". Walter Pipke, Ida Leinberger: Die Eifel. Geschichte und Kultur des alten Vulkanlandes zwischen Aachen und Trier. 5th updated edition. DuMont, Cologne, 2006, ISBN 3-7701-3926-7 (DuMont Kunstreiseführer). Pierre Kauthen: Vom 'Fraubillenkreuz' zum Grab des hl. Willibrord. In: Hémecht 2011 (63rd year), Issue 1, pp.5-20. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraubillen Cross. Christianisierter Menhir “Fraubillenkreuz” (in German)
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_(Thuringia)
Ilm (Thuringia)
["1 See also"]
Coordinates: 51°6′17″N 11°40′7″E / 51.10472°N 11.66861°E / 51.10472; 11.66861This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ilm" Thuringia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) River in GermanyIlmThe Ilm near LangewiesenLocationCountryGermanyPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationThuringian Forest Mouth  • locationSaale • coordinates51°6′17″N 11°40′7″E / 51.10472°N 11.66861°E / 51.10472; 11.66861Length129 km (80 mi)Basin size1,043 km2 (403 sq mi)Basin featuresProgressionSaale→ Elbe→ North Sea The Ilm is a 128.7 kilometers (80.0 mi) long river in Thuringia, in central Germany. It is a left tributary of the Saale, into which it flows in Großheringen near Bad Kösen. Towns along the Ilm are Ilmenau, Stadtilm, Kranichfeld, Bad Berka, Weimar, Apolda and Bad Sulza. In the valley of Ilm river runs the federal motorway 87 from Ilmenau to Leipzig and two railways: the Thuringian Railway between Großheringen and Weimar and the Weimar–Kranichfeld railway. Part of the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway also runs through the upper part of the valley near Ilmenau. See also List of rivers of Thuringia Authority control databases International VIAF National Germany Czech Republic This article related to a river in Thuringia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Epston
David Epston
["1 Early life and education","2 Career in family therapy","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"]
Canadian social worker & therapist (born 1944) David EpstonBorn (1944-08-30) 30 August 1944 (age 79)Peterborough, Ontario, CanadaOccupation(s)family therapist, author, social worker David Epston (born 30 August 1944) is a New Zealand social worker and therapist, co-director of the Family Therapy Centre in Auckland, New Zealand, visiting professor at the John F. Kennedy University, an honorary clinical lecturer in the Department of Social Work, University of Melbourne, and an affiliate faculty member in the Ph.D program in Couple and Family Therapy at North Dakota State University. Epston and his late friend and colleague Michael White (social worker and psychotherapist) are known as originators of narrative therapy. Early life and education David Epston was born in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, where he grew up. He began studies at the University of British Columbia, and left Canada in 1963 when he was 19, arriving in New Zealand in 1964. Career in family therapy In New Zealand Epston started working as a senior social worker in an Auckland hospital. From 1981 to 1987 he worked as consultant family therapist at the Leslie Centre, run by Presbyterian Support Services in Auckland. From 1987 to the present he has been co-director of The Family Therapy Centre in Auckland. In the late 1970s Epston and Michael White led the flowering of family therapy within Australia and New Zealand. Together they started developing their ideas, continuing during the 1980s, and eventually in 1990 published Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends, the first major text in what came to be known as narrative therapy. In 1997 following the publication of Playful Approaches to Serious Problems Epston, along with his co-authors Dean Lobovits and Jennifer Freeman, initiated the website Narrative Approaches. It includes series of authored and co-authored papers, artwork, and poetry in the form of an "Archive of Resistance: Anti-Anorexia/anti-Bulimia." Publications 1989. Literate Means to Therapeutic Ends. With Michael White. Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications. 1990. Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. With Michael White. W.W. Norton. 1992. Experience, Contradiction, Narrative and Imagination: Selected papers of David Epston & Michael White, 1989-1991. With Michael White. Adelaide, South Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications. 1997. Playful approaches to serious problems: narrative therapy with children and their families. With Jennifer Freeman and Dean Lobovits. W.W. Norton. 2004. Biting the hand that starves you: inspiring resistance to anorexia/bulimia. With Richard Linn Maisel and Ali Borden. W.W. Norton. 2008. Down under and up over: travels with narrative therapy. Edited by Barry Bowen. Karnac Books. ISBN 978-0-9523433-1-8 References ^ a b Susanna Chamberlain (2001). A tale of narrative therapy Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 6 October 2009. ^ "Narrative Approaches - Valuing Our Experiences, Living Our Stories". Narrative Approaches. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2019. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "David Epston" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) External links narrativeapproaches.com Remembrance of Michael White by David Epston. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Belgium United States Japan Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_(Romania)
Arad, Romania
["1 Name","2 History","2.1 Chronology","3 Climate","4 Population","5 Politics and administration","6 Neighbourhoods","7 Economy","8 Transport","9 Tourist attractions","9.1 Architectural monuments","9.2 Historic buildings","9.3 Monuments","9.4 Religious tourism","9.5 Recreational tourism","10 Culture and education","10.1 Schools","10.2 Cultural life","10.3 Museums and exhibitions","11 Healthcare","12 Sports","13 International relations","13.1 Twin towns – sister cities","13.2 Partner cities","14 Notes","14.1 Sources","15 External links"]
Coordinates: 46°10′30″N 21°18′45″E / 46.17500°N 21.31250°E / 46.17500; 21.31250Municipality in Arad County, Romania Municipality in Arad, RomaniaAradMunicipalityFrom top, left to right: Administrative Palace, Cenad Palace , The Red Church , St. Anthony of Padua Church , Moise Nicoară National College, Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre, Statue of St. Nepomuk , Aurel Vlaicu University FlagCoat of armsLocation in Arad CountyAradLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°10′30″N 21°18′45″E / 46.17500°N 21.31250°E / 46.17500; 21.31250CountryRomaniaCountyAradGovernment • Mayor (2020–2024) Călin Bibarț (PNL)Area46.18 km2 (17.83 sq mi)Elevation117 m (384 ft)Population (2021-12-01)145,078 • Density3,100/km2 (8,100/sq mi)Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Postal code31xxxArea code(+40) 02 57Vehicle reg.ARWebsitewww.primariaarad.ro Arad (Romanian pronunciation: ⓘ) is the capital city of Arad County, at the edge of Crișana and the Banat. No villages are administred by the city. It is the third largest city in Western Romania, behind Timișoara and Oradea, and the 12th largest in Romania, with a population of 145,078. A busy transportation hub on the Mureș River and an important cultural and industrial center, Arad has hosted one of the first music conservatories in Europe, one of the earliest normal schools in Europe, and the first car factory in Hungary and present-day Romania. Today, it is the seat of a Romanian Orthodox archbishop and features a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary and two universities. The city's multicultural heritage is owed to the fact that it has been part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, the Ottoman Temeşvar Eyalet, Principality of Transylvania, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and since 1920 Romania, having had significant populations of Hungarians, Germans, Jews, Serbs, Bulgarians and Czechs at various points in its history. During the second half of the 19th century and the beginning on the 20th century, the city experienced rapid development. The most impressive displays of architecture that are still the popular sights of Arad today, such as the neoclassical Ioan Slavici Theater, the eclectic Administrative Palace and the neogothic Red Church, were built in this period. Name All names of the city come from the name of its first ispán, Arad (deriving from Hungarian úr, meaning 'lord'). During national communism and Dacianism, the ancient Ziridava fortress name was to be added to Arad in a similar way as Napoca was to Cluj, (Cluj-Napoca) but this was not done. History King Béla II of Hungary and his wife Queen Helena are sitting on the throne at the assembly of Arad in 1131. The Queen orders the execution of the magnates who advised the blinding of child Béla II during the rule of King Coloman. (Chronicon Pictum, 1358) Arad on an 18th-century map The evidence of Pre-Indo-European civilisation occurs with the establishment of the first settlement on the northern bank of the Mureş River in the 5th millennium BC, and the extension of the human settlements on the left bank of the Mureş River occurs in the 4th millennium BC. In the 3rd millennium BC prosperous settlements appear on both banks and on the islands of the Mureş River belonging to an Indo-European civilisation, which peaked around 1000 BC. Excavations made for the foundations of the Astoria Hotel found a human skeleton from the Bronze Age. The first Dacian settlements appear in the 1st millennium BC. In the 5th century a group of Scythians settled in the region. And between the 4th and 3rd centuries, the Celts settled on both banks of the Mureş River, in the vicinity of the existing settlements. The Dacian settlement in the south of the Micălaca district was conquered by the Roman troops between 101 and 102. During the Second Dacian War (105-106), the Emperor Trajan conquered territories north of Mureş River, making them part of the Roman Dacia. In the Aradul Nou area, the Roman army built the fort Castra of Aradul Nou that housed the legion Legio IV Flavia Felix. During the period between the 2nd and 4th centuries Dacian and Sarmatian settlements were present in the area of today's city, with intense commercial relations with the Roman Empire. In the 10th century the Hungarians began their expansion in Transylvania, one of the main access routes being the valley of Mureş. Ruler Glad, under the threat of the Hungarian expansion, built a fortress at Vladimirescu-Schanzen, which the Hungarians conquered and destroyed in the middle of the tenth century. Another ruler, Achtum, rebuilt it but the Hungarians destroyed it again in 1028. Arad was first mentioned in documents in the 11th century. According to the Chronicon Pictum, at "an assembly of the realm near Arad" in early to mid-1131, Queen Helena ordered the slaughter of all noblemen who were accused of having suggested the blinding of her husband to King Coloman. King Béla II of Hungary distributed the goods of the executed magnates between the newly established Arad Chapter and the early 11th-century Óbuda Chapter. The Mongol invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241 showed the importance of the fortifications on this place, to which were added in the second half of the 13th century more stone fortresses at Șoimoș, Șiria, and Dezna. The Ottoman Empire conquered the region from Hungary in 1551 and kept it until the Peace of Karlowitz of 1699, although during this period it was temporarily reintegrated in the Principality of Transylvania after the Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș in 1595; and after the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city entered under the Voivode's authority. During the Ottoman period, Arad became an eyalet center, which comprised the sanjaks of Arad, Lugoj, Kacaș, Beşlek and Yanova from 1660 till 1697, when it was captured by Austrians (Serbian Militia under command of Subota Jović) during Ottoman-Habsburg wars (1683–1699). After 1699, the city was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy. At the beginning of the 18th century, Arad became the center of the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad. According to 1720 data, the population of the city was composed of 177 Romanian families, 162 Serbian, and 35 Hungarian. The first Jew allowed to settle inside the city was Isac Elias in 1717. Eventually the Jewish population of Arad numbered over 10,000 people, more than 10% of the population, before the Second World War. The new fortress was built between 1763 and 1783. Although it was small, it proved formidable having played a great role in the Hungarian struggle for independence in 1849. The city possesses a museum containing relics of this war of independence. Courageously defended by the Austrian general Berger until the end of July 1849, it was captured by the Hungarian rebels, who made it their headquarters during the latter part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It was from Arad that Lajos Kossuth issued his famous proclamation (11 August 1849), and where he handed over the supreme military and civil power to Artúr Görgey. The fortress was recaptured shortly after the surrender at Világos (now Șiria, Romania), with the surrender of general Artúr Görgey to the Russians. It became an ammunition depot. Thirteen rebel generals were executed there on 6 October 1849, by order of the Austrian general Julius Jacob von Haynau. These men are known collectively as the 13 Martyrs of Arad, and since then Arad is considered the "Hungarian Golgotha". One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in their memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals. Arad enjoyed great economic development in the 19th century. In 1834 it was declared a "free royal town" by Emperor Francis I of Austria. Aradu Nou / Neu Arad / Újarad ("New Arad"), situated on the opposite bank of the Mureș river, is a neighborhood of Arad, to which it is connected by the Trajan bridge. It was founded during the Turkish wars of the 17th century. The works erected by the Turks for the capture of the fortress of Arad formed the nucleus of the new settlement. In 1910, the town had 63,166 inhabitants: 46,085 (73%) Hungarians, 10,279 (16.2%) Romanians, 4,365 (7%) Germans. During World War I, the Austro-Hungarian authorities set up an internment camp in the Fortress of Arad in which around 4,000 Serb detainees died. Chronology 1st century: Dacian settlement in the present Micălaca district are conquered by the Roman troops. 2nd century: The Roman fort Castra of Aradul Nou is founded, in the present Aradul Nou neighborhood. 1028 – First time when the area is mentioned. In the 10th-11th centuries the Hungarians are destroying the fortresses of Vladimirescu. 1078 – 1081 – The first official mention of the town, as Orod. 1131 – Arad is mentioned in The Painted Chronicle From Vienna. 1526 – Following the Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács, John Zápolya, elected King of Hungary, establishes the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom in Partium and Transylvania. 1541 – After the fall of Buda to the Ottomans, the city passes under the administration of the Autonomous Principality of Transylvania. 1551 – 1595 – The town was occupied and administered by the Ottoman Empire, the former county being divided into three sangeacuri. 1553 – 1555 – Between these years, the Ottomans built the first fortress of the city on the northern bank of the river Mureș. 1595 – Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș, thus the city of Arad was reintegrated in the Transylvanian Principality. 1599 – After the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city enters under the Voivode's authority until 1601 when Gabriel Bethlen gives the Mureș valley back to the Ottomans. 1683 – After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, Habsburg troops conquer the city in 1687. 1699 – After the Peace of Karlowitz, the Mureș river valley became the new border between The Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire, thus the city became the headquarters of the frontier guard troops. Arad becomes the seat of Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad. 1702 – The furriers' guild was registered – the oldest one. 1715 – Camil Hofflich, Franciscan friar, set up the first German language school. 1724 – First German settlers from Franconia come to the south of the river and establish Neu Arad. 1732 – Almost the entire area of the county was donated to Rinaldo of Modena, who, later disgraced in 1740, lost it to the Austrian crown. 1765 – 1783 – The new fortress was built, in Vauban-Tenaille style. 1781 – Following the building interdiction in the city, providing clear gunshot fields, the Empire considered moving the city in the Zimand pusta; subsequently Emperor Joseph II gave up the idea. 1812 – The foundation of Preparandia – the first Romanian pedagogy school in Transylvania. 1817 – The Hirschl Theatre was built. 1818 – The safety perimeter of the fortress was reduced from 2 kilometers as put out in 1783, to just 500 m.  → 1868 – Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu came to Arad as a prompter for Matei Millo's theatre company. 1833 – The sixth European Music School was set up in Arad, after Paris, Prague, Brussels, Vienna and London – Aradi Zenede/Arader Musik Conservatorium. 21 August 1834 – Arad obtained the "Free Royal Town" statute.  → 1846 – Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt performed. 6 October 1849 – 13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed.  → 1847 – Johann Strauss the Son performed. 1851 – Inauguration of the Neumann family alcohol and yeast factory. 1858 – Inauguration of the central train station. 1865 - Eparchy of Arad is transferred from the jurisdiction of Patriarchate of Karlovci to the jurisdiction of Metropolitanate of Sibiu. 1874 – The original building of the Theater was built. 1876 – The Administrative Palace was built.  → 1877 – Pablo Sarasate and Henryk Wieniawski performed. 1890 – The Philharmonic Society of Arad was founded. 1897 – The Cenad palace was built. 1913 – The edifice of today's Palace of Culture and site of the Philharmonics was built on the river embankment.  → 1922 – Romanian composer and violin virtuoso George Enescu performed.  → 1924 – Hungarian composer Béla Bartók performed. 1892 – The Weitzer Wagon Factory starts producing railway cars. Since 1903 it built the first successful series of petrol driven railcars in Europe. 15 August 1899 – The first official football game was held. 1906 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was opened with petrol railcars. 1909–1914 – Production of motorcars by (MARTA), a subsidiary of Austro-Daimler. MARTA was the acronym of Magyar Automobil Részvény Társaság Arad (Hungarian automobile joint stock company Arad) 1911–1913 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was electrified. Apart from factory rails and urban trams, it was the third electric railway in Hungary and the sixth one in Habsburg Monarchy. In 1920, it should become the first electrical railway of Romania. 1918 – Arad becomes the headquarters of The Romanian National Central Council, the provisional government of Transylvania, and also its unofficial capital. 1920 – Under the Treaty of Trianon, Arad was ceded to Romania. 1921 – Weitzer Wagon Factory and MARTA merge to Astra Arad 1937 – Arad was the most important economic center in Transylvania and occupied the fourth position in Romania 1980s – Astra Arad was Europe's largest manufacturer of freight cars. 1989 – Arad was the second town in Romania to rise against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, with considerable violence. 1996/98 Astra Arad was split in Astra Vagoane Arad (production of freight cars), Astra Vagoane Călători (production of passenger railcars), and Astra Buses. 1999 – The Arad Industrial Zone was inaugurated. 2016 – Greenbrier-Astra Rail joint venture formed. Climate Arad has a continental climate with cool and damp winters. The summers are warm to hot. In the summer months of June, July and August there are 60 days above 32 °C (90 °F). The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid temperate Climate). Climate data for Arad (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1981−2020) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 19.7(67.5) 25.7(78.3) 29.3(84.7) 33.4(92.1) 37.4(99.3) 37.4(99.3) 40.2(104.4) 40.8(105.4) 36.9(98.4) 31.8(89.2) 25.8(78.4) 17.5(63.5) 40.8(105.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 3.3(37.9) 6.1(43.0) 12.0(53.6) 18.3(64.9) 23.4(74.1) 27.0(80.6) 29.4(84.9) 29.6(85.3) 24.0(75.2) 18.0(64.4) 11.2(52.2) 4.5(40.1) 17.2(63.0) Daily mean °C (°F) −0.3(31.5) 1.2(34.2) 5.8(42.4) 11.6(52.9) 16.7(62.1) 20.5(68.9) 22.4(72.3) 22.2(72.0) 16.7(62.1) 11.2(52.2) 6.0(42.8) 1.1(34.0) 11.3(52.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.3(26.1) −2.5(27.5) 1.0(33.8) 5.7(42.3) 10.2(50.4) 14.0(57.2) 15.5(59.9) 15.5(59.9) 11.3(52.3) 6.5(43.7) 2.3(36.1) −1.7(28.9) 6.2(43.2) Record low °C (°F) −25.7(−14.3) −18.8(−1.8) −7.2(19.0) −0.4(31.3) 2.4(36.3) 5.4(41.7) 5.4(41.7) −0.5(31.1) −9.5(14.9) −14.4(6.1) −21.9(−7.4) −27.2(−17.0) −27.2(−17.0) Average precipitation mm (inches) 34.5(1.36) 34.6(1.36) 36.3(1.43) 48.2(1.90) 61.0(2.40) 84.6(3.33) 67.4(2.65) 53.5(2.11) 51.3(2.02) 47.3(1.86) 42.6(1.68) 44.7(1.76) 606.0(23.86) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 6.9 6.9 6.9 7.6 8.7 9.2 7.7 5.7 6.8 6.4 6.9 8.4 88.1 Mean monthly sunshine hours 75.0 105.9 166.8 212.7 261.4 285.8 309.4 299.8 212.1 171.0 103.8 61.7 2,265.4 Source: NOAA Population At the 2021 census, Arad had a population of 145,078, a decrease from the figures recorded at the previous censuses. Ethnic composition of Arad (2021)   Romanians (89.09%)  Hungarians (7.99%)  Romani (1.11%)  Germans (Banat Swabians) (0.62%)  Serbs (0.21%)  Slovaks (0.19%)  Italians (0.18%)  Others (0.60%) Religious composition of Arad (2021)   Romanian Orthodox (73.84%)  Roman Catholics (9.05%)  Pentecostals (5.82%)  Baptists (4.25%)  Reformed (2.20%)  Greek Catholics (0.71%)  Adventists (0.69%)  Others (1.71%)  Irreligious,atheist and agnostic (1.87%) Historical populationYearPop.±%1880 35,556—    1900 53,903+51.6%1912 63,166+17.2%1930 77,181+22.2%1941 86,674+12.3%1948 87,291+0.7%1956 106,460+22.0%1966 126,000+18.4%1977 171,193+35.9%1992 190,114+11.1%2002 172,827−9.1%2011 159,704−7.6%2021 145,078−9.2%1900, 1930–1948. In the past, Arad used to have a much more diverse ethnic composition than today. According to the 1880 census, whilst still in the now defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire, of the 35,556 inhabitants, 19,896 were Hungarians (56%), 6,439 Romanians (18.1%), 5,448 Germans (15.3%), 1,690 Serbs (4.8%) and 2,083 (5.9%) of other ethnicities. In 1910, from 63,166 inhabitants, 46,085 were Hungarian (72.95%), 10,279 Romanian (16.27%), 4,365 German (6.91%), 1,816 Serbian (2.87%), 277 Slovak (0.43%) and 133 Czech (0.21%). Politics and administration The city government is headed by a mayor. Since 2019, the office is held by Călin Bibarț. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (consiliu local) made up of 23 elected councillors.     Party Seats Current Local Council   National Liberal Party (PNL) 9                     Save Romania Union (USR) 7                     Social-Liberal Christian Platform (PSD) 3                     People's Movement Party (PMP) 2                     Democratic Alliance of Hungarians (UDMR/RMDSZ) 2                   Neighbourhoods Centru Aradul Nou Gai Aurel Vlaicu Micălaca Grădiște Alfa Bujac Confectii Functionarilor Parneava Sânnicolaul Mic Colonia Subcetate Economy With a rich industrial and commercial tradition, Arad is one of the most prosperous cities in Romania. Thanks to numerous investments in industry and commerce, Arad has a booming economy. The main industries are: railroad cars, food processing, furniture and household accessories, equipment for the car industry, electric components, instrumentation, clothing and textiles, and footwear. Transport Main article: Transport in Arad Arad Central railway station Arad is the most important trans-European road and rail transportation junction point in western Romania, included in the 4th Pan-European Corridor linking Western Europe to South-Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. The city has an extensive tram network and several bus lines covering most of the city's neighbourhoods and suburbs. Arad International Airport (IATA: ARW, ICAO: LRAR), with the largest and most modern cargo terminal in western Romania, is situated only 4 km west from central Arad and is directly connected to the Arad west bypass road, part of the A1 Motorway. Tourist attractions This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2011) Architectural monuments Ioan Slavici Classic Theatre Neumann Palace The Fortified Town of Arad is one of the Transylvanian fortresses built in the Vauban star-shaped style, in the second half of the 18th century. It was used as a prison for the rebels led by Horia, Cloșca, and Crișan Administrative Palace, built in 1872–74, renaissance architecture Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre, built in 1874, neoclassical architecture, architect Anton Czigler Neumann Palace, built in 1891, eclecticism Judiciary Palace, built in 1892, eclecticism Cenad Palace, built in 1894, eclecticism and neoclassical architecture National Bank Palace, built in 1906, neoclassical architecture Bohuș Palace built in 1910, Vienna Secession. (For the first time in Arad, reinforced concrete was used) Szantay Palace, built in 1911, Vienna Secession Cultural Palace, built in 1913, neoclassical, gothic, renaissance architecture, and Corinthian capitals Cloșca Street, Vienna Secession Historic buildings The House with Cannon Balls, built in 1800. Its name derives from the fights between 1848 and 1849. Seventeen cannonballs are incorporated in its walls. The High Teacher Training School (Clădirea Preparandiei), the first school for Romanian-language teachers from Transylvania, 1812 The House with the Padlock, built in 1815 The Old Theatre (Hirschl), built by Jacob Hirschl in 1817, the oldest stone theatre in Romania Water Tower, built in 1896, medieval dungeon architectural style The Old Custom House, built in 1907, used as a customs point for goods entering the Arad markets Monuments The Statue of St. John of Nepomuk, raised in 1729, baroque sculpture The monument of the Holy Trinity, raised in 1746 to commemorate the plague that swept the town in 1738-1740 The Lutheran Red Church in Arad Reconciliation Park The Statue of Liberty, raised in 1890 by György Zala in the memory of the heroes of the Hungarian revolutionary army This is a picture of a park in Podgoria, Arad. In the background you can see the Holy Trinity Cathedral and some ten story buildings. The Statue of Liberty The Arch of Triumph, raised in 2004 by Ioan Bolborea in memory of the heroes of the 1848 - 1849 Romanian Revolution (fighting against the Hungarians) Martyrs' Cross, raised in 1936, in memory of the priests martyred between November 1918 and spring 1919 The Bust of Vasile Goldiș (1862–1934) The Bust of Moise Nicoară (1784–1861) Religious tourism The "St. Peter and Paul" Serbian Church, raised in 1698–1702, early Baroque architecture "St. Simon" Monastery, raised in 1762, Baroque architecture "St. Anthony of Padua" Church (Roman Catholic). The Order of Minorite Monks raised this cathedral in 1904, in a renaissance architecture style The "Birth of Saint John the Baptist" Cathedral (Romanian Orthodox), raised in 1862–1865, Baroque architecture, architect Antoniu Czigler. The mural painter, Anastase Damian, started his work in 1957 and finished it one year later Roman Catholic Cathedral St. Anthony of Padua The Red Church (Evangelical-Lutheran), built in 1906, Neo-gothic architecture The Neologue Synagogue, built in 1834, Greek, Tuscan architectural style Holy Trinity Cathedral, built between 1991 and 2006, the new cathedral in Byzantine style Recreational tourism Neptun Swimming Place, known in Romanian as "Ștrandul Neptun" is the second biggest Swimming Place in Europe, situated near a river. Due to its size and its recreational activities Strandul Neptun has over three million visitors annually, according to Recons Arad. Mureș Floodplain Natural Park (Lunca Mureșului Natural Park) The Ceala Forest with Măltăreț Lake and Mureș Isle The Vladimirescu Forest Ghioroc Lake Miniș - Măderat Vineyard, situated about 30 km east of Arad Moneasa resort, situated about 100 km, or 62 miles, ENE from Arad Culture and education Schools Arad has two universities, the private "Vasile Goldiș" Western University, founded in 1990, and the public Aurel Vlaicu University founded in 1991. Also the "Spiru Haret" long-distance studies University has a branch in Arad. There are about two dozen high schools, some of the more famous being the Moise Nicoară National College, the Pedagogical High School "Dimitrie Țichindeal", "Elena Ghiba-Birta" National College, the Economics College, the Technical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad, and the Vasile Goldiș High School. High schools in minority languages include the Hungarian Csiky Gergely College and the German Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn High School. Moise Nicoară National College Cultural life Arad State Theater, hosting an annual Classical Theater Festival International Underground Theater Festival Philharmonic orchestra and choir Puppet theater Museums and exhibitions Arad Museum Complex History Department Natural Sciences Department Art Department Vasile Goldiș Memorial Museum Doina and Baruțu Arghezi Art Collection Delta Gallery, with three major events of Arad artistic life: The International Biennial Drawing Saloon, The Biennial Small Sculpture Saloon, The Annual Art Saloon. Alfa Gallery Clio Gallery Water Tower Gallery Takács Gallery Carola's Gallery Expo Arad International, The Exhibition Centre of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of the County of Arad, the only purely exhibitional arena in western Romania and second only to Romexpo. Arad town hall square Healthcare The most important hospitals in Arad are Arad County Clinical Hospital and Arad Municipal Hospital (in the late 2000s it merged with Arad County Clinical Hospital). The city also has a number of public hospitals (Arad Maternal Hospital, The Polyclinic, The Dental Clinic, etc.) and private hospitals (MedLife Genesis, Laser System, Mediqua, etc.) Sports The UTA Arad (formerly ITA) football team was founded in 1945 and has won six Romanian championships and two Romanian Cups. In the 2020–1 season, UTA plays in the first national league, Liga I. The team has won more league titles than any other team that is not based in Bucharest, and the third most after Steaua and Dinamo; it is the 3rd more successful modern team in the country and 4th counting Venus Bucharest, a team from the Inter-War period. The team's most notable performance on the international stage is the elimination from the European Champions Cup of Ernst Happel's Feyenoord in the 1970–71 season, when the Dutch team were defending European champions and later won the Intercontinental Cup. In basketball, the women's ICIM and the men's West Petrom teams have national prominence, their record including some recent national championship wins (ICIM in 1998 through 2001, West Petrom in 2001 and 2002). In men's water polo, Astra Arad also plays in the first division. The men's rugby team Contor Group Arad plays in the National Rugby League, reaching the playoff final in 2006. World Champion and Olympic medalist in gymnastics Emilia Eberle was born in Arad. International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania Twin towns – sister cities Arad is twinned with: Atlit (Hof HaCarmel), Israel Bethlehem, Palestine Fushun, China Givatayim, Israel Gyula, Hungary Heist-op-den-Berg, Belgium Hegyvidék (Budapest), Hungary Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary Pécs, Hungary Prague 5 (Prague), Czech Republic Rîșcani (Chișinău), Moldova Zrenjanin, Serbia Partner cities Ditzingen, Germany Kirklees, United Kingdom Tatabánya, Hungary Trenčín, Slovakia Würzburg, Germany Notes ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics. ^ Dorin Frandeș, Spații arădene care au găzduit muzică – Pitești : Nomina 2011 ISBN 978-606-535-327-5; ^ www.sysadmins.ro, SysAdmins :: 2015. "Consiliul Judetean Arad". www.cjarad.ro. Retrieved 11 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Preparandia Română". AradCityGuide (in Romanian). Retrieved 2019-01-30. ^ "Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad". adevarul.ro. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 2019-01-30. ^ Marco, Gabriela Adina. "Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2019. ^ "Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională". Recensământul populației și al locuințelor 2011. INSSE. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2019. ^ Kiss, Lajos (1988). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108. ISBN 978-963-05-4568-6. ^ Morar (2019). "Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). Retrieved 2022-10-02. ^ La Arad a fost descoperit un schelet uman din epoca fierului ^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 160.114), p. 136. ^ Engel 2001, p. 50. ^ Makk 1989, p. 31. ^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 171. ^ "Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând "Arad"". ^ Dr Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 2, Novi Sad, 1990, page 326. ^ Lakatos Otto - Aradi története ^ (in Romanian) "Sinagoga din Arad - Misterul din spatele usilor : Stiri Arad," Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine aradnet.ro (13 mar 2008). Retrieved 11-08-2013. ^ a b c d  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arad". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–312. ^ Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, Talma Kiadó Archived 2017-01-14 at the Wayback Machine ^ Carmichael, Cathie (2009). Genocide Before the Holocaust. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-30012-117-9. ^ "Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved February 11, 2024. ^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition ^ Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948, p. 14 ^ "ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2022-12-10. ^ "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana". ^ a b "Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale" (in Romanian). Parliament of Romania. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-12. ^ "Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar". Mediafax. 28 June 2019. ^ "MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024". www.primariaarad.ro. ^ "Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere". primariaarad.ro. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2019. Sources Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3. Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3. Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X. External links Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Arad. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arad, Romania. The official Arad City Hall web site The state cultural house of Arad vteArad County, RomaniaCities Arad (county seat) Towns Chișineu-Criș Curtici Ineu Lipova Nădlac Pâncota Pecica Sântana Sebiș Communes Almaș Apateu Archiș Bârsa Bârzava Bata Beliu Birchiș Bocsig Brazii Buteni Cărand Cermei Chisindia Conop Covăsânț Craiva Dezna Dieci Dorobanți Fântânele Felnac Frumușeni Ghioroc Grăniceri Gurahonț Hălmăgel Hălmagiu Hășmaș Ignești Iratoșu Livada Macea Mișca Moneasa Olari Păuliș Peregu Mare Petriș Pilu Pleșcuța Șagu Săvârșin Secusigiu Șeitin Seleuș Semlac Șepreuș Șicula Șilindia Șimand Sintea Mare Șiria Șiștarovăț Socodor Șofronea Târnova Tauț Ususău Vărădia de Mureș Vârfurile Vinga Vladimirescu Zăbrani Zădăreni Zărand Zerind Zimandu Nou vteCities in Romania by population1,000,000+ Bucharest 200,000+ Cluj-Napoca Iași Constanța Timișoara Brașov Craiova Galați 100,000+ Oradea Ploiești Brăila Arad Pitești Bacău Sibiu Târgu Mureș Baia Mare Buzău complete list municipalities metropolitan areas counties vteCounty seats of Romania (alphabetical order by county) Alba Iulia Arad Pitești Bacău Oradea Bistrița Botoșani Brașov Brăila Buzău Reșița Călărași Cluj-Napoca Constanța Sfântu Gheorghe Târgoviște Craiova Galați Giurgiu Târgu Jiu Miercurea Ciuc Deva Slobozia Iași Bucharest Baia Mare Drobeta-Turnu Severin Târgu Mureș Piatra Neamț Slatina Ploiești Satu Mare Zalău Sibiu Suceava Alexandria Timișoara Tulcea Vaslui Râmnicu Vâlcea Focșani Bucharest (national capital) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Czech Republic Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[aˈrad]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Ro-Arad.ogg/Ro-Arad.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro-Arad.ogg"},{"link_name":"Arad County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_County"},{"link_name":"Crișana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Oradea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oradea"},{"link_name":"12th largest in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Mureș River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River"},{"link_name":"music conservatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_school"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"normal schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_school"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hungarian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Temeşvar Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teme%C5%9Fvar_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ioan Slavici Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Slavici_Classical_Theatre"},{"link_name":"eclectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"Administrative Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Administrative_Palace"},{"link_name":"neogothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Red Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Church_(Arad)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Municipality in Arad County, RomaniaMunicipality in Arad, RomaniaArad (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈrad] ⓘ) is the capital city of Arad County, at the edge of Crișana and the Banat. No villages are administred by the city. It is the third largest city in Western Romania, behind Timișoara and Oradea, and the 12th largest in Romania, with a population of 145,078.A busy transportation hub on the Mureș River and an important cultural and industrial center, Arad has hosted one of the first music conservatories in Europe,[3][4] one of the earliest normal schools in Europe,[5] and the first car factory in Hungary and present-day Romania.[6] Today, it is the seat of a Romanian Orthodox archbishop and features a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary and two universities.The city's multicultural heritage is owed to the fact that it has been part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, the Ottoman Temeşvar Eyalet, Principality of Transylvania, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and since 1920 Romania, having had significant populations of Hungarians, Germans, Jews, Serbs, Bulgarians[7] and Czechs[8] at various points in its history. During the second half of the 19th century and the beginning on the 20th century, the city experienced rapid development. The most impressive displays of architecture that are still the popular sights of Arad today, such as the neoclassical Ioan Slavici Theater, the eclectic Administrative Palace and the neogothic Red Church, were built in this period.","title":"Arad, Romania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ispán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isp%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"national communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Dacianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacianism"},{"link_name":"Ziridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziridava"},{"link_name":"Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoca_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"All names of the city come from the name of its first ispán, Arad (deriving from Hungarian úr, meaning 'lord').[9] During national communism and Dacianism, the ancient Ziridava fortress name was to be added to Arad in a similar way as Napoca was to Cluj, (Cluj-Napoca) but this was not done.[10]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chronicon_Pictum_P113_Az_aradi_v%C3%A9res_gy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s.JPG"},{"link_name":"Béla II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Béla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Coloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Chronicon Pictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banat17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pre-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Mureş River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europeans"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Micălaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C4%83laca"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Second Dacian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Dacian_War"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Roman Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Castra of Aradul Nou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Aradul_Nou"},{"link_name":"Legio IV Flavia Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix"},{"link_name":"Sarmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"their expansion in Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin"},{"link_name":"Glad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glad_(duke)"},{"link_name":"Vladimirescu-Schanzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirescu,_Arad"},{"link_name":"Achtum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajtony"},{"link_name":"Chronicon Pictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Coloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200150-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakk198931-14"},{"link_name":"Béla II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Arad Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Chapter"},{"link_name":"Óbuda Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%93buda_Chapter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrist%C3%B3Makk1996171-15"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Peace of Karlowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Karlowitz"},{"link_name":"Mihai Viteazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet"},{"link_name":"sanjaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjaks"},{"link_name":"Lugoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugoj"},{"link_name":"Beşlek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrenjanin"},{"link_name":"Yanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineu"},{"link_name":"Serbian Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Militia"},{"link_name":"Subota Jović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subota_Jovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Eparchy of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-20"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Lajos Kossuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth"},{"link_name":"Artúr Görgey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgey"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-20"},{"link_name":"surrender at Világos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_at_Vil%C3%A1gos"},{"link_name":"Șiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98iria"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Julius Jacob von Haynau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau"},{"link_name":"the 13 Martyrs of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Golgotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-20"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Fortress of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"King Béla II of Hungary and his wife Queen Helena are sitting on the throne at the assembly of Arad in 1131. The Queen orders the execution of the magnates who advised the blinding of child Béla II during the rule of King Coloman. (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)Arad on an 18th-century mapThe evidence of Pre-Indo-European civilisation occurs with the establishment of the first settlement on the northern bank of the Mureş River in the 5th millennium BC, and the extension of the human settlements on the left bank of the Mureş River occurs in the 4th millennium BC. In the 3rd millennium BC prosperous settlements appear on both banks and on the islands of the Mureş River belonging to an Indo-European civilisation, which peaked around 1000 BC. Excavations made for the foundations of the Astoria Hotel found a human skeleton from the Bronze Age.[11]The first Dacian settlements appear in the 1st millennium BC. In the 5th century a group of Scythians settled in the region. And between the 4th and 3rd centuries, the Celts settled on both banks of the Mureş River, in the vicinity of the existing settlements.The Dacian settlement in the south of the Micălaca district was conquered by the Roman troops between 101 and 102. During the Second Dacian War (105-106), the Emperor Trajan conquered territories north of Mureş River, making them part of the Roman Dacia. In the Aradul Nou area, the Roman army built the fort Castra of Aradul Nou that housed the legion Legio IV Flavia Felix. During the period between the 2nd and 4th centuries Dacian and Sarmatian settlements were present in the area of today's city, with intense commercial relations with the Roman Empire.In the 10th century the Hungarians began their expansion in Transylvania, one of the main access routes being the valley of Mureş. Ruler Glad, under the threat of the Hungarian expansion, built a fortress at Vladimirescu-Schanzen, which the Hungarians conquered and destroyed in the middle of the tenth century. Another ruler, Achtum, rebuilt it but the Hungarians destroyed it again in 1028.Arad was first mentioned in documents in the 11th century. According to the Chronicon Pictum, at \"an assembly of the realm near Arad\"[12] in early to mid-1131, Queen Helena ordered the slaughter of all noblemen who were accused of having suggested the blinding of her husband to King Coloman.[13][14] King Béla II of Hungary distributed the goods of the executed magnates between the newly established Arad Chapter and the early 11th-century Óbuda Chapter.[15] The Mongol invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241 showed the importance of the fortifications on this place, to which were added in the second half of the 13th century more stone fortresses at Șoimoș, Șiria, and Dezna. The Ottoman Empire conquered the region from Hungary in 1551 and kept it until the Peace of Karlowitz of 1699, although during this period it was temporarily reintegrated in the Principality of Transylvania after the Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș in 1595; and after the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city entered under the Voivode's authority.[16] During the Ottoman period, Arad became an eyalet center, which comprised the sanjaks of Arad, Lugoj, Kacaș, Beşlek and Yanova from 1660 till 1697, when it was captured by Austrians (Serbian Militia under command of Subota Jović) during Ottoman-Habsburg wars (1683–1699). After 1699, the city was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy. At the beginning of the 18th century, Arad became the center of the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad. According to 1720 data, the population of the city was composed of 177 Romanian families, 162 Serbian, and 35 Hungarian.[17]The first Jew allowed to settle inside the city was Isac Elias in 1717.[18] Eventually the Jewish population of Arad numbered over 10,000 people, more than 10% of the population, before the Second World War.[19]The new fortress was built between 1763 and 1783. Although it was small, it proved formidable having played a great role in the Hungarian struggle for independence in 1849. The city possesses a museum containing relics of this war of independence.[20]Courageously defended by the Austrian general Berger until the end of July 1849, it was captured by the Hungarian rebels, who made it their headquarters during the latter part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It was from Arad that Lajos Kossuth issued his famous proclamation (11 August 1849), and where he handed over the supreme military and civil power to Artúr Görgey.[20]The fortress was recaptured shortly after the surrender at Világos (now Șiria, Romania), with the surrender of general Artúr Görgey to the Russians. It became an ammunition depot. Thirteen rebel generals were executed there on 6 October 1849, by order of the Austrian general Julius Jacob von Haynau. These men are known collectively as the 13 Martyrs of Arad, and since then Arad is considered the \"Hungarian Golgotha\". One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in their memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals.[20]Arad enjoyed great economic development in the 19th century. In 1834 it was declared a \"free royal town\" by Emperor Francis I of Austria.Aradu Nou / Neu Arad / Újarad (\"New Arad\"), situated on the opposite bank of the Mureș river, is a neighborhood of Arad, to which it is connected by the Trajan bridge. It was founded during the Turkish wars of the 17th century. The works erected by the Turks for the capture of the fortress of Arad formed the nucleus of the new settlement.[20]In 1910, the town had 63,166 inhabitants: 46,085 (73%) Hungarians, 10,279 (16.2%) Romanians, 4,365 (7%) Germans.[21] During World War I, the Austro-Hungarian authorities set up an internment camp in the Fortress of Arad in which around 4,000 Serb detainees died.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Micălaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C4%83laca"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Castra of Aradul Nou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Aradul_Nou"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin"},{"link_name":"Vladimirescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirescu,_Arad"},{"link_name":"The Painted Chronicle From Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mohács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"John Zápolya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hungarian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Partium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partium"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Peace of Karlowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Karlowitz"},{"link_name":"Eparchy of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia"},{"link_name":"Rinaldo of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaldo_d%27Este_(1655%E2%80%931737)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Mihai Eminescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu"},{"link_name":"Matei Millo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Millo"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss the Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II"},{"link_name":"central train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Central_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Eparchy of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Metropolitanate of Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolis_of_Transylvania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pablo Sarasate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Sarasate"},{"link_name":"Henryk Wieniawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski"},{"link_name":"George Enescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Enescu"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Weitzer Wagon Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Automobile_%26_Waggon_Factory#Weitzer_J%C3%A1nos_Rt."},{"link_name":"Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arad-Podgoria_Narrow_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MARTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magyar_Automobil_R%C3%A9szv%C3%A9ny_T%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_Arad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austro-Daimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Daimler"},{"link_name":"Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arad-Podgoria_Narrow_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Astra Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Arad"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Astra Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Arad"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Ceaușescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu"},{"link_name":"Astra Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Arad"},{"link_name":"Astra Vagoane Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Vagoane_Arad"},{"link_name":"Astra Vagoane Călători","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astra_Vagoane_C%C4%83l%C4%83tori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Astra Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Bus"},{"link_name":"Greenbrier-Astra Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Rail_Industries"}],"sub_title":"Chronology","text":"1st century: Dacian settlement in the present Micălaca district are conquered by the Roman troops.\n2nd century: The Roman fort Castra of Aradul Nou is founded, in the present Aradul Nou neighborhood.\n1028 – First time when the area is mentioned. In the 10th-11th centuries the Hungarians are destroying the fortresses of Vladimirescu.\n1078 – 1081 – The first official mention of the town, as Orod.\n1131 – Arad is mentioned in The Painted Chronicle From Vienna.\n1526 – Following the Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács, John Zápolya, elected King of Hungary, establishes the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom in Partium and Transylvania.\n1541 – After the fall of Buda to the Ottomans, the city passes under the administration of the Autonomous Principality of Transylvania.\n1551 – 1595 – The town was occupied and administered by the Ottoman Empire, the former county being divided into three sangeacuri.\n1553 – 1555 – Between these years, the Ottomans built the first fortress of the city on the northern bank of the river Mureș.\n1595 – Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș, thus the city of Arad was reintegrated in the Transylvanian Principality.\n1599 – After the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city enters under the Voivode's authority until 1601 when Gabriel Bethlen gives the Mureș valley back to the Ottomans.\n1683 – After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, Habsburg troops conquer the city in 1687.\n1699 – After the Peace of Karlowitz, the Mureș river valley became the new border between The Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire, thus the city became the headquarters of the frontier guard troops. Arad becomes the seat of Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad.\n1702 – The furriers' guild was registered – the oldest one.\n1715 – Camil Hofflich, Franciscan friar, set up the first German language school.\n1724 – First German settlers from Franconia come to the south of the river and establish Neu Arad.\n1732 – Almost the entire area of the county was donated to Rinaldo of Modena, who, later disgraced in 1740, lost it to the Austrian crown.\n1765 – 1783 – The new fortress was built, in Vauban-Tenaille style.\n1781 – Following the building interdiction in the city, providing clear gunshot fields, the Empire considered moving the city in the Zimand pusta; subsequently Emperor Joseph II gave up the idea.\n1812 – The foundation of Preparandia – the first Romanian pedagogy school in Transylvania.\n1817 – The Hirschl Theatre was built.\n1818 – The safety perimeter of the fortress was reduced from 2 kilometers as put out in 1783, to just 500 m.→ 1868 – Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu came to Arad as a prompter for Matei Millo's theatre company.1833 – The sixth European Music School was set up in Arad, after Paris, Prague, Brussels, Vienna and London – Aradi Zenede/Arader Musik Conservatorium.\n21 August 1834 – Arad obtained the \"Free Royal Town\" statute.→ 1846 – Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt performed.6 October 1849 – 13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed.→ 1847 – Johann Strauss the Son performed.1851 – Inauguration of the Neumann family alcohol and yeast factory.\n1858 – Inauguration of the central train station.\n1865 - Eparchy of Arad is transferred from the jurisdiction of Patriarchate of Karlovci to the jurisdiction of Metropolitanate of Sibiu.\n1874 – The original building of the Theater was built.\n1876 – The Administrative Palace was built.→ 1877 – Pablo Sarasate and Henryk Wieniawski performed.1890 – The Philharmonic Society of Arad was founded.\n1897 – The Cenad palace was built.\n1913 – The edifice of today's Palace of Culture and site of the Philharmonics was built on the river embankment.→ 1922 – Romanian composer and violin virtuoso George Enescu performed.→ 1924 – Hungarian composer Béla Bartók performed.1892 – The Weitzer Wagon Factory starts producing railway cars. Since 1903 it built the first successful series of petrol driven railcars in Europe.\n15 August 1899 – The first official football game was held.\n1906 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was opened with petrol railcars.\n1909–1914 – Production of motorcars by (MARTA), a subsidiary of Austro-Daimler. MARTA was the acronym of Magyar Automobil Részvény Társaság Arad (Hungarian automobile joint stock company Arad)\n1911–1913 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was electrified. Apart from factory rails and urban trams, it was the third electric railway in Hungary and the sixth one in Habsburg Monarchy. In 1920, it should become the first electrical railway of Romania.\n1918 – Arad becomes the headquarters of The Romanian National Central Council, the provisional government of Transylvania, and also its unofficial capital.\n1920 – Under the Treaty of Trianon, Arad was ceded to Romania.\n1921 – Weitzer Wagon Factory and MARTA merge to Astra Arad\n1937 – Arad was the most important economic center in Transylvania and occupied the fourth position in Romania[citation needed]\n1980s – Astra Arad was Europe's largest manufacturer of freight cars.\n1989 – Arad was the second town in Romania to rise against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, with considerable violence.\n1996/98 Astra Arad was split in Astra Vagoane Arad (production of freight cars), Astra Vagoane Călători (production of passenger railcars), and Astra Buses.\n1999 – The Arad Industrial Zone was inaugurated.\n2016 – Greenbrier-Astra Rail joint venture formed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"Cfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA9120-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Arad has a continental climate with cool and damp winters. The summers are warm to hot. In the summer months of June, July and August there are 60 days above 32 °C (90 °F). The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Cfa\" (Humid temperate Climate).Climate data for Arad (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1981−2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n40.2(104.4)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n36.9(98.4)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−25.7(−14.3)\n\n−18.8(−1.8)\n\n−7.2(19.0)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n−0.5(31.1)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−14.4(6.1)\n\n−21.9(−7.4)\n\n−27.2(−17.0)\n\n−27.2(−17.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n34.5(1.36)\n\n34.6(1.36)\n\n36.3(1.43)\n\n48.2(1.90)\n\n61.0(2.40)\n\n84.6(3.33)\n\n67.4(2.65)\n\n53.5(2.11)\n\n51.3(2.02)\n\n47.3(1.86)\n\n42.6(1.68)\n\n44.7(1.76)\n\n606.0(23.86)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n6.9\n\n6.9\n\n6.9\n\n7.6\n\n8.7\n\n9.2\n\n7.7\n\n5.7\n\n6.8\n\n6.4\n\n6.9\n\n8.4\n\n88.1\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n75.0\n\n105.9\n\n166.8\n\n212.7\n\n261.4\n\n285.8\n\n309.4\n\n299.8\n\n212.1\n\n171.0\n\n103.8\n\n61.7\n\n2,265.4\n\n\nSource: NOAA[23][24]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Romanian_census"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPL2021-25"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Banat Swabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_Swabians"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Pentecostals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal_Union_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Christian_Baptist_Churches_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Greek Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Union_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists"},{"link_name":"Irreligious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"agnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"At the 2021 census, Arad had a population of 145,078,[25] a decrease from the figures recorded at the previous censuses.Ethnic composition of Arad (2021)\n\n  Romanians (89.09%)  Hungarians (7.99%)  Romani (1.11%)  Germans (Banat Swabians) (0.62%)  Serbs (0.21%)  Slovaks (0.19%)  Italians (0.18%)  Others (0.60%)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReligious composition of Arad (2021)\n\n  Romanian Orthodox (73.84%)  Roman Catholics (9.05%)  Pentecostals (5.82%)  Baptists (4.25%)  Reformed (2.20%)  Greek Catholics (0.71%)  Adventists (0.69%)  Others (1.71%)  Irreligious,atheist and agnostic (1.87%)In the past, Arad used to have a much more diverse ethnic composition than today. According to the 1880 census, whilst still in the now defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire, of the 35,556 inhabitants, 19,896 were Hungarians (56%), 6,439 Romanians (18.1%), 5,448 Germans (15.3%), 1,690 Serbs (4.8%) and 2,083 (5.9%) of other ethnicities.[28] In 1910, from 63,166 inhabitants, 46,085 were Hungarian (72.95%), 10,279 Romanian (16.27%), 4,365 German (6.91%), 1,816 Serbian (2.87%), 277 Slovak (0.43%) and 133 Czech (0.21%).[29]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawAdmin-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawAdmin-30"}],"text":"The city government is headed by a mayor.[30] Since 2019, the office is held by Călin Bibarț.[31] Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (consiliu local) made up of 23 elected councillors.[30]","title":"Politics and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Micălaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C4%83laca"}],"text":"Centru\nAradul Nou\nGai\nAurel Vlaicu\nMicălaca\nGrădiște\nAlfa\nBujac\nConfectii\nFunctionarilor\nParneava\nSânnicolaul Mic\nColonia\nSubcetate","title":"Neighbourhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"railroad cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Arad"}],"text":"With a rich industrial and commercial tradition, Arad is one of the most prosperous cities in Romania. Thanks to numerous investments in industry and commerce, Arad has a booming economy.[citation needed]The main industries are: railroad cars, food processing, furniture and household accessories, equipment for the car industry, electric components, instrumentation, clothing and textiles, and footwear.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad,_stacidomo_kun_vaporlokomotivo_1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Arad Central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Central_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Central_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"4th Pan-European Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_IV"},{"link_name":"Arad International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO"},{"link_name":"cargo terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_terminal"},{"link_name":"A1 Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_motorway_(Romania)"}],"text":"Arad Central railway stationArad is the most important trans-European road and rail transportation junction point in western Romania, included in the 4th Pan-European Corridor linking Western Europe to South-Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. The city has an extensive tram network and several bus lines covering most of the city's neighbourhoods and suburbs.\nArad International Airport (IATA: ARW, ICAO: LRAR), with the largest and most modern cargo terminal in western Romania, is situated only 4 km west from central Arad and is directly connected to the Arad west bypass road, part of the A1 Motorway.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad_-_teatrul_Ioan_Slavici.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad_-_Vasile-Goldis-Universit%C3%A4t_-_3002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban"},{"link_name":"renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Slavici_Classical_Theatre"},{"link_name":"neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Anton Czigler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Czigler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neumann Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumann_Palace"},{"link_name":"eclecticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art"},{"link_name":"eclecticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art"},{"link_name":"eclecticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art"},{"link_name":"neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Corinthian capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"}],"sub_title":"Architectural monuments","text":"Ioan Slavici Classic TheatreNeumann PalaceThe Fortified Town of Arad is one of the Transylvanian fortresses built in the Vauban star-shaped style, in the second half of the 18th century. It was used as a prison for the rebels led by Horia, Cloșca, and Crișan\nAdministrative Palace, built in 1872–74, renaissance architecture\nIoan Slavici Classical Theatre, built in 1874, neoclassical architecture, architect Anton Czigler\nNeumann Palace, built in 1891, eclecticism\nJudiciary Palace, built in 1892, eclecticism\nCenad Palace, built in 1894, eclecticism and neoclassical architecture\nNational Bank Palace, built in 1906, neoclassical architecture\nBohuș Palace built in 1910, Vienna Secession. (For the first time in Arad, reinforced concrete was used)\nSzantay Palace, built in 1911, Vienna Secession\nCultural Palace, built in 1913, neoclassical, gothic, renaissance architecture, and Corinthian capitals\nCloșca Street, Vienna Secession","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Historic buildings","text":"The House with Cannon Balls, built in 1800. Its name derives from the fights between 1848 and 1849. Seventeen cannonballs are incorporated in its walls.\nThe High Teacher Training School (Clădirea Preparandiei), the first school for Romanian-language teachers from Transylvania, 1812\nThe House with the Padlock, built in 1815\nThe Old Theatre (Hirschl), built by Jacob Hirschl in 1817, the oldest stone theatre in Romania\nWater Tower, built in 1896, medieval dungeon architectural style\nThe Old Custom House, built in 1907, used as a customs point for goods entering the Arad markets","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad_-_biserica_luterana_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Park_in_Arad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Arad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hung%C3%A1ria_n%C5%91alak_Aradon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arch of Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Triumph_(Arad)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Monuments","text":"The Statue of St. John of Nepomuk, raised in 1729, baroque sculpture\nThe monument of the Holy Trinity, raised in 1746 to commemorate the plague that swept the town in 1738-1740The Lutheran Red Church in AradReconciliation Park\nThe Statue of Liberty, raised in 1890 by György Zala in the memory of the heroes of the Hungarian revolutionary armyThis is a picture of a park in Podgoria, Arad. In the background you can see the Holy Trinity Cathedral and some ten story buildings.The Statue of LibertyThe Arch of Triumph, raised in 2004 by Ioan Bolborea in memory of the heroes of the 1848 - 1849 Romanian Revolution (fighting against the Hungarians)\nMartyrs' Cross, raised in 1936, in memory of the priests martyred between November 1918 and spring 1919\nThe Bust of Vasile Goldiș (1862–1934)\nThe Bust of Moise Nicoară (1784–1861)","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The \"St. Peter and Paul\" Serbian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Church_in_Arad"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"St. Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simeon_Stylites_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"St. Anthony of Padua\" Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_(Arad,_Romania)"},{"link_name":"renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Antoniu Czigler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Czigler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anastase Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastase_Damian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catholic_Cathedral_in_Arad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neo-gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Arad"}],"sub_title":"Religious tourism","text":"The \"St. Peter and Paul\" Serbian Church, raised in 1698–1702, early Baroque architecture\n\"St. Simon\" Monastery, raised in 1762, Baroque architecture\n\"St. Anthony of Padua\" Church (Roman Catholic). The Order of Minorite Monks raised this cathedral in 1904, in a renaissance architecture style\nThe \"Birth of Saint John the Baptist\" Cathedral (Romanian Orthodox), raised in 1862–1865, Baroque architecture, architect Antoniu Czigler. The mural painter, Anastase Damian, started his work in 1957 and finished it one year laterRoman Catholic Cathedral St. Anthony of PaduaThe Red Church (Evangelical-Lutheran), built in 1906, Neo-gothic architecture\nThe Neologue Synagogue, built in 1834, Greek, Tuscan architectural style\nHoly Trinity Cathedral, built between 1991 and 2006, the new cathedral in Byzantine style","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mureș Floodplain Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_Floodplain_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Ghioroc Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghioroc_Lake"}],"sub_title":"Recreational tourism","text":"Neptun Swimming Place, known in Romanian as \"Ștrandul Neptun\" is the second biggest Swimming Place in Europe, situated near a river. Due to its size and its recreational activities Strandul Neptun has over three million visitors annually, according to Recons Arad.