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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifepo4 | Lithium iron phosphate | ["1 LiMPO4","2 History and production","3 Physical and chemical properties","4 Applications","4.1 Comparison","5 Intellectual property","6 Research","6.1 Power density","6.2 Stability","6.3 Metal substitution","6.4 Synthesis processes","6.5 Effects of temperature","7 See also","8 References"] | Lithium iron phosphate
Names
IUPAC name
iron(2+) lithium phosphate (1:1:1)
Identifiers
CAS Number
15365-14-7 N
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChemSpider
10752170 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.124.705
EC Number
604-917-2
PubChem CID
15320824
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID20571409
InChI
InChI=1S/Fe.Li.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q+2;+1;/p-3 YKey: GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K YInChI=1S/Fe.Li.H3O4P/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q+2;+1;/p-3Key: GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K
SMILES
..P()()=O
Properties
Chemical formula
FeLiO4P
Molar mass
157.757
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
Lithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries, a type of Li-ion battery. This battery chemistry is targeted for use in power tools, electric vehicles, solar energy installations and more recently large grid-scale energy storage.
Most lithium batteries (Li-ion) used in consumer electronics products use cathodes made of lithium compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), and lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2). The anodes are generally made of graphite.
Lithium iron phosphate exists naturally in the form of the mineral triphylite, but this material has insufficient purity for use in batteries.
LiMPO4
With general chemical formula of LiMPO4, compounds in the LiFePO4 family adopt the olivine structure. M includes not only Fe but also Co, Mn and Ti. As the first commercial LiMPO4 was C/LiFePO4, the whole group of LiMPO4 is informally called “lithium iron phosphate” or “LiFePO4”. However, more than one olivine-type phase may be used as a battery's cathode material. Olivine compounds such as AyMPO4, Li1−xMFePO4, and LiFePO4−zM have the same crystal structures as LiMPO4, and may replace it in a cathode. All may be referred to as “LFP”.
Manganese, phosphate, iron, and lithium also form an olivine structure. This structure is a useful contributor to the cathode of lithium rechargeable batteries. This is due to the olivine structure created when lithium is combined with manganese, iron, and phosphate (as described above). The olivine structures of lithium rechargeable batteries are significant, for they are affordable, stable, and can be safely used to store energy.
History and production
Arumugam Manthiram and John B. Goodenough first identified the polyanion class of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. LiFePO4 was then identified as a cathode material belonging to the polyanion class for use in batteries in 1996 by Padhi et al. Reversible extraction of lithium from LiFePO4 and insertion of lithium into FePO4 was demonstrated. Neutron diffraction confirmed that LFP was able to ensure the security of large input/output current of lithium batteries.
The material can be produced by heating a variety of iron and lithium salts with phosphates or phosphoric acid. Many related routes have been described including those that use hydrothermal synthesis.
Physical and chemical properties
In LiFePO4, lithium has a +1 charge, iron +2 charge balancing the −3 charge for phosphate. Upon removal of Li, the material converts to the ferric form FePO4.
The iron atom and 6 oxygen atoms form an octahedral coordination sphere, described as FeO6, with the Fe ion at the center. The phosphate groups, PO4, are tetrahedral. The three-dimensional framework is formed by the FeO6 octahedra sharing O corners. Lithium ions reside within the octahedral channels in a zigzag manner. In crystallography, this structure is thought to belong to the Pmnb space group of the orthorhombic crystal system. The lattice constants are: a = 6.008 Å, b = 10.334 Å, and c = 4.693 Å. The volume of the unit cell is 291.4 Å3.
In contrast to two traditional cathode materials, LiMnO4 and LiCoO2, lithium ions of LiMPO4 migrate in the lattice's one-dimensional free volume. During charge/discharge, the lithium ions are extracted concomitant with oxidation of Fe:
LiFe
II
PO
4
↽
−
−
⇀
Fe
III
PO
4
+
Li
+
+
e
−
{\displaystyle {\ce {LiFe^{II}PO4 <=> Fe^{III}PO4 + Li+ + e-}}}
Extraction of lithium from LiFePO4 produces FePO4 with a similar structure. FePO4 adopts a Pmnb space group with a unit cell volume of 272.4 Å3, only slightly smaller than that of its lithiated precursor. Extraction of lithium ions reduces the lattice volume, as is the case with lithium oxides. LiMPO4's corner-shared FeO6 octahedra are separated by the oxygen atoms of the PO3−4 tetrahedra and cannot form a continuous FeO6 network, reducing conductivity.
A nearly close-packed hexagonal array of oxides centers provides relatively little free volume for Li+ ions to migrate within. For this reason, the ionic conductivity of Li+ is relatively low at ambient temperature. The details of the lithiation of FePO4 and the delithiation of LiFePO4 have been examined. Two phases of the lithiated material are implicated.
Applications
See also: lithium iron phosphate battery
LFP cells have an operating voltage of 3.3 V, charge density of 170 mAh/g, high power density, long cycle life and stability at high temperatures.
LFP's major commercial advantages are that it poses few safety concerns such as overheating and explosion, as well as long cycle lifetimes, high power density and has a wider operating temperature range. Power plants and automobiles use LFP.
BAE has announced that their HybriDrive Orion 7 hybrid bus uses about 180 kW LFP battery cells. AES has developed multi-trillion watt battery systems that are capable of subsidiary services of the power network, including spare capacity and frequency adjustment. In China, BAK and Tianjin Lishen are active in the area.
Comparison
Although LFP has 25% less specific energy (Wh/g) than lithium batteries with oxide (e.g. nickel-cobalt-manganese, NCM) cathode materials, primarily due to its operational voltage (3.2 volts vs 3.7 for NCM-type cathode chemistries), it has 70% more than nickel-hydrogen batteries.
The major differences between LFP batteries and other lithium ion battery types is that LFP batteries contain no cobalt (removing ethical and economic questions about cobalt's availability) and have a flat discharge curve.
LFP batteries have drawbacks, originating from a high electronic resistivity of LFP, as well as the lower maximum charge/discharge voltage. The energy density is significantly lower than LiCoO2 (although higher than the nickel–metal hydride battery).
Lithium cobalt oxide based battery chemistries are more prone to thermal runaway if overcharged and cobalt is both expensive and not widely geographically available. Other chemistries such as nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) have supplanted LiCo chemistry cells in most applications. The original ratio of Ni to Mn to Co was 3:3:3, whereas today, cells are being made with ratios of 8:1:1 or 6:2:2, whereby the Co content has been drastically reduced.
LiFePO4 batteries are comparable to sealed lead acid batteries and are often being touted as a drop-in replacement for lead acid applications. The most notable difference between lithium iron phosphate and lead acid is the fact that the lithium battery capacity shows only a small dependence on the discharge rate. With very high discharge rates, for instance 0.8C, the capacity of the lead acid battery is only 60% of the rated capacity. Therefore, in cyclic applications where the discharge rate is often greater than 0.1C, a lower rated lithium battery will often have a higher actual capacity than the comparable lead acid battery. This means that at the same capacity rating, the lithium will cost more, but a lower capacity lithium battery can be used for the same application at a lower price. The cost of ownership when considering the lifecycle further increases the value of the lithium battery when compared to a lead acid battery.
Intellectual property
There are 4 groups of patents on LFP battery materials:
The University of Texas at Austin (UT) patented the materials with the crystalline structure of LiFePo4 and their use in batteries.
Hydro-Québec, Université de Montréal and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) own patents, that claim improvements of the original LiFePo4 by carbon coating that enhance its conductivity.
The key feature of Li1−xMFePO4 from A123 Systems is the nano-LFP, which modifies its physical properties and adds noble metals in the anode, as well as the use of special graphite as the cathode.
The main feature of LiMPO4 from Phostech is increased capacitance and conductivity by an appropriate carbon coating. The special feature of LiFePO4 • zM from Aleees a high capacitance and low impedance obtained by the stable control of the ferrites and crystal growth. This improved control is realized by applying strong mechanical stirring forces to the precursors in high oversaturation states, which induces crystallization of the metal oxides and LFP.
These patents underlie mature mass production technologies. The largest production capacity is up to 250 tons per month.
In patent lawsuits in the US in 2005 and 2006, UT and Hydro-Québec claimed that LiFePO4 as the cathode infringed their patents, US 5910382 and US 6514640 . The patent claims involved a unique crystal structure and a chemical formula of the battery cathode material.
On April 7, 2006, A123 filed an action seeking a declaration of non-infringement and invalidity UT's patents. A123 separately filed two ex parte Reexamination Proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), in which they sought to invalidate the patents based upon prior art.
In a parallel court proceeding, UT sued Valence Technology, a company that commercializes LFP products that alleged infringement.
The USPTO issued a Reexamination Certificate for the '382 patent on April 15, 2008, and for the '640 patent on May 12, 2009, by which the claims of these patents were amended. This allowed the current patent infringement suits filed by Hydro-Quebec against Valence and A123 to proceed. After a Markman hearing, on April 27, 2011, the Western District Court of Texas held that the claims of the reexamined patents had a narrower scope than as originally granted. The key question was whether the earlier Goodenough's patents from the UT (licensed to Hydro-Quebec) were infringed by A123, that had its own improved versions of LiFePO4 patents, that contained cobalt dopant. The end results was licensing of Goodenough's patents by A123 under undisclosed terms.
On December 9, 2008, the European Patent Office revoked Dr. Goodenough’s patent numbered 0904607. This decision basically reduced the patent risk of using LFP in European automobile applications. The decision is believed to be based on the lack of novelty.
The first major large settlement was the lawsuit between NTT and the UT. In October 2008, NTT announced that they would settle the case in the Japan Supreme Civil Court for $30 million. As part of the agreement, UT agreed that NTT did not steal the information and that NTT would share its LFP patents with UT. NTT’s patent is also for an olivine LFP, with the general chemical formula of AyMPO4 (A is for alkali metal and M for the combination of Co and Fe), now used by BYD Company. Although chemically the materials are nearly the same, from the viewpoint of patents, AyMPO4 of NTT is different from the materials covered by UT. AyMPO4 has higher capacity than LiMPO4. At the heart of the case was that NTT engineer Okada Shigeto, who had worked in the UT labs developing the material, was accused of stealing UT’s intellectual property.
As of 2020, an organization named LifePO+C claims to own the key IP and offers licenses. It is a consortium between Johnson Matthey, the CNRS, University of Montreal, and Hydro Quebec.
Research
Power density
LFP has two shortcomings: low conductivity (high overpotential) and low lithium diffusion constant, both of which limit the charge/discharge rate. Adding conducting particles in delithiated FePO4 raises its electron conductivity. For example, adding conducting particles with good diffusion capability like graphite and carbon to LiMPO4 powders significantly improves conductivity between particles, increases the efficiency of LiMPO4 and raises its reversible capacity up to 95% of the theoretical values. However, addition of conductive additives also increases the "dead mass" present in the cell that does not contribute to energy storage. LiMPO4 shows good cycling performance even under charge/discharge current as large as 5C.
Stability
Coating LFP with inorganic oxides can make LFP’s structure more stable and increase conductivity. Traditional LiCoO2 with oxide coating shows improved cycling performance. This coating also inhibits dissolution of Co and slows the decay of LiCoO2 capacity. Similarly, LiMPO4 with an inorganic coating such as ZnO and ZrO2, has a better cycling lifetime, larger capacity and better characteristics under rapid discharge. The addition of a conductive carbon increases efficiency. Mitsui Zosen and Aleees reported that addition of conducting metal particles such as copper and silver increased efficiency. LiMPO4 with 1 wt% of metal additives has a reversible capacity up to 140 mAh/g and better efficiency under high discharge current.
Metal substitution
Substituting other materials for the iron or lithium in LiMPO4 can also raise efficiency. Substituting zinc for iron increases crystallinity of LiMPO4 because zinc and iron have similar ionic radii. Cyclic voltammetry confirms that LiFe1−xMxPO4, after metal substitution, has higher reversibility of lithium ion insertion and extraction. During lithium extraction, Fe (II) is oxidized to Fe (III) and the lattice volume shrinks. The shrinking volume changes lithium’s returning paths.
Synthesis processes
Mass production with stability and high quality still faces many challenges.
Similar to lithium oxides, LiMPO4 may be synthesized by a variety of methods, including: solid-phase synthesis, emulsion drying, sol-gel process, solution coprecipitation, vapor-phase deposition, electrochemical synthesis, electron beam irradiation, microwave process, hydrothermal synthesis, ultrasonic pyrolysis and spray pyrolysis.
In the emulsion drying process, the emulsifier is first mixed with kerosene. Next, the solutions of lithium salts and iron salts are added to this mixture. This process produces nanocarbon particles. Hydrothermal synthesis produces LiMPO4 with good crystallinity. Conductive carbon is obtained by adding polyethylene glycol to the solution followed by thermal processing. Vapor phase deposition produces a thin film LiMPO4. In flame spray pyrolysis FePO4 is mixed with lithium carbonate and glucose and charged with electrolytes. The mixture is then injected inside a flame and filtered to collect the synthesized LiFePO4.
Effects of temperature
The effects of temperature on lithium iron phosphate batteries can be divided into the effects of high temperature and low temperature.
Generally, LFP chemistry batteries are less susceptible to thermal runaway reactions like those that occur in lithium cobalt batteries; LFP batteries exhibit better performance at an elevated temperature. Research has shown that at room temperature (23 °C), the initial capacity loss approximates 40-50 mAh/g. However, at 40 °C and 60 °C, the capacity losses approximate 25 and 15 mAh/g respectively, but these capacity losses were spread over 20 cycles instead of a bulk loss like that in the case of room temperature capacity loss.
However, this is only true for a short cycling timeframe. Later yearlong study has shown that despite LFP batteries having double the equivalent full cycle, the capacity fade rate increased with increasing temperature for LFP cells but the increasing temperature does not impact NCA cells or have a negligible impact on the aging of NMC cells. This capacity fade is primarily due to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation reaction being accelerated by increasing temperature.
LFP batteries are especially affected by decreasing temperature which possibly hamper their application in high-latitude areas. The initial discharge capacities for LFP/C samples at temperatures of 23, 0, -10, and -20 °C are 141.8, 92.7, 57.9 and 46.7 mAh/g with coulombic efficiency 91.2%, 74.5%, 63.6% and 61.3%. These losses are accounted for by the slow diffusion of lithium ions within electrodes and the formation of SEI that come with lower temperatures which subsequently increase the charge-transfer resistance on the electrolyte-electrode interfaces. Another possible cause of the lowered capacity formation is lithium plating. As mentioned above, low temperature lowers the diffusion rate of lithium ions within the electrodes, allowing for the lithium plating rate to compete with that of intercalation rate. The colder condition leads to higher growth rates and shifts the initial point to lower state of charge which means that the plating process starts earlier. Lithium plating uses up lithium which then compete with the intercalation of lithium into graphite, decreasing the capacity of the batteries. The aggregated lithium ions are deposited on the surface of electrodes in the form of “plates” or even dendrites which may penetrate the separators, short-circuiting the battery completely.
See also
Lithium iron phosphate battery
A123 Systems
Valence Technology
References
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vteLithium compoundsInorganic (list)
Li2
LiAlCl4
Li1+xAlxGe2−x(PO4)3
LiAlH4
LiAlO2
LiAl1+xTi2−x(PO4)3
LiAs
LiAsF6
Li3AsO4
LiAt
Li
LiB(C2O4)2
LiB(C6F5)4
LiBF4
LiBH4
LiBO2
LiB3O5
Li2B4O7
Li2TiF6
Li2ZrF6
Li2B4O7·5H2O
LiBSi2
LiBr
LiBr·2H2O
LiBrO
LiBrO2
LiBrO3
LiBrO4
Li2C2
LiCF3SO3
CH3CH(OH)COOLi
LiC2H2ClO2
LiC2H3IO2
Li(CH3)2N
LiCHO2
LiCH3O
LiC2H5O
LiCN
Li2CN2
LiCNO
Li2CO3
Li2C2O4
LiCl
LiCl·H2O
LiClO
LiFO
LiClO2
LiClO3
LiClO4
LiCoO2
Li2CrO4
Li2CrO4·2H2O
Li2Cr2O7
CsLiB6O10
LiD
LiF
Li2F
LiF4Al
Li3F6Al
FLiBe
LiFePO4
FLiNaK
LiGaH4
Li2GeF6
Li2GeO3
LiGe2(PO4)3
LiH
LiH2AsO4
Li2HAsO4
LiHCO3
Li3H(CO3)2
LiH2PO3
LiH2PO4
LiHSO3
LiHSO4
LiHe
LiI
LiIO
LiIO2
LiIO3
LiIO4
Li2IrO3
Li7La3Zr2O12
LiMn2O4
Li2MoO4
Li0.9Mo6O17
LiN3
Li3N
LiNH2
Li2NH
LiNO2
LiNO3
LiNO3·H2O
Li2N2O2
LiNa
Li2NaPO3
LiNaNO2
LiNbO3
Li2NbO3
LiO−
LiO2
LiO3
Li2O
Li2O2
LiOH
Li3P
LiPF6
Li3PO4
Li2HPO3
Li2HPO4
Li3PO3
Li3PO4
Li2Po
Li2PtO3
Li2RuO3
Li2S
LiSCN
LiSH
LiSO3F
Li2SO3
Li2SO4
Li
Li2Se
Li2SeO3
Li2SeO4
LiSi
Li2SiF6
Li4SiO4
Li2SiO3
Li2Si2O5
LiTaO3
Li2Te
LiTe3
Li2TeO3
Li2TeO4
Li2TiO3
Li4Ti5O12
LiTi2(PO4)3
LiVO3·2H2O
Li3V2(PO4)3
Li2WO4
LiYF4
Neodymium-doped
LiZr2(PO4)3
Li2ZrO3
Organic (soaps)
Hemolithin (extraterrestrial protein)
Organolithium reagents
Gilman reagent
CH3COOLi
C4H6LiNO4
LiC2F6NO4S2
LiN(SiMe3)2
Li3C6H5O7
C5H5Li
LiN(C3H7)2
(C6H5)2PLi
C18H35LiO3
C6H13Li
C4H9Li
CH3CHLiCH2CH3
(CH3)3CLi
C12H28BLi
CH3Li
Li+C10H8−
C5H11Li
C5H3LiN2O4
C6H5Li
LiC2CH3
LiO2C(CH2)16CH3
C4H5LiO4
LiEt3BH
LiOC(CH3)3
C9H18LiN
LiC2H3 Vinyllithium
LiC11H23COO
Minerals
Amblygonite
Berezanskite
Brannockite
Cryolithionite
Darapiosite
Darrellhenryite
Elbaite
Fluorine Elbaite
Fluor-liddicoatite
Emeleusite
Eucryptite LiAlSiO4
Faizievite
Hectorite
Hsianghualite
Jadarite LiNaSiB3O7OH
Keatite Li(AlSi2O6)
Kunzite
Lavinskyite
Lepidolite
Lithiophilite LiMnPO4
Lithiophosphate Li3PO4
Manandonite
Manganoneptunite
Nambulite
Neptunite
Olympite
Petalite LiAlSi4010
Pezzottaite Cs(Be2Li)Al2Si6O18
Rossmanite
Saliotite
Sogdianite
Spodumene LiAl(SiO3)2
Sugilite
Tiptopite
Tourmaline
Triphylite LiFePO4
Zabuyelite Li2CO3
Zektzerite
Zinnwaldite
Hypothetical
LixBey
HLiHe+
LiFHeO
LiHe2
(HeO)(LiF)2
La2/3-xLi3xTiO3He
Other Li-related
Aluminium–lithium alloys
Heteroatom-promoted lateral lithiation
LB buffer
Lithium atom
Lithium medication
LiNixCoyAlzO2
LiNixMnyCozO2
Lithium soap
Lithium Triangle
Lucifer yellow
Magnesium–lithium alloys
NASICON
Environmentally friendly red light flare
vteIron compoundsFe(-II)
H2Fe(CO)4
Na2Fe(CO)4
Fe(0)
Fe(CO)5
Fe2(CO)9
Fe3(CO)12
Fe(CO)3CH3COC2H2C6H6
Fe(I)
FeHOrganoiron(I) compounds
(C5H5FeCO)2(CO)2
Fe(0,II)
Fe3C
Fe(II)
FeH2
Mg2FeH6
FeF2
FeCl2
Fe(ClO4)2
FeBr2
FeI2
FeO
Fe(OH)2
FeS
FeSO4
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O
FeSe
FeSeO4
Fe(NO3)2
Fe3(PO4)2
FeSi2
Fe(BF4)2
FeCr2O4
FeMoO4
FeTiO3
FeCO3
FeC2O4
Fe(C2H3O2)2
Fe(C3H5O3)2
FeC6H6O7
FeC12H22O14
FeI2(CO)4
Organoiron(II) compounds
Fe(C5H5)2
Fe(C5H5)(CO)2I
Fe(C5H4P(C6H5)2)2
C4H4Fe(CO)3
C4H6Fe(CO)3
Fe(0,III)
FeSi
FeGe
Fe(II,III)
Fe3O4
Fe3S4
Fe(III)
FeI3
FeBr3
FeCl3
FeF3
FeP
Fe(NO3)3
Fe(acac)3
FeOCl
FeO(OH)
FePO4
Fe4(P2O7)3
Fe2(CrO4)3
Fe2(C2O4)3
Fe2O3
Fe2(SeO3)3
Fe2S3
Fe2(SO4)3
Fe(N3)3
NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O
Organoiron(III) compounds
Fe(C5H5)2BF4
C6H8O7⋅xFe3+⋅yNH3
C54H105FeO6
Fe(IV)
FeF4
Fe(VI)
K2FeO4
BaFeO4
Purported
Hemolithin (protein)
vtePhosphates
H3PO42−−
He
Li3PO4
Be
BPO4+BO3
C
(NH4)3PO4(NH4)2HPO4NH4H2PO4-N
O
+F
Ne
Na3PO4Na2HPO4NaH2PO4
Mg3(PO4)2
AlPO4
Si
P
+SO4-S
Cl
Ar
K3PO4K2HPO4KH2PO4
Ca3(PO4)2
ScPO4
Ti
VPO4
CrPO4
Mn3(PO4)2MnPO4
Fe3(PO4)2FePO4
Co3(PO4)2
Ni3(PO4)2
Cu3(PO4)2
Zn3(PO4)2
GaPO4
Ge
As
-Se
Br
Kr
Rb3PO4
Sr3(PO4)2
YPO4
Zr3(PO4)4
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag3PO4
Cd3(PO4)2
InPO4
Sn
SbPO4-SbO4
Te
I
Xe
Cs3PO4
Ba3(PO4)2
*
LuPO4
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
AuPO4
Hg
Tl3PO4
Pb3(PO4)2
BiPO4
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
**
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt
Ds
Rg
Cn
Nh
Fl
Mc
Lv
Ts
Og
*
LaPO4
CePO4
PrPO4
NdPO4
PmPO4
SmPO4
EuPO4
GdPO4
TbPO4
DyPO4
HoPO4
ErPO4
TmPO4
YbPO4
**
AcPO4
Th3(PO4)4
Pa
U(PO4)2
Np
PuPO4
AmPO4
CmPO4
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inorganic compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inorganic_compound"},{"link_name":"lithium iron phosphate batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Li-ion battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery"},{"link_name":"power tools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_tool"},{"link_name":"electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"grid-scale energy storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery_storage_power_station"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"lithium cobalt oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_cobalt_oxide"},{"link_name":"anodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodes"},{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon"},{"link_name":"triphylite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triphylite"}],"text":"Chemical compoundLithium iron phosphate or lithium ferro-phosphate (LFP) is an inorganic compound with the formula LiFePO4. It is a gray, red-grey, brown or black solid that is insoluble in water. The material has attracted attention as a component of lithium iron phosphate batteries,[1] a type of Li-ion battery. This battery chemistry is targeted for use in power tools, electric vehicles, solar energy installations[2] and more recently large grid-scale energy storage.[3]Most lithium batteries (Li-ion) used in consumer electronics products use cathodes made of lithium compounds such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2), lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4), and lithium nickel oxide (LiNiO2). The anodes are generally made of graphite.Lithium iron phosphate exists naturally in the form of the mineral triphylite, but this material has insufficient purity for use in batteries.","title":"Lithium iron phosphate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"olivine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"olivine structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olivine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"With general chemical formula of LiMPO4, compounds in the LiFePO4 family adopt the olivine structure. M includes not only Fe but also Co, Mn and Ti.[4] As the first commercial LiMPO4 was C/LiFePO4, the whole group of LiMPO4 is informally called “lithium iron phosphate” or “LiFePO4”. However, more than one olivine-type phase may be used as a battery's cathode material. Olivine compounds such as AyMPO4, Li1−xMFePO4, and LiFePO4−zM have the same crystal structures as LiMPO4, and may replace it in a cathode. All may be referred to as “LFP”.[citation needed]Manganese, phosphate, iron, and lithium also form an olivine structure. This structure is a useful contributor to the cathode of lithium rechargeable batteries.[5] This is due to the olivine structure created when lithium is combined with manganese, iron, and phosphate (as described above). The olivine structures of lithium rechargeable batteries are significant, for they are affordable, stable, and can be safely used to store energy.[6]","title":"LiMPO4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arumugam Manthiram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arumugam_Manthiram"},{"link_name":"John B. Goodenough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Goodenough"},{"link_name":"polyanion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyanion"},{"link_name":"lithium ion batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_ion_batteries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Neutron diffraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_diffraction"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"phosphoric acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphoric_acid"},{"link_name":"hydrothermal synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_synthesis"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Arumugam Manthiram and John B. Goodenough first identified the polyanion class of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries.[7][8][9] LiFePO4 was then identified as a cathode material belonging to the polyanion class for use in batteries in 1996 by Padhi et al.[10][11] Reversible extraction of lithium from LiFePO4 and insertion of lithium into FePO4 was demonstrated. Neutron diffraction confirmed that LFP was able to ensure the security of large input/output current of lithium batteries.[12]The material can be produced by heating a variety of iron and lithium salts with phosphates or phosphoric acid. Many related routes have been described including those that use hydrothermal synthesis.[13]","title":"History and production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-14"},{"link_name":"octahedral coordination sphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octahedron"},{"link_name":"crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystallography"},{"link_name":"orthorhombic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthorhombic"},{"link_name":"lattice constants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_constants"},{"link_name":"unit cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_cell"},{"link_name":"ionic conductivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Love-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In LiFePO4, lithium has a +1 charge, iron +2 charge balancing the −3 charge for phosphate. Upon removal of Li, the material converts to the ferric form FePO4.[14]The iron atom and 6 oxygen atoms form an octahedral coordination sphere, described as FeO6, with the Fe ion at the center. The phosphate groups, PO4, are tetrahedral. The three-dimensional framework is formed by the FeO6 octahedra sharing O corners. Lithium ions reside within the octahedral channels in a zigzag manner. In crystallography, this structure is thought to belong to the Pmnb space group of the orthorhombic crystal system. The lattice constants are: a = 6.008 Å, b = 10.334 Å, and c = 4.693 Å. The volume of the unit cell is 291.4 Å3.In contrast to two traditional cathode materials, LiMnO4 and LiCoO2, lithium ions of LiMPO4 migrate in the lattice's one-dimensional free volume. During charge/discharge, the lithium ions are extracted concomitant with oxidation of Fe:LiFe\n \n II\n \n \n \n PO\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n ↽\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n ⇀\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Fe\n \n III\n \n \n \n PO\n \n 4\n \n \n \n \n \n +\n \n Li\n \n +\n \n \n +\n \n e\n \n −\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\ce {LiFe^{II}PO4 <=> Fe^{III}PO4 + Li+ + e-}}}Extraction of lithium from LiFePO4 produces FePO4 with a similar structure. FePO4 adopts a Pmnb space group with a unit cell volume of 272.4 Å3, only slightly smaller than that of its lithiated precursor. Extraction of lithium ions reduces the lattice volume, as is the case with lithium oxides. LiMPO4's corner-shared FeO6 octahedra are separated by the oxygen atoms of the PO3−4 tetrahedra and cannot form a continuous FeO6 network, reducing conductivity.A nearly close-packed hexagonal array of oxides centers provides relatively little free volume for Li+ ions to migrate within. For this reason, the ionic conductivity of Li+ is relatively low at ambient temperature. The details of the lithiation of FePO4 and the delithiation of LiFePO4 have been examined. Two phases of the lithiated material are implicated.[14][15]","title":"Physical and chemical properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lithium iron phosphate battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery"},{"link_name":"charge density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge_density"},{"link_name":"power density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_density"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"AES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AES_Corporation"}],"text":"See also: lithium iron phosphate batteryLFP cells have an operating voltage of 3.3 V, charge density of 170 mAh/g, high power density, long cycle life and stability at high temperatures.LFP's major commercial advantages are that it poses few safety concerns such as overheating and explosion, as well as long cycle lifetimes, high power density and has a wider operating temperature range. Power plants and automobiles use LFP.[16][17]BAE has announced that their HybriDrive Orion 7 hybrid bus uses about 180 kW LFP battery cells. AES has developed multi-trillion watt battery systems that are capable of subsidiary services of the power network, including spare capacity and frequency adjustment. In China, BAK and Tianjin Lishen are active in the area.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"oxide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxide"},{"link_name":"nickel-hydrogen batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93hydrogen_battery"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"resistivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistivity"},{"link_name":"energy density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density"},{"link_name":"nickel–metal hydride battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickel%E2%80%93metal_hydride_battery"},{"link_name":"sealed lead acid batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealed_lead_acid_batteries"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Comparison","text":"Although LFP has 25% less specific energy (Wh/g) than lithium batteries with oxide (e.g. nickel-cobalt-manganese, NCM) cathode materials, primarily due to its operational voltage (3.2 volts vs 3.7 for NCM-type cathode chemistries), it has 70% more than nickel-hydrogen batteries.The major differences between LFP batteries and other lithium ion battery types is that LFP batteries contain no cobalt (removing ethical and economic questions about cobalt's availability) and have a flat discharge curve.LFP batteries have drawbacks, originating from a high electronic resistivity of LFP, as well as the lower maximum charge/discharge voltage. The energy density is significantly lower than LiCoO2 (although higher than the nickel–metal hydride battery).Lithium cobalt oxide based battery chemistries are more prone to thermal runaway if overcharged and cobalt is both expensive and not widely geographically available. Other chemistries such as nickel-manganese-cobalt (NMC) have supplanted LiCo chemistry cells in most applications. The original ratio of Ni to Mn to Co was 3:3:3, whereas today, cells are being made with ratios of 8:1:1 or 6:2:2, whereby the Co content has been drastically reduced.LiFePO4 batteries are comparable to sealed lead acid batteries and are often being touted as a drop-in replacement for lead acid applications. The most notable difference between lithium iron phosphate and lead acid is the fact that the lithium battery capacity shows only a small dependence on the discharge rate. With very high discharge rates, for instance 0.8C, the capacity of the lead acid battery is only 60% of the rated capacity. Therefore, in cyclic applications where the discharge rate is often greater than 0.1C, a lower rated lithium battery will often have a higher actual capacity than the comparable lead acid battery. This means that at the same capacity rating, the lithium will cost more, but a lower capacity lithium battery can be used for the same application at a lower price. The cost of ownership when considering the lifecycle further increases the value of the lithium battery when compared to a lead acid battery.[18]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Texas at Austin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin"},{"link_name":"Hydro-Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydro-Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"Université de Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"French National Center for Scientific Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_National_Center_for_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"A123 Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A123_Systems"},{"link_name":"US 5910382","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US5910382"},{"link_name":"US 6514640","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US6514640"},{"link_name":"ex parte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_parte"},{"link_name":"United States Patent and Trademark Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Patent_and_Trademark_Office"},{"link_name":"Valence Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_Technology"},{"link_name":"District Court of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Court_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Goodenough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B._Goodenough"},{"link_name":"cobalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"European Patent Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Patent_Office"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"NTT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"BYD Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BYD_Company"},{"link_name":"intellectual property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property"},{"link_name":"LifePO+C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lifepo4ag.com"}],"text":"There are 4 groups of patents on LFP battery materials:The University of Texas at Austin (UT) patented the materials with the crystalline structure of LiFePo4 and their use in batteries.\nHydro-Québec, Université de Montréal and the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) own patents, that claim improvements of the original LiFePo4 by carbon coating that enhance its conductivity.[19]\nThe key feature of Li1−xMFePO4 from A123 Systems is the nano-LFP, which modifies its physical properties and adds noble metals in the anode, as well as the use of special graphite as the cathode.\nThe main feature of LiMPO4 from Phostech is increased capacitance and conductivity by an appropriate carbon coating. The special feature of LiFePO4 • zM from Aleees a high capacitance and low impedance obtained by the stable control of the ferrites and crystal growth. This improved control is realized by applying strong mechanical stirring forces to the precursors in high oversaturation states, which induces crystallization of the metal oxides and LFP.These patents underlie mature mass production technologies. The largest production capacity is up to 250 tons per month.In patent lawsuits in the US in 2005 and 2006, UT and Hydro-Québec claimed that LiFePO4 as the cathode infringed their patents, US 5910382 and US 6514640 . The patent claims involved a unique crystal structure and a chemical formula of the battery cathode material.On April 7, 2006, A123 filed an action seeking a declaration of non-infringement and invalidity UT's patents. A123 separately filed two ex parte Reexamination Proceedings before the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), in which they sought to invalidate the patents based upon prior art.In a parallel court proceeding, UT sued Valence Technology, a company that commercializes LFP products that alleged infringement.The USPTO issued a Reexamination Certificate for the '382 patent on April 15, 2008, and for the '640 patent on May 12, 2009, by which the claims of these patents were amended. This allowed the current patent infringement suits filed by Hydro-Quebec against Valence and A123 to proceed. After a Markman hearing, on April 27, 2011, the Western District Court of Texas held that the claims of the reexamined patents had a narrower scope than as originally granted. The key question was whether the earlier Goodenough's patents from the UT (licensed to Hydro-Quebec) were infringed by A123, that had its own improved versions of LiFePO4 patents, that contained cobalt dopant. The end results was licensing of Goodenough's patents by A123 under undisclosed terms.[20]On December 9, 2008, the European Patent Office revoked Dr. Goodenough’s patent numbered 0904607. This decision basically reduced the patent risk of using LFP in European automobile applications. The decision is believed to be based on the lack of novelty.[21]The first major large settlement was the lawsuit between NTT and the UT. In October 2008,[22] NTT announced that they would settle the case in the Japan Supreme Civil Court for $30 million. As part of the agreement, UT agreed that NTT did not steal the information and that NTT would share its LFP patents with UT. NTT’s patent is also for an olivine LFP, with the general chemical formula of AyMPO4 (A is for alkali metal and M for the combination of Co and Fe), now used by BYD Company. Although chemically the materials are nearly the same, from the viewpoint of patents, AyMPO4 of NTT is different from the materials covered by UT. AyMPO4 has higher capacity than LiMPO4. At the heart of the case was that NTT engineer Okada Shigeto, who had worked in the UT labs developing the material, was accused of stealing UT’s intellectual property.As of 2020, an organization named LifePO+C claims to own the key IP and offers licenses. It is a consortium between Johnson Matthey, the CNRS, University of Montreal, and Hydro Quebec.","title":"Intellectual property"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cramer-2004-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wokaun-2005-24"}],"sub_title":"Power density","text":"LFP has two shortcomings: low conductivity (high overpotential) and low lithium diffusion constant, both of which limit the charge/discharge rate. Adding conducting particles in delithiated FePO4 raises its electron conductivity. For example, adding conducting particles with good diffusion capability like graphite and carbon[23] to LiMPO4 powders significantly improves conductivity between particles, increases the efficiency of LiMPO4 and raises its reversible capacity up to 95% of the theoretical values. However, addition of conductive additives also increases the \"dead mass\" present in the cell that does not contribute to energy storage. LiMPO4 shows good cycling performance even under charge/discharge current as large as 5C.[24]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ZnO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZnO"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee-2004-25"},{"link_name":"ZrO2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZrO2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jamnik-2006-26"},{"link_name":"Mitsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsui"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tessier-2008-27"}],"sub_title":"Stability","text":"Coating LFP with inorganic oxides can make LFP’s structure more stable and increase conductivity. Traditional LiCoO2 with oxide coating shows improved cycling performance. This coating also inhibits dissolution of Co and slows the decay of LiCoO2 capacity. Similarly, LiMPO4 with an inorganic coating such as ZnO[25] and ZrO2,[26] has a better cycling lifetime, larger capacity and better characteristics under rapid discharge. The addition of a conductive carbon increases efficiency. Mitsui Zosen and Aleees reported that addition of conducting metal particles such as copper and silver increased efficiency.[27] LiMPO4 with 1 wt% of metal additives has a reversible capacity up to 140 mAh/g and better efficiency under high discharge current.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Liu-2008-28"},{"link_name":"Cyclic voltammetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_voltammetry"}],"sub_title":"Metal substitution","text":"Substituting other materials for the iron or lithium in LiMPO4 can also raise efficiency. Substituting zinc for iron increases crystallinity of LiMPO4 because zinc and iron have similar ionic radii.[28] Cyclic voltammetry confirms that LiFe1−xMxPO4, after metal substitution, has higher reversibility of lithium ion insertion and extraction. During lithium extraction, Fe (II) is oxidized to Fe (III) and the lattice volume shrinks. The shrinking volume changes lithium’s returning paths.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"solid-phase synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-phase_synthesis"},{"link_name":"sol-gel process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol-gel_process"},{"link_name":"vapor-phase deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_deposition"},{"link_name":"electron beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_beam"},{"link_name":"microwave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave"},{"link_name":"vague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness"},{"link_name":"pyrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysis"},{"link_name":"spray pyrolysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spray_pyrolysis"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scrosati-2002-29"},{"link_name":"polyethylene glycol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_glycol"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zhang-2005-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chung-2004-31"},{"link_name":"lithium carbonate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_carbonate"},{"link_name":"glucose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose"},{"link_name":"electrolytes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytes"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiggers-2012-32"}],"sub_title":"Synthesis processes","text":"Mass production with stability and high quality still faces many challenges.Similar to lithium oxides, LiMPO4 may be synthesized by a variety of methods, including: solid-phase synthesis, emulsion drying, sol-gel process, solution coprecipitation, vapor-phase deposition, electrochemical synthesis, electron beam irradiation, microwave process[vague], hydrothermal synthesis, ultrasonic pyrolysis and spray pyrolysis.In the emulsion drying process, the emulsifier is first mixed with kerosene. Next, the solutions of lithium salts and iron salts are added to this mixture. This process produces nanocarbon particles.[29] Hydrothermal synthesis produces LiMPO4 with good crystallinity. Conductive carbon is obtained by adding polyethylene glycol to the solution followed by thermal processing.[30] Vapor phase deposition produces a thin film LiMPO4.[31] In flame spray pyrolysis FePO4 is mixed with lithium carbonate and glucose and charged with electrolytes. The mixture is then injected inside a flame and filtered to collect the synthesized LiFePO4.[32]","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"solid electrolyte interface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium%E2%80%93silicon_battery#Solid_electrolyte_interphase_layer"},{"link_name":"coulombic efficiency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulombic_efficiency"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Effects of temperature","text":"The effects of temperature on lithium iron phosphate batteries can be divided into the effects of high temperature and low temperature.Generally, LFP chemistry batteries are less susceptible to thermal runaway reactions like those that occur in lithium cobalt batteries; LFP batteries exhibit better performance at an elevated temperature. Research has shown that at room temperature (23 °C), the initial capacity loss approximates 40-50 mAh/g. However, at 40 °C and 60 °C, the capacity losses approximate 25 and 15 mAh/g respectively, but these capacity losses were spread over 20 cycles instead of a bulk loss like that in the case of room temperature capacity loss.[33]However, this is only true for a short cycling timeframe. Later yearlong study has shown that despite LFP batteries having double the equivalent full cycle, the capacity fade rate increased with increasing temperature for LFP cells but the increasing temperature does not impact NCA cells or have a negligible impact on the aging of NMC cells.[34] This capacity fade is primarily due to the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) formation reaction being accelerated by increasing temperature.LFP batteries are especially affected by decreasing temperature which possibly hamper their application in high-latitude areas. The initial discharge capacities for LFP/C samples at temperatures of 23, 0, -10, and -20 °C are 141.8, 92.7, 57.9 and 46.7 mAh/g with coulombic efficiency 91.2%, 74.5%, 63.6% and 61.3%. These losses are accounted for by the slow diffusion of lithium ions within electrodes and the formation of SEI that come with lower temperatures which subsequently increase the charge-transfer resistance on the electrolyte-electrode interfaces.[35] Another possible cause of the lowered capacity formation is lithium plating. As mentioned above, low temperature lowers the diffusion rate of lithium ions within the electrodes, allowing for the lithium plating rate to compete with that of intercalation rate. The colder condition leads to higher growth rates and shifts the initial point to lower state of charge which means that the plating process starts earlier.[36] Lithium plating uses up lithium which then compete with the intercalation of lithium into graphite, decreasing the capacity of the batteries. The aggregated lithium ions are deposited on the surface of electrodes in the form of “plates” or even dendrites which may penetrate the separators, short-circuiting the battery completely.[37]","title":"Research"}] | [] | [{"title":"Lithium iron phosphate battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_iron_phosphate_battery"},{"title":"A123 Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A123_Systems"},{"title":"Valence Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valence_Technology"}] | [{"reference":"Ozawa, Ryan (7 July 2015). \"New Energy Storage Startup to Take Hawaii Homes Off-Grid\". Hawaii Blog. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus_Hostel_fire | Knights of Columbus Hostel fire | ["1 History","2 Construction","3 Fire","4 Victims","5 Investigation","6 Aftermath","7 Legacy","8 See also","9 References"] | 1942 structure fire at a hostel in St. John's, Newfoundland
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Knights of Columbus Hostel fireMemorial on the site of the Knights of Columbus Hostel fire, Harvey Road, St. John's.DateDecember 12, 1942 (1942-12-12)VenueKnights of Columbus HotelLocationSt. John's, NewfoundlandTypeFireDeaths99Non-fatal injuries109
The Knights of Columbus Hostel fire was a structure fire that occurred on December 12, 1942, in St. John's, Newfoundland in a hostel operated by the Knights of Columbus, a Roman Catholic fraternal organization. A total of 99 people were killed, 80 of whom were military personnel. 109 others were critically wounded.
Taking place during World War II, the fire is believed by many to have been an incident of enemy sabotage orchestrated by agents of Nazi Germany.
The area was a centre of military personnel and activities, including soldiers, sailors, and air forces. Within a few weeks, other suspicious fires or their makings occurred in St. John's that winter, at sites frequented by military personnel.
History
A large military presence had developed in St. John’s from the outset of World War II. The capital had 60,000 residents. Thousands more military personnel entered the area, representing three jurisdictions. In addition to local forces, personnel from several foreign countries passed through St. John's, as it became an important staging point for trans-Atlantic convoys.
The Dominion of Newfoundland, which did not confederate with Canada until 1949, was represented by the Newfoundland Militia, billeted at Shamrock Field. Canadian national forces, including air force, were stationed at Torbay and Gander. The air force began to supply protection from German U-boats as far as the Grand Banks.
The United States was building a series of bases in Newfoundland. The 1600-acre American Army base, Fort Pepperrell, was built on the shores of Quidi Vidi Lake, on land leased for 99 years from the Newfoundland government. Thousands of American servicemen were stationed in St. John’s.
Warships filled the harbour, and navy men and merchant seamen also swelled the population of the capital city. Organizations and groups worked to provide safe recreation places for their off hours. The Knights of Columbus Hostel on Harvey Road was frequented by many servicemen. The Knights of Columbus during World War I had set up many centres in England and Europe for servicemen, and renewed that commitment in World War II.
St. John's had already been the site of enemy action: a Nazi U-boat off Bell Island sank two British freighters carrying iron ore. On 3 March 1942, U-587 fired three torpedoes at St. John's. One hit Fort Amherst and two more hit the cliffs below Cabot Tower. Two days previous, a Liberator aircraft out of Argentia flown by Ensign William Tepuni caught U-656, under Kaptänleutnant Ernst Kröning, on the surface in broad daylight, a mere 40 kilometres south of Trepassey, and destroyed it. This sinking gave rise to one of the most famous radio signals of the war - "Sighted Sub, Sank Same".
Construction
The hostel had been built in December 1941 for $100,000 USD. It was described (in the post-fire enquiry by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary) as a "sleeping, eating and recreation centre for servicemen". It included a reading room, a restaurant, toilets, showers, a dormitory where men could stay, and a recreation room. The centre entertainment space was a large auditorium equipped with both a stage for live performances and a projection booth for showing films. Weekly performances were broadcast from the hostel by radio.
The building was horseshoe-shaped and faced south toward Harvey Road. It was covered entirely by a gabled roof. Its main section was about 115 feet (35 m) long and 38 feet (12 m) wide, standing two storeys high. At each end, a wing extended north from the rear of the main section, with a courtyard behind the main section in the space between the wings. The east wing, also two storeys high and the same width as the main section, extended approximately 88 feet (27 m). The west wing was of the same dimensions, but only one storey in height.
Fire
An estimated 350 to 500 people were attending the barn dance in the auditorium, where Biddy O'Toole's songs were broadcast. She was one of Uncle Tim's Barn Dance Troupe, which broadcast a weekly show from the stage. The fire and the actions of the patrons were inadvertently broadcast through the open microphones of the dance troop that were on stage. Around 11 PM, soon after the next act started, featuring Canadian soldier Eddy Adams singing "The Moonlight Trail", a cry of fire was heard. The crowd struggled to get out of the auditorium, but the lights went out due to the fire. The four exits had been blockaded for the blackout. A survivor of the fire also stated that the doors would only swing inwards to the room and not outwards, further causing individuals to be clustered and unable to escape.
By 11:07 p.m., officers patrolling outside claimed the sky was lit by the fire. At least two individuals., US Army Cpl Hoosier and RNC Constable Bartlett, entered the building in an attempt to help evacuate individuals overcome by smoke. The fire burned out of control that night, quickly destroying the $100,000 building. The fire department finally put out the flames about 2:30 a.m., but kept putting water on the fire to prevent any revival.
Victims
A total of 99 people died, 80 of them Canadian, British and American servicemen, and 19 civilians. Another 109 persons were critically injured.
In a 1943 report it was determined that women and girls were about a third of the attendees, and only about twelve women or girls were identified as deceased. Comparatively, eighty-seven men were identified as deceased, which seemed to showcase an effort to evacuate the women and girls first.
Investigation
The investigation showed several faults with the building's design and operations, and a printed report of the investigation was published.
While the Knights of Columbus Hostel fire was being investigated, evidence of planned arson was found a few weeks later at the YMCA's Red Triangle Hostel, where rolls of toilet paper were packed into a hidden area. (Witnesses had testified to seeing paper trailing from cupboards of toilet paper rolls at the St. John's hostel.)
A fire broke out soon after at the USO Club in St. John's, but was contained. A fire at the suburban Old Colony Club resulted in four deaths. In a third incident, a lighted cigarette was put through a letterbox at 11 p.m. at the Knights of Columbus Hostel in Halifax, when servicemen were watching a movie.
Sir Brian Dunfield examined 174 witnesses a month later in the St. John's Court House, and guardedly concluded it was of "suspicious... incendiary origin". He called it "a classic case of the kind of flash fire which is built around a low-grade gas explosion. That, in my view, accounted for the great rapidity of the fire. It certainly looks as if an enemy agent was about." No one was ever prosecuted for these events. If speculation is accurate, these fires would be among the few successful Axis attacks on North America aside from U-boat attacks on shipping.
Aftermath
The national government quickly responded, and Boston, Massachusetts sent relief and blood plasma. A joint funeral for the 80 soldiers and merchant marine men of the two nations and Dominion of Newfoundland was held, with thousands in the city turning out in their honor.
In 1991, the Knights of Columbus built a memorial to commemorate the event and the victims of the fire. US Army Cpl Hoosier was awarded for his bravery in attempting to save victims, and RNC Constable Bartlett was awarded the Kings Police and Fire Service Medal for his actions.
Legacy
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Knights of Columbus Hostel fire" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
District Fire Chief P.J. Wakeham wrote a novel based on the fire, entitled The Flaming Holocaust.
A chapter of Frank Rasky's book Great Canadian Disasters (1961) is devoted to this tragedy.
See also
Blue Bird Café fire
L'Isle-Verte nursing home fire
References
^ a b c d e f g h Darrin McGrath (December 2002). Last Dance: The Knights of Columbus Fire. St. John's, Newfoundland: Flanker Press. ISBN 1-894463-25-0. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Frank Rasky. "Newfoundland's Furious Fire By Sabotage". Newfoundland's Grand Banks. Retrieved 2011-11-06.
^ Paul Collins, "Other U-Boat Encounters", Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage Website, 2007; accessed November 21, 2017.
^ a b c d Germain, Anthony (December 12, 2014). "K of C fire survivor recalls horrors of deadly night in wartime St. John's | CBC News". CBC. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
^ Sparkes, Paul (December 18, 2017). "Paul Sparkes: We soldiered on | The Telegram". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
^ a b Telegram, The. "Letter: Mystery still swirls around K of C fire | The Telegram". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
^ a b c Dunfield, Hon Mr. Justice Brian (1943). Destruction by Fire of Knights of Columbus Hostel St. Johns December 12th, 1942, with loss of 99 lives. Newfoundland: Robinson & Co LTD.