\nMureș Floodplain Natural Park (Lunca Mureșului Natural Park)\nThe Ceala Forest with Măltăreț Lake and Mureș Isle\nThe Vladimirescu Forest\nGhioroc Lake\nMiniș - Măderat Vineyard, situated about 30 km east of Arad\nMoneasa resort, situated about 100 km, or 62 miles, ENE from Arad","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Vasile Goldiș\" Western University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Goldi%C8%99_West_University_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Aurel Vlaicu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Vlaicu_University_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"\"Spiru Haret\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret_University"},{"link_name":"Moise Nicoară National College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Nicoar%C4%83_National_College"},{"link_name":"Elena Ghiba-Birta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Ghiba_Birta"},{"link_name":"Technical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_College_for_Constructions_and_Environmental_Protection_Arad"},{"link_name":"Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller-Guttenbrunn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moise_Nicoara_National_College_-_facade.JPG"},{"link_name":"Moise Nicoară National College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Nicoar%C4%83_National_College"}],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"Arad has two universities, the private \"Vasile Goldiș\" Western University, founded in 1990, and the public Aurel Vlaicu University founded in 1991. Also the \"Spiru Haret\" long-distance studies University has a branch in Arad.There are about two dozen high schools, some of the more famous being the Moise Nicoară National College, the Pedagogical High School \"Dimitrie Țichindeal\", \"Elena Ghiba-Birta\" National College, the Economics College, the Technical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad, and the Vasile Goldiș High School. High schools in minority languages include the Hungarian Csiky Gergely College and the German Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn High School.Moise Nicoară National College","title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cultural life","text":"Arad State Theater, hosting an annual Classical Theater Festival\nInternational Underground Theater Festival\nPhilharmonic orchestra and choir\nPuppet theater","title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arad Museum Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Museum_Complex"},{"link_name":"Vasile Goldiș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Goldi%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Romexpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romexpo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad-town-hall-panorama-edi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad-town-hall-panorama-edi.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Museums and exhibitions","text":"Arad Museum Complex\nHistory Department\nNatural Sciences Department\nArt Department\nVasile Goldiș Memorial Museum\nDoina and Baruțu Arghezi Art Collection\nDelta Gallery, with three major events of Arad artistic life: The International Biennial Drawing Saloon, The Biennial Small Sculpture Saloon, The Annual Art Saloon.\nAlfa Gallery\nClio Gallery\nWater Tower Gallery\nTakács Gallery\nCarola's Gallery\nExpo Arad International, The Exhibition Centre of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of the County of Arad, the only purely exhibitional arena in western Romania and second only to Romexpo.Arad town hall square","title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_County_Clinical_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_County_Clinical_Hospital"}],"text":"The most important hospitals in Arad are Arad County Clinical Hospital and Arad Municipal Hospital (in the late 2000s it merged with Arad County Clinical Hospital). The city also has a number of public hospitals (Arad Maternal Hospital, The Polyclinic, The Dental Clinic, etc.) and private hospitals (MedLife Genesis, Laser System, Mediqua, etc.)","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTA Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTA_Arad"},{"link_name":"Steaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Dinamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Venus Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"European Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Ernst Happel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Happel"},{"link_name":"Feyenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"European champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_European_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"Emilia Eberle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Eberle"}],"text":"The UTA Arad (formerly ITA) football team was founded in 1945 and has won six Romanian championships and two Romanian Cups. In the 2020–1 season, UTA plays in the first national league, Liga I. The team has won more league titles than any other team that is not based in Bucharest, and the third most after Steaua and Dinamo[citation needed]; it is the 3rd more successful modern team in the country and 4th counting Venus Bucharest, a team from the Inter-War period.\nThe team's most notable performance on the international stage is the elimination from the European Champions Cup of Ernst Happel's Feyenoord in the 1970–71 season, when the Dutch team were defending European champions and later won the Intercontinental Cup.In basketball, the women's ICIM and the men's West Petrom teams have national prominence, their record including some recent national championship wins (ICIM in 1998 through 2001, West Petrom in 2001 and 2002). In men's water polo, Astra Arad also plays in the first division. The men's rugby team Contor Group Arad plays in the National Rugby League, reaching the playoff final in 2006.World Champion and Olympic medalist in gymnastics Emilia Eberle was born in Arad.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Romania"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Atlit (Hof HaCarmel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlit_(modern_town)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Fushun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Givatayim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givatayim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Gyula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula,_Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Heist-op-den-Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heist-op-den-Berg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hegyvidék (Budapest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegyvid%C3%A9k"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hódmezővásárhely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3dmez%C5%91v%C3%A1s%C3%A1rhely"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pécs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9cs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prague 5 (Prague)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Rîșcani (Chișinău)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectorul_R%C3%AE%C8%99cani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zrenjanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrenjanin"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns – sister cities","text":"Arad is twinned with:[33]Atlit (Hof HaCarmel), Israel\n Bethlehem, Palestine\n Fushun, China\n Givatayim, Israel\n Gyula, Hungary\n Heist-op-den-Berg, Belgium\n Hegyvidék (Budapest), Hungary\n Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary\n Pécs, Hungary\n Prague 5 (Prague), Czech Republic\n Rîșcani (Chișinău), Moldova\n Zrenjanin, Serbia","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ditzingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditzingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kirklees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Tatabánya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatab%C3%A1nya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Trenčín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg"}],"sub_title":"Partner cities","text":"Ditzingen, Germany\n Kirklees, United Kingdom\n Tatabánya, Hungary\n Trenčín, Slovakia\n Würzburg, Germany","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls"},{"link_name":"National Institute of 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Română\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aradcityguide.ro/_/monument-istoric/preparandia-romana/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//adevarul.ro/locale/arad/prima-fabrica-automobile-tara-fost-construita-arad-1_50acb4187c42d5a663888abe/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historica-cluj.ro/anuare/AnuarHistorica2017/13.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și 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sentimental\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/tema-saptamanii/citeva-litere-dintr-un-dictionar-sentimental-626981.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"La Arad a fost descoperit un schelet uman din epoca fierului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//stiri.acasa.ro/auto-tehno-190/it-c-191/la-arad-a-fost-descoperit-un-schelet-uman-din-epoca-fierului-70568.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200150_13-0"},{"link_name":"Engel 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEngel2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakk198931_14-0"},{"link_name":"Makk 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMakk1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrist%C3%B3Makk1996171_15-0"},{"link_name":"Kristó & Makk 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKrist%C3%B3Makk1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//adevarul.ro/locale/arad/orasul-mures-avut-initial-numele-cavalerului-orod-primit-usoara-modificare-ajungand-arad-1_51a39c9dc7b855ff563063d0/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Sinagoga din Arad - Misterul din spatele usilor : Stiri Arad,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aradnet.ro/arad/sinagoga_din_arad___misterul_din_spatele_usilor___stiri_arad_234_344952.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110430031704/http://www.aradnet.ro/arad/sinagoga_din_arad___misterul_din_spatele_usilor___stiri_arad_234_344952.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_20-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_20-3"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arad"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Talma Kiadó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.talmakiado.hu/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170114044438/http://www.talmakiado.hu/"},{"link_name":"Wayback 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2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls"},{"link_name":"INSSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948, p. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sas.unibuc.ro/storage/downloads/analize-regionale-9/AG48a.RECENSAMANT48.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160222041936/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/aretn02.pdf"},{"link_name":"the 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ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_01/?pg=0&layout=s)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LawAdmin_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LawAdmin_30-1"},{"link_name":"\"Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080321151128/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediafax.ro/politic/calin-bibart-noul-primar-al-aradului-dupa-ce-gheorghe-falca-a-renuntat-la-mandat-pentru-a-deveni-europarlamentar-18199387"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.primariaarad.ro/dm_arad/portal.nsf/AllByUNID/mandatul-20202024-0000cf1e?OpenDocument"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220118091540/http://www.primariaarad.ro/info.php?page=%2Fpma%2Finfratite.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.primariaarad.ro/info.php?page=/pma/infratite.html"}],"text":"^ \"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021.\n\n^ \"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.\n\n^ Dorin Frandeș, Spații arădene care au găzduit muzică – Pitești : Nomina 2011 ISBN 978-606-535-327-5;\n\n^ www.sysadmins.ro, SysAdmins :: 2015. \"Consiliul Judetean Arad\". www.cjarad.ro. Retrieved 11 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Preparandia Română\". AradCityGuide (in Romanian). Retrieved 2019-01-30.\n\n^ \"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\". adevarul.ro. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 2019-01-30.\n\n^ Marco, Gabriela Adina. \"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională\". Recensământul populației și al locuințelor 2011. INSSE. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2019.\n\n^ Kiss, Lajos (1988). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108. ISBN 978-963-05-4568-6.\n\n^ Morar (2019). \"Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental\". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). Retrieved 2022-10-02.\n\n^ La Arad a fost descoperit un schelet uman din epoca fierului\n\n^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 160.114), p. 136.\n\n^ Engel 2001, p. 50.\n\n^ Makk 1989, p. 31.\n\n^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 171.\n\n^ \"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\".\n\n^ Dr Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 2, Novi Sad, 1990, page 326.\n\n^ Lakatos Otto - Aradi története\n\n^ (in Romanian) \"Sinagoga din Arad - Misterul din spatele usilor : Stiri Arad,\" Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine aradnet.ro (13 mar 2008). Retrieved 11-08-2013.\n\n^ a b c d  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Arad\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–312.\n\n^ Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, Talma Kiadó Archived 2017-01-14 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Carmichael, Cathie (2009). Genocide Before the Holocaust. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-30012-117-9.\n\n^ \"Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.\n\n^ \"World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)\" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved February 11, 2024.\n\n^ \"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023.\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition\n\n^ Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948, p. 14\n\n^ \"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2022-12-10.\n\n^ \"1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana\".\n\n^ a b \"Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale\" (in Romanian). Parliament of Romania. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-12.\n\n^ \"Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar\". Mediafax. 28 June 2019.\n\n^ \"MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024\". www.primariaarad.ro.\n\n^ \"Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere\". primariaarad.ro. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2019.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86064-061-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963-7930-97-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7930-97-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963-05-5268-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-5268-X"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.\nKristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.\nMakk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"King Béla II of Hungary and his wife Queen Helena are sitting on the throne at the assembly of Arad in 1131. The Queen orders the execution of the magnates who advised the blinding of child Béla II during the rule of King Coloman. (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chronicon_Pictum_P113_Az_aradi_v%C3%A9res_gy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s.JPG/220px-Chronicon_Pictum_P113_Az_aradi_v%C3%A9res_gy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s.JPG"},{"image_text":"Arad on an 18th-century map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Banat17.jpg/225px-Banat17.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arad Central railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arad%2C_stacidomo_kun_vaporlokomotivo_1.jpeg/220px-Arad%2C_stacidomo_kun_vaporlokomotivo_1.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Ioan Slavici Classic Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arad_-_teatrul_Ioan_Slavici.jpg/220px-Arad_-_teatrul_Ioan_Slavici.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neumann Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Arad_-_Vasile-Goldis-Universit%C3%A4t_-_3002.jpg/220px-Arad_-_Vasile-Goldis-Universit%C3%A4t_-_3002.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Lutheran Red Church in Arad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arad_-_biserica_luterana_%282%29.jpg/220px-Arad_-_biserica_luterana_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"This is a picture of a park in Podgoria, Arad. In the background you can see the Holy Trinity Cathedral and some ten story buildings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Park_in_Arad.jpg/220px-Park_in_Arad.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Statue of Liberty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hung%C3%A1ria_n%C5%91alak_Aradon.jpg/220px-Hung%C3%A1ria_n%C5%91alak_Aradon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman Catholic Cathedral St. Anthony of Padua","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Catholic_Cathedral_in_Arad.jpg/220px-Catholic_Cathedral_in_Arad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moise Nicoară National College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Moise_Nicoara_National_College_-_facade.JPG/300px-Moise_Nicoara_National_College_-_facade.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","url_text":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"www.sysadmins.ro, SysAdmins :: 2015. \"Consiliul Judetean Arad\". www.cjarad.ro. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cjarad.ro/arad/index.php?meniuId=39&viewCat=507","url_text":"\"Consiliul Judetean Arad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preparandia Română\". AradCityGuide (in Romanian). Retrieved 2019-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aradcityguide.ro/_/monument-istoric/preparandia-romana/","url_text":"\"Preparandia Română\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\". adevarul.ro. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 2019-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://adevarul.ro/locale/arad/prima-fabrica-automobile-tara-fost-construita-arad-1_50acb4187c42d5a663888abe/index.html","url_text":"\"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\""}]},{"reference":"Marco, Gabriela Adina. \"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historica-cluj.ro/anuare/AnuarHistorica2017/13.pdf","url_text":"\"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională\". Recensământul populației și al locuințelor 2011. INSSE. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926205609/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/","url_text":"\"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională\""},{"url":"http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kiss, Lajos (1988). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108. ISBN 978-963-05-4568-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=asBUKwAACAAJ","url_text":"Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-4568-6","url_text":"978-963-05-4568-6"}]},{"reference":"Morar (2019). \"Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental\". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). Retrieved 2022-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/tema-saptamanii/citeva-litere-dintr-un-dictionar-sentimental-626981.html","url_text":"\"Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://adevarul.ro/locale/arad/orasul-mures-avut-initial-numele-cavalerului-orod-primit-usoara-modificare-ajungand-arad-1_51a39c9dc7b855ff563063d0/index.html","url_text":"\"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Arad\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–312.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arad","url_text":"Arad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Carmichael, Cathie (2009). Genocide Before the Holocaust. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-30012-117-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30012-117-9","url_text":"978-0-30012-117-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829021923/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Arad_15200.csv","url_text":"\"Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Arad_15200.csv","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)\" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Romania/15200.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"NOAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"INSSE"}]},{"reference":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2022-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222041936/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/aretn02.pdf","url_text":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\""},{"url":"http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/aretn02.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana\".","urls":[{"url":"https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_01/?pg=0&layout=s)","url_text":"\"1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale\" (in Romanian). Parliament of Romania. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123","url_text":"\"Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080321151128/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar\". Mediafax. 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediafax.ro/politic/calin-bibart-noul-primar-al-aradului-dupa-ce-gheorghe-falca-a-renuntat-la-mandat-pentru-a-deveni-europarlamentar-18199387","url_text":"\"Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar\""}]},{"reference":"\"MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024\". www.primariaarad.ro.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.primariaarad.ro/dm_arad/portal.nsf/AllByUNID/mandatul-20202024-0000cf1e?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere\". primariaarad.ro. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118091540/http://www.primariaarad.ro/info.php?page=%2Fpma%2Finfratite.html","url_text":"\"Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere\""},{"url":"http://www.primariaarad.ro/info.php?page=/pma/infratite.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3","url_text":"1-86064-061-3"}]},{"reference":"Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7930-97-3","url_text":"963-7930-97-3"}]},{"reference":"Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-5268-X","url_text":"963-05-5268-X"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Cycling_Federation
Swedish Cycling Federation
["1 External links"]
National governing body of cycle racing in Sweden SCF logo The Swedish Cycling Federation or SCF (in Swedish: Svenska Cykelförbundet) was established in 1900, and is the national governing body of cycle racing in Sweden. The SCF is a member of the UCI and the UEC. External links Swedish Cycling Federation official website vteSports governing bodies in Sweden (SWE)Summer Olympic Sports Aquatics Archery Athletics Badminton Basketball Boxing Canoeing Cycling Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Golf Gymnastics Handball Judo Modern pentathlon Rugby 7's Rowing Sailing Shooting Practical Shooting Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball inc. Beach Volleyball Weightlifting Wrestling Winter Olympic Sports Biathlon Bobsleigh Curling Skating Ice Hockey Luge Skeleton Skiing Snowboarding Other IOC Recognised Sports Air sports Auto racing Bandy Baseball Billiard sports Boules Bowling Bridge Chess Cricket Dance sport Floorball Karate Korfball Lifesaving Motorcycle racing Mountaineering and Climbing Netball Orienteering Pelota Vasca Polo Powerboating Racquetball Roller sports Rugby Softball Sport climbing Squash Sumo Surfing Tug of war Underwater sports Water ski Wushu Others Sports Ringette Rugby League Swedish Olympic Committee Swedish Parasports Federation Swedish Sports Confederation vteNational members of the Union Cycliste Internationale Olympic Disciplines road bicycle racing Track cycling BMX racing mountain bike racing cross-country Other Disciplines Cyclo-cross mountain bike racing downhill four-cross trials riding Indoor cycling Para-cycling Pinnacle Events Summer Olympics Paralympics UCI World Championships Asia (ACC) AFG BAN BRN BRU BTN CAM CHN HKG INA IND IRI IRQ JOR JPN KAZ KGZ KOR KSA KUW LAO LIB MAC MAS MDV MGL MYA NEP OMA PAK PHI PRK PSE QAT SGP SRI SYR TJK THA TKM TLS TPE UAE UZB VIE YEM Africa (CAC) ALG ANG BDI BEN BOT BUR CAF CGO CHA CIV CMR COD COM CPV DJI EGY ERI ETH GAB GAM GBS GEQ GHA GUI KEN LBA LBR LES MAD MAR MAW MLI MOZ MRI MTN NAM NGR NIG RSA RWA SEN SEY SLE SOM SSD STP SUD SWZ TAN TOG TUN UGA ZAM ZIM America (COPACI) AIA ANT ARG ARU BAH BAR BER BIZ BOL BRA CAN CAY CHI COL CRC CUB CUW DMA DOM ECU ESA GLP† GRN GUA GUF† GUY HAI HON ISV IVB JAM LCA MAF† MEXǂ MTQ† NCA PAN PAR PER PUR SKN SUR SXM TCA† TRI URU USA VEN VIN Oceania (OCC) AUS COK FIJ GUM MNP† NCL† NZL SOL PYF† SAM VAN Europe (UEC) ALB AND ARM AUT AZE BEL BIH BLR BUL CRO CYP CZE DEN ESP EST FIN FRA GBR GEO GER GRE HUN IRL ISL ISR ITA KOS LAT LIE LTU LUX MDA MKD MLT MNE MON NED NOR POL POR ROU RUS SLO SMR SRB SUI SVK SWE TUR UKR VAT Former Members AHO GDR TCH URS YUG † Associate member of continental confederation (not a member of UCI) ǂ National federation suspended by the UCI vteInternational cyclingAfrica CAC UCI Africa Tour African Games African Championships Road Track Mountain bike Asia ACC UCI Asia Tour Asian Games Asian Championships Road Track Mountain bike America COPACI UCI America Tour Pan American Games Pan-American Cycling Championships Road Track Cyclo-cross Mountain bike Europe UEC UCI Europe Tour European Championships: BMX Cyclo-cross Mountain bike Road Track Oceania OCC UCI Oceania Tour Oceania Championships Road Track Mountain bike World UCI UCI World Tour UCI ProSeries UCI Women's World Tour UCI Women's ProSeries World Championships UCI World Cups: Men's road Women's road Mountain bike Track Cyclo-cross BMX Olympics Youth Olympics Paralympics Arab Games Commonwealth Games Mediterranean Games World University Cycling Championship Cyclists Teams Competitions Federations Achievements by nation This article about a cycling-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about sports in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about an organization based in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxieu
Flaxieu
["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 45°49′00″N 5°44′00″E / 45.8167°N 5.7333°E / 45.8167; 5.7333 Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Flaxieu}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceFlaxieuCommuneTown hallLocation of Flaxieu FlaxieuShow map of FranceFlaxieuShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°49′00″N 5°44′00″E / 45.8167°N 5.7333°E / 45.8167; 5.7333CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentAinArrondissementBelleyCantonBelleyGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Serge BalArea12.79 km2 (1.08 sq mi)Population (2021)64 • Density23/km2 (59/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code01162 /01350Elevation225–285 m (738–935 ft) (avg. 275 m or 902 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Flaxieu (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 67—    1975 47−4.94%1982 49+0.60%1990 53+0.99%1999 50−0.65%2009 60+1.84%2014 65+1.61%2020 65+0.00%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Ain department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2024. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 10 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flaxieu. vte Communes of the Ain department L'Abergement-Clémenciat L'Abergement-de-Varey Ambérieu-en-Bugey Ambérieux-en-Dombes Ambléon Ambronay Ambutrix Andert-et-Condon Anglefort Apremont Aranc Arandas Arbent Arbigny Arboys en Bugey Argis Armix Ars-sur-Formans Artemare Arvière-en-Valromey Asnières-sur-Saône Attignat Bâgé-Dommartin Bâgé-le-Châtel Balan Baneins Béard-Géovreissiat Beaupont Beauregard Béligneux Belleysubpr Belleydoux Bellignat Bénonces Bény Béréziat Bettant Bey Beynost Billiat Birieux Biziat Blyes Bohas-Meyriat-Rignat La Boisse Boissey Bolozon Bouligneux Bourg-en-Bressepref Bourg-Saint-Christophe Boyeux-Saint-Jérôme Boz Brégnier-Cordon Brénod Brens Bresse Vallons Bressolles Brion Briord Buellas La Burbanche Ceignes Cerdon Certines Cessy Ceyzériat Ceyzérieu Chalamont Chaleins Chaley Challes-la-Montagne Challex Champagne-en-Valromey Champdor-Corcelles Champfromier Chanay Chaneins Chanoz-Châtenay La Chapelle-du-Châtelard Charix Charnoz-sur-Ain Château-Gaillard Châtenay Châtillon-la-Palud Châtillon-sur-Chalaronne Chavannes-sur-Reyssouze Chaveyriat Chazey-Bons Chazey-sur-Ain Cheignieu-la-Balme Chevillard Chevroux Chevry Chézery-Forens Civrieux Cize Cleyzieu Coligny Collonges Colomieu Conand Condamine Condeissiat Confort Confrançon Contrevoz Conzieu Corbonod Corlier Cormoranche-sur-Saône Cormoz Corveissiat Courmangoux Courtes Crans Cressin-Rochefort Crottet Crozet Cruzilles-lès-Mépillat Culoz-Béon Curciat-Dongalon Curtafond Cuzieu Dagneux Divonne-les-Bains Dompierre-sur-Chalaronne Dompierre-sur-Veyle Domsure Dortan Douvres Drom Druillat Échallon Échenevex Évosges Faramans Fareins Farges Feillens Ferney-Voltaire Flaxieu Foissiat Francheleins Frans Garnerans Genouilleux Géovreisset Gexsubpr Giron Gorrevod Grand-Corent Grièges Grilly Groissiat Groslée-Saint-Benoît Guéreins Hautecourt-Romanèche Haut Valromey Illiat Injoux-Génissiat Innimond Izenave Izernore Izieu Jassans-Riottier Jasseron Jayat Journans Joyeux Jujurieux Labalme Lagnieu Laiz Lantenay Lapeyrouse Lavours Léaz Lélex Lent Lescheroux Leyment Leyssard Lhuis Lompnas Loyettes Lurcy Magnieu Maillat Malafretaz Mantenay-Montlin Manziat Marboz Marchamp Marignieu Marlieux Marsonnas Martignat Massieux Massignieu-de-Rives Matafelon-Granges Meillonnas Mérignat Messimy-sur-Saône Meximieux Mézériat Mijoux Mionnay Miribel Misérieux Mogneneins Montagnat Montagnieu Montanges Montceaux Montcet Le Montellier Monthieux Montluel Montmerle-sur-Saône Montracol Montréal-la-Cluse Montrevel-en-Bresse Murs-et-Gélignieux Nantuasubpr Neuville-les-Dames Neuville-sur-Ain Les Neyrolles Neyron Niévroz Nivigne et Suran Nivollet-Montgriffon Nurieux-Volognat Oncieu Ordonnaz Ornex Outriaz Oyonnax Ozan Parcieux Parves-et-Nattages Péron Péronnas Pérouges Perrex Peyriat Peyrieu Peyzieux-sur-Saône Pirajoux Pizay Plagne Le Plantay Plateau d'Hauteville Le Poizat-Lalleyriat Polliat Pollieu Poncin Pont-d'Ain Pont-de-Vaux Pont-de-Veyle Port Pougny Pouillat Prémeyzel Prémillieu Prévessin-Moëns Priay Ramasse Rancé Relevant Replonges Revonnas Reyrieux Reyssouze Rignieux-le-Franc Romans Rossillon Ruffieu Saint-Alban Saint-André-de-Bâgé Saint-André-de-Corcy Saint-André-d'Huiriat Saint-André-le-Bouchoux Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc Saint-Bénigne Saint-Bernard Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon Saint-Denis-en-Bugey Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat Saint-Didier-de-Formans Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne Sainte-Croix Sainte-Euphémie Sainte-Julie Saint-Éloi Sainte-Olive Saint-Étienne-du-Bois Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Genis-Pouilly Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon Saint-Georges-sur-Renon Saint-Germain-de-Joux Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses Saint-Germain-sur-Renon Saint-Jean-de-Gonville Saint-Jean-de-Niost Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux Saint-Jean-le-Vieux Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle Saint-Just Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône Saint-Marcel Saint-Martin-de-Bavel Saint-Martin-du-Frêne Saint-Martin-du-Mont Saint-Martin-le-Châtel Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux Saint-Nizier-le-Désert Saint-Paul-de-Varax Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey Saint-Rémy Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey Saint-Sulpice Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans Saint-Vulbas Salavre Samognat Sandrans Sault-Brénaz Sauverny Savigneux Ségny Seillonnaz Sergy Sermoyer Serrières-de-Briord Serrières-sur-Ain Servas Servignat Seyssel Simandre-sur-Suran Sonthonnax-la-Montagne Souclin Sulignat Surjoux-Lhopital Talissieu Tenay Thil Thoiry Thoissey Torcieu Tossiat Toussieux Tramoyes La Tranclière Trévoux Valeins Val-Revermont Valromey-sur-Séran Valserhône Vandeins Varambon Vaux-en-Bugey Verjon Vernoux Versailleux Versonnex Vesancy Vescours Vésines Vieu-d'Izenave Villars-les-Dombes Villebois Villemotier Villeneuve Villereversure Villes Villette-sur-Ain Villieu-Loyes-Mollon Viriat Virieu-le-Grand Virignin Vongnes Vonnas pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture This Ain geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Communes of the Ain department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ain_department"}]
[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-01162","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MB298
User talk:Kingofthedead
["1 Notification of new discussion concerning Marquita Bradshaw","2 Idaho Prop 2 Results?","3 The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November!","4 \"Barry Hussein Obama\" listed at Redirects for discussion","5 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists","6 ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message","7 Orphaned non-free image File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg","8 Than you for your helpful reversion notes","9 DC Statehood Greens","10 Nomination of William Mohr for deletion","11 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists","12 Delmarva Peninsula","13 Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021","14 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Utah Constitutionalists","15 \"Locker room talk\" listed at Redirects for discussion","16 \"List of presents of the United States\" listed at Redirects for discussion","17 \"List of presents of Russia\" listed at Redirects for discussion","18 Orphaned non-free image File:Henry Heimlich.jpg","19 Disambiguation link notification for March 20","20 \"2024 United States elections\" listed at Redirects for discussion","21 Orphaned non-free image File:Gangsta Rap The Glockumentary.jpg","22 WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – July 2020","23 Orphaned non-free image File:Ted Cruz presidential campaign logo old.png","24 Orphaned non-free image File:Hit or Miss (Jacob Sartorius song).jpg","25 Orphaned non-free image File:Logo of Washington County, Oregon.gif","26 Disambiguation link notification for September 4","27 File:John F. Simms.jpg listed for discussion","28 Orphaned non-free image File:Maureen Kennedy Salaman.jpg","29 Welcome to the Months of African Cinema Global Contest!","30 November 2021","31 The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November!","32 Orphaned non-free image File:Benny Benson.jpg","33 ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message","34 Orphaned non-free image File:Make America Crip Again v2.jpg","35 \"Rashaun O'Neal\" listed at Redirects for discussion","36 Please create the killer Mike - Reagan (song) page","37 File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg listed for discussion","38 Orphaned non-free image File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg","39 Orphaned non-free image File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg","40 Nomination of List of island counties of the United States for deletion","41 You're Invited! Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia","42 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Ohio Constitutionalists","43 Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Blue Enigma","44 Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Chicano","45 Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Solidarity","46 Portland Art+Feminism Edit-a-thon: March 12, 2022","47 Orphaned non-free image File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg","48 Nomination of Thomas Dixon (politician) for deletion","49 MfD nomination of Template:User Rand Paul","50 Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif","51 Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Maui County, Hawaii.gif","52 Nomination of Steve Moses (television personality) for deletion","53 Nomination of George Boswell for deletion","54 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists","55 MfD nomination of Template:User no antifa","56 MfD nomination of Template:User pro free speech","57 Belated RfD notice","58 Orphaned non-free image File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png","59 \"Twenty sixteen\" listed at Redirects for discussion","60 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","61 Disambiguation link notification for December 5","62 Proposed deletion of Monégasque Americans","63 \"Rock Johnson\" listed at Redirects for discussion","64 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Illinois Constitutionalists","65 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Wyoming police officers","66 John Kasich 2016 presidential Map","67 Orphaned non-free image File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg","68 Block review","69 Nomination of Susheela Jayapal for deletion","70 Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Laura Bush","71 Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of North Pole, Alaska.gif","72 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","73 File:Get out of jail free.jpg listed for discussion","74 Nomination for deletion of Template:Trump confirmations","75 Orphaned non-free image File:GTA San Andreas iOS gameplay.jpg","76 \"Robert Lindsay (Sylhet\" listed at Redirects for discussion","77 Orphaned non-free image File:Johnny Rebel.jpg","78 International Women’s Day Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon, Sunday, March 10","79 Speedy deletion nomination of Pierre Connes","80 \"Pierre Connes\" listed at Redirects for discussion","81 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists","82 \"Shaq's Size\" listed at Redirects for discussion","83 Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion"]
Notification of new discussion concerning Marquita Bradshaw You recently expressed an opinion at Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Marquita_Bradshaw. (That AfD closed Sept 4 with consensus expressed as "The result was keep. A discussion on whether or not to merge or redirect can happen after this AfD.") A new proposal, to redirect searches for "Marquita Bradshaw" to 2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee is being discussed at Talk:2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee#Proposed merge of Marquita Bradshaw into 2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee. HouseOfChange (talk) 16:06, 30 September 2020 (UTC) Idaho Prop 2 Results? Hi I noticed you put up the image for Idaho's Prop 2 results by county in 2018 (to expand medicaid). I was wondering where I could find the county level results for that vote. Thanks! --CartoonDiablo (talk) 00:32, 21 October 2020 (UTC) @CartoonDiablo: https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=860816 Kingofthedead (talk) 00:33, 21 October 2020 (UTC) Thanks! --CartoonDiablo (talk) 01:54, 21 October 2020 (UTC) The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November! Greetings, Thank you very much for participating in the Months of African Cinema global contest/edit-a-thon, and thank you for your contributions so far. It is already the middle of the contest and a lot have been achieved already! We have been able to get over 1,500 articles created in over fifteen (15) languages! This would not have been possible without your support and we want to thank you. If you have not yet listed your name as a participant in the contest page please do so. Please make sure to list the articles you have created or improved in the article achievements' section of the contest page, so that they can be easily tracked. To be able to claim prizes, please also ensure to list your articles on the users by articles page. We would be awarding prizes to different categories of winners: Overall winner 1st - $500 2nd - $200 3rd - $100 Diversity winner - $100 Gender-gap filler - $100 Language Winners - up to $100* We are very excited about what has been achieved so far, but your contributions are still needed to further exceed all expectations! Let’s create more articles before the end of this contest, which is this November!!! Thank you once again for being part of this global event! --Jamie Tubers (talk) 10:30, 06 November 2020 (UTC) You can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this list "Barry Hussein Obama" listed at Redirects for discussion A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Barry Hussein Obama. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 20#Barry Hussein Obama until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. TheAwesomeHwyh 18:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists A tag has been placed on Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. UnitedStatesian (talk) 01:28, 22 November 2020 (UTC) ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2020 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 7 December 2020. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2020 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 02:44, 24 November 2020 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC) Than you for your helpful reversion notes I want to thank you for your helpful reversion notes. Another editor reverts my moves to possibly living people with statements like "utter blithing incompetence" in some cases leaving it unclear exactly how he knows the person in question still fits in the living people category when the most recent working link dates to 27 or 28 years ago, the only link added in the last 5 years was a primary source one on the subjects birth, and the article itself unhelpfully does not believe in using dates for jobs. The article is on Robert Basmann if you want to have a go at it. John Pack Lambert (talk) 23:58, 21 January 2021 (UTC) Stop being an uncivil lout, JPL. If you want to complain about me, I have a talk page that somehow appears to have escaped your attention. Instead, not only are you posting to uninvolved editors' talk pages. trying to drag them in, but you're dishonestly trying to shame me by presenting faked quotes from my edit summaries with misspellings I hadn't made on each talk page you posted to. I can spell "blithering". Here, it looks like you can't. That's at best ironic, or it would be if it didn't appear deliberate. Bluntly, you don't understand the instructions for the category. It doesn't say "sourcing". It says "documentation". Any documentation that indicates the subject has been alive within the last decade prevents application. It doesn't have to be in the article, or even be related to something notable enough to be in the article. A photo of them at their 75th high school reunion in their local paper would be good enough. It would be time- and effort-wasting to require that editors prove that elderly article subjects have done something noteworthy at an advanced age to prevent them from being classified as only possibly alive. It's also weird and creepy. In the case of Robert Basmann, which you whine about here, if you'd simply clicked on the "search" box in the university page already linked in the article, you'd have immediately arrived at a page indicating the subject is currently alive. You didn't bother to check. You also didn't bother to do a simple Google search. If you had, you would have found links to two pages forestalling application of the "possibly living" category. Face the truth, JPL, your indolent, slipshod editing and searching practices are corrosively damaging to this encyclopedia. You've already been responsible for one of Wikipedia's worst public embarrassments. Your attitude seems to be that you're such a special, privileged editor that those who disagree with you must prove their points and explain them to your satisfaction before altering your work. That's not the case. DC Statehood Greens Hey, I've noticed you've been doing a lot of work with historic DC elections. I'm not entirely sure who to talk to about this but I just realized that the DC Statehood Green Party has only existed since 1999 so we might have to overhaul all DC elections pages to create links to both new parties. Since it appears the Greens were absorbed into the Statehood Party I think we would keep that party's page and create another one for the Greens that existed for a few years. Baconheimian (talk) 01:48, 26 January 2021 (UTC) @Baconheimian: Damn. Looks like you're right. But luckily there aren't that many to fix. Also looks like pretty much all the candidates were Statehood and not Green? OurCampaigns doesn't really distinguish there. 04:56, 26 January 2021 (UTC) Kingofthedead (talk) 04:56, 26 January 2021 (UTC) I'm going to start going back and changing anything I can see. From what I can tell the only election the DC Greens were actually in was the 1998 Shadow Representative so it looks like anything pre-1999 should become Statehood. It turns out there's actually a Statehood Party color template but it has rarely been used.Baconheimian (talk) 14:07, 26 January 2021 (UTC) Nomination of William Mohr for deletion A discussion is taking place as to whether the article William Mohr, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted. The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Mohr until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:03, 14 February 2021 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists A tag has been placed on Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 18:31, 22 February 2021 (UTC) Delmarva Peninsula First of all, I congratulate you on your great work editing articles on regions such as MN's Iron Range, MD's Eastern Shore and the Delmarva Peninsula and providing political and electoral information thereon. That was an area of knowledge that for too long had been ignored by editors. But I wanted to point out that the article on the Delmarva Peninsula sets its boundaries as commencing south of Wilmington, DE, and that the city is not included within the Peninsula. This is clear from the list of cities in the article, which sets forth Dover and Salisbury as the two largest by population in the Delmarva Peninsula. For this reason, the presidential-election results for the Delmarva Peninsula should not include those of Wilmington. From the number of votes cast and the Democratic margins in the table that you added to the article, you clearly included all of New Castle County, including Wilmington, in the electoral results. Is the issue that the southern portion of New Castle County lies within the Delmarva Peninsula but the city of Wilmington doesn't? That could be a problem in determining the presidential-election vote for the Delmarva Peninsula, since Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections does not provide New Castle County data by precinct or even by town. Have you found election data for different parts of New Castle County? I look forward to hearing from you on this, and I am confident that we'll be able to provide electoral information that is consistent with the rest of the article (even if it requires an explanation regarding the incomplete nature of the voting results). AuH2ORepublican (talk) 22:46, 23 February 2021 (UTC) @AuH2ORepublican: Hmm. Might add a disclaimer that it's the state of Delaware combined with the rest of the peninsula. Another option would be to display the results both with and without New Castle county. Precinct data is probably available somewhere but it's too time-consuming for me to really pursue. Just from a quick Google search for "Delmarva Peninsula" it looks like New Castle is included in the majority of the proposals. Official sources cite that definition too - the Bureau of Labor Statistics () for example. Honestly I'd just go with leaving in New Castle and adding a disclaimer. Kingofthedead (talk) 00:00, 24 February 2021 (UTC) Given that the article's definition of the Delmarva Peninsula excludes Wilmington, and with how difficult it would be to exclude Wilmington but not the parts of New Castle County to its south, I think that having two tables (with and without New Castle County) would be best. But, yes, a footnote describing what is included would be helpful. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 00:08, 24 February 2021 (UTC) @AuH2ORepublican: Sounds good. Will get that done in a day or two. Kingofthedead (talk) 07:11, 24 February 2021 (UTC) Thank you. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 12:29, 24 February 2021 (UTC) @Superman7515: See this convo. Kingofthedead (talk) 20:38, 24 February 2021 (UTC) @AuH2ORepublican: and @Kingofthedead:, respectfully, I wholeheartedly disagree. The information is not that difficult to find, and just because someone is not interested in doing the work to make it correct, does not mean incorrect information should be added. With the article using the C&D Canal as the "border", as evidenced by neither Newark, New Castle, or Elkton being included in the largest municipalities, the totals for New Castle County should include District 8, District 9, and District 11 because those three districts entirely encompass the portion of New Castle County below the canal and no district overlaps. This changes the table dramatically. There were 296,268 votes cast for Joe Biden in New Castle County, but only 23,127 from those three districts below the canal. There were 200,603 ballots cast for Donald Trump in New Castle County, but only 20,131 from those three districts below the canal. While Joe Biden still "wins" two of those three districts, it has a dramatic affect on the table. Subtracting the 273,141 ballots for Joe Biden that were not cast on the Delmarva part of New Castle County and subtracting the 180,472 similarly cast ballots for Donald Trump shifts the data table from a 60,000 vote win for Joe Biden to a 40,000 vote win for Donald Trump. A roughly 100,000 ballot difference when the total ballots cast is less than 800,000 is unconsciounably inaccurate for a Wikipedia article.Superman7515 (talk) 18:02, 26 February 2021 (UTC) @Superman7515:, that is terrific research on the election data from the portion of New Castle County within the Delmarva Peninsula. Is such information publicly available for prior presidential elections as well? (Please remember that precinct boundaries change with every decennial U.S. Census.) And is such precinct-level information also available for Cecil County, MD? Given that Wilmington casts such a high proportion of votes in New Castle County, and the relatively few of the county's votes cast within the boundaries of the Delmarva Peninsula are far less Democrat-leaning than the Wilmington vote, I think that removing the New Castle County vote from the electoral information on the table would yield a fair approximation of how Delmarva has voted through the years. The same applies to Cecil County as well, given tha only the southeastern portion of the County (which has a relatively small percentage of the county's population and voters) lies within Delmarva. For the years for which New Castle County and Cecil County precinct information is available, a more precise Delmarva vote can be included on a separate table. What do you guys think? AuH2ORepublican (talk) 19:51, 28 February 2021 (UTC) @AuH2ORepublican: Honestly I'm just thinking leaving it out is the best course of action here. Kingofthedead (talk) 00:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC) Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021 Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021 Friday, February 26, 2021, 1:00-5:00 PM PSTwith Oregon State University, Education Opportunities Program, and AfroCROWDGuest Speaker: Spelman College's Alexandria Lockett"Click here to register directly on OSU's site". Cascadia Wikimedians placed this banner at 03:46, 24 February 2021 (UTC) by using the Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland/Participants list.To subscribe to or unsubscribe from messages from Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland, please add or remove your name here. Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Utah Constitutionalists A tag has been placed on Category:Utah Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 16:36, 4 March 2021 (UTC) "Locker room talk" listed at Redirects for discussion A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Locker room talk. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 5#Locker room talk until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Gaioa (T C L) 18:00, 5 March 2021 (UTC) "List of presents of the United States" listed at Redirects for discussion A discussion is taking place to address the redirect List of presents of the United States. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 11#List of presents of the United States until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Mdewman6 (talk) 02:15, 11 March 2021 (UTC) "List of presents of Russia" listed at Redirects for discussion A discussion is taking place to address the redirect List of presents of Russia. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 11#List of presents of Russia until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC678 03:17, 11 March 2021 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Henry Heimlich.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Henry Heimlich.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:38, 14 March 2021 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for March 20 An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Lester L. Wolff, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Medicare. (Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:24, 20 March 2021 (UTC) "2024 United States elections" listed at Redirects for discussion A discussion is taking place to address the redirect 2024 United States elections. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 April 27#2024 United States elections until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. ― Tartan357 Talk 20:05, 27 April 2021 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Gangsta Rap The Glockumentary.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Gangsta Rap The Glockumentary.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:28, 11 July 2021 (UTC) WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – July 2020 WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter - July 2021 WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter Volume IV, No. 1 - July 2020 About The WikiProject Big Brother newsletter is a frequently published newsletter about the project. Started by Alucard 16, in 2009 and revived by TheDoctorWho in 2019, regarding updates and happenings within the WikiProject. Current Big Brother editions There are currently 4 editions of Big Brother on air: Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 3) Bigg Boss Kannada (season 8) Big Brother 23 (American season) Big Brother VIP (Israeli season 4) Future Big Brother editions There are 8 confirmed editions of Big Brother set to air during 2021: Promi Big Brother (season 9); August 2021 Big Brother (Finnish season 14); September 2021 Big Brother (Greek season 7); September 2021 Grande Fratello VIP (season 6); September 2021 Big Brother Naija (season 6); 2021 Big Brother (Portuguese season 7); 2021 Big Brother VIP (Australian TV series); 2021 Bigg Boss Tamil (season 5); 2021 There are 2 confirmed editions of Big Brother set to air during 2022: Big Brother Canada (season 10); Spring 2022 Gran Hermano VIP (season 8); 2022 There are 2 confirmed editions of Big Brother with unknown air dates: Bigg Boss Marathi (season 3) Big Brother VIP Albania Recent Big Brother editions There are 0 recently concluded edition of Big Brother Next publication If you have anything you would like published in the next or other future editions of the newsletter please leave a message on the WikiProject's talkpage or the talk page of any contributor. If you are interested in helping with the newsletter, please leave a message in the same place or be bold and jump right in! Project objectives Continue to improve Big Brother articles to bring them inline with MOS:TV All Big Brother parent articles should contain {{Infobox television}} and {{Series overview}}, either housed on the article or transcluded from a List of Episodes article, if there is more than one season of the series (see Big Brother (American TV series) and Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) for examples). All Big Brother season articles should contain {{Infobox television season}} with the module {{Infobox reality competition season}} (see Big Brother Canada (season 9) for an example). The use of {{Episode table}} and {{Episode list}} with episode summaries of 200 words or less, or a general prose summary of 500 words or less, are preferred over other tables or formats (see Big Brother 23 (American season) for example). Both Big Brother parent and season articles should follow the general format of articles described at MOS:TV (see Big Brother 21 (American season) for an example). Any Big Brother series containing only one season should use {{Infobox television}}, {{Episode table}}, and {{Episode list}} in its article but not {{Series overview}} or any other season-specific templates such as {{Infobox television season}} (see Big Brother: Over the Top for an example). Where possible both Big Brother parent and season articles should have information regarding production of the series. Per this discussion individual seasons of Big Brother should no longer contain a standalone article of contestants. The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television has caused numerous seasons or editions to be cancelled, postponed, or adjusted significantly; any information relating to this can be added in appropriate production sections. Community discussions Please take time to visit a list of our current community discussions and participate. Discussion regarding standardization of terms used in progress tables. Wikipedia:Notability (television) is currently being drafted regarding the notability of television series, seasons and episodes. It has been requested that the following articles have episode summary sections Celebrity Big Brother 3 (UK) - since August 25, 2006 Big Brother (Australia series 1) - since September 14, 2006 Big Brother (Australia series 2) - since September 14, 2006 Big Brother (Australia series 3) - since September 14, 2006 Big Brother (Australia series 4) - since September 14, 2006 Newsletter Contributors TheDoctorWho (talk) vteBig BrotherAfrica Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Titans Location of different versions of Big Brother.Americas Argentina Brazil Canada Loft Story Quebec Célébrités Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Pacific Panama Peru United States Celebrity Over the Top Reindeer Games Spanish Celebrity Spanish Asia-Pacific Arab States Australia Celebrity VIP China India Hindi Kannada Bangla Tamil Telugu Marathi Malayalam Indonesia Israel Pakistan Philippines Thailand Vietnam Europe Albania VIP Belgium Belgium & The Netherlands Bulgaria Celebrity Croatia Celebrity Czech Republic Denmark Finland France Loft Story Secret Story Germany Celebrity Greece Hungary TV2 RTL II Italy Celebrity Kosovo (VIP) Lithuania Netherlands Secret Story Norway Poland Portugal Celebrity Secret Story VIP Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Celebrity Secret Story Sweden Sweden and Norway Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom Celebrity Virtual Second Life If you wish to opt-out of future mailings, please remove yourself from the mailing list or alternatively to opt-out of all massmessage mailings, you may add Category:Wikipedians who opt out of message delivery to your user talk page. User:TheDoctorWho (talk) 08:14, 14 July 2021 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Ted Cruz presidential campaign logo old.png ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Ted Cruz presidential campaign logo old.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --Minorax«¦talk¦» 04:10, 27 July 2021 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Hit or Miss (Jacob Sartorius song).jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Hit or Miss (Jacob Sartorius song).jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. 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Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:40, 26 August 2021 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for September 4 An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Eugenics in the United States, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Latino. (Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 05:54, 4 September 2021 (UTC) File:John F. Simms.jpg listed for discussion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:John F. Simms.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 18:34, 6 September 2021 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Maureen Kennedy Salaman.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Maureen Kennedy Salaman.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. 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Please list your username under the participants’ section of the contest page to indicate your interest in participating in this contest. The term "African" in the context of this contest, includes people of African descent from all over the world, which includes the diaspora and the Caribbean. The following prizes would be recognized at the end of the contest: Overall winner 1st - $500 2nd - $200 3rd - $100 Diversity winner - $100 Gender-gap fillers - $100 Language Winners - up to $100* Also look out for local prizes from affiliates in your countries or communities! For further information about the contest, the prizes and how to participate, please visit the contest page here. For further inquiries, please leave comments on the contest talkpage or on the main project talkpage. We look forward to your participation.--Jamie Tubers (talk) 23:20, 30th September 2021 (UTC) Ýou can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this list November 2021 Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Brandon Brown (racing driver). Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted. If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively, you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant noticeboards. If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents. Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Please note an RfC on the Talk page on this article is pending about whether to add content related to "Let's Go Brandon", and the RfC process is discussed further at Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment#Responding_to_an_RfC. Thank you, Beccaynr (talk) 19:11, 1 November 2021 (UTC) The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November! Greetings, It is already past the middle of the contest and we are really excited about the Months of African Contest 2021 achievements so far! We want to extend our sincere gratitude for the time and energy you have invested. If you have not yet participated in the contest, it is not too late to do it. Please list your username as a participant on the contest’s main page. Please remember to list the articles you have improved or created on the article achievements' section of the contest page so they can be tracked. In order to win prizes, be sure to also list your article in the users by articles. Please note that your articles must be present in both the article achievement section on the main contest page, as well as on the Users By Articles page for you to qualify for a prize. We would be awarding prizes to different categories of winners: Overall winner 1st - $500 2nd - $200 3rd - $100 Diversity winner - $100 Gender-gap filler - $100 Language Winners - up to $100* Thank you once again for your valued participation! --Jamie Tubers (talk) 18:50, 11 November 2021 (UTC) You can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this list Orphaned non-free image File:Benny Benson.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Benny Benson.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC) ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2021 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 6 December 2021. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2021 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:45, 23 November 2021 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Make America Crip Again v2.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Make America Crip Again v2.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 20:20, 25 December 2021 (UTC) "Rashaun O'Neal" listed at Redirects for discussion An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Rashaun O'Neal and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 31#Rashaun O'Neal until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tavix (talk) 18:11, 31 December 2021 (UTC) Please create the killer Mike - Reagan (song) page killer Mike - Reagan (song) - the United States CIA created the African American drug plague in the 1990s - Gary Webb Why is this not included or linked to in the article? Please create this article -- > "Reagan (song)" NPR https://www.npr.org/2012/06/19/155308252/killer-mike-on-ronald-reagan-and-raising-daughters New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/08/opinion/sway-kara-swisher-killer-mike.html NewsWeek: https://www.newsweek.com/killer-mike-stephen-colbert-talk-race-police-bernie-sanders-412227 PS CIA employees have been caught editing Wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by Quiet2 (talk • contribs) 10:36, 5 February 2022 (UTC) File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg listed for discussion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Devonian Wombat (talk) 13:40, 12 February 2022 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 19:08, 13 February 2022 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg. 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Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:39, 16 February 2022 (UTC) Nomination of List of island counties of the United States for deletion A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of island counties of the United States, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted. The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of island counties of the United States until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:02, 20 February 2022 (UTC) You're Invited! Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia On, Friday, February 25, 2022, Oregon State University will be hosting an online editathon focused on Black history of the Pacific Northwest. You can learn more here and/or register here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:26, 23 February 2022 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Ohio Constitutionalists A tag has been placed on Category:Ohio Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion. 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Gonnym (talk) 05:49, 3 March 2022 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Solidarity Template:Party shading/Solidarity has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:50, 3 March 2022 (UTC) Portland Art+Feminism Edit-a-thon: March 12, 2022 You are invited! An Art+Feminism Wikipedia edit-a-thon will be held in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 2022. Learn more here! Wikipedia is one of the most-visited sites on the internet—and it’s created by people who volunteer their time to write and edit pages. Learn how to edit Wikipedia and be a part of shaping our understanding of our world. In this workshop, volunteer Wikipedia editors will be on hand to train participants on how to get started editing pages and offer ideas for which pages you can pitch in to help improve. Show up at any point during the four hours to get started! Also: Free burritos!! We will be providing vegan, vegetarian, and meat burritos from food cart Loncheria Las Mayos. Alder Commons has a large, fenced playground. Children are welcome! Some computers will be available to borrow, but if you have a laptop, please bring it to use. We will also be leading an online training for new editors at 11am-12pm PST. Please feel free to join that training if you are not able to show up IRL. This event is part of the international month of events organized by Art+Feminism, which is building a community of activists committed to closing information gaps related to gender, feminism, and the arts, beginning with Wikipedia. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:37, 8 March 2022 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. 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Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User Rand Paul and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User Rand Paul during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. MZMcBride (talk) 22:09, 23 June 2022 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:19, 8 July 2022 (UTC) Nomination of Steve Moses (television personality) for deletion A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Steve Moses (television personality) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted. The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steve Moses (television personality) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. 