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The 1600-acre American Army base, Fort Pepperrell, was built on the shores of Quidi Vidi Lake, on land leased for 99 years from the Newfoundland government.[2] Thousands of American servicemen were stationed in St. John’s.[1]Warships filled the harbour, and navy men and merchant seamen also swelled the population of the capital city. Organizations and groups worked to provide safe recreation places for their off hours. The Knights of Columbus Hostel on Harvey Road was frequented by many servicemen. The Knights of Columbus during World War I had set up many centres in England and Europe for servicemen, and renewed that commitment in World War II.[1]St. John's had already been the site of enemy action: a Nazi U-boat off Bell Island sank two British freighters carrying iron ore.[2] On 3 March 1942, U-587 fired three torpedoes at St. John's. One hit Fort Amherst and two more hit the cliffs below Cabot Tower. Two days previous, a Liberator aircraft out of Argentia flown by Ensign William Tepuni caught U-656, under Kaptänleutnant Ernst Kröning, on the surface in broad daylight, a mere 40 kilometres south of Trepassey, and destroyed it. This sinking gave rise to one of the most famous radio signals of the war - \"Sighted Sub, Sank Same\".[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Newfoundland Constabulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Constabulary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastDance-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"horseshoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horseshoe"},{"link_name":"gabled roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabled_roof"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LastDance-1"}],"text":"The hostel had been built in December 1941 for $100,000 USD. It was described (in the post-fire enquiry by the Royal Newfoundland Constabulary) as a \"sleeping, eating and recreation centre for servicemen\". It included a reading room, a restaurant, toilets, showers, a dormitory where men could stay, and a recreation room. The centre entertainment space was a large auditorium[1] equipped with both a stage for live performances and a projection booth for showing films. Weekly performances were broadcast from the hostel by radio.[2]The building was horseshoe-shaped and faced south toward Harvey Road. It was covered entirely by a gabled roof. Its main section was about 115 feet (35 m) long and 38 feet (12 m) wide, standing two storeys high. At each end, a wing extended north from the rear of the main section, with a courtyard behind the main section in the space between the wings. The east wing, also two storeys high and the same width as the main section, extended approximately 88 feet (27 m). The west wing was of the same dimensions, but only one storey in height.[1]","title":"Construction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"}],"text":"An estimated 350 to 500 people[4] were attending the barn dance in the auditorium, where Biddy O'Toole's songs were broadcast. She was one of Uncle Tim's Barn Dance Troupe, which broadcast a weekly show from the stage. The fire and the actions of the patrons were inadvertently broadcast through the open microphones of the dance troop that were on stage.[5] Around 11 PM,[6] soon after the next act started, featuring Canadian soldier Eddy Adams singing \"The Moonlight Trail\", a cry of fire was heard. The crowd struggled to get out of the auditorium, but the lights went out due to the fire. The four exits had been blockaded for the blackout.[2] A survivor of the fire also stated that the doors would only swing inwards to the room and not outwards, further causing individuals to be clustered and unable to escape.[4]By 11:07 p.m., officers patrolling outside claimed the sky was lit by the fire. At least two individuals., US Army Cpl Hoosier and RNC Constable Bartlett, entered the building in an attempt to help evacuate individuals overcome by smoke.[7] The fire burned out of control that night, quickly destroying the $100,000 building. The fire department finally put out the flames about 2:30 a.m., but kept putting water on the fire to prevent any revival.[2]","title":"Fire"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"}],"text":"A total of 99 people died, 80 of them Canadian, British and American servicemen, and 19 civilians.[4] Another 109 persons were critically injured.In a 1943 report it was determined that women and girls were about a third of the attendees, and only about twelve women or girls were identified as deceased. Comparatively, eighty-seven men were identified as deceased, which seemed to showcase an effort to evacuate the women and girls first.[7]","title":"Victims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"Halifax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"Axis attacks on North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Theater_(1939%E2%80%931945)"}],"text":"The investigation showed several faults with the building's design and operations,[2] and a printed report of the investigation was published.[7]While the Knights of Columbus Hostel fire was being investigated, evidence of planned arson was found a few weeks later at the YMCA's Red Triangle Hostel, where rolls of toilet paper were packed into a hidden area. (Witnesses had testified to seeing paper trailing from cupboards of toilet paper rolls at the St. John's hostel.)[2]A fire broke out soon after at the USO Club in St. John's, but was contained. A fire at the suburban Old Colony Club resulted in four deaths. In a third incident, a lighted cigarette was put through a letterbox at 11 p.m. at the Knights of Columbus Hostel in Halifax, when servicemen were watching a movie.[citation needed]Sir Brian Dunfield examined 174 witnesses a month later in the St. John's Court House, and guardedly concluded it was of \"suspicious... incendiary origin\". He called it \"a classic case of the kind of flash fire which is built around a low-grade gas explosion. That, in my view, accounted for the great rapidity of the fire. It certainly looks as if an enemy agent was about.\"[2] No one was ever prosecuted for these events. If speculation is accurate, these fires would be among the few successful Axis attacks on North America aside from U-boat attacks on shipping.","title":"Investigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NGB-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"The national government quickly responded, and Boston, Massachusetts sent relief and blood plasma. A joint funeral for the 80 soldiers and merchant marine men of the two nations and Dominion of Newfoundland was held, with thousands in the city turning out in their honor.[2]In 1991, the Knights of Columbus built a memorial to commemorate the event and the victims of the fire.[4] US Army Cpl Hoosier was awarded for his bravery in attempting to save victims, and RNC Constable Bartlett was awarded the Kings Police and Fire Service Medal for his actions.[6]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"District Fire Chief P.J. Wakeham wrote a novel based on the fire, entitled The Flaming Holocaust.A chapter of Frank Rasky's book Great Canadian Disasters (1961) is devoted to this tragedy.","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | [{"title":"Blue Bird Café fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bird_Caf%C3%A9_fire"},{"title":"L'Isle-Verte nursing home fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Isle-Verte_nursing_home_fire"}] | [{"reference":"Darrin McGrath (December 2002). Last Dance: The Knights of Columbus Fire. St. John's, Newfoundland: Flanker Press. ISBN 1-894463-25-0. Archived from the original on 2011-07-11. Retrieved 2009-04-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711005126/http://www.flankerpress.com/last_dance_excerpt.shtml","url_text":"Last Dance: The Knights of Columbus Fire"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador","url_text":"St. John's"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador","url_text":"Newfoundland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-894463-25-0","url_text":"1-894463-25-0"},{"url":"http://www.flankerpress.com/last_dance_excerpt.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Frank Rasky. \"Newfoundland's Furious Fire By Sabotage\". Newfoundland's Grand Banks. Retrieved 2011-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://ngb.chebucto.org/Articles/dis-knights-of-columbus-1942.shtml","url_text":"\"Newfoundland's Furious Fire By Sabotage\""}]},{"reference":"Germain, Anthony (December 12, 2014). \"K of C fire survivor recalls horrors of deadly night in wartime St. John's | CBC News\". CBC. Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mildred-quilty-s-story-surviving-the-deadly-k-of-c-hostel-fire-of-1942-1.2869438","url_text":"\"K of C fire survivor recalls horrors of deadly night in wartime St. John's | CBC News\""}]},{"reference":"Sparkes, Paul (December 18, 2017). \"Paul Sparkes: We soldiered on | The Telegram\". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetelegram.com/lifestyles/paul-sparkes-we-soldiered-on-170280/","url_text":"\"Paul Sparkes: We soldiered on | The Telegram\""}]},{"reference":"Telegram, The. \"Letter: Mystery still swirls around K of C fire | The Telegram\". www.thetelegram.com. Retrieved 2020-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetelegram.com/opinion/local-perspectives/letter-mystery-still-swirls-around-k-of-c-fire-169520/","url_text":"\"Letter: Mystery still swirls around K of C fire | The Telegram\""}]},{"reference":"Dunfield, Hon Mr. Justice Brian (1943). Destruction by Fire of Knights of Columbus Hostel St. Johns December 12th, 1942, with loss of 99 lives. Newfoundland: Robinson & Co LTD.","urls":[{"url":"https://collections.mun.ca/digital/collection/cns/id/102804","url_text":"Destruction by Fire of Knights of Columbus Hostel St. Johns December 12th, 1942, with loss of 99 lives"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knights_of_Columbus_Hostel_fire&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22","external_links_name":"\"Knights of Columbus Hostel fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22","external_links_name":"\"Knights of Columbus Hostel fire\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Knights+of+Columbus+Hostel+fire%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110711005126/http://www.flankerpress.com/last_dance_excerpt.shtml","external_links_name":"Last Dance: The Knights of Columbus Fire"},{"Link":"http://www.flankerpress.com/last_dance_excerpt.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ngb.chebucto.org/Articles/dis-knights-of-columbus-1942.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Newfoundland's Furious Fire By Sabotage\""},{"Link":"http://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/other-uboat-encounters.php","external_links_name":"Paul Collins, \"Other U-Boat Encounters\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/mildred-quilty-s-story-surviving-the-deadly-k-of-c-hostel-fire-of-1942-1.2869438","external_links_name":"\"K of C fire survivor recalls horrors of deadly night in wartime St. John's | CBC News\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetelegram.com/lifestyles/paul-sparkes-we-soldiered-on-170280/","external_links_name":"\"Paul Sparkes: We soldiered on | The Telegram\""},{"Link":"http://www.thetelegram.com/opinion/local-perspectives/letter-mystery-still-swirls-around-k-of-c-fire-169520/","external_links_name":"\"Letter: Mystery still swirls around K of C fire | The Telegram\""},{"Link":"https://collections.mun.ca/digital/collection/cns/id/102804","external_links_name":"Destruction by Fire of Knights of Columbus Hostel St. Johns December 12th, 1942, with loss of 99 lives"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_fashion | Canadian fashion | ["1 History","1.1 New France and the early Fur Trade (1530s to 1750s)","1.2 Post-New France and the new British colonies (1760s to 1800s)","1.3 Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)","1.4 Confederation Era (1840s to 1890s)","1.5 Edwardian Era, World War 1, and Interwar Period (1900s to 1930s)","1.6 World War 2 and Post-war Era (1940s to 1950s)","1.7 Late 20th Century (1960s to 1990s)","2 Fashion industry","2.1 Economy","2.2 Media","2.3 Education","3 Trends and national costumes","4 Uniforms","4.1 Public service","4.2 Non-governmental organisations","5 References","6 External links"] | Clockwise from top: woman wearing black boots, leggings, and cabin socks (Chilliwack, 2017), Chatelaine fashion editor Vivian Wilcox (1955), HRH the Princess of Wales in a Canada-themed outfit (Ottawa, 2011), "Niagara Falls fashion plate" (1842), Nunavimiut outer parka (c. 1914) at the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada Goose logo, Canadian teenagers in skirt-suits from Simpson's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1945)
Canadian fashion refers to the styles, trends, design, and production of clothing, footwear, accessories, and other expressions of fashion in Canada and the polities it is descended from.
Since time immemorial, the Indigenous cultures of Canada designed clothing and accessories for practical application in contention with the natural elements, as well as for ritualistic and spiritual purposes. Indigenous-Canadians maintain fashions that are distinct to their particular cultures. Beginning from the 16th century after the founding of Port-Royal, developing factors such as continued European settlement, the North American fur trade, and the establishment of proto-Canadian colonies, such as those of New France and British North America, incrementally introduced western fashions throughout the region, which were often modified or innovated to adapt to local geography.
From the 16th century onward, Canada's fashion history can be divided into discernable eras that are characterized by prevalent styles particular to the time period. These various modes of dress have often been influenced by the predominant upper-class fashions of western Europe, notably Britain and France, as well as the geographical realities of living in Canada and the rugged lifestyles therein.
Canada's fashion economy includes numerous clothing and accessory brands (such as Arc'teryx and Lululemon), department stores (such as the historical Hudson's Bay Company and Holt Renfrew), various annual and semi-annual industry events in Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, fashion magazines (such as Elle Canada and Fashion Magazine), and a variety of postsecondary programs in fashion design and marketing.
History
See also: History of Western Fashion
New France and the early Fur Trade (1530s to 1750s)
See also: French fashion, 1550–1600 in Western European fashion, 1600–1650 in Western European fashion, 1650–1700 in Western European fashion, and 1700–1750 in Western fashion
Ein Canadischer Bauer (A Canadian Farmer) by Friedrich von Germann (1778)
Arrival of the Brides by Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale (c. prior to 1927). High-class French women are illustrated wearing colourful dresses, lace sleeves, ribbons, and holding fans. In contrast, the evidently lower-class woman in the foreground carries a metal box and wears a plain blouse, capotain hat, and long skirt. Most of the men depicted appear to be high-born, including Jean Talon, wearing colourful (possibly velvet) coats, cravats, and decorated hats that they carry at their sides. The labourer (and possibly slave) at the bottom wears a headwrap and no shirt.
European exploration northwestward, into the frontier of Rupert's Land, the North-Western Territory, and the Columbia District, was in large part motivated by the North American fur trade, establishing a network of forts and supply routes that laid the developmental groundwork for the modern Canadian state. Indigenous and European hunters and trappers supplied trade networks that capitalized on the demand for beaver pelts in European markets.
Capotes (long wrap-style wool coats, often complete with a hood) were worn by European settlers, traders, trappers, and hunters, as well as Indigenous peoples, since the earliest days of the fur trade. These coats were known to be easy to move in, and were first traded to the Mi'kmaq by French sailors. The Hudson's Bay Company, which was granted monopoly over Rupert's Land via royal charter from Charles II of England, sold capotes (also called "blanket coats"), fabricated out of the company's unique "point blanket", from trading posts such as Moose Factory, New Severn, York Factory, and Fort Churchill as early as the mid-17th century.
Beginning in the 17th century, European explorers and traders increasingly wore mukluks; hide boots originally crafted by Inuit peoples using sealskin and caribou skin. Mukluks were designed for maneuverability and warmth, and were blind stitched with sinew thread to make watertight seams, thus being suitable for tundra. European adoption of mukluks in turn influenced Indigenous crafting by introducing new materials, sewing techniques, and styles, as seen in the increased used of tassels and new beading patterns.
Habitants (French-Canadian farmers and fishers) comprised 80% of the population of New France by the time of the British conquest in 1763. Habitant clothing was largely homemade or spun by local weavers, usually using linen, hemp, or wool, and lined with leather or fur, and was similar to the conservative clothing worn in the French countryside. Men tended to wear a shift or shirt, breeches, wool stockings, sometimes a vest or waistcoat, and either leather shoes, clogs or moccasins. Men would also wear breechclouts or toques depending on the season. Daily-wear for women included cotton shifts, woolen skirts over a petticoat, wool stockings held up by garters, bodices, bonnets, and buckle shoes or clogs. Habitant women also kept dresses, mantles, aprons, and shawls.
The bourgeoisie of New France generally wore clothes with comparatively finer fabrics, such as silk and velvet, and utilized a wider variety of colour. Men often wore wigs and tri-corner hats with feathers, decorative buttons, and braids, and tended to have embroideries on their clothing. Bourgeois men also tended to wear ties or scarves made of muslin. Bourgeois women wore decorative fashions, such as blouses with lace collars and skirts with pleats, generally more fitted dresses and dress coats than their lower-class counterparts, and often carried fans or parasols.
New France nobility wore similar fashions to the bourgeoisie, but were generally more lavish and extravagant in their fabrics and designs. Men wore wigs and tri-corner hats, although before the 18th century, these wigs were often so large that hats had to be carried underarm. They wore shirts with lace collars and cuffs, Steinkerque lace cravats, gold and silver-threaded vests and coats, and silk pants, stockings, and shoes. Noblemen also often carried canes, wore gloves, and even as wigs downsized, the tradition of carrying hats underarm persisted.
Noble women wore bonnets decorated with lace and gems (often in the shape of butterflies), as well as blouses adorned with frilled lace and with funnel-shaped lace sleeves. Their dresses and skirts often had gold and silver thread, floral designs, fringes, and were typically layered over petticoats. Dress trains in New France were also traditionally cut to length in accordance with one's level of nobility. Like their male counterparts, noble women wore silk stockings and shoes. Accessories included parasols, gloves, and gold and silver ribbons that often held garments together.
Post-New France and the new British colonies (1760s to 1800s)
See also: 1750–1775 in Western fashion and 1775–1795 in Western fashion
The Coming of the Loyalists by Henry Sandham (c. between 1880 and 1910), depicting a romanticised arrival of United Empire Loyalists to a New Brunswick shore. The men are shown in century coats, waistcoats, and tricorne hats, while the women wear brightly coloured dresses, shawls, and ornamented hats.
Though the early years following the British conquest of New France did not see a dramatic shift in the way of working-class fashion, the changing styles among the upper-classes in England and France did influence those of the Canadian colonies. Fashions of upper-class Canadian women reflected those of their European counterparts, such as through the use of lace, boned stays, pastels, and ruffles. Though English styles were incorporated into the wardrobes of French-Canadian women, these styles were more prevalent in English-majority areas during this period, particularly in Upper Canada and the Atlantic colonies, where immigrants from Britain and the influx of United Empire Loyalists tended to settle. English and French styles during this time were typically distinguished by their level of extravagance; English-Canadian dresses tended to be more toned-down and conservative.
In contrast to the macaroni fashion that took off in London during the Georgian era, men's fashion in the Canadian colonies tended to shift toward a comparatively casual and sleek appearance. Men's clothes in the latter part of the 18th century became tighter over time, and three-piece suits started to become more commonplace.
Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)
See also: 1795–1820 in Western fashion, 1820s in Western fashion, and 1830s in Western fashion
Major-General The Hon. Aeneas Shaw by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster (1902), depicting Æneas Shaw in a scarlet tailcoat with golden epaulettes and buttons, white trousers, and a black cape with red lining
The Regency era marks the beginning of the Great Migration of Canada, in which roughly 800,000 migrants, largely from the British Isles, moved to British North America. As a result, London upper-class fashions, such as those of the Romantic movement and the dandy trend, became much more predominant throughout the Canadian colonies; in Upper Canada, the Maritimes, and even in Lower Canada, where a Francophone majority persisted. In Fashion: A Canadian Perspective, Alexandra Palmer explains that "by the 1830s Lower Canadian professionals were spending a greater proportion of their income (some 20%) on attire. This was more than any other class, making them leaders in fashion as well as politics. They were, for example, early purchasers not only of trousers but also the stylish Wellington and Brunswick boots advertised in Lower Canadian newspapers after 1815. These men went from wearing wigs or tying back their own long hair to short natural styles."
"Dandy" fashion entailed some common elements: dark colours, blue tailcoats with gold buttons, white muslin shirts, trousers replacing breeches, fabrics like silk, wool, cotton, and buckskin, and generally tight-fitting clothes. Other important articles and accessories for upper-class men included black silk tophats (or "toppers"), cravats, gloves, canes, pocket watches, monocles, and greatcoats.
The black-on-red tartan pattern was used in the fabrication of mackinaw jackets during the War of 1812
Women's high fashion took a dramatic shift from the understated fashions of decades prior as extravagant styles became popular, utilizing such elements as poofy sleeves, bell-shaped skirts, elaborate hats, and ribbons. Empire dresses from the early part of the century were high-waisted with a fitted bodice, and were flowing and loose fitting at the bottom. Preceding years over the course of this period saw older styles blending into new, such as dresses with "empire" waistlines but with fuller skirts, and also saw the beginnings of gigot-style sleeves as a trend. As sleeves expanded during the 1820s, the common fashion for waistlines also inched lower overtime.
During the War of 1812, the mackinaw jacket was invented out of necessity. During the occupation of Fort Mackinac, the British commander Charles Roberts requisitioned a supply of Hudson's Bay point blankets from the British Indian Department to manufacture greatcoats for the coming winter. Due to the shortage of blue fabric needed to complete the order, the balance was supplemented by blankets with a black-on-red tartan pattern. After being advised by a dispatch runner on the impracticality of travelling in long greatcoats between Montreal and Mackinaw during winter due to snowdrifts, it was recommended that they instead fabricate shorter double-breasted jackets, thus inventing what became known as the '’mackinaw jacket'’.
Confederation Era (1840s to 1890s)
See also: Victorian fashion, 1840s in Western fashion, 1850s in Western fashion, 1860s in Western fashion, 1870s in Western fashion, 1880s in Western fashion, and 1890s in Western fashion
Painting of the Bowman family by an unknown artist (c.1840s). Store-owner Charles Bowman and his sons are dressed in three-piece suits while his wife and daughters wear dresses. Additions and accessories include Charles' stock tie, his wife's bonnet, his older daughter's shawl, and his younger daughter's capelet.
Everyday fashion for women during the Confederation era was characterized by variety, ornamentation, and ever-changing styles. Dresses in the 1830s were notable for their width, voluminousness, and gigot-style sleeves. The 1850s saw the popularity of crinolines skirts and bell-shaped shirts. Over time, the fashionability of the perch at the back of the dress shifted to smoother lines, akin to an "hour-glass" shape by the end of the 19th century. Canadian middle-class women often had to modify their existing attire to sustain the changing trends.
Formal dress for Canadian women was important during this era due to the popularity of costumed theatre, skating carnivals, and balls. Historical figures, such as Marie Antoinette, were popular costume inspirations, and great care was taken to achieve historical accuracy whilst keeping in line with contemporary fashion. The 1870s, for example, saw the popularity of the "princess-style dress", which was sewn without a waistline and incorporated a white wig and regal velvet sleeve detail. These events were typically themed to celebrate Canadian history or the British Empire, and had a function of disseminating educational themes of technological progress, art, and literature through local newspapers.
Women's outerwear had to adapt to the changing styles of dress. For example, with the 1850s crinoline trend, overcoats were exchanged for shawls. The paisley shawl, which were already in common use in Scotland and the British Raj, was particularly popular during this time. Hats and bonnets also became particularly popular in the 1880s and 90s, and millinery became a growing trade for women, separate from dressmaking. Materials such as ribbons, lace, flowers, feathers, and sometimes bird ornaments were artistically incorporated as hats came to be seen as increasingly stylish and not simply functional attire.
Leslie Ward's caricatures of Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, 1900 (left), and Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier, 1897 (right), as published in Vanity Fair. Strathcona and Laurier are illustrated wearing professional attire typical of this period; dark three-piece suits, white collars, and morning coats.
Professional attire became increasingly prominent with Canada's burgeoning middle class. These clothes were required to be low-maintenance and perceived as respectable, as masculine fashions gradually shifted from the decorative styles of previous eras in favour of black suits. Though custom-made suits were worn by wealthy and prominent professionals, cheaper ready-made suits became more widely available and marketed through mail-order catalogues by companies like T. Eaton Co. and Dupuis Frères. Fur coats were common during the winter months, as seen in the distinctive designs of R.J. Devlin, who made beaver-fur greatcoats that were known to be particularly popular among members of the Ontario Legislative Assembly.
Increasing simplicity in men's everyday wear provided the opportunity for personal flare through luxury ornaments and accessories. Such items included pocket watches, detachable collars, ties, cravats, stocks, and tophats.
Other men's fashions came in the form of leisure and club wear. Sporting attire was produced to meet demand from the increasing interest in activities like hockey, equestrian, cycling, walking, and swimming. For example, breeches became more vogue due to the popularity of horseback riding and cycling. The rise in membership of fraternal organizations, such as the Freemasons and the Orange Order, saw an increased use of ceremonial garments. Such garments included the Freemasons' apron, based on the functional attire of medieval stonemasons and adorned with Masonic symbols, ribbons, and rosettes, and the collar of the Orange Order in Canada, which was embroidered with British-Canadian symbols like the thistle, shamrock, rose, and maple leaf.
Left: ornate wool dress tailored by J.J. Miloy (1887). Right: wool doeskin skirt-suit with a silk velvet collar, silk lining, and mother-of-pearl buttons by William St. Pierre Ltd. (c. 1900)
The mid-19th century saw the development of local, custom-made clothing industries and the increase in prestige of fashion design as a trade. Canadian fashion designers during this period were dressmakers and tailors who often ran local storefronts, which may have also sold fabrics and accessories, catering to local urban markets such as Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa. These businesses often operated under the name of the owner-designer, and by the late 19th to early 20th century, city directories listed an outstanding quantity of local tailors and dressmaking shops. This period also saw labels become a common industry practice for designers to guarantee their authorship, and department stores began selling designer clothing alongside ready-made selections. Famous elite Canadian designers during this period include G.M. Holbrook (Ottawa), William Stitt and Co. and O'Brien (Toronto), and J.J. Miloy (Montreal), who were notably patronized by the governor general Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby and his wife, Lady Stanley.
Edwardian Era, World War 1, and Interwar Period (1900s to 1930s)
See also: 1900s in Western fashion, 1910s in Western fashion, 1920s in Western fashion, and 1930–1945 in Western fashion
Eaton's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1916)
Edwardian women's fashion was characterized notably by the preeminence of Parisian haute couture, which had a marked influence on western fashion broadly, including in the Dominion of Canada. For example, the S-shaped "columnar silhouette", made popular by Parisian couturiers, saw the phasing out of corsets which were fundamental to the fashions of the previous era. Mass-produced clothing also started to become more prevalent, which squeezed the local custom garment industry, particularly in men's wear. Notable Canadian designers during the 1920s and 30s include Madame Martha, who designed and sold couture clothing in Toronto, and Ida Desmarais, who designed gowns for a Montreal clientele. Gaby Bernier and Marie-Paule Nolin were also important Montreal designers who established their practices during the 1930s. The influx of imports from European designers, particularly those of Paris, to Canadian department stores like Eaton's, Simpson's, and Holt Renfrew presented further challenges for local producers, although some Canadian designers had garnered enough brand recognition to maintain a presence with department stores, such as Madame Martha's "French Salon" at the Simpson's Toronto location, and Marie-Paule Nolin's in-store salon and couture workroom at Holt Renfrew's Montreal location.
Left: Service dress of Captain Noel Farrow, Canadian Expeditionary Force (1917), as displayed at Glenbow Museum. Right: "New Easter Frocks, Undeniably Chic and Cleverly Designed" from Canadian Home Journal (1920).
The Edwardian era saw the brightly-coloured military regalia, typical of the previous century, replaced with the Canadian-patterned service dress jacket, which was intended to double as both a field and dress jacket. This jacket was characterized by a stand-up collar secured by hooks and eyes, a 5 to 7-button front closure, two box-pleated breast-pockets with scalloped flaps and buttons, two hip-pockets with flaps, gauntlet-style cuffs, and sometimes coloured shoulder straps. During the First World War, an economy version of this service jacket was introduced in the form of the "Kitchener Pattern", which notably replaced box-pleats at the breast-pockets with standard pockets.
Efforts toward women's rights by suffragettes, particularly Canada's Famous Five, as well as an increase in women's participation in sport, helped to advance changing ideals for the woman's role in Canadian society, which was reflected through developments in fashion. Canadian women's fashion in the 1920s continued a shift away from the more physically restrictive styles of the Confederation era and toward generally more comfortable garments, such as trousers and short skirts. Similar to the developing fashion scenes of other western countries, the flapper style became popular among Canadian women during this decade. As the decade developed, particular styles of women's articles gained popularity in this vein, such as shift dresses, straight bodices, collars, and all-in-one lingerie, and the corset became increasingly substituted by chemise dresses or camisoles and bloomers.
The 1920’s also saw developments in the way of men's suits. Similar to women's fashions of the time, everyday suit-wear became less formal and more considerate of personal comfort. Shorter suit jackets replaced formal long suit jackets for casual wear. The service uniforms of the First World War influenced men's jackets of the early 1920s; they tended to be high-waisted with narrow lapels. Trousers during this part of the decade also tended to be narrow. The latter half of the decade saw the typical suit jacket develop a lower waistline, wider lapels, and Oxford bags became more popular in place of narrower pants. Men's headwear during this time was typically stratified by class; upper-class men tended to wear tophats or homburg hats, the middle-class tended to wear fedoras, bowler hats, or trilby hats, while working-class men tended to wear newsboy caps or flat caps.
World War 2 and Post-war Era (1940s to 1950s)
See also: 1945–1960 in Western fashion
This Chatelaine cover (1943) depicts a woman, or "career girl", in a simple buttoned shirt at a desk with a typewriter. The bottom text encourages the reader to buy war savings stamps.
The Second World War temporarily, but drastically, altered the Canadian public's relationship with fashion. Textiles and metals that were typically used in the production of clothing were often redirected from consumer fashion and toward the war effort. More functional and practical clothing was culturally encouraged and regulated, as the national consciousness focused on a collective effort toward liberating Europe. Feminine fashion, in particular, reflected working class roles as women took up occupations traditionally filled by men, and was even described as an expression of patriotism. In the 1941 Chatelaine feature titled "How Do We Dress From Here?", Carolyn Damon wrote that "today we think more seriously, and so we dress more seriously."
As part of the War Measures Act, the Wartime Prices and Trade Board became responsible for the control of goods and services, which affected the country's fashion economy dramatically. The WPTB's mandate included supply allocation, manufacturing capacity, labour allotment, product design, product change regulations, distribution of goods and services, and price controls. Because the manufacturing capacity and fabrics of certain clothing articles, such as jackets and pants, directly contradicted the production of military clothing, a simplification program for consumer fashion was enforced, which had the effect of reducing the diversity of available styles, silhouettes, colours, and dimensions. Despite these restrictions, the perpetuation of fashion nonetheless persisted. Newspapers, newsmagazines, and magazines consistently published columns, stories, and features dedicated to opinions and developments in fashion. New clothing designs, accessory descriptions, and stories addressing WPTB restrictions were continuously published throughout the war.
Women's "skirt-suit" modeled in Chatelaine magazine's April 1942 edition
Women's fashion and fashion journalism continued to develop during the war, as demonstrated through seasonal style changes and the adoption of new clothing articles. For example, the summer fashions of 1940 were described as "gracefully feminine", while the following autumn shifted to a comparatively narrower silhouette, and the spring of 1941 was distinguished by reduced shoulder padding and shorter and narrower skirts. Women's suits (typically consisting of a jacket and skirt), in particular, became an important fashion story, turning into a common wardrobe staple and being described as a "Canadian tradition". In the spring of 1942, the popularity of suits even overtook that of coats and dresses. Similarly, the increased appropriation of slacks by women, a typically male garment at the time, was a major wartime story that represented a shift in gender roles. Manufacturers often developed uniforms for their workforce, which tended to include comfortable low heels, short-sleeved blouses, slacks, and a bandana or snood.
Department store catalogues, such as those of Eaton's, Simpson's, and Dupuis Frères, continued to have an important influence on women's fashion in the years following the end of the war. Although rural women in particular mostly used catalogues to order fabrics (from which they would fabricate their own clothing based on designs found in the catalogues), ready-to-wear fashions grew more prevalent as these catalogues became increasingly important to Canadian consumer culture.
Dresses in the 1940s and 50s post-war era shifted away from the pre-war styles of the 1920s and 30s, which emphasized a natural look with shortened skirts, shorter sleeves, lower necklines, and relatively loose-fitting dresses with a somewhat square shape. Post-war dresses tended to fit tighter at the top, while wide and full at the bottom. Corsets, crinolines, and girdles returned to fashion during this period, as the emphasis on slimness increased via the influence of commercial advertising. Catalogues also promoted youth as the standard of feminine beauty, advertising products like creams, hair treatments, complexion pills, and clothes which lent themselves to a more youthful appearance (such as corsets and girdles). Modeling displayed in catalogues distributed between western and eastern Canada had notable differences, as these strict standards for youth and beauty were emphasised more in eastern markets; catalogues issued in western Canada tended to be more liberal in using female models with fuller figures or more aged appearances.
Fashion models Joan Ward (left) and Barbara Ellis (right) compare fashions in a Simpson's catalogue from 1902 with the Fall and Winter Catalogue of 1952
This period was an important time in the development of Canada's department store landscape. With the imminent closing of the North American fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company underwent a "modernization program" which involved entering the commercial retail space. Although the company had operated urban storefronts since the late 19th century, and had established department stores in western Canadian cities such as Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Calgary, and Edmonton since the early 20th century, it was not until the company acquired Morgan's in 1960 that it entered the larger markets in central Canada. This would begin a monopolising trend within Canada's developing retail landscape, as the company would go on to acquire Freimans in 1972, Simpson's in 1978, and Woodward's in 1993.
Holt Renfrew also made important moves during the post-war era by closing key deals with leading haute couture fashion houses from France and Italy (notably the House of Christian Dior, which Holt Renfrew became the exclusive Canadian distributor for). The company expanded its sales operations in Edmonton, Calgary, and London during the early 1950s, and established key outlets at some of Canada's grand railway hotels, such as the Royal York, Chateau Frontenac, and Château Laurier.
By 1958, most women's clothing sold in Canada was manufactured domestically, with skilled workers able to produce up to 15 dresses a day on average, although both the textiles and designs were often imported. For example, the "Parisian chemise", which was introduced to European markets two years prior, was first sold in Canadian stores during this year.
In 1954, the Association of Canadian Couturiers was founded, which was mandated with establishing a recognisable identity and media presence for Canadian design in the broader international market. Renowned members included Montreal's Jacques de Montjoye and Toronto's Frederica. After producing the first all-Canadian fashion show in New York during their inaugural year, the Association continued to produce shows in Canadian cities twice a year, until they disbanded in 1968.
Late 20th Century (1960s to 1990s)
See also: 1960s in fashion, 1970s in fashion, 1980s in fashion, and 1990s in fashion
The first Club Monaco store opened on Queen Street, Toronto in 1985
In 1974, the Fashion Designers Association of Canada was founded, which was mandated to promote Canadian designers as well as generate appreciation for the fashion industry's contribution to Canadian society as a whole. This Association was partly founded by Michel Robichaud and Marielle Fleury, who became globally renown when their designs toured Europe in the lead-up to Expo 67. Other notable members included Montreal's Léo Chevalier and John Warden, and Toronto's Pat McDonagh, Claire Haddad, Marilyn Brooks, and Elen Henderson. The Association held seasonal fashion shows in both Toronto and Montreal until 1980, when it disbanded.
Despite the dissolution of two fashion design associations in the 60s and 80s, the developing export market in the final decades of the 20th century marked an increase in global recognition of Canadian fashion design. Canadian fashion designers that garnered significant international reputations during this era include Alfred Sung (co-founder of Club Monaco), Jean-Claude Poitras, Simon Chang, Hilary Radley, Linda Lundstrom, and Wayne Clark. Furthermore, Canada's third and current fashion design association, the Fashion Design Council of Canada, was founded at the end of the millennium, operating as "the national trade association representing the interests of the Canadian fashion design industry."
The late 20th century constitutes an era in which many of Canada's most prolific brands were founded. This includes Ontario brands such as Sorel (1962), Roots (1973), and Moores (1980); Quebec brands such as Aldo (1972), Ardene (1982), and Boutique La Vie en Rose (1984); and British Columbia brands such as Aritzia (1984), Arc'teryx (1989), and Lululemon (1998).
Fashion industry
See also: List of Canadian clothing store chains
Economy
Roots store on Bloor St., Toronto
As of 2023, the Canadian fashion industry is estimated to have generated a revenue of US$17.85bn, and revenue is expected to show an annual growth rate of 12.47% until 2027, resulting in a projected market volume of US$28.56bn.
Canadian brands include Arc'teryx, Canada Goose, Frank and Oak, Herschel Supply Co., Hilary MacMillan, Hudson North, Kit and Ace, Kotn, Lesley Hampton, Mackage, Mejuri, Naked and Famous, Oak + Fort, Rudsak, Smash + Tess, Soia & Kyo, Sorel, and Tentree. Many Canadian clothing store chains also distribute their own original brands, such as Ardene, Aritzia, ALDO, Bluenotes, Boutique La Vie en Rose, Club Monaco, Garage, Harry Rosen, Le Château, Lululemon, Moores, Reitmans, Roots Canada, Tip Top Tailors, and Urban Behaviour.
Media
Pink Tartan brand on display at the Spring 2015 Toronto Fashion Week in Pecaut Square
Fashion magazines published in Canada include Canadian Living, Chatelaine, Dolce, Elle Canada, fab, Fashion Magazine, Flare, glow, Hello! Canada, LOU LOU, NUVO, SHARP, and Vancouver Magazine.
Industry events in Canada include Toronto Fashion Week, Ottawa Fashion Week, Montreal Fashion and Design Festival, Vancouver Fashion Week, and Western Canada Fashion Week, among others.
Some popular Canadian fashion models include Shalom Harlow, Jessica Stam, Yasmin Warsame, Stacey McKenzie, Coco Rocha, Heather Marks, Andi Muise, and Linda Evangelista.
Education
Bata Shoe Museum on Bloor St., Toronto
Canadian schools with post-secondary programs in fashion design and marking include Ryerson University School of Fashion, George Brown College, LaSalle College, Wilson School of Design at Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Seneca College, Richard Robinson Fashion Design Academy, Fanshawe College, Humber College, University of Alberta, and School of Media, Art, & Design at St. Clair College.
Museums in Canada dedicated to fashion and textiles, or that maintain significant collections dedicated to fashion history, include the Patricia Harris Gallery of Textiles & Costume at the Royal Ontario Museum, McCord Stewart Museum, the Textile Museum of Canada, the Bata Shoe Museum, the Costume Museum of Canada, and the Mississippi Valley Textile Museum in Almonte, Ontario.
Trends and national costumes
See also: Buffalo coat, Canadian tuxedo, Ceinture fléchée, Coonskin cap, and Cowichan sweater
Hudson's Bay Company catalogue advertisement for Mackinaw jackets (1936)
Postcard illustration of a woman in a "typical Canadian winter dress" (1907)
Canadian consumer fashion trends are linked to the legacy of the country's fashion history and are often an expression of the varied lifestyles associated with Canada's social classes and geography, as seen in athleisure and functional apparel. The "blanket jacket", for example, is possibly Canada's first athleisure garment, and is a continuation of the capotes and mackinaw jackets fashioned from wool blankets. According to Fashion: A Canadian Perspective, "the blanket coat was often labeled in the press as a national costume that represented the Canadian identity." Modern Canadian brands, like Aritzia and Simons, have drawn inspiration from this model for their own products. Athleisure has had continued influence on Canadian fashion developments, as seen in the innovations in leggings and sweatsuits during the late 20th century by Lululemon and Roots respectively.
The parka is another traditional form of functional fashion, which originates from Indigenous cultures of Northern Canada, and has been adapted and marketed for upscale urban wear by brands such as Quartz Co. and Canada Goose.
Since the mid-20th century, Canada has been a hub for innovation and design in winter boots, with local companies having integrated insulated footwear and convenient street styles. Examples include "cougar pillow" boots, First Nations-inspired moccasin footwear, and the waterproof cold-weather boots designed by Sorel.
Various headwear have been developed in Canada and have often carried cultural and historical significance. Beaver hats and their demand in the European market, for example, were an important driver of the Canadian fur trade. The Calgary white hat is a more contemporary example; a garment of symbolic importance for the city of Calgary, Alberta, rooted in the traditional ranching and farming culture of the area. The "White Hat" provides Calgary with a sense of communal identity, an idealized citizen epitomized in the "Canadian cowboy", and a sense of living on the margins and distinction from perceived centralising powers within Canada. Although the knitted cap, or "beanie", was not invented in Canada, it has none the less been distinguished within the Canadian consciousness as an important piece of national apparel. Other headgear that were developed in Canada include the tilley hat, the Pangnirtung (or "Pang") hat, and the "Christy stiff" variety of derby hat.
Equestrian style elements have had a marked influence on modern Canadian design and trends. With the enduring popularity of the "horse girl" aesthetic through clothing articles such as women's tailored blazers, tall leather boots, crewneck sweaters, plaid barn jackets, and sleek leggings, this style has been a source of guidance for major brands like Smythe, Aldo, Roots, and Brunette the Label. Smythe's notoriety as a high-end designer of equestrian-inspired fashion was increased after their blazers were worn by the Duchess of Cambridge at several public events, including the 2011 and 2016 royal tours of Canada. Brands like Street and Saddle and Ellie Mae have adapted recreational equestrian styles for everyday and professional wear, particularly the autumn fashion season.
Uniforms
Left: Billy Bishop wearing a regulation fur wedge cap as a cadet at the Royal Military College (1914). Right: Mountie wearing her ceremonial uniform at the Vancouver Pride Parade (2009).
Public service
See also: Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces
One of Canada's most recognizable and internationally-renown uniforms is the ceremonial outfit of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. This uniform consists of the Red Serge (a scarlet military-pattern tunic, complete with a high-neck black collar), midnight-blue breeches with yellow trouser piping, an oxblood Sam Browne belt with white sidearm lanyard and matching oxblood riding boots, brown felt campaign hat (also known as the "stetson hat"), and oxblood gloves.
The fur wedge cap is a traditional piece of headgear for some Canadian police forces, such as the RCMP and Toronto Police Service, as well as the Canadian Armed Forces, where it was in use from the 1890s to the 1970s. It continues to be worn by officer cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada. The outside layer of the cap is usually made from either synthetic fur or an animal product, such as Persian lamb wool, and is designed to fold flat when not in use.
Non-governmental organisations
There are a number of Canadian youth associations which require standard-issue uniforms for their members. One such organisation is the Girl Guides of Canada, which has had a myriad of different uniforms for each of its branches since its inception in 1909. The earliest known uniform for Guides included a navy-blue skirt, a red biretta or straw hat (for Summer), navy-blue stockings, white lanyard, and a jersey and neckerchief in "company colours". Currently, youth branches all maintain some variation of a navy-blue shirt or tunic with a trefoil, with optional sashes and scarves.
References
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See also
List of fashion events
Fashion portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boots_on_a_rock_(Unsplash).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat-Suit_Classics_for_the_Teen-Age_Girls_-_Simpson%27s_Fashions_of_Spring_and_Summer_1945.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vivian_Wilcox,_r%C3%A9dactrice_de_mode_pour_Ch%C3%A2telaine_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Canada_Goose_logo_label.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kate_in_Ottawa_for_Canada_Day_2011_cropped.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman%27s_outer_parka,_Nunavimiut,_eastern_Hudson_Bay,_c._1914_-_Royal_Ontario_Museum_-_DSC00296.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Niagara_Falls_fashion_plate,_1842_Gravure_de_mode_devant_les_chutes_Niagara,_1842_(48301610776).jpg"},{"link_name":"Chilliwack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilliwack"},{"link_name":"Chatelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatelaine_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"HRH the Princess of Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"Niagara Falls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara_Falls"},{"link_name":"fashion plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_plate"},{"link_name":"Nunavimiut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungava_Bay"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"Canada Goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Goose_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Simpson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simpsons_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing"},{"link_name":"footwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footwear"},{"link_name":"accessories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_accessories"},{"link_name":"fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"polities it is descended from","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Indigenous cultures of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"maintain fashions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_fashion"},{"link_name":"Port-Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port-Royal_(Acadia)"},{"link_name":"North American fur trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_fur_trade"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"local geography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"western Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Arc'teryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%27teryx"},{"link_name":"Lululemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lululemon"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company"},{"link_name":"Holt Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holt_Renfrew"},{"link_name":"industry events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_week"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"fashion magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_journalism"},{"link_name":"Elle Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Canada"},{"link_name":"Fashion Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Magazine"},{"link_name":"fashion design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_design"}],"text":"Clockwise from top: woman wearing black boots, leggings, and cabin socks (Chilliwack, 2017), Chatelaine fashion editor Vivian Wilcox (1955), HRH the Princess of Wales in a Canada-themed outfit (Ottawa, 2011), \"Niagara Falls fashion plate\" (1842), Nunavimiut outer parka (c. 1914) at the Royal Ontario Museum, Canada Goose logo, Canadian teenagers in skirt-suits from Simpson's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1945)Canadian fashion refers to the styles, trends, design, and production of clothing, footwear, accessories, and other expressions of fashion in Canada and the polities it is descended from.Since time immemorial, the Indigenous cultures of Canada designed clothing and accessories for practical application in contention with the natural elements, as well as for ritualistic and spiritual purposes. Indigenous-Canadians maintain fashions that are distinct to their particular cultures. Beginning from the 16th century after the founding of Port-Royal, developing factors such as continued European settlement, the North American fur trade, and the establishment of proto-Canadian colonies, such as those of New France and British North America, incrementally introduced western fashions throughout the region, which were often modified or innovated to adapt to local geography.From the 16th century onward, Canada's fashion history can be divided into discernable eras that are characterized by prevalent styles particular to the time period. These various modes of dress have often been influenced by the predominant upper-class fashions of western Europe, notably Britain and France, as well as the geographical realities of living in Canada and the rugged lifestyles therein.Canada's fashion economy includes numerous clothing and accessory brands (such as Arc'teryx and Lululemon), department stores (such as the historical Hudson's Bay Company and Holt Renfrew), various annual and semi-annual industry events in Vancouver, Edmonton, Toronto, Ottawa, and Montreal, fashion magazines (such as Elle Canada and Fashion Magazine), and a variety of postsecondary programs in fashion design and marketing.","title":"Canadian fashion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Western Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Western_Fashion"}],"text":"See also: History of Western Fashion","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_fashion"},{"link_name":"1550–1600 in Western European fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1550%E2%80%931600_in_Western_European_fashion"},{"link_name":"1600–1650 in Western European fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1600%E2%80%931650_in_Western_European_fashion"},{"link_name":"1650–1700 in Western European fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1650%E2%80%931700_in_Western_European_fashion"},{"link_name":"1700–1750 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1700%E2%80%931750_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ein_Canadischer_Bauer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrival_of_the_Brides_-_Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale.png"},{"link_name":"Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale"},{"link_name":"capotain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capotain"},{"link_name":"Jean Talon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Talon"},{"link_name":"slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_New_France"},{"link_name":"Rupert's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"North-Western Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Territory"},{"link_name":"Columbia District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_District"},{"link_name":"trappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Capotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capote_(garment)"},{"link_name":"wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool"},{"link_name":"coats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat"},{"link_name":"settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlers"},{"link_name":"Mi'kmaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%27kmaq"},{"link_name":"royal charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_charter"},{"link_name":"Charles II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"Moose Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_Factory"},{"link_name":"New Severn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Severn"},{"link_name":"York Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Factory"},{"link_name":"Fort Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churchill,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-northwest_journal-capots-3"},{"link_name":"mukluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukluks"},{"link_name":"hide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(skin)"},{"link_name":"Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit"},{"link_name":"sealskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealskin"},{"link_name":"caribou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribou"},{"link_name":"blind stitched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind_stitch"},{"link_name":"sinew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinew"},{"link_name":"tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra"},{"link_name":"tassels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassels"},{"link_name":"beading patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beadwork"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Habitants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitants"},{"link_name":"French-Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French-Canadian"},{"link_name":"New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_France"},{"link_name":"British conquest in 1763","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)"},{"link_name":"weavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weaving"},{"link_name":"linen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen"},{"link_name":"hemp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemp"},{"link_name":"leather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather"},{"link_name":"fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_clothing"},{"link_name":"shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shift_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"shirt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirt"},{"link_name":"breeches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeches"},{"link_name":"stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockings"},{"link_name":"waistcoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waistcoat"},{"link_name":"shoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoes"},{"link_name":"clogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogs"},{"link_name":"moccasins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moccasins"},{"link_name":"breechclouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breechclouts"},{"link_name":"toques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toque"},{"link_name":"skirts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skirts"},{"link_name":"petticoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petticoat"},{"link_name":"garters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garters"},{"link_name":"bodices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodices"},{"link_name":"bonnets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnet_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresses"},{"link_name":"mantles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"aprons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprons"},{"link_name":"shawls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawls"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-01-14-5"},{"link_name":"bourgeoisie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeoisie"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"velvet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet"},{"link_name":"tri-corner hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricorne"},{"link_name":"muslin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslin"},{"link_name":"pleats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleats"},{"link_name":"parasols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasols"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-01-14-5"},{"link_name":"cravats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cravat_(early)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-01-14-5"},{"link_name":"Dress trains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Train_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-01-14-5"}],"sub_title":"New France and the early Fur Trade (1530s to 1750s)","text":"See also: French fashion, 1550–1600 in Western European fashion, 1600–1650 in Western European fashion, 1650–1700 in Western European fashion, and 1700–1750 in Western fashionEin Canadischer Bauer (A Canadian Farmer) by Friedrich von Germann (1778)Arrival of the Brides by Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale (c. prior to 1927). High-class French women are illustrated wearing colourful dresses, lace sleeves, ribbons, and holding fans. In contrast, the evidently lower-class woman in the foreground carries a metal box and wears a plain blouse, capotain hat, and long skirt. Most of the men depicted appear to be high-born, including Jean Talon, wearing colourful (possibly velvet) coats, cravats, and decorated hats that they carry at their sides. The labourer (and possibly slave) at the bottom wears a headwrap and no shirt.European exploration northwestward, into the frontier of Rupert's Land, the North-Western Territory, and the Columbia District, was in large part motivated by the North American fur trade, establishing a network of forts and supply routes that laid the developmental groundwork for the modern Canadian state. Indigenous and European hunters and trappers supplied trade networks that capitalized on the demand for beaver pelts in European markets.[1]Capotes (long wrap-style wool coats, often complete with a hood) were worn by European settlers, traders, trappers, and hunters, as well as Indigenous peoples, since the earliest days of the fur trade. These coats were known to be easy to move in, and were first traded to the Mi'kmaq by French sailors. The Hudson's Bay Company, which was granted monopoly over Rupert's Land via royal charter from Charles II of England, sold capotes (also called \"blanket coats\"), fabricated out of the company's unique \"point blanket\", from trading posts such as Moose Factory, New Severn, York Factory, and Fort Churchill as early as the mid-17th century.[2][3]Beginning in the 17th century, European explorers and traders increasingly wore mukluks; hide boots originally crafted by Inuit peoples using sealskin and caribou skin. Mukluks were designed for maneuverability and warmth, and were blind stitched with sinew thread to make watertight seams, thus being suitable for tundra. European adoption of mukluks in turn influenced Indigenous crafting by introducing new materials, sewing techniques, and styles, as seen in the increased used of tassels and new beading patterns.[4]Habitants (French-Canadian farmers and fishers) comprised 80% of the population of New France by the time of the British conquest in 1763. Habitant clothing was largely homemade or spun by local weavers, usually using linen, hemp, or wool, and lined with leather or fur, and was similar to the conservative clothing worn in the French countryside. Men tended to wear a shift or shirt, breeches, wool stockings, sometimes a vest or waistcoat, and either leather shoes, clogs or moccasins. Men would also wear breechclouts or toques depending on the season. Daily-wear for women included cotton shifts, woolen skirts over a petticoat, wool stockings held up by garters, bodices, bonnets, and buckle shoes or clogs. Habitant women also kept dresses, mantles, aprons, and shawls.[5]The bourgeoisie of New France generally wore clothes with comparatively finer fabrics, such as silk and velvet, and utilized a wider variety of colour. Men often wore wigs and tri-corner hats with feathers, decorative buttons, and braids, and tended to have embroideries on their clothing. Bourgeois men also tended to wear ties or scarves made of muslin. Bourgeois women wore decorative fashions, such as blouses with lace collars and skirts with pleats, generally more fitted dresses and dress coats than their lower-class counterparts, and often carried fans or parasols.[5]New France nobility wore similar fashions to the bourgeoisie, but were generally more lavish and extravagant in their fabrics and designs. Men wore wigs and tri-corner hats, although before the 18th century, these wigs were often so large that hats had to be carried underarm. They wore shirts with lace collars and cuffs, Steinkerque lace cravats, gold and silver-threaded vests and coats, and silk pants, stockings, and shoes. Noblemen also often carried canes, wore gloves, and even as wigs downsized, the tradition of carrying hats underarm persisted.[5]Noble women wore bonnets decorated with lace and gems (often in the shape of butterflies), as well as blouses adorned with frilled lace and with funnel-shaped lace sleeves. Their dresses and skirts often had gold and silver thread, floral designs, fringes, and were typically layered over petticoats. Dress trains in New France were also traditionally cut to length in accordance with one's level of nobility. Like their male counterparts, noble women wore silk stockings and shoes. Accessories included parasols, gloves, and gold and silver ribbons that often held garments together.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1750–1775 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1750%E2%80%931775_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1775–1795 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Sandham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Sandham"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"British conquest of New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758-1760)"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Atlantic colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_maritimes"},{"link_name":"United Empire Loyalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-06-30-6"},{"link_name":"macaroni fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macaroni_(fashion)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Georgian era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgian_era"},{"link_name":"three-piece suits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suit"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cdnhistorybits_2015-06-30-6"}],"sub_title":"Post-New France and the new British colonies (1760s to 1800s)","text":"See also: 1750–1775 in Western fashion and 1775–1795 in Western fashionThe Coming of the Loyalists by Henry Sandham (c. between 1880 and 1910), depicting a romanticised arrival of United Empire Loyalists to a New Brunswick shore. The men are shown in century coats, waistcoats, and tricorne hats, while the women wear brightly coloured dresses, shawls, and ornamented hats.Though the early years following the British conquest of New France did not see a dramatic shift in the way of working-class fashion, the changing styles among the upper-classes in England and France did influence those of the Canadian colonies. Fashions of upper-class Canadian women reflected those of their European counterparts, such as through the use of lace, boned stays, pastels, and ruffles. Though English styles were incorporated into the wardrobes of French-Canadian women, these styles were more prevalent in English-majority areas during this period, particularly in Upper Canada and the Atlantic colonies, where immigrants from Britain and the influx of United Empire Loyalists tended to settle. English and French styles during this time were typically distinguished by their level of extravagance; English-Canadian dresses tended to be more toned-down and conservative.[6]In contrast to the macaroni fashion that took off in London during the Georgian era, men's fashion in the Canadian colonies tended to shift toward a comparatively casual and sleek appearance. Men's clothes in the latter part of the 18th century became tighter over time, and three-piece suits started to become more commonplace.