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To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:02, 21 July 2022 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists A tag has been placed on Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 01:06, 30 July 2022 (UTC) MfD nomination of Template:User no antifa Template:User no antifa, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User no antifa and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User no antifa during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. RockstoneSend me a message! 08:23, 30 July 2022 (UTC) MfD nomination of Template:User pro free speech Template:User pro free speech, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User pro free speech and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User pro free speech during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Sundostund (talk) 21:22, 14 August 2022 (UTC) Belated RfD notice Realdonaldtrump, which you created, is at RfD; see Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 22#Donald Trump and Twitter. Your contribution is welcome. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 16:29, 24 August 2022 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:07, 15 October 2022 (UTC) "Twenty sixteen" listed at Redirects for discussion An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Twenty sixteen and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 29#Twenty sixteen until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. MightyArms (talk) 22:43, 29 October 2022 (UTC) ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:24, 29 November 2022 (UTC) Disambiguation link notification for December 5 An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Shri Thanedar, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Axios. (Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:00, 5 December 2022 (UTC) Proposed deletion of Monégasque Americans The article Monégasque Americans has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: Not enough Monegasque-Americans, or literature about them, to justify a page. While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons. You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page. Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. QueensanditsCrazy (talk) 19:07, 12 February 2023 (UTC) "Rock Johnson" listed at Redirects for discussion The redirect Rock Johnson has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 April 18 § Rock Johnson until a consensus is reached. ErceÇamurOfficial (talk) 09:17, 18 April 2023 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Illinois Constitutionalists A tag has been placed on Category:Illinois Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 22:18, 22 July 2023 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Wyoming police officers A tag has been placed on Category:Wyoming police officers indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. ✗plicit 13:28, 19 August 2023 (UTC) John Kasich 2016 presidential Map Hi User talk:Kingofthedead I found a map you done on the page of John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign on the Percentage of vote received by Kasich by state or territory in the Republican Party presidential primaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Kasich_2016.svg . I was wondering could you make a similar map for Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign and Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign. Thanks.Muaza Husni (talk) 01:16, 31 August 2023 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ~ GB fan 11:53, 26 September 2023 (UTC) Block review This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without good reason (see the blocking policy). Kingofthedead (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log)) Request reason: Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is 64.124.45.191. I submitted a formal unblock request but I didn't realize I could just do this instead. Kingofthedead (talk) 01:59, 15 October 2023 (UTC) Decline reason: This is a "formal unblock request" so I'm not sure what you are referencing(maybe WP:UTRS?). That IP is indeed a webhost. 331dot (talk) 09:09, 15 October 2023 (UTC) If you want to make any further unblock requests, please read the guide to appealing blocks first, then use the {{unblock}} template again. If you make too many unconvincing or disruptive unblock requests, you may be prevented from editing this page until your block has expired. Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked. @331dot: I'm not sure what to do then. It's definitely the fault of my apartment complex where I get the wifi from. Kingofthedead (talk) 02:02, 16 October 2023 (UTC) @Yamla: Again I'm not really sure what to do. I saw you denied my appeal request because my "IP address is a confirmed proxy" but I have no control over my IP address. That's determined by my wifi provider and apartment complex and I don't use any sort of a VPN. I'd just like to be able to edit Wikipedia again. Kingofthedead (talk) 03:35, 16 October 2023 (UTC) See Template:Blocked p2p proxy for more details. --Yamla (talk) 09:44, 16 October 2023 (UTC) @Yamla: Again I've tried all these options with no luck. Kingofthedead (talk) 05:09, 19 October 2023 (UTC) If you have requested WP:IPBE as directed and if that request was declined, there is nothing more that can be done for you. --Yamla (talk) 10:12, 19 October 2023 (UTC) @Yamla: Is there any particular reason why this exists? I'm pretty confused as to what a colocation server even is and how it differs based on the wifi network. My apartment complex switched over to new Wifi and immediately I stopped being able to edit Wikipedia. I'm not sure why simply switching to a new WiFi network would have such a drastic change. I'm not very knowledgeable when it comes to this sort of stuff so I'm not sure first of all, as you were the declining administrator, why specifically you declined my request for an exemption besides it being a "confirmed proxy"; this is not under my control whatsoever as I just use the WiFi connection my apartment complex provides. I'd just like a little more clarity if that's not too much to ask. Kingofthedead (talk) 06:50, 22 October 2023 (UTC) Yes. Proxies such as the one you are using are typically used by highly abusive editors for spam and death threats and other such nonsense. Please understand, I'm not at all implying you would use it for that. --Yamla (talk) 09:52, 22 October 2023 (UTC) Nomination of Susheela Jayapal for deletion A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Susheela Jayapal, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted. The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Susheela Jayapal until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:00, 2 November 2023 (UTC) Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Laura Bush An image created by you has been promoted to featured picture status Your image, File:Laura Bush portrait.jpg, was nominated on Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates, gained a consensus of support, and has been promoted. If you would like to nominate an image, please do so at Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates. Thank you for your contribution! Armbrust The Homunculus 06:29, 4 November 2023 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of North Pole, Alaska.gif ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Flag of North Pole, Alaska.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:09, 27 November 2023 (UTC) ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once. The Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail. If you wish to participate in the 2023 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 00:47, 28 November 2023 (UTC) File:Get out of jail free.jpg listed for discussion A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Get out of jail free.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. JohnCWiesenthal (talk) 00:13, 13 December 2023 (UTC) Nomination for deletion of Template:Trump confirmations Template:Trump confirmations has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. WikiCleanerMan (talk) 21:14, 30 December 2023 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:GTA San Andreas iOS gameplay.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:GTA San Andreas iOS gameplay.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:26, 13 January 2024 (UTC) "Robert Lindsay (Sylhet" listed at Redirects for discussion The redirect Robert Lindsay (Sylhet has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 February 10 § Robert Lindsay (Sylhet until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 22:59, 10 February 2024 (UTC) Orphaned non-free image File:Johnny Rebel.jpg ⚠ Thanks for uploading File:Johnny Rebel.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media). Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:34, 18 February 2024 (UTC) International Women’s Day Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon, Sunday, March 10 OJMCHE The Oregon Jewish Museum and Center for Holocaust Education (OJMCHE), in partnership with social practice artist Shoshana Gugenheim and as part of the Art+Feminism Project, will host an International Women's Day Wikipedia Edit-a-thon to edit and/or create Wikipedia articles for Jewish women artists. The event will be held at the museum on Sunday, March 10 from 11am-3pm PDT. Pre-registration is preferred but not required. Members of the public are invited to come to the museum to learn about the editing process, its history, its impact, and how to do it. We aim to collaboratively edit/enter Jewish women artists into the canon. An experienced regional Wikipedian will provided will be on site to teach, support, and guide the process. Participants can select artists ahead of time or on site. Please visit this link to RSVP and the Wikipedia meetup page for more information. Thanks! Art+Feminism Cascadia Wikimedians placed this banner at 22:50, 29 February 2024 (UTC) by using the Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland/Participants list.To subscribe to or unsubscribe from messages from Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland, please add or remove your name here. Speedy deletion nomination of Pierre Connes A tag has been placed on Pierre Connes requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason: This page redirects to Pierres Connes wife, which might be notable but it would be better if it is was just a red link Under the criteria for speedy deletion, pages that meet certain criteria may be deleted at any time. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. ReyHahn (talk) 22:09, 24 March 2024 (UTC) "Pierre Connes" listed at Redirects for discussion The redirect Pierre Connes has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 March 24 § Pierre Connes until a consensus is reached. ReyHahn (talk) 22:55, 24 March 2024 (UTC) Speedy deletion nomination of Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists A tag has been placed on Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion. If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 19:11, 1 April 2024 (UTC) "Shaq's Size" listed at Redirects for discussion The redirect Shaq's Size has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 April 26 § Shaq's Size until a consensus is reached. Mazewaxie (talk • contribs) 07:37, 26 April 2024 (UTC) Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Omnis Scientia (talk) 23:58, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
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centenarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bermudian_centenarians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"categorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization"},{"link_name":"the category's entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2024_June_7#Category:Bermudian_centenarians"},{"link_name":"categories for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"Omnis Scientia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Omnis_Scientia"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Omnis_Scientia"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Notification of new discussion concerning Marquita Bradshaw[edit]You recently expressed an opinion at Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Marquita_Bradshaw. (That AfD closed Sept 4 with consensus expressed as \"The result was keep. A discussion on whether or not to merge or redirect can happen after this AfD.\") A new proposal, to redirect searches for \"Marquita Bradshaw\" to 2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee is being discussed at Talk:2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee#Proposed merge of Marquita Bradshaw into 2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee. HouseOfChange (talk) 16:06, 30 September 2020 (UTC)[reply]Idaho Prop 2 Results?[edit]Hi I noticed you put up the image for Idaho's Prop 2 results by county in 2018 (to expand medicaid). I was wondering where I could find the county level results for that vote. Thanks! --CartoonDiablo (talk) 00:32, 21 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]@CartoonDiablo: https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=860816 Kingofthedead (talk) 00:33, 21 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]\nThanks! --CartoonDiablo (talk) 01:54, 21 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November![edit]Greetings,\nThank you very much for participating in the Months of African Cinema global contest/edit-a-thon, and thank you for your contributions so far.\nIt is already the middle of the contest and a lot have been achieved already! We have been able to get over 1,500 articles created in over fifteen (15) languages! This would not have been possible without your support and we want to thank you. If you have not yet listed your name as a participant in the contest page please do so. \nPlease make sure to list the articles you have created or improved in the article achievements' section of the contest page, so that they can be easily tracked. To be able to claim prizes, please also ensure to list your articles on the users by articles page. We would be awarding prizes to different categories of winners:\n\nOverall winner\n1st - $500\n2nd - $200\n3rd - $100\nDiversity winner - $100\nGender-gap filler - $100\nLanguage Winners - up to $100*\nWe are very excited about what has been achieved so far, but your contributions are still needed to further exceed all expectations! Let’s create more articles before the end of this contest, which is this November!!!\nThank you once again for being part of this global event! --Jamie Tubers (talk) 10:30, 06 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]You can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this list\"Barry Hussein Obama\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Barry Hussein Obama. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 20#Barry Hussein Obama until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. TheAwesomeHwyh 18:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. UnitedStatesian (talk) 01:28, 22 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message[edit]Orphaned non-free image File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]Than you for your helpful reversion notes[edit]I want to thank you for your helpful reversion notes. Another editor reverts my moves to possibly living people with statements like \"utter blithing incompetence\" in some cases leaving it unclear exactly how he knows the person in question still fits in the living people category when the most recent working link dates to 27 or 28 years ago, the only link added in the last 5 years was a primary source one on the subjects birth, and the article itself unhelpfully does not believe in using dates for jobs. The article is on Robert Basmann if you want to have a go at it. John Pack Lambert (talk) 23:58, 21 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]Stop being an uncivil lout, JPL. If you want to complain about me, I have a talk page that somehow appears to have escaped your attention. Instead, not only are you posting to uninvolved editors' talk pages. trying to drag them in, but you're dishonestly trying to shame me by presenting faked quotes from my edit summaries with misspellings I hadn't made on each talk page you posted to. I can spell \"blithering\". Here, it looks like you can't. That's at best ironic, or it would be if it didn't appear deliberate. Bluntly, you don't understand the instructions for the category. It doesn't say \"sourcing\". It says \"documentation\". Any documentation that indicates the subject has been alive within the last decade prevents application. It doesn't have to be in the article, or even be related to something notable enough to be in the article. A photo of them at their 75th high school reunion in their local paper would be good enough. It would be time- and effort-wasting to require that editors prove that elderly article subjects have done something noteworthy at an advanced age to prevent them from being classified as only possibly alive. It's also weird and creepy. In the case of Robert Basmann, which you whine about here, if you'd simply clicked on the \"search\" box in the university page already linked in the article, you'd have immediately arrived at a page indicating the subject is currently alive. You didn't bother to check. You also didn't bother to do a simple Google search. If you had, you would have found links to two pages forestalling application of the \"possibly living\" category. Face the truth, JPL, your indolent, slipshod editing and searching practices are corrosively damaging to this encyclopedia. You've already been responsible for one of Wikipedia's worst public embarrassments. Your attitude seems to be that you're such a special, privileged editor that those who disagree with you must prove their points and explain them to your satisfaction before altering your work. That's not the case.DC Statehood Greens[edit]Hey, I've noticed you've been doing a lot of work with historic DC elections. I'm not entirely sure who to talk to about this but I just realized that the DC Statehood Green Party has only existed since 1999 so we might have to overhaul all DC elections pages to create links to both new parties. Since it appears the Greens were absorbed into the Statehood Party I think we would keep that party's page and create another one for the Greens that existed for a few years. Baconheimian (talk) 01:48, 26 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]@Baconheimian: Damn. Looks like you're right. But luckily there aren't that many to fix. Also looks like pretty much all the candidates were Statehood and not Green? OurCampaigns doesn't really distinguish there. 04:56, 26 January 2021 (UTC) Kingofthedead (talk) 04:56, 26 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]\nI'm going to start going back and changing anything I can see. From what I can tell the only election the DC Greens were actually in was the 1998 Shadow Representative so it looks like anything pre-1999 should become Statehood. It turns out there's actually a Statehood Party color template but it has rarely been used.Baconheimian (talk) 14:07, 26 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of William Mohr for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article William Mohr, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Mohr until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:03, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 18:31, 22 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]Delmarva Peninsula[edit]First of all, I congratulate you on your great work editing articles on regions such as MN's Iron Range, MD's Eastern Shore and the Delmarva Peninsula and providing political and electoral information thereon. That was an area of knowledge that for too long had been ignored by editors.But I wanted to point out that the article on the Delmarva Peninsula sets its boundaries as commencing south of Wilmington, DE, and that the city is not included within the Peninsula. This is clear from the list of cities in the article, which sets forth Dover and Salisbury as the two largest by population in the Delmarva Peninsula. For this reason, the presidential-election results for the Delmarva Peninsula should not include those of Wilmington.From the number of votes cast and the Democratic margins in the table that you added to the article, you clearly included all of New Castle County, including Wilmington, in the electoral results. Is the issue that the southern portion of New Castle County lies within the Delmarva Peninsula but the city of Wilmington doesn't? That could be a problem in determining the presidential-election vote for the Delmarva Peninsula, since Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections does not provide New Castle County data by precinct or even by town. Have you found election data for different parts of New Castle County?I look forward to hearing from you on this, and I am confident that we'll be able to provide electoral information that is consistent with the rest of the article (even if it requires an explanation regarding the incomplete nature of the voting results). AuH2ORepublican (talk) 22:46, 23 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]@AuH2ORepublican: Hmm. Might add a disclaimer that it's the state of Delaware combined with the rest of the peninsula. Another option would be to display the results both with and without New Castle county. Precinct data is probably available somewhere but it's too time-consuming for me to really pursue. Just from a quick Google search for \"Delmarva Peninsula\" it looks like New Castle is included in the majority of the proposals. Official sources cite that definition too - the Bureau of Labor Statistics ([1]) for example. Honestly I'd just go with leaving in New Castle and adding a disclaimer. Kingofthedead (talk) 00:00, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\nGiven that the article's definition of the Delmarva Peninsula excludes Wilmington, and with how difficult it would be to exclude Wilmington but not the parts of New Castle County to its south, I think that having two tables (with and without New Castle County) would be best. But, yes, a footnote describing what is included would be helpful. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 00:08, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\n@AuH2ORepublican: Sounds good. Will get that done in a day or two. Kingofthedead (talk) 07:11, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 12:29, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\n@Superman7515: See this convo. Kingofthedead (talk) 20:38, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\n@AuH2ORepublican: and @Kingofthedead:, respectfully, I wholeheartedly disagree. The information is not that difficult to find, and just because someone is not interested in doing the work to make it correct, does not mean incorrect information should be added. With the article using the C&D Canal as the \"border\", as evidenced by neither Newark, New Castle, or Elkton being included in the largest municipalities, the totals for New Castle County should include District 8, District 9, and District 11 because those three districts entirely encompass the portion of New Castle County below the canal and no district overlaps. This changes the table dramatically. There were 296,268 votes cast for Joe Biden in New Castle County, but only 23,127 from those three districts below the canal. There were 200,603 ballots cast for Donald Trump in New Castle County, but only 20,131 from those three districts below the canal. While Joe Biden still \"wins\" two of those three districts, it has a dramatic affect on the table. Subtracting the 273,141 ballots for Joe Biden that were not cast on the Delmarva part of New Castle County and subtracting the 180,472 similarly cast ballots for Donald Trump shifts the data table from a 60,000 vote win for Joe Biden to a 40,000 vote win for Donald Trump. A roughly 100,000 ballot difference when the total ballots cast is less than 800,000 is unconsciounably inaccurate for a Wikipedia article.Superman7515 (talk) 18:02, 26 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]@Superman7515:, that is terrific research on the election data from the portion of New Castle County within the Delmarva Peninsula. Is such information publicly available for prior presidential elections as well? (Please remember that precinct boundaries change with every decennial U.S. Census.) And is such precinct-level information also available for Cecil County, MD?Given that Wilmington casts such a high proportion of votes in New Castle County, and the relatively few of the county's votes cast within the boundaries of the Delmarva Peninsula are far less Democrat-leaning than the Wilmington vote, I think that removing the New Castle County vote from the electoral information on the table would yield a fair approximation of how Delmarva has voted through the years. The same applies to Cecil County as well, given tha only the southeastern portion of the County (which has a relatively small percentage of the county's population and voters) lies within Delmarva. For the years for which New Castle County and Cecil County precinct information is available, a more precise Delmarva vote can be included on a separate table.What do you guys think? AuH2ORepublican (talk) 19:51, 28 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\n@AuH2ORepublican: Honestly I'm just thinking leaving it out is the best course of action here. Kingofthedead (talk) 00:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021[edit]Cascadia Wikimedians placed this banner at 03:46, 24 February 2021 (UTC) by using the Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland/Participants list.To subscribe to or unsubscribe from messages from Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland, please add or remove your name here.Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Utah Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Utah Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 16:36, 4 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"Locker room talk\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Locker room talk. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 5#Locker room talk until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Gaioa (T C L) 18:00, 5 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"List of presents of the United States\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect List of presents of the United States. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 11#List of presents of the United States until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Mdewman6 (talk) 02:15, 11 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"List of presents of Russia\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect List of presents of Russia. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 11#List of presents of Russia until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC678 03:17, 11 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Henry Heimlich.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Henry Heimlich.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:38, 14 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for March 20[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Lester L. Wolff, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Medicare.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:24, 20 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"2024 United States elections\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect 2024 United States elections. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 April 27#2024 United States elections until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. ― Tartan357 Talk 20:05, 27 April 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Gangsta Rap The Glockumentary.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Gangsta Rap The Glockumentary.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:28, 11 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – July 2020[edit]User:TheDoctorWho (talk) 08:14, 14 July 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Ted Cruz presidential campaign logo old.png[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Ted Cruz presidential campaign logo old.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 18:34, 6 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Maureen Kennedy Salaman.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Maureen Kennedy Salaman.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:34, 11 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]Welcome to the Months of African Cinema Global Contest![edit]Greetings!\nThe AfroCine Project core team is happy to inform you that the Months of African Cinema Contest is happening again this year in October and November. We invite Wikipedians all over the world to join in improving content related to African cinema on Wikipedia!\nPlease list your username under the participants’ section of the contest page to indicate your interest in participating in this contest. The term \"African\" in the context of this contest, includes people of African descent from all over the world, which includes the diaspora and the Caribbean.\nThe following prizes would be recognized at the end of the contest:\n\nOverall winner\n1st - $500\n2nd - $200\n3rd - $100\nDiversity winner - $100\nGender-gap fillers - $100\nLanguage Winners - up to $100*\nAlso look out for local prizes from affiliates in your countries or communities! For further information about the contest, the prizes and how to participate, please visit the contest page here. For further inquiries, please leave comments on the contest talkpage or on the main project talkpage. We look forward to your participation.--Jamie Tubers (talk) 23:20, 30th September 2021 (UTC)Ýou can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this listNovember 2021[edit]Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Brandon Brown (racing driver). Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively, you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant noticeboards.\nIf you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Please note an RfC on the Talk page on this article is pending about whether to add content related to \"Let's Go Brandon\", and the RfC process is discussed further at Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment#Responding_to_an_RfC. Thank you, Beccaynr (talk) 19:11, 1 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November![edit]Greetings,\nIt is already past the middle of the contest and we are really excited about the Months of African Contest 2021 achievements so far! We want to extend our sincere gratitude for the time and energy you have invested. If you have not yet participated in the contest, it is not too late to do it. Please list your username as a participant on the contest’s main page.\nPlease remember to list the articles you have improved or created on the article achievements' section of the contest page so they can be tracked. In order to win prizes, be sure to also list your article in the users by articles. Please note that your articles must be present in both the article achievement section on the main contest page, as well as on the Users By Articles page for you to qualify for a prize. \nWe would be awarding prizes to different categories of winners:\n\nOverall winner\n1st - $500\n2nd - $200\n3rd - $100\nDiversity winner - $100\nGender-gap filler - $100\nLanguage Winners - up to $100*\nThank you once again for your valued participation! --Jamie Tubers (talk) 18:50, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]You can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this listOrphaned non-free image File:Benny Benson.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Benny Benson.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message[edit]Orphaned non-free image File:Make America Crip Again v2.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Make America Crip Again v2.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 20:20, 25 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"Rashaun O'Neal\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Rashaun O'Neal and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 31#Rashaun O'Neal until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tavix (talk) 18:11, 31 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]Please create the killer Mike - Reagan (song) page[edit]killer Mike - Reagan (song) - the United States CIA created the African American drug plague in the 1990s - Gary Webb \nWhy is this not included or linked to in the article? Please create this article -- > \"Reagan (song)\"NPR https://www.npr.org/2012/06/19/155308252/killer-mike-on-ronald-reagan-and-raising-daughters\nNew York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/08/opinion/sway-kara-swisher-killer-mike.html\nNewsWeek: https://www.newsweek.com/killer-mike-stephen-colbert-talk-race-police-bernie-sanders-412227PS CIA employees have been caught editing Wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by Quiet2 (talk • contribs) 10:36, 5 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg listed for discussion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Devonian Wombat (talk) 13:40, 12 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 19:08, 13 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:39, 16 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of List of island counties of the United States for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of island counties of the United States, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of island counties of the United States until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:02, 20 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]You're Invited! Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia[edit]On, Friday, February 25, 2022, Oregon State University will be hosting an online editathon focused on Black history of the Pacific Northwest. You can learn more here and/or register here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:26, 23 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Ohio Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Ohio Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 06:09, 24 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Blue Enigma[edit]Template:Party shading/Blue Enigma has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:49, 3 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Chicano[edit]Template:Party shading/Chicano has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:49, 3 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Solidarity[edit]Template:Party shading/Solidarity has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:50, 3 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Portland Art+Feminism Edit-a-thon: March 12, 2022[edit]You are invited! An Art+Feminism Wikipedia edit-a-thon will be held in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 2022. Learn more here!Wikipedia is one of the most-visited sites on the internet—and it’s created by people who volunteer their time to write and edit pages. Learn how to edit Wikipedia and be a part of shaping our understanding of our world. In this workshop, volunteer Wikipedia editors will be on hand to train participants on how to get started editing pages and offer ideas for which pages you can pitch in to help improve. Show up at any point during the four hours to get started!Also: Free burritos!! We will be providing vegan, vegetarian, and meat burritos from food cart Loncheria Las Mayos. Alder Commons has a large, fenced playground. Children are welcome! Some computers will be available to borrow, but if you have a laptop, please bring it to use. We will also be leading an online training for new editors at 11am-12pm PST. Please feel free to join that training if you are not able to show up IRL.This event is part of the international month of events organized by Art+Feminism, which is building a community of activists committed to closing information gaps related to gender, feminism, and the arts, beginning with Wikipedia. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:37, 8 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:05, 30 May 2022 (UTC)[reply]MfD nomination of Template:User Rand Paul[edit]Template:User Rand Paul, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User Rand Paul and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User Rand Paul during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. MZMcBride (talk) 22:09, 23 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:16, 5 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Maui County, Hawaii.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Flag of Maui County, Hawaii.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:19, 8 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of Steve Moses (television personality) for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Steve Moses (television personality) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.\nThe article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steve Moses (television personality) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.\nUsers may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.Bgsu98 (talk) 05:34, 20 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of George Boswell for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article George Boswell, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/George Boswell until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:02, 21 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 01:06, 30 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]MfD nomination of Template:User no antifa[edit]Template:User no antifa, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User no antifa and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User no antifa during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. RockstoneSend me a message! 08:23, 30 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]MfD nomination of Template:User pro free speech[edit]Template:User pro free speech, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User pro free speech and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User pro free speech during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Sundostund (talk) 21:22, 14 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]Belated RfD notice[edit]Realdonaldtrump, which you created, is at RfD; see Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 22#Donald Trump and Twitter. Your contribution is welcome. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 16:29, 24 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:07, 15 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]\"Twenty sixteen\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Twenty sixteen and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 29#Twenty sixteen until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. MightyArms (talk) 22:43, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:24, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for December 5[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Shri Thanedar, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Axios.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:00, 5 December 2022 (UTC)[reply]Proposed deletion of Monégasque Americans[edit]The article Monégasque Americans has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:Not enough Monegasque-Americans, or literature about them, to justify a page.While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. QueensanditsCrazy (talk) 19:07, 12 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]\"Rock Johnson\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Rock Johnson has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 April 18 § Rock Johnson until a consensus is reached. ErceÇamurOfficial (talk) 09:17, 18 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Illinois Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Illinois Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 22:18, 22 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Wyoming police officers[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Wyoming police officers indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. ✗plicit 13:28, 19 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]John Kasich 2016 presidential Map[edit]Hi User talk:Kingofthedead I found a map you done on the page of John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign on the Percentage of vote received by Kasich by state or territory in the Republican Party presidential primaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Kasich_2016.svg .\nI was wondering could you make a similar map for Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign and Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign. Thanks.Muaza Husni (talk) 01:16, 31 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ~ GB fan 11:53, 26 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Block review[edit]This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without good reason (see the blocking policy).\nKingofthedead (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))\n\n\n\nRequest reason:\n\n\nCaught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is 64.124.45.191. I submitted a formal unblock request but I didn't realize I could just do this instead. Kingofthedead (talk) 01:59, 15 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\n\nDecline reason:\n\n\nThis is a \"formal unblock request\" so I'm not sure what you are referencing(maybe WP:UTRS?). That IP is indeed a webhost. 331dot (talk) 09:09, 15 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\n\n\nIf you want to make any further unblock requests, please read the guide to appealing blocks first, then use the {{unblock}} template again. If you make too many unconvincing or disruptive unblock requests, you may be prevented from editing this page until your block has expired. Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked.@331dot: I'm not sure what to do then. It's definitely the fault of my apartment complex where I get the wifi from. Kingofthedead (talk) 02:02, 16 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Yamla: Again I'm not really sure what to do. I saw you denied my appeal request because my \"IP address is a confirmed proxy\" but I have no control over my IP address. That's determined by my wifi provider and apartment complex and I don't use any sort of a VPN. I'd just like to be able to edit Wikipedia again. Kingofthedead (talk) 03:35, 16 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nSee Template:Blocked p2p proxy for more details. --Yamla (talk) 09:44, 16 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Yamla: Again I've tried all these options with no luck. Kingofthedead (talk) 05:09, 19 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nIf you have requested WP:IPBE as directed and if that request was declined, there is nothing more that can be done for you. --Yamla (talk) 10:12, 19 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Yamla: Is there any particular reason why this exists? I'm pretty confused as to what a colocation server even is and how it differs based on the wifi network. My apartment complex switched over to new Wifi and immediately I stopped being able to edit Wikipedia. I'm not sure why simply switching to a new WiFi network would have such a drastic change. I'm not very knowledgeable when it comes to this sort of stuff so I'm not sure first of all, as you were the declining administrator, why specifically you declined my request for an exemption besides it being a \"confirmed proxy\"; this is not under my control whatsoever as I just use the WiFi connection my apartment complex provides. I'd just like a little more clarity if that's not too much to ask. Kingofthedead (talk) 06:50, 22 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nYes. Proxies such as the one you are using are typically used by highly abusive editors for spam and death threats and other such nonsense. Please understand, I'm not at all implying you would use it for that. --Yamla (talk) 09:52, 22 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of Susheela Jayapal for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Susheela Jayapal, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Susheela Jayapal until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. 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JohnCWiesenthal (talk) 00:13, 13 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Trump confirmations[edit]Template:Trump confirmations has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. WikiCleanerMan (talk) 21:14, 30 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:GTA San Andreas iOS gameplay.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:GTA San Andreas iOS gameplay.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:26, 13 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\"Robert Lindsay (Sylhet\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Robert Lindsay (Sylhet has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 February 10 § Robert Lindsay (Sylhet until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 22:59, 10 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Johnny Rebel.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Johnny Rebel.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:34, 18 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]International Women’s Day Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon, Sunday, March 10[edit]Cascadia Wikimedians placed this banner at 22:50, 29 February 2024 (UTC) by using the Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland/Participants list.To subscribe to or unsubscribe from messages from Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland, please add or remove your name here.Speedy deletion nomination of Pierre Connes[edit]A tag has been placed on Pierre Connes requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:This page redirects to Pierres Connes wife, which might be notable but it would be better if it is was just a red linkUnder the criteria for speedy deletion, pages that meet certain criteria may be deleted at any time.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". 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ReyHahn (talk) 22:55, 24 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 19:11, 1 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]\"Shaq's Size\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Shaq's Size has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 April 26 § Shaq's Size until a consensus is reached. Mazewaxie (talk • contribs) 07:37, 26 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion[edit]Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Omnis Scientia (talk) 23:58, 7 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Kingofthedead"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Russell_(barrister)
David Russell (barrister)
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Professional","2.2 Political","2.3 Other","3 Personal","4 Publications","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Australian barrister David RussellPersonal detailsBorn (1950-12-02) 2 December 1950 (age 73)Dalby, QueenslandNationalityAustralianPolitical partyLiberal National PartySpouse(s)Deborah Russell† (1975–2011)Alma materUniversity of Queensland (BA, LL.B., LL.M.)ProfessionLawyerWebsitewww.davidrussellqc.com David Graham Russell, AM, RFD, KC (born 2 December 1950) is an Australian barrister who specialises in international tax law. Early life and education David Russell was born in the town of Dalby in Queensland as the second son of Charles Wilfred Russell MP and Hilary Maude Russell (née Newton), subsequently H M Russell OBE. He attended Jimbour State School from 1956 to 1960, after which he attended Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane from 1961 to 1967. His university years were spent at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, where he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1971, his Bachelor of Laws in 1974, and finally his Master of Laws in 1983. Career Professional Russell was admitted as a solicitor in Queensland in 1974, and was called to the Bar in 1977. He is admitted to practise in Australia, England and Wales (where he is a member of Lincoln's Inn), the Courts of the Dubai International Financial Centre, New York (as a legal consultant), New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in Australia in 1986. He currently practises in Dubai and London at Outer Temple Chambers, Sydney at Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers and Brisbane at Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers, He has acted for Commonwealth and State Governments as well as individuals and corporations. Russell was President of the Taxation Institute of Australia from 1993 to 1995, and of the Asia Oceania Tax Consultants' Association from 1996 to 2000. He is a member of the Law Council of Australia Business Law Section Taxation Committee. He served as a member of the Ministerial Consultative Committee for the Tax Law Improvement Project from 1994 to 1997 and as a member of the Steering Committee for the National Review of Standards for the Tax Profession in 1993 and 1994. From 1991 to 1995 he was a member of the National Tax Liaison Group. David Russell has lectured and written extensively on taxation related topics in Australia and overseas, and served as a member of the Advisory Editorial Board of Australian Tax Practice. He has lectured at the University of Sydney for the Master of Taxation course, the University of Queensland for the Master of Laws course and served as an adjunct professor of the University of Queensland. He was the Australian correspondent for Oxford University Press's academic journal Trusts & Trustees. and is now one of its co-editors. He was Chairman of STEP Australia, a member of the STEP World Wide Council until 2018. Deputy Chair of STEP WorldWide in 2018 and 2019 and a member of STEP's Professional Standards and Public Policy Committees and the Committee of the STEP Contentious Trusts & Estates Special Interest Group, a co-chair of the United Arab Emirates Chapter of the International Section of the New York State Bar Association, and a member of the Executive Committee of the Section, an Academician of The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law, a member of The Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers, a member of The Commercial Bar Association, an Honorary Member of The Taxation Institute of Hong Kong, a Fellow Member of the Chartered Institute of Taxation (UK) and a Freeman of the City of London. Russell is listed in the Taxation Category in the Australian Financial Review's Best Lawyers review of the Australian Legal Profession in 2008 and all later years. In 2012, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia for, amongst other things, "service … to taxation law and legal education". In 2014 he was awarded Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year. Since 2017 he has been a member of Legal Week's Private Client Clobal Elite . From 2016 to 2018 he chaired the DIFC's Wealth Management Review, and is Executive Editor of the Laws of the DIFC . Political Yet there is someone else whose role in conceiving of the new party should also be acknowledged: my colleague David Russell QC, for whom the fusion of the Liberal and National parties in Queensland, to create what we might describe as ‘Liberalism with Queensland characteristics’, has been a life-work. George Brandis QC, The Spectator, 31 March 2012 David Russell served continuously on the State Executive of the Liberal National Party of Queensland and its predecessor party, the National Party of Australia — Queensland from 1984 to 2014 apart from six months in 2008–2009. He was President of the National Party in Queensland from 1995 to 1999, Vice-President of the National Party of Australia from 1990 to 1995, and 1999 to 2005, and President of the National Party of Australia from 2005 to 2006. He played a significant part in the merger of the National and Liberal Parties in Queensland in 2008, and was Vice-President of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2009 to 2011. Other Outside the law, David Russell maintains his interest in his family's rural business, Russell Pastoral Company, and its flagship property, Jimbour Station in Jimbour, Queensland. He served as President of the Australia-Japan Society in Queensland from 1997 to 2002, and as inaugural President of the National Federation of Australia Japan Societies from 2001 to 2005. In 2010 he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun with Gold Rays and Neck Ribbon for services to Australia–Japan relations. Personal David Russell married Deborah Ann Campbell on 19 September 1975. Deborah was the daughter of The Hon. Sir Walter Benjamin Campbell AC QC and Georgina Margaret Campbell (née Pearce). They have one son, Andrew Russell. Publications Towards greater fairness in taxation: A Model Taxpayer Charter (2013) ISBN 978-0-9550262-6-3 – with Michael Cadesky & Ian Hayes Notes ^ "Door Tenants and Associates". Outer Temple Chambers. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2013. ^ "David Russell AM QC RFD". Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Gibbs Chambers: About Us". Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Taxation Institute update". Taxation in Australia: 1. July 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference" (PDF). 2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference: 10. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "History & Past Presidents". AOTCA. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Tax and Climate Change" (PDF). University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Seminar – Tax and Climate Change". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Australia Day honours to UQ community members". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Postgraduate Coursework Programs" (PDF). Page 15. University of Queensland: TC Beirne School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Editorial Board". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2013. ^ "Australia Board". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Member Profile". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Contentious Trusts and Estates Steering Committee and Inaugural Chairman of the International Client Special Interest Group". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "International – Committee/Chapter Rosters". The New York State Bar Association. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "TIAETL". The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law and from 2020 a Council Member of the Academy. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "David Russell QC – Best Lawyers Lawyer Profile". Best Lawyers International. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Australia Day Honours List 2012". The Office of the Governor, Queensland. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ a b "Australia Day honour for Nationals' stalwart David Russell". The Nationals. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Meet the Winners". The Tax Institute. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014. ^ "David Russell QC wins 'Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year 2014'". Outer Temple. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2014. ^ "Queensland Diary". The Spectator. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "National Party votes to reform Senate". ABC News. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Queensland Diary". The Spectator. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Proposed Nationals merger with Libs causes friction". ABC. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "No marriage of convenience". The Australian. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Beefing up the Brand". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Russell Pastoral Company". Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Jimbour Wines closure". The Chronicle. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Beefing up the Brand". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs Toshio Kojima's Attendance at the PIF Post-Forum Dialogue and Visit to Tonga and Fiji". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee". Australian Embassy, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee". Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "STEP Journal June 2010". STEP Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "STEP Journal June 2010". STEP Journal. 18 (6): 6. June 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013. ^ "Order of the Rising Sun award" (PDF). David Graham Russell. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013. External links Official website
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"RFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Force_Decoration"},{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"international tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_taxation"}],"text":"David Graham Russell, AM, RFD, KC (born 2 December 1950) is an Australian barrister who specialises in international tax law.","title":"David Russell (barrister)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalby,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Charles Wilfred Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Russell_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"Jimbour State School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Darling_Downs"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"}],"text":"David Russell was born in the town of Dalby in Queensland as the second son of Charles Wilfred Russell MP and Hilary Maude Russell (née Newton), subsequently H M Russell OBE. He attended Jimbour State School from 1956 to 1960, after which he attended Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane from 1961 to 1967. His university years were spent at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, where he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1971, his Bachelor of Laws in 1974, and finally his Master of Laws in 1983.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Dubai International Financial Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Financial_Centre"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel#Australia"},{"link_name":"Outer Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Temple"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Taxation Institute of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_Institute_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Asia Oceania Tax Consultants' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia_Oceania_Tax_Consultants%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Law Council of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Council_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"adjunct professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor#Non-tenure-track_positions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Trusts & Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_%26_Trustees"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"STEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Trust_and_Estate_Practitioners"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"New York State Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Academician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academician"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Tax_Advisers"},{"link_name":"Chartered Institute of Taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Taxation"},{"link_name":"Freeman of the City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City#Freedom_of_the_City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Australian Financial Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"taxation law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law"},{"link_name":"legal education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_education"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"https://privateclientglobalelite.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//privateclientglobalelite.com"},{"link_name":"https://academy.difc.ae/publication/laws-difc-volume-1/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academy.difc.ae/publication/laws-difc-volume-1/"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"Russell was admitted as a solicitor in Queensland in 1974, and was called to the Bar in 1977. He is admitted to practise in Australia, England and Wales (where he is a member of Lincoln's Inn), the Courts of the Dubai International Financial Centre, New York (as a legal consultant), New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in Australia in 1986.He currently practises in Dubai and London at Outer Temple Chambers,[1] Sydney at Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers[2] and Brisbane at Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers,[3]He has acted for Commonwealth and State Governments as well as individuals and corporations.Russell was President of the Taxation Institute of Australia[4] from 1993 to 1995,[5] and of the Asia Oceania Tax Consultants' Association from 1996 to 2000.[6] He is a member of the Law Council of Australia Business Law Section Taxation Committee. He served as a member of the Ministerial Consultative Committee for the Tax Law Improvement Project from 1994 to 1997 and as a member of the Steering Committee for the National Review of Standards for the Tax Profession in 1993 and 1994. From 1991 to 1995 he was a member of the National Tax Liaison Group.David Russell has lectured and written extensively on taxation related topics in Australia and overseas, and served as a member of the Advisory Editorial Board of Australian Tax Practice. He has lectured at the University of Sydney for the Master of Taxation course,[7][8] the University of Queensland for the Master of Laws course and served as an adjunct professor of the University of Queensland.[9][10] He was the Australian correspondent for Oxford University Press's academic journal Trusts & Trustees.[11] and is now one of its co-editors.He was Chairman of STEP Australia,[12] a member of the STEP World Wide Council until 2018. Deputy Chair of STEP WorldWide in 2018 and 2019 and a member of STEP's Professional Standards and Public Policy Committees[13] and the Committee of the STEP Contentious Trusts & Estates Special Interest Group,[14] a co-chair of the United Arab Emirates Chapter of the International Section of the New York State Bar Association,[15] and a member of the Executive Committee of the Section, an Academician of The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law,[16] a member of The Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers, a member of The Commercial Bar Association, an Honorary Member of The Taxation Institute of Hong Kong, a Fellow Member of the Chartered Institute of Taxation (UK) and a Freeman of the City of London.Russell is listed in the Taxation Category in the Australian Financial Review's Best Lawyers review of the Australian Legal Profession in 2008 and all later years.[17] In 2012, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia for, amongst other things, \"service … to taxation law and legal education\".[18][19] In 2014 he was awarded Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year.[20][21] Since 2017 he has been a member of Legal Week's Private Client Clobal Elite [url=https://privateclientglobalelite.com].From 2016 to 2018 he chaired the DIFC's Wealth Management Review, and is Executive Editor of the Laws of the DIFC [ref=https://academy.difc.ae/publication/laws-difc-volume-1/].","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Brandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brandis"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"State Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"Liberal National Party of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"National Party of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"merger of the National and Liberal Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Political","text":"Yet there is someone else whose role in conceiving of the new party should also be acknowledged: my colleague David Russell QC, for whom the fusion of the Liberal and National parties in Queensland, to create what we might describe as ‘Liberalism with Queensland characteristics’, has been a life-work.\n\n\nGeorge Brandis QC, The Spectator, 31 March 2012[22]David Russell served continuously on the State Executive of the Liberal National Party of Queensland and its predecessor party, the National Party of Australia — Queensland from 1984 to 2014 apart from six months in 2008–2009. He was President of the National Party in Queensland from 1995 to 1999, Vice-President of the National Party of Australia from 1990 to 1995, and 1999 to 2005,[23] and President of the National Party of Australia from 2005 to 2006.[19] He played a significant part in the merger of the National and Liberal Parties in Queensland in 2008,[24][25] and was Vice-President of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2009 to 2011.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Jimbour Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbour_Station"},{"link_name":"Jimbour, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbour,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"National Federation of Australia Japan Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Australia_Japan_Societies"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Order of the Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun"},{"link_name":"Gold Rays and Neck Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun#3rd_Class,_Gold_Rays_with_Neck_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Australia–Japan relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Japan_relations"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Outside the law, David Russell maintains his interest in his family's rural business, Russell Pastoral Company,[27][28] and its flagship property, Jimbour Station in Jimbour, Queensland.[29][30]He served as President of the Australia-Japan Society in Queensland[31] from 1997 to 2002, and as inaugural President of the National Federation of Australia Japan Societies from 2001 to 2005.[32][33] In 2010 he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun with Gold Rays and Neck Ribbon for services to Australia–Japan relations.[34][35][36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Benjamin Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Campbell_(judge)"}],"text":"David Russell married Deborah Ann Campbell on 19 September 1975. Deborah was the daughter of The Hon. Sir Walter Benjamin Campbell AC QC and Georgina Margaret Campbell (née Pearce). They have one son, Andrew Russell.","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9550262-6-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9550262-6-3"}],"text":"Towards greater fairness in taxation: A Model Taxpayer Charter (2013) ISBN 978-0-9550262-6-3 – with Michael Cadesky & Ian Hayes","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Door Tenants and Associates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160402003635/http://www.outertemple.com/door-tenants-and-associates/index.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.outertemple.com/door-tenants-and-associates/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"David Russell AM QC 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.australia.or.jp/en/pressreleases/?id=308"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2005/fa042_05.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"STEP Journal June 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stepjournal.org/journal_archive/2010/step_journal_june_2010.aspx?lang=en-gb"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"STEP Journal June 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.yudu.com/Library/A1o3qk/STEPJournalJune2010V/resources/index.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Order of the Rising Sun award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140124000114/http://www.davidrussellqc.com/files/award-orderoftherisingsun.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//davidrussellqc.com/files/award-orderoftherisingsun.pdf"}],"text":"^ \"Door Tenants and Associates\". Outer Temple Chambers. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2013.\n\n^ \"David Russell AM QC RFD\". Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Gibbs Chambers: About Us\". Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Taxation Institute update\". Taxation in Australia: 1. July 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference\" (PDF). 2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference: 10. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"History & Past Presidents\". AOTCA. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Tax and Climate Change\" (PDF). University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Seminar – Tax and Climate Change\". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Australia Day honours to UQ community members\". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Postgraduate Coursework Programs\" (PDF). Page 15. University of Queensland: TC Beirne School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Editorial Board\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Australia Board\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"Member Profile\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"Contentious Trusts and Estates Steering Committee and Inaugural Chairman of the International Client Special Interest Group\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"International – Committee/Chapter Rosters\". The New York State Bar Association. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"TIAETL\". The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law and from 2020 a Council Member of the Academy. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"David Russell QC – Best Lawyers Lawyer Profile\". Best Lawyers International. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Australia Day Honours List 2012\". The Office of the Governor, Queensland. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Australia Day honour for Nationals' stalwart David Russell\". The Nationals. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Meet the Winners\". The Tax Institute. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.\n\n^ \"David Russell QC wins 'Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year 2014'\". Outer Temple. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Queensland Diary\". The Spectator. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"National Party votes to reform Senate\". ABC News. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Queensland Diary\". The Spectator. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Proposed Nationals merger with Libs causes friction\". ABC. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"No marriage of convenience\". The Australian. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Beefing up the Brand\". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Russell Pastoral Company\". Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Jimbour Wines closure\". The Chronicle. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Beefing up the Brand\". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs Toshio Kojima's Attendance at the PIF Post-Forum Dialogue and Visit to Tonga and Fiji\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\". Australian Embassy, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\". Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"STEP Journal June 2010\". STEP Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2013.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"STEP Journal June 2010\". STEP Journal. 18 (6): 6. June 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Order of the Rising Sun award\" (PDF). David Graham Russell. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121230190415/http://www.gibbschambers.com/about.htm","url_text":"\"Gibbs Chambers: About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.gibbschambers.com/about.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taxation Institute update\". Taxation in Australia: 1. July 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taxinstitute.com.au/file/bviewnow/1/itemid/4F35C43F%2D88A1%2D11DF%2D8B27670504B0BE32","url_text":"\"Taxation Institute update\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference\" (PDF). 2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference: 10. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. 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University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sydney.edu.au/news/2442.html?eventcategoryid=15&eventid=2563","url_text":"\"Seminar – Tax and Climate Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Day honours to UQ community members\". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uq.edu.au/news/?article=24308","url_text":"\"Australia Day honours to UQ community members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postgraduate Coursework Programs\" (PDF). Page 15. University of Queensland: TC Beirne School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234310/http://www.law.uq.edu.au/publications/Handbook_PG_Coursework_04.pdf","url_text":"\"Postgraduate Coursework Programs\""},{"url":"http://www.law.uq.edu.au/publications/Handbook_PG_Coursework_04.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Board\". Oxford University Press. 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Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.step.org/special_interest_groups/contentious_trusts__estates/steering_committee.aspx","url_text":"\"Contentious Trusts and Estates Steering Committee and Inaugural Chairman of the International Client Special Interest Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"International – Committee/Chapter Rosters\". The New York State Bar Association. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nysba.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&template=/CustomSource/CommitteeRoster.cfm&CommitteeID=COMMITTEE/ILP5342&Sect=ILP","url_text":"\"International – Committee/Chapter Rosters\""}]},{"reference":"\"TIAETL\". The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law and from 2020 a Council Member of the Academy. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. 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Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/wealth/beefing-up-the-brand/story-e6frgaco-1111112124375","url_text":"\"Beefing up the Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs Toshio Kojima's Attendance at the PIF Post-Forum Dialogue and Visit to Tonga and Fiji\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/spf/outline0108.html","url_text":"\"Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs Toshio Kojima's Attendance at the PIF Post-Forum Dialogue and Visit to Tonga and Fiji\""}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\". Australian Embassy, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140211211741/http://www.australia.or.jp/en/pressreleases/?id=308","url_text":"\"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\""},{"url":"http://www.australia.or.jp/en/pressreleases/?id=308","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\". Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2005/fa042_05.html","url_text":"\"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\""}]},{"reference":"\"STEP Journal June 2010\". STEP Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stepjournal.org/journal_archive/2010/step_journal_june_2010.aspx?lang=en-gb","url_text":"\"STEP Journal June 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"STEP Journal June 2010\". STEP Journal. 18 (6): 6. June 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.yudu.com/Library/A1o3qk/STEPJournalJune2010V/resources/index.htm","url_text":"\"STEP Journal June 2010\""}]},{"reference":"\"Order of the Rising Sun award\" (PDF). David Graham Russell. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140124000114/http://www.davidrussellqc.com/files/award-orderoftherisingsun.pdf","url_text":"\"Order of the Rising Sun award\""},{"url":"http://davidrussellqc.com/files/award-orderoftherisingsun.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_babbler