\n[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1795–1820 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1820s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1820s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1830s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1830s_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neas_Shaw.jpg"},{"link_name":"John Wycliffe Lowes Forster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wycliffe_Lowes_Forster"},{"link_name":"Æneas Shaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86neas_Shaw"},{"link_name":"epaulettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epaulettes"},{"link_name":"Regency era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_era"},{"link_name":"Great Migration of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Isles"},{"link_name":"Romantic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_movement"},{"link_name":"dandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dandy"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_boots"},{"link_name":"tophats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tophats"},{"link_name":"pocket watches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_watches"},{"link_name":"monocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocles"},{"link_name":"greatcoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greatcoats"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MacGregor_Red_%26_Black_(aka_Rob_Roy_Macgregor)_tartan.png"},{"link_name":"black-on-red tartan pattern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clan_Gregor#Tartans"},{"link_name":"Empire dresses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_silhouette"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"mackinaw jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinaw_jacket"},{"link_name":"Fort Mackinac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Mackinac"},{"link_name":"Charles Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Roberts_(soldier,_died_1816)"},{"link_name":"British Indian Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Department"},{"link_name":"tartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartan"},{"link_name":"snowdrifts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowdrift"},{"link_name":"double-breasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-breasted"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WooleySketches-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TTS-10"}],"sub_title":"Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)","text":"See also: 1795–1820 in Western fashion, 1820s in Western fashion, and 1830s in Western fashionMajor-General The Hon. Aeneas Shaw by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster (1902), depicting Æneas Shaw in a scarlet tailcoat with golden epaulettes and buttons, white trousers, and a black cape with red liningThe Regency era marks the beginning of the Great Migration of Canada, in which roughly 800,000 migrants, largely from the British Isles, moved to British North America. As a result, London upper-class fashions, such as those of the Romantic movement and the dandy trend, became much more predominant throughout the Canadian colonies; in Upper Canada, the Maritimes, and even in Lower Canada, where a Francophone majority persisted. In Fashion: A Canadian Perspective, Alexandra Palmer explains that \"by the 1830s Lower Canadian professionals were spending a greater proportion of their income (some 20%) on attire. This was more than any other class, making them leaders in fashion as well as politics. They were, for example, early purchasers not only of trousers but also the stylish Wellington and Brunswick boots advertised in Lower Canadian newspapers after 1815. […] These men went from wearing wigs or tying back their own long hair […] to short natural styles.\"\"Dandy\" fashion entailed some common elements: dark colours, blue tailcoats with gold buttons, white muslin shirts, trousers replacing breeches, fabrics like silk, wool, cotton, and buckskin, and generally tight-fitting clothes. Other important articles and accessories for upper-class men included black silk tophats (or \"toppers\"), cravats, gloves, canes, pocket watches, monocles, and greatcoats.[7]The black-on-red tartan pattern was used in the fabrication of mackinaw jackets during the War of 1812Women's high fashion took a dramatic shift from the understated fashions of decades prior as extravagant styles became popular, utilizing such elements as poofy sleeves, bell-shaped skirts, elaborate hats, and ribbons. Empire dresses from the early part of the century were high-waisted with a fitted bodice, and were flowing and loose fitting at the bottom. Preceding years over the course of this period saw older styles blending into new, such as dresses with \"empire\" waistlines but with fuller skirts, and also saw the beginnings of gigot-style sleeves as a trend. As sleeves expanded during the 1820s, the common fashion for waistlines also inched lower overtime.[8]During the War of 1812, the mackinaw jacket was invented out of necessity. During the occupation of Fort Mackinac, the British commander Charles Roberts requisitioned a supply of Hudson's Bay point blankets from the British Indian Department to manufacture greatcoats for the coming winter. Due to the shortage of blue fabric needed to complete the order, the balance was supplemented by blankets with a black-on-red tartan pattern. After being advised by a dispatch runner on the impracticality of travelling in long greatcoats between Montreal and Mackinaw during winter due to snowdrifts, it was recommended that they instead fabricate shorter double-breasted jackets, thus inventing what became known as the '’mackinaw jacket'’.[9][10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_fashion"},{"link_name":"1840s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1850s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1860s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1870s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1870s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1880s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1880s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1890s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890s_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Bowman_and_Family_Painting.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowmanville"},{"link_name":"Confederation era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Confederation"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"balls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballroom_dance"},{"link_name":"Marie Antoinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Antoinette"},{"link_name":"Canadian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_history"},{"link_name":"British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"crinoline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoline"},{"link_name":"paisley shawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_shawl"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"British Raj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Raj"},{"link_name":"millinery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millinery"},{"link_name":"dressmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dressmaking"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lord_Strathcona_Vanity_Fair_1900-04-19.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wilfrid_Laurier_Vanity_Fair_1897-08-19.jpg"},{"link_name":"Leslie Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward"},{"link_name":"Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Smith,_1st_Baron_Strathcona_and_Mount_Royal"},{"link_name":"Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier"},{"link_name":"Vanity Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)"},{"link_name":"T. Eaton Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton%27s"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ontario Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"stocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_tie"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"equestrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"fraternal organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternity"},{"link_name":"Freemasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Orange Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:J._J._Milloy_Dress.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skirt_Suit.jpg"},{"link_name":"doeskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doeskin"},{"link_name":"mother-of-pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacre"},{"link_name":"tailors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tailors"},{"link_name":"labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand"},{"link_name":"governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_general_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Arthur_Stanley,_16th_Earl_of_Derby"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Confederation Era (1840s to 1890s)","text":"See also: Victorian fashion, 1840s in Western fashion, 1850s in Western fashion, 1860s in Western fashion, 1870s in Western fashion, 1880s in Western fashion, and 1890s in Western fashionPainting of the Bowman family by an unknown artist (c.1840s). Store-owner Charles Bowman and his sons are dressed in three-piece suits while his wife and daughters wear dresses. Additions and accessories include Charles' stock tie, his wife's bonnet, his older daughter's shawl, and his younger daughter's capelet.Everyday fashion for women during the Confederation era was characterized by variety, ornamentation, and ever-changing styles. Dresses in the 1830s were notable for their width, voluminousness, and gigot-style sleeves. The 1850s saw the popularity of crinolines skirts and bell-shaped shirts. Over time, the fashionability of the perch at the back of the dress shifted to smoother lines, akin to an \"hour-glass\" shape by the end of the 19th century. Canadian middle-class women often had to modify their existing attire to sustain the changing trends.[11]Formal dress for Canadian women was important during this era due to the popularity of costumed theatre, skating carnivals, and balls. Historical figures, such as Marie Antoinette, were popular costume inspirations, and great care was taken to achieve historical accuracy whilst keeping in line with contemporary fashion. The 1870s, for example, saw the popularity of the \"princess-style dress\", which was sewn without a waistline and incorporated a white wig and regal velvet sleeve detail. These events were typically themed to celebrate Canadian history or the British Empire, and had a function of disseminating educational themes of technological progress, art, and literature through local newspapers.[12]Women's outerwear had to adapt to the changing styles of dress. For example, with the 1850s crinoline trend, overcoats were exchanged for shawls. The paisley shawl, which were already in common use in Scotland and the British Raj, was particularly popular during this time. Hats and bonnets also became particularly popular in the 1880s and 90s, and millinery became a growing trade for women, separate from dressmaking. Materials such as ribbons, lace, flowers, feathers, and sometimes bird ornaments were artistically incorporated as hats came to be seen as increasingly stylish and not simply functional attire.[13]Leslie Ward's caricatures of Donald Smith, 1st Baron Strathcona and Mount Royal, 1900 (left), and Sir Henri Charles Wilfrid Laurier, 1897 (right), as published in Vanity Fair. Strathcona and Laurier are illustrated wearing professional attire typical of this period; dark three-piece suits, white collars, and morning coats.Professional attire became increasingly prominent with Canada's burgeoning middle class. These clothes were required to be low-maintenance and perceived as respectable, as masculine fashions gradually shifted from the decorative styles of previous eras in favour of black suits. Though custom-made suits were worn by wealthy and prominent professionals, cheaper ready-made suits became more widely available and marketed through mail-order catalogues by companies like T. Eaton Co. and Dupuis Frères.[14] Fur coats were common during the winter months, as seen in the distinctive designs of R.J. Devlin, who made beaver-fur greatcoats that were known to be particularly popular among members of the Ontario Legislative Assembly.[15]Increasing simplicity in men's everyday wear provided the opportunity for personal flare through luxury ornaments and accessories. Such items included pocket watches, detachable collars, ties, cravats, stocks, and tophats.[16]Other men's fashions came in the form of leisure and club wear. Sporting attire was produced to meet demand from the increasing interest in activities like hockey, equestrian, cycling, walking, and swimming. For example, breeches became more vogue due to the popularity of horseback riding and cycling.[17] The rise in membership of fraternal organizations, such as the Freemasons and the Orange Order, saw an increased use of ceremonial garments. Such garments included the Freemasons' apron, based on the functional attire of medieval stonemasons and adorned with Masonic symbols, ribbons, and rosettes, and the collar of the Orange Order in Canada, which was embroidered with British-Canadian symbols like the thistle, shamrock, rose, and maple leaf.[18]Left: ornate wool dress tailored by J.J. Miloy (1887). Right: wool doeskin skirt-suit with a silk velvet collar, silk lining, and mother-of-pearl buttons by William St. Pierre Ltd. (c. 1900)The mid-19th century saw the development of local, custom-made clothing industries and the increase in prestige of fashion design as a trade. Canadian fashion designers during this period were dressmakers and tailors who often ran local storefronts, which may have also sold fabrics and accessories, catering to local urban markets such as Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa. These businesses often operated under the name of the owner-designer, and by the late 19th to early 20th century, city directories listed an outstanding quantity of local tailors and dressmaking shops. This period also saw labels become a common industry practice for designers to guarantee their authorship, and department stores began selling designer clothing alongside ready-made selections. Famous elite Canadian designers during this period include G.M. Holbrook (Ottawa), William Stitt and Co. and O'Brien (Toronto), and J.J. Miloy (Montreal), who were notably patronized by the governor general Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby and his wife, Lady Stanley.[19]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1900s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1910s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1910s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1920s in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920s_in_Western_fashion"},{"link_name":"1930–1945 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930%E2%80%931945_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eaton%27s_Spring_and_Summer_Catalogue_1916_(26126403464).jpg"},{"link_name":"Edwardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_era"},{"link_name":"haute couture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haute_couture"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Mass-produced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass-produced"},{"link_name":"gowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowns"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Service_Dress,_Captain_Noel_Farrow,_Canadian_Expeditionary_Force,_1917_-_Glenbow_Museum_-_DSC00669.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CanadianHomeJournal1920Fashions.jpg"},{"link_name":"Canadian Expeditionary Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Expeditionary_Force"},{"link_name":"Glenbow Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenbow_Museum"},{"link_name":"military regalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_uniform"},{"link_name":"service dress jacket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_dress_uniform"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"suffragettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffragettes"},{"link_name":"Famous Five","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"flapper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flapper"},{"link_name":"chemise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemise"},{"link_name":"camisoles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camisoles"},{"link_name":"bloomers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomers"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Oxford bags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_bags"},{"link_name":"homburg hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homburg_hats"},{"link_name":"fedoras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fedoras"},{"link_name":"bowler hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowler_hat"},{"link_name":"trilby hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilby"},{"link_name":"newsboy caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsboy_cap"},{"link_name":"flat caps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Cap"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Edwardian Era, World War 1, and Interwar Period (1900s to 1930s)","text":"See also: 1900s in Western fashion, 1910s in Western fashion, 1920s in Western fashion, and 1930–1945 in Western fashionEaton's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1916)Edwardian women's fashion was characterized notably by the preeminence of Parisian haute couture, which had a marked influence on western fashion broadly, including in the Dominion of Canada. For example, the S-shaped \"columnar silhouette\", made popular by Parisian couturiers, saw the phasing out of corsets which were fundamental to the fashions of the previous era.[20] Mass-produced clothing also started to become more prevalent, which squeezed the local custom garment industry, particularly in men's wear. Notable Canadian designers during the 1920s and 30s include Madame Martha, who designed and sold couture clothing in Toronto, and Ida Desmarais, who designed gowns for a Montreal clientele. Gaby Bernier and Marie-Paule Nolin were also important Montreal designers who established their practices during the 1930s. The influx of imports from European designers, particularly those of Paris, to Canadian department stores like Eaton's, Simpson's, and Holt Renfrew presented further challenges for local producers, although some Canadian designers had garnered enough brand recognition to maintain a presence with department stores, such as Madame Martha's \"French Salon\" at the Simpson's Toronto location, and Marie-Paule Nolin's in-store salon and couture workroom at Holt Renfrew's Montreal location.[21]Left: Service dress of Captain Noel Farrow, Canadian Expeditionary Force (1917), as displayed at Glenbow Museum. Right: \"New Easter Frocks, Undeniably Chic and Cleverly Designed\" from Canadian Home Journal (1920).The Edwardian era saw the brightly-coloured military regalia, typical of the previous century, replaced with the Canadian-patterned service dress jacket, which was intended to double as both a field and dress jacket. This jacket was characterized by a stand-up collar secured by hooks and eyes, a 5 to 7-button front closure, two box-pleated breast-pockets with scalloped flaps and buttons, two hip-pockets with flaps, gauntlet-style cuffs, and sometimes coloured shoulder straps. During the First World War, an economy version of this service jacket was introduced in the form of the \"Kitchener Pattern\", which notably replaced box-pleats at the breast-pockets with standard pockets.[22]Efforts toward women's rights by suffragettes, particularly Canada's Famous Five, as well as an increase in women's participation in sport, helped to advance changing ideals for the woman's role in Canadian society, which was reflected through developments in fashion. Canadian women's fashion in the 1920s continued a shift away from the more physically restrictive styles of the Confederation era and toward generally more comfortable garments, such as trousers and short skirts. Similar to the developing fashion scenes of other western countries, the flapper style became popular among Canadian women during this decade. As the decade developed, particular styles of women's articles gained popularity in this vein, such as shift dresses, straight bodices, collars, and all-in-one lingerie, and the corset became increasingly substituted by chemise dresses or camisoles and bloomers.[23]The 1920’s also saw developments in the way of men's suits. Similar to women's fashions of the time, everyday suit-wear became less formal and more considerate of personal comfort. Shorter suit jackets replaced formal long suit jackets for casual wear. The service uniforms of the First World War influenced men's jackets of the early 1920s; they tended to be high-waisted with narrow lapels. Trousers during this part of the decade also tended to be narrow. The latter half of the decade saw the typical suit jacket develop a lower waistline, wider lapels, and Oxford bags became more popular in place of narrower pants. Men's headwear during this time was typically stratified by class; upper-class men tended to wear tophats or homburg hats, the middle-class tended to wear fedoras, bowler hats, or trilby hats, while working-class men tended to wear newsboy caps or flat caps.[24]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1945–1960 in Western fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945%E2%80%931960_in_Western_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatelaine-magazine-cover-1940s.webp"},{"link_name":"savings stamps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_stamp"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"War Measures Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Measures_Act"},{"link_name":"Wartime Prices and Trade Board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime_Prices_and_Trade_Board"},{"link_name":"Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Canadian_newspapers"},{"link_name":"newsmagazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsmagazines"},{"link_name":"magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_magazines"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chatelaine_magazine_April_1942_-_skirt_suit.png"},{"link_name":"bandana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandana"},{"link_name":"snood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snood_(headgear)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"creams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotion"},{"link_name":"western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canada"},{"link_name":"eastern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Canada"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deux_mannequins_regardent_la_mode_d%E2%80%99autrefois_dans_des_catalogues_de_Simpson%E2%80%99s.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fashion models","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_models"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Saskatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Morgan's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Morgan_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Freimans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freimans"},{"link_name":"Woodward's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodwards"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"House of Christian Dior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Canada's grand railway hotels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_railway_hotels_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont_Royal_York"},{"link_name":"Chateau Frontenac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chateau_Frontenac"},{"link_name":"Château Laurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Laurier"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"fashion show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_show"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"sub_title":"World War 2 and Post-war Era (1940s to 1950s)","text":"See also: 1945–1960 in Western fashionThis Chatelaine cover (1943) depicts a woman, or \"career girl\", in a simple buttoned shirt at a desk with a typewriter. The bottom text encourages the reader to buy war savings stamps.The Second World War temporarily, but drastically, altered the Canadian public's relationship with fashion. Textiles and metals that were typically used in the production of clothing were often redirected from consumer fashion and toward the war effort. More functional and practical clothing was culturally encouraged and regulated, as the national consciousness focused on a collective effort toward liberating Europe. Feminine fashion, in particular, reflected working class roles as women took up occupations traditionally filled by men, and was even described as an expression of patriotism. In the 1941 Chatelaine feature titled \"How Do We Dress From Here?\", Carolyn Damon wrote that \"today we think more seriously, and so we dress more seriously.\"[25]As part of the War Measures Act, the Wartime Prices and Trade Board became responsible for the control of goods and services, which affected the country's fashion economy dramatically. The WPTB's mandate included supply allocation, manufacturing capacity, labour allotment, product design, product change regulations, distribution of goods and services, and price controls. Because the manufacturing capacity and fabrics of certain clothing articles, such as jackets and pants, directly contradicted the production of military clothing, a simplification program for consumer fashion was enforced, which had the effect of reducing the diversity of available styles, silhouettes, colours, and dimensions. Despite these restrictions, the perpetuation of fashion nonetheless persisted. Newspapers, newsmagazines, and magazines consistently published columns, stories, and features dedicated to opinions and developments in fashion. New clothing designs, accessory descriptions, and stories addressing WPTB restrictions were continuously published throughout the war.[26]Women's \"skirt-suit\" modeled in Chatelaine magazine's April 1942 editionWomen's fashion and fashion journalism continued to develop during the war, as demonstrated through seasonal style changes and the adoption of new clothing articles. For example, the summer fashions of 1940 were described as \"gracefully feminine\", while the following autumn shifted to a comparatively narrower silhouette, and the spring of 1941 was distinguished by reduced shoulder padding and shorter and narrower skirts. Women's suits (typically consisting of a jacket and skirt), in particular, became an important fashion story, turning into a common wardrobe staple and being described as a \"Canadian tradition\". In the spring of 1942, the popularity of suits even overtook that of coats and dresses. Similarly, the increased appropriation of slacks by women, a typically male garment at the time, was a major wartime story that represented a shift in gender roles. Manufacturers often developed uniforms for their workforce, which tended to include comfortable low heels, short-sleeved blouses, slacks, and a bandana or snood.[27]Department store catalogues, such as those of Eaton's, Simpson's, and Dupuis Frères, continued to have an important influence on women's fashion in the years following the end of the war. Although rural women in particular mostly used catalogues to order fabrics (from which they would fabricate their own clothing based on designs found in the catalogues), ready-to-wear fashions grew more prevalent as these catalogues became increasingly important to Canadian consumer culture.[28]Dresses in the 1940s and 50s post-war era shifted away from the pre-war styles of the 1920s and 30s, which emphasized a natural look with shortened skirts, shorter sleeves, lower necklines, and relatively loose-fitting dresses with a somewhat square shape. Post-war dresses tended to fit tighter at the top, while wide and full at the bottom. Corsets, crinolines, and girdles returned to fashion during this period, as the emphasis on slimness increased via the influence of commercial advertising. Catalogues also promoted youth as the standard of feminine beauty, advertising products like creams, hair treatments, complexion pills, and clothes which lent themselves to a more youthful appearance (such as corsets and girdles). Modeling displayed in catalogues distributed between western and eastern Canada had notable differences, as these strict standards for youth and beauty were emphasised more in eastern markets; catalogues issued in western Canada tended to be more liberal in using female models with fuller figures or more aged appearances.[29]Fashion models Joan Ward (left) and Barbara Ellis (right) compare fashions in a Simpson's catalogue from 1902 with the Fall and Winter Catalogue of 1952This period was an important time in the development of Canada's department store landscape. With the imminent closing of the North American fur trade, the Hudson's Bay Company underwent a \"modernization program\" which involved entering the commercial retail space. Although the company had operated urban storefronts since the late 19th century, and had established department stores in western Canadian cities such as Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg, Saskatoon, Calgary, and Edmonton since the early 20th century, it was not until the company acquired Morgan's in 1960 that it entered the larger markets in central Canada. This would begin a monopolising trend within Canada's developing retail landscape, as the company would go on to acquire Freimans in 1972, Simpson's in 1978, and Woodward's in 1993.[30]\n[31]Holt Renfrew also made important moves during the post-war era by closing key deals with leading haute couture fashion houses from France and Italy (notably the House of Christian Dior, which Holt Renfrew became the exclusive Canadian distributor for). The company expanded its sales operations in Edmonton, Calgary, and London during the early 1950s, and established key outlets at some of Canada's grand railway hotels, such as the Royal York, Chateau Frontenac, and Château Laurier.[32]\n[33]By 1958, most women's clothing sold in Canada was manufactured domestically, with skilled workers able to produce up to 15 dresses a day on average, although both the textiles and designs were often imported. For example, the \"Parisian chemise\", which was introduced to European markets two years prior, was first sold in Canadian stores during this year.[34]In 1954, the Association of Canadian Couturiers was founded, which was mandated with establishing a recognisable identity and media presence for Canadian design in the broader international market. Renowned members included Montreal's Jacques de Montjoye and Toronto's Frederica. After producing the first all-Canadian fashion show in New York during their inaugural year, the Association continued to produce shows in Canadian cities twice a year, until they disbanded in 1968.[35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1960s in fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960s_in_fashion"},{"link_name":"1970s in fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970s_in_fashion"},{"link_name":"1980s in fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980s_in_fashion"},{"link_name":"1990s in fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990s_in_fashion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Club_Monaco_store_in_Toronto.jpg"},{"link_name":"Queen Street, Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Street,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Expo 67","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expo_67"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Alfred Sung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sung"},{"link_name":"Club Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Simon Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Chang_(designer)"},{"link_name":"Linda Lundstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Lundstrom"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Fashion Design Council of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Design_Council_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Roots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_Canada"},{"link_name":"Moores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores"},{"link_name":"Aldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo_Group"},{"link_name":"Ardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardene"},{"link_name":"Boutique La Vie en Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique_La_Vie_en_Rose"},{"link_name":"Aritzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritzia"},{"link_name":"Arc'teryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%27teryx"},{"link_name":"Lululemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lululemon"}],"sub_title":"Late 20th Century (1960s to 1990s)","text":"See also: 1960s in fashion, 1970s in fashion, 1980s in fashion, and 1990s in fashionThe first Club Monaco store opened on Queen Street, Toronto in 1985In 1974, the Fashion Designers Association of Canada was founded, which was mandated to promote Canadian designers as well as generate appreciation for the fashion industry's contribution to Canadian society as a whole. This Association was partly founded by Michel Robichaud and Marielle Fleury, who became globally renown when their designs toured Europe in the lead-up to Expo 67. Other notable members included Montreal's Léo Chevalier and John Warden, and Toronto's Pat McDonagh, Claire Haddad, Marilyn Brooks, and Elen Henderson. The Association held seasonal fashion shows in both Toronto and Montreal until 1980, when it disbanded.[36]Despite the dissolution of two fashion design associations in the 60s and 80s, the developing export market in the final decades of the 20th century marked an increase in global recognition of Canadian fashion design. Canadian fashion designers that garnered significant international reputations during this era include Alfred Sung (co-founder of Club Monaco), Jean-Claude Poitras, Simon Chang, Hilary Radley, Linda Lundstrom, and Wayne Clark.[37] Furthermore, Canada's third and current fashion design association, the Fashion Design Council of Canada, was founded at the end of the millennium, operating as \"the national trade association representing the interests of the Canadian fashion design industry.\"[38][39]The late 20th century constitutes an era in which many of Canada's most prolific brands were founded. This includes Ontario brands such as Sorel (1962), Roots (1973), and Moores (1980); Quebec brands such as Aldo (1972), Ardene (1982), and Boutique La Vie en Rose (1984); and British Columbia brands such as Aritzia (1984), Arc'teryx (1989), and Lululemon (1998).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Canadian clothing store chains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_clothing_store_chains"}],"text":"See also: List of Canadian clothing store chains","title":"Fashion industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roots_store_on_Bloor_St._in_Toronto.jpg"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Arc'teryx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc%27teryx"},{"link_name":"Canada Goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Goose_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"Herschel Supply Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herschel_Supply_Co."},{"link_name":"Kit and Ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kit_and_Ace"},{"link_name":"Kotn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotn"},{"link_name":"Lesley Hampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Hampton"},{"link_name":"Mackage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackage"},{"link_name":"Sorel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Ardene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardene"},{"link_name":"Aritzia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aritzia"},{"link_name":"ALDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALDO"},{"link_name":"Bluenotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluenotes"},{"link_name":"Boutique La Vie en Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boutique_La_Vie_en_Rose"},{"link_name":"Club Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Monaco"},{"link_name":"Garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_(clothing_retailer)"},{"link_name":"Harry Rosen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Rosen"},{"link_name":"Le Château","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Ch%C3%A2teau"},{"link_name":"Lululemon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lululemon"},{"link_name":"Moores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moores"},{"link_name":"Reitmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reitmans"},{"link_name":"Roots Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots_Canada"},{"link_name":"Tip Top Tailors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip_Top_Tailors"},{"link_name":"Urban Behaviour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_Behaviour"}],"sub_title":"Economy","text":"Roots store on Bloor St., TorontoAs of 2023, the Canadian fashion industry is estimated to have generated a revenue of US$17.85bn, and revenue is expected to show an annual growth rate of 12.47% until 2027, resulting in a projected market volume of US$28.56bn.[40]Canadian brands include Arc'teryx, Canada Goose, Frank and Oak, Herschel Supply Co., Hilary MacMillan, Hudson North, Kit and Ace, Kotn, Lesley Hampton, Mackage, Mejuri, Naked and Famous, Oak + Fort, Rudsak, Smash + Tess, Soia & Kyo, Sorel, and Tentree. Many Canadian clothing store chains also distribute their own original brands, such as Ardene, Aritzia, ALDO, Bluenotes, Boutique La Vie en Rose, Club Monaco, Garage, Harry Rosen, Le Château, Lululemon, Moores, Reitmans, Roots Canada, Tip Top Tailors, and Urban Behaviour.","title":"Fashion industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_Tartan_at_2014_World_MasterCard_Fashion_Week.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pecaut Square","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pecaut_Square"},{"link_name":"Canadian Living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Living"},{"link_name":"Chatelaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatelaine_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Elle Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elle_Canada"},{"link_name":"fab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fab_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Fashion Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Flare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flare_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"glow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glow_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Hello! Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello!_Canada"},{"link_name":"LOU LOU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Lou"},{"link_name":"SHARP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharp_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Toronto Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Montreal Fashion and Design Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McGill_College_Avenue#Events"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Fashion Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Fashion_Week"},{"link_name":"Shalom Harlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom_Harlow"},{"link_name":"Jessica Stam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Stam"},{"link_name":"Yasmin Warsame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasmin_Warsame"},{"link_name":"Stacey McKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stacey_McKenzie"},{"link_name":"Coco Rocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_Rocha"},{"link_name":"Heather Marks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Marks"},{"link_name":"Linda Evangelista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Evangelista"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"sub_title":"Media","text":"Pink Tartan brand on display at the Spring 2015 Toronto Fashion Week in Pecaut SquareFashion magazines published in Canada include Canadian Living, Chatelaine, Dolce, Elle Canada, fab, Fashion Magazine, Flare, glow, Hello! Canada, LOU LOU, NUVO, SHARP, and Vancouver Magazine.Industry events in Canada include Toronto Fashion Week, Ottawa Fashion Week, Montreal Fashion and Design Festival, Vancouver Fashion Week, and Western Canada Fashion Week, among others.Some popular Canadian fashion models include Shalom Harlow, Jessica Stam, Yasmin Warsame, Stacey McKenzie, Coco Rocha, Heather Marks, Andi Muise, and Linda Evangelista.[41]","title":"Fashion industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bata_Shoe_Museum_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ryerson University School of Fashion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Metropolitan_University"},{"link_name":"George Brown College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brown_College"},{"link_name":"LaSalle College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaSalle_College"},{"link_name":"Wilson School of Design at Kwantlen Polytechnic University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantlen_Polytechnic_University"},{"link_name":"Seneca College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seneca_College"},{"link_name":"Richard Robinson Fashion Design Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Robinson_(fashion_designer)"},{"link_name":"Fanshawe College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanshawe_College"},{"link_name":"Humber College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_College"},{"link_name":"University of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Alberta"},{"link_name":"School of Media, Art, & Design at St. Clair College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Clair_College"},{"link_name":"Royal Ontario Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum"},{"link_name":"McCord Stewart Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCord_Stewart_Museum"},{"link_name":"Textile Museum of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_Museum_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Bata Shoe Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum"},{"link_name":"Costume Museum of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costume_Museum_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Almonte, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almonte,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"Bata Shoe Museum on Bloor St., TorontoCanadian schools with post-secondary programs in fashion design and marking include Ryerson University School of Fashion, George Brown College, LaSalle College, Wilson School of Design at Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Seneca College, Richard Robinson Fashion Design Academy, Fanshawe College, Humber College, University of Alberta, and School of Media, Art, & Design at St. Clair College.Museums in Canada dedicated to fashion and textiles, or that maintain significant collections dedicated to fashion history, include the Patricia Harris Gallery of Textiles & Costume at the Royal Ontario Museum, McCord Stewart Museum, the Textile Museum of Canada, the Bata Shoe Museum, the Costume Museum of Canada, and the Mississippi Valley Textile Museum in Almonte, Ontario.[42]","title":"Fashion industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buffalo coat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_coat"},{"link_name":"Canadian tuxedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_tuxedo"},{"link_name":"Ceinture fléchée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceinture_fl%C3%A9ch%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Coonskin cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coonskin_cap"},{"link_name":"Cowichan sweater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowichan_sweater"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HBC_Mackinaw_Jacket.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_lady_in_typical_Canadian_winter_dress_(1907).jpg"},{"link_name":"athleisure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athleisure"},{"link_name":"leggings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggings"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"parka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parka"},{"link_name":"Northern Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Canada"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"headwear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headwear"},{"link_name":"Beaver hats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaver_hats"},{"link_name":"Calgary white hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_White_Hat"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"beanie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beanie_(seamed_cap)"},{"link_name":"tilley hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilley_Endurables"},{"link_name":"Pangnirtung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangnirtung"},{"link_name":"derby hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derby_hat"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Equestrian style elements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_country_clothing"},{"link_name":"blazers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blazer"},{"link_name":"crewneck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewneck"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Duchess of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales"},{"link_name":"royal tours of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"}],"text":"See also: Buffalo coat, Canadian tuxedo, Ceinture fléchée, Coonskin cap, and Cowichan sweaterHudson's Bay Company catalogue advertisement for Mackinaw jackets (1936)Postcard illustration of a woman in a \"typical Canadian winter dress\" (1907)Canadian consumer fashion trends are linked to the legacy of the country's fashion history and are often an expression of the varied lifestyles associated with Canada's social classes and geography, as seen in athleisure and functional apparel. The \"blanket jacket\", for example, is possibly Canada's first athleisure garment, and is a continuation of the capotes and mackinaw jackets fashioned from wool blankets. According to Fashion: A Canadian Perspective, \"the blanket coat was often labeled in the press as a national costume that represented the Canadian identity.\" Modern Canadian brands, like Aritzia and Simons, have drawn inspiration from this model for their own products. Athleisure has had continued influence on Canadian fashion developments, as seen in the innovations in leggings and sweatsuits during the late 20th century by Lululemon and Roots respectively.[43]The parka is another traditional form of functional fashion, which originates from Indigenous cultures of Northern Canada, and has been adapted and marketed for upscale urban wear by brands such as Quartz Co. and Canada Goose.[44]Since the mid-20th century, Canada has been a hub for innovation and design in winter boots, with local companies having integrated insulated footwear and convenient street styles. Examples include \"cougar pillow\" boots, First Nations-inspired moccasin footwear, and the waterproof cold-weather boots designed by Sorel.[45]Various headwear have been developed in Canada and have often carried cultural and historical significance. Beaver hats and their demand in the European market, for example, were an important driver of the Canadian fur trade. The Calgary white hat is a more contemporary example; a garment of symbolic importance for the city of Calgary, Alberta, rooted in the traditional ranching and farming culture of the area. The \"White Hat\" provides Calgary with a sense of communal identity, an idealized citizen epitomized in the \"Canadian cowboy\", and a sense of living on the margins and distinction from perceived centralising powers within Canada.[46] Although the knitted cap, or \"beanie\", was not invented in Canada, it has none the less been distinguished within the Canadian consciousness as an important piece of national apparel. Other headgear that were developed in Canada include the tilley hat, the Pangnirtung (or \"Pang\") hat, and the \"Christy stiff\" variety of derby hat.[47]Equestrian style elements have had a marked influence on modern Canadian design and trends. With the enduring popularity of the \"horse girl\" aesthetic through clothing articles such as women's tailored blazers, tall leather boots, crewneck sweaters, plaid barn jackets, and sleek leggings, this style has been a source of guidance for major brands like Smythe, Aldo, Roots, and Brunette the Label.[48] Smythe's notoriety as a high-end designer of equestrian-inspired fashion was increased after their blazers were worn by the Duchess of Cambridge at several public events, including the 2011 and 2016 royal tours of Canada. Brands like Street and Saddle and Ellie Mae have adapted recreational equestrian styles for everyday and professional wear, particularly the autumn fashion season.[49][50]","title":"Trends and national costumes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BillyBishopCadet.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mountie_at_Vancouver_Pride_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Billy Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Bishop"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Pride Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Pride_Parade"}],"text":"Left: Billy Bishop wearing a regulation fur wedge cap as a cadet at the Royal Military College (1914). Right: Mountie wearing her ceremonial uniform at the Vancouver Pride Parade (2009).","title":"Uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police"},{"link_name":"Red Serge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Serge"},{"link_name":"oxblood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxblood"},{"link_name":"Sam Browne belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Browne_belt"},{"link_name":"lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard"},{"link_name":"riding boots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_boots"},{"link_name":"campaign hat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_hat"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"fur wedge cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fur_wedge_cap"},{"link_name":"Toronto Police Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Police_Service"},{"link_name":"Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"Royal Military College of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Military_College_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"synthetic fur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_fur"},{"link_name":"Persian lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_lamb"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ref7-53"}],"sub_title":"Public service","text":"See also: Uniforms of the Canadian Armed ForcesOne of Canada's most recognizable and internationally-renown uniforms is the ceremonial outfit of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. This uniform consists of the Red Serge (a scarlet military-pattern tunic, complete with a high-neck black collar), midnight-blue breeches with yellow trouser piping, an oxblood Sam Browne belt with white sidearm lanyard and matching oxblood riding boots, brown felt campaign hat (also known as the \"stetson hat\"), and oxblood gloves.[51]The fur wedge cap is a traditional piece of headgear for some Canadian police forces, such as the RCMP and Toronto Police Service, as well as the Canadian Armed Forces, where it was in use from the 1890s to the 1970s. It continues to be worn by officer cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada. The outside layer of the cap is usually made from either synthetic fur or an animal product, such as Persian lamb wool, and is designed to fold flat when not in use.[52][53]","title":"Uniforms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Girl Guides of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_Guides_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"navy-blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy-blue"},{"link_name":"biretta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biretta"},{"link_name":"lanyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanyard"},{"link_name":"neckerchief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckerchief"},{"link_name":"trefoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trefoil"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"Non-governmental organisations","text":"There are a number of Canadian youth associations which require standard-issue uniforms for their members. One such organisation is the Girl Guides of Canada, which has had a myriad of different uniforms for each of its branches since its inception in 1909. The earliest known uniform for Guides included a navy-blue skirt, a red biretta or straw hat (for Summer), navy-blue stockings, white lanyard, and a jersey and neckerchief in \"company colours\". Currently, youth branches all maintain some variation of a navy-blue shirt or tunic with a trefoil, with optional sashes and scarves.[54]","title":"Uniforms"}] | [{"image_text":"Ein Canadischer Bauer (A Canadian Farmer) by Friedrich von Germann (1778)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ein_Canadischer_Bauer.jpg/220px-Ein_Canadischer_Bauer.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arrival of the Brides by Eleanor Fortescue-Brickdale (c. prior to 1927). High-class French women are illustrated wearing colourful dresses, lace sleeves, ribbons, and holding fans. In contrast, the evidently lower-class woman in the foreground carries a metal box and wears a plain blouse, capotain hat, and long skirt. Most of the men depicted appear to be high-born, including Jean Talon, wearing colourful (possibly velvet) coats, cravats, and decorated hats that they carry at their sides. The labourer (and possibly slave) at the bottom wears a headwrap and no shirt.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Arrival_of_the_Brides_-_Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale.png/220px-Arrival_of_the_Brides_-_Eleanor_Fortescue-Brickdale.png"},{"image_text":"The Coming of the Loyalists by Henry Sandham (c. between 1880 and 1910), depicting a romanticised arrival of United Empire Loyalists to a New Brunswick shore. The men are shown in century coats, waistcoats, and tricorne hats, while the women wear brightly coloured dresses, shawls, and ornamented hats.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg/220px-Henry_Sandham_-_The_Coming_of_the_Loyalists.jpg"},{"image_text":"Major-General The Hon. Aeneas Shaw by John Wycliffe Lowes Forster (1902), depicting Æneas Shaw in a scarlet tailcoat with golden epaulettes and buttons, white trousers, and a black cape with red lining","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Neas_Shaw.jpg/220px-Neas_Shaw.jpg"},{"image_text":"The black-on-red tartan pattern was used in the fabrication of mackinaw jackets during the War of 1812","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/MacGregor_Red_%26_Black_%28aka_Rob_Roy_Macgregor%29_tartan.png/220px-MacGregor_Red_%26_Black_%28aka_Rob_Roy_Macgregor%29_tartan.png"},{"image_text":"Painting of the Bowman family by an unknown artist (c.1840s). Store-owner Charles Bowman and his sons are dressed in three-piece suits while his wife and daughters wear dresses. Additions and accessories include Charles' stock tie, his wife's bonnet, his older daughter's shawl, and his younger daughter's capelet.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Charles_Bowman_and_Family_Painting.jpg/220px-Charles_Bowman_and_Family_Painting.jpg"},{"image_text":"Eaton's Spring and Summer Catalogue (1916)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Eaton%27s_Spring_and_Summer_Catalogue_1916_%2826126403464%29.jpg/220px-Eaton%27s_Spring_and_Summer_Catalogue_1916_%2826126403464%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"This Chatelaine cover (1943) depicts a woman, or \"career girl\", in a simple buttoned shirt at a desk with a typewriter. The bottom text encourages the reader to buy war savings stamps.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Chatelaine-magazine-cover-1940s.webp/220px-Chatelaine-magazine-cover-1940s.webp.png"},{"image_text":"Women's \"skirt-suit\" modeled in Chatelaine magazine's April 1942 edition","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Chatelaine_magazine_April_1942_-_skirt_suit.png"},{"image_text":"Fashion models Joan Ward (left) and Barbara Ellis (right) compare fashions in a Simpson's catalogue from 1902 with the Fall and Winter Catalogue of 1952","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Deux_mannequins_regardent_la_mode_d%E2%80%99autrefois_dans_des_catalogues_de_Simpson%E2%80%99s.jpg/220px-Deux_mannequins_regardent_la_mode_d%E2%80%99autrefois_dans_des_catalogues_de_Simpson%E2%80%99s.jpg"},{"image_text":"The first Club Monaco store opened on Queen Street, Toronto in 1985","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Club_Monaco_store_in_Toronto.jpg/220px-Club_Monaco_store_in_Toronto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roots store on Bloor St., Toronto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Roots_store_on_Bloor_St._in_Toronto.jpg/220px-Roots_store_on_Bloor_St._in_Toronto.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pink Tartan brand on display at the Spring 2015 Toronto Fashion Week in Pecaut Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Pink_Tartan_at_2014_World_MasterCard_Fashion_Week.jpg/220px-Pink_Tartan_at_2014_World_MasterCard_Fashion_Week.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bata Shoe Museum on Bloor St., Toronto","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Bata_Shoe_Museum_2.jpg/220px-Bata_Shoe_Museum_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hudson's Bay Company catalogue advertisement for Mackinaw jackets (1936)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HBC_Mackinaw_Jacket.png/220px-HBC_Mackinaw_Jacket.png"},{"image_text":"Postcard illustration of a woman in a \"typical Canadian winter dress\" (1907)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/A_lady_in_typical_Canadian_winter_dress_%281907%29.jpg/220px-A_lady_in_typical_Canadian_winter_dress_%281907%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Jennifer S.H. Brown. \"Beaver Pelts\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beaver-pelts","url_text":"\"Beaver Pelts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat\". HBC Heritage. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/fashion-pop/hudsons-bay-point-blanket-coat","url_text":"\"Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capots (Art. III. Capots, with some Side Lights on Chiefs' Coats & Blankets, 1774-1821, by A. Gottfred.)\". Northwest Journal Online. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.northwestjournal.ca/XIII3.htm","url_text":"\"Capots (Art. III. Capots, with some Side Lights on Chiefs' Coats & Blankets, 1774-1821, by A. Gottfred.)\""}]},{"reference":"René R. Gadacz (20 October 2015). \"Mukluk\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mukluk","url_text":"\"Mukluk\""}]},{"reference":"Cadeau, C. \"Fashion in New France (1700-1750)\". All About Canadian History. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/01/14/fashion-in-new-france-1700-1750/","url_text":"\"Fashion in New France (1700-1750)\""}]},{"reference":"Cadeau, C. \"Women's Fashion After the Fall of New France (1760s to 1780s)\". All About Canadian History. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/womens-fashion-after-the-fall-of-new-france-1760s-to-1780s/#more-870","url_text":"\"Women's Fashion After the Fall of New France (1760s to 1780s)\""}]},{"reference":"Cadeau, C. \"Men's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\". All About Canadian History. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2017/12/06/mens-fashion-during-the-regency-era-1810s-to-1830s/","url_text":"\"Men's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\""}]},{"reference":"Cadeau, C. \"Women's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\". All About Canadian History. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2018/01/02/womens-fashion-during-the-regency-era-1810s-to-1830s/","url_text":"\"Women's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\""}]},{"reference":"Cutler, Charles L. (2002). Tracks that speak. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 25-26. ISBN 0618065105.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char","url_text":"Tracks that speak"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char/page/25","url_text":"25-26"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618065105","url_text":"0618065105"}]},{"reference":"\"Everyday Clothing\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/everyday-clothing.php","url_text":"\"Everyday Clothing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fancy Dress\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/fancy-dress.php","url_text":"\"Fancy Dress\""}]},{"reference":"\"Outerwear and Accessories\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/outerwear-and-accessories.php","url_text":"\"Outerwear and Accessories\""}]},{"reference":"\"Professional Attire\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/professional-attire.php","url_text":"\"Professional Attire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/accessories-and-outerwear.php","url_text":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/accessories-and-outerwear.php","url_text":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\""}]},{"reference":"\"Leisure and Sports Clothing\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/leisure-and-sports-clothing.php","url_text":"\"Leisure and Sports Clothing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Club Wear\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/club-wear.php","url_text":"\"Club Wear\""}]},{"reference":"Cynthia Cooper. \"Fashion Design in Canada\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edwardian fashion: A 5-minute Guide\". 5 Minute History. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://fiveminutehistory.com/edwardian-fashion-a-5-minute-guide/","url_text":"\"Edwardian fashion: A 5-minute Guide\""}]},{"reference":"Cynthia Cooper. \"Fashion Design in Canada\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uniforms\". Canadian Soldiers. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/uniforms/uniform.htm","url_text":"\"Uniforms\""}]},{"reference":"Fatima Fyaaz. \"Women and Fashion\". The Roaring Twenties History Project. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://roaringtwentieshistoryproject.weebly.com/women-and-fashion.html","url_text":"\"Women and Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"Fatima Fyaaz. \"Women and Fashion\". The Roaring Twenties History Project. Retrieved 2023-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://roaringtwentieshistoryproject.weebly.com/women-and-fashion.html","url_text":"\"Women and Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"Caton, Susan Turnbull (2004). \"Fashion and War in Canada, 1939-1945\". In Palmer, Alexandra (ed.). Fashion: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8809-0","url_text":"0-8020-8809-0"}]},{"reference":"Caton, Susan Turnbull (2004). \"Fashion and War in Canada, 1939-1945\". In Palmer, Alexandra (ed.). Fashion: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8809-0","url_text":"0-8020-8809-0"}]},{"reference":"Caton, Susan Turnbull (2004). \"Fashion and War in Canada, 1939-1945\". In Palmer, Alexandra (ed.). Fashion: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-8809-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-8809-0","url_text":"0-8020-8809-0"}]},{"reference":"Shirley Lavertu. \"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/cat2103e.html","url_text":"\"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"Shirley Lavertu. \"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\". Canadian Museum of History. Retrieved 2023-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/cat2103e.html","url_text":"\"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\""}]},{"reference":"\"A chronology of key events in the history of the Hudson's Bay Company\". The Canadian Press. Retrieved 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/a-chronology-of-key-events-in-the-history-of-the-hudsons-bay-company/","url_text":"\"A chronology of key events in the history of the Hudson's Bay Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"History of HBC\". HBC Heritage. Retrieved 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hbcheritage.ca/history#acquisitions","url_text":"\"History of HBC\""}]},{"reference":"Alexandra Palmer (1 November 2001). Couture and commerce – the transatlantic fashion trade in the 1950s. UBC Press. p. 120. ISBN 978-0774808262.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eeGDr5ZzCsEC&q=holt+renfrew","url_text":"Couture and commerce – the transatlantic fashion trade in the 1950s"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0774808262","url_text":"978-0774808262"}]},{"reference":"\"Holt Renfrew and Co. Ltd\". Canadian Register of Commerce & Industry. University of Western Ontario. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2023-03-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203053925/http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/cr-holtrenfrew.htm","url_text":"\"Holt Renfrew and Co. Ltd\""},{"url":"http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/cr-holtrenfrew.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion, food and nuclear fear in the 1950s\". CBC Archives. Retrieved 2023-03-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/archives/fashion-food-and-nuclear-fear-in-the-1950s-1.4698321","url_text":"\"Fashion, food and nuclear fear in the 1950s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\". Cynthia Cooper. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\". Cynthia Cooper. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\". Cynthia Cooper. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\". Cynthia Cooper. The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","url_text":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion Design Council of Canada / Robin Kay, President\". Office of the Commissioner of Lobbying of Canada. Retrieved 2023-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://lobbycanada.gc.ca/app/secure/ocl/lrs/do/vwRg;jsessionid=0001ThdWaTYQdWPkiw7UoRCuhVX:13B5VVUVLE?cno=13531®Id=500781","url_text":"\"Fashion Design Council of Canada / Robin Kay, President\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fashion - Canada\". Statista. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","url_text":"\"Fashion - Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Riaeleza. \"8 Most Popular Canadian Fashion Models\". Icy Canada. Retrieved 2023-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://icycanada.com/8-most-popular-canadian-fashion-models/","url_text":"\"8 Most Popular Canadian Fashion Models\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada\". Fashion & Textile Museums. Retrieved 2023-02-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fashionandtextilemuseums.com/canada/","url_text":"\"Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Kristy Archibald. \"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\". Nuvo Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","url_text":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Kristy Archibald. \"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\". Nuvo Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","url_text":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Kristy Archibald. \"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\". Nuvo Magazine. Retrieved 2023-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statista.com/outlook/dmo/ecommerce/fashion/canada","url_text":"\"6 Fashion Trends That Were Born in Canada\""}]},{"reference":"Jeremy Klaszus (4 January 2016). \"The White Hat: A Calgary symbol we love to hate\". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 2023-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/white-hat-calgary-symbol-love-hate-1.3368423","url_text":"\"The White Hat: A Calgary symbol we love to hate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tuque\". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-03-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tuque","url_text":"\"Tuque\""}]},{"reference":"Aleesha Harris. \"Equestrian style: The enduring allure of the 'horse girl' esthetic\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/equestrian-style-the-enduring-allure-of-the-horse-girl-esthetic","url_text":"\"Equestrian style: The enduring allure of the 'horse girl' esthetic\""}]},{"reference":"Aleesha Harris. \"Style Q&A: A brand for the 'horse girl in all of us'\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/style-qa-a-brand-for-the-horse-girl-in-all-of-us","url_text":"\"Style Q&A: A brand for the 'horse girl in all of us'\""}]},{"reference":"Aleesha Harris. \"Fall fashion: 10 top trends to shop from Canadian brands\". Vancouver Sun. Retrieved 2023-03-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://vancouversun.com/life/fashion-beauty/fall-fashion-10-top-trends-to-shop-from-canadian-brands","url_text":"\"Fall fashion: 10 top trends to shop from Canadian brands\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uniform Regulations for the RCMP\". RCMPolice.ca (unofficial blog). Retrieved 2023-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rcmpolice.ca/dressregs.html","url_text":"\"Uniform Regulations for the RCMP\""}]},{"reference":"Boulton, James J. (2000). Head-dress of the Canadian Mounted Police, 1873–2000. Calgary: Bunker to Bunker Pub. pp. 89–96. ISBN 1894255070.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1894255070","url_text":"1894255070"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Guiding Uniform History\". GIRL GUIDE HISTORY TIDBITS. Retrieved 2024-01-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://guidehistory.wordpress.com/canadian-guiding-uniform-history/","url_text":"\"Canadian Guiding Uniform History\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beaver-pelts","external_links_name":"\"Beaver Pelts\""},{"Link":"http://www.hbcheritage.ca/things/fashion-pop/hudsons-bay-point-blanket-coat","external_links_name":"\"Hudson's Bay Point Blanket Coat\""},{"Link":"http://www.northwestjournal.ca/XIII3.htm","external_links_name":"\"Capots (Art. III. Capots, with some Side Lights on Chiefs' Coats & Blankets, 1774-1821, by A. Gottfred.)\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/mukluk","external_links_name":"\"Mukluk\""},{"Link":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/01/14/fashion-in-new-france-1700-1750/","external_links_name":"\"Fashion in New France (1700-1750)\""},{"Link":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2015/06/30/womens-fashion-after-the-fall-of-new-france-1760s-to-1780s/#more-870","external_links_name":"\"Women's Fashion After the Fall of New France (1760s to 1780s)\""},{"Link":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2017/12/06/mens-fashion-during-the-regency-era-1810s-to-1830s/","external_links_name":"\"Men's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\""},{"Link":"https://cdnhistorybits.wordpress.com/2018/01/02/womens-fashion-during-the-regency-era-1810s-to-1830s/","external_links_name":"\"Women's Fashion During the Regency Era (1810s to 1830s)\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M6LhAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Sword of Old St. Joe"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char","external_links_name":"Tracks that speak"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/tracksthatspeakl00char/page/25","external_links_name":"25-26"},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/everyday-clothing.php","external_links_name":"\"Everyday Clothing\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/fancy-dress.php","external_links_name":"\"Fancy Dress\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/womens-wear/outerwear-and-accessories.php","external_links_name":"\"Outerwear and Accessories\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/professional-attire.php","external_links_name":"\"Professional Attire\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/accessories-and-outerwear.php","external_links_name":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/accessories-and-outerwear.php","external_links_name":"\"Accessories and Outerwear\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/leisure-and-sports-clothing.php","external_links_name":"\"Leisure and Sports Clothing\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/confederationdress/mens-wear/club-wear.php","external_links_name":"\"Club Wear\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://fiveminutehistory.com/edwardian-fashion-a-5-minute-guide/","external_links_name":"\"Edwardian fashion: A 5-minute Guide\""},{"Link":"https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/fashion-design-in-canada","external_links_name":"\"Fashion Design in Canada\""},{"Link":"https://www.canadiansoldiers.com/uniforms/uniform.htm","external_links_name":"\"Uniforms\""},{"Link":"https://roaringtwentieshistoryproject.weebly.com/women-and-fashion.html","external_links_name":"\"Women and Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://roaringtwentieshistoryproject.weebly.com/women-and-fashion.html","external_links_name":"\"Women and Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/cat2103e.html","external_links_name":"\"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://www.historymuseum.ca/cmc/exhibitions/cpm/catalog/cat2103e.html","external_links_name":"\"Catalogues and Women's Fashion\""},{"Link":"https://archive.canadianbusiness.com/business-news/a-chronology-of-key-events-in-the-history-of-the-hudsons-bay-company/","external_links_name":"\"A chronology of key events in the history of the Hudson's Bay Company\""},{"Link":"https://www.hbcheritage.ca/history#acquisitions","external_links_name":"\"History of HBC\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eeGDr5ZzCsEC&q=holt+renfrew","external_links_name":"Couture and commerce – the transatlantic fashion trade in the 1950s"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071203053925/http://www.lib.uwo.ca/business/cr-holtrenfrew.htm","external_links_name":"\"Holt Renfrew and Co. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Bangu%C3%A9 | Frédérique Bangué | ["1 Achievements","2 References","3 External links"] | French sprinter
Frederique Bangue (born 31 December 1976 in Lyon) is a French sprinter who competed in the 100 metres. Her personal best being 11.16 seconds, she never reached a world-level final individually. However, when competing in the shorter distance of 60 metres (only held indoor) or relay races, she has won medals. She was the silver medallist at the 1997 Mediterranean Games.