Arabian babbler
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour","4.1 Group structure and breeding biology","4.2 Nest","4.3 Diet","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"]
Species of bird Arabian babbler Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Leiothrichidae Genus: Argya Species: A. squamiceps Binomial name Argya squamiceps(Cretzschmar, 1827) Synonyms Turdoides squamiceps The Arabian babbler (Argya squamiceps) is a passerine bird until recently placed in the genus Turdoides. It is a communally nesting resident bird of arid scrub in the Middle East which lives together in relatively stable groups with strict orders of rank. Taxonomy The Arabian babbler was formerly placed in the genus Turdoides but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus Argya. The Leiothrichidae primarily occur in the Ethiopian and Oriental realms, but a few species in the genera Turdoides and Argya have penetrated into the Palearctic zone north of the tropics where they live in arid areas of North and East Africa, India and the Middle East. Description It is 26 to 29 cm (10 to 11 in) long with a wingspan of 31 to 33.5 cm (12.2 to 13.2 in) and a weight of 64 to 87.9 g (2.26 to 3.10 oz). It has a fairly long curved bill, a long tail, rounded wings and strong legs and feet. The plumage is grey-brown above, paler below. There are dark streaks on the back and the throat is whitish. It has a variety of calls including whistles, trills and chattering. Distribution and habitat The Arabian babbler prefers to settle along dry river beds with few trees and bushes. It is found in eastern, southern and western Arabia, occurring in the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen and western Saudi Arabia but absent from the central and north-eastern parts of the peninsula. Its range extends north to Jordan, Israel and eastern Sinai. It inhabits arid scrubland and savanna, occurring up to 2800 metres above sea-level in Yemen. Behaviour Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE Babblers dance and take baths together, offer each other gifts, clean themselves, and sometimes enter into conflict with each other for the privilege of helping another babbler. They may also feed their counterparts. This peculiar behaviour made them a privileged example for ethological theories concerning altruism among animals. Starting in the 1970s, Amotz Zahavi observed the babbler at length, giving rise to his theory of signal and its correlative, the handicap principle. Although babblers were considered particularly altruistic animals, Zahavi reinterpreted their behaviours according to his theory. Thus, Zahavi (1974) theorized that chick feeding by Arabian babbler helpers acts as a signal by the helper to gain social prestige within the group. Yitzchak Ben-Mocha of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology has studied Arabian babblers in Israel's Shezaf Nature Reserve. He has found evidence of intentional communication in the process used by adult babblers to encourage fledglings to move to a new shelter through calls and movement. Group structure and breeding biology Arabian babblers are cooperative breeders that live in groups and defend territories year round. Group size varies from two to 10 individuals. Their territories vary with the group size as well as the presence of neighboring groups. Groups consist of a reproductive pair and other non-breeding members who may or may not be direct offspring or close relatives. Helpers usually do not reproduce, but they participate in rearing the offspring, that is, in providing food, as well as other parental behavior like incubation, territory defense and defense against predators. Groups are labelled according to the relatedness of helpers to the reproductive pair: Simple group: where all helpers are direct offspring of the breeding pairs. Polyandrous group: where helpers include potential male breeder Polygynous group: where helpers include potential female breeders Complex group: which has non-related helpers of both sexes. Nest Babblers build open cup-shaped nests in the dense part of the tree or bush. Their breeding period starts generally from February and varies up to July and is highly dependent on the seasonal rainfall of the region which in turn regulates the food availability. They copulate throughout the year. Eggs are laid usually from February to July. Most clutches contain four eggs, laid on consecutive days. Incubation usually starts after laying the last egg and continues for 14 days until the chicks hatch. The nestlings fledge about 14 days after hatching. Diet The diet of the babblers includes a variety of invertebrates (mostly arthropods), small vertebrates (lizards, geckos, snakes) and plant material, like nectar, flowers, berries, leaves and seeds. References ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Argya squamiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22716364A131973977. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22716364A131973977.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ Cibois, A.; Gelang, M.; Alström, P.; Pasquet, E.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Olsson, U. (2018). "Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 428–440. doi:10.1111/zsc.12296. S2CID 51883434. ^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Laughingthrushes and allies". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 January 2019. ^ a b Zahavi, A. (1990). "Arabian Babblers: The quest for social status in a cooperative Breeder", pp. 105–130 in Cooperative Breeding in Birds, P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom ^ Anava, A.; Kam, M.; Shkolnik, A.; Degen, A.A. (2001). "Does group size affect field metabolic rate of Arabian Babbler (Turdoides squamiceps) nestlings?". The Auk. 118 (2): 525–528. doi:10.1093/auk/118.2.525. JSTOR 4089815. ^ Zahavi A. (1974). "Communal nesting by the Arabian Babbler: A case of individual selection". Ibis. 116: 84–87. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb00225.x. ^ Mason, Betsy (15 February 2022). "Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-021522-1. Retrieved 22 February 2022. ^ Ben Mocha, Yitzchak; Mundry, Roger; Pika, Simone (10 April 2019). "Joint attention skills in wild Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps): a consequence of cooperative breeding?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1900): 20190147. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0147. PMC 6501685. PMID 30940054. Retrieved 24 February 2022. ^ Lundy, K.J.; Parker, P.G.; Zahavi, A. (1998). "Reproduction by subordinates in cooperatively breeding Arabian babblers is uncommon but predictable". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 43 (3): 173–180. doi:10.1007/s002650050478. S2CID 20758377. ^ Ostreiher, R. (2001). "The importance of nestling location for obtaining food in open cup-nests". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 49 (5): 340–347. doi:10.1007/s002650000308. S2CID 37234082. ^ Ostreiher, R. (1997). "Food division in the Arabian babbler nest: adult choice or nestling competition?". Behavioral Ecology. 8 (2): 233–238. doi:10.1093/beheco/8.2.233. ^ Cramp, S. and Perrins, C. (1993) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: the birds of the Western Palearctic: Flycatchers to Shrikes. Volume 8. Oxford, Oxford University Press. Bibliography Hollom, P. A. D.; Porter, R. F.; Christensen, S. & Willis, Ian (1988) Birds of the Middle East and North Africa, T & AD Poyser, Calton, England. Snow, D. W. & Perrins, C. M. (1998) Birds of the Western Palearctic: Concise Edition, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Oxford. External links Despret, Vinciane, Poétique du savoir éthologique (in Alliage, 1997) (in French) Taxon identifiersArgya squamiceps Wikidata: Q28922092 Avibase: E99FE2FE9B88115E BioLib: 27201 BirdLife: 22716364 BOW: arabab1 eBird: arabab1 GBIF: 10107760 iNaturalist: 1289415 IUCN: 22716364 NCBI: 1156349 Observation.org: 77493 Open Tree of Life: 861275 Xeno-canto: Argya-squamiceps Turdoides squamiceps Wikidata: Q1589825 Wikispecies: Turdoides squamiceps ADW: Turdoides_squamiceps ARKive: turdoides-squamiceps BOLD: 922557 CoL: 59PKH EURING: 13790 GBIF: 2493309 iNaturalist: 15062 IRMNG: 11306211 ITIS: 563558 Open Tree of Life: 861275
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It is a communally nesting resident bird of arid scrub in the Middle East which lives together in relatively stable groups with strict orders of rank.","title":"Arabian babbler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turdoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turdoides"},{"link_name":"molecular phylogenetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic"},{"link_name":"Argya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argya"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-3"},{"link_name":"Ethiopian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrotropical_realm"},{"link_name":"Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indomalayan_realm"},{"link_name":"realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeographic_realm"},{"link_name":"Palearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic_realm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zahavi1990-4"}],"text":"The Arabian babbler was formerly placed in the genus Turdoides but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus Argya.[2][3]The Leiothrichidae primarily occur in the Ethiopian and Oriental realms, but a few species in the genera Turdoides and Argya have penetrated into the Palearctic zone north of the tropics where they live in arid areas of North and East Africa, India and the Middle East.[4]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plumage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumage"}],"text":"It is 26 to 29 cm (10 to 11 in) long with a wingspan of 31 to 33.5 cm (12.2 to 13.2 in) and a weight of 64 to 87.9 g (2.26 to 3.10 oz). It has a fairly long curved bill, a long tail, rounded wings and strong legs and feet. The plumage is grey-brown above, paler below. There are dark streaks on the back and the throat is whitish. It has a variety of calls including whistles, trills and chattering.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Sinai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"scrubland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubland"},{"link_name":"savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savanna"}],"text":"The Arabian babbler prefers to settle along dry river beds with few trees and bushes. It is found in eastern, southern and western Arabia, occurring in the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen and western Saudi Arabia but absent from the central and north-eastern parts of the peninsula. Its range extends north to Jordan, Israel and eastern Sinai. It inhabits arid scrubland and savanna, occurring up to 2800 metres above sea-level in Yemen.","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arabian_Babbler.jpg"},{"link_name":"ethological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology"},{"link_name":"altruism among animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altruism_in_animals"},{"link_name":"Amotz Zahavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amotz_Zahavi"},{"link_name":"handicap principle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handicap_principle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zahavi1974-6"},{"link_name":"Max Planck Institute for Ornithology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Ornithology"},{"link_name":"Shezaf Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shezaf_Nature_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mason-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ben_Mocha-8"}],"text":"Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAEBabblers dance and take baths together, offer each other gifts, clean themselves, and sometimes enter into conflict with each other for the privilege of helping another babbler. They may also feed their counterparts. This peculiar behaviour made them a privileged example for ethological theories concerning altruism among animals.Starting in the 1970s, Amotz Zahavi observed the babbler at length, giving rise to his theory of signal and its correlative, the handicap principle. Although babblers were considered particularly altruistic animals, Zahavi reinterpreted their behaviours according to his theory. Thus, Zahavi (1974) theorized that chick feeding by Arabian babbler helpers acts as a signal by the helper to gain social prestige within the group.[5][6]Yitzchak Ben-Mocha of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology has studied Arabian babblers in Israel's Shezaf Nature Reserve. He has found evidence of intentional communication in the process used by adult babblers to encourage fledglings to move to a new shelter through calls and movement.[7][8]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Group structure and breeding biology","text":"Arabian babblers are cooperative breeders that live in groups and defend territories year round. Group size varies from two to 10 individuals. Their territories vary with the group size as well as the presence of neighboring groups. Groups consist of a reproductive pair and other non-breeding members who may or may not be direct offspring or close relatives. Helpers usually do not reproduce, but they participate in rearing the offspring, that is, in providing food, as well as other parental behavior like incubation, territory defense and defense against predators.[9]Groups are labelled according to the relatedness of helpers to the reproductive pair:Simple group: where all helpers are direct offspring of the breeding pairs.\nPolyandrous group: where helpers include potential male breeder\nPolygynous group: where helpers include potential female breeders\nComplex group: which has non-related helpers of both sexes.","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostreiher2001-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ostreiher1997-11"}],"sub_title":"Nest","text":"Babblers build open cup-shaped nests in the dense part of the tree or bush. Their breeding period starts generally from February and varies up to July and is highly dependent on the seasonal rainfall of the region which in turn regulates the food availability. They copulate throughout the year. Eggs are laid usually from February to July. Most clutches contain four eggs, laid on consecutive days. Incubation usually starts after laying the last egg and continues for 14 days until the chicks hatch.[10] The nestlings fledge about 14 days after hatching.[11]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arthropods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthropods"},{"link_name":"geckos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gecko"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zahavi1990-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramp-12"}],"sub_title":"Diet","text":"The diet of the babblers includes a variety of invertebrates (mostly arthropods), small vertebrates (lizards, geckos, snakes) and plant material, like nectar, flowers, berries, leaves and seeds.[4][12]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Hollom, P. A. D.; Porter, R. F.; Christensen, S. & Willis, Ian (1988) Birds of the Middle East and North Africa, T & AD Poyser, Calton, England.\nSnow, D. W. & Perrins, C. M. (1998) Birds of the Western Palearctic: Concise Edition, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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null
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Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0147","url_text":"\"Joint attention skills in wild Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps): a consequence of cooperative breeding?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2019.0147","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2019.0147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6501685","url_text":"6501685"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30940054","url_text":"30940054"}]},{"reference":"Lundy, K.J.; Parker, P.G.; Zahavi, A. (1998). \"Reproduction by subordinates in cooperatively breeding Arabian babblers is uncommon but predictable\". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 43 (3): 173–180. doi:10.1007/s002650050478. 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(1997). \"Food division in the Arabian babbler nest: adult choice or nestling competition?\". Behavioral Ecology. 8 (2): 233–238. doi:10.1093/beheco/8.2.233.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F8.2.233","url_text":"\"Food division in the Arabian babbler nest: adult choice or nestling competition?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F8.2.233","url_text":"10.1093/beheco/8.2.233"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1214_in_England
1210s in England
["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"]
1210s in England Other decades 1190s | 1200s | 1210s | 1220s | 1230s Events from the 1210s in England. Incumbents Monarch – John (to 19 October 1216), then Henry III Events 1210 20 June – King John lands at Waterford. He later builds castles, including the first stone castle at Dublin, and appoints Justiciars over Ireland. c. November – three "leopards" (probably lions) given to Henry III by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, become the first creatures in the menagerie at the Tower of London. 1211 June – King John campaigns against Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great. English occupy Ceredigion and build Aberystwyth Castle. King John sends a gift of herrings to nunneries in almost every shire despite his status as an excommunicant. 1212 June – Welsh rebels burn Aberystwyth Castle. 10 July – the most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground. November – John sends a peace mission to Pope Innocent III in a dispute over who would become the next Archbishop of Canterbury. First defended dockyard at Portsmouth built. 1213 King John becomes the first English monarch recorded as giving gifts of Royal Maundy money to the poor, at Rochester, Kent. 13 May – the interdict on England is lifted by the papal legate when King John accepts Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury. 30 May – Battle of Damme: English fleet under William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury destroys a French fleet off the Flemish port of Damme. 3 June – King John and Llywelyn the Great sign a truce. 15 November – a council of knights is held in Oxford. Beverley Minster's central tower collapses; rebuilding commences in 1214. 1214 15 February – John lands an invasion force at La Rochelle. 13 April (approx.) – Simon of Apulia elected to the office of Bishop of Exeter, vacant since 1206 (consecrated 5 October). 20 June – papal ordinance defines the rights of the scholars at the University of Oxford. 27 July – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France defeats an army of Imperial German, English and Flemish soldiers led by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Kingdom of France, ending the Anglo-French War (1202–14); William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury is captured. 18 September – Treaty of Chinon signed by John and Philip II of France recognising the Capetian gains from the Angevin Empire. c. 13 October – John returns to England, landing at Dartmouth. 4 November – John attends a chapter election at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in an attempt to resolve a dispute over the vacant abbacy there. 20 November – meeting of barons at Bury St Edmunds Abbey resolves to compel the king to accept the Charter of Liberties of 1100 (There is doubt as to the existence, timing and nature of this meeting.) 21 November – John issues a charter of liberties to the church guaranteeing freedom of canonical elections. 4 December – Llywelyn the Great captures Shrewsbury without resistance. 1215 3 May – barons led by Robert Fitzwalter renounce their allegiance to the King and attack Northampton. 17 May – rebellious barons occupy London. 15 June – barons force King John at Runnymede to put the Great Seal of the Realm on a set of articles confirming their rights and those of the towns and Church, and confirming the status of trial by jury, which on 19 June is confirmed as Magna Carta. 24 August – Pope Innocent III declares Magna Carta invalid by papal bull triggering the First Barons' War. September – First Barons' War: rebels capture Rochester. 11 October–30 November – First Barons' War: King John besieges Rochester Castle and starves the rebels into surrender. December – First Barons' War: Alexander II of Scotland invades northern England. 1216 January – First Barons' War: English army sacks Berwick-on-Tweed and raids southern Scotland. February – First Barons' War: rebellion in East Anglia quickly suppressed. 21 May – First Barons' War: Louis, Count of Artois invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. Entering London without opposition, he is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral. 9 July – First Barons' War: Odiham Castle (completed 1214) surrenders to the French after a 2-week siege. 11 October – First Barons' War: retreating from the French invasion, King John loses the Crown Jewels in The Wash. 18 October or 19 October – John dies at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire; he is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry III of England, with William Marshal as regent. 28 October – the nine-year-old Henry III is crowned at Gloucester; he will reign until his death in 1272. 12 November – Marshal and the papal legate to England, Guala Bicchieri, issue a Charter of Liberties, based on Magna Carta, in the King's name from Bristol. Roger of Wendover begins to cover contemporary events in his continuation of the chronicle Flores Historiarum. 1217 20 May – First Barons' War: The French are defeated at the Battle of Lincoln by forces led by Marshal. Lincoln is pillaged and the French survivors forced to flee south. 21 August – First Barons' War: The French fleet is defeated at the Battle of Dover. 23 August – First Barons' War: The French fleet is destroyed at the Battle of Sandwich. 12 September – Treaty of Kingston upon Thames ends the First Barons' War: French and Scots to leave England, amnesty granted to rebels. 20 September – Treaty of Lambeth signed ratifying the Kingston treaty. 6 November – Charter of the Forest issued to supplement Magna Carta. 1218 March – Treaty of Worcester recognises Llywelyn the Great as regent of south Wales. 1219 May – Llywelyn ravages Pembrokeshire after the death of William Marshal. Michaelmas – Statutes Fair in Burton upon Trent first held. Henry III recognises de facto Papal abolition of trial by ordeal. Births 1210 22 July – Joan of England, Queen Consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238) 1214 Isabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241) possible date – Roger Bacon, philosopher (died c.1292) 1218 Sir Maurice de Berkeley, knight (died 1281) Deaths 1212 12 December – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152) 1213 Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex (born c. 1162) 1214 31 October – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1162) John de Gray, bishop of Norwich (year of birth unknown) 1215 3 February or 4 February – Eustace, Dean of Salisbury, Lord Chancellor (year of birth unknown) 1216 18 October or 19 October – John of England (born 1166) 1217 10 September – William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon, nobleman (year of birth unknown) 14 October – Isabel of Gloucester, wife of King John of England (born c. 1173) Alexander Neckam, scholar and teacher (born 1157) Approximate date – William of Wrotham, royal administrator (year of birth unknown) 1218 30 December – Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, politician (born 1162) 1219 14 May – William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, soldier and statesman (born 1146 or 1147) 3 November – Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester, rebel baron (born 1155) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2. ^ Experience the Tower of London. Hampton Court: Historic Royal Palaces. 2007. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-873993-01-9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0-304-35730-8. ^ Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 172. ^ Lobel, Richard (1999). Coincraft's 2000 Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins, 1066 to Date. Standard Catalogue Publishers Ltd. p. 623. ISBN 0-9526228-8-2. ^ Robinson, Brian (1977). The Royal Maundy. Kaye and Ward. p. 25. ISBN 0-7182-1151-0. ^ Vincent, Nicholas. "John's sea journey and landing at Dartmouth". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06. ^ Vincent, Nicholas. "Drama and jokes at Bury St Edmunds". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06. ^ Roger of Wendover. Flores Historiarum. ^ Vincent, Nicholas (November 2014). "The Meeting at Bury St Edmunds". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06. ^ Harvey, Katherine (August 2014). "The Freedom of Election Charter". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06. ^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0. ^ Powicke, Maurice (1962). The Thirteenth Century 1216–1307. Oxford History of England, vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 5. ^ "The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III". Retrieved 2007-12-17. ^ "BBC Wales History". Archived from the original on 2007-11-25. Retrieved 2007-12-10. ^ Kreft, Helen (2020-10-07). "Just one ride at town's funfair to ensure royal charter continues". DerbyshireLive. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-10-07. ^ Bartlett, Robert (1986). Trial by Fire and Water. Oxford University Press. pp. 127–28. vteYears in England (927–present)10th century Pre-927 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 958 959 960 961 962 963 964 965 966 967 968 969 970 971 972 973 974 975 976 977 978 979 980 981 982 983 984 985 986 987 988 989 990 991 992 993 994 995 996 997 998 999 1000 11th century 1001 1002 1003 1004 1005 1006 1007 1008 1009 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017 1018 1019 1020 1021 1022 1023 1024 1025 1026 1027 1028 1029 1030 1031 1032 1033 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 12th century 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 1115 1116 1117 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Events from the 1210s in England.","title":"1210s in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_monarch"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"}],"text":"Monarch – John (to 19 October 1216), then Henry III","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Justiciars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire"},{"link_name":"excommunicant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"early fires of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_fires_of_London"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Royal Maundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Maundy"},{"link_name":"Rochester, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"interdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdict"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Stephen Langton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Langton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Damme"},{"link_name":"William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Beverley Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Minster"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Simon of Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Apulia"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bouvines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Imperial German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Anglo-French War (1202–14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)"},{"link_name":"William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Chinon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Chinon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Capetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capet"},{"link_name":"Angevin Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Charter of Liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Liberties"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"canonical elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Fitzwalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzwalter"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Runnymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runnymede"},{"link_name":"Great Seal of the Realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"trial by jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trial_by_jury_in_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"First Barons' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barons%27_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Rochester Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Castle#The_siege_of_1215"},{"link_name":"Alexander II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Berwick-on-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Louis, Count of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Thanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet"},{"link_name":"Old St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Odiham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiham_Castle"},{"link_name":"Crown Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Wash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wash"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-12"},{"link_name":"Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Castle,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Henry III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"William Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Guala Bicchieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guala_Bicchieri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Roger of Wendover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_of_Wendover"},{"link_name":"chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Flores Historiarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Historiarum"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1217)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lambeth#Treaty_of_Kingston_(1217)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lambeth"},{"link_name":"Charter of the Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_Forest"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Statutes Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes_Fair"},{"link_name":"Burton upon Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"trial by ordeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"1210\n20 June – King John lands at Waterford. He later builds castles, including the first stone castle at Dublin, and appoints Justiciars over Ireland.[1]\nc. November – three \"leopards\" (probably lions) given to Henry III by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, become the first creatures in the menagerie at the Tower of London.[2]\n1211\nJune – King John campaigns against Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great.[3]\nEnglish occupy Ceredigion and build Aberystwyth Castle.[1]\nKing John sends a gift of herrings to nunneries in almost every shire despite his status as an excommunicant.[4]\n1212\nJune – Welsh rebels burn Aberystwyth Castle.[1]\n10 July – the most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground.\nNovember – John sends a peace mission to Pope Innocent III in a dispute over who would become the next Archbishop of Canterbury.\nFirst defended dockyard at Portsmouth built.\n1213\nKing John becomes the first English monarch recorded as giving gifts of Royal Maundy money to the poor, at Rochester, Kent.[5][6]\n13 May – the interdict on England is lifted by the papal legate when King John accepts Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.[3]\n30 May – Battle of Damme: English fleet under William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury destroys a French fleet off the Flemish port of Damme.[1]\n3 June – King John and Llywelyn the Great sign a truce.[3]\n15 November – a council of knights is held in Oxford.[3]\nBeverley Minster's central tower collapses; rebuilding commences in 1214.\n1214\n15 February – John lands an invasion force at La Rochelle.[1]\n13 April (approx.) – Simon of Apulia elected to the office of Bishop of Exeter, vacant since 1206 (consecrated 5 October).\n20 June – papal ordinance defines the rights of the scholars at the University of Oxford.[1]\n27 July – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France defeats an army of Imperial German, English and Flemish soldiers led by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Kingdom of France, ending the Anglo-French War (1202–14); William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury is captured.[1]\n18 September – Treaty of Chinon signed by John and Philip II of France recognising the Capetian gains from the Angevin Empire.[1]\nc. 13 October – John returns to England, landing at Dartmouth.[7]\n4 November – John attends a chapter election at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in an attempt to resolve a dispute over the vacant abbacy there.[8]\n20 November – meeting of barons at Bury St Edmunds Abbey resolves to compel the king to accept the Charter of Liberties of 1100[9] (There is doubt as to the existence, timing and nature of this meeting.)[10]\n21 November – John issues a charter of liberties to the church guaranteeing freedom of canonical elections.[11]\n4 December – Llywelyn the Great captures Shrewsbury without resistance.[1]\n1215\n3 May – barons led by Robert Fitzwalter renounce their allegiance to the King and attack Northampton.[1]\n17 May – rebellious barons occupy London.[3]\n15 June – barons force King John at Runnymede to put the Great Seal of the Realm on a set of articles confirming their rights and those of the towns and Church, and confirming the status of trial by jury,[3] which on 19 June is confirmed as Magna Carta.\n24 August – Pope Innocent III declares Magna Carta invalid by papal bull triggering the First Barons' War.[3]\nSeptember – First Barons' War: rebels capture Rochester.[1]\n11 October–30 November – First Barons' War: King John besieges Rochester Castle and starves the rebels into surrender.\nDecember – First Barons' War: Alexander II of Scotland invades northern England.[1]\n1216\nJanuary – First Barons' War: English army sacks Berwick-on-Tweed and raids southern Scotland.[1]\nFebruary – First Barons' War: rebellion in East Anglia quickly suppressed.[1]\n21 May – First Barons' War: Louis, Count of Artois invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. Entering London without opposition, he is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral.[1]\n9 July – First Barons' War: Odiham Castle (completed 1214) surrenders to the French after a 2-week siege.\n11 October – First Barons' War: retreating from the French invasion, King John loses the Crown Jewels in The Wash.[12]\n18 October or 19 October – John dies at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire; he is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry III of England, with William Marshal as regent.[3]\n28 October – the nine-year-old Henry III is crowned at Gloucester;[3] he will reign until his death in 1272.\n12 November – Marshal and the papal legate to England, Guala Bicchieri, issue a Charter of Liberties, based on Magna Carta, in the King's name from Bristol.[3][13]\nRoger of Wendover begins to cover contemporary events in his continuation of the chronicle Flores Historiarum.\n1217\n20 May – First Barons' War: The French are defeated at the Battle of Lincoln by forces led by Marshal.[1] Lincoln is pillaged and the French survivors forced to flee south.\n21 August – First Barons' War: The French fleet is defeated at the Battle of Dover.\n23 August – First Barons' War: The French fleet is destroyed at the Battle of Sandwich.[3]\n12 September – Treaty of Kingston upon Thames ends the First Barons' War: French and Scots to leave England, amnesty granted to rebels.[1]\n20 September – Treaty of Lambeth signed ratifying the Kingston treaty.\n6 November – Charter of the Forest issued to supplement Magna Carta.[14]\n1218\nMarch – Treaty of Worcester recognises Llywelyn the Great as regent of south Wales.[15]\n1219\nMay – Llywelyn ravages Pembrokeshire after the death of William Marshal.[1]\nMichaelmas – Statutes Fair in Burton upon Trent first held.[16]\nHenry III recognises de facto Papal abolition of trial by ordeal.[17]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan of England, Queen Consort of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alexander II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"1238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1230s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Isabella of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_England"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"1241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1240s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Roger Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon"},{"link_name":"1292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Maurice de Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_de_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"1281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280s_in_England"}],"text":"1210\n22 July – Joan of England, Queen Consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)\n1214\nIsabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241)\npossible date – Roger Bacon, philosopher (died c.1292)\n1218\nSir Maurice de Berkeley, knight (died 1281)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey, Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)"},{"link_name":"1152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Fitz_Peter,_1st_Earl_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"1162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1160s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Leonora of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VIII of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"1162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1160s_in_England"},{"link_name":"John de Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Gray"},{"link_name":"Eustace, Dean of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_(bishop_of_Ely)"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"1166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1160s_in_England"},{"link_name":"William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Redvers,_5th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Isabel of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"1173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1170s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Alexander Neckam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Neckam"},{"link_name":"1157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_in_England"},{"link_name":"William of Wrotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Wrotham"},{"link_name":"Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_3rd_Earl_of_Hertford"},{"link_name":"1162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1160s_in_England"},{"link_name":"William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"1146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1140s_in_England"},{"link_name":"1147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1140s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saer_de_Quincy,_1st_Earl_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"1155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_in_England"}],"text":"1212\n12 December – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152)\n1213\nGeoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex (born c. 1162)\n1214\n31 October – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1162)\nJohn de Gray, bishop of Norwich (year of birth unknown)\n1215\n3 February or 4 February – Eustace, Dean of Salisbury, Lord Chancellor (year of birth unknown)\n1216\n18 October or 19 October – John of England (born 1166)\n1217\n10 September – William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon, nobleman (year of birth unknown)\n14 October – Isabel of Gloucester, wife of King John of England (born c. 1173)\nAlexander Neckam, scholar and teacher (born 1157)\nApproximate date – William of Wrotham, royal administrator (year of birth unknown)\n1218\n30 December – Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, politician (born 1162)\n1219\n14 May – William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, soldier and statesman (born 1146 or 1147)\n3 November – Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester, rebel baron (born 1155)","title":"Deaths"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2","url_text":"0-7126-5616-2"}]},{"reference":"Experience the Tower of London. Hampton Court: Historic Royal Palaces. 2007. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-873993-01-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873993-01-9","url_text":"978-1-873993-01-9"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133","url_text":"Cassell's Chronology of World History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133","url_text":"133–135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8","url_text":"0-304-35730-8"}]},{"reference":"Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 172.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lobel, Richard (1999). Coincraft's 2000 Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins, 1066 to Date. Standard Catalogue Publishers Ltd. p. 623. ISBN 0-9526228-8-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526228-8-2","url_text":"0-9526228-8-2"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Brian (1977). The Royal Maundy. Kaye and Ward. p. 25. ISBN 0-7182-1151-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7182-1151-0","url_text":"0-7182-1151-0"}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Nicholas. \"John's sea journey and landing at Dartmouth\". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magnacartaresearch.org/read/itinerary/Sunday_2_November_-_Saturday_8_November_#./John_s_sea_journey_and_landing_at_Dartmouth?&_suid=142053556028109299334004962054","url_text":"\"John's sea journey and landing at Dartmouth\""}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Nicholas. \"Drama and jokes at Bury St Edmunds\". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magnacartaresearch.org/read/itinerary/Sunday_2_November_-_Saturday_8_November_#./Drama_and_jokes_at_Bury_St_Edmunds?&_suid=142053578032102346782096619915","url_text":"\"Drama and jokes at Bury St Edmunds\""}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Nicholas (November 2014). \"The Meeting at Bury St Edmunds\". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/feature_of_the_month/Aug_2014#./Nov_2014?&_suid=142053547819806100788687136911","url_text":"\"The Meeting at Bury St Edmunds\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Katherine (August 2014). \"The Freedom of Election Charter\". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/feature_of_the_month/Aug_2014","url_text":"\"The Freedom of Election Charter\""}]},{"reference":"Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0","url_text":"0-14-102715-0"}]},{"reference":"Powicke, Maurice (1962). The Thirteenth Century 1216–1307. Oxford History of England, vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._M._Powicke","url_text":"Powicke, Maurice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_History_of_England","url_text":"Oxford History of England"}]},{"reference":"\"The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III\". Retrieved 2007-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/Carta.htm","url_text":"\"The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Wales History\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-25. Retrieved 2007-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/principality01.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Wales History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071125170839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/principality01.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kreft, Helen (2020-10-07). \"Just one ride at town's funfair to ensure royal charter continues\". DerbyshireLive. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/burton/just-one-ride-burton-statutes-4581018","url_text":"\"Just one ride at town's funfair to ensure royal charter continues\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007041344/https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/burton/just-one-ride-burton-statutes-4581018","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Robert (1986). Trial by Fire and Water. Oxford University Press. pp. 127–28.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3mo_Dueles_en_los_Labios
Cómo Dueles en los Labios
["1 Background and composition","2 Promotion and reception","3 Charts","4 See also","5 References"]
Single by Maná "Como Dueles En Los Labios"Single by Manáfrom the album Sueños Líquidos Released1997StudioA&M StudiosHollywood, CaliforniaPuerta Azul-Mobile StudioQuinta Del Mar, Puerto VallartaGenre Acoustic nueva trova Length4:08LabelWEA MexicoSongwriter(s)Fher OlveraProducer(s) Fher Olvera Alex González Benny Faccone Maná singles chronology "Hechicera" (1997) "Como Dueles En Los Labios" (1997) "En El Muelle De San Blás" (1998) Music video"Como dueles en los labios" on YouTube "Cómo Dueles en los Labios" (English: "How Your Lips Hurt") is a song from Mexican band Maná's fifth studio album Sueños Líquidos (1997). The song was written by the band's frontman Fher Olvera, who handled production alongside Alex González and Benny Faccone. It was released as the fourth single from the album in 1997. An acoustic ballad with a Cuban nueva trova influence, its lyrics deal with the singer who feels empty and is kept happy with memories. The song received positive reactions from four music journalists although one review found it to be a copy of Silvio Rodríguez's music. Commercially, the song peaked at number two on the pop ballads chart in Mexico and Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States, while also topping the Latin Pop Airplay chart in the United States. A music video for the song was directed by Kiko Guerrero. The song was included on the set list for the promotional tour of the album. Background and composition In 1997, Maná released their fifth studio album Sueños Líquidos, with the band's lead vocalist Fher Olvera composing most of the tracks and co-producing the record with drummer Alex González and Benny Faccone. Recording for the took place at the A&M Studio in Hollywood, California and thePuerta Azul-Mobile Studio in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico One of the songs Olvera wrote for Sueños Líquidos was "Cómo Dueles en los Labios". A "gentle" acoustic ballad with Cuban nueva trova influences featuring a flautist from Puerto Vallarta. the song describes "the pain of emptiness where small of moments of happiness are now the only companions". Gonzalez explained: "It's a ballad, but it has these Peter Gabriel drum machines in the background. But it has melody and orchestra string music." Promotion and reception "Cómo Dueles en los Labios" was released as the fourth single from the album in 1997 by WEA Mexico. Its music video was directed by Kiko Guerrero. The video features black-and-white scenes of Olvera and a woman separately on a couch in a white sheet. The song was later included on their compilation album Esenciales: Luna (2003). It was on the set list for the promotional tour of the album. The video was listed on "Maná's Music Video Evolution" by Billboard which an editor commented: "Who said rock was just about having fun? Mana showed that other feelings – like spite – are also important." Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune praised it as "simply beautiful". Mischa Field wrote for the Brattleboro Reformer that the track when combined flute, "the sweet stuff is positively on fire". The Miami Herald critic Leila Cobo called it a "gem of a song set to a simple, rising guitar accompaniment", while Ramilo Burr of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram referred to it as a "lovely, acoustic song". El Norte editor Deborah Davis was less impressed as she felt the record lacked inspirations and claimed that Maná was copying Silvio Rodríguez's music on "Cómo Dueles en los Labios". Commercially, the track reached number two on the pop ballads chart in Mexico and on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the US. It topped the Latin Pop Airplay chart in the US where it spent a single week on this position. Charts Chart performance for "Cómo Dueles en los Labios" Chart (1998) Peakposition Mexico ballad/pop (Notimex) 2 US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) 2 US Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard) 1 See also List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1998 References ^ a b Carlson, Dean. "Sueños Liquidos – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2021. ^ Lannert, John (18 October 1997). "Reviews & Previews". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 42. Nielsen Business Media. p. 79. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021. ^ Torres, Richard (7 December 1997). "Entertaining Latin-Rock Fusions". Newsday. p. D29. ^ Camarena, Ricardo (16 October 1997). "La liquidez de Mana: Dos de los integrantes del grupo estuvieron en Los Angeles para promover la edicion, el martes, de 'Suenos liquidos'". La Opinión (in Spanish). p. 1D. ^ a b Burr, Ramiro (19 November 1997). "Maná Crowns Itself as Rock en Español Kingpin". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 7. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ Mayhew, Don (28 August 1998). "Maná: Seeking Fans of All Ethnicities". Fresno Bee. p. E6. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ a b "Maná no le teme a la censura". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 28 June 1998. p. 67. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ Cómo Dueles en los Labios (CD single liner notes). Maná. Mexico: WEA Mexico. 1997. CPCD 1144.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Maná – Como dueles en los labios. YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021. ^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Esencials: Luna – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2021. ^ "Maná arranca gira". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 29 March 1998. p. 69. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021. ^ "Hispanic Heritage Month: Maná's Music Video Evolution". Billboard. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021. ^ Obejas, Achy (28 November 1997). "Mana – Suenos Liquidos (WEA/Latina)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ Field, Mischa (30 July 1998). "Hot Latin Beats Boost the Summer Heat". Brattleboro Reformer. p. 8. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021. ^ Cobo, Leila (18 September 1998). "Mexican Band's Crossover Success is No Mystery". Miami Herald. p. 23G. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ Davis, Deborah (26 October 1997). "Mana: Seca inspiracion". El Norte (in Spanish). p. 28. ^ a b "Vicente Fernández ocupa los primeros lugares del género ranchero-grupero". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 30 August 1998. p. 123. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021. ^ a b "Mana Chart History (Hot Latin Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 October 2012. ^ "Latin Pop Songs – 1998 Archive". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017. ^ "Mana Chart History (Latin Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 October 2012. vteManá Fher Olvera Alex González Sergio Vallín Juan Calleros Studio albums Maná Falta Amor ¿Dónde Jugarán los Niños? Cuando los Ángeles Lloran Sueños Líquidos Revolución de Amor Amar es Combatir Drama y Luz Cama Incendiada as Sombrero Verde Sombrero Verde A Tiempo de Rock Live albums Maná en Vivo MTV Unplugged Unidos Por La Paz Arde el Cielo Compilations Todo Maná: Grandes Éxitos Grandes Sólo Para Fanáticos Esenciales: Sol Esenciales: Luna Esenciales: Eclipse Exiliados en la Bahía Box sets Lo Esencial de Maná 100% Maná Videos MTV Unplugged Arde el Cielo Singles "No Ha Parado de Llover" "Hundido En Un Rincón" "El reloj cucú" "Clavado en un Bar" "Hechicera" "Cómo Dueles en los Labios" "En el muelle de San Blas" "Como Te Extraño Corazón" "Se Me Olvidó Otra Vez" "Te Solte La Rienda" "Cachito" "Corazón Espinado" "Ángel de Amor" "Eres Mi Religión" "Mariposa Traicionera" "Te Llevare Al Cielo" "Baila Morena" "Labios Compartidos" "Bendita tu luz" "Manda una Señal" "Ojalá Pudiera Borrarte" "Si No Te Hubieras Ido" "Arde el Cielo" "Lluvia al Corazón" "Amor Clandestino" "El Verdadero Amor Perdona" "Hasta Que Te Conocí" "Penélope" "Mi Verdad" Tours Drama y Luz World Tour Related articles Discography Awards De La Tierra Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Sueños Líquidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%C3%B1os_L%C3%ADquidos"},{"link_name":"Fher Olvera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fher_Olvera"},{"link_name":"Alex González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Benny Faccone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Faccone"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"nueva trova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_trova"},{"link_name":"Silvio Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"set list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"}],"text":"Single by Maná\"Cómo Dueles en los Labios\" (English: \"How Your Lips Hurt\") is a song from Mexican band Maná's fifth studio album Sueños Líquidos (1997). The song was written by the band's frontman Fher Olvera, who handled production alongside Alex González and Benny Faccone. It was released as the fourth single from the album in 1997. An acoustic ballad with a Cuban nueva trova influence, its lyrics deal with the singer who feels empty and is kept happy with memories. The song received positive reactions from four music journalists although one review found it to be a copy of Silvio Rodríguez's music. Commercially, the song peaked at number two on the pop ballads chart in Mexico and Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States, while also topping the Latin Pop Airplay chart in the United States. A music video for the song was directed by Kiko Guerrero. The song was included on the set list for the promotional tour of the album.","title":"Cómo Dueles en los Labios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sueños Líquidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%C3%B1os_L%C3%ADquidos"},{"link_name":"Fher Olvera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fher_Olvera"},{"link_name":"Alex González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Benny Faccone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Faccone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlson-1"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"nueva trova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_trova"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burr-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1997, Maná released their fifth studio album Sueños Líquidos, with the band's lead vocalist Fher Olvera composing most of the tracks and co-producing the record with drummer Alex González and Benny Faccone. Recording for the took place at the A&M Studio in Hollywood, California and thePuerta Azul-Mobile Studio in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico[1][2] One of the songs Olvera wrote for Sueños Líquidos was \"Cómo Dueles en los Labios\".[1] A \"gentle\" acoustic ballad with Cuban nueva trova influences featuring a flautist from Puerto Vallarta.[3][4] the song describes \"the pain of emptiness where small of moments of happiness are now the only companions\".[5] Gonzalez explained: \"It's a ballad, but it has these Peter Gabriel drum machines in the background. But it has melody and orchestra string music.\"[6]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WEA Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsiglo1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsiglo1-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Esenciales: Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenciales:_Luna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"set list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"},{"link_name":"tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Achy Obejas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achy_Obejas"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Brattleboro Reformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro_Reformer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Miami Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald"},{"link_name":"Leila Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Cobo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burr-5"},{"link_name":"El Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Norte_(Monterrey)"},{"link_name":"Silvio Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexico-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinsongs-18"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"\"Cómo Dueles en los Labios\" was released as the fourth single from the album in 1997 by WEA Mexico.[7][8] Its music video was directed by Kiko Guerrero.[7] The video features black-and-white scenes of Olvera and a woman separately on a couch in a white sheet.[9] The song was later included on their compilation album Esenciales: Luna (2003).[10] It was on the set list for the promotional tour of the album.[11] The video was listed on \"Maná's Music Video Evolution\" by Billboard which an editor commented: \"Who said rock was just about having fun? Mana showed that other feelings – like spite – are also important.\"[12] Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune praised it as \"simply beautiful\".[13] Mischa Field wrote for the Brattleboro Reformer that the track when combined flute, \"the sweet stuff is positively on fire\".[14] The Miami Herald critic Leila Cobo called it a \"gem of a song set to a simple, rising guitar accompaniment\",[15] while Ramilo Burr of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram referred to it as a \"lovely, acoustic song\".[5] El Norte editor Deborah Davis was less impressed as she felt the record lacked inspirations and claimed that Maná was copying Silvio Rodríguez's music on \"Cómo Dueles en los Labios\".[16]Commercially, the track reached number two on the pop ballads chart in Mexico and on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the US.[17][18] It topped the Latin Pop Airplay chart in the US where it spent a single week on this position.[19]","title":"Promotion and reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Latin_Pop_Airplay_number_ones_of_1998"}]
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Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79","url_text":"\"Reviews & Previews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005419/https://books.google.com/books?id=nAkEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA7&pg=PA79","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Torres, Richard (7 December 1997). \"Entertaining Latin-Rock Fusions\". Newsday. p. D29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"}]},{"reference":"Camarena, Ricardo (16 October 1997). \"La liquidez de Mana: Dos de los integrantes del grupo estuvieron en Los Angeles para promover la edicion, el martes, de 'Suenos liquidos'\". La Opinión (in Spanish). p. 1D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n","url_text":"La Opinión"}]},{"reference":"Burr, Ramiro (19 November 1997). \"Maná Crowns Itself as Rock en Español Kingpin\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 7. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/647179580/","url_text":"\"Maná Crowns Itself as Rock en Español Kingpin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram","url_text":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005421/https://www.newspapers.com/image/647179580/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mayhew, Don (28 August 1998). \"Maná: Seeking Fans of All Ethnicities\". Fresno Bee. p. E6. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/708212042/","url_text":"\"Maná: Seeking Fans of All Ethnicities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Bee","url_text":"Fresno Bee"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005420/https://www.newspapers.com/image/708212042/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maná no le teme a la censura\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 28 June 1998. p. 67. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text/html&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT/1998/06/28&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06702&PageLabel=67","url_text":"\"Maná no le teme a la censura\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005421/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT%2F1998%2F06%2F28&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06702&PageLabel=67","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cómo Dueles en los Labios (CD single liner notes). Maná. Mexico: WEA Mexico. 1997. CPCD 1144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group","url_text":"WEA Mexico"}]},{"reference":"Maná – Como dueles en los labios. YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS1jtpxEzWc","url_text":"Maná – Como dueles en los labios"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VS1jtpxEzWc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Birchmeier, Jason. \"Esencials: Luna – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/esencials-luna-mw0000329234","url_text":"\"Esencials: Luna – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170323015140/http://www.allmusic.com/album/esencials-luna-mw0000329234","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maná arranca gira\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 29 March 1998. p. 69. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text/html&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT/1998/03/29&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06904&PageLabel=69","url_text":"\"Maná arranca gira\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005420/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT%2F1998%2F03%2F29&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06904&PageLabel=69","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hispanic Heritage Month: Maná's Music Video Evolution\". Billboard. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/photos/7942296/mana-music-video-evolution","url_text":"\"Hispanic Heritage Month: Maná's Music Video Evolution\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225120419/https://www.billboard.com/photos/7942296/mana-music-video-evolution","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Obejas, Achy (28 November 1997). \"Mana – Suenos Liquidos (WEA/Latina)\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achy_Obejas","url_text":"Obejas, Achy"},{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-11-28-9711280074-story.html","url_text":"\"Mana – Suenos Liquidos (WEA/Latina)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005422/https://www.chicagotribune.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Field, Mischa (30 July 1998). \"Hot Latin Beats Boost the Summer Heat\". Brattleboro Reformer. p. 8. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/548262700/","url_text":"\"Hot Latin Beats Boost the Summer Heat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro_Reformer","url_text":"Brattleboro Reformer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921011938/http://www.newspapers.com/image/548262700/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (18 September 1998). \"Mexican Band's Crossover Success is No Mystery\". Miami Herald. p. 23G. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/641272453/","url_text":"\"Mexican Band's Crossover Success is No Mystery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005422/https://www.newspapers.com/image/641272453/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Deborah (26 October 1997). \"Mana: Seca inspiracion\". El Norte (in Spanish). p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Norte_(Monterrey)","url_text":"El Norte"}]},{"reference":"\"Vicente Fernández ocupa los primeros lugares del género ranchero-grupero\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 30 August 1998. p. 123. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text/html&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT/1998/08/30&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06201&PageLabel=123","url_text":"\"Vicente Fernández ocupa los primeros lugares del género ranchero-grupero\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005422/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT%2F1998%2F08%2F30&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06201&PageLabel=123","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Latin Pop Songs – 1998 Archive\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Pathology
Clinical pathology
["1 Licensing and subspecialities","2 Organization","2.1 In United States of America","2.2 In Europe","3 Tools","3.1 Macroscopic examination","3.2 Microscopical examination","3.3 Physical Analyzers","3.4 Cultures","3.5 Values known as \"normal\" or reference values","4 See also","5 Notes and references","6 External links"]
Medical specialty This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Clinical pathology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023) Hematology: Blood smears on a glass slide, stained and ready to be examined under the microscope. Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies. Bacteriology: microscopic image of a mixture of two types of bacteria stained with the Gram stain. Clinical chemistry: an automated blood chemistry analyser. Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, molecular pathology, and Immunohaematology. This specialty requires a medical residency. Clinical pathology is a term used in the US, UK, Ireland, many Commonwealth countries, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and Peru; countries using the equivalent in the home language of "laboratory medicine" include Austria, Germany, Romania, Poland and other Eastern European countries; other terms are "clinical analysis" (Spain) and "clinical/medical biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, North and West Africa). Licensing and subspecialities The American Board of Pathology certifies clinical pathologists, and recognizes the following secondary specialties of clinical pathology: Chemical pathology, also called clinical chemistry Hematopathology Blood banking - Transfusion medicine Clinical microbiology Cytogenetics Molecular genetics pathology. In some countries other sub specialities fall under certified Clinical Biologists responsibility: Reproductive biology including Assisted reproductive technology, Sperm bank and Semen analysis Immunopathology Organization Clinical pathologists are often medical doctors. In some countries in South-America, Europe, Africa or Asia, this specialty can be practiced by non-physicians, such as Ph.D. or Pharm.D. after a variable number of years of residency. In United States of America Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with clinical scientists (clinical biochemists, clinical microbiologists, etc.), medical technologists, hospital administrators, and referring physicians to ensure the accuracy and optimal utilization of laboratory testing. Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomical pathology. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination sometimes known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology. Clinical pathology is itself divided into subspecialties, the main ones being clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking, hematopathology and clinical microbiology and emerging subspecialties such as molecular diagnostics and proteomics. Many areas of clinical pathology overlap with anatomic pathology. Both can serve as medical directors of CLIA certified laboratories. Under the CLIA law, only the US Department of Health and Human Services approved Board Certified Ph.D., DSc, or MD and DO can perform the duties of a Medical or Clinical Laboratory Director. This overlap includes immunoassays, flow cytometry, microbiology and cytogenetics and any assay done on tissue. Overlap between anatomic and clinical pathology is expanding to molecular diagnostics and proteomics as we move towards making the best use of new technologies for personalized medicine. In Europe Recently, EFLM has chosen the name of "Specialists in Laboratory Medicine" to define all European Clinical pathologists, regardless of their training (M.D., Ph.D. or Pharm.D.). In France, Clinical Pathology is called Medical Biology ("Biologie médicale") and is practiced by both M.D.s and Pharm.D.s. The residency lasts four years. Specialists in this discipline are called "Biologiste médical" which literally translates as Clinical Biologist rather than "Clinical pathologist". Tools Microscopes, analyzers, strips, centrifuges Macroscopic examination The visual examination of the taken liquid is a first main indication for the pathologist or the physician. The aspect of the liquid, in addition, conditions the analytical assumption of responsibility that follow and the validity of the end-results. Microscopical examination See also: staining Microscopic analysis is an important activity of the pathologist and the laboratory assistant. They have many different colorings at their disposal (GRAM, MGG, Grocott, Ziehl–Neelsen, etc.). Immunofluorescence, cytochemistry, the immunocytochemistry, and FISH are also used in order make a correct diagnosis. This stage allows the pathologist to determine the character of the liquid: "normal", tumoral, inflammatory, or even infectious. Microscopic examination can also determine the causal infectious agent – often a bacterium, mould, yeast, parasite, or (rarely) virus. Physical Analyzers Automated analysers, by the association of robotics and spectrophotometry, have allowed these last decades better reproducibility of the results of proportionings, in particular in medical biochemistry and hematology. The companies of in vitro diagnosis henceforth try to sell chains of automats, i.e. a system allowing the automatic transfer of the tubes towards the various types of automats of the same mark. These systems can include the computer-assisted management of a serum library. These analysers must undergo daily controls to guarantee a result just possible, one speaks about quality control. These analysers must also undergo daily, weekly and monthly maintenance. Cultures A big part of the examinations of clinical pathology, primarily in medical microbiology, use culture media. Those allow, for example, the description of one or several infectious agents responsible of the clinical signs. Values known as "normal" or reference values Detailed article: Reference range. See also Pathology Medical laboratory Anatomic pathology Medical technologist Veterinary pathology Clinical Biologist Notes and references ^ "Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports". Journal Officiel de la République Française. Décrets, arrêtés, circulaires (Texte 15 sur 54). 20 June 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2019. Note: This document does not cover all countries listed. ^ "Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A". www.education.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2023-02-21. ^ Description of Pathology in USA ^ Zerah Simone, Murray Janet, Rita Horvath Andrea (2012). "EFLM Position Statement – Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine". Biochemia Medica. 22 (3): 272–273. doi:10.11613/BM.2012.029. PMC 3900053. PMID 23092058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) ^ Reglementation for French Residency in Clinical Pathology Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine External links American Association for Clinical Chemistry American Society for Clinical Pathology American Board of Pathology College of American Pathologists European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine vteMedicineSpecialtiesandsubspecialtiesSurgery Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Endocrine surgery Eye surgery General surgery Colorectal surgery Digestive system surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ENT Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery Internalmedicine Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious diseases Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology Obstetrics andgynaecology Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal–fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology Diagnostic Radiology Interventional radiology Neuroradiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine Other Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Obstetric anesthesiology Neurosurgical anesthesiology Aviation medicine Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass gathering medicine Evolutionary medicine Family medicine / General practice Hospital medicine Intensive care medicine Medical genetics Narcology Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Phlebology Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) Preventive medicine Prison healthcare Psychiatry Addiction psychiatry Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Venereology Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine Medicaleducation Medical school Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery Bachelor of Medical Sciences Master of Medicine Master of Surgery Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine MD–PhD Medical Scientist Training Program Related topics Alternative medicine Allied health Molecular oncology Nanomedicine Personalized medicine Public health Rural health Therapy Traditional medicine Veterinary medicine Physician Chief physician History of medicine Category Commons Wikiproject Portal Outline vtePathologyPrinciples of pathology Disease Infection Neoplasia Cause Pathogenesis Hemodynamics Ischemia Inflammation Cell damage Wound healing Cellular adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Squamous Glandular Cell death Necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Myocytolysis Programmed cell death Apoptosis Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Accumulations pigment Hemosiderin Lipochrome/Lipofuscin Melanin Steatosis Anatomical pathology Surgical pathology Cytopathology Autopsy Molecular pathology Forensic pathology Oral and maxillofacial pathology Gross processing Histopathology Immunohistochemistry Electron microscopy Immunofluorescence Fluorescence in situ hybridization Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Hematopathology Transfusion medicine Medical microbiology Diagnostic immunology Immunopathology Enzyme assay Mass spectrometry Chromatography Flow cytometry Blood bank Microbiological culture Serology Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States Latvia
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_film_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png"},{"link_name":"Bacteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriology"},{"link_name":"Agar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bacteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriology"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"Gram stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_stain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konelab60i.png"},{"link_name":"Clinical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"medical specialty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialty"},{"link_name":"laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_laboratory"},{"link_name":"bodily fluids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_fluid"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_microbiology"},{"link_name":"hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"molecular pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_pathology"},{"link_name":"Immunohaematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohaematology"},{"link_name":"medical residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_residency"},{"link_name":"many Commonwealth countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hematology: Blood smears on a glass slide, stained and ready to be examined under the microscope.Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies.Bacteriology: microscopic image of a mixture of two types of bacteria stained with the Gram stain.Clinical chemistry: an automated blood chemistry analyser.Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, molecular pathology, and Immunohaematology. This specialty requires a medical residency.Clinical pathology is a term used in the US, UK, Ireland, many Commonwealth countries, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and Peru; countries using the equivalent in the home language of \"laboratory medicine\" include Austria, Germany, Romania, Poland and other Eastern European countries; other terms are \"clinical analysis\" (Spain) and \"clinical/medical biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, North and West Africa).[1]","title":"Clinical pathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Board of Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Pathology"},{"link_name":"Chemical pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"clinical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Hematopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopathology"},{"link_name":"Blood banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_banking"},{"link_name":"Transfusion medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_medicine"},{"link_name":"Clinical microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_microbiology"},{"link_name":"Cytogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetics"},{"link_name":"Molecular genetics pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_pathology"},{"link_name":"Clinical Biologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Biologist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reproductive biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_biology"},{"link_name":"Assisted reproductive technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology"},{"link_name":"Sperm bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank"},{"link_name":"Semen analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen_analysis"},{"link_name":"Immunopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunopathology"}],"text":"The American Board of Pathology certifies clinical pathologists, and recognizes the following secondary specialties of clinical pathology:Chemical pathology, also called clinical chemistry\nHematopathology\nBlood banking - Transfusion medicine\nClinical microbiology\nCytogenetics\nMolecular genetics pathology.In some countries other sub specialities fall under certified Clinical Biologists responsibility:[2]Reproductive biology including Assisted reproductive technology, Sperm bank and Semen analysis\nImmunopathology","title":"Licensing and subspecialities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South-America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-America"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_(medicine)"}],"text":"Clinical pathologists are often medical doctors. In some countries in South-America, Europe, Africa or Asia, this specialty can be practiced by non-physicians, such as Ph.D. or Pharm.D. after a variable number of years of residency.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical technologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technologist"},{"link_name":"pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"anatomical pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_pathology"},{"link_name":"pathologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology_as_a_medical_specialty"},{"link_name":"general pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_pathology"},{"link_name":"veterinary pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_pathology"},{"link_name":"clinical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"clinical hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"blood banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_banking"},{"link_name":"hematopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopathology"},{"link_name":"clinical microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_microbiology"},{"link_name":"molecular diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diagnostics"},{"link_name":"proteomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics"},{"link_name":"Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"DSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"In United States of America","text":"Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with clinical scientists (clinical biochemists, clinical microbiologists, etc.), medical technologists, hospital administrators, and referring physicians to ensure the accuracy and optimal utilization of laboratory testing.Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomical pathology. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination sometimes known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology.Clinical pathology is itself divided into subspecialties, the main ones being clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking, hematopathology and clinical microbiology and emerging subspecialties such as molecular diagnostics and proteomics. Many areas of clinical pathology overlap with anatomic pathology. Both can serve as medical directors of CLIA certified laboratories. Under the CLIA law, only the US Department of Health and Human Services approved Board Certified Ph.D., DSc, or MD and DO can perform the duties of a Medical or Clinical Laboratory Director. This overlap includes immunoassays, flow cytometry, microbiology and cytogenetics and any assay done on tissue. Overlap between anatomic and clinical pathology is expanding to molecular diagnostics and proteomics as we move towards making the best use of new technologies for personalized medicine.[3]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EFLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EFLM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Clinical Biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Biologist"},{"link_name":"pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"In Europe","text":"Recently, EFLM has chosen the name of \"Specialists in Laboratory Medicine\" to define all European Clinical pathologists, regardless of their training (M.D., Ph.D. or Pharm.D.).[4]In France, Clinical Pathology is called Medical Biology (\"Biologie médicale\") and is practiced by both M.D.s and Pharm.D.s. The residency lasts four years. Specialists in this discipline are called \"Biologiste médical\" which literally translates as Clinical Biologist rather than \"Clinical pathologist\".[5]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Microscopes, analyzers, strips, centrifuges","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Macroscopic examination","text":"The visual examination of the taken liquid is a first main indication for the pathologist or the physician. The aspect of the liquid, in addition, conditions the analytical assumption of responsibility that follow and the validity of the end-results.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"staining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining"},{"link_name":"GRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_stain"},{"link_name":"Grocott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocott%27s_methenamine_silver_stain"},{"link_name":"Ziehl–Neelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain"},{"link_name":"FISH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization"}],"sub_title":"Microscopical examination","text":"See also: stainingMicroscopic analysis is an important activity of the pathologist and the laboratory assistant. They have many different colorings at their disposal (GRAM, MGG, Grocott, Ziehl–Neelsen, etc.). Immunofluorescence, cytochemistry, the immunocytochemistry, and FISH are also used in order make a correct diagnosis.This stage allows the pathologist to determine the character of the liquid: \"normal\", tumoral, inflammatory, or even infectious. Microscopic examination can also determine the causal infectious agent – often a bacterium, mould, yeast, parasite, or (rarely) virus.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Automated analysers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_analyser"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Physical Analyzers","text":"Automated analysers, by the association of robotics and spectrophotometry, have allowed these last decades better reproducibility of the results of proportionings, in particular in medical biochemistry and hematology[clarification needed].The companies of in vitro diagnosis henceforth try to sell chains of automats, i.e. a system allowing the automatic transfer of the tubes towards the various types of automats of the same mark. These systems can include the computer-assisted management of a serum library.These analysers must undergo daily controls to guarantee a result just possible, one speaks about quality control. These analysers must also undergo daily, weekly and monthly maintenance.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_microbiology"}],"sub_title":"Cultures","text":"A big part of the examinations of clinical pathology, primarily in medical microbiology, use culture media. Those allow, for example, the description of one or several infectious agents responsible of the clinical signs.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reference range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_range"}],"sub_title":"Values known as \"normal\" or reference values","text":"Detailed article: Reference range.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022363470"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.education.gouv.fr/bo/2003/32/MENS0301444A.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Description of Pathology in USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060908012542/http://www.pathology.ecu.edu/Public/resident/recruit.ppt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"EFLM Position Statement – Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900053"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11613/BM.2012.029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11613%2FBM.2012.029"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3900053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900053"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23092058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23092058"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Reglementation for French Residency in Clinical Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sante.gouv.fr/adm/dagpb/bo/2003/03-05/a0050272.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080228225540/http://www.sante.gouv.fr/adm/dagpb/bo/2003/03-05/a0050272.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ \"Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports\". Journal Officiel de la République Française. Décrets, arrêtés, circulaires (Texte 15 sur 54). 20 June 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2019. Note: This document does not cover all countries listed.\n\n^ \"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A\". www.education.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2023-02-21.\n\n^ Description of Pathology in USA\n\n^ Zerah Simone, Murray Janet, Rita Horvath Andrea (2012). \"EFLM Position Statement – Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine\". Biochemia Medica. 22 (3): 272–273. doi:10.11613/BM.2012.029. PMC 3900053. PMID 23092058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Reglementation for French Residency in Clinical Pathology Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes and references"}]
[{"image_text":"Hematology: Blood smears on a glass slide, stained and ready to be examined under the microscope.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blood_film_01.jpg/200px-Blood_film_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png/200px-Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png"},{"image_text":"Bacteriology: microscopic image of a mixture of two types of bacteria stained with the Gram stain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg/200px-Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clinical chemistry: an automated blood chemistry analyser.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Konelab60i.png/200px-Konelab60i.png"}]
[{"title":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"title":"Medical laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_laboratory"},{"title":"Anatomic pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomic_pathology"},{"title":"Medical technologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technologist"},{"title":"Veterinary pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_pathology"},{"title":"Clinical Biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Biologist"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_saudi_arabia
List of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia
["1 Africa","2 Americas","3 Asia","4 Europe","5 Oceania","6 Multilateral organizations","7 Gallery","8 Non-resident embassies","9 To open","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Map showing Saudi diplomatic missions This is a list of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud established the General Directory for the Foreign Affairs in 1926. Four years later it was given ministry status, even though it had a staff of fifteen employees in total and no diplomatic missions abroad. In 1936, Saudi Arabia had five missions–in London, Baghdad, Damascus, Geneva, and Cairo–and fifteen years later this number jumped to sixteen. Saudi Arabia now has an extensive diplomatic presence worldwide. Africa  Algeria Algiers (Embassy)  Burkina Faso Ouagadougou (Embassy)  Cameroon Yaoundé (Embassy)  Chad N'Djamena (Embassy)  Comoros Moroni (Embassy)  Djibouti Djibouti City (Embassy)  Egypt Cairo (Embassy) Alexandria (Consulate-General) Suez (Consulate-General)  Eritrea Asmara (Embassy)  Ethiopia Addis Ababa (Embassy)  Gabon Libreville (Embassy)  Ghana Accra (Embassy)  Guinea Conakry (Embassy)  Ivory Coast Abidjan (Embassy)  Kenya Nairobi (Embassy)  Libya Tripoli (Embassy)  Mali Bamako (Embassy)  Mauritania Nouakchott (Embassy)  Morocco Rabat (Embassy)  Mozambique Maputo (Embassy)  Niger Niamey (Embassy)  Nigeria Abuja (Embassy) Kano (Consulate-General)  Senegal Dakar (Embassy)  Somalia Mogadishu (Embassy)  South Africa Pretoria (Embassy)  Sudan Khartoum (Embassy)  Tanzania Dar es Salaam (Embassy)  Tunisia Tunis (Embassy)  Uganda Kampala (Embassy)  Zambia Lusaka (Embassy) Americas  Argentina Buenos Aires (Embassy)  Brazil Brasília (Embassy)  Canada Ottawa (Embassy)  Chile Santiago (Embassy)  Cuba Havana (Embassy)  Mexico Mexico City (Embassy)  Peru Lima (Embassy)  United States Washington, D.C. (Embassy) Houston (Consulate-General) Los Angeles (Consulate-General) New York City (Consulate-General)  Uruguay Montevideo (Embassy)  Venezuela Caracas (Embassy) Asia  Afghanistan Kabul (Embassy)  Azerbaijan Baku (Embassy)  Bahrain Manama (Embassy)  Bangladesh Dhaka (Embassy)  Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan (Embassy)  China Beijing (Embassy) Hong Kong (Consulate) Guangzhou (Consulate)  Georgia Tbilisi (Embassy)  India New Delhi (Embassy) Mumbai (Consulate-General)  Indonesia Jakarta (Embassy)  Iran Tehran (Embassy) Mashhad (Consulate General)  Iraq Baghdad (Embassy) Basra (Consulate General) Erbil (Consulate General)  Japan Tokyo (Embassy)  Jordan Amman (Embassy)  Kazakhstan Astana (Embassy)  Kuwait Kuwait City (Embassy)  Kyrgyzstan Bishkek (Embassy)  Lebanon Beirut (Embassy)  Malaysia Kuala Lumpur (Embassy)  Maldives Malé (Embassy)  Myanmar Yangon (Embassy)  Nepal Kathmandu (Embassy)  Oman Muscat (Embassy)  Pakistan Islamabad (Embassy) Karachi (Consulate-General)  Philippines Manila (Embassy)  Qatar Doha (Embassy)  Singapore Singapore (Embassy)  South Korea Seoul (Embassy)  Sri Lanka Colombo (Embassy)  Syria Damascus (Embassy)  Taiwan Taipei (Trade office)  Tajikistan Dushanbe (Embassy)  Thailand Bangkok (Embassy)  Turkey Ankara (Embassy) Istanbul (Consulate-General)  Turkmenistan Ashgabat (Embassy)  United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi (Embassy) Dubai (Consulate-General)  Uzbekistan Tashkent (Embassy)  Vietnam Hanoi (Embassy)  Yemen Sana'a (Embassy) Aden (Consulate) Europe  Albania Tirana (Embassy)  Austria Vienna (Embassy)  Belgium Brussels (Embassy)  Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo (Embassy)  Bulgaria Sofia (Embassy)  Cyprus Nicosia (Embassy)  Czechia Prague (Embassy)  Denmark Copenhagen (Embassy)  Finland Helsinki (Embassy)  France Paris (Embassy)  Germany Berlin (Embassy)  Greece Athens (Embassy)  Hungary Budapest (Embassy)  Ireland Dublin (Embassy)  Italy Rome (Embassy)  Netherlands The Hague (Embassy)  Norway Oslo (Embassy)  Poland Warsaw (Embassy)  Portugal Lisbon (Embassy)  Romania Bucharest (Embassy)  Russia Moscow (Embassy)  Spain Madrid (Embassy) Málaga (Consulate)  Sweden Stockholm (Embassy)   Switzerland Bern (Embassy) Geneva (Consulate)  Ukraine Kyiv (Embassy)  United Kingdom London (Embassy) Oceania  Australia Canberra (Embassy) Sydney (Consulate-General)  New Zealand Wellington (Embassy) Auckland (Consulate-General) Multilateral organizations  European Union Brussels (Mission)  United Nations New York City (Permanent Mission) Geneva (Permanent Mission)  UNESCO Paris (Permanent) Arab League Cairo (Mission]) OPEC Vienna (Mission) Gallery Embassy in Berlin Embassy in Brussels Embassy in Buenos Aires Embassy in Canberra Embassy in Dublin Embassy in Lima Embassy in London Embassy in Madrid Embassy in Moscow Embassy in Oslo Embassy in Ottawa Embassy in Paris Embassy in Prague Embassy in Singapore Embassy in Tokyo Embassy in Warsaw Embassy in Washington, D.C. Consulate-General in Los Angeles Non-resident embassies  Andorra (Madrid)  Angola (Lusaka)  Antigua and Barbuda (Caracas)  Armenia (Tbilisi)  Bahamas (Havana)  Barbados (Caracas)  Belarus (Moscow)  Belize (Mexico City)  Benin (Abuja)  Bhutan (New Delhi)  Bolivia (Brasilia)  Botswana (Pretoria)  Benin (Abuja)  Burundi (Dar es Salaam)  Cape Verde (Dakar)  Cambodia (Hanoi)  Central African Republic (N'Djamena)  Cape Verde (Dakar)  Colombia (Lima)  Comoros (Dar es Salaam)  Cook Islands (Wellington)  Costa Rica (Lima)  Congo-Brazzaville (Libreville)  Dominica (Caracas)  Dominican Republic (Havana)  Ecuador (Brasilia)  El Salvador (Mexico City)  Equatorial Guinea (Libreville)  Estonia (Helsinki)  Eswatini (Pretoria)  Fiji (Canberra)  Gambia (Dakar)  Grenada (Caracas)  Guatemala (Mexico City)  Guyana (Brasilia)  Guinea-Bissau (Dakar)  Haiti (Havana)  Honduras (Mexico City)  Iceland (Stockholm)  Jamaica (Havana)  Kosovo (Tirana)  Kiribati (Canberra)  Laos (New Delhi)  Latvia (Stockholm)  Lesotho (Pretoria)  Liberia (Abidjan)  Lithuania (Copenhagen)  Malawi (Nairobi)  Mauritius (Pretoria)  Madagascar (Dar es Salaam)  Monaco (Paris)  Mongolia (Beijing)  Nauru (Canberra)  Namibia (Lusaka)  Nicaragua (Mexico City)  North Macedonia (Tirana)  Niue (Wellington)  Palestine (Amman)  Papua New Guinea (Canberra)  Panama (Lima)  Paraguay (Buenos Aires)  Rwanda (Kampala)  San Marino (Rome)  Samoa (Wellington)  Serbia (Budapest)  Solomon Islands (Canberra)  Sao Tome and Principe (Libreville)  Saint Lucia (Caracas)  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Caracas)  Seychelles (Nairobi)  Sierra Leone (Conakry)  Slovakia (Vienna)  Slovenia (Budapest)  South Sudan (Kampala)  Suriname (Brasilia)  Togo (Accra)  Tonga (Wellington)  Trinidad and Tobago (Caracas)  Tuvalu (Wellington)  Timor-Leste (Jakarta)  Vanuatu (Canberra)  Zimbabwe (Lusaka) To open  Madagascar Antananarivo  Mauritius Port Louis  Serbia Belgrade  Iraq Najaf (Consulate General) See also Saudi Arabia portal List of diplomatic missions in Saudi Arabia Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia References ^ "Libyan PM thanks Saudi leadership for reopening Tripoli embassy". Arab News. 6 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024. ^ "Saudi Arabia announces reopening of Kingdom's embassy in Somalia". 19 November 2021. ^ https://en.isna.ir/news/1402051811411/Saudi-Arabian-embassy-in-Iran-officially-begins-its-activities ^ https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/08/13/2940132/saudi-consulate-reopens-in-iran-s-mashhad ^ Saudi consulate to re-open in Basra, Iraq, alarabiya. ^ Consulate General of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, dfr.gov ^ "Prince Mansour bin Khalid bin Farhan". ^ "Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties". Digital Journal. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023. ^ Saudi Arabia opens 2nd embassy in Brussels to boost ties with EU, Kuwait News Agency. ^ https://www.arabnews.com/node/1765551/saudi-arabia ^ https://twitter.com/ManeeshGobin ^ "Serbian president receives Saudi prince". B92.net. 11 June 2015. ^ Saudi Arabia Wants to Open an Embassy in Najaf, Iraq, Asharq Al-Awsat. External links (in Arabic) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (in English) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia vte Diplomatic missions of Saudi ArabiaAmericas Canada United States Asia India  Japan  Iran Maldives South Korea  Europe Russia United Kingdom De facto Taiwan vteList of diplomatic missions of AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplomatic_missions_of_Saudi_Arabia.png"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Ibn Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"}],"text":"Map showing Saudi diplomatic missionsThis is a list of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud established the General Directory for the Foreign Affairs in 1926. Four years later it was given ministry status, even though it had a staff of fifteen employees in total and no diplomatic missions abroad. In 1936, Saudi Arabia had five missions–in London, Baghdad, Damascus, Geneva, and Cairo–and fifteen years later this number jumped to sixteen. Saudi Arabia now has an extensive diplomatic presence worldwide.","title":"List of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algeria"},{"link_name":"Algiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algiers"},{"link_name":"Burkina Faso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso"},{"link_name":"Ouagadougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouagadougou"},{"link_name":"Cameroon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon"},{"link_name":"Yaoundé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaound%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Chad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad"},{"link_name":"N'Djamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Djamena"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Moroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moroni,_Comoros"},{"link_name":"Djibouti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti"},{"link_name":"Djibouti City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_City"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Asmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Nouakchott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouakchott"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Maputo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Niamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"}],"text":"Algeria\nAlgiers (Embassy)\n Burkina Faso\nOuagadougou (Embassy)\n Cameroon\nYaoundé (Embassy)\n Chad\nN'Djamena (Embassy)\n Comoros\nMoroni (Embassy)\n Djibouti\nDjibouti City (Embassy)\n Egypt\nCairo (Embassy)\nAlexandria (Consulate-General)\nSuez (Consulate-General)\n Eritrea\nAsmara (Embassy)\n Ethiopia\nAddis Ababa (Embassy)\n Gabon\nLibreville (Embassy)\n Ghana\nAccra (Embassy)\n Guinea\nConakry (Embassy)\n Ivory Coast\nAbidjan (Embassy)\n Kenya\nNairobi (Embassy)\n Libya\nTripoli (Embassy)[1]\n Mali\nBamako (Embassy)\n Mauritania\nNouakchott (Embassy)\n Morocco\nRabat (Embassy)\n Mozambique\nMaputo (Embassy)\n Niger\nNiamey (Embassy)\n Nigeria\nAbuja (Embassy)\nKano (Consulate-General)\n Senegal\nDakar (Embassy)\n Somalia\nMogadishu (Embassy)[2]\n South Africa\nPretoria (Embassy)\n Sudan\nKhartoum (Embassy)\n Tanzania\nDar es Salaam (Embassy)\n Tunisia\nTunis (Embassy)\n Uganda\nKampala (Embassy)\n Zambia\nLusaka (Embassy)","title":"Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"}],"text":"Argentina\nBuenos Aires (Embassy)\n Brazil\nBrasília (Embassy)\n Canada\nOttawa (Embassy)\n Chile\nSantiago (Embassy)\n Cuba\nHavana (Embassy)\n Mexico\nMexico City (Embassy)\n Peru\nLima (Embassy)\n United States\nWashington, D.C. (Embassy)\nHouston (Consulate-General)\nLos Angeles (Consulate-General)\nNew York City (Consulate-General)\n Uruguay\nMontevideo (Embassy)\n Venezuela\nCaracas (Embassy)","title":"Americas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Manama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Bandar Seri Begawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mashhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/12/16/Saudi-reopens-Baghdad-embassy-after-25-years.html"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kuwait City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_City"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Malé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Yangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Trade office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Trade_Office_in_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Tashkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Sana'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27a"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"}],"text":"Afghanistan\nKabul (Embassy)\n Azerbaijan\nBaku (Embassy)\n Bahrain\nManama (Embassy)\n Bangladesh\nDhaka (Embassy)\n Brunei\nBandar Seri Begawan (Embassy)\n China\nBeijing (Embassy)\nHong Kong (Consulate)\nGuangzhou (Consulate)\n Georgia\nTbilisi (Embassy)\n India\nNew Delhi (Embassy)\nMumbai (Consulate-General)\n Indonesia\nJakarta (Embassy)\n Iran\nTehran (Embassy)[3]\nMashhad (Consulate General)[4]\n Iraq\nBaghdad (Embassy)[1]\nBasra (Consulate General)[5]\nErbil (Consulate General)[6]\n Japan\nTokyo (Embassy)\n Jordan\nAmman (Embassy)\n Kazakhstan\nAstana (Embassy)\n Kuwait\nKuwait City (Embassy)\n Kyrgyzstan\nBishkek (Embassy)\n Lebanon\nBeirut (Embassy)\n Malaysia\nKuala Lumpur (Embassy)\n Maldives\nMalé (Embassy)\n Myanmar\nYangon (Embassy)\n Nepal\nKathmandu (Embassy)\n Oman\nMuscat (Embassy)\n Pakistan\nIslamabad (Embassy)\nKarachi (Consulate-General)\n Philippines\nManila (Embassy)\n Qatar\nDoha (Embassy)[7]\n Singapore\nSingapore (Embassy)\n South Korea\nSeoul (Embassy)\n Sri Lanka\nColombo (Embassy)\n Syria\nDamascus (Embassy)[8]\n Taiwan\nTaipei (Trade office)\n Tajikistan\nDushanbe (Embassy)\n Thailand\nBangkok (Embassy)\n Turkey\nAnkara (Embassy)\nIstanbul (Consulate-General)\n Turkmenistan\nAshgabat (Embassy)\n United Arab Emirates\nAbu Dhabi (Embassy)\nDubai (Consulate-General)\n Uzbekistan\nTashkent (Embassy)\n Vietnam\nHanoi (Embassy)\n Yemen\nSana'a (Embassy)\nAden (Consulate)","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"Czechia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_London"}],"text":"Albania\nTirana (Embassy)\n Austria\nVienna (Embassy)\n Belgium\nBrussels (Embassy)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nSarajevo (Embassy)\n Bulgaria\nSofia (Embassy)\n Cyprus\nNicosia (Embassy)\n Czechia\nPrague (Embassy)\n Denmark\nCopenhagen (Embassy)\n Finland\nHelsinki (Embassy)\n France\nParis (Embassy)\n Germany\nBerlin (Embassy)\n Greece\nAthens (Embassy)\n Hungary\nBudapest (Embassy)\n Ireland\nDublin (Embassy)\n Italy\nRome (Embassy)\n Netherlands\nThe Hague (Embassy)\n Norway\nOslo (Embassy)\n Poland\nWarsaw (Embassy)\n Portugal\nLisbon (Embassy)\n Romania\nBucharest (Embassy)\n Russia\nMoscow (Embassy)\n Spain\nMadrid (Embassy)\nMálaga (Consulate)\n Sweden\nStockholm (Embassy)\n  Switzerland\nBern (Embassy)\nGeneva (Consulate)\n Ukraine\nKyiv (Embassy)\n United Kingdom\nLondon (Embassy)","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"}],"text":"Australia\nCanberra (Embassy)\nSydney (Consulate-General)\n New Zealand\nWellington (Embassy)\nAuckland (Consulate-General)","title":"Oceania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_OPEC.svg"},{"link_name":"OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"text":"European Union\nBrussels (Mission)[9]\n United Nations\nNew York City (Permanent Mission)\nGeneva (Permanent Mission)\n UNESCO\nParis (Permanent)\n Arab League\nCairo (Mission])\n OPEC\nVienna (Mission)","title":"Multilateral organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botschaft_Saudi_Arabien_in_Berlin.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoosCem28.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_embassy_in_Buenos_Aires.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Embassy_in_Canberra.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Embassy,_Fitzwilliam_Square.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Embassy,_Lima_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Embassy_in_London.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MADRID_EMBAJADA_DE_ARABIA_SAUDI_CUESTA_DE_LOS_SAGRADOS_CORAZONES_26-12-2006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Moscow,_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drammensvn_102H.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia,_Ottawa.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambassade_d%27Arabie_saoudite_en_France,_92_rue_de_Courcelles,_Paris_8e.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_embassy_Prague_3309.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Embassy_in_Singapore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A4%A8%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambasada_KR%C3%93LESTWA_ARABII_SAUDYJSKIEJ_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Washington,_D.C..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_LA_Consulate-General_bldg.jpg"}],"text":"Embassy in Berlin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Brussels\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Buenos Aires\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Canberra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Dublin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Lima\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in London\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Madrid\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Moscow\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Oslo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Ottawa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Paris\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Prague\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Singapore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Tokyo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Warsaw\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Washington, D.C.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConsulate-General in Los Angeles","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"N'Djamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Djamena"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Congo-Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sao Tome and Principe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Timor-Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"}],"text":"Andorra (Madrid)\n Angola (Lusaka)\n Antigua and Barbuda (Caracas)\n Armenia (Tbilisi)\n Bahamas (Havana)\n Barbados (Caracas)\n Belarus (Moscow)\n Belize (Mexico City)\n Benin (Abuja)\n Bhutan (New Delhi)\n Bolivia (Brasilia)\n Botswana (Pretoria)\n Benin (Abuja)\n Burundi (Dar es Salaam)\n Cape Verde (Dakar)\n Cambodia (Hanoi)\n Central African Republic (N'Djamena)\n Cape Verde (Dakar)\n Colombia (Lima)\n Comoros (Dar es Salaam)\n Cook Islands (Wellington)\n Costa Rica (Lima)\n Congo-Brazzaville (Libreville)\n Dominica (Caracas)\n Dominican Republic (Havana)\n Ecuador (Brasilia)\n El Salvador (Mexico City)\n Equatorial Guinea (Libreville)\n Estonia (Helsinki)\n Eswatini (Pretoria)\n Fiji (Canberra)\n Gambia (Dakar)\n Grenada (Caracas)\n Guatemala (Mexico City)\n Guyana (Brasilia)\n Guinea-Bissau (Dakar)\n Haiti (Havana)\n Honduras (Mexico City)\n Iceland (Stockholm)\n Jamaica (Havana)\n Kosovo (Tirana)\n Kiribati (Canberra)\n Laos (New Delhi)\n Latvia (Stockholm)\n Lesotho (Pretoria)\n Liberia (Abidjan)\n Lithuania (Copenhagen)\n Malawi (Nairobi)\n Mauritius (Pretoria)\n Madagascar (Dar es Salaam)\n Monaco (Paris)\n Mongolia (Beijing)\n Nauru (Canberra)\n Namibia (Lusaka)\n Nicaragua (Mexico City)\n North Macedonia (Tirana)\n Niue (Wellington)\n Palestine (Amman)\n Papua New Guinea (Canberra)\n Panama (Lima)\n Paraguay (Buenos Aires)\n Rwanda (Kampala)\n San Marino (Rome)\n Samoa (Wellington)\n Serbia (Budapest)\n Solomon Islands (Canberra)\n Sao Tome and Principe (Libreville)\n Saint Lucia (Caracas)\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Caracas)\n Seychelles (Nairobi)\n Sierra Leone (Conakry)\n Slovakia (Vienna)\n Slovenia (Budapest)\n South Sudan (Kampala)\n Suriname (Brasilia)\n Togo (Accra)\n Tonga (Wellington)\n Trinidad and Tobago (Caracas)\n Tuvalu (Wellington)\n Timor-Leste (Jakarta)\n Vanuatu (Canberra)\n Zimbabwe (Lusaka)","title":"Non-resident embassies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Antananarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antananarivo"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Port Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Louis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Madagascar[10]\nAntananarivo\n Mauritius\nPort Louis[11]\n Serbia[12]\nBelgrade\n Iraq\nNajaf (Consulate General)[13]","title":"To open"}]
[{"image_text":"Map showing Saudi diplomatic missions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Diplomatic_missions_of_Saudi_Arabia.png/450px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Saudi_Arabia.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Libyan PM thanks Saudi leadership for reopening Tripoli embassy\". Arab News. 6 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/2436786/saudi-arabia","url_text":"\"Libyan PM thanks Saudi leadership for reopening Tripoli embassy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia announces reopening of Kingdom's embassy in Somalia\". 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1971426/saudi-arabia","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia announces reopening of Kingdom's embassy in Somalia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Mansour bin Khalid bin Farhan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/tags/prince-mansour-bin-khalid-bin-farhan","url_text":"\"Prince Mansour bin Khalid bin Farhan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties\". Digital Journal. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaljournal.com/world/saudi-arabia-syria-agree-to-restore-diplomatic-ties/article","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbian president receives Saudi prince\". B92.net. 11 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2015&mm=11&dd=06&nav_id=95963","url_text":"\"Serbian president receives Saudi prince\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/12/16/Saudi-reopens-Baghdad-embassy-after-25-years.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/2436786/saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"\"Libyan PM thanks Saudi leadership for reopening Tripoli embassy\""},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1971426/saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia announces reopening of Kingdom's embassy in Somalia\""},{"Link":"https://en.isna.ir/news/1402051811411/Saudi-Arabian-embassy-in-Iran-officially-begins-its-activities","external_links_name":"https://en.isna.ir/news/1402051811411/Saudi-Arabian-embassy-in-Iran-officially-begins-its-activities"},{"Link":"https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/08/13/2940132/saudi-consulate-reopens-in-iran-s-mashhad","external_links_name":"https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/08/13/2940132/saudi-consulate-reopens-in-iran-s-mashhad"},{"Link":"http://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/gulf/2018/02/12/Saudi-consulate-to-re-open-in-Basra-Iraq.html","external_links_name":"Saudi consulate to re-open in Basra, Iraq"},{"Link":"http://dfr.gov.krd/p/p.aspx?p=269&l=12&r=364","external_links_name":"Consulate General of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.com/tags/prince-mansour-bin-khalid-bin-farhan","external_links_name":"\"Prince Mansour bin Khalid bin Farhan\""},{"Link":"https://www.digitaljournal.com/world/saudi-arabia-syria-agree-to-restore-diplomatic-ties/article","external_links_name":"\"Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties\""},{"Link":"https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2682739&language=en#","external_links_name":"Saudi Arabia opens 2nd embassy in Brussels to boost ties with EU"},{"Link":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1765551/saudi-arabia","external_links_name":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1765551/saudi-arabia"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/ManeeshGobin","external_links_name":"https://twitter.com/ManeeshGobin"},{"Link":"https://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics.php?yyyy=2015&mm=11&dd=06&nav_id=95963","external_links_name":"\"Serbian president receives Saudi prince\""},{"Link":"https://eng-archive.aawsat.com/abdul-hadi-habtoor/news-middle-east/saudi-arabia/saudi-arabia-wants-open-embassy-najaf-iraq","external_links_name":"Saudi Arabia Wants to Open an Embassy in Najaf, Iraq"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007537172605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh92005690","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Davis_(Australian_rules_footballer)
Bob Davis (Australian rules footballer)
["1 Early life","2 VFL career","3 Post-playing career","4 References","5 External links"]
Australian rules footballer, born 1928 Australian rules footballer Bob DavisPersonal informationFull name Robert DavisDate of birth (1928-06-12)12 June 1928Place of birth Golden Point, VictoriaDate of death 16 May 2011(2011-05-16) (aged 82)Place of death Geelong, Victoria, AustraliaOriginal team(s) Clunes (CHFL)/ Golden Point (BFL)Height 183 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight 91 kg (201 lb)Playing career1Years Club Games (Goals)1948–1958 Geelong 189 (141)Coaching career3Years Club Games (W–L–D)1956–1965 Geelong 116 (72–39–5) 1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1958.3 Coaching statistics correct as of 1965.Career highlights Geelong premiership player 1951, 1952 Geelong premiership coach 1963 Geelong Team of the Century Geelong captain 1955–1958 Carji Greeves Medal 1957 All-Australian captain 1958 Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com Robert "Bob" Davis (12 June 1928 – 16 May 2011) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Early life Bob Davis was born in Clunes and as a teenager he boarded and attended at Ballarat College. A keen South Melbourne supporter he attended a preseason training with the club but was told his services would not be necessary. He returned to Ballarat and played locally with Golden Point. He was spotted by Geelong recruiters and he was invited to try out with Geelong. VFL career Nicknamed "Woofa", Davis was recruited from Golden Point in the Ballarat Football League and played with the Geelong Football Club in the VFL from 1948 to 1958, generally as a half-forward flanker. He made his debut in the opening round of 1948, on a two match permit issued by his club Golden Point. He missed the next two games because Golden Point refused to clear him. The Geelong president met with the Golden Point committee, and after a long discussion Davis's clearance was granted. He made the state side for the first time in 1949 At 183 cm (6 feet) in height, Davis was noted for his pace and tenacity. He was one of the fastest players in the League at the time, and was known in the press as "The Geelong Flyer", named after the express train that ran from Melbourne to Geelong in only 55 minutes. Davis represented Victoria on 13 occasions, as well as the captaining Geelong from 1955 to 1958. He played in two premierships for Geelong, in 1951 and 1952. He also coached the club, first in 1956, and then from 1960 to 1965, which included coaching Geelong to the VFL premiership in 1963, defeating Hawthorn. In 1952, after playing only 51 games for Geelong, Davis was offered a coaching job with the South Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League. He moved to Adelaide for the start of the 1952 season, but after Geelong refused to clear him, he returned to Geelong in time for the sixth game of the season, and remained there for the remainder of his career. Post-playing career During his career, Davis was a popular character off the field, with his much-imitated flamboyant voice – in particular the phrase "fair dinkum unbelievable", which has been imitated many times in the football world, usually with humorous but respectful intent. He appeared on many television shows in the 1970s and '80s, including World of Sport and League Teams with Lou Richards and Jack Dyer. He died in hospital on 16 May 2011 after a long battle with illness in his last months. Before the Carlton-Geelong game later that week they held a minute's silence. Clunes Football Club Davis's original club scrapped their traditional Black and White for a one off tribute game post his death. They donned Geelong style jerseys for 1 game, and displayed both clubs logos and the name Bob Davis on the back. References ^ a b c d e f Anderson, Jon; Langmaid, Aaron (17 May 2011). "Cats legend Bob Davis dies". Herald Sun. Retrieved 17 May 2011. ^ "Ballarat Man for Geelong". Herald. 13 May 1948. ^ "Ballarat Schoolboy in State Team". Weekly Times. 13 July 1949. ^ a b "Cats to hold flanker". The Argus. Melbourne. 19 January 1952. p. 12. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia. ^ a b Australian Associated Press (17 May 2011). "Cats legend Davis dies". ABC News. Retrieved 17 May 2011. ^ "The 'Geelong Flyer'". Rail Geelong. Retrieved 1 October 2014. ^ a b Brodie, Will (17 May 2011). "Cats legend Bob Davis passes away". The Age. Retrieved 17 May 2011. ^ "DAVIS JOB WAITS". The Argus. Melbourne. 4 March 1952. p. 9. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Davis Accepts Geelong's". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 31 May 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia. ^ "Davis Not For South". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 10 February 1953. p. 6. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia. External links Geelong Profile – Bob Davis Bob Davis's playing statistics from AFL Tables vteGeelong Football Club 1951 VFL premiersGeelong 11.15 (81) defeated Essendon 10.10 (70), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 1. Morrison 2. Middlemiss 4. Davis 6. Pianto 7. McMaster 8. Renfrey 9. Turner 10. Flanagan (c) 11. Smith 16. Hovey 17. Reed 18. Goninon 22. Morrow 24. Tate 25. Worner 28. Trezise 30. Norman 32. Stewart 33. Fulton 37. Hyde Coach: Hickey vteGeelong Football Club 1952 VFL premiersGeelong 13.8 (86) defeated Collingwood 5.10 (40), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 1. Morrison 2. Middlemiss 3. Palmer 4. Davis 5. S. Smith 6. Pianto 7. McMaster 8. Renfrey 9. Turner 10. Flanagan (c) 11. B. Smith 12. Hovey 16. Hyde 18. Goninon 21. Williams 25. Worner 26. Sharp 28. Trezise 30. Norman 33. Fulton Coach: Hickey vteGeelong Football Club 1963 VFL premiersGeelong 15.19 (109) defeated Hawthorn 8.12 (60), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 3. Wooller (c) 4. A. Lord 5. Farmer 6. S. Lord 8. Vinar 9. Devine 10. Sharrock 12. Hynes 14. Scott 15. Rice 21. Brown 22. Goodland 23. Wade 28. Watts 29. Routley 31. West 34. Walker 35. Goggin 36. Polinelli 40. Yeates Coach: Davis vteCaptains of the Geelong Football ClubPre-VFA 1859: Mason/Fraser/Rennie 1860: Mason/Wills 1861: Rennie/Tait 1862: Greenfield/Harrison/Nicholls 1863–1865: Nichols 1866: Groom 1867: Robertson/Wills/Bowden 1868: Wills/Harrison/Bowden 1869–1870: Arthur 1871: Dickenson/Bowden 1872: Wills/Arthur 1873: Wills 1874: Down 1875: Day 1876: Thomas VFA 1877: Down 1878: Austin 1879–1880: Wilson 1881: Wilson/Austin 1882: Wilson 1883: Brownlow 1884: Brownlow/Steedman 1885: McLean 1886: Hickinbotham 1887: Talbot 1888–1889: Hickinbotham 1890: Baker 1891: Parkin 1892–1894: Houston 1895: McShane 1896: Burns VFL/AFL 1897–1899: Conway 1900: Burns 1901–1909: Young 1910–1913: B. Eason 1914–1915: Orchard 1917: Marsham 1918–1919: Kearney 1919–1920: A. Eason 1921–1922: Craven 1923: B. Rankin 1924: Hagger 1925–1927: C. Rankin 1928: Fitzmaurice 1929–1930: Coghlan 1931: Baker 1932–1940: R. Hickey 1941: Arklay 1944–1945: Butcher 1945: White 1946: Grant 1947: Gniel 1948: White 1949: Fitzgerald 1949: Morrow 1950: White 1950: Smith 1951–1954: Flanagan 1954: Smith 1955–1958: Davis 1959: Trezise 1960: Hovey 1960: Rice 1961–1962: Yeates 1963–1964: Wooler 1965–1967: Farmer 1968–1971: Goggin 1972: Wade 1973: Ainsworth 1974–1975: Newman 1976–1977: B. Nankervis 1978–1981: I. Nankervis 1982: Peake 1983: I. Nankervis 1984–1986: Turner 1987–1989: Bourke 1990–1991: Bews 1992–1994: Bairstow 1995: Hocking 1995: Ablett/Hinkley/Stoneham 1996: Ablett/Stoneham 1997–1998: Stoneham 1999: Colbert 1999: Hocking 2000–2002: Graham 2003–2006: King 2007–2009: Harley 2010–2011: Ling 2012–2022: Selwood 2023–: Dangerfield AFL Women's 2019–2020: M. Hickey 2021–: McDonald vteCoaches of the Geelong Football ClubVFL/AFL 1910–1911: Hickinbotham 1912–1913: Eason 1914: Orchard 1923: Taylor 1924: Hagger 1925–1927: Rankin 1928: Fitzmaurice 1929–1930: Coghlan 1931: Clymo 1932: Hickey 1933–1934: Coghlan 1935: Parratt 1936: Dibbs 1936–1940: Hickey 1940: Everett 1941: Metherell 1944: Arklay 1945–1959: Hickey 1960–1965: Davis 1966–1970: Pianto 1971–1972: McMaster 1973–1975: Farmer 1976–1979: Olsson 1980–1982: Goggin 1983–1985: Hafey 1986–1988: Devine 1989–1994: Blight 1995–1999: Ayres 2000–2010: Thompson 2011–: Scott AFL Women's 2019–2021: Hood 2022 (S6)–: Lowther Italics denote caretaker coach vteCarji Greeves Medal · Geelong Football Club best and fairest winners 1897: McShane 1903: E. Rankin 1905: Young 1906: Young 1910: Grigg 1911: Grigg 1912: Grigg 1914: Grigg 1915: Eason 1917: B. Rankin 1920: Jones 1921: McCarter 1922: Johns 1923: McCarter 1927: Todd 1928: Hickey 1930: Todd 1931: Todd 1932: Moloney 1933: Hardiman 1934: Hickey 1935: Hawking 1936: Quinn 1937: Quinn 1938: Arklay 1939: Grant 1940: Arklay 1941: Knight 1944: Munday 1945: Fitzgerald 1946: Mahon 1947: White 1948: Morrison 1949: Flanagan 1950: Hyde 1951: Smith 1952: Ge. Williams 1953: Pianto 1954: Sharp 1955: Ge. Williams 1956: Smith 1957: Davis 1958: O'Neill 1959: Rice 1960: Wooler 1961: West 1962: Lord 1963: Farmer 1964: Farmer 1965: Walker 1966: Marshall 1967: Goggin 1968: Newman 1969: Wade 1970: Goggin 1971: Clarke 1972: I. Nankervis 1973: B. Nankervis 1974: B. Nankervis 1975: Newman 1976: I. Nankervis 1977: I. Nankervis 1978: Clarke 1979: Clarke 1980: Blake 1981: Featherby 1982: Mossop 1983: Card 1984: Ablett Sr. 1985: Gr. Williams 1986: Couch 1987: Bos 1988: Bos 1989: Couch 1990: Stoneham 1991: Hocking 1992: Hinkley 1993: Hocking 1994: Hocking 1995: Couch 1996: Hocking 1997: Pickering 1998: Riccardi 1999: Graham 2000: King 2001: Sanderson 2002: King 2003: Scarlett 2004: Ling 2005: Corey 2006: Chapman 2007: Ablett Jr. 2008: Corey 2009: Ablett Jr./Enright 2010: Selwood 2011: Enright 2012: Hawkins 2013: Selwood 2014: Selwood 2015: Blicavs 2016: Dangerfield 2017: Dangerfield 2018: Blicavs 2019: Dangerfield 2020: Guthrie 2021: Stewart 2022: Cameron/Guthrie 2023: Stewart vteGeelong Football Club • Team of the CenturyFull-back Bernie Smith George Todd Sam Newman Half-back Dick Grigg Reg Hickey Joe Slater Centre Michael Turner Edward Greeves Leo Turner Half-forward Gary Ablett Sr. Fred Flanagan Bob Davis Full-forward Henry Young Doug Wade Peter Pianto Ruck Polly Farmer Garry Hocking Bill Goggin Interchange David Clarke Paul Couch Alec Eason Les Hardiman Emergencies Ian Nankervis Jack Collins Tommy Quinn Cliff Rankin vteJock McHale Medal · AFL premiership coach 1950: Reynolds* 1951: Hickey* 1952: Hickey* 1953: Kyne* 1954: Sutton* 1955: Smith* 1956: Smith* 1957: Smith* 1958: Kyne* 1959: Smith* 1960: Smith* 1961: Kennedy* 1962: Coleman* 1963: Davis* 1964: Smith* 1965: Coleman* 1966: Jeans* 1967: Hafey* 1968: Barassi* 1969: Hafey* 1970: Barassi* 1971: Kennedy* 1972: Nicholls* 1973: Hafey* 1974: Hafey* 1975: Barassi* 1976: Kennedy* 1977: Barassi* 1978: Parkin* 1979: Jesaulenko* 1980: Jewell* 1981: Parkin* 1982: Parkin* 1983: Jeans* 1984: Sheedy* 1985: Sheedy* 1986: Jeans* 1987: Walls* 1988: Joyce* 1989: Jeans* 1990: Matthews* 1991: Joyce* 1992: Malthouse* 1993: Sheedy* 1994: Malthouse* 1995: Parkin* 1996: Pagan* 1997: Blight* 1998: Blight* 1999: Pagan* 2000: Sheedy* 2001: Matthews 2002: Matthews 2003: Matthews 2004: Williams 2005: Roos 2006: Worsfold 2007: Thompson 2008: Clarkson 2009: Thompson 2010: Malthouse 2011: Scott 2012: Longmire 2013: Clarkson 2014: Clarkson 2015: Clarkson 2016: Beveridge 2017: Hardwick 2018: Simpson 2019: Hardwick 2020: Hardwick 2021: Goodwin 2022: Scott 2023: McRae * awarded retroactively vte1950 Sporting Life Team of the YearDefenders Dick Russell (Port Adelaide) Bill Brittingham (Essendon) Merv McIntosh (Perth) Charlie Sutton (Footscray) Mopsy Fraser (Richmond) Gordon Hocking (Collingwood)Midfielders Arthur Hodgson (Carlton) Bob Hank (West Torrens) Doug Olds (Norwood)Forwards Bob Davis (Geelong) Fred Flanagan (Geelong) Len Dockett (Melbourne) John Marriott (Norwood) John Coleman (Essendon) Fos Williams (Port Adelaide)Followers Bill Morris (Richmond) (Captain) Jack Whelan (Brunswick) Bill Hutchison (Essendon) vte1951 Sporting Life Team of the YearDefenders John Marriott (Norwood) Ian McKay (North Adelaide) Charlie Sutton (Footscray) Harold McDonald (Port Adelaide) Brian Faehse (West Adelaide) Fred Buttsworth (West Perth)Midfielders Arthur Hodgson (Carlton) Bob Rose (Collingwood) Lyle Griffin (North Adelaide)Forwards Bob Davis (Geelong) Ron Clegg (South Melbourne) Jim Deane (South Adelaide) Allan Crabb (Glenelg) John Coleman (Essendon) Fos Williams (Port Adelaide)Followers Bill Morris (Richmond) Jack Whelan (Brunswick) Bill Hutchison (Essendon) vte1958 All-Australian teamSouth Australia John Abley (Port Adelaide)Tasmania Don Gale (Wynyard) Jim Ross (North Launceston) Stuart Spencer (Clarence)Victoria (VFA) Barry Metcalfe (Mordialloc)Victoria Owen Abrahams (Fitzroy) Allen Aylett (North Melbourne) Ron Barassi (Melbourne) Reg Burgess (Essendon) Jack Clarke (Essendon) Bob Davis (Geelong) (Captain) John Dugdale (North Melbourne) Kevin Murray (Fitzroy) Neil Roberts (St Kilda) Ted Whitten (Footscray)Western Australia Jack "Stork" Clarke (East Fremantle) Polly Farmer (East Perth) Alan Preen (East Fremantle) Norm Rogers (East Fremantle) Ray Sorrell (East Fremantle) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League_(1897%E2%80%931989)"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerRobert \"Bob\" Davis (12 June 1928 – 16 May 2011) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).","title":"Bob Davis (Australian rules footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bob Davis was born in Clunes and as a teenager he boarded and attended at Ballarat College. A keen South Melbourne supporter he attended a preseason training with the club but was told his services would not be necessary. He returned to Ballarat and played locally with Golden Point. He was spotted by Geelong recruiters and he was invited to try out with Geelong.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"Golden Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Point_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Ballarat Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Geelong Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"half-forward flanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(Australian_rules)_positions#Centre_half-forward"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-5"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Australian_rules_football_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_age-7"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"South Adelaide Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"South Australian National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Nicknamed \"Woofa\",[1] Davis was recruited from Golden Point in the Ballarat Football League and played with the Geelong Football Club in the VFL from 1948 to 1958,[1] generally as a half-forward flanker.He made his debut in the opening round of 1948, on a two match permit issued by his club Golden Point. He missed the next two games because Golden Point refused to clear him. The Geelong president met with the Golden Point committee, and after a long discussion Davis's clearance was granted.[2] He made the state side for the first time in 1949[3]At 183 cm (6 feet) in height, Davis was noted for his pace and tenacity. He was one of the fastest players in the League at the time,[4] and was known in the press as \"The Geelong Flyer\",[5] named after the express train that ran from Melbourne to Geelong in only 55 minutes.[6]Davis represented Victoria on 13 occasions,[5] as well as the captaining Geelong from 1955 to 1958.[1] He played in two premierships for Geelong, in 1951 and 1952.[1] He also coached the club, first in 1956, and then from 1960 to 1965,[7] which included coaching Geelong to the VFL premiership in 1963, defeating Hawthorn.[1]In 1952, after playing only 51 games for Geelong, Davis was offered a coaching job with the South Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League.[4] He moved to Adelaide for the start of the 1952 season, but after Geelong refused to clear him,[8] he returned to Geelong in time for the sixth game of the season,[9] and remained there for the remainder of his career.[10]","title":"VFL career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Sport_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"League Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Teams"},{"link_name":"Lou Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Richards"},{"link_name":"Jack Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dyer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_age-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"}],"text":"During his career, Davis was a popular character off the field, with his much-imitated flamboyant voice – in particular the phrase \"fair dinkum unbelievable\", which has been imitated many times in the football world, usually with humorous but respectful intent. He appeared on many television shows in the 1970s and '80s, including World of Sport and League Teams with Lou Richards and Jack Dyer.[7]He died in hospital on 16 May 2011 after a long battle with illness in his last months.[1] Before the Carlton-Geelong game later that week they held a minute's silence.Clunes Football Club Davis's original club scrapped their traditional Black and White for a one off tribute game post his death. They donned Geelong style jerseys for 1 game, and displayed both clubs logos and the name Bob Davis on the back.","title":"Post-playing career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Anderson, Jon; Langmaid, Aaron (17 May 2011). \"Cats legend Bob Davis dies\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 17 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/cats-legend-bob-davis-dies/story-e6frf9jf-1226057395263","url_text":"\"Cats legend Bob Davis dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballarat Man for Geelong\". Herald. 13 May 1948.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/247289593?searchTerm=golden%20point%20bob%20davis%20%20geelong","url_text":"\"Ballarat Man for Geelong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballarat Schoolboy in State Team\". Weekly Times. 13 July 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/224947064?searchTerm=golden%20point%20bob%20davis%20%20geelong","url_text":"\"Ballarat Schoolboy in State Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cats to hold flanker\". The Argus. Melbourne. 19 January 1952. p. 12. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23158200","url_text":"\"Cats to hold flanker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"Australian Associated Press (17 May 2011). \"Cats legend Davis dies\". ABC News. Retrieved 17 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/05/17/3219006.htm","url_text":"\"Cats legend Davis dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 'Geelong Flyer'\". Rail Geelong. Retrieved 1 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railgeelong.com/article/geelong-flyer","url_text":"\"The 'Geelong Flyer'\""}]},{"reference":"Brodie, Will (17 May 2011). \"Cats legend Bob Davis passes away\". The Age. Retrieved 17 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/cats-legend-bob-davis-passes-away-20110517-1eqjp.html","url_text":"\"Cats legend Bob Davis passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAVIS JOB WAITS\". The Argus. Melbourne. 4 March 1952. p. 9. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23166578","url_text":"\"DAVIS JOB WAITS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Davis Accepts Geelong's\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 31 May 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47376166","url_text":"\"Davis Accepts Geelong's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Davis Not For South\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 10 February 1953. p. 6. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48282695","url_text":"\"Davis Not For South\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/B/Bob_Davis.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Bob+Davis/7701","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/cats-legend-bob-davis-dies/story-e6frf9jf-1226057395263","external_links_name":"\"Cats legend Bob Davis dies\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/247289593?searchTerm=golden%20point%20bob%20davis%20%20geelong","external_links_name":"\"Ballarat Man for Geelong\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/224947064?searchTerm=golden%20point%20bob%20davis%20%20geelong","external_links_name":"\"Ballarat Schoolboy in State Team\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23158200","external_links_name":"\"Cats to hold flanker\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/05/17/3219006.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cats legend Davis dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.railgeelong.com/article/geelong-flyer","external_links_name":"\"The 'Geelong Flyer'\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/cats-legend-bob-davis-passes-away-20110517-1eqjp.html","external_links_name":"\"Cats legend Bob Davis passes away\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23166578","external_links_name":"\"DAVIS JOB WAITS\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47376166","external_links_name":"\"Davis Accepts Geelong's\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48282695","external_links_name":"\"Davis Not For South\""},{"Link":"http://gfc.com.au/default.asp?pg=players&spg=playerprofile&personid=204501","external_links_name":"Geelong Profile – Bob Davis"},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/B/Bob_Davis.html","external_links_name":"Bob Davis's playing statistics"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/398426/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067721436","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/92714306","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8K7pG4YjFqyRyTgjV4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97100796","external_links_name":"United States"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Ching-feng