Achievements
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Event
Notes
Representing France
1994
World Junior Championships
Lisbon, Portugal
7th
100m
11.57 (wind: +2.0 m/s)
—
4 × 100 m relay
DQ
1997
World Indoor Championships
Paris, France
3rd
60 m
7.17
1998
European Indoor Championships
Valencia, Spain
2nd
60 m
7.18
European Championships
Budapest, Hungary
1st
4 × 100 m relay
42.59
2001
World Championships
Edmonton, Canada
2nd
4 × 100 m relay
42.39
References
^ Mediterranean Games – Past Medallists. GBR Athletics. Retrieved on 2011-03-19.
External links
Frédérique Bangué at World Athletics
Frédérique Bangué at European Athletics
vteEuropean Athletics Championships champions in women's 4 × 100 metres relay
1938: Germany (Kohl, Krauß, Albus, Kühnel)
1946: Netherlands (v.d. Kade-Koudijs, Witziers-Timmer, Adema, Blankers-Koen)
1950: Great Britain (Hay, Desforges, Hall, Foulds)
1954: Soviet Union (Krepkina, Uliskina, Itkina, Turova)
1958: Soviet Union (Krepkina, Kepp, Polyakova, Maslovska)
1962: Poland (Ciepły, Sobotta, Szyroka, Piątkowska)
1966: Poland (Bednarek, Straszyńska, Kirszenstein, Kłobukowska)
1969: GDR (Höfer, Meissner, Podeswa, Vogt)
1971: FRG (Schittenhelm, Helten, Irrgang, Mickler)
1974: GDR (Maletzki, Stecher, Heinich, Eckert)
1978: Soviet Union (Anisimova, Maslakova, Kondratyeva, Storozhkova)
1982: GDR (Walther, Eckert, Rieger, Göhr)
1986: GDR (Gladisch, Rieger, Brestrich-Auerswald, Göhr)
1990: GDR (Möller, Krabbe, Behrendt, Günther)
1994: Germany (Paschke, Knoll, Zipp, Lichtenhagen)
1998: France (Benth, Bangué, Félix, Arron)
2002: France (Combe, Hurtis, Félix, Sidibé)
2006: Russia (Gushchina, Rusakova, Khabarova, Grigoryeva)
2010: Ukraine (Povh, Pohrebnyak, Ryemyen, Bryzhina)
2012: Germany (Günther, Cibis, Pinto, Sailer)
2014: Great Britain (Philip, Nelson, J. Williams, Henry)
2016: Netherlands (Samuel, Schippers, Van Schagen, Sedney)
2018: Great Britain (Philip, Lansiquot, B. Williams, Asher-Smith)
2022: Germany (Mayer, Haase, Lückenkemper, Burghardt)
2024: Great Britain (Asher-Smith, Henry, Hunt, Neita)
vteMediterranean Games champions in women's 4 × 100 metres relay
1971: Italy (Maddalena Grassano, Laura Nappi, Ileana Ongar, Cecilia Molinari)
1975: France (Annie Alizé, Nadine Goletto, Catherine Delachan, Nicole Pani)
1979: France (Annie Alizé, Emma Sulter, Vlaudine Mas, Chantal Réga)
1983: France (Rose-Aimée Bacoul, Marie-France Loval, Marie-Christine Cazier, Liliane Gaschet)
1987: France (Nathalie Simon, Marine Cassin, Laurence Bongard, Violetta Kaminska)
1991: France (Magalie Simioneck, Maguy Nestoret, Valérie Jean-Charles, Fabienne Ficher)
1993: France (Patricia Girard, Odiah Sidibé, Maguy Nestoret, Valérie Jean-Charles)
1997: France (Frédérique Bangué, Christine Arron, Patricia Girard, Sylviane Félix)
2001: France (Haïdy Aron, Fabé Dia, Céline Thelamon, Sylvie Mballa Éloundou)
2005: France (Véronique Mang, Lina Jacques-Sébastien, Fabé Dia, Carima Louami)
2009: France (Myriam Soumaré, Ayodelé Ikuesan, Nelly Banco, Émilie Gaydu)
2013: Italy (Micol Cattaneo, Jessica Paoletta, Ilenia Draisci, Audrey Alloh)
2018: France (Orlann Ombissa-Dzangue, Jennifer Galais, Estelle Raffai, Carolle Zahi)
2022: Italy (Irene Siragusa, Gloria Hooper, Aurora Berton, Johanelis Herrera Abreu)
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics
This biographical article about a French sprinter is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"sprinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprint_(running)"},{"link_name":"100 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_metres"},{"link_name":"60 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60_metres"},{"link_name":"relay races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relay_race"},{"link_name":"silver medallist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_medal"},{"link_name":"1997 Mediterranean Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1997_Mediterranean_Games"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Frederique Bangue (born 31 December 1976 in Lyon) is a French sprinter who competed in the 100 metres. Her personal best being 11.16 seconds, she never reached a world-level final individually. However, when competing in the shorter distance of 60 metres (only held indoor) or relay races, she has won medals. She was the silver medallist at the 1997 Mediterranean Games.[1]","title":"Frédérique Bangué"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Achievements"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/mg.htm","external_links_name":"Mediterranean Games – Past Medallists"},{"Link":"https://worldathletics.org/athletes/-/14258657","external_links_name":"Frédérique Bangué"},{"Link":"https://www.european-athletics.com/historical-data/athletes/-/014258657","external_links_name":"Frédérique Bangué"},{"Link":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/_/14258657","external_links_name":"World Athletics"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rique_Bangu%C3%A9&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuneo_Sato | Tsuneo Sato | ["1 References"] | Japanese speed skater
Tsuneo SatoPersonal informationNationalityJapaneseBorn(1925-12-18)18 December 1925Miyagi, JapanDied16 September 1992(1992-09-16) (aged 66)SportSportSpeed skating
Tsuneo Sato (佐藤 恒夫, Satō Tsuneo, 18 December 1925 – 16 September 1992) was a Japanese speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1952 Winter Olympics.
References
^ 日刊スポーツ平成4年9月17日付9頁
^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Tsuneo Sato Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
This biographical article on a speed skater in Japan is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"speed skater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating"},{"link_name":"two events","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1952_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1952 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SportsRef-2"}],"text":"Tsuneo Sato (佐藤 恒夫, Satō Tsuneo, 18 December 1925 – 16 September 1992) was a Japanese speed skater. He competed in two events at the 1952 Winter Olympics.[2]","title":"Tsuneo Sato"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Tsuneo Sato Olympic Results\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 25 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417214027/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/tsuneo-sato-1.html","url_text":"\"Tsuneo Sato Olympic Results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/tsuneo-sato-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417214027/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/tsuneo-sato-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Tsuneo Sato Olympic Results\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sa/tsuneo-sato-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tsuneo_Sato&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Fayadh | Muhammad al-Fayadh | ["1 Biography","2 Positions","2.1 Socio-political role of women in Islamic societies","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Afghan Grand Ayatollah (born 1930)
Muhammad Is'haq al-Fayadhمحمد إسحاق الفياضمحمد اسحاق فیاضPersonalBorn1930 (age 93–94)Jaghori, Ghazni Province, AfghanistanReligionIslamWebsiteOfficial Website
Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Is'haq al-Fayadh (also spelt al-Fayad), (Arabic: مُحَمَّدْ إِِسْحَاقْ ٱلْفَیَّاض, Dari: مُحَمَّداِسحٰاق فَیّٰاض) is one of the Big Four, among the most senior Shi'a marja living in Iraq after Ali al-Sistani.
Biography
Born in Jaghori Soba village in Ghazni province, Afghanistan to Hazara ethnic group, he holds Afghan citizenship. His family was farmers and he started learning the Qur'an from the village cleric when he was five. When he was 10 his family moved to Najaf, where he studied various Islamic studies including Arabic language, rhetoric, logic, Islamic philosophy, the Hadith and Islamic jurisprudence, eventually studying under Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. When al-Khoei died in 1992 he supported Ali al-Sistani as the chair of the marjaiya in Najaf.
Under Saddam Hussein he adopted a quietist approach, avoiding politics and confrontation with the government.
Following the invasion of Iraq by the United States and allies in 2003, al-Fayyad engaged more than any other marja with the occupying American and British military and diplomats, informing them of the views of the senior clerics. He adopted similar positions to al-Sistani and the other marjaiya: supporting a united Shiite slate for the first Iraqi elections; calling for Islam to be the sole source of Iraqi law; supporting a yes vote in the referendum on the constitution; rejecting a secular Iraq; and opposing the adoption of doctrine of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists as adopted by the Islamic Republic of Iran. However, of all the marja'iyya Fayyad is reported to be the biggest opponent of the concept of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists. However, this report is contradicted by the official website of the Shi'a Marja, wherein he remarks, "The correct opinion regarding the issue of "Vilayat-e-Faqih" (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) is that this issue requires no external proof, because the continuation of Islamic law, and its application, is dependent upon the continuation of the system of Vilayat". He continues, "The vilayat of the Prophet and the immaculate Imams, and in the time of the major occultation of the 12th Imam, the Islamic Jurist is bestowed with this vilayat ... It is unimaginable that Islamic Law could continue to exist without the continuation of this vilayat". Furthermore, he is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.
He has written some books on Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic politics, and Islamic banking. A very innovative position of him is written in his book on women's role in society with the title 'Jāyegāh Zan dar Nizām Siyāsīyeh Islām' (English title: 'The position of women in the Islamic political system'). In 2007, press reports indicated that he was supervising the religious studies of the radical cleric Muqtada al-Sadr.
Positions
Socio-political role of women in Islamic societies
Grand Ayatollah al-Fayadh is one of the few Islamic Shia Ayatollahs who are in favor of women in positions of political leadership.
In June 2018 an article was written on a Persian website, which was later translated into English. There the Islamic position of Ayatollah al-Fayadh concerning the position of women in Islamic society was discussed, citing his book 'Jāyegāh Zan dar Nizām Siyāsīyeh Islām' (English title: 'The position of women in the Islamic political system') on that subject.
"In response to some jurisprudential questions concerning the role of women in society, he declared it permissible for women to take any of the three following positions: political leader, judge and religious jurisconsult."
The article continues to explain al-Fayadh' opinion concerning women and the different positions they can take in society:
"It is irrespective of whether this is a social position like politics or an individual one like being a driver, a pilot, etc. With this reasoning he believes that in all spheres of life, be it social, individual, ideological, freedom of expression, business, financial trading, land cultivation, etc. women and men are completely equal."
See also
Big Four (Najaf)
Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei
Muhammad Hossein Naini
Muhammad Kazim Khurasani
Mirza Husayn Tehrani
Abdallah Mazandarani
Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi
Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani
Fazlullah Nouri
References
^ List of Maraji in Arabic Archived 2 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
^ Official website
^ Mehdi Khalaji (2005). "Religious Authority in Iraq and the Election". PolicyWatch. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
^ Kamran Bokhari (2006). "The Shiite Schism". Geopolitical Intelligence Report. Stratfor, reprinted on Wadinet.de. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
^ a b c Grand Ayatullah Muhammad Ishaq Fayyad Archived 16 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia of Modern Middle East Wars (republished), 27 January 2009
^ Farrukh Saleem (2004). "Is Iraq Bush's Vietnam?". The Friday Times, reprinted at Worldpress.org. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
^ IslamOnline.net & News Agencies (2005). "Iraq Shiites Insist Islam Be Sole Source of Legislation". IslamOnline.net. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
^ Le principal parti chiite appelle à voter «oui» à la Constitution, (French) Maghress, 2005-09-24, accessed on 17 June 2010
^ Steven Komarow (6 February 2005). "Leading Shiite cleric says new Iraq must embrace Islamic law". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2007.
^ BEYOND THE BATTLE, THE QUIET STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ'S FUTURE Archived 13 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Financial Times Magazine, 2004-08-15, accessed on 17 June 2010
^ THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF SHEIKH ISHAQ AL-FAYYAD, IN ANSWER TO QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ISSUE a very well known OF "THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THE JURIST"
^ Al-Fayyad's official reply to Amman Message
^ Syed Hādi Tabatabā’ī (2018). "گامی به پیش در فقه بانوان". mobahesat.ir. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
^ a b c Sadiq Meghjee (2018). "Ayatollah Ishaq Fayyadh and the Role of Women in Society". iqraonline.net. Retrieved 24 June 2018.
External links
Official Arabic Website
Official Farsi Website
Download site of his online books in English, Arabic and Farsi
Slate profile
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Ayatollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja_al-taqlid"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Dari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dari_language"},{"link_name":"Big Four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Najaf)"},{"link_name":"Shi'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shi%27a"},{"link_name":"marja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WINEP-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wadinet-4"}],"text":"Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Is'haq al-Fayadh (also spelt al-Fayad), (Arabic: مُحَمَّدْ إِِسْحَاقْ ٱلْفَیَّاض, Dari: مُحَمَّداِسحٰاق فَیّٰاض) is one of the Big Four, among the most senior Shi'a marja living in Iraq after Ali al-Sistani.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Muhammad al-Fayadh"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaghori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaghori"},{"link_name":"Ghazni province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazni_province"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Hazara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazara_people"},{"link_name":"Afghan citizenship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_nationality_law"},{"link_name":"Qur'an","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"Islamic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_studies"},{"link_name":"Arabic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"rhetoric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric"},{"link_name":"logic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic"},{"link_name":"Islamic philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy"},{"link_name":"Hadith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith"},{"link_name":"Islamic jurisprudence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_jurisprudence"},{"link_name":"Grand Ayatollah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja%27"},{"link_name":"Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei"},{"link_name":"Ali al-Sistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-5"},{"link_name":"Saddam Hussein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worldpress-6"},{"link_name":"invasion of Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"first Iraqi elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_2005_Iraqi_parliamentary_election"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IslamOnline-7"},{"link_name":"referendum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Iraqi_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Iraq"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"secular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USATODAY-9"},{"link_name":"Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists"},{"link_name":"Islamic Republic of Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Islamic law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharia"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ulama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulama"},{"link_name":"Amman Message","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman_Message"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Muqtada al-Sadr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqtada_al-Sadr"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enc-5"}],"text":"Born in Jaghori Soba village in Ghazni province, Afghanistan to Hazara ethnic group, he holds Afghan citizenship. His family was farmers and he started learning the Qur'an from the village cleric when he was five. When he was 10 his family moved to Najaf, where he studied various Islamic studies including Arabic language, rhetoric, logic, Islamic philosophy, the Hadith and Islamic jurisprudence, eventually studying under Grand Ayatollah Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei. When al-Khoei died in 1992 he supported Ali al-Sistani as the chair of the marjaiya in Najaf.[5]Under Saddam Hussein he adopted a quietist approach, avoiding politics and confrontation with the government.[6]Following the invasion of Iraq by the United States and allies in 2003, al-Fayyad engaged more than any other marja with the occupying American and British military and diplomats, informing them of the views of the senior clerics. He adopted similar positions to al-Sistani and the other marjaiya: supporting a united Shiite slate for the first Iraqi elections; calling for Islam to be the sole source of Iraqi law;[7] supporting a yes vote in the referendum on the constitution;[8] rejecting a secular Iraq;[9] and opposing the adoption of doctrine of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists as adopted by the Islamic Republic of Iran.[5] However, of all the marja'iyya Fayyad is reported to be the biggest opponent of the concept of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists.[10] However, this report is contradicted by the official website of the Shi'a Marja, wherein he remarks, \"The correct opinion regarding the issue of \"Vilayat-e-Faqih\" (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) is that this issue requires no external proof, because the continuation of Islamic law, and its application, is dependent upon the continuation of the system of Vilayat\". He continues, \"The vilayat of the Prophet and the immaculate Imams, and in the time of the major occultation of the 12th Imam, the Islamic Jurist is bestowed with this vilayat ... It is unimaginable that Islamic Law could continue to exist without the continuation of this vilayat\".[11] Furthermore, he is one of the Ulama signatories of the Amman Message, which gives a broad foundation for defining Muslim orthodoxy.[12]He has written some books on Islamic jurisprudence, Islamic politics, and Islamic banking. A very innovative position of him is written in his book on women's role in society with the title 'Jāyegāh Zan dar Nizām Siyāsīyeh Islām' (English title: 'The position of women in the Islamic political system'). In 2007, press reports indicated that he was supervising the religious studies of the radical cleric Muqtada al-Sadr.[5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Positions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mobahesat-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqra_Online-14"},{"link_name":"Islamic society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqra_Online-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Iqra_Online-14"}],"sub_title":"Socio-political role of women in Islamic societies","text":"Grand Ayatollah al-Fayadh is one of the few Islamic Shia Ayatollahs who are in favor of women in positions of political leadership.\nIn June 2018 an article was written on a Persian website,[13] which was later translated into English.[14] There the Islamic position of Ayatollah al-Fayadh concerning the position of women in Islamic society was discussed, citing his book 'Jāyegāh Zan dar Nizām Siyāsīyeh Islām' (English title: 'The position of women in the Islamic political system') on that subject.\n\"In response to some jurisprudential questions concerning the role of women in society, he declared it permissible for women to take any of the three following positions: political leader, judge and religious jurisconsult.\"[14]The article continues to explain al-Fayadh' opinion concerning women and the different positions they can take in society:\n\"It is irrespective of whether this is a social position like politics or an individual one like being a driver, a pilot, etc. With this reasoning he believes that in all spheres of life, be it social, individual, ideological, freedom of expression, business, financial trading, land cultivation, etc. women and men are completely equal.\"[14]","title":"Positions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Big Four (Najaf)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Four_(Najaf)"},{"title":"Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei"},{"title":"Muhammad Hossein Naini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Hossein_Naini"},{"title":"Muhammad Kazim Khurasani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani"},{"title":"Mirza Husayn Tehrani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Husayn_Tehrani"},{"title":"Abdallah Mazandarani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdallah_Mazandarani"},{"title":"Mirza Ali Aqa Tabrizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Ali_Aqa_Tabrizi"},{"title":"Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirza_Sayyed_Mohammad_Tabatabai"},{"title":"Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Abdollah_Behbahani"},{"title":"Fazlullah Nouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazlullah_Nouri"}] | [{"reference":"Mehdi Khalaji (2005). \"Religious Authority in Iraq and the Election\". PolicyWatch. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2420","url_text":"\"Religious Authority in Iraq and the Election\""}]},{"reference":"Kamran Bokhari (2006). \"The Shiite Schism\". Geopolitical Intelligence Report. Stratfor, reprinted on Wadinet.de. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wadinet.de/news/dokus/shiite-shisms.htm","url_text":"\"The Shiite Schism\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratfor","url_text":"Stratfor"}]},{"reference":"Farrukh Saleem (2004). \"Is Iraq Bush's Vietnam?\". The Friday Times, reprinted at Worldpress.org. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1859.cfm","url_text":"\"Is Iraq Bush's Vietnam?\""}]},{"reference":"IslamOnline.net & News Agencies (2005). \"Iraq Shiites Insist Islam Be Sole Source of Legislation\". IslamOnline.net. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-02/06/article05.shtml","url_text":"\"Iraq Shiites Insist Islam Be Sole Source of Legislation\""}]},{"reference":"Steven Komarow (6 February 2005). \"Leading Shiite cleric says new Iraq must embrace Islamic law\". USA Today. Retrieved 25 June 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-02-06-iraq-shiite_x.htm","url_text":"\"Leading Shiite cleric says new Iraq must embrace Islamic law\""}]},{"reference":"Syed Hādi Tabatabā’ī (2018). \"گامی به پیش در فقه بانوان\". mobahesat.ir. Retrieved 20 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://mobahesat.ir/16349","url_text":"\"گامی به پیش در فقه بانوان\""}]},{"reference":"Sadiq Meghjee (2018). \"Ayatollah Ishaq Fayyadh and the Role of Women in Society\". iqraonline.net. Retrieved 24 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iqraonline.net/ayatollah-ishaq-fayyadh-and-the-role-of-women-in-society/","url_text":"\"Ayatollah Ishaq Fayyadh and the Role of Women in Society\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://alfayadh.org/","external_links_name":"Official Website"},{"Link":"http://iraqshia.net/vb/showthread.php?t=42621","external_links_name":"List of Maraji in Arabic"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121102113023/http://iraqshia.net/vb/showthread.php?t=42621","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://alfayadh.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2420","external_links_name":"\"Religious Authority in Iraq and the Election\""},{"Link":"http://www.wadinet.de/news/dokus/shiite-shisms.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Shiite Schism\""},{"Link":"http://occident.blogspot.com/2009/01/grand-ayatullah-muhammad-ishaq-fayyad.html","external_links_name":"Grand Ayatullah Muhammad Ishaq Fayyad"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101016094141/http://occident.blogspot.com/2009/01/grand-ayatullah-muhammad-ishaq-fayyad.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldpress.org/Mideast/1859.cfm","external_links_name":"\"Is Iraq Bush's Vietnam?\""},{"Link":"http://www.islamonline.net/English/News/2005-02/06/article05.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Iraq Shiites Insist Islam Be Sole Source of Legislation\""},{"Link":"http://www.maghress.com/fr/lematin/54356","external_links_name":"Le principal parti chiite appelle à voter «oui» à la Constitution"},{"Link":"https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2005-02-06-iraq-shiite_x.htm","external_links_name":"\"Leading Shiite cleric says new Iraq must embrace Islamic law\""},{"Link":"http://bartlebull.com/articles/beyond_the_battle.html","external_links_name":"BEYOND THE BATTLE, THE QUIET STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ'S FUTURE"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013093435/http://bartlebull.com/articles/beyond_the_battle.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.alfayadh.com/site/index.php?show=pages&id=48","external_links_name":"THE OFFICIAL WEBSITE OF SHEIKH ISHAQ AL-FAYYAD, IN ANSWER TO QUESTIONS REGARDING THE ISSUE a very well known OF \"THE GUARDIANSHIP OF THE JURIST\""},{"Link":"http://ammanmessage.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=67&Itemid=42","external_links_name":"Al-Fayyad's official reply to Amman Message"},{"Link":"http://mobahesat.ir/16349","external_links_name":"\"گامی به پیش در فقه بانوان\""},{"Link":"https://www.iqraonline.net/ayatollah-ishaq-fayyadh-and-the-role-of-women-in-society/","external_links_name":"\"Ayatollah Ishaq Fayyadh and the Role of Women in Society\""},{"Link":"http://ar.alfayadh.org/","external_links_name":"Official Arabic Website"},{"Link":"http://fa.alfayadh.org/","external_links_name":"Official Farsi Website"},{"Link":"http://fa.alfayadh.org/books/","external_links_name":"Download site of his online books in English, Arabic and Farsi"},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/id/2132084/entry/2132192/","external_links_name":"Slate profile"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1151963580100311456","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhX6VTHCJWWYBf6pkF3Qq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1153067986","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Regiment_Dragoons_(Denmark) | 2nd Dragoon Regiment (Denmark) | ["1 History","2 Names of the regiment","3 References"] | The 2nd Dragoon Regiment (Danish: 2. Dragonregiment) was a dragoon regiment of the Royal Danish Army, active from 1683 to 1910.
History
The regiment was established in 1683 as Løvendahls Dragoneskadron and finally disbanded 20 June 1910 in Odense as 2. Dragonregiment.
A part of Holstenske Lansenerregiment was amalgamated with the regiment on 1 July 1842.