Wang Ching-feng
["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Political career","4 ROC Justice Ministry","5 References","6 External links"]
Taiwanese lawyer and politician You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Chinese. (March 2023) Click for important translation instructions. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|zh|王清峰}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Wang Tsing-fong王清峰Wang in 2009Minister of Justice of the Republic of ChinaIn office20 May 2008 – 12 March 2010DeputyWu Chen-huanPreceded byShih Mau-linSucceeded byHuang Shih-ming (acting)Tseng Yung-fu Personal detailsBorn1 January 1952 (1952-01) (age 72)Tainan City, TaiwanNationalityRepublic of ChinaAlma materNational Chengchi UniversityOccupationLawyer and politician In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang. Wang Tsing-fong (Chinese: 王清峰; pinyin: Wáng Qīngfēng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ông Chheng-hong; born 1 January 1952 in Tainan City) is a Taiwanese lawyer and politician. Early life Wang graduated from the Taipei First Girls' High School and received her bachelor's and master's degrees in law from National Chengchi University. Early career Wang has been working as a lawyer since graduation. Since 1987, she has been organising activities to give legal support to help Taiwanese comfort women, child prostitutes, and rape victims. Political career She was nominated as a member of the Control Yuan by President Lee Teng-hui, serving in this position from April 1993 to October 1995. In October 1995, Wang resigned her Control Yuan position and accepted the invitation from Chen Li-an to be his partner in their 1996 ROC Presidential Election campaign. They finished last among the four candidates, winning 9.98% of the vote. 1996 Republic of China Presidential Election Result President Candidate Vice President Candidate Party Votes % Lee Teng-hui Lien Chan Kuomintang 5,813,699 54.0 Peng Ming-min Frank Hsieh Democratic Progressive Party 2,274,586 21.1 Lin Yang-kang Hau Pei-tsun Independent 1,603,790 14.9 Chen Li-an Wang Ching-feng Independent 1,074,044 9.9 Invalid/blank votes 117,160 Total 10,883,279 100 In 2004, as an independent, Wang served as a member in the highly controversial 3-19 Shooting Investigation Committee organised by the pan-blue coalition after its loss in the 2004 ROC Presidential election. In 2005 Wang secured a seat in the National Assembly of the Republic of China after the Democratic Action Alliance  led by Chang Ya-chung, her recommending party, won 1.68% vote in the 2005 Republic of China National Assembly election and thereby secured five seats. Wang resigned her seat immediately upon taking office. ROC Justice Ministry Wang was nominated by President Ma Ying-jeou to be Minister of Justice after he won the 2008 ROC Presidential Election. On 10 March 2010, Wang announced that she is in favour of the eventual abolition of the death penalty; she emphasised that she would not allow any executions during her tenure. Her speech aroused public protests led by relatives of murder victims, such as the entertainer Pai Bing-bing (whose daughter was kidnapped and murdered in 1997). There were calls for her to step down. Wang quit her ministerial position the next day. References ^ "Minister of Justice WANG Ching-feng". Minister of Justice. 15 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. ^ Ko, Shu-ling (15 May 2005). "DPP wins surprise victory in election". Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ Ko, Shu-ling (31 May 2005). "National Assembly has first meeting". Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 January 2019. ^ "Taiwan: Justice Minister Threatens to Resign Rather Than Approve Executions". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-09-16. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Wang Ching-feng. Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_(surname)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Tainan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_City"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.Wang Tsing-fong (Chinese: 王清峰; pinyin: Wáng Qīngfēng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ông Chheng-hong; born 1 January 1952 in Tainan City) is a Taiwanese lawyer and politician.","title":"Wang Ching-feng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taipei First Girls' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei_First_Girls%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"National Chengchi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Chengchi_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Wang graduated from the Taipei First Girls' High School and received her bachelor's and master's degrees in law from National Chengchi University.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comfort women","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comfort_women"},{"link_name":"child prostitutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostitution_of_children"},{"link_name":"rape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape"}],"text":"Wang has been working as a lawyer since graduation. Since 1987, she has been organising activities to give legal support to help Taiwanese comfort women, child prostitutes, and rape victims.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Control Yuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_Yuan"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Lee Teng-hui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui"},{"link_name":"Chen Li-an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Li-an"},{"link_name":"1996 ROC Presidential Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROC_Presidential_Election_1996"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_(politician)"},{"link_name":"3-19 Shooting Investigation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-19_shooting_incident"},{"link_name":"pan-blue coalition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-blue_coalition"},{"link_name":"2004 ROC Presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_ROC_Presidential_election"},{"link_name":"National Assembly of the Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Democratic Action Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Democratic_Action_Alliance&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"zh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F"},{"link_name":"Chang Ya-chung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chang_Ya-chung"},{"link_name":"2005 Republic of China National Assembly election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Republic_of_China_National_Assembly_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"She was nominated as a member of the Control Yuan by President Lee Teng-hui, serving in this position from April 1993 to October 1995.In October 1995, Wang resigned her Control Yuan position and accepted the invitation from Chen Li-an to be his partner in their 1996 ROC Presidential Election campaign. They finished last among the four candidates, winning 9.98% of the vote.In 2004, as an independent, Wang served as a member in the highly controversial 3-19 Shooting Investigation Committee organised by the pan-blue coalition after its loss in the 2004 ROC Presidential election. In 2005 Wang secured a seat in the National Assembly of the Republic of China after the Democratic Action Alliance [zh] led by Chang Ya-chung, her recommending party, won 1.68% vote in the 2005 Republic of China National Assembly election and thereby secured five seats.[2] Wang resigned her seat immediately upon taking office.[3]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ma Ying-jeou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou"},{"link_name":"Minister of Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"2008 ROC Presidential Election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Republic_of_China_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"death penalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty"},{"link_name":"Pai Bing-bing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pai_Bing-bing"},{"link_name":"whose daughter was kidnapped and murdered in 1997","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Pai_Hsiao-yen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Wang was nominated by President Ma Ying-jeou to be Minister of Justice after he won the 2008 ROC Presidential Election. On 10 March 2010, Wang announced that she is in favour of the eventual abolition of the death penalty; she emphasised that she would not allow any executions during her tenure. Her speech aroused public protests led by relatives of murder victims, such as the entertainer Pai Bing-bing (whose daughter was kidnapped and murdered in 1997). There were calls for her to step down. Wang quit her ministerial position the next day.[4]","title":"ROC Justice Ministry"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Political career and guillotine","2.2 Resumption of medical career","3 Personal life","3.1 Family","3.2 Freemasonry","4 In modern fiction","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"]
French physician, politician and freemason This article is about Joseph-Ignace Guillotin. For other uses, including the device named after him, see Guillotine (disambiguation). Joseph-Ignace GuillotinDr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (Musée Carnavalet, Paris)Born(1738-05-28)28 May 1738Saintes, FranceDied26 March 1814(1814-03-26) (aged 75)Paris, FranceResting placePère Lachaise CemeteryEducationIrish College, BordeauxReims UniversityUniversity of ParisOccupationPhysicianKnown forProposing a painless method for executions, inspiring the guillotine Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (French: ; 28 May 1738 – 26 March 1814) was a French physician, politician, and freemason who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a device to carry out executions in France, as a less painful method of execution than existing methods. Although he did not invent the guillotine and opposed the death penalty, his name became an eponym for it. The actual inventor of the prototype was a man named Tobias Schmidt, working with the king's physician, Antoine Louis. Early life and education Guillotin was born on 28 May 1738 in Saintes, France, the second son of Joseph-Alexandre Guillotin and Catherine Agatha Martin. Legend has it that he was born prematurely because his mother was in distress after hearing the screams of a man being tortured to death on the breaking wheel. Guillotin's early education was by the Jesuits in Bordeaux and he earned a Master of Arts degree at the College of Aquitaine of the University of Bordeaux in December 1761. The essay that he wrote to earn the degree impressed the Jesuits so much that they invited him to become a professor of literature at the Irish College in Bordeaux. However, he left after a few years and travelled to Paris to study medicine, becoming a pupil of Antoine Petit. He gained a diploma from the faculty at Reims in 1768 and his doctorate at the School of Medicine in Paris in 1770, which also gave him the title of Doctor-Regent. This allowed him to teach medicine in Paris. Career In Paris, Guillotin became a well-known physician. By 1775, he was concerned with issues of torture and death. That year, he wrote a memo proposing that criminals be used as subjects in medical experiments. Although he recognised that as cruel, he considered it preferable to being put to death. In 1784, when Franz Mesmer began to publicize his theory of "animal magnetism", which was considered offensive by many, Louis XVI appointed a commission to investigate it and Guillotin was appointed a member, along with Jean Sylvain Bailly, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Antoine Lavoisier, and Benjamin Franklin. The commission declared Mesmer to be a fraud, and this put Guillotin in the public eye. Political career and guillotine In December 1788, Guillotin drafted a pamphlet entitled Petition of the Citizens Living in Paris, concerning the proper constitution of the Estates-General. The French parliament attempted to suppress his pamphlet and summoned him to give an account of his opinions, but the crowd during his testimony was very much in support of him, and he was released, which served to increase his popularity. On 2 May 1789, he became one of 10 Paris deputies in the Estates-General of 1789 and was secretary to the body from June 1789 to October 1791. On 20 June 1789, the National Assembly, as the members were now calling themselves, found itself locked out of its chamber. Guillotin suggested they reconvene in a nearby jeu de paume court, where the members swore the Tennis Court Oath, vowing "not to separate and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established". As a member of the assembly, Guillotin initially directed his attention towards medical reform. As a member of the Poverty Committee, he toured the Hôtel-Dieu and contributed to the report that exposed the unsanitary conditions there. He also became first chair of the Health Committee and submitted a bill for medical reform in 1791. At the same time, he was also concerned with criminal law reform. His experiences as a doctor had led him to oppose capital punishment: at first, he attempted to abolish it, but was unsuccessful. At that time, beheading in France was typically by axe or sword, which did not always cause immediate death. Additionally, beheading was reserved for the nobility, while commoners were typically hanged, which could take a long time, as the techniques whereby the victim's neck was broken by the noose had not yet been invented. Other methods included burning at the stake, the breaking wheel, death by boiling, and dismemberment. Guillotin realised that, if he could not eliminate executions, he could at least make them more humane. On 10 October 1789, he proposed that "the criminal shall be decapitated; this will be done solely by means of a simple mechanism." The "mechanism" was defined as "a machine that beheads painlessly". His proposal appeared in the Royalist periodical, Les Actes des Apôtres. In all, Guillotin proposed six articles: All punishments for the same class of crime shall be the same, regardless of the criminal (i.e., there would be no privilege for the nobility) When the death sentence is applied, it will be by decapitation, carried out by a machine The family of the guilty party will not suffer any legal discrimination It will be illegal to anyone to reproach the guilty party's family about his/her punishment The property of the convicted shall not be confiscated The bodies of those executed shall be returned to the family if so requested Guillotin assumed that, if a fair system was established where the only method of capital punishment was by mechanical decapitation, then the public would feel more appreciative of their rights. Despite this proposal, Guillotin was opposed to the death penalty, and hoped that a more humane and less painful method of execution would be the first step towards total abolition. He also hoped that, as the decapitation machine would kill quickly without prolonged suffering, this would reduce the size and enthusiasm of crowds that often witnessed executions. On 1 December 1789, Guillotin made a remark during a follow-up speech to the Assembly about capital punishment. He was quoted (or possibly misquoted) as saying, "Now, with my machine, I cut off your head in the twinkling of an eye, and you never feel it!" The statement quickly became a popular joke, and a few days after the debate a comic song about Guillotin and "his" machine circulated, forever tying his name to it, despite the fact that he was not at all involved in its design or construction. The Moniteur of 18 December 1789 deplored the joking but repeated Guillotin's "twinkling of an eye" statement for posterity. The articles were fairly controversial as the rights of the criminals and their families had not previously been considered, but they were accepted over the course of several years, with the "decapitation by simple machine" finally being accepted on 3 June 1791, with the result that his proposals became law on 20 March 1792. Meanwhile, the Assembly had commissioned Antoine Louis to build such a device. His proposal was presented on 17 March, and the first executions using it took place on 25 April 1792. However, by October 1791, Guillotin had already retired from the Assembly, returning to practise medicine. During the Reign of Terror, he moved to Arras to become the director of the military hospital there, returning to Paris a year later. Towards the end of the Reign of Terror, a letter from the Comte de Méré to Guillotin fell into the hands of the public prosecutor, Fouquier-Tinville in which the Count, who was to be executed, commended his wife and children to Guillotin's care. The authorities demanded Guillotin inform them of the whereabouts of the Count's wife and children. As Guillotin either would not or could not give the information, he was arrested and imprisoned. He was freed from prison in the general amnesty of 9 Thermidor (27 July) 1794 after Robespierre fell from power. In November 1795, a letter was published in the Moniteur claiming that the guillotine's victims survived for several minutes after beheading. Guillotin was shocked, and for the remainder of his life, he deeply regretted that the machine was named after him. His continued efforts to abolish the death penalty were hampered by the widespread belief that as the very person who proposed using a decapitation machine he must surely be in favour of it. Resumption of medical career Guillotin became one of the first French doctors to support Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination, and in 1805 was the chairman of the Central Vaccination Committee in Paris. He also founded one of the precursors of the National Academy of Medicine. Personal life Family The association with the guillotine so embarrassed Guillotin's family that they petitioned the French government to rename it; when the government refused, they instead changed their own family name. By coincidence, another person named Guillotin was indeed executed by the guillotine – he was J.M.V. Guillotin, a doctor of Lyon. This coincidence may have contributed to erroneous statements that J-I Guillotin was put to death on the machine that bears his name; however, in reality, Guillotin died at home in Paris in 1814 of natural causes, aged 75, specifically from a carbuncle, and is now buried in the Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. He was married to Louise Saugrain, sister of the physician and chemist Antoine Saugrain. Freemasonry Joseph Guillotin was initiated into Freemasonry, in 1765 at "La Parfaite Union" lodge in Angoulême. Very active as a mason, he joined several other lodges. As a deputy of the Grand Lodge from 1772 he took part in the birth of the Grand Orient of France and attended all its conventions until 1790. In 1773, he became Worshipful Master of the lodge "La Concorde Fraternelle" in Paris. In 1776, he founded the "La Vérité" lodge and often attended Les Neuf Sœurs. In modern fiction Guillotin features in Andrew Miller's Costa prize-winning novel Pure. He is also a primary character in the 1992 novel Dr Guillotine, written by the actor Herbert Lom. He is also the main character in the French drama series La Révolution. See also Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Donegan, Ciaran F. (1990). "Dr Guillotin – reformer and humanitarian". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (10): 637–639. doi:10.1177/014107689008301014. PMC 1292858. PMID 2286964. ^ a b c Yearsley, Macleod (1915). "Joseph Ignace Guillotin". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 8 (Sect Hist Med): 1–6. doi:10.1177/003591571500801501. PMC 2003650. PMID 19978948. ^ a b Russo, Naomi (25 March 2016). "The Death-Penalty Abolitionist Who Invented the Guillotine". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (January–June 1844). "Dr Guillotin". Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. I. W. Orr: 218–221. Retrieved 30 December 2009. ^ Bailly, John W. (12 April 2019). "Equality in Death: The Life of Joseph-Ignace Guillotine". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ a b c Opie, Robert Frederick (27 March 1997). Guillotine. The History Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0-7524-9605-4. ^ a b Morgan, J. D. (28 March 2011). "The Fate of Doctor Guillotin". Accessible Archives. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity. New York: H. Holt. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-8050-8261-6. ^ Roach, Mary (2003). Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-393-05093-6. ^ "Guillotin, frère du peuple" . L'Express (in French). 3 February 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2020. ^ "Joseph Ignace Guillotin". Health Sciences Library System. University of Pittsburgh. ^ Pepper, William (1911). "The Medical Side of Benjamin Franklin". University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin. 23: 503. ^ Cavendish, Richard (3 March 2014). "Death of Joseph-Ignace Guillotin". History Today. Retrieved 25 May 2020. ^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1970). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Harper & Row. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guillotine" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ^ Richard Gordon, The Alarming History of Medicine: Amusing Anecdotes from Hippocrates to Heart Transplants, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. p. 225. ^ Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 352 (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011) ^ Kyte, Holly (16 June 2011). "Pure by Andrew Miller: review". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 January 2012. References Bailly, J.-S., "Secret Report on Mesmerism or Animal Magnetism", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol.50, No.4, (October 2002), pp. 364–368. doi=10.1080/00207140208410110 Franklin, B., Majault, M.J., Le Roy, J.B., Sallin, C.L., Bailly, J.-S., d'Arcet, J., de Bory, G., Guillotin, J.-I. & Lavoisier, A., "Report of The Commissioners charged by the King with the Examination of Animal Magnetism", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol.50, No.4, (October 2002), pp. 332–363. doi=10.1080/00207140208410109 External links Media related to Joseph Ignace Guillotin at Wikimedia Commons  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guillotine". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 694–695. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Sycomore Other SNAC IdRef
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For other uses, including the device named after him, see Guillotine (disambiguation).Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (French: [ʒɔzɛf iɲas ɡijɔtɛ̃]; 28 May 1738 – 26 March 1814) was a French physician, politician, and freemason who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a device to carry out executions in France, as a less painful method of execution than existing methods. Although he did not invent the guillotine and opposed the death penalty, his name became an eponym for it. The actual inventor of the prototype was a man named Tobias Schmidt, working with the king's physician, Antoine Louis.","title":"Joseph-Ignace Guillotin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Saintes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saintes,_Charente-Maritime"},{"link_name":"breaking wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_wheel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"University of Bordeaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bordeaux"},{"link_name":"Irish College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearsley-2"},{"link_name":"Antoine Petit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Petit"},{"link_name":"Reims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearsley-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"}],"text":"Guillotin was born on 28 May 1738 in Saintes, France, the second son of Joseph-Alexandre Guillotin and Catherine Agatha Martin. Legend has it that he was born prematurely because his mother was in distress after hearing the screams of a man being tortured to death on the breaking wheel.[1]Guillotin's early education was by the Jesuits in Bordeaux and he earned a Master of Arts degree at the College of Aquitaine of the University of Bordeaux in December 1761. The essay that he wrote to earn the degree impressed the Jesuits so much that they invited him to become a professor of literature at the Irish College in Bordeaux.[2] However, he left after a few years and travelled to Paris to study medicine, becoming a pupil of Antoine Petit. He gained a diploma from the faculty at Reims in 1768 and his doctorate at the School of Medicine in Paris in 1770,[2] which also gave him the title of Doctor-Regent. This allowed him to teach medicine in Paris.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlantic-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Franz Mesmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer"},{"link_name":"animal magnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_magnetism"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"Jean Sylvain Bailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly"},{"link_name":"Antoine Laurent de Jussieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu"},{"link_name":"Antoine Lavoisier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"}],"text":"In Paris, Guillotin became a well-known physician.[3] By 1775, he was concerned with issues of torture and death. That year, he wrote a memo proposing that criminals be used as subjects in medical experiments. Although he recognised that as cruel, he considered it preferable to being put to death.[1] In 1784, when Franz Mesmer began to publicize his theory of \"animal magnetism\", which was considered offensive by many, Louis XVI appointed a commission to investigate it and Guillotin was appointed a member, along with Jean Sylvain Bailly, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Antoine Lavoisier, and Benjamin Franklin.[4] The commission declared Mesmer to be a fraud, and this put Guillotin in the public eye.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estates-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_States-General"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Estates-General of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"jeu de paume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_de_paume"},{"link_name":"Tennis Court Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Hôtel-Dieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu,_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"burning at the stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_at_the_stake"},{"link_name":"death by boiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_boiling"},{"link_name":"dismemberment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlantic-3"},{"link_name":"decapitated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"Les Actes des Apôtres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Actes_des_Apotres"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opie-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan-7"},{"link_name":"execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opie-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opie-6"},{"link_name":"Antoine Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Louis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearsley-2"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Fouquier-Tinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"9 Thermidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction"},{"link_name":"Robespierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robespierre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exp-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan-7"}],"sub_title":"Political career and guillotine","text":"In December 1788, Guillotin drafted a pamphlet entitled Petition of the Citizens Living in Paris, concerning the proper constitution of the Estates-General. The French parliament attempted to suppress his pamphlet and summoned him to give an account of his opinions, but the crowd during his testimony was very much in support of him, and he was released, which served to increase his popularity.[1] On 2 May 1789, he became one of 10 Paris deputies in the Estates-General of 1789 and was secretary to the body from June 1789 to October 1791.[4] On 20 June 1789, the National Assembly, as the members were now calling themselves, found itself locked out of its chamber. Guillotin suggested they reconvene in a nearby jeu de paume court, where the members swore the Tennis Court Oath, vowing \"not to separate and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established\".[1]As a member of the assembly, Guillotin initially directed his attention towards medical reform. As a member of the Poverty Committee, he toured the Hôtel-Dieu and contributed to the report that exposed the unsanitary conditions there. He also became first chair of the Health Committee and submitted a bill for medical reform in 1791.[1]At the same time, he was also concerned with criminal law reform. His experiences as a doctor had led him to oppose capital punishment: at first, he attempted to abolish it, but was unsuccessful.[5] At that time, beheading in France was typically by axe or sword, which did not always cause immediate death. Additionally, beheading was reserved for the nobility, while commoners were typically hanged, which could take a long time, as the techniques whereby the victim's neck was broken by the noose had not yet been invented.[4] Other methods included burning at the stake, the breaking wheel, death by boiling, and dismemberment. Guillotin realised that, if he could not eliminate executions, he could at least make them more humane.[3]On 10 October 1789, he proposed that \"the criminal shall be decapitated; this will be done solely by means of a simple mechanism.\" The \"mechanism\" was defined as \"a machine that beheads painlessly\". His proposal appeared in the Royalist periodical, Les Actes des Apôtres.[4] In all, Guillotin proposed six articles:[6]All punishments for the same class of crime shall be the same, regardless of the criminal (i.e., there would be no privilege for the nobility)\nWhen the death sentence is applied, it will be by decapitation, carried out by a machine\nThe family of the guilty party will not suffer any legal discrimination\nIt will be illegal to anyone to reproach the guilty party's family about his/her punishment\nThe property of the convicted shall not be confiscated\nThe bodies of those executed shall be returned to the family if so requestedGuillotin assumed that, if a fair system was established where the only method of capital punishment was by mechanical decapitation, then the public would feel more appreciative of their rights.[citation needed] Despite this proposal, Guillotin was opposed to the death penalty,[7] and hoped that a more humane and less painful method of execution would be the first step towards total abolition. He also hoped that, as the decapitation machine would kill quickly without prolonged suffering, this would reduce the size and enthusiasm of crowds that often witnessed executions.On 1 December 1789, Guillotin made a remark during a follow-up speech to the Assembly about capital punishment. He was quoted (or possibly misquoted[6]) as saying, \"Now, with my machine, I cut off your head in the twinkling of an eye, and you never feel it!\"[4] The statement quickly became a popular joke, and a few days after the debate a comic song about Guillotin and \"his\" machine circulated, forever tying his name to it, despite the fact that he was not at all involved in its design or construction. The Moniteur of 18 December 1789 deplored the joking but repeated Guillotin's \"twinkling of an eye\" statement for posterity.[4]The articles were fairly controversial as the rights of the criminals and their families had not previously been considered, but they were accepted over the course of several years,[1] with the \"decapitation by simple machine\" finally being accepted on 3 June 1791, with the result that his proposals became law on 20 March 1792.[6] Meanwhile, the Assembly had commissioned Antoine Louis to build such a device. His proposal was presented on 17 March,[1] and the first executions using it took place on 25 April 1792.[8] However, by October 1791, Guillotin had already retired from the Assembly, returning to practise medicine.[2] During the Reign of Terror, he moved to Arras to become the director of the military hospital there, returning to Paris a year later.[1]Towards the end of the Reign of Terror, a letter from the Comte de Méré to Guillotin fell into the hands of the public prosecutor, Fouquier-Tinville in which the Count, who was to be executed, commended his wife and children to Guillotin's care. The authorities demanded Guillotin inform them of the whereabouts of the Count's wife and children. As Guillotin either would not or could not give the information, he was arrested and imprisoned.[citation needed] He was freed from prison in the general amnesty of 9 Thermidor (27 July) 1794 after Robespierre fell from power.[4]In November 1795, a letter was published in the Moniteur claiming that the guillotine's victims survived for several minutes after beheading. Guillotin was shocked,[9] and for the remainder of his life, he deeply regretted that the machine was named after him.[10] His continued efforts to abolish the death penalty were hampered by the widespread belief that as the very person who proposed using a decapitation machine he must surely be in favour of it.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner"},{"link_name":"vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitt-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Nationale_de_M%C3%A9decine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Resumption of medical career","text":"Guillotin became one of the first French doctors to support Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination,[11] and in 1805 was the chairman of the Central Vaccination Committee in Paris.[1] He also founded one of the precursors of the National Academy of Medicine.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB11-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB11-15"},{"link_name":"carbuncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Père-Lachaise Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Antoine Saugrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Saugrain"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"The association with the guillotine so embarrassed Guillotin's family that they petitioned the French government to rename it; when the government refused, they instead changed their own family name.[13] By coincidence, another person named Guillotin was indeed executed by the guillotine – he was J.M.V. Guillotin, a doctor of Lyon.[14] This coincidence may have contributed to erroneous statements that J-I Guillotin was put to death on the machine that bears his name;[15] however, in reality, Guillotin died at home in Paris in 1814 of natural causes, aged 75,[15] specifically from a carbuncle,[16] and is now buried in the Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. He was married to Louise Saugrain, sister of the physician and chemist Antoine Saugrain.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Grand Orient of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_France"},{"link_name":"Les Neuf Sœurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Freemasonry","text":"Joseph Guillotin was initiated into Freemasonry, in 1765 at \"La Parfaite Union\" lodge in Angoulême. Very active as a mason, he joined several other lodges. As a deputy of the Grand Lodge from 1772 he took part in the birth of the Grand Orient of France and attended all its conventions until 1790. In 1773, he became Worshipful Master of the lodge \"La Concorde Fraternelle\" in Paris. In 1776, he founded the \"La Vérité\" lodge and often attended Les Neuf Sœurs.[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Miller's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Miller_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Costa prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Award_2011"},{"link_name":"Pure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_(Miller_novel)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Herbert Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Lom"},{"link_name":"La Révolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution"}],"text":"Guillotin features in Andrew Miller's Costa prize-winning novel Pure.[18] He is also a primary character in the 1992 novel Dr Guillotine, written by the actor Herbert Lom. He is also the main character in the French drama series La Révolution.","title":"In modern fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-10"},{"link_name":"\"Dr Guillotin – reformer and 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Guillotine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/03/the-man-behind-the-guillotine-opposed-the-death-penalty/475431/"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-6"},{"link_name":"\"Dr Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LLQCAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA218"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Equality in Death: The Life of 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Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20221113015243/https://www.accessible-archives.com/2011/03/the-fate-of-doctor-guillotin/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.accessible-archives.com/2011/03/the-fate-of-doctor-guillotin/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Fatal Purity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yLxpgYt4dJcC&pg=PA222"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8050-8261-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8261-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8Zi3-pOWtbAC&q=Joseph-Ignace+Guillotin&pg=PA199"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-05093-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05093-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Exp_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Guillotin, frère du peuple\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lexpress.fr/region/guillotin-frere-du-peuple_738117.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pitt_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hsls.pitt.edu/medical-and-scientific-medals/Joseph%20Ignace%20Guillotin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The Medical Side of Benjamin Franklin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_3k2AQAAIAAJ&q=Joseph-Ignace+Guillotin&pg=PA503"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Death of Joseph-Ignace Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-joseph-ignace-guillotin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Cobham_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable"},{"link_name":"Harper & Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_%26_Row"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB11_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB11_15-1"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Guillotine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Guillotine"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Pure by Andrew Miller: review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/8559116/Pure-by-Andrew-Miller-review.html"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k Donegan, Ciaran F. (1990). \"Dr Guillotin – reformer and humanitarian\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (10): 637–639. doi:10.1177/014107689008301014. PMC 1292858. PMID 2286964.\n\n^ a b c Yearsley, Macleod (1915). \"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 8 (Sect Hist Med): 1–6. doi:10.1177/003591571500801501. PMC 2003650. PMID 19978948.\n\n^ a b Russo, Naomi (25 March 2016). \"The Death-Penalty Abolitionist Who Invented the Guillotine\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 May 2020.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (January–June 1844). \"Dr Guillotin\". Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. I. W. Orr: 218–221. Retrieved 30 December 2009.\n\n^ Bailly, John W. (12 April 2019). \"Equality in Death: The Life of Joseph-Ignace Guillotine\". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.\n\n^ a b c Opie, Robert Frederick (27 March 1997). Guillotine. The History Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0-7524-9605-4.\n\n^ a b Morgan, J. D. (28 March 2011). \"The Fate of Doctor Guillotin\". Accessible Archives. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.\n\n^ Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity. New York: H. Holt. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-8050-8261-6.\n\n^ Roach, Mary (2003). Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-393-05093-6.\n\n^ \"Guillotin, frère du peuple\" [Guillotin, brother of the people]. L'Express (in French). 3 February 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2020.\n\n^ \"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\". Health Sciences Library System. University of Pittsburgh.\n\n^ Pepper, William (1911). \"The Medical Side of Benjamin Franklin\". University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin. 23: 503.\n\n^ Cavendish, Richard (3 March 2014). \"Death of Joseph-Ignace Guillotin\". History Today. Retrieved 25 May 2020.\n\n^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1970). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Harper & Row.\n\n^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Guillotine\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\n\n^ Richard Gordon, The Alarming History of Medicine: Amusing Anecdotes from Hippocrates to Heart Transplants, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. p. 225.\n\n^ Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 352 (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)\n\n^ Kyte, Holly (16 June 2011). \"Pure by Andrew Miller: review\". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 January 2012.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Animal_Magnetism"}]
[{"reference":"Donegan, Ciaran F. (1990). \"Dr Guillotin – reformer and humanitarian\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (10): 637–639. doi:10.1177/014107689008301014. PMC 1292858. PMID 2286964.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292858","url_text":"\"Dr Guillotin – reformer and humanitarian\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107689008301014","url_text":"10.1177/014107689008301014"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292858","url_text":"1292858"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2286964","url_text":"2286964"}]},{"reference":"Yearsley, Macleod (1915). \"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 8 (Sect Hist Med): 1–6. doi:10.1177/003591571500801501. PMC 2003650. PMID 19978948.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2003650","url_text":"\"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003591571500801501","url_text":"10.1177/003591571500801501"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2003650","url_text":"2003650"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19978948","url_text":"19978948"}]},{"reference":"Russo, Naomi (25 March 2016). \"The Death-Penalty Abolitionist Who Invented the Guillotine\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/03/the-man-behind-the-guillotine-opposed-the-death-penalty/475431/","url_text":"\"The Death-Penalty Abolitionist Who Invented the Guillotine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic","url_text":"The Atlantic"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (January–June 1844). \"Dr Guillotin\". Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. I. W. Orr: 218–221. Retrieved 30 December 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LLQCAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA218","url_text":"\"Dr Guillotin\""}]},{"reference":"Bailly, John W. (12 April 2019). \"Equality in Death: The Life of Joseph-Ignace Guillotine\". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221019170548/https://johnwbailly.com/2019/04/12/equality-in-death-the-life-of-joseph-ignace-guillotine/","url_text":"\"Equality in Death: The Life of Joseph-Ignace Guillotine\""},{"url":"https://johnwbailly.com/2019/04/12/equality-in-death-the-life-of-joseph-ignace-guillotine/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Opie, Robert Frederick (27 March 1997). Guillotine. The History Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0-7524-9605-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hKSYDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT23","url_text":"Guillotine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-9605-4","url_text":"978-0-7524-9605-4"}]},{"reference":"Morgan, J. D. (28 March 2011). \"The Fate of Doctor Guillotin\". Accessible Archives. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221113015243/https://www.accessible-archives.com/2011/03/the-fate-of-doctor-guillotin/","url_text":"\"The Fate of Doctor Guillotin\""},{"url":"https://www.accessible-archives.com/2011/03/the-fate-of-doctor-guillotin/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity. New York: H. Holt. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-8050-8261-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yLxpgYt4dJcC&pg=PA222","url_text":"Fatal Purity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8261-6","url_text":"978-0-8050-8261-6"}]},{"reference":"Roach, Mary (2003). Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 199. 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University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin. 23: 503.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=_3k2AQAAIAAJ&q=Joseph-Ignace+Guillotin&pg=PA503","url_text":"\"The Medical Side of Benjamin Franklin\""}]},{"reference":"Cavendish, Richard (3 March 2014). \"Death of Joseph-Ignace Guillotin\". History Today. Retrieved 25 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-joseph-ignace-guillotin","url_text":"\"Death of Joseph-Ignace Guillotin\""}]},{"reference":"Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1970). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Harper & Row.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Cobham_Brewer","url_text":"Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable","url_text":"Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_%26_Row","url_text":"Harper & Row"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Guillotine\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 694–695.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Guillotine","url_text":"Guillotine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escadrille_N57
Escadrille SPA.57
["1 History","2 Coat of Arms","3 Commanding officers","4 Notable personnel","5 Aircraft assigned","5.1 Former aircraft","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Escadrille MS 57 – N 57 – SPA 57 - 57SCurrent blason of Escadrille 57SActiveMay 1915Country FranceBranch  French Air ServiceTypeTraining SquadronGarrison/HQBAN LandivisiauMascot(s)SeagullEngagementsWorld War IMilitary unit Escadrille MS 57 (Squadron Morane-Saulnier 57) of the French Air Force was founded during World War I, on 10 May 1915. Now known as Escadrille 57S, they are currently a training squadron based at BAN Landivisiau flying the Dassault Falcon 10MER. History Stood up by Captain Alfred Zappelli, Escadrille MS 57 was initially attached to the 10th Army, flying Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LAs in the vicinity of Arras. Zappelli would be transferred to MS 46 on 8 September 1915 with Capt Edouard Duseigneur taking command of the squadron. Duseigneur had transferred from the 16th Dragoons where he trained and flew the Nieuport 10, and thus changed the squadron naming per French custom at the time to N 57 (for Nieuport). The squadron were first cited in orders as N 57 on 24 October 1915. On 16 March 1916, the squadron moved to the front lines near Verdun. It would remain there until incorporated into Groupe de Combat 11 on 1 November 1916. The squadron served with GC 11 through war's end. On 24 May 1917, the squadron was again cited, for having destroyed 20 enemy aircraft and six observation balloons. This second citation entitled members of the unit to wear the fourragere of the Croix de Guerre. The arrival of SPADs late in 1917 changed the unit's name again to SPA 57. Closely following the war's end, SPA 57 was once again cited for its efforts. It was credited with the destruction of 65 enemy aircraft and 14 observation balloons. With the end of the war, the French Army would take the opportunity to reorganize its aviation divisions, absorbing the elements of SPA 57 into the 7th squadron of the 2e regiment d'aviation de chasse (2è RAC) out of Strasbourg. The 2è RAC would again be absorbed by GC 11 in 1933, becoming its 4th squadron, seeing combat again in the Battle of France until finally disbanded on August 20, 1940. With France's last ditch effort to retain French Indochina and tensions rising in Algeria, Escadrille 57S was reformed on 1 June 1953 at BAN Lartigues in Algeria as a training squadron flying North American SNJs and Grumman F6F Hellcats. A Falcon 10 MER of the 57S The Hellcats were replaced with Vought F4U Corsairs in 1959, and the squadron entered the jet age with the Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr in 1961. The squadron was again stood down in 1962 with end of the Algerian War. Lieutenant Guy Baillot stood the training squadron up once again at BAN Landivisiau on 1 September 1981, with the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris and earlier models of the Dassault Falcon 10 they continue to fly today. Coat of Arms It's unclear when it was first adopted, but the squadron used a charging wild boar as its blason as early as Capt Duseigneur's command. When the then squadron commander, Lt Jean Chaput, an ace with 16 certified kills was shot down on 6 May 1918, the squadron changed its blason for Chaput's personal insignia, a seagull in flight with outstretched wings. Commanding officers Capitaine Alfred Zappelli: 10 May 1915 – 7 September 1915 Capitaine Edouard Duseigneur: 8 September 1915 – 10 March 1917 Lieutenant Georges Herbulot: 10 March 1917 – 11 April 1918 Lieutenant Jean Chaput: 11 April 1918 – KIA 6 May 1918 Lieutenant Jacques Ortoli: 10 May 1918 - Lieutenant Guy Baillot: 1 September 1981 - 5 September 1983 Notable personnel Lieutenant Jean Chaput Sous lieutenant Charles Nuville Sous lieutenant Marcel Nogues Lieutenant Jean Alfred Fraissinet Sous lieutenant Marius Hasdenteufel Aspirant Jean Dubois de Gennes Adjutant Andre Petit-Delchet Aircraft assigned Dassault Falcon 10 1981-today Former aircraft Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LA - 10 May 1915 Nieuport 10: September 1915 SPAD: Late 1917 North American SNJ 1953-1962 Grumman F6F Hellcat 1953-1959 Vought F4U Corsair 1959-1962 Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr 1961-1962 Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris 1981-1997 Footnotes ^ Vergneres, Fred (17 November 2020). "FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY". Ultimate Jet. ^ a b c d e f Franks et al. 1992, p. 94. ^ a b c d "Escadrille 57S". Ministère des armées - Marine nationale. Retrieved 18 December 2023. ^ Albin, Denis. "Escadrille MS 57". Les escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire et des régiments d'aviation. Retrieved 18 December 2023. References Franks, Norman; Frank W. Bailey. Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918 Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0-948817-54-2, ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0. Further reading Bailey, Frank W., and Christophe Cony. French Air Service War Chronology, 1914-1918: Day-to-Day Claims and Losses by French Fighter, Bomber and Two-Seat Pilots on the Western Front. London: Grub Street, 2001. Davilla, James J., and Arthur M. Soltan. French Aircraft of the First World War. Stratford, CT: Flying Machines Press, 1997. Les escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire française: symbolique et histoire, 1912-1920. Vincennes: Service historique de l'armée de l'air, 2004. ISBN 2-11-094692-X External links Escadrille MS 57 - N 57 - SPA 57 vteAviation in World War IPeople and aircraft Commanders Aces Aircraft of the Entente Powers Aircraft of the Central Powers Zeppelins Campaignsand battles Strategic bombing German Cuxhaven Bombing of cities Aerial reconnaissance Fokker Scourge Flight over Vienna Bloody April Battles Entente Powersair services British air services Royal Flying Corps Royal Naval Air Service Royal Air Force Australian Flying Corps Canadian Air Force (1918–1920) French Air Service Imperial Russian Air Service Royal Italian Air Corps Romanian Air Corps United States Army Air Service Greek air services Army Air Service Naval Air Service Central Powersair services Imperial German Air Service Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Ottoman Aviation Squadrons Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section This article about a specific French military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Now known as Escadrille 57S, they are currently a training squadron based at BAN Landivisiau flying the Dassault Falcon 10MER.[1]","title":"Escadrille SPA.57"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_L"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"Nieuport 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_10"},{"link_name":"cited in orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun"},{"link_name":"Groupe de Combat 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_de_Combat_11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"observation balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_balloon"},{"link_name":"fourragere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourragere"},{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre"},{"link_name":"SPADs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Pour_L%27Aviation_et_ses_D%C3%A9riv%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"2e regiment d'aviation de chasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2e_Escadre_de_Chasse"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"North American SNJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Grumman F6F Hellcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRPA-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dsc_8287_36334451942_o_(49072360281).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vought F4U Corsairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouga_CM.175_Z%C3%A9phyr"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRPA-3"},{"link_name":"Landivisiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landivisiau"},{"link_name":"Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_MS.760_Paris"},{"link_name":"Dassault Falcon 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRPA-3"}],"text":"Stood up by Captain Alfred Zappelli, Escadrille MS 57 was initially attached to the 10th Army, flying Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LAs in the vicinity of Arras. Zappelli would be transferred to MS 46 on 8 September 1915 with Capt Edouard Duseigneur taking command of the squadron. Duseigneur had transferred from the 16th Dragoons where he trained and flew the Nieuport 10, and thus changed the squadron naming per French custom at the time to N 57 (for Nieuport). The squadron were first cited in orders as N 57 on 24 October 1915.[2]On 16 March 1916, the squadron moved to the front lines near Verdun. It would remain there until incorporated into Groupe de Combat 11 on 1 November 1916. The squadron served with GC 11 through war's end.[2]On 24 May 1917, the squadron was again cited, for having destroyed 20 enemy aircraft and six observation balloons. This second citation entitled members of the unit to wear the fourragere of the Croix de Guerre. The arrival of SPADs late in 1917 changed the unit's name again to SPA 57.[2]Closely following the war's end, SPA 57 was once again cited for its efforts. It was credited with the destruction of 65 enemy aircraft and 14 observation balloons.[2]With the end of the war, the French Army would take the opportunity to reorganize its aviation divisions, absorbing the elements of SPA 57 into the 7th squadron of the 2e regiment d'aviation de chasse (2è RAC) out of Strasbourg. The 2è RAC would again be absorbed by GC 11 in 1933, becoming its 4th squadron, seeing combat again in the Battle of France until finally disbanded on August 20, 1940.With France's last ditch effort to retain French Indochina and tensions rising in Algeria, Escadrille 57S was reformed on 1 June 1953 at BAN Lartigues in Algeria as a training squadron flying North American SNJs and Grumman F6F Hellcats.[3]A Falcon 10 MER of the 57SThe Hellcats were replaced with Vought F4U Corsairs in 1959, and the squadron entered the jet age with the Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr in 1961. The squadron was again stood down in 1962 with end of the Algerian War.[3]Lieutenant Guy Baillot stood the training squadron up once again at BAN Landivisiau on 1 September 1981, with the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris and earlier models of the Dassault Falcon 10 they continue to fly today.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lt Jean Chaput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chaput"},{"link_name":"ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DenisAlbin-4"}],"text":"It's unclear when it was first adopted, but the squadron used a charging wild boar as its blason as early as Capt Duseigneur's command. When the then squadron commander, Lt Jean Chaput, an ace with 16 certified kills was shot down on 6 May 1918, the squadron changed its blason for Chaput's personal insignia, a seagull in flight with outstretched wings.[4]","title":"Coat of Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Chaput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chaput"},{"link_name":"KIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Jacques Ortoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ortoli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"}],"text":"Capitaine Alfred Zappelli: 10 May 1915 – 7 September 1915\nCapitaine Edouard Duseigneur: 8 September 1915 – 10 March 1917\nLieutenant Georges Herbulot: 10 March 1917 – 11 April 1918\nLieutenant Jean Chaput: 11 April 1918 – KIA 6 May 1918\nLieutenant Jacques Ortoli: 10 May 1918 -[2]\nLieutenant Guy Baillot: 1 September 1981 - 5 September 1983","title":"Commanding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Chaput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chaput"},{"link_name":"Sous lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Charles Nuville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nuville"},{"link_name":"Marcel Nogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Nogues"},{"link_name":"Jean Alfred Fraissinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Alfred_Fraissinet"},{"link_name":"Marius Hasdenteufel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Hasdenteufel"},{"link_name":"Aspirant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirant"},{"link_name":"Jean Dubois de Gennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dubois_de_Gennes"},{"link_name":"Adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"Andre Petit-Delchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Petit-Delchet"}],"text":"Lieutenant Jean Chaput\nSous lieutenant Charles Nuville\nSous lieutenant Marcel Nogues\nLieutenant Jean Alfred Fraissinet\nSous lieutenant Marius Hasdenteufel\nAspirant Jean Dubois de Gennes\nAdjutant Andre Petit-Delchet","title":"Notable personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dassault Falcon 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRPA-3"}],"text":"Dassault Falcon 10 1981-today[3]","title":"Aircraft assigned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_L"},{"link_name":"Nieuport 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_10"},{"link_name":"SPAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Pour_L%27Aviation_et_ses_D%C3%A9riv%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"North American SNJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Grumman F6F Hellcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"Vought F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouga_CM.175_Z%C3%A9phyr"},{"link_name":"Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_MS.760_Paris"}],"sub_title":"Former aircraft","text":"Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LA - 10 May 1915\nNieuport 10: September 1915\nSPAD: Late 1917[2]\nNorth American SNJ 1953-1962\nGrumman F6F Hellcat 1953-1959\nVought F4U Corsair 1959-1962\nFouga CM.175 Zéphyr 1961-1962\nMorane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris 1981-1997","title":"Aircraft assigned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10MER_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ultimatejet.com/falcon-10-mer-40-years-in-service-in-the-french-navy/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRPA_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRPA_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRPA_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRPA_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"Escadrille 57S\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives.defense.gouv.fr/marine/operations/forces/aeronautique-navale/escadrilles/escadrille-57s.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DenisAlbin_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Escadrille MS 57\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/escadrille057.htm"}],"text":"^ Vergneres, Fred (17 November 2020). \"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\". Ultimate Jet.\n\n^ a b c d e f Franks et al. 1992, p. 94.\n\n^ a b c d \"Escadrille 57S\". Ministère des armées - Marine nationale. Retrieved 18 December 2023.\n\n^ Albin, Denis. \"Escadrille MS 57\". Les escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire et des régiments d'aviation. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-11-094692-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-11-094692-X"}],"text":"Bailey, Frank W., and Christophe Cony. French Air Service War Chronology, 1914-1918: Day-to-Day Claims and Losses by French Fighter, Bomber and Two-Seat Pilots on the Western Front. London: Grub Street, 2001.\nDavilla, James J., and Arthur M. Soltan. French Aircraft of the First World War. Stratford, CT: Flying Machines Press, 1997.\nLes escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire française: symbolique et histoire, 1912-1920. Vincennes: Service historique de l'armée de l'air, 2004. ISBN 2-11-094692-X","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A Falcon 10 MER of the 57S","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dsc_8287_36334451942_o_%2849072360281%29.jpg/220px-Dsc_8287_36334451942_o_%2849072360281%29.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Vergneres, Fred (17 November 2020). \"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\". Ultimate Jet.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimatejet.com/falcon-10-mer-40-years-in-service-in-the-french-navy/","url_text":"\"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Escadrille 57S\". Ministère des armées - Marine nationale. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.defense.gouv.fr/marine/operations/forces/aeronautique-navale/escadrilles/escadrille-57s.html","url_text":"\"Escadrille 57S\""}]},{"reference":"Albin, Denis. \"Escadrille MS 57\". Les escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire et des régiments d'aviation. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/escadrille057.htm","url_text":"\"Escadrille MS 57\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://ultimatejet.com/falcon-10-mer-40-years-in-service-in-the-french-navy/","external_links_name":"\"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\""},{"Link":"https://archives.defense.gouv.fr/marine/operations/forces/aeronautique-navale/escadrilles/escadrille-57s.html","external_links_name":"\"Escadrille 57S\""},{"Link":"http://albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/escadrille057.htm","external_links_name":"\"Escadrille MS 57\""},{"Link":"http://albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/escadrille057.htm","external_links_name":"Escadrille MS 57 - N 57 - SPA 57"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escadrille_SPA.57&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazzi_Chapel
Pazzi Chapel
["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889Chapel at Santa Croce, Florence 43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889 Pazzi Chapel and the cloister Interior of the Pazzi Chapel Dome in the porch The Pazzi Chapel (Italian: Cappella dei Pazzi) is a chapel located in the "first cloister" on the southern flank of the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. Commonly credited to Filippo Brunelleschi, it is considered to be one of the masterpieces of Renaissance architecture. History Though funds for the chapel were assembled in 1429 by Andrea Pazzi, head of the Pazzi family, whose wealth was second only to the Medici, construction did not begin until about 1442. The chapel was completed in 1478. The building is considered to be an Early Renaissance masterpiece. Formerly considered a work of Filippo Brunelleschi (d. 1446), it is now thought that he was responsible for the plan, which is based on simple geometrical forms, the square and the circle, but not for the building's execution and detailing. The most common argument for crediting Brunelleschi is the chapel's clear similarity to the Old Sacristy; others argue that his style had developed in the twenty-year interim and that the Pazzi Chapel would represent a retrograde step. The first written mention of Brunelleschi as the architect was written by an anonymous author in the 1490s. Scholars now consider the chapel as possibly the work of Giuliano da Maiano or Michelozzo. A façade thought to have been begun by Brunelleschi, of which only the lower register can be seen, was partially obscured by the addition of a porch. The main inspiration for this piece was the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria Novella, also located in Florence. The main purpose of the building was the cathedral chapter house (meeting room for the governing chapter) and use as a classroom for the teaching of monks and other religious purposes. There was also a chapel behind the altar where the commissioning family had the right to bury its dead. The Pazzi's ulterior motive in building the chapel was probably to make their mark on the city of Florence and to emphasize their wealth and power. The fact that the city was at war with a neighboring city at the time and still acquired the funds to build this chapel showed the importance it had to the Pazzi family and the people of Florence. The size of the chapel was predetermined by existing walls, creating an unusual situation, however, where the space was not square as in the Old Sacristy, which was the model for this building, but rectangular and transept-like and thus in contradistinction to the square, axially placed altar. Despite this, and its complex history, the building gives us insight into the ambitions of Renaissance architects in their struggle to bring coherence to the architectural language of columns, pilasters, arches and vaults. Between the pilasters in the transept there are tall, blank, round headed panels and, above them, roundels, common Renaissance decorative motifs. The architecture of the interior is articulated by the use of pietra serena, a dark, high quality, fine grained sandstone, though in fact the load-bearing structure of the building is its masonry, i.e. it is the walls that support the arches and domes, not the pilasters which are decorative rather than structural. Pazzi Chapel ceiling The tondi of the seated Apostles are by Luca della Robbia, who also did the terracotta decorations in the cupola of the porch. The glazed terracotta roundels of the Four Evangelists inside the chapel derive from similar tondos by Donatello in the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo, Florence, with the attribute of each Evangelist holding open a book that the saint appears to be copying, an unusual iconography. See also History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes History of Italian Renaissance domes History of early modern period domes References ^ Weigert, Hans (1961). Busch, Harald; Lohse, Bernd (eds.). Buildings of Europe: Renaissance Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. viii, 9. ^ "Pazzi Chapel - Florence". The Museums of Florence. Retrieved 2020-08-20. ^ Brunelleschi, Filippo: Architectural career. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. ^ Trachtenberg, p. 62 ^ Trachtenberg, Marvin (June 1996). "Why the Pazzi Chapel is not by Brunelleschi". Casabella. Vol. 60, no. 635. p. 60. ^ Eugenio Battisti. Filippo Brunelleschi: The Complete Work. (New York: Rizzoli, 1981) *See also: Howard Saalman. Filippo Brunelleschi: The Buildings. (London: Zwemmer, 1993). ^ Goldberger, Paul (January 1, 1997). "Challenge to the Origin of a Florentine Chapel". New York Times. p. 1.30. Retrieved 2007-02-16. ^ architecture, Western: Early Renaissance in Italy (1401–95). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. ^ Della Robbia, Luca. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pazzi Chapel. GreatBuildings.com | Pazzi Chapel vteTourism in FlorenceMuseums, galleries and palaces Bargello Casa Buonarroti Casa Guidi Galleria dell'Accademia David Garden of Archimedes Loggia del Bigallo Loggia dei Lanzi Loggia del Mercato Nuovo Loggia del Pesce Loggia Rucellai Museo dell'Opera del Duomo Museo Galileo Museo Nazionale Alinari della Fotografia Museo Nazionale di San Marco Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze La Specola National Archaeological Museum Orsanmichele Ospedale degli Innocenti Palazzo dell'Arte dei Beccai Palazzo Davanzati Palazzo Della Stufa Palazzo Gondi Palazzo Medici Riccardi Magi Chapel Palazzo Pitti Museo delle Porcellane Palazzo Spini Feroni Palazzo Strozzi Palazzo Vecchio Studiolo of Francesco I Stibbert Museum Uffizi Vasari Corridor Religious sitesBasilicas Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore S Croce Baroncelli Chapel Pazzi Chapel S Lorenzo Medici Chapels S Maria Novella Tornabuoni Chapel SS Annunziata S Marco S Maria del Carmine Brancacci Chapel S Miniato al Monte S Spirito S Trinita Bartolini Salimbeni Chapel Sassetti Chapel Churches Badia Fiorentina Battistero di San Giovanni Certosa del Galluzzo Ognissanti Oratorio dei Vanchetoni Oratory of Gesù Pellegrino Oratory of S Thomas Aquinas Orsanmichele S Ambrogio Ss Apostoli S Felicita S Frediano in Cestello S Gaetano S Giovannino degli Scolopi S Giovannino dei Cavalieri S Jacopo sopr'Arno S Maria degli Angeli S Maria Maddalena dei Pazzi S Maria Maggiore S Martino del Vescovo S Pancrazio S Salvatore al Vescovo S Salvi Ss Simone e Giuda S Stefano al Ponte Other Great Synagogue Towers (Torri) degli Amidei degli Alberti dei Della Bella dei Gianfigliazzi dei Mannelli dei Pulci Giotto's Campanile Library Biblioteca Riccardiana (Palazzo Medici Riccardi) British Institute of Florence Gabinetto Vieusseux (Palazzo Strozzi) Kunsthistorisches Institut Laurentian Library National Central Library Landmarks Fountain of Neptune Giotto's Campanile Monument to Dante Ponte Vecchio Theatres Teatro Comunale Teatro della Pergola Teatro Verdi Squares Piazza del Duomo Piazza della Repubblica Piazza della Signoria Piazza Santa Croce Piazza San Lorenzo Piazzale Michelangelo Streets Via Cavour Via de' Tornabuoni Forts Belvedere Fortezza da Basso Gardens and parks Bardini Gardens Boboli Gardens Giardino dell'Iris Giardino delle Rose Orto Botanico di Firenze Parco delle Cascine Villas Medici villas di Castello La Petraia di Careggi Medicea L'Ambrogiana del Poggio Imperiale Gamberaia I Tatti Il Gioiello La Pietra Rusciano Events and traditions Calcio storico fiorentino Maggio Musicale Fiorentino Scoppio del carro Districts of Florence Trams in Florence vteFilippo BrunelleschiChurches San Lorenzo, Florence (begun c. 1419) Santa Maria degli Angeli, Florence (1434–1437; unfinished) Santo Spirito, Florence (ground broken, 1446) Florence Cathedral (began work on the dome, 1446) Chapels Capponi Chapel (begun 1420) Pazzi Chapel (1442–1443) Secular buildings Ospedale degli Innocenti (begun 1419) Palazzo di Parte Guelfa (hall of the first floor, 1430s) Sculptures Saint Peter (c. 1412; attributed) Crucifix (c. 1410–1415) Related Perspective 6055 Brunelleschi (asteroid) Brunelleschi (Mercury crater) Medici (2016 TV series)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pazzi_Chapel&params=43_46_4.82_N_11_15_46.76_E_type:landmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florence,_Santa_Croce,_Cappella_dei_Pazzi,_1440s-70s.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pazzi_Chapel_Florence_Apr_2008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cappellapazzi-portico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Basilica di Santa Croce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Filippo Brunelleschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi"},{"link_name":"Renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"}],"text":"Chapel at Santa Croce, Florence43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889Pazzi Chapel and the cloisterInterior of the Pazzi ChapelDome in the porchThe Pazzi Chapel (Italian: Cappella dei Pazzi) is a chapel located in the \"first cloister\" on the southern flank of the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. Commonly credited to Filippo Brunelleschi, it is considered to be one of the masterpieces of Renaissance architecture.","title":"Pazzi Chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazzi"},{"link_name":"Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Filippo Brunelleschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Old Sacristy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrestia_Vecchia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Giuliano da Maiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_da_Maiano"},{"link_name":"Michelozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelozzo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"façade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella"},{"link_name":"chapter house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_house"},{"link_name":"chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilasters"},{"link_name":"arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch"},{"link_name":"vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"roundels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_(art)"},{"link_name":"pietra serena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietra_serena"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pazzi_chapel_ceiling.jpg"},{"link_name":"tondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_(art)"},{"link_name":"Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Luca della Robbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_della_Robbia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Four Evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Evangelists"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo, Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Florence"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"}],"text":"Though funds for the chapel were assembled in 1429 by Andrea Pazzi, head of the Pazzi family, whose wealth was second only to the Medici, construction did not begin until about 1442. The chapel was completed in 1478. The building is considered to be an Early Renaissance masterpiece.[1][2]Formerly considered a work of Filippo Brunelleschi (d. 1446), it is now thought that he was responsible for the plan, which is based on simple geometrical forms,[3] the square and the circle, but not for the building's execution and detailing. The most common argument for crediting Brunelleschi is the chapel's clear similarity to the Old Sacristy; others argue that his style had developed in the twenty-year interim and that the Pazzi Chapel would represent a retrograde step.[4] The first written mention of Brunelleschi as the architect was written by an anonymous author in the 1490s.[5] Scholars now consider the chapel as possibly the work of Giuliano da Maiano or Michelozzo.[6][7] A façade thought to have been begun by Brunelleschi, of which only the lower register can be seen, was partially obscured by the addition of a porch. The main inspiration for this piece was the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria Novella, also located in Florence.The main purpose of the building was the cathedral chapter house (meeting room for the governing chapter) and use as a classroom for the teaching of monks and other religious purposes. There was also a chapel behind the altar where the commissioning family had the right to bury its dead. The Pazzi's ulterior motive in building the chapel was probably to make their mark on the city of Florence and to emphasize their wealth and power. The fact that the city was at war with a neighboring city at the time and still acquired the funds to build this chapel showed the importance it had to the Pazzi family and the people of Florence.The size of the chapel was predetermined by existing walls, creating an unusual situation, however, where the space was not square as in the Old Sacristy, which was the model for this building, but rectangular and transept-like[8] and thus in contradistinction to the square, axially placed altar. Despite this, and its complex history, the building gives us insight into the ambitions of Renaissance architects in their struggle to bring coherence to the architectural language of columns, pilasters, arches and vaults. Between the pilasters in the transept there are tall, blank, round headed panels and, above them, roundels, common Renaissance decorative motifs. The architecture of the interior is articulated by the use of pietra serena, a dark, high quality, fine grained sandstone, though in fact the load-bearing structure of the building is its masonry, i.e. it is the walls that support the arches and domes, not the pilasters which are decorative rather than structural.Pazzi Chapel ceilingThe tondi of the seated Apostles are by Luca della Robbia, who also did the terracotta decorations in the cupola of the porch.[9] The glazed terracotta roundels of the Four Evangelists inside the chapel derive from similar tondos by Donatello in the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo, Florence, with the attribute of each Evangelist holding open a book that the saint appears to be copying, an unusual iconography.","title":"History"}]
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[{"title":"History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes"},{"title":"History of Italian Renaissance domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes"},{"title":"History of early modern period domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_early_modern_period_domes"}]
[{"reference":"Weigert, Hans (1961). Busch, Harald; Lohse, Bernd (eds.). Buildings of Europe: Renaissance Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. viii, 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company","url_text":"The Macmillan Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Pazzi Chapel - Florence\". The Museums of Florence. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museumsinflorence.com/musei/Pazzi_chapel.html","url_text":"\"Pazzi Chapel - Florence\""}]},{"reference":"Brunelleschi, Filippo: Architectural career. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trachtenberg, Marvin (June 1996). \"Why the Pazzi Chapel is not by Brunelleschi\". Casabella. Vol. 60, no. 635. p. 60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldberger, Paul (January 1, 1997). \"Challenge to the Origin of a Florentine Chapel\". New York Times. p. 1.30. Retrieved 2007-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A1EF73A540C728CDDA80894DF494D81","url_text":"\"Challenge to the Origin of a Florentine Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"architecture, Western: Early Renaissance in Italy (1401–95). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Della Robbia, Luca. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine
Filipino Chinese cuisine
["1 History","2 Examples of Filipino dishes derived from Chinese cuisine","3 External links","4 References"]
Fusion cuisine This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Filipino Chinese cuisine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) Part of a series onChinese cuisine Regional cuisines Four Great Traditions Chuan (Sichuan) Lu (Shandong) Yue (Guangdong) Huaiyang (Jiangsu) Eight Great Traditions(+all above) Anhui Fujian Hunan Zhejiang Ten Great Traditions(+all above) Beijing Shanghai Twelve Great Traditions(+all above) Henan Shaanxi Fourteen Great Traditions(+all above) Hubei Liaoning Sixteen Great Traditions(+all above) Tianjin Yunnan New Eight Great Traditions Gansu Hangzhou Jilin Liaoning Ningbo Shaanxi Shanghai Shanxi Beijing and the vicinity Beijing Imperial Aristocrat Tianjin Other regional styles Teochew Guangxi Guizhou Hainan Haipai Hakka Hong Kong Jiangxi Macanese Manchu Northeastern Putian (Henghwa) Qinghai Taiwan Tibetan Xinjiang Overseas cuisine Australia Britain Burma Cambodia Canada Caribbean Philippines India Indonesia Japan Latin America Perú Puerto Rico Korea Malaysia New Zealand Pakistan Singapore United States Religious cuisines Buddhist Islamic Taoist Ingredients and types of food Main dishes Desserts Noodles Preparation and cooking Stir frying Double steaming Red cooking See also Customs and etiquette List of Chinese desserts List of Chinese dishes List of Chinese restaurants List of restaurants in China Asia portal China portal Hong Kong portal Taiwan portalvte Filipino Chinese cuisine is a style of Filipino cuisine influenced from Chinese cuisine, historically brought to the Philippines by Chinese Filipinos, starting with the Sangley Chinese and their Chinese mestizo descendants and modern descendants in the Chinese Filipino community of the Philippines. It is characterized as a fusion of Fujian/Hokkien cuisine and Cantonese cuisine adapted over the centuries to Filipino cuisine to suit the general Filipino palate/taste. History Filipino cuisine is influenced principally by China and Spain have been integrated with pre-colonial indigenous Filipino cooking practices. In the Philippines, trade with China started in the 11th century, as documents show, but undocumented trade may have started as many as two centuries earlier. Trade pottery excavated in Laguna province, for example, includes pieces dating to the Tang dynasty (AD 618 - 907). Chinese traders supplied the silk sent to Mexico and Spain in the Manila galleon trade. In return, they took back products of field, forest (such as beeswax, rattan) and sea (such as, beche de mer). Evidence of Chinese influence in Philippine food is easy to find, since the names are an obvious clue. Pansit, noodles flavored with seafood and/or meat and/or vegetables, for example, comes from the Hokkien piān-ê-si̍t (Chinese: 便ê食; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piān-ê-si̍t or Chinese: 便食; pinyin: biàn shí), meaning something that is conveniently cooked. Modern day pansit, however, is not limited only to noodle dishes that are stir fried or sauteed, but also those shaken in hot water and flavored with a sauce (pansit luglog) or served with broth (mami, lomi). The term includes food that is not noodle shaped, but is of the same flour-water recipe, such as pansit molo (pork filled wontons in a soup). Early Chinese traders, wishing for the food of their homeland, may have made noodles in their temporary Philippine homes, using ingredients locally available. Further adaptation would occur in the different towns and regions. Thus Malabon, a fishing town in Metro Manila, has developed the pansit Malabon, which features oyster, shrimp and squid. While in Lucban, Quezon, which is deeply inland and far from the sea has pansit Lucban or pansit habhab, which is prepared with some meat and vegetables. With lumpia, the Chinese eggroll which now has been incorporated into Philippine cuisine, even when it was still called lumpiang Shanghai (indicating frying and a pork filling). Serving meat and/or vegetable in an edible wrapper is a Chinese technique now found in all of Southeast Asia in variations peculiar to each culture. The Filipino version has meat, fish, vegetables, heart of palm and combinations thereof, served fresh or fried or even bare. The Chinese influence goes deep into Philippine cooking, and way beyond food names and restaurant fare. The use of soy sauce and other soybean products (tokwa, tahuri, miso, tausi, taho) is Chinese, as is the use of such vegetables as petsay (Chinese cabbage), toge (mung bean sprout), mustasa (pickled mustard greens). Many cooking implements still bear their original Chinese name, like sian-se or turner. The Filipino carajay (spelled the Spanish way) is actually the Chinese wok. The cooking process for Chinese Filipino cuisine also derives from Chinese methods. Pesa is Hokkien for "plain boiled" (Chinese: 白煠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍h-sa̍h) and is used only in reference to the cooking of fish, the complete term being peq+sa+hi, the last morpheme meaning fish. In Tagalog, it can mean both fish (pesang dalag) and chicken (pesang manok). As well, foods such as pata tim and pato tim refer to the braising technique (Chinese: 燉 or 燖 or 𤆤; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tīm) used in Chinese cooking. Since most of the early Chinese traders and settlers in the country were from the Fujian province, it is Fujian/Hokkien food that is most widespread in influence. However, since restaurant food is often Cantonese, most of the Chinese restaurants in the country would serve both cuisines. Other styles of Chinese cuisine are available though in the minority. When the Spaniards came, the food influences they brought were from both Spain and Mexico, as it was through the vice-royalty of New Spain that the Philippines were governed. When restaurants were established in the 19th century, Chinese food became a staple of the panciterias (noodle houses), with the food given Spanish names. "Comida China" (the Spanish term for "Chinese food") includes arroz caldo (rice and chicken gruel), and morisqueta tostada (fried rice). Examples of Filipino dishes derived from Chinese cuisine Chicken mami Batchoy (Chinese: 肉碎) Hopia (Chinese: 好餅) Kiampong (Chinese: 鹹飯) - a variant of fried rice. Kikiam (Chinese: 雞捲) Kwapau (Chinese: 割包) (cuapao) Lomi (Chinese: 滷麵) Lumpia (Chinese: 潤餅) - a derivative of popiah Machang (Chinese: 肉粽) - a derivative of zongzi Maki mi (Chinese: 肉羹麵) - pork, beef or fish in a thick cornstarch-based soup Mami (Chinese: 肉麵/馬麵) - a noodle soup purportedly invented or popularized by Ma Mon Luk Pancit (Chinese: 扁食) Siomai (Chinese: 燒賣) Siopao (Chinese: 燒包) Taho (Chinese: 豆花) Goto (Chinese: 牛肚) - rice porridge with ox tripe Pork Tito (Chinese: 豬肚) Bicho-Bicho (Chinese: 米棗) / Shakoy (Chinese: 油炸粿) - youtiao Tikoy (Chinese: 甜粿) External links Media related to Chinese cuisine in the Philippines at Wikimedia Commons References ^ Doreen Fernandez. "What is Filipino Food?". Archived from the original on July 16, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2006. vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes Adobo Afritada Asado matua pork Balbacua Balut Bicol express/Sinilihan Binagoongan kangkong Binalot Bistek Biyaring Bola-bola Bopis Burong isda Burong mangga Carne norte guisado Chicken galantina/Relyenong manok Chicken pastel/Pastel de pollo Chori burger Coconut burger Curacha Alavar Decho Dinakdakan/Warek-Warek Dinengdeng Dinuguan Embutido Escabeche Estofado Everlasting Giniling Ginisang kangkóng Goto Halabós Hamonado Hardinera Humbà Igado Inasal Inihaw/Filipino barbecue Inubaran Isaw Kaldereta Kare-kare Kilawin Kinilnat Kinilaw Kulawo Laing/Pinangat Inulukan Linapay/Tinamuk Tinumok Lechon baboy baka manok Lengua estofado Lengua pastel Lengua Sevillana Linagpang Linarang Linat-an Lumlom Mechado Menudo/Ginamay Waknatoy Morcón Nilagang saging Paklay Papaitan Pares Pares kanto Pata tim Piaparan Picadillo Pinais Pinapaitan Pinakbet Pinangat na isda Pinatisan Pininyahang hipon Pininyahang manok Pinsec frito Piyanggang manok Piutu Poqui poqui Proben Pudpod Putsero Rendang Ropa vieja Sarsa na uyang Satti Sinanglay Sinantolan Siomai Tamale Talunan Tapa Tinapa Tinapayan Tinola Tuslob buwa Fried dishes Bagnet Calamares Camaron rebosado Carne frita Chicharon Crispy kangkóng Crispy pata Crispy tadyang ng baka Daing Fish balls Kikiam Lechon kawali Nilasing na hipon Okoy Pudpod Sisig Tapa Tocino Tokneneng Kwek kwek Tokwa’t baboy Torta carne norte kalabasa sardinas talong Rice dishes Aligue fried rice Arroz a la cubana Arroz valenciana Arroz caldo Bagoong fried rice Balao-balao Java rice Junay Kiampong Kuning Lugaw Morisqueta tostada Oko-oko Paelya Bringhe Nasing biringyi Pastil Pusô/Tamu Silog Sinangág Sinigapuna Soups Batchoy Tagalog/Batsoy Binakol Bulalo Cansi Ginataan ampalaya hipon isda kalabasa kuhol labong langka manok sugpo ubod Ginisang munggo Gising-gising Kadyos, baboy, kag langka Kadyos, manok, kag ubad Kinamatisang manok (Sarciadong manok) Nilaga Paksiw Inun-unan Pinikpikan Sarsiado Sinabawang corned beef Sinabawang gulay Sinampalukan Sinigang Sorol Soup Number Five Suam na mais Tiyula itum Noodles and pasta Balbacua con misua Batchoy Batchoy Tagalog Filipino spaghetti Kinalas Macaroni salad Maki mi Odong Pancit bihon buko canton choca estacion lomi luglug Malabon mami miki Molo palabok sotanghon Pares mami Sinigáng sa misô Sopa de fideo Sopas Sausages Longganisa Alaminos Baguio Cabanatuan/Batutay Calumpit Chicken Fish Guagua/Candaba Guinobatan Longganisang dugo Lucban Pampanga Tuguegarao Vigan Chorizo de Bilbao de Cebu de Macao Negrense pudpud Pinuneg Lumpia and turón Daral Dinamita Lumpia adobo gulay hubad isda keso labong prito sariwa Shanghai singkamas togue ubod Vegetarian lumpia Ngohiong Turón Breads, cakes,and pastries Alfajor Asado roll Banada Banana cake Bicho Binangkal Biscocho Kinihad Brazo de Mercedes Buko pandan cake Buko pie Buñuelo Churro Crema de Fruta Egg pie Empanada Ensaymada Flan cake Hopia Inipit Kumukunsi Mamón Broas Puto mamón Taisan tostado Mango cake Mango float Napoleones Ohaldre Pan de coco Pan de monggo Pan de monja/Monáy Putok Pan de regla Pan de siosa/Pan de leche Pandesal Pastel de Camiguín Pianono Piaya Pilipit Pinagong Polvorón Sans rival Señorita bread/Spanish bread Shakoy Shing-a-ling Silvana Siopao Ube cake Ube cheesecake Waffle dog Yema cake Biscuits/cookies Aparon Apas Barquillos Barquiron Camachile cookies Caycay Galletas de bato de patatas/Egg cracklets del Carmen pesquera Gorgoria Half-moon cookie Jacobina Lengua de gato Linga Masa podrida Otap Paciencia Paborita Puto seco Roscas Rosquillo Ube crinkles Ugoy-ugoy Uraró/Arrowroot cookies Desserts Ampaw Banana cue Baye baye Binagol Binaki Buko salad Buko halo Buko melon Buko pandan Camote cue Camote halaya Cascaron Cassava cake Pitsi-pitsî Champóy Coconut macaroon Cornick Daral Dodol Duman Ginanggang Kalamay Kiamoy Leche flan Lokot-lokot Maja blanca Maruya Masareal Membrilyo Minatamis na saging Nilupak/Nilusak Pinipig Pritong saging Salukara Taho Tamales Tibok-tibok Tocino de cielo Turón Turrón de casúy Turrón de pili Ube halaya macapuno Candies and confections Pastillas Balikucha Belekoy Coconut toffee Peanut Brittle Panocha mani Sampalok candy Yema Chips and crackers Banana chips Kabkab/Cassava cracker Kropek Kiping Pinasugbo/Consilva Frozen desserts Avocado and milk in ice/Abukado lamaw Guinomis Halo-halo Ice buko Ice scramble Knickerbocker Maíz con hielo Queso ice cream Saba con hielo Sili ice cream Sorbetes Ube ice cream Kakanin (ricecakes) Bibingka Bibingkoy Binakle Biko Espasol Kutsinta Mache Masi Moche Morón Palitaw Panyalam Putli mandi Puto Puto bumbong Puto maya Sapin-sapin Sayongsong Suman Tikoy Tupig Soup desserts Bilo-bilo Binatog Binignit Champorado Ginataan mais munggo/Lelot balatong saba Lamaw Condimentsand ingredients Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce Achuete Asín tibuok Atchara Bagoong alamang monamon terong Banana ketchup Biasong Bukayo Burô/tapay Calamansi Dayap Dayok Dungon Galapóng Gamet Gatâ Giniling Gulaman Gusô Kakang gatâ Kamias Kaong Kasubha Keso de bola Kesong puti Labóng Landang Latik Latô Lemongrass Liver spread/Lechon sauce Luyang dilaw Macapuno Minatamís na báo Muscovado Nata de coco Nata de piña Pakô Palapa Pandan Panutsa Patis Pili nut Saba banana Sago Sakurab/Sibujing Siling haba Siling labuyo Taba ng talangka Tabon-tabon Toyomansi Toyo, suka, at sili Túltul Ube Ubad Ubod Vinegar cane coconut kaong palm nipa palm spiced BeveragesNon-alcoholic Avocado milkshake Calamansi juice Coffee Barako Benguet Sagada Sulu Salabat Samalamig Buko pandan drink Sago at gulaman Tsokolate Tubho tea Alcoholic Agkud Anisado Bahalina Bais Basi Bignay wine Byais Dubado Duhat wine Intus Kabarawan Kinutil Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik Lambanog/Dalisay de coco Mallorca Palek Pangasi Tapuy/Baya Tubâ Tuhak Tunggang Food portal See also: Philippine condiments Filipino Chinese cuisine Kamayan Kapampangan cuisine List of restaurant chains in the Philippines
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipino cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Chinese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Chinese Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Filipino"},{"link_name":"Sangley Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangley"},{"link_name":"Chinese mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos"},{"link_name":"Chinese Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Filipino"},{"link_name":"Fujian/Hokkien cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Cantonese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Filipino cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"palate/taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste"}],"text":"Filipino Chinese cuisine is a style of Filipino cuisine influenced from Chinese cuisine, historically brought to the Philippines by Chinese Filipinos, starting with the Sangley Chinese and their Chinese mestizo descendants and modern descendants in the Chinese Filipino community of the Philippines. It is characterized as a fusion of Fujian/Hokkien cuisine and Cantonese cuisine adapted over the centuries to Filipino cuisine to suit the general Filipino palate/taste.","title":"Filipino Chinese cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade"},{"link_name":"Laguna province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Manila galleon trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon"},{"link_name":"beeswax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax"},{"link_name":"rattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan"},{"link_name":"beche de mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beche_de_mer"},{"link_name":"Pansit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansit"},{"link_name":"Hokkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"mami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_soup"},{"link_name":"lomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomi"},{"link_name":"wontons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton"},{"link_name":"Malabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabon"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"},{"link_name":"Lucban, Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucban,_Quezon"},{"link_name":"lumpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia"},{"link_name":"eggroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggroll"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"heart of palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_palm"},{"link_name":"soy sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce"},{"link_name":"soybean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"Chinese cabbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cabbage"},{"link_name":"mung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_bean"},{"link_name":"bean sprout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_sprout"},{"link_name":"mustard greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_greens"},{"link_name":"wok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wok"},{"link_name":"Pesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesa"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"morpheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"燉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%87%89"},{"link_name":"燖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%87%96"},{"link_name":"𤆤","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%A4%86%A4"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Fujian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_province"},{"link_name":"Fujian/Hokkien food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"panciterias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panciteria"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"arroz caldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_caldo"},{"link_name":"fried rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_rice"}],"text":"Filipino cuisine is influenced principally by China and Spain have been integrated with pre-colonial indigenous Filipino cooking practices.[1]In the Philippines, trade with China started in the 11th century, as documents show, but undocumented trade may have started as many as two centuries earlier. Trade pottery excavated in Laguna province, for example, includes pieces dating to the Tang dynasty (AD 618 - 907). Chinese traders supplied the silk sent to Mexico and Spain in the Manila galleon trade. In return, they took back products of field, forest (such as beeswax, rattan) and sea (such as, beche de mer).Evidence of Chinese influence in Philippine food is easy to find, since the names are an obvious clue. Pansit, noodles flavored with seafood and/or meat and/or vegetables, for example, comes from the Hokkien piān-ê-si̍t (Chinese: 便ê食; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piān-ê-si̍t or Chinese: 便食; pinyin: biàn shí), meaning something that is conveniently cooked. Modern day pansit, however, is not limited only to noodle dishes that are stir fried or sauteed, but also those shaken in hot water and flavored with a sauce (pansit luglog) or served with broth (mami, lomi). The term includes food that is not noodle shaped, but is of the same flour-water recipe, such as pansit molo (pork filled wontons in a soup).Early Chinese traders, wishing for the food of their homeland, may have made noodles in their temporary Philippine homes, using ingredients locally available. Further adaptation would occur in the different towns and regions. Thus Malabon, a fishing town in Metro Manila, has developed the pansit Malabon, which features oyster, shrimp and squid. While in Lucban, Quezon, which is deeply inland and far from the sea has pansit Lucban or pansit habhab, which is prepared with some meat and vegetables.With lumpia, the Chinese eggroll which now has been incorporated into Philippine cuisine, even when it was still called lumpiang Shanghai (indicating frying and a pork filling). Serving meat and/or vegetable in an edible wrapper is a Chinese technique now found in all of Southeast Asia in variations peculiar to each culture. The Filipino version has meat, fish, vegetables, heart of palm and combinations thereof, served fresh or fried or even bare.The Chinese influence goes deep into Philippine cooking, and way beyond food names and restaurant fare. The use of soy sauce and other soybean products (tokwa, tahuri, miso, tausi, taho) is Chinese, as is the use of such vegetables as petsay (Chinese cabbage), toge (mung bean sprout), mustasa (pickled mustard greens). Many cooking implements still bear their original Chinese name, like sian-se or turner. The Filipino carajay (spelled the Spanish way) is actually the Chinese wok.The cooking process for Chinese Filipino cuisine also derives from Chinese methods. Pesa is Hokkien for \"plain boiled\" (Chinese: 白煠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍h-sa̍h) and is used only in reference to the cooking of fish, the complete term being peq+sa+hi, the last morpheme meaning fish. In Tagalog, it can mean both fish (pesang dalag) and chicken (pesang manok). As well, foods such as pata tim and pato tim refer to the braising technique (Chinese: 燉 or 燖 or 𤆤; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tīm) used in Chinese cooking.Since most of the early Chinese traders and settlers in the country were from the Fujian province, it is Fujian/Hokkien food that is most widespread in influence. However, since restaurant food is often Cantonese, most of the Chinese restaurants in the country would serve both cuisines. Other styles of Chinese cuisine are available though in the minority.When the Spaniards came, the food influences they brought were from both Spain and Mexico, as it was through the vice-royalty of New Spain that the Philippines were governed. When restaurants were established in the 19th century, Chinese food became a staple of the panciterias (noodle houses), with the food given Spanish names. \"Comida China\" (the Spanish term for \"Chinese food\") includes arroz caldo (rice and chicken gruel), and morisqueta tostada (fried rice).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mamijf.JPG"},{"link_name":"Batchoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchoy"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Hopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpia"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Kiampong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiampong"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Kwapau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koah-pau"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Lomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomi"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Lumpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"popiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popiah"},{"link_name":"Machang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongzi"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"zongzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongzi"},{"link_name":"Maki mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_mi"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"cornstarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstarch"},{"link_name":"Mami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_soup"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"noodle soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle_soup"},{"link_name":"Ma Mon Luk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Mon_Luk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pancit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Siomai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumai"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Siopao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siopao"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Taho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taho"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Goto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goto_(food)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Bicho-Bicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtiao"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Shakoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakoy"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"youtiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtiao"},{"link_name":"Tikoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikoy"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"}],"text":"Chicken mamiBatchoy (Chinese: 肉碎)\nHopia (Chinese: 好餅)\nKiampong (Chinese: 鹹飯) - a variant of fried rice.\nKikiam (Chinese: 雞捲)\nKwapau (Chinese: 割包) (cuapao)\nLomi (Chinese: 滷麵)\nLumpia (Chinese: 潤餅) - a derivative of popiah\nMachang (Chinese: 肉粽) - a derivative of zongzi\nMaki mi (Chinese: 肉羹麵) - pork, beef or fish in a thick cornstarch-based soup\nMami (Chinese: 肉麵/馬麵) - a noodle soup purportedly invented or popularized by Ma Mon Luk[citation needed]\nPancit (Chinese: 扁食)\nSiomai (Chinese: 燒賣)\nSiopao (Chinese: 燒包)\nTaho (Chinese: 豆花)\nGoto (Chinese: 牛肚) - rice porridge with ox tripe\nPork Tito (Chinese: 豬肚)\nBicho-Bicho (Chinese: 米棗) / Shakoy (Chinese: 油炸粿) - youtiao\nTikoy (Chinese: 甜粿)","title":"Examples of Filipino dishes derived from Chinese cuisine"}]
[{"image_text":"Chicken mami","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mamijf.JPG/220px-Mamijf.JPG"}]
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[{"reference":"Doreen Fernandez. \"What is Filipino Food?\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080716054831/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/discover/food.asp","url_text":"\"What is Filipino Food?\""},{"url":"http://www.tourism.gov.ph/discover/food.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angyalf%C3%B6ld
Angyalföld
["1 Location","2 Name"]
Coordinates: 47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067Church Angyalföld (German: Engelsfeld; literally: "Angel's Field or Angel Land") is a neighbourhood in Budapest, Hungary. Administratively it belongs to the 13th district. The traditionally working-class neighbourhood went through a process of gentrification due to the office-building boom of the 1990s. Location Angyalföld is located in the northern part of Pest, between the Danube and the railway lines. The borders of Angyalföld are: the railway line from the Danube - Új Palotai út - Dugonics utca - Madridi utca - Szent László út - Kámfor utca - Tatai utca - Szegedi út - railway line towards Vác - Bulcsu utca - Lehel utca - Lehel tér (eastern and western sides) - Váci út - Meder utca - the Danube until the railway line. Name The original German name of the area, Engelsfeld was first mentioned in the 1830s. The origin of the name is uncertain. Most probable it relates to the Engl family, originally from South Tirol. The name Engl can be found in the register of population of the outskirts of Terézváros, drawn up during the census of the 1770s. In this register Stefan Engl was registered as old vineyard owner. Since his lands maybe were called Engelsfeld, the name Angyalföld can be its direct translation. It had a narrower meaning because the names of three smaller neighbourhoods (Erdőtelkek, Felsőbikarét, Lőportárdűlő) were not revived after 1990. They became part of Angyalföld. 47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067 This Budapest location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lehel.Templom0010.JPG"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"13th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_district_of_Budapest"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"}],"text":"ChurchAngyalföld (German: Engelsfeld; literally: \"Angel's Field or Angel Land\") is a neighbourhood in Budapest, Hungary. Administratively it belongs to the 13th district. The traditionally working-class neighbourhood went through a process of gentrification due to the office-building boom of the 1990s.","title":"Angyalföld"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Váci út","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ci_%C3%BAt"}],"text":"Angyalföld is located in the northern part of Pest, between the Danube and the railway lines.The borders of Angyalföld are: the railway line from the Danube - Új Palotai út - Dugonics utca - Madridi utca - Szent László út - Kámfor utca - Tatai utca - Szegedi út - railway line towards Vác - Bulcsu utca - Lehel utca - Lehel tér (eastern and western sides) - Váci út - Meder utca - the Danube until the railway line.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erdőtelkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erd%C5%91telkek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felsőbikarét","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fels%C5%91bikar%C3%A9t&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lőportárdűlő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C5%91port%C3%A1rd%C5%B1l%C5%91&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angyalf%C3%B6ld&params=47_32_N_19_04_E_region:HU_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Budapest.svg"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angyalf%C3%B6ld&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Budapest-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Budapest-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Budapest-geo-stub"}],"text":"The original German name of the area, Engelsfeld was first mentioned in the 1830s. The origin of the name is uncertain. Most probable it relates to the Engl family, originally from South Tirol. The name Engl can be found in the register of population of the outskirts of Terézváros, drawn up during the census of the 1770s. In this register Stefan Engl was registered as old vineyard owner. Since his lands maybe were called Engelsfeld, the name Angyalföld can be its direct translation. It had a narrower meaning because the names of three smaller neighbourhoods (Erdőtelkek, Felsőbikarét, Lőportárdűlő) were not revived after 1990. They became part of Angyalföld.47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067This Budapest location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Name"}]
[{"image_text":"Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lehel.Templom0010.JPG/220px-Lehel.Templom0010.JPG"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Crime
Fox Crime
["1 Fox Crime around the world","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Television channel Fox CrimeCountryUnited StatesProgrammingPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipSister channels24Kitchen, Fox Life, Fox Comedy, Fox, FX, BabyTV, National Geographic, Nat Geo Wild, Nat Geo PeopleHistoryLaunched31 October 2005 (Italy)27 October 2006(Bulgaria, ex-Yugoslavia)26 September 2007 (Portugal)2008 (Russia)15 February 2010 (Spain)9 July 2013 (Africa)Closed1 October 2012 (Russia)1 July 2013 (Norway)1 October 2014 (Spain)18 April 2015 (India)1 August 2015 (Japan)30 September 2016(Africa)1 July 2021 (Italy)1 September 2021 (Now TV feed, Hong Kong) 1 October 2021 (Southeast Asia and Hong Kong)1 October 2022 (Turkey)1 December 2022 (Middle East and North Africa)1 October 2023 (Albania, Bulgaria and Balkans)February 7, 2024 (Portugal)Replaced byStar Crime (Bulgaria, Balkans and Portugal)Fox Life (Africa & Spain)Fox (Russia, Baltics & Norway)Star Movies Select HD (India)Fox Classics (Japan) Fox Crime (stylized as FOXCRIME), was a television network, launched by the Fox Networks Group, which aired across several countries of Europe, Africa and Asia such as Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Its basic programming including numerous television series, sitcoms and movies, among others, related to crime, horror and investigation. It was first launched in Italy on 31 October 2004, the Balkans (which includes countries that previously part of Yugoslavia) and Bulgaria on 13 October 2006, Portugal on 28 September 2007, Hong Kong on 3 May 2008, Singapore on 2 October 2006, and in Vietnam on 29 October 2007. Fox Crime was also launched in the Philippines on 1 January 2008, on Sky Cable. In Indonesia, the channel was made available via Indovision in the middle of 2010. Later, it was launched in Thailand on 29 July 2010. Since 2016, Fox crime is available in MENACE Regions via AD Drama HD and via Elife in the United Arab Emirates. FX and BabyTV channel was launched along with in India on March 25, 2009. Fox Channels India had received downlink strikes from the I&B Ministry of Italy for the three channels on March 12, 2009. However India and Sri Lanka were currently using the Asian Feed. Fox Crime HD was launched in Asia in May, 2016 via AsiaSat 5, in Latvia it was launched along with Fox Life and National Geographic Channel on October 1, 2011. In 2013 the channel was launched in Africa as part of StarSat. The channel in Africa officially closed on September 30, 2016, but FOX Crime continued broadcasting in Ages and Maindubs with a Portuguese version and in the following years various versions of Fox Crime were closed following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox in 2019, were rebranded as Star Crime, based upon the Star hub on Disney+. Fox Crime around the world Channel Country or region Launch year Replacement / Rebrand Shutdown year Fox Crime (Italy) Italy October 1, 2005 discontinued July 1, 2021 Fox Crime (Japan) Japan October 1, 2006 Fox Classics August 1, 2015 Fox Crime Adria Balkans October 27, 2006 Star Crime October 1, 2023 Fox Crime (Bulgaria) Bulgaria Fox Crime (Portugal) Portugal September 26, 2007 February 7, 2024 Fox Crime (Russia and Baltics) Baltics October 30, 2007 Fox October 1, 2012 Russia February 1, 2008 Fox Crime (Asia) Asia May 3, 2008 discontinued October 1, 2021 Fox Crime (Spain) Spain February 15, 2010 Fox Life October 1, 2014 Fox Crime (India) India July 2, 2010 Star Movies Select HD April 18, 2015 Fox Crime (Norway) Norway March 21, 2011 Fox July 1, 2013 Fox Crime (Turkey) Turkey November 11, 2011 discontinued October 1, 2022 Fox Crime (Africa) Africa July 9, 2013 Fox Life September 28, 2016 Fox Crime (Middle East) Middle East and North Africa September 28, 2017 discontinued December 1, 2022 See also Fox Crime (Australian TV channel) Fox Crime (Asian TV channel) Fox Crime (Italy) References ^ "Disney to Close 18 TV Channels in Asia". Variety. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021. ^ "TV Platformlari". Twitter. ^ "FOX СТАВА STAR CHANNEL В БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОКТОМВРИ" . Boulevard Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2023-06-09. ^ "Fox postaje STAR Channel" . FoNet portal (in Serbian). 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023. ^ "FOX LIFE LATVIA". Facebook. Retrieved 20 August 2015. ^ "National Geographic Channel". Facebook. Retrieved 20 August 2015. ^ "FOXCRIMEが生まれ変わります!爆発的人気を誇った海外ドラマをFOXが厳選してお届けするクラシック・ドラマ・チャンネル"FOXクラシック 名作ドラマ" 2015年8月1日始動". プレスリリース・ニュースリリース配信シェアNo.1|PR TIMES (in Japanese). 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2024-02-14. ^ "Fox Crime в България" (PDF). TELEmaniac (in Bulgarian). 2006 (1): 7. 2006-10-27. ^ Cruz, Bárbara (2007-09-25). "Fox Crime e FX a partir de hoje". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-27. ^ Steve Brennan (2007-10-30). "Crime time for Fox in Baltic states". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved 2023-05-16. ^ "Fox Crime Russia". www.satellite-channels.ru. Retrieved 2023-05-16. ^ Bureau, Adgully (2010-07-02). "Fox International launches 7 channels in India". www.adgully.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26. ^ "FOX International Channels Launches FOX Crime In Norway, Its First Entertainment Channel In The Market". FOX International Channels. 2011-03-18. Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2023-04-05. ^ "Informa Connect – Know more, do more, be more". Informa Connect. Retrieved 2023-04-05. ^ AsuquoE (2013-06-18). "Fox Crime launches in Africa: Channel premieres Tuesday 9 July on DStv". TalkMedia Africa. Retrieved 2023-04-29. ^ "FOX Life comes to African TV screens this October". Bizcommunity. Retrieved 2023-09-01. ^ "Fox taps Ericsson for Middle East broadcast services". Digital TV Europe. 2017-10-23. External links Fox Crime Archived 2019-06-08 at the Wayback Machine official Italian website (now redirects to Disney+) vte Television in NorwayNRK NRK1 NRK2 NRK3 NRK Super NRK Tegnspråk TV 2 Group TV 2 Direkte TV 2 Zebra TV 2 Livsstil TV 2 Nyheter TV 2 Sport 1 & 2 TV 2 Sport Premium 1 & 2 Warner Bros. Discovery TVNorge FEM REX VOX Discovery Channel Discovery Science Investigation Discovery Animal Planet Eurosport 1 Eurosport Norge TLC Norge Travel Channel Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Viaplay Group TV3 TV3+ TV6 V Sport V Sport+ V Sport 1 V Sport 2 V Sport 3 V Sport Golf V Film V Film Premiere V Film Action V Film Hits V Film Family V Series The Walt Disney Company Disney Channel National Geographic National Geographic Wild C More Entertainment C More First C More Hits C More Stars SF-kanalen Paramount Global MTV MTV Live HD Club MTV MTV 80s MTV 90s MTV 00s MTV Hits MTV Music Nickelodeon Nick Jr. Nicktoons BBC BBC Brit BBC Earth Other Frikanalen GOD TV History Hope Channel H2 Kanal 10 Norge Rikstoto Direkte TV 12 Bedehuskanalen TVL VGTV Visjon Norge Defunct 3+ BBC World News Canal9 Canal M C More Action C More Extreme C More Fotball C More Hockey C More Live C More Tennis Discovery HD Showcase Discovery World Disney Junior Disney XD Eurosport 2 Fox Matkanalen Metropol TV Norsk TV1 Sportkanalen Turner Classic Movies The Voice TV Norway TNT TV+ TV 2 Bliss TV 2 Filmkanalen TV 2 Humor TV 2 Science Fiction TV4 Norge TV 6 Norge Viasat Film Comedy Viasat Fotball Viasat Hockey Viasat Motor Viasat Plus Viasat Sport N ZTV Norge vte Television in TurkeyTurkish Radio and Television TRT 1 TRT 2 TRT 3 TRT 4K TRT Haber TRT Spor TRT Arabi TRT Kurdî TRT Avaz TRT Çocuk TBMM TV TRT Türk TRT Müzik TRT Belgesel TRT World TRT EBA TV Demirören Group Kanal D Cartoon Network CNN Türk teve2 Turkuvaz Media Group atv a Haber Doğuş Media Group Star TV Kral TV NTV Ciner Media Group Show TV Bloomberg HT Habertürk TV Acun Media TV8 beIN Media Group beIN beIN Series beIN Sports The Walt Disney Company Turkey NOW 24Kitchen BabyTV Disney Junior FX Nat Geo Wild Warner Bros. Discovery TLC DMAX Eurosport 1 Eurosport 2 Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN Türk Paramount MTV Hits MTV Live HD Nickelodeon Nick Jr. New World Media Group Kanal 7 Esmedya 360 İhlas Media Group TGRT Haber BBC Television BBC Earth BBC Entertainment BBC First BBC World News CBeebies Saran Medya S Sport Notable others Al Jazeera Arabic Al Jazeera English Bloomberg Television BRTV CGTN CGTN Documentary CNBC-e CNN International Diyanet TV Dost TV Euronews (English) Fashion TV Fenerbahçe TV France 24 Galatasaray TV Halk TV Kanal D International Kanal D Romania KRT Lifetime Line TV Mezzo TV Number 1 TV Power TV Rai 1 Russia 24 RTR Planeta Stingray Ambiance Ulusal Kanal TV5MONDE Yaban TV Defunct a9 TV Al Jazeera Türk Cine5 Disney Channel Disney XD Dream TV e2 Euronews (Turkish) Fox Crime Fox Life Fox Sports ITU TV Kanaltürk Kidz TV Mehtap TV NTV Spor Samanyolu TV Samanyolu Haber TV TGRT TRT 4 TRT Okul TRT International Yumurcak TV Turkey portal Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_broadcasting"},{"link_name":"Fox Networks Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Networks_Group"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Indovision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indovision"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"FX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_(TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"BabyTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BabyTV"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Fox Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Life"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"National Geographic Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_(American_TV_channel)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"StarSat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarSat"},{"link_name":"Disney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney"},{"link_name":"acquisition of","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquisition_of_21st_Century_Fox_by_Disney"},{"link_name":"21st Century Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21st_Century_Fox"},{"link_name":"Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_(Disney%2B)"},{"link_name":"Disney+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disney%2B"}],"text":"Fox Crime (stylized as FOXCRIME), was a television network, launched by the Fox Networks Group, which aired across several countries of Europe, Africa and Asia such as Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Its basic programming including numerous television series, sitcoms and movies, among others, related to crime, horror and investigation.It was first launched in Italy on 31 October 2004, the Balkans (which includes countries that previously part of Yugoslavia) and Bulgaria on 13 October 2006, Portugal on 28 September 2007, Hong Kong on 3 May 2008, Singapore on 2 October 2006, and in Vietnam on 29 October 2007. Fox Crime was also launched in the Philippines on 1 January 2008, on Sky Cable. In Indonesia, the channel was made available via Indovision in the middle of 2010. Later, it was launched in Thailand on 29 July 2010. Since 2016, Fox crime is available in MENACE Regions via AD Drama HD and via Elife in the United Arab Emirates.FX and BabyTV channel was launched along with in India on March 25, 2009. Fox Channels India had received downlink strikes from the I&B Ministry of Italy for the three channels on March 12, 2009. However India and Sri Lanka were currently using the Asian Feed. Fox Crime HD was launched in Asia in May, 2016 via AsiaSat 5, in Latvia it was launched along with Fox Life[5] and National Geographic Channel[6] on October 1, 2011. In 2013 the channel was launched in Africa as part of StarSat. The channel in Africa officially closed on September 30, 2016, but FOX Crime continued broadcasting in Ages and Maindubs with a Portuguese version and in the following years various versions of Fox Crime were closed following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox in 2019, were rebranded as Star Crime, based upon the Star hub on Disney+.","title":"Fox Crime"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Fox Crime around the world"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Disney to Close 18 TV Channels in Asia\". Variety. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2021/biz/asia/disney-closing-tv-channels-in-asia-1234961166/","url_text":"\"Disney to Close 18 TV Channels in Asia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"\"TV Platformlari\". Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/tvplatformlar/status/1573332999432798210","url_text":"\"TV Platformlari\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOX СТАВА STAR CHANNEL В БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОКТОМВРИ\" [FOX becomes Star channel from October]. Boulevard Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2023-06-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://boulevardbulgaria.bg/articles/fox-stava-star-channel-v-balgariya-ot-oktomvri","url_text":"\"FOX СТАВА STAR CHANNEL В БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОКТОМВРИ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox postaje STAR Channel\" [Fox becomes Star Channel]. FoNet portal (in Serbian). 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://fonet.rs/promo/36317965/fox-postaje-star-channel.html","url_text":"\"Fox postaje STAR Channel\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOX LIFE LATVIA\". Facebook. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/FoxLifeLatvia","url_text":"\"FOX LIFE LATVIA\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Geographic Channel\". Facebook. Retrieved 20 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/National-Geographic-Channel-Latvia/221808061214498","url_text":"\"National Geographic Channel\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOXCRIMEが生まれ変わります!爆発的人気を誇った海外ドラマをFOXが厳選してお届けするクラシック・ドラマ・チャンネル\"FOXクラシック 名作ドラマ\" 2015年8月1日始動\". プレスリリース・ニュースリリース配信シェアNo.1|PR TIMES (in Japanese). 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2024-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000126.000003179.html","url_text":"\"FOXCRIMEが生まれ変わります!爆発的人気を誇った海外ドラマをFOXが厳選してお届けするクラシック・ドラマ・チャンネル\"FOXクラシック 名作ドラマ\" 2015年8月1日始動\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox Crime в България\" (PDF). TELEmaniac (in Bulgarian). 2006 (1): 7. 2006-10-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.predavatel.com/bg/istoriya/rt/telemaniac-2006-1.pdf","url_text":"\"Fox Crime в България\""}]},{"reference":"Cruz, Bárbara (2007-09-25). \"Fox Crime e FX a partir de hoje\". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publico.pt/2007/09/26/jornal/fox-crime-e-fx--a-partir-de-hoje-231187","url_text":"\"Fox Crime e FX a partir de hoje\""}]},{"reference":"Steve Brennan (2007-10-30). \"Crime time for Fox in Baltic states\". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved 2023-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/crime-time-fox-baltic-states-153664/","url_text":"\"Crime time for Fox in Baltic states\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox Crime Russia\". www.satellite-channels.ru. Retrieved 2023-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.satellite-channels.ru/am2-tv/fox-crime.php","url_text":"\"Fox Crime Russia\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, Adgully (2010-07-02). \"Fox International launches 7 channels in India\". www.adgully.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adgully.com/fox-international-launches-7-channels-in-india-43602.html","url_text":"\"Fox International launches 7 channels in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOX International Channels Launches FOX Crime In Norway, Its First Entertainment Channel In The Market\". FOX International Channels. 2011-03-18. Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2023-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140725083044/http://foxinternationalchannels.com/press/fox-international-channels-launches-fox-crime-in-norway-its-first-entertainment-channel-in-the-market","url_text":"\"FOX International Channels Launches FOX Crime In Norway, Its First Entertainment Channel In The Market\""},{"url":"http://foxinternationalchannels.com/press/fox-international-channels-launches-fox-crime-in-norway-its-first-entertainment-channel-in-the-market","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Informa Connect – Know more, do more, be more\". Informa Connect. Retrieved 2023-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://informaconnect.com/","url_text":"\"Informa Connect – Know more, do more, be more\""}]},{"reference":"AsuquoE (2013-06-18). \"Fox Crime launches in Africa: Channel premieres Tuesday 9 July on DStv\". TalkMedia Africa. Retrieved 2023-04-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://talkmediaafrica.com/2013/06/18/fox-crime-launches-in-africa-channel-premieres-tuesday-9-july-on-dstv/","url_text":"\"Fox Crime launches in Africa: Channel premieres Tuesday 9 July on DStv\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOX Life comes to African TV screens this October\". Bizcommunity. Retrieved 2023-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/75/365/150824.html","url_text":"\"FOX Life comes to African TV screens this October\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fox taps Ericsson for Middle East broadcast services\". Digital TV Europe. 2017-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2017/10/23/fox-taps-ericsson-for-middle-east-broadcast-services/","url_text":"\"Fox taps Ericsson for Middle East broadcast services\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAtes_galantes_(Debussy)
Fêtes galantes (Debussy)
["1 History and analysis","1.1 First book","1.2 Second book","1.3 Analysis","2 Notes, references and sources","2.1 Notes","2.2 References"]
Cycle of six mélodies by Claude Debussy Fêtes Galantes is a cycle of six mélodies composed by Claude Debussy to poems by Paul Verlaine. It consists of two books of three songs (FL 86 and FL 114). The songs were composed over several years, and were premiered in 1904. History and analysis The six poems come from Verlaine's collection Fêtes galantes, published in 1869. Debussy, a lifelong admirer of Verlaine's poetry, had taken a copy of the collection with him when he went to study in Rome in 1885. Although other composers, from Gabriel Fauré to Benjamin Britten set Verlaine's poetry, Debussy, according to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, was the first composer of any importance to do so. The critic Jacques-Henri Bornecque called Verlaine's book a "petite suite"; it contains twenty-two poems, mostly quite brief, representing varied scenes or encounters ranging from tender to ironic, inspired by Antoine Watteau's Fête galante paintings. First book En sourdine (Muted) Fantoches (Puppets) Clair de lune (Moonlight) Second book Les Ingénus (The innocents) Le Faune (The faun) Colloque sentimental (Sentimental conversation) Analysis In his 1874 poem "Art poétique" Verlaine had written "Music before all else, And for that choose the irregular, Vaguer and melting better into the air." The analyst Katja Pfeifer comments that Verlaine's dictum becomes "a literary reality" in the first set of Debussy's settings of Fêtes galantes: "the rhythm of the verses, his playing with the sound of the language, and explicit textual references to music give the verses themselves the feel of a song". Debussy completed the first book (FL 86) in 1891. The manuscript of the score shows two songs, "Pantomime" and "Mandolin", which were later removed; they were later published separately. The score was published in 1903 and the songs were first performed at the house of Madame Édouard Colonne on 16 June 1904. Debussy had already set all three of the poems in the first book in 1882. The earlier settings were composed for his mistress, Marie Vasnier. The settings in his Fêtes galantes cycle contained some material from the earlier versions, mostly in "Fantoches", although in that song the composer replaced the original flamboyant and virtuosic ending with a gradual diminuendo, which became a frequent feature of his style. "En sourdine" and "Clair de lune" are almost completely rewritten. The musicologist Roger Nichols writes that they display "a far more adventurous harmonic palette" than the composer had developed at the time of the first settings, "blending modality and chromaticism in equal measure". Nichols describes "Fantoches" as energetic and sparkling, contrasting with the first and third songs, which "float timelessly, allowing us to savour the famous 'musicality' of Verlaine’s poetry". The analyst Susan Youens writes that the outer songs are the " inward, melancholy visions of those who already sense, even in the midst of seeming love and luck, that 'la vie opportune' has passed". The second book (FL 114), dedicated to Emma Bardac, dates from 1904. It was premiered chez Madame Colonne on 23 June 1904; the score was published in September of that year. These were Debussy's only settings of these three Verlaine poems. Unlike the first book, where the three songs are not connected by a common narrative thread, the second book has a continuous theme of the difficulty of relationships between men and women. Youens writes of "the mutual incomprehensibility of the sexes, from its inception ('Les Ingénus') to its death-in-life ('Le Faune') and finally to its grim remains after death ('Colloque sentimental')". Notes, references and sources Notes ^ "De la musique avant toute chose, Et pour cela préfère l'Impair Plus vague et plus soluble dans l'air" References ^ a b Pfeifer, Katja. Notes to Genuin CD set 16430 (2016) ^ Griffiths, Paul. "Verlaine, Paul", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2011, retrieved 13 June 2018 (subscription required) ^ Wright, Alfred J. "Verlaine and Debussy: Fêtes galantes", The French Review, Vol. 40, No. 5 (April 1967), pp. 627–635 (subscription required) ^ a b c Lesure, François and Roy Howat. "Debussy, (Achille-)Claude" Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 28 April 2018 (subscription required) ^ a b Nichols, Roger. Notes to Hyperion CD set CDA 677883 (2012) ^ a b Youens, Susan. Tell a Tale: Symbolist Narrative In Debussy's Fêtes Galantes II, Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (Fall/Winter 1987/1988), pp. 180–191 (subscription required) vteClaude DebussyList of compositionsOpera Rodrigue et Chimène (1890–1892) Pelléas et Mélisande (1893–1902) Le diable dans le beffroi (1902–1911) La chute de la maison Usher (1908–1917) Ballet Khamma (1911–1912) Jeux (1912–1913) La boîte à joujoux (1913) Orchestral Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894) Nocturnes (1897–1899) La mer (1903–1905) Images (1905–1912) With a soloist L'enfant prodigue (1884) Fantaisie for piano and orchestra (1889–1890) Première rhapsodie (1909–1910) Rhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra (1901-1911) Chamber Piano Trio (1879) String Quartet (1893) Dances for Harp and String Orchestra (1904) Syrinx for flute (1913) Six sonatas for various instruments (1915–1917): Cello Sonata (1915) PianoSolo Two Arabesques (1888, 1891) Valse romantique (1890) Suite bergamasque (1890–1905) Pour le piano suite (1894–1901) Estampes (1903) Masques (1904) L'isle joyeuse (1904) Images, Set 1 (1905) Reflets dans l'eau Children's Corner (1906–1908) The Little Nigar (1909) Préludes, Book 1 (1909–1910) Voiles Des pas sur la neige Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest La fille aux cheveux de lin La sérénade interrompue La cathédrale engloutie La plus que lente (1910) Préludes, Book 2 (1912–1913) Brouillards Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C. Études (1915) Four hands or two pianos Petite suite (1886–1889) Six épigraphes antiques (1914) En blanc et noir (1915) Songs Beau soir (1880) Ariettes oubliées (1885–1887) Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire (1887–1889) Fêtes galantes (1891–1904) Other vocal La Damoiselle élue (1889) Trois Chansons (1909) Le Martyre de saint Sébastien (1911) Related Emma Bardac (wife) Musée Claude-Debussy Impressionism in music Debussy quadrangle crater Debussy Heights Category Portals: Biography Classical music Authority control databases International VIAF National France 2 BnF data 2
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The songs were composed over several years, and were premiered in 1904.","title":"Fêtes galantes (Debussy)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp-1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Fauré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Antoine Watteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Watteau"},{"link_name":"Fête galante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wright-3"}],"text":"The six poems come from Verlaine's collection Fêtes galantes, published in 1869. Debussy, a lifelong admirer of Verlaine's poetry, had taken a copy of the collection with him when he went to study in Rome in 1885.[1] Although other composers, from Gabriel Fauré to Benjamin Britten set Verlaine's poetry, Debussy, according to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, was the first composer of any importance to do so.[2]The critic Jacques-Henri Bornecque called Verlaine's book a \"petite suite\"; it contains twenty-two poems, mostly quite brief, representing varied scenes or encounters ranging from tender to ironic, inspired by Antoine Watteau's Fête galante paintings.[3]","title":"History and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First book","text":"En sourdine (Muted)\nFantoches (Puppets)\nClair de lune (Moonlight)","title":"History and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second book","text":"Les Ingénus (The innocents)\nLe Faune (The faun)\nColloque sentimental (Sentimental conversation)","title":"History and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove-5"},{"link_name":"Édouard Colonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Colonne"},{"link_name":"diminuendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminuendo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rn-6"},{"link_name":"Roger Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(musical_scholar)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rn-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youens-7"},{"link_name":"Emma Bardac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Bardac"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youens-7"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"In his 1874 poem \"Art poétique\" Verlaine had written \"Music before all else, And for that choose the irregular, Vaguer and melting better into the air.\"[n 1] The analyst Katja Pfeifer comments that Verlaine's dictum becomes \"a literary reality\" in the first set of Debussy's settings of Fêtes galantes: \"the rhythm of the verses, his playing with the sound of the language, and explicit textual references to music give the verses themselves the feel of a song\".[1]Debussy completed the first book (FL 86) in 1891.[4] The manuscript of the score shows two songs, \"Pantomime\" and \"Mandolin\", which were later removed; they were later published separately.[4] The score was published in 1903 and the songs were first performed at the house of Madame Édouard Colonne on 16 June 1904.Debussy had already set all three of the poems in the first book in 1882. The earlier settings were composed for his mistress, Marie Vasnier. The settings in his Fêtes galantes cycle contained some material from the earlier versions, mostly in \"Fantoches\", although in that song the composer replaced the original flamboyant and virtuosic ending with a gradual diminuendo, which became a frequent feature of his style.[5] \"En sourdine\" and \"Clair de lune\" are almost completely rewritten. The musicologist Roger Nichols writes that they display \"a far more adventurous harmonic palette\" than the composer had developed at the time of the first settings, \"blending modality and chromaticism in equal measure\". Nichols describes \"Fantoches\" as energetic and sparkling, contrasting with the first and third songs, which \"float timelessly, allowing us to savour the famous 'musicality' of Verlaine’s poetry\".[5] The analyst Susan Youens writes that the outer songs are the \" inward, melancholy visions of those who already sense, even in the midst of seeming love and luck, that 'la vie opportune' has passed\".[6]The second book (FL 114), dedicated to Emma Bardac, dates from 1904. It was premiered chez Madame Colonne on 23 June 1904; the score was published in September of that year. These were Debussy's only settings of these three Verlaine poems.[4]\nUnlike the first book, where the three songs are not connected by a common narrative thread, the second book has a continuous theme of the difficulty of relationships between men and women. Youens writes of \"the mutual incomprehensibility of the sexes, from its inception ('Les Ingénus') to its death-in-life ('Le Faune') and finally to its grim remains after death ('Colloque sentimental')\".[6]","title":"History and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes, references and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ \"De la musique avant toute chose, Et pour cela préfère l'Impair Plus vague et plus soluble dans l'air\"","title":"Notes, references and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kp_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kp_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Verlaine, Paul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000029214"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wright_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Verlaine and Debussy: Fêtes galantes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/384667"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grove_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grove_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grove_5-2"},{"link_name":"Lesure, François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lesure"},{"link_name":"Roy Howat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Howat"},{"link_name":"\"Debussy, (Achille-)Claude\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000007353"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180515112133/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000007353"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rn_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rn_6-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-youens_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-youens_7-1"},{"link_name":"Tell a Tale: Symbolist Narrative In Debussy's Fêtes Galantes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23532092To"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"List of compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Rodrigue et Chimène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigue_et_Chim%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"Pelléas et Mélisande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_discography"},{"link_name":"Le diable dans le beffroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_diable_dans_le_beffroi"},{"link_name":"La chute de la maison Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_chute_de_la_maison_Usher_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Khamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamma_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Jeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux"},{"link_name":"La boîte à joujoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_bo%C3%AEte_%C3%A0_joujoux"},{"link_name":"Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune"},{"link_name":"Nocturnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"La mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_pour_orchestre"},{"link_name":"L'enfant prodigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27enfant_prodigue"},{"link_name":"Fantaisie for piano and orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantaisie_for_piano_and_orchestra_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Première rhapsodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_rhapsodie"},{"link_name":"Rhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsodie_for_saxophone_and_orchestra"},{"link_name":"Piano Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Dances for Harp and String Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dances_for_Harp_and_String_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Syrinx for flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Six sonatas for various instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_sonatas_for_various_instruments"},{"link_name":"Cello Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Two Arabesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Arabesques"},{"link_name":"Valse romantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valse_romantique"},{"link_name":"Suite bergamasque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_bergamasque"},{"link_name":"Pour le piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_piano"},{"link_name":"Estampes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estampes"},{"link_name":"Masques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masques_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"L'isle joyeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27isle_joyeuse"},{"link_name":"Images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_(composition)"},{"link_name":"Reflets dans l'eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflets_dans_l%27eau"},{"link_name":"Children's Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Corner"},{"link_name":"The Little Nigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Nigar"},{"link_name":"Préludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Voiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiles"},{"link_name":"Des pas sur la neige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_pas_sur_la_neige"},{"link_name":"Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce_qu%27a_vu_le_vent_d%27ouest"},{"link_name":"La fille aux cheveux de lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fille_aux_cheveux_de_lin"},{"link_name":"La sérénade interrompue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_s%C3%A9r%C3%A9nade_interrompue"},{"link_name":"La cathédrale engloutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie"},{"link_name":"La plus que lente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_plus_que_lente"},{"link_name":"Préludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Brouillards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouillards"},{"link_name":"Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hommage_%C3%A0_S._Pickwick_Esq._P.P.M.P.C."},{"link_name":"Études","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Petite suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_Suite_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Six épigraphes antiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_%C3%A9pigraphes_antiques"},{"link_name":"En blanc et noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_blanc_et_noir"},{"link_name":"Beau soir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_soir"},{"link_name":"Ariettes oubliées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariettes_oubli%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinq_po%C3%A8mes_de_Charles_Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"Fêtes galantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"La Damoiselle élue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Damoiselle_%C3%A9lue"},{"link_name":"Trois Chansons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Chansons_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Le Martyre de saint Sébastien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Martyre_de_saint_S%C3%A9bastien"},{"link_name":"Emma Bardac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Bardac"},{"link_name":"Musée Claude-Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Claude-Debussy"},{"link_name":"Impressionism in music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism_in_music"},{"link_name":"Debussy quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debussy_quadrangle"},{"link_name":"crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debussy_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Debussy Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debussy_Heights"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"Classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Classical_music"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15990914#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/198522721"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113890"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113906"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113890"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113906"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b Pfeifer, Katja. Notes to Genuin CD set 16430 (2016)\n\n^ Griffiths, Paul. \"Verlaine, Paul\", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2011, retrieved 13 June 2018 (subscription required)\n\n^ Wright, Alfred J. \"Verlaine and Debussy: Fêtes galantes\", The French Review, Vol. 40, No. 5 (April 1967), pp. 627–635 (subscription required)\n\n^ a b c Lesure, François and Roy Howat. \"Debussy, (Achille-)Claude\" Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 28 April 2018 (subscription required)\n\n^ a b Nichols, Roger. Notes to Hyperion CD set CDA 677883 (2012)\n\n^ a b Youens, Susan. Tell a Tale: Symbolist Narrative In Debussy's Fêtes Galantes II, Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (Fall/Winter 1987/1988), pp. 180–191 (subscription required)vteClaude DebussyList of compositionsOpera\nRodrigue et Chimène (1890–1892)\nPelléas et Mélisande (1893–1902) \nLe diable dans le beffroi (1902–1911)\nLa chute de la maison Usher (1908–1917)\nBallet\nKhamma (1911–1912)\nJeux (1912–1913)\nLa boîte à joujoux (1913)\nOrchestral\nPrélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894)\nNocturnes (1897–1899)\nLa mer (1903–1905)\nImages (1905–1912)\nWith a soloist\nL'enfant prodigue (1884)\nFantaisie for piano and orchestra (1889–1890)\nPremière rhapsodie (1909–1910)\nRhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra (1901-1911)\n\nChamber\nPiano Trio (1879)\nString Quartet (1893)\nDances for Harp and String Orchestra (1904)\nSyrinx for flute (1913)\nSix sonatas for various instruments (1915–1917): Cello Sonata (1915)\nPianoSolo\nTwo Arabesques (1888, 1891)\nValse romantique (1890)\nSuite bergamasque (1890–1905)\nPour le piano suite (1894–1901)\nEstampes (1903)\nMasques (1904)\nL'isle joyeuse (1904)\nImages, Set 1 (1905)\nReflets dans l'eau\nChildren's Corner (1906–1908)\nThe Little Nigar (1909)\nPréludes, Book 1 (1909–1910)\nVoiles\nDes pas sur la neige\nCe qu'a vu le vent d'ouest\nLa fille aux cheveux de lin\nLa sérénade interrompue\nLa cathédrale engloutie\nLa plus que lente (1910)\nPréludes, Book 2 (1912–1913)\nBrouillards\nHommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.\nÉtudes (1915)\n\nFour hands or two pianos\nPetite suite (1886–1889)\nSix épigraphes antiques (1914)\nEn blanc et noir (1915)\nSongs\nBeau soir (1880)\nAriettes oubliées (1885–1887)\nCinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire (1887–1889)\nFêtes galantes (1891–1904)\nOther vocal\nLa Damoiselle élue (1889)\nTrois Chansons (1909)\nLe Martyre de saint Sébastien (1911)\nRelated\nEmma Bardac (wife)\nMusée Claude-Debussy\nImpressionism in music\nDebussy quadrangle\ncrater\nDebussy Heights\n\n CategoryPortals: Biography Classical musicAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\n2\nBnF data\n2","title":"Notes, references and sources"}]
[]
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[]
[{"Link":"http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000029214","external_links_name":"\"Verlaine, Paul\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/384667","external_links_name":"\"Verlaine and Debussy: Fêtes galantes\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000007353","external_links_name":"\"Debussy, (Achille-)Claude\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112133/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000007353","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23532092To","external_links_name":"Tell a Tale: Symbolist Narrative In Debussy's Fêtes Galantes II"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/198522721","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113890","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113906","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113890","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113906","external_links_name":"2"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses-Kent_House
Moses-Kent House
["1 Description and history","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 42°58′36″N 70°57′18″W / 42.97667°N 70.95500°W / 42.97667; -70.95500Historic house in New Hampshire, United States Not to be confused with the Moses Kent House in Lyme, New Hampshire. United States historic placeMoses-Kent HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Moses-Kent HouseShow map of New HampshireShow map of the United StatesLocation1 Pine St., Exeter, New HampshireCoordinates42°58′36″N 70°57′18″W / 42.97667°N 70.95500°W / 42.97667; -70.95500Area5.5 acres (2.2 ha)Built1868 (1868)ArchitectRufus SargentArchitectural styleSecond Empire, ItalianateNRHP reference No.85002184Added to NRHPSeptember 12, 1985 The Moses-Kent House is a historic house at 1 Pine Street in Exeter, New Hampshire. Built in 1868 for a prominent local merchant, it is one of the town's finest examples of Victorian residential architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 12, 1985. Description and history The Moses-Kent House stands southwest of the town center of Exeter, at the southwest junction of Linden and Pine Streets. It occupies a large lot, more than 5 acres (2.0 ha) in size, of which about 2 acres (0.81 ha) are landscaped. The main house is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof, granite foundation, and an exterior finished in wooden siding scored to resemble ashlar stone. It is predominantly Second Empire in its styling, with strong Italianate influence. Its most prominent feature is a three-story tower with mansard roof and windows whose molded surrounds match those of the main mansard roof. The property includes a surviving 1868 carriage house. The interior of the house is well-preserved, retaining features from its construction, and from a later early 20th-century renovation. The house was built in 1868 by Henry Clay Moses, a local wool merchant, who purchased two lots and demolished the buildings standing on them to make way for it. Moses hired architect Rufus Sargent of Newburyport, Massachusetts to design the house, and landscape architect Robert Morris Copeland was hired to lay out the grounds. Moses was known locally for his philanthropy, and opened portions of the property to the public as a park. It underwent significant alterations c. 1901-02 after it was purchased by George Kent, owner of the Exeter Manufacturing Company. The landscaping of its grounds are conjectured without evidence to have been influenced (directly or indirectly) by the work of Frederick Law Olmsted. See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ a b "NRHP nomination for Moses-Kent House". National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-07-03. ^ Carol Walker Aten, Postcards from Exeter (Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2003): 139. vteNational Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New HampshireLandmarks Gov. John Langdon Mansion John Paul Jones House Josiah Bartlett House Ladd-Gilman House MacPheadris–Warner House Matthew Thornton House Moffatt-Ladd House Richard Jackson House Robert Frost Farm USS Albacore Wentworth–Coolidge Mansion Wentworth-Gardner House Districts Atlantic Heights Development Deerfield Center Historic District East Derry Historic District Exeter Waterfront Commercial Historic District Front Street Historic District Highland Road Historic District Isles of Shoals‡ Jewell Town District Little Boar's Head Historic District Newington Center Historic District Newmarket Industrial and Commercial Historic District Old Deerfield Center Historic District Portsmouth Downtown Historic District Portsmouth Parade Historic District Richman Margeson Estate Salem Common Historic District Scammon Farm Historic District Smith's Corner Historic District Strawbery Banke Historic District Town Center Historic District Wentworth-Gardner and Tobias Lear Houses Woodman Road Historic District BuildingsEducation Atkinson Academy School Centennial Hall Dame School Kensington Social Library Nichols Memorial Library North Hampton Library North School Portsmouth Public Library Portsmouth Athenæum Sanborn Seminary Searles School and Chapel Smyth Public Library Square Schoolhouse Stone School Watson Academy Wiggin Memorial Library Religious Chester Congregational Church Danville Meetinghouse First Church First Universalist Church Freewill Baptist Church-Peoples Baptist Church-New Hope Church Fremont Meeting House Hampstead Meetinghouse New Castle Congregational Church Northwood Congregational Church Sanborn Seminary Sandown Old Meetinghouse Searles School and Chapel South Parish St. Andrew's-by-the-Sea St. John's Church Union Meetinghouse-Universalist Church Unitarian Church Residential Bartlett-Cushman House Benedict House Benjamin Franklin Prescott House Benjamin James House Capt. Jonathan Currier House Cornet Thomas Wiggin House Daniel Pinkham House Deacon Samuel and Jabez Lane Homestead Drake Farm Dudley House Edward Sewall Garrison Elijah Locke House Elm Farm Emery Farm Gen. Mason J. Young House General Porter House George Rogers House Gilman Garrison House Gov. John Wentworth House Gov. Meshech Weare House Greeley House Hart-Rice House Haven-White House Henry Sherburne House James Neal House Jeremiah Hart House John Crockett House John Elkins Farmstead John Hart House Joshua Wentworth House † Larkin-Rice House Maj. John Gilman House Moses-Kent House Nutter-Rymes House Parsons Homestead Phoebe Hart House Reuben Lamprey Homestead Rundlet-May House Samuel Beck House Samuel Tenney House Scamman Farm Shapley Town House Simeon P. Smith House Weeks House Whidden-Ward House Transportation Newington Railroad Depot Raymond Boston and Maine Railroad Depot Sandown Depot, Boston and Maine Railroad Otherbuildings Adams Memorial Building Armstrong Memorial Building The Beach Club Danville Town House Franklin Block Kensington Town House New Hampshire Bank Building North Hampton Town Hall Plaistow Carhouse Portsmouth Cottage Hospital Portsmouth Harbor Light Pulpit Rock Base-End Station (N. 142) Rockingham Hotel Rye Town Hall South Meetinghouse Stevens Memorial Hall Town House Sites Fort Constitution Old North Cemetery Plains Cemetery Structures Chester Village Cemetery Footnotes‡ This entry also has portions in an adjacent state.† This entry has been removed from the registry.See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire and List of National Historic Landmarks in New Hampshire
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses Kent House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Kent_House"},{"link_name":"Lyme, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Exeter, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Historic house in New Hampshire, United StatesNot to be confused with the Moses Kent House in Lyme, New Hampshire.United States historic placeThe Moses-Kent House is a historic house at 1 Pine Street in Exeter, New Hampshire. Built in 1868 for a prominent local merchant, it is one of the town's finest examples of Victorian residential architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 12, 1985.[1]","title":"Moses-Kent House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mansard roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansard_roof"},{"link_name":"ashlar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashlar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"},{"link_name":"Rufus Sargent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufus_Sargent"},{"link_name":"Newburyport, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newburyport,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Robert Morris Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Morris_Copeland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Frederick Law Olmsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Law_Olmsted"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NRHP-2"}],"text":"The Moses-Kent House stands southwest of the town center of Exeter, at the southwest junction of Linden and Pine Streets. It occupies a large lot, more than 5 acres (2.0 ha) in size, of which about 2 acres (0.81 ha) are landscaped. The main house is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof, granite foundation, and an exterior finished in wooden siding scored to resemble ashlar stone. It is predominantly Second Empire in its styling, with strong Italianate influence. Its most prominent feature is a three-story tower with mansard roof and windows whose molded surrounds match those of the main mansard roof. The property includes a surviving 1868 carriage house. The interior of the house is well-preserved, retaining features from its construction, and from a later early 20th-century renovation.[2]The house was built in 1868 by Henry Clay Moses, a local wool merchant, who purchased two lots and demolished the buildings standing on them to make way for it. Moses hired architect Rufus Sargent of Newburyport, Massachusetts to design the house, and landscape architect Robert Morris Copeland was hired to lay out the grounds.[3] Moses was known locally for his philanthropy, and opened portions of the property to the public as a park. It underwent significant alterations c. 1901-02 after it was purchased by George Kent, owner of the Exeter Manufacturing Company. The landscaping of its grounds are conjectured without evidence to have been influenced (directly or indirectly) by the work of Frederick Law Olmsted.[2]","title":"Description and history"}]
[]
[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockingham_County,_New_Hampshire"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovo
Battle of Ostrovo
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 40°48′0.000″N 21°49′59.999″E / 40.80000000°N 21.83333306°E / 40.80000000; 21.83333306This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Battle of Ostrovo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of OstrovoPart of the Uprising of Peter DelyanDate1041Locationnear Lake Ostrovo, Greece40°48′0.000″N 21°49′59.999″E / 40.80000000°N 21.83333306°E / 40.80000000; 21.83333306Result Byzantine victory End of Bulgarian uprisingBelligerents Bulgarian rebels Byzantine EmpireCommanders and leaders Peter Delyan Michael IV the PaphlagonianHarald Hardradaclass=notpageimage| Location within GreeceShow map of GreeceBattle of Ostrovo (North Macedonia)Show map of North MacedoniaBattle of Ostrovo (Europe without the extreme north)Show map of Europe without the extreme north vteByzantine–Bulgarian warsEarly wars 1th Constantinople Ongal 1st Anchialus 1st Marcellae Rishki Pass 2nd Anchialus Litosoria 2nd Marcellae Krum's campaigns Serdica Pliska Debeltos Versinikia 1st Adrianople 2th Constantinople Masambria  Burdizon Simeon I's campaigns War of 894–896 Boulgarophygon War of 913–927 Achelous Katasyrtai Pegae 3th Constantinople Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria 1st Arcadiopolis Dorostolon Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria Trajan's Gates 1st Thessalonica Spercheios Skopje 2nd Thessalonica Kreta 3rd Thessalonica Kleidion Strumitsa Bitola Setina Dyrrhachium Uprising of Peter Delyan 4th Thessalonica 5th Thessalonica Ostrovo Second Bulgarian Empire Lovech Tryavna 2nd Arcadiopolis Serres Varna Klokotnitsa 2nd Adrianople Uprising of Ivaylo Devina Skafida Rusokastro The Battle of Ostrovo occurred in 1041 near Ostrovo, an area close to the lake of the same name in modern Northern Greece. History In 1040 Peter Delyan, an illegitimate relative of Samuel, the Bulgarian Tsar, led an uprising against the Byzantines and was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria. He quickly occupied the western Balkan lands from Belgrade to Larissa but in the next year he was betrayed by his cousin Alusian, who blinded him with a knife after he got drunk during a feast. Though blind, Peter Delyan remained in command and met the Byzantines near Ostrovo. The battle itself is unclear but the Bulgarians were defeated mainly with the help of the Varangian Guard, led by Harald Hardrada. Delyan was captured and was sent to Thessaloniki. Alusian, who initially sought to lead the army against the Byzantines, secretly negotiated a deal with Emperor Michael IV at Mosynopolis and was rewarded with a title of magistros. During the battle, he rode to the safety of enemy lines, leaving the Bulgarian army to be crushed. As a result, the uprising was repulsed and the emperor entered Bulgaria, which remained a Byzantine province until 1185. References ^ a b c Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2016). The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476-1648. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 38. ISBN 9781476662305. ^ a b c Tăpkova-Zaimova, Vasilka (2017). Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition. Translated by Murdzhev, Pavel. Leiden: BRILL. p. 298. ISBN 9789004352384. ^ Chary, Frederick B. (2011-02-18). The History of Bulgaria. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 17. ISBN 9780313384462. This article about a battle is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Byzantine Empire–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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Anchialus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anchialus_(763)"},{"link_name":"Litosoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Litosoria"},{"link_name":"2nd Marcellae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marcellae"},{"link_name":"Krum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krum"},{"link_name":"Serdica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Serdica_(809)"},{"link_name":"Pliska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pliska"},{"link_name":"Debeltos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Debeltos"},{"link_name":"Versinikia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Versinikia"},{"link_name":"1st Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(813)"},{"link_name":"2th Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(813)"},{"link_name":"Masambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masambria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Burdizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Burdizon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simeon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"War of 894–896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_894%E2%80%93896"},{"link_name":"Boulgarophygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boulgarophygon"},{"link_name":"War of 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Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(995)"},{"link_name":"Spercheios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Spercheios"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"2nd Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1004)"},{"link_name":"Kreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kreta"},{"link_name":"3rd Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1014)"},{"link_name":"Kleidion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion"},{"link_name":"Strumitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Strumica"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bitola_(1015)"},{"link_name":"Setina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Setina"},{"link_name":"Dyrrhachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(1018)"},{"link_name":"Uprising of Peter Delyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"4th Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1040)"},{"link_name":"5th Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(2nd_1040)"},{"link_name":"Ostrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Second Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lovech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lovech"},{"link_name":"Tryavna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tryavna"},{"link_name":"2nd Arcadiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arcadiopolis_(1194)"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Serres"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Varna_(1201)"},{"link_name":"Klokotnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Klokotnitsa"},{"link_name":"2nd Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1254)"},{"link_name":"Uprising of Ivaylo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo"},{"link_name":"Devina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Devina"},{"link_name":"Skafida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skafida"},{"link_name":"Rusokastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rusokastro"},{"link_name":"Ostrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnissa"},{"link_name":"lake of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ostrovo"},{"link_name":"Northern Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Greece"}],"text":"vteByzantine–Bulgarian warsEarly wars\n1th Constantinople\nOngal\n1st Anchialus\n1st Marcellae\nRishki Pass\n2nd Anchialus\nLitosoria\n2nd Marcellae\nKrum's campaigns\n\nSerdica\nPliska\nDebeltos\nVersinikia\n1st Adrianople\n2th Constantinople\nMasambria [ru]\nBurdizon\nSimeon I's campaigns\n\nWar of 894–896\nBoulgarophygon\nWar of 913–927\nAchelous\nKatasyrtai\nPegae\n3th Constantinople\nSviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria\n\n1st Arcadiopolis\nDorostolon\nByzantine conquest of Bulgaria\n\nTrajan's Gates\n1st Thessalonica\nSpercheios\nSkopje\n2nd Thessalonica\nKreta\n3rd Thessalonica\nKleidion\nStrumitsa\nBitola\nSetina\nDyrrhachium\nUprising of Peter Delyan\n\n4th Thessalonica\n5th Thessalonica\nOstrovo\nSecond Bulgarian Empire\n\nLovech\nTryavna\n2nd Arcadiopolis\nSerres\nVarna\nKlokotnitsa\n2nd Adrianople\nUprising of Ivaylo\nDevina\nSkafida\nRusokastroThe Battle of Ostrovo occurred in 1041 near Ostrovo, an area close to the lake of the same name in modern Northern Greece.","title":"Battle of Ostrovo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Delyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Larissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa"},{"link_name":"Alusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alusian_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Delyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Varangian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian_Guard"},{"link_name":"Harald Hardrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Emperor Michael IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian"},{"link_name":"Mosynopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosynopolis"},{"link_name":"magistros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_officiorum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"In 1040 Peter Delyan, an illegitimate relative of Samuel, the Bulgarian Tsar,[1] led an uprising against the Byzantines and was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria. He quickly occupied the western Balkan lands from Belgrade to Larissa but in the next year he was betrayed by his cousin Alusian, who blinded him with a knife after he got drunk during a feast.[1][2] Though blind, Peter Delyan remained in command and met the Byzantines near Ostrovo.[3] The battle itself is unclear but the Bulgarians were defeated mainly with the help of the Varangian Guard, led by Harald Hardrada. Delyan was captured and was sent to Thessaloniki.[2] Alusian, who initially sought to lead the army against the Byzantines, secretly negotiated a deal with Emperor Michael IV at Mosynopolis and was rewarded with a title of magistros.[2] During the battle, he rode to the safety of enemy lines, leaving the Bulgarian army to be crushed.[1] As a result, the uprising was repulsed and the emperor entered Bulgaria, which remained a Byzantine province until 1185.","title":"History"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Rides_the_Plains
Death Rides the Plains
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
1943 film Death Rides the PlainsTheatrical release posterDirected bySam NewfieldScreenplay byJoseph O'DonnellStory byPatricia HarperProduced bySigmund NeufeldStarringRobert LivingstonAl St. JohnPatti McCartyRay BennettI. Stanford JolleyGeorge ChesebroCinematographyRobert E. ClineEdited byHolbrook N. ToddProductioncompanySigmund Neufeld ProductionsDistributed byProducers Releasing CorporationRelease date May 7, 1943 (1943-05-07) Running time53 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Death Rides the Plains is a 1943 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and written by Joseph O'Donnell. The film stars Robert Livingston as the Lone Rider and Al St. John as his sidekick "Fuzzy Jones", with Patti McCarty, Ray Bennett, I. Stanford Jolley and George Chesebro. The film was released on May 7, 1943, by Producers Releasing Corporation. This is the fourteenth movie in the Lone Rider series, and the third starring Robert Livingston. The first eleven movies star George Houston. Plot A gang of crooks is repeatedly selling the Circle C Ranch, and then murdering the buyers before they take possession of the land. Fuzzy's cousin Luke falls victim to the scheme, and the Lone Rider disguises himself as an outlaw to bring the schemers to justice. Cast Robert Livingston as Rocky Cameron, the Lone Rider Al St. John as Fuzzy Jones Patti McCarty as Virginia Marshall Ray Bennett as Ben Gowdey I. Stanford Jolley as Rogan George Chesebro as Trent John Elliott as James Marshall Kermit Maynard as Jed Slim Whitaker as Sheriff Karl Hackett as Edward Simms See also The Lone Rider films starring George Houston: The Lone Rider Rides On (1941) The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio (1941) The Lone Rider in Ghost Town (1941) The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury (1941) The Lone Rider Ambushed (1941) The Lone Rider Fights Back (1941) The Lone Rider and the Bandit (1942) The Lone Rider in Cheyenne (1942) The Lone Rider in Texas Justice (1942) Border Roundup (1942) Outlaws of Boulder Pass (1942) starring Robert Livingston: Overland Stagecoach (1942) Wild Horse Rustlers (1943) Death Rides the Plains (1943) Wolves of the Range (1943) Law of the Saddle (1943) Raiders of Red Gap (1943) References ^ "Death Rides the Plains (1943) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved May 17, 2019. ^ Hans J. Wollstein. "Death Rides the Plains (1943) - Sam Newfield". AllMovie. Retrieved May 17, 2019. ^ a b "Death Rides the Plains". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved May 17, 2019. External links Death Rides the Plains at IMDb vteFilms directed by Sam Newfield1930s The Important Witness (1933) Big Time or Bust (1933) Reform Girl (1933) Under Secret Orders (1933) Undercover Men (1934) Beggar's Holiday (1934) Marrying Widows (1934) Northern Frontier (1935) Code of the Mounted (1935) Branded a Coward (1935) Trails of the Wild (1935) Bulldog Courage (1935) Racing Luck (1935) Roarin' Guns (1936) Border Caballero (1936) The Lion's Den (1936) Federal Agent (1936) Lightnin' Bill Carson (1936) Ghost Patrol (1936) Burning Gold (1936) Aces and Eights (1936) Go-Get-'Em, Haines (1936) The Traitor (1936) Roarin' Lead (1936) Stormy Trails (1936) The Gambling Terror (1937) Lightnin' Crandall (1937) Trail of Vengeance (1937) Melody of the Plains (1937) Bar-Z Bad Men (1937) Guns in the Dark (1937) Gun Lords of Stirrup Basin (1937) A Lawman Is Born (1937) Doomed at Sundown (1937) Boothill Brigade (1937) Ridin' the Lone Trail (1937) The Fighting Deputy (1937) Arizona Gunfighter (1937) Moonlight on the Range (1937) The Fighting Deputy (1937) The Colorado Kid (1937) Harlem on the Prairie (1937) Paroled – To Die (1938) The Rangers' Round-Up (1938) Thunder in the Desert (1938) Code of the Rangers (1938) The Feud Maker (1938) Phantom Ranger (1938) Knight of the Plains (1938) Songs and Bullets (1938) Gunsmoke Trail (1938) Desert Patrol (1938) Durango Valley Raiders (1938) Frontier Scout (1938) Lightning Carson Rides Again (1938) Six-Gun Trail (1938) Six-Gun Rhythm (1938) Crashing Through Danger (1938) The Terror of Tiny Town (1938) Trigger Pals (1939) Code of the Cactus (1939) Texas Wildcats (1939) Outlaws' Paradise (1939) Straight Shooter (1939) The Fighting Renegade (1939) Hitler – Beast of Berlin (1939) Trigger Fingers (1939) Flaming Lead (1939) The Invisible Killer (1939) Fighting Mad (1939) Death Rides the Range (1939) 1940s Texas Renegades (1940) The Sagebrush Family Trails West (1940) Marked Men (1940) I Take This Oath (1940) Gun Code (1940) Hold That Woman! (1940) Frontier Crusader (1940) Arizona Gang Busters (1940) Secrets of a Model (1940) Billy the Kid in Texas (1940) Riders of Black Mountain (1940) Billy the Kid Outlawed (1940) Billy the Kid's Gun Justice (1940) Outlaws of the Rio Grande (1941) The Lone Rider Rides On (1941) The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio (1941) The Lone Rider in Ghost Town (1941) The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury (1941) The Lone Rider Ambushed (1941) The Lone Rider Fights Back (1941) Billy the Kid's Fighting Pals (1941) Billy the Kid Wanted (1941) Billy the Kid in Santa Fe (1941) The Texas Marshal (1941) Billy the Kid's Range War (1941) Billy the Kid's Round-Up (1941) The Lone Rider and the Bandit (1942) Raiders of the West (1942) The Lone Rider in Cheyenne (1942) Billy the Kid's Smoking Guns (1942) The Lone Rider in Texas Justice (1942) Jungle Siren (1942) Law and Order (1942) Sheriff of Sage Valley (1942) Prairie Pals (1942) Border Roundup (1942) Outlaws of Boulder Pass (1942) Overland Stagecoach (1942) Billy the Kid Trapped (1942) Rolling Down the Great Divide (1942) The Mad Monster (1942) Along the Sundown Trail (1942) The Mysterious Rider (1942) Queen of Broadway (1942) Outlaws of Boulder Pass (1942) The Kid Rides Again (1943) Dead Men Walk (1943) Wild Horse Rustlers (1943) Fugitive of the Plains (1943) Death Rides the Plains (1943) Western Cyclone (1943) The Black Raven (1943) Wolves of the Range (1943) Cattle Stampede (1943) Law of the Saddle (1943) Raiders of Red Gap (1943) Danger! Women at Work (1943) Blazing Frontier (1943) Tiger Fangs (1943) Devil Riders (1943) Harvest Melody (1943) Nabonga (1944) Frontier Outlaws (1944) Thundering Gun Slingers (1944) The Monster Maker (1944) Valley of Vengeance (1944) The Contender (1944) The Drifter (1944) Fuzzy Settles Down (1944) I Accuse My Parents (1944) Swing Hostess (1944) Wild Horse Phantom (1944) Oath of Vengeance (1944) His Brother's Ghost (1945) The Kid Sister (1945) The Lady Confesses (1945) Gangster's Den (1945) Stagecoach Outlaws (1945) Apology for Murder (1945) White Pongo (1945) Border Badmen (1945) Fighting Bill Carson (1945) Prairie Rustlers (1945) Rustlers' Hideout (1945) Shadows of Death (1945) Lightning Raiders (1946) Outlaws of the Plains (1946) The Flying Serpent (1946) Murder Is My Business (1946) Gentlemen with Guns (1946) Terrors on Horseback (1946) Ghost of Hidden Valley (1946) Blonde for a Day (1946) Larceny in Her Heart (1946) Prairie Badmen (1946) Queen of Burlesque (1946) Overland Riders (1946) Gas House Kids (1946) Lady Chaser (1946) Three on a Ticket (1947) Adventure Island (1947) Jungle Flight (1947) Money Madness (1948) Lady at Midnight (1948) The Strange Mrs. Crane (1948) The Counterfeiters (1948) Miraculous Journey (1948) She Shoulda Said No! (1949) State Department: File 649 (1949) 1950s Motor Patrol (1950) Hi-Jacked (1950) Radar Secret Service (1950) Western Pacific Agent (1950) Three Desperate Men (1951) Mask of the Dragon (1951) Skipalong Rosenbloom (1951) Lost Continent (1951) Leave It to the Marines (1951) Sky High (1951) Fingerprints Don't Lie (1951) Outlaw Women (1952) Lady in the Fog (1952) The Gambler and the Lady (1952) The Wild Dakotas (1956) Frontier Gambler (1956) The Three Outlaws (1956) Last of the Desperados (1956) Wolf Dog (1958) Flaming Frontier (1958)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Sam Newfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Newfield"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Al St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_St._John"},{"link_name":"Patti McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_McCarty"},{"link_name":"I. Stanford Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Stanford_Jolley"},{"link_name":"George Chesebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chesebro"},{"link_name":"Producers Releasing Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Producers_Releasing_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-3"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"George Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Houston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-afi-3"}],"text":"Death Rides the Plains is a 1943 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and written by Joseph O'Donnell. The film stars Robert Livingston as the Lone Rider and Al St. John as his sidekick \"Fuzzy Jones\", with Patti McCarty, Ray Bennett, I. Stanford Jolley and George Chesebro. The film was released on May 7, 1943, by Producers Releasing Corporation.[1][2][3]This is the fourteenth movie in the Lone Rider series, and the third starring Robert Livingston. The first eleven movies star George Houston.[3]","title":"Death Rides the Plains"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A gang of crooks is repeatedly selling the Circle C Ranch, and then murdering the buyers before they take possession of the land. Fuzzy's cousin Luke falls victim to the scheme, and the Lone Rider disguises himself as an outlaw to bring the schemers to justice.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Al St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_St._John"},{"link_name":"Patti McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_McCarty"},{"link_name":"I. Stanford Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Stanford_Jolley"},{"link_name":"George Chesebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chesebro"},{"link_name":"John Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elliott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kermit Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Maynard"},{"link_name":"Slim Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"Karl Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hackett"}],"text":"Robert Livingston as Rocky Cameron, the Lone Rider\nAl St. John as Fuzzy Jones\nPatti McCarty as Virginia Marshall\nRay Bennett as Ben Gowdey\nI. Stanford Jolley as Rogan\nGeorge Chesebro as Trent\nJohn Elliott as James Marshall\nKermit Maynard as Jed\nSlim Whitaker as Sheriff\nKarl Hackett as Edward Simms","title":"Cast"}]
[]
[{"title":"The Lone Rider Rides On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_Rides_On"},{"title":"The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_Crosses_the_Rio"},{"title":"The Lone Rider in Ghost Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_in_Ghost_Town"},{"title":"The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_in_Frontier_Fury"},{"title":"The Lone Rider Ambushed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_Ambushed"},{"title":"The Lone Rider Fights Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_Fights_Back"},{"title":"The Lone Rider and the Bandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_and_the_Bandit"},{"title":"The Lone Rider in Cheyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_in_Cheyenne"},{"title":"The Lone Rider in Texas Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_in_Texas_Justice"},{"title":"Border Roundup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Roundup"},{"title":"Outlaws of Boulder Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaws_of_Boulder_Pass"},{"title":"Overland Stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Stagecoach"},{"title":"Wild Horse Rustlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horse_Rustlers"},{"title":"Wolves of the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_of_the_Range"},{"title":"Law of the Saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Saddle"},{"title":"Raiders of Red Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_of_Red_Gap"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boktai:_The_Sun_Is_in_Your_Hand
Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand
["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 Sequels","4.1 Other media","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
2003 video game This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2003 video gameBoktai: The Sun Is in Your HandEuropean cover artDeveloper(s)Konami Computer Entertainment JapanPublisher(s)KonamiDirector(s)Ikuya NakamuraProducer(s)Hideo KojimaWriter(s)Ikuya NakamuraComposer(s)Kazuki MuraokaMasashi WatanabeNorihiko HibinoShuichi KoboriPlatform(s)Game Boy AdvanceReleaseJP: July 17, 2003NA: September 16, 2003EU: May 14, 2004AU: May 28, 2004Genre(s)Action role-playingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Boktai: The Sun is in Your Hand is an action-adventure role-playing video game released by Konami for the Game Boy Advance in 2003, and the first game in the Boktai series. The player takes the role of Django, a vampire hunter, who uses a weapon called the "Gun Del Sol" (Solar Gun), that fires bolts of sunlight at enemies. The game made novel use of a light sensor on the cartridge which encouraged playing parts of the game in direct sunlight. The game was produced and designed by Hideo Kojima. Plot The game's story takes place in a time period near the end of the world, called the Age of Darkness. The story features the appearance of undead creatures after the natural cycle of life and death was broken. People quickly began dying due to the use and misuse of "Dark Matter", a type of energy that corrupts and destroys life. Those who survived quickly became prey to dark creatures called "Immortals", beings composed of Dark Matter at the cellular level. The story is set in the city of Istrakan, which had already been overrun by the Immortals. The city was in a hopeless situation as the curse brought the "undeadening" of all, edging the human race closer to extinction. Even the heroes who used to hunt the Immortals have already fallen, and so people's hopes have been shattered. One day, however, a mysterious boy named Django emerged. He turned out to have the blood of one of the most legendary vampire hunters running in his veins, and was also the heir of the Gun Del Sol. He must go to Istrakan, the City of Death – where many times and places intertwine – in order to prevent the end of the world. Django's mission to save humanity is reinforced by his desire to avenge his father, Ringo, after his death. He uses sunlight as his weapon throughout his endeavors. Gameplay The game's cartridge has a photometric light sensor which measures light exposure. In order to charge the in-game solar weapons, the player must take their Game Boy Advance (GBA) outside in the daytime (as verified by the light sensor). If the player's gun battery runs out of light reserves and there is no sunlight available, then the player must avoid conflicts with enemies or find an in-game "Solar Station" to recharge. Before a game is started, the player is prompted to set their current time and time zone. The game can then estimate when the Sun will rise and set, and simulates the position of the Sun inside the game. The player has an advantage during the daytime as vampires cannot be exposed to sunlight. Sunlight also affects the world around the main character - an example is a Solar Tree, a tree that is being damaged by the darkness of the Immortals, and can be cured by playing the game in the sunlight. The outdoor game environment also includes bird chirp sound effects in the morning and a soft orange glow around sunset. Game combat focuses on stealth. An integral concept is shooting an undead in the back, stunning it, then either running away or killing it. Getting caught by a monster, indicated by a red exclamation point above the head, will reduce the grade received at the end of a stage. A number of other factors also determine the grade received, such as total time taken to complete the level. After a number of dungeon levels the player will reach an "Immortal" level where one of four bosses resides. The player will have to fight their way to the boss creature, or Immortal, and defeat it. The boss is then faced again in the sunlight outside of its lair. In this fight, a weapon called the "Pile Driver" must be charged by the player exposing the game to sunlight. The greater the amount of sunlight, the more damage the Pile Driver will inflict upon the Immortal during the fight. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic83/100Review scoresPublicationScoreEdge8/10Electronic Gaming Monthly8.5/10Famitsu36/40Game Informer5/10GameProGameSpot8.3/10GameSpyIGN8.5/10Nintendo Power4.4/5X-PlayEntertainment WeeklyA The game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a total score of 36 out of 40. Sequels Boktai was followed by two sequels on the Game Boy Advance: Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django and Shin Bokura no Taiyō: Gyakushū no Sabata (also known as Boktai 3: Sabata's Counterattack). The latter was released exclusively in Japan. Both GBA sequels employed the use of a solar sensor on their cartridges. A fourth game was released for the Nintendo DS titled Bokura no Taiyō: Django & Sabata, released outside Japan under the title Lunar Knights. The name change was an attempt to rebrand the series after the fourth game abandoned the use of a solar sensor (due to the Nintendo DS using cards instead of cartridges). Other media A manga was produced called Solar Boy Django. It was produced by Makoto Hisoka and was loosely based on the Boktai storyline. It was written by Makoto Hisoka and published in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic from September 2003 to July 2007. It does not follow the plot of the games directly, although it does include many of the characters, such as the Count and Sabata. An English version of the manga has been made available from a Singapore manga production company. In 2007, Elex Media Komputindo licensed the manga for the Indonesian market with the title Jango the Solar Boy. Django and Otenko appeared in Mega Man Battle Network 4. Notes ^ Known in Japan as Bokura no Taiyō (Japanese: ボクらの太陽, lit. Our Sun) References ^ "Boktai: Sun is in Your Hands". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved May 15, 2024. ^ "Boktai Walkthrough". IGN. January 26, 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2018. ^ a b "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand for Game Boy Advance Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012. ^ Edge staff (October 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand". Edge. No. 128. p. 92. ^ EGM staff (October 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 171. p. 164. Archived from the original on March 26, 2004. Retrieved September 9, 2012. ^ a b Chris Winkler (July 9, 2003). "Famitsu Rates Boktai". RPGFan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Matt Helgeson (October 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand". Game Informer. No. 126. p. 142. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Star Dingo (September 15, 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is In Your Hand Review for Game Boy Advance Review on GamePro.com". GamePro. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved June 19, 2016. ^ Greg Kasavin (September 16, 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Darryl Vassar (September 17, 2003). "GameSpy: Boktai". GameSpy. Archived from the original on January 2, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Craig Harris (September 15, 2003). "Boktai". IGN. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand". Nintendo Power. Vol. 172. October 2003. p. 139. ^ Chris Hudak (August 18, 2003). "'Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hands' (GBA) Review". X-Play. Archived from the original on February 26, 2004. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ Gary Eng Walk (October 17, 2003). "Boktai". Entertainment Weekly. No. 733. p. L2T 20. Retrieved June 20, 2016. ^ "Updated: Famitsu Rates F-Zero & More". Nintendojo. July 16, 2003. Archived from the original on July 29, 2003. Retrieved February 27, 2017. ^ "Kojima Productions 2005 Lineup (waybacked)". Archived from the original on November 7, 2005. ^ "Kojima Productions TGS 2005 Day 2 Report (archive)". Archived from the original on November 27, 2005. ^ Jeremy Parish (September 23, 2006). "Lunar Knights (Preview)". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016. Yoshitomi: I've had quite a large say in the rebranding of Boktai as Lunar Knights -- we want to tell users in North America and Europe that this is something new, something totally fresh, and there's no sun sensor. This is a good way to do it, to let everyone know this is a different world with so many new features it almost doesn't feel like a sequel at all. External links Official website Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand at MobyGames vteBoktai seriesGames Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand 2: Solar Boy Django Lunar Knights Related articles Konami Kojima Productions vteKonami video game franchisesKonami Airforce Delta Bishi Bashi Bloody Roar Boktai Bomberman Bonk / PC Kid / BC Kid Castlevania Contra Deca Sports eFootball Frogger Ganbare Goemon Gradius International Superstar Soccer Metal Gear Momotaro Densetsu Momotaro Dentetsu Nectaris Parodius Power Pros Pro Evolution Soccer / Winning Eleven Professional Baseball Spirits Puzzle Silent Hill Silent Scope Star Soldier Suikoden Taisen Puzzle-Dama Tengai Makyō Tokimeki Memorial TwinBee Vandal Hearts Zone of the Enders Bemani Beatmania (IIDX) Dance Dance Revolution GuitarFreaks and DrumMania Karaoke Revolution Jubeat Pop'n Music Reflec Beat Sound Voltex
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"role-playing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Konami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Boktai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boktai"},{"link_name":"vampire hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_hunter"},{"link_name":"Hideo Kojima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Kojima"}],"text":"2003 video gameBoktai: The Sun is in Your Hand[a] is an action-adventure role-playing video game released by Konami for the Game Boy Advance in 2003, and the first game in the Boktai series. The player takes the role of Django, a vampire hunter, who uses a weapon called the \"Gun Del Sol\" (Solar Gun), that fires bolts of sunlight at enemies. The game made novel use of a light sensor on the cartridge which encouraged playing parts of the game in direct sunlight. The game was produced and designed by Hideo Kojima.","title":"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The game's story takes place in a time period near the end of the world, called the Age of Darkness.[2] The story features the appearance of undead creatures after the natural cycle of life and death was broken. People quickly began dying due to the use and misuse of \"Dark Matter\", a type of energy that corrupts and destroys life. Those who survived quickly became prey to dark creatures called \"Immortals\", beings composed of Dark Matter at the cellular level.The story is set in the city of Istrakan, which had already been overrun by the Immortals. The city was in a hopeless situation as the curse brought the \"undeadening\" of all, edging the human race closer to extinction. Even the heroes who used to hunt the Immortals have already fallen, and so people's hopes have been shattered.One day, however, a mysterious boy named Django emerged. He turned out to have the blood of one of the most legendary vampire hunters running in his veins, and was also the heir of the Gun Del Sol. He must go to Istrakan, the City of Death – where many times and places intertwine – in order to prevent the end of the world.Django's mission to save humanity is reinforced by his desire to avenge his father, Ringo, after his death. He uses sunlight as his weapon throughout his endeavors.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(optics)"},{"link_name":"time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"}],"text":"The game's cartridge has a photometric light sensor which measures light exposure. In order to charge the in-game solar weapons, the player must take their Game Boy Advance (GBA) outside in the daytime (as verified by the light sensor). If the player's gun battery runs out of light reserves and there is no sunlight available, then the player must avoid conflicts with enemies or find an in-game \"Solar Station\" to recharge.Before a game is started, the player is prompted to set their current time and time zone. The game can then estimate when the Sun will rise and set, and simulates the position of the Sun inside the game. The player has an advantage during the daytime as vampires cannot be exposed to sunlight. Sunlight also affects the world around the main character - an example is a Solar Tree, a tree that is being damaged by the darkness of the Immortals, and can be cured by playing the game in the sunlight. The outdoor game environment also includes bird chirp sound effects in the morning and a soft orange glow around sunset.Game combat focuses on stealth. An integral concept is shooting an undead in the back, stunning it, then either running away or killing it. Getting caught by a monster, indicated by a red exclamation point above the head, will reduce the grade received at the end of a stage. A number of other factors also determine the grade received, such as total time taken to complete the level. After a number of dungeon levels the player will reach an \"Immortal\" level where one of four bosses resides. The player will have to fight their way to the boss creature, or Immortal, and defeat it. The boss is then faced again in the sunlight outside of its lair. In this fight, a weapon called the \"Pile Driver\" must be charged by the player exposing the game to sunlight. The greater the amount of sunlight, the more damage the Pile Driver will inflict upon the Immortal during the fight.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-4"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-7"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"X-Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-4"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic83/100[3]Review scoresPublicationScoreEdge8/10[4]Electronic Gaming Monthly8.5/10[5]Famitsu36/40[6]Game Informer5/10[7]GamePro[8]GameSpot8.3/10[9]GameSpy[10]IGN8.5/10[11]Nintendo Power4.4/5[12]X-Play[13]Entertainment WeeklyA[14]The game received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[3] In Japan, Famitsu gave it a total score of 36 out of 40.[6][15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boktai_2:_Solar_Boy_Django"},{"link_name":"Shin Bokura no Taiyō: Gyakushū no Sabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%AF%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-counterattack-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boktai3-18"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Lunar Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Knights"},{"link_name":"cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_game_card"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Boktai was followed by two sequels on the Game Boy Advance: Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django and Shin Bokura no Taiyō: Gyakushū no Sabata (also known as Boktai 3: Sabata's Counterattack).[16][17] The latter was released exclusively in Japan. Both GBA sequels employed the use of a solar sensor on their cartridges. A fourth game was released for the Nintendo DS titled Bokura no Taiyō: Django & Sabata, released outside Japan under the title Lunar Knights. The name change was an attempt to rebrand the series after the fourth game abandoned the use of a solar sensor (due to the Nintendo DS using cards instead of cartridges).[18]","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shogakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"},{"link_name":"CoroCoro Comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoroCoro_Comic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mega Man Battle Network 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Man_Battle_Network_4"}],"sub_title":"Other media","text":"A manga was produced called Solar Boy Django. It was produced by Makoto Hisoka and was loosely based on the Boktai storyline. It was written by Makoto Hisoka and published in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic from September 2003 to July 2007. It does not follow the plot of the games directly, although it does include many of the characters, such as the Count and Sabata. An English version of the manga has been made available from a Singapore manga production company. In 2007, Elex Media Komputindo licensed the manga for the Indonesian market with the title Jango the Solar Boy.[citation needed]Django and Otenko appeared in Mega Man Battle Network 4.","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"}],"text":"^ Known in Japan as Bokura no Taiyō (Japanese: ボクらの太陽, lit. Our Sun)","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Boktai: Sun is in Your Hands\". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved May 15, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20041205015917/http://www.atari.com.au/product/?action=view&id=1460","url_text":"\"Boktai: Sun is in Your Hands\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atari,_Inc._(1993%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"Atari Australia"},{"url":"http://www.atari.com.au/product/?action=view&id=1460","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boktai Walkthrough\". IGN. January 26, 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/faqs/2004/boktai-walkthrough-475405","url_text":"\"Boktai Walkthrough\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand for Game Boy Advance Reviews\". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/boktai-the-sun-is-in-your-hand/critic-reviews/?platform=game-boy-advance","url_text":"\"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand for Game Boy Advance Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120721042126/http://www.metacritic.com/game/game-boy-advance/boktai-the-sun-is-in-your-hand","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Edge staff (October 2003). \"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand\". Edge. No. 128. p. 92.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)","url_text":"Edge"}]},{"reference":"EGM staff (October 2003). \"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand\". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 171. p. 164. Archived from the original on March 26, 2004. Retrieved September 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040326081601/http://www.egmmag.com/article2/0%2C2053%2C1488230%2C00.asp","url_text":"\"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly","url_text":"Electronic Gaming Monthly"},{"url":"http://www.egmmag.com/article2/0,2053,1488230,00.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chris Winkler (July 9, 2003). \"Famitsu Rates Boktai\". RPGFan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160812235414/http://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1703.html","url_text":"\"Famitsu Rates Boktai\""},{"url":"https://www.rpgfan.com/news/2003/1703.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Matt Helgeson (October 2003). \"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand\". Game Informer. No. 126. p. 142. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090727114532/http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/87C66295-F122-4251-B054-E089A69F7FB5.htm","url_text":"\"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"},{"url":"http://www.gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/87C66295-F122-4251-B054-E089A69F7FB5.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Star Dingo (September 15, 2003). \"Boktai: The Sun Is In Your Hand Review for Game Boy Advance Review on GamePro.com\". GamePro. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved June 19, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050308101728/http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gameboy_advance/games/reviews/31060.shtml","url_text":"\"Boktai: The Sun Is In Your Hand Review for Game Boy Advance Review on GamePro.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro","url_text":"GamePro"},{"url":"http://www.gamepro.com/nintendo/gameboy_advance/games/reviews/31060.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Greg Kasavin (September 16, 2003). \"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand Review\". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/boktai-the-sun-is-in-your-hand-review/1900-6075221/","url_text":"\"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot","url_text":"GameSpot"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160919195103/http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/boktai-the-sun-is-in-your-hand-review/1900-6075221/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Darryl Vassar (September 17, 2003). \"GameSpy: Boktai\". GameSpy. Archived from the original on January 2, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060102195426/http://gba.gamespy.com/gameboy-advance/boktai/6184p1.html","url_text":"\"GameSpy: Boktai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"http://gba.gamespy.com/gameboy-advance/boktai/6184p1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Craig Harris (September 15, 2003). \"Boktai\". IGN. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/09/16/boktai","url_text":"\"Boktai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160625130418/http://www.ign.com/articles/2003/09/16/boktai","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand\". Nintendo Power. Vol. 172. October 2003. p. 139.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power","url_text":"Nintendo Power"}]},{"reference":"Chris Hudak (August 18, 2003). \"'Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hands' [sic] (GBA) Review\". X-Play. Archived from the original on February 26, 2004. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040226235510/http://www.techtv.com/xplay/reviews/story/0%2C24330%2C3494715%2C00.html","url_text":"\"'Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hands' [sic] (GBA) Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play","url_text":"X-Play"},{"url":"http://www.techtv.com/xplay/reviews/story/0,24330,3494715,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gary Eng Walk (October 17, 2003). \"Boktai\". Entertainment Weekly. No. 733. p. L2T 20. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2003/10/17/boktai","url_text":"\"Boktai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Updated: Famitsu Rates F-Zero & More\". Nintendojo. July 16, 2003. Archived from the original on July 29, 2003. Retrieved February 27, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030729033321/http://www.nintendojo.com/infocus/view_item.php?1058377206","url_text":"\"Updated: Famitsu Rates F-Zero & More\""},{"url":"http://www.nintendojo.com/infocus/view_item.php?1058377206","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kojima Productions 2005 Lineup (waybacked)\". Archived from the original on November 7, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051107023721/http://www.konami.jp/gs/kojima_pro/japanese/lineup.html","url_text":"\"Kojima Productions 2005 Lineup (waybacked)\""},{"url":"http://www.konami.jp/gs/kojima_pro/japanese/lineup.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kojima Productions TGS 2005 Day 2 Report (archive)\". Archived from the original on November 27, 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20051127085312/http://www.konami.jp/gs/kojima_pro/english/tgs2005_report_01.html","url_text":"\"Kojima Productions TGS 2005 Day 2 Report (archive)\""},{"url":"http://www.konami.jp/gs/kojima_pro/english/tgs2005_report_01.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jeremy Parish (September 23, 2006). \"Lunar Knights (Preview)\". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016. Yoshitomi: I've had quite a large say in the rebranding of Boktai as Lunar Knights -- we want to tell users in North America and Europe that this is something new, something totally fresh, and there's no sun sensor. This is a good way to do it, to let everyone know this is a different world with so many new features it almost doesn't feel like a sequel at all.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160527191102/http://www.1up.com/previews/lunar-knights_2","url_text":"\"Lunar Knights (Preview)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1UP.com","url_text":"1UP.com"},{"url":"http://www.1up.com/previews/lunar-knights_2","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cows_and_Beer
Cows and Beer
["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References","4 External links"]
1982 EP by Die KreuzenCows and BeerEP by Die KreuzenReleased1982RecordedSeptember 11, 1982GenreHardcore punkLength6:48LabelVersion SoundDie Kreuzen chronology Cows and Beer(1982) Die Kreuzen(1984) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic Cows and Beer is an EP by Die Kreuzen, released in 1982 through Version Sound. Track listing All tracks are written by Die KreuzenSide oneNo.TitleLength1."Hate Me"0:462."Pain"1:043."Enemies"0:56 Side twoNo.TitleLength1."In School"1:252."Think for Me"1:373."Don't Say Please"1:00 Personnel Die Kreuzen Keith Brammer – bass guitar Brian Egeness – guitar Dan Kubinski – vocals Erik Tunison – drums Production and additional personnel Richard Kohl – illustrations References ^ "Cows and Beer". Allmusic. Retrieved May 26, 2013. ^ Leland, John; Robbins, Ira (2007). "Die Kreuzen". Trouser Press. Retrieved May 26, 2013. External links Cows And Beer at Discogs (list of releases) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Ia%C8%99i
Seven hills of Iași
["1 The hills","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Iași, Romania, is claimed to have been built on seven hills. Many other cities of the world have similar traditions, Rome and Constantinople, for instance, were said to have been built on seven hills. The hills Each hill is populated with monuments, religious buildings, or parks: Cetățuia hill: Cetățuia Monastery (1668), Hlincea Monastery (1587), Frumoasa Monastery (1733); Galata hill: Galata Monastery (1582), Nicolina balneotherapy and well-being Centre; Copou hill: Podgoria Copou Monastery (1638), Iași Botanical Garden, Copou Park, Exhibition Park, and many monumental buildings; Breazu hill; Șorogari hill; Bucium hill: Bucium Monastery (1853), Bârnova Monastery (1628); Repedea hill: the Repedea Hill Fossil Site. Gallery Iași from Cetăţuia Monastery View of the Copou Hill Galata Monastery on Galata Hill Partial view of Iași from Galata Hill Repedea Hill Fossil Site See also List of cities claimed to be built on seven hills Seven hills References External links Seven hills of Iaşi (in Romanian)   This Romanian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Iași County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"List of cities claimed to be built on seven hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_claimed_to_be_built_on_seven_hills"},{"title":"Seven hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_hills_(disambiguation)"}]
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