Names of the regiment
Names
Løvendahls Dragoneskadron
Løvendahl's Dragoon Squadron
1683-12-27
–
1684
Løvendahls Dragonregiment
Løvendahl's Dragoon Regiment
1684
–
1693
Livregiment Dragoner
Life Regiment Dragoons
1693
–
1772
Norske Livregiment Rytteri
Norwegian Life Cavalry Regiment
1772
–
1785
Livregiment Dragoner
Life Regiment Dragoons
1785
–
1791
Livregiment lette Dragoner
Life Regiment Light Dragoons
1791
–
1842
2. Dragonregiment
2nd Dragoon Regiment
1842
–
1848-03-24
Disbanded
Disbanded
1848-03-24
–
1851
Holstenske Dragonregiment
Holstein Dragoon Regiment
1851
–
1852
2. Dragonregiment
2nd Dragoon Regiment
1852
–
1865-03-24
Disbanded
Disbanded
1865-03-24
–
1867-09-30
2. Dragonregiment
2nd Dragoon Regiment
1867
–
1910-06-20
References
^ Laursen, Ole (22 April 2014). "Historical Overview of 2nd Dragoon Regiment". Wadschier. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
vteFormer regiments of the Royal Danish ArmyInfantry
10th Regiment
11th Regiment
12th Regiment
13th Regiment
14th Regiment
15th Regiment
Bornholm's Defence
Danish Life Regiment
Falster Regiment of Foot
Funen Life Regiment
Halberdier Guard
Jutlandic Regiment of Foot
King's Regiment of Foot
Marine Regiment
Prince's Life Regiment
Queen's Life Regiment
Scanian Regiment
King's Jutlandic Regiment of Foot
Zealand Life Regiment
Cavalry
1st Dragonregiment
2nd Dragonregiment
3rd Dragonregiment
4th Dragonregiment
5th Dragonregiment
6th Dragonregiment
Holstein's Lancers Regiment
Oldenburg's Cuirassier Regiment
Royal Horse Guards
Schleswig's Cuirassier Regiment
Zealand Dragoon Regiment
SupportSignal
Jutlandic Signal Regiment
Zealand Signal Regiment
Engineer
Jutlandic Engineer Regiment
Zealand Engineer Regiment
Logistic
Army Materiel Command
Danish International Logistical Center
Jutlandic Logistic Regiment
Zealand Logistic Regiment
Artillery
Coastal Artillery Regiment
Crown's Artillery Regiment
Danish Artillery Regiment
Fortress Artillery Regiment
Jutlandic Air Defence Regiment
King's Artillery Regiment
North Jutland Artillery Regiment
Queen's Artillery Regiment
Southern Jutland Artillery Regiment
Zealand Air Defence Regiment
Zealand Artillery Regiment | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2nd Dragoon Regiment (Denmark)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Løvendahls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Frederik_Gyldenl%C3%B8ve"},{"link_name":"Odense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odense"},{"link_name":"Holstenske Lansenerregiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holstein%27s_Lancers_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The regiment was established in 1683 as Løvendahls Dragoneskadron and finally disbanded 20 June 1910 in Odense as 2. Dragonregiment.A part of Holstenske Lansenerregiment was amalgamated with the regiment on 1 July 1842.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Names of the regiment"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Laursen, Ole (22 April 2014). \"Historical Overview of 2nd Dragoon Regiment\". Wadschier. Retrieved 5 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wadschier.dk/haeren-garnisoner-regimentschefer/haer/2-dragonregiment/36/","url_text":"\"Historical Overview of 2nd Dragoon Regiment\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.wadschier.dk/haeren-garnisoner-regimentschefer/haer/2-dragonregiment/36/","external_links_name":"\"Historical Overview of 2nd Dragoon Regiment\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LeClaire_Historic_District | LeClaire Historic District | ["1 References","2 Related reading"] | Coordinates: 38°48′01″N 89°57′00″W / 38.80028°N 89.95000°W / 38.80028; -89.95000Historic district in Illinois, United States
United States historic placeLeClaire Historic DistrictU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. Historic district
Holyoake RoadShow map of IllinoisShow map of the United StatesLocationRoughly bounded by RR tracks, Wolf St., Hadley and Madison, Edwardsville, IllinoisCoordinates38°48′01″N 89°57′00″W / 38.80028°N 89.95000°W / 38.80028; -89.95000Area200 acres (81 ha)Built1890 (1890)-95NRHP reference No.79000855Added to NRHPAugust 8, 1979
LeClaire Historic District is a historic district located in Edwardsville, Illinois. The community was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1979.
N. O. Nelson, the owner of the Nelson Manufacturing Company, established the town between 1890 and 1895 on donated land. Nelson planned the town to be an intentional community inspired by ideals such as Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward and the Ethical Culture movement. The community included an academy which offered free adult education and reading rooms, which was inspired by a self-culture hall in St. Louis.
Nelson also established a profit sharing system in the community. The system was derived from a concept used at the Maison LeClaire in Paris, from which the community took its name.
As LeClaire was an open community, its residents were not all company employees, nor were employees required to live in the community. However, the company provided utilities and public facilities to LeClaire residents. Journalist Nellie Bly compared the community favorably to Pullman in Chicago, and Ida Tarbell also wrote about the community.
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ Garner, John S. (1971). "Leclaire Illinois: A Model Company Town (1890-1934)". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 30 (3). University of California Press: 219–227. doi:10.2307/988748. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 988748. OCLC 5548165587, 4907155088.
^ "The Idea That Became A Village". Friends of LeClaire. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^ The History of Leclaire (Explore Historic Leclaire)
^ Hart, Mary H. (1882) A brief sketch of the "Maison Leclaire"
^ Bob J. Holder and Carl Lossau. "The N.O. Nelson and Leclaire Story". The CEO Refresher Archives. Retrieved March 10, 2016.
^ McDonough, David L. (January 19, 1979). "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: LeClaire Historic District" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014.
Related reading
Rygg, Andreas Nilsen. "A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri". The Norwegian-American Historical Association. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
Stephens, G. W. (1928–1990). "Nelson, Nelson, Olsen". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 13. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 419–420.
Taylor, Sedley; Briggs, Archibald; Briggs, Henry Currer (1884). Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874). K. Paul, Trench & Co. ISBN 9781177996792. OCLC 682190565. Retrieved May 12, 2018.
vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics
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Category
This article about a property in Madison County, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Madison County, Illinois location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwardsville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardsville,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Garner_1971_pp._219%E2%80%93227-2"},{"link_name":"N. O. Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._O._Nelson"},{"link_name":"intentional community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_community"},{"link_name":"Edward Bellamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bellamy"},{"link_name":"Looking Backward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looking_Backward"},{"link_name":"Ethical Culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethical_Culture"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"profit sharing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Profit_sharing"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nellie Bly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Bly"},{"link_name":"Pullman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pullman,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Ida Tarbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Tarbell"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Historic district in Illinois, United StatesUnited States historic placeLeClaire Historic District is a historic district located in Edwardsville, Illinois. The community was added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 8, 1979.[1][2]N. O. Nelson, the owner of the Nelson Manufacturing Company, established the town between 1890 and 1895 on donated land. Nelson planned the town to be an intentional community inspired by ideals such as Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward and the Ethical Culture movement. The community included an academy which offered free adult education and reading rooms, which was inspired by a self-culture hall in St. Louis.[3][4]Nelson also established a profit sharing system in the community. The system was derived from a concept used at the Maison LeClaire in Paris, from which the community took its name.[5][6]As LeClaire was an open community, its residents were not all company employees, nor were employees required to live in the community. However, the company provided utilities and public facilities to LeClaire residents. Journalist Nellie Bly compared the community favorably to Pullman in Chicago, and Ida Tarbell also wrote about the community.[7]","title":"LeClaire Historic District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rygg, Andreas Nilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Nilsen_Rygg"},{"link_name":"\"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume13/vol13_6.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer13amer#page/418/mode/2up/search/Nelson"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of American Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography"},{"link_name":"Taylor, Sedley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedley_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries 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Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Historic_Preservation_Act"},{"link_name":"Historic Preservation Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Preservation_Fund"},{"link_name":"List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_jails_and_prisons_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_and_college_buildings_listed_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"property in Madison County, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeClaire_Historic_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MadisonCountyIL-NRHP-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MadisonCountyIL-NRHP-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MadisonCountyIL-NRHP-stub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Illinois_highlighting_Madison_County.svg"},{"link_name":"Madison County, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeClaire_Historic_District&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:MadisonCountyIL-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:MadisonCountyIL-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MadisonCountyIL-geo-stub"}],"text":"Rygg, Andreas Nilsen. \"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\". The Norwegian-American Historical Association. Retrieved May 11, 2018.\nStephens, G. W. (1928–1990). \"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 13. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 419–420.\nTaylor, Sedley; Briggs, Archibald; Briggs, Henry Currer (1884). Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874). K. Paul, Trench & Co. ISBN 9781177996792. OCLC 682190565. Retrieved May 12, 2018.vteU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesTopics\nArchitectural style categories\nContributing property\nHistoric district\nHistory of the National Register of Historic Places\nKeeper of the Register\nNational Park Service\nProperty types\nLists by state\nList of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state:\nAlabama\nAlaska\nArizona\nArkansas\nCalifornia\nColorado\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nFlorida\nGeorgia\nHawaii\nIdaho\nIllinois\nIndiana\nIowa\nKansas\nKentucky\nLouisiana\nMaine\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nMichigan\nMinnesota\nMississippi\nMissouri\nMontana\nNebraska\nNevada\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew Mexico\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nNorth Dakota\nOhio\nOklahoma\nOregon\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nSouth Dakota\nTennessee\nTexas\nUtah\nVermont\nVirginia\nWashington\nWest Virginia\nWisconsin\nWyoming\nLists by insular areas\nAmerican Samoa\nGuam\nMinor Outlying Islands\nNorthern Mariana Islands\nPuerto Rico\nVirgin Islands\nLists by associated state\nFederated States of Micronesia\nMarshall Islands\nPalau\nOther areas\nDistrict of Columbia\nAmerican Legation, Morocco\nRelated\nNational Historic Preservation Act\nHistoric Preservation Fund\nList of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places\nUniversity and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places\n\n National Register of Historic Places portal\n CategoryThis article about a property in Madison County, Illinois on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis Madison County, Illinois location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Related reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Garner, John S. (1971). \"Leclaire Illinois: A Model Company Town (1890-1934)\". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 30 (3). University of California Press: 219–227. doi:10.2307/988748. ISSN 0037-9808. JSTOR 988748. OCLC 5548165587, 4907155088.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F988748","url_text":"10.2307/988748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808","url_text":"0037-9808"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/988748","url_text":"988748"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5548165587","url_text":"5548165587"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4907155088","url_text":"4907155088"}]},{"reference":"\"The Idea That Became A Village\". Friends of LeClaire. Retrieved March 1, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historic-leclaire.org/?nav=History","url_text":"\"The Idea That Became A Village\""}]},{"reference":"Bob J. Holder and Carl Lossau. \"The N.O. Nelson and Leclaire Story\". The CEO Refresher Archives. Retrieved March 10, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.refresher.com/Archives/!holder9.html","url_text":"\"The N.O. Nelson and Leclaire Story\""}]},{"reference":"McDonough, David L. (January 19, 1979). \"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: LeClaire Historic District\" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 1, 2014. Retrieved March 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301133722/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/200135.pdf","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: LeClaire Historic District\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"},{"url":"http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/200135.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rygg, Andreas Nilsen. \"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\". The Norwegian-American Historical Association. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreas_Nilsen_Rygg","url_text":"Rygg, Andreas Nilsen"},{"url":"https://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume13/vol13_6.htm","url_text":"\"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\""}]},{"reference":"Stephens, G. W. (1928–1990). \"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 13. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 419–420.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer13amer#page/418/mode/2up/search/Nelson","url_text":"\"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Dictionary of American Biography"}]},{"reference":"Taylor, Sedley; Briggs, Archibald; Briggs, Henry Currer (1884). Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874). K. Paul, Trench & Co. ISBN 9781177996792. OCLC 682190565. Retrieved May 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedley_Taylor","url_text":"Taylor, Sedley"},{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/profitsharingbet00tayluoft#page/n7/mode/2up/search/Nelson","url_text":"Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781177996792","url_text":"9781177996792"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682190565","url_text":"682190565"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=LeClaire_Historic_District¶ms=38_48_01_N_89_57_00_W_type:landmark_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"38°48′01″N 89°57′00″W / 38.80028°N 89.95000°W / 38.80028; -89.95000"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=LeClaire_Historic_District¶ms=38_48_01_N_89_57_00_W_type:landmark_region:US-IL","external_links_name":"38°48′01″N 89°57′00″W / 38.80028°N 89.95000°W / 38.80028; -89.95000"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/79000855","external_links_name":"79000855"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F988748","external_links_name":"10.2307/988748"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0037-9808","external_links_name":"0037-9808"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/988748","external_links_name":"988748"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5548165587","external_links_name":"5548165587"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/4907155088","external_links_name":"4907155088"},{"Link":"http://www.historic-leclaire.org/?nav=History","external_links_name":"\"The Idea That Became A Village\""},{"Link":"http://historic-leclaire.org/","external_links_name":"The History of Leclaire"},{"Link":"http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuo.ark:/13960/t9b56xp2g;view=1up;seq=1","external_links_name":"A brief sketch of the \"Maison Leclaire\""},{"Link":"http://www.refresher.com/Archives/!holder9.html","external_links_name":"\"The N.O. Nelson and Leclaire Story\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140301133722/http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/200135.pdf","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form: LeClaire Historic District\""},{"Link":"http://gis.hpa.state.il.us/pdfs/200135.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.naha.stolaf.edu/pubs/nas/volume13/vol13_6.htm","external_links_name":"\"A Norwegian Settlement in Missouri\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer13amer#page/418/mode/2up/search/Nelson","external_links_name":"\"Nelson, Nelson, Olsen\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/profitsharingbet00tayluoft#page/n7/mode/2up/search/Nelson","external_links_name":"Profit-sharing between capital and labour six essays ... to which is added a memorandum on The industrial partnership at the Whitwood Collieries (1865-1874)"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/682190565","external_links_name":"682190565"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeClaire_Historic_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LeClaire_Historic_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie_Speich | Jean-Marie Speich | ["1 Biography","2 Diplomatic career","3 Honours","4 Notes","5 See also","6 References"] | French prelate of the Catholic Church (born 1955)
His Excellency, The Most ReverendJean-Marie SpeichApostolic Nuncio to SloveniaApostolic Delegate to KosovoTitular Archbishop of SulciAppointed19 March 2019PredecessorJuliusz JanuszOther post(s)Titular Archbishop of SulciOrdersOrdination9 October 1982Consecration24 October 2013by Pope Francis, Jean-Pierre Gallet and Antonio MattiazzoPersonal detailsBornJean-Marie Speich (1955-06-15) 15 June 1955 (age 69)Strasbourg, FranceNationalityFrenchDenominationRoman CatholicPrevious post(s)Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana (2013–2019)Alma materPontifical Ecclesiastical AcademyPontifical Gregorian UniversityMottoWI I KAN (As I can)Coat of arms
Styles ofJean-Marie SpeichReference styleHis ExcellencySpoken styleYour ExcellencyReligious styleArchbishop
Ordination history ofJean-Marie SpeichHistoryDiaconal ordinationDate26 June 1982Priestly ordinationOrdained byBishop Léon Arthur Elchinger, Bishop of Strasbourg.Date9 October 1982Episcopal consecrationPrincipal consecratorPope FrancisCo-consecratorsGiovanni TonucciJean-Pierre Grallet, O.F.M.Date24 October 2013
Jean-Marie Speich (born 15 June 1955) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church who has worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See since 1986. He has been an archbishop since 2013 and Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia and Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo since March 2019.
Biography
Speich was born on 15 June 1955 in Strasbourg, France, to Xavier Speich and Marie Thérèse Goetz, residents of Willgottheim (Bas-Rhin). His sister Andrée Speich is a cloistered Benedictine nun.
Speich was ordained to the priesthood on 9 October 1982, by Bishop Léon Arthur Elchinger. From 1982 to 1984, he served as assistant pastor at St. Vincent de Paul Parish in the Archdiocese of Strasbourg. To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1984.
Diplomatic career
He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 July 1986 and was assigned to Apostolic Nunciatures of the Holy See in Haiti, Nigeria, Bolivia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Spain and Cuba. On 27 March 2008, he became head of the section for French-speaking countries at the Secretariat of State.
On 17 August 2013, Pope Francis named Speich Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana and titular archbishop of Sulci. He received his episcopal consecration from Pope Francis on 24 October.
On 19 March 2019, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia and Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo.
Speich's academic degrees include a doctorate degree in canon law, and a licentiate in sacred theology, both from the Pontifical Gregorian University.
The Speich family coat of arms dates to the first half of the 13th century. Speich assumed the motto of Speich family of Strasbourg, which has been in use since 1415. This motto, "Wi I Kan", which is in Alemannic German and means "As I can".
Honours
Ecclesiastical
Chaplain of His Holiness, 15 October 1988.
Honorary Prelate of His Holiness, 10 November 1998.
Others
National Order of Honour and Merit of Haiti, Commander, 2 August 1989.
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Commander, 24 February 1999.
Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Conventual Chaplain ad honorem, 24 June 2006.
Legion of Honor of the Republic of France, Knight, 1 January 2010.
Dynastic Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the House of Savoy, Grand Officer, 14 September 2013.
Notes
^ The blazon of the arms is as follows:
German: In Silber über grünem Dreiberg steigender gebildeter goldener Mond, uberhöht von goldenem Kreuz,
French: D'argent à la croix d'or alésée à pal brochant la fasce en chef sur la lune croissante d'or figurée en abîme, le tout sur trois pointes de montagne sinople
See also
List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See
References
^ Cf. Pays d'Alsace, Willgottheim Woellenheim, Deux villages du Kochersberg, Société d'Histoire et d'Archéologie de Saverne et environs, No. 120 -123 (1982-1983), ISSN 0245-8411.
^ a b c d e "Rinunce e Nomine, 17.08.2013" (Press release) (in Italian). 17 August 2013. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
^ "Curriculum Vitae". Order of Malta Embassy to Slovenia. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
^ "Pontificia Accademia Ecclesiastica, Ex-alunni 1950 – 1999" (in Italian). Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy. Archived from the original on 10 June 2015. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
^ "Slovénie: Mgr Jean-Marie Speich nommé nonce apostolique". Zenit (in French). 19 March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
^ "Resignations and Appointments, 19.03.2019" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2019.
^ Wild, Samuel (1902). Wappen der am Schlusse des 19. Jahrhundert lebenden Bürger-Geschlechter des Kantons Glarus. Sorgfältigst zusammengetragen und dargestellt nach Wappenbüchern älterer und neuerer Zeit, sowie nach Sigillen und Pettschaften (in German). Glarus. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 – via gl.ch.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Gottfried Heer, Zur Geschichte glarnerischer Geschlechter, derjenigen des Serftales insbesondere. Allerlei Bilder aus vergangenen Tagen, Ed. Rud. Tschudy, Glarus, 1920
^ JMS (Summer 2012). "". Kocherschbari (in French) (65). Truchtersheim, FR: Association des amis du Kochersberg: 26–32. ISSN 0243-2498.
^ "Mgr Speich reçoit la Légion d'Honneur". Église catholique en France. Édité par la Conférence des évêques de France (in French). 6 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 August 2015. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
Catholic Church titles
Preceded byLéon Kalenga Badikebele
Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana – August 17, 2013
Succeeded byincumbent
Preceded byGeorge Antonysamy
Titular Archbishop of Sulci – August 17, 2013
incumbent
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prelate"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Delegate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Delegate"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"}],"text":"Jean-Marie Speich (born 15 June 1955) is a French prelate of the Catholic Church who has worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See since 1986. He has been an archbishop since 2013 and Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia and Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo since March 2019.","title":"Jean-Marie Speich"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Willgottheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willgottheim"},{"link_name":"Bas-Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Benedictine nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_nun"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Léon Arthur Elchinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Arthur_Elchinger"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Archdiocese of Strasbourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-maltacv-3"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Ecclesiastical_Academy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Speich was born on 15 June 1955 in Strasbourg, France, to Xavier Speich and Marie Thérèse Goetz, residents of Willgottheim (Bas-Rhin).[1] His sister Andrée Speich is a cloistered Benedictine nun.[citation needed]Speich was ordained to the priesthood on 9 October 1982,[2] by Bishop Léon Arthur Elchinger.[citation needed] From 1982 to 1984, he served as assistant pastor at St. Vincent de Paul Parish in the Archdiocese of Strasbourg.[3] To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1984.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Secretariat of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"titular archbishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titular_archbishop"},{"link_name":"Sulci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulci"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Nunciature_to_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_Delegation_to_Kosovo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"doctorate degree in canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Gregorian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bio-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Alemannic German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemannic_German"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"He entered the diplomatic service of the Holy See on 1 July 1986 and was assigned to Apostolic Nunciatures of the Holy See in Haiti, Nigeria, Bolivia, Canada, Germany, the United Kingdom, Egypt, Spain and Cuba.[2] On 27 March 2008, he became head of the section for French-speaking countries at the Secretariat of State.[2]On 17 August 2013, Pope Francis named Speich Apostolic Nuncio to Ghana and titular archbishop of Sulci.[2] He received his episcopal consecration from Pope Francis on 24 October.[5]On 19 March 2019, Pope Francis appointed him Apostolic Nuncio to Slovenia and Apostolic Delegate to Kosovo.[6]Speich's academic degrees include a doctorate degree in canon law, and a licentiate in sacred theology, both from the Pontifical Gregorian University.[2]The Speich family coat of arms dates to the first half of the 13th century.[7][8][9][a] Speich assumed the motto of Speich family of Strasbourg, which has been in use since 1415. This motto, \"Wi I Kan\", which is in Alemannic German and means \"As I can\".[citation needed]","title":"Diplomatic career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Chaplain_of_His_Holiness.svg"},{"link_name":"Chaplain of His Holiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaplain_of_His_Holiness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:External_Ornaments_of_a_Domestic_Prelate.svg"},{"link_name":"Honorary Prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorary_Prelate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Orden_Nacional_de_Honor_y_M%C3%A9rito,_Comendador.svg"},{"link_name":"National Order of Honour and Merit of Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Order_of_Honour_and_Merit"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GER_Bundesverdienstkreuz_4_GrVK.svg"},{"link_name":"Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SMOM-c.svg"},{"link_name":"Sovereign Military Order of Malta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg"},{"link_name":"Legion of Honor of the Republic of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legion_of_Honour"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-legion-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grande_ufficiale_SSML_BAR.svg"},{"link_name":"Dynastic Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus"}],"text":"EcclesiasticalChaplain of His Holiness, 15 October 1988.\n Honorary Prelate of His Holiness, 10 November 1998.OthersNational Order of Honour and Merit of Haiti, Commander, 2 August 1989.\n Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Commander, 24 February 1999.\n Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Conventual Chaplain ad honorem, 24 June 2006.\n Legion of Honor of the Republic of France, Knight, 1 January 2010.[10]\n Dynastic Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus of the House of Savoy, Grand Officer, 14 September 2013.","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ The blazon of the arms is as follows:\nGerman: In Silber über grünem Dreiberg steigender gebildeter goldener Mond, uberhöht von goldenem Kreuz,\nFrench: D'argent à la croix d'or alésée à pal brochant la fasce en chef sur la lune croissante d'or figurée en abîme, le tout sur trois pointes de montagne sinople","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of heads of the diplomatic missions of the Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Holy_See"}] | [{"reference":"\"Rinunce e Nomine, 17.08.2013\" (Press release) (in Italian). 17 August 2013. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing_regulations | Animal testing regulations | ["1 Europe","1.1 France","1.2 United Kingdom","1.3 Germany","2 Asia","2.1 Japan","3 United States","4 Canada","4.1 Alberta","4.2 Prince Edward Island","4.3 Manitoba","4.4 Ontario","5 Australia","6 New Zealand","7 Brazil","8 See also","9 Notes"] | Guidelines with regard to animal testing
Animal testing
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Animal testing regulations are guidelines that permit and control the use of non-human animals for scientific experimentation. They vary greatly around the world, but most governments aim to control the number of times individual animals may be used; the overall numbers used; and the degree of pain that may be inflicted without anesthetic.
Europe
Further information: European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes
Experiments on vertebrate animals in the European Union are since January 1, 2013. subject to Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, which was finalized in November 2010 and updated and replaced the Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of Animals used for Experimental and other scientific purposes, adopted in 1986. Directive 86/609/EEC showed considerable variation in the manner member countries chose to exercise the directive: compare, for example, legislation from Sweden, The Netherlands, and Germany.
With a 2004 amendment to the Cosmetics Directive, the animal testing for cosmetic products is forbidden in the EU. Also animal testing for cosmetic ingredients is prohibited since March 2009. The amendment also prohibited, since 11 March 2009, to market cosmetic products containing ingredients which have been tested on animals. The amendment does not prohibit companies to use animal testing to fulfill regulatory requirements in other countries.
France
In France, legislation (principally the decree of October 19, 1980) requires an institutional and project license before testing on vertebrates is carried out. An institution must submit details of their facilities and the reason for the experiments, after which a five-year license may be granted following an inspection of the premises. The project licensee must be trained and educated to an appropriate level. Personal licenses are not required for individuals working under the supervision of a project license holder. These regulations do not apply to research using invertebrates.
United Kingdom
See also: Animal Procedures Committee and Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986
The types of institutions conducting animal research in the UK in 2015 were: universities (47.7%); commercial organizations (25.1%); government departments and other public bodies (13.8%); non-profit organizations (12.4%); National Health Service hospitals (0.7%); public health laboratories (0.2%).
The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 requires experiments to be regulated by three licences: a project licence for the scientist in charge of the project, which details the numbers and types of animals to be used, the experiments to be performed and their purpose; a certificate for the institution to ensure it has adequate facilities and staff; and a personal licence for each scientist or technician who carries out any procedure. In deciding whether to grant a licence, the Home Office refers to the Act's cost-benefit analysis, which is defined as "the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue as a result of the programme to be specified in the licence" (Section 5(4)). A licence should not be granted if there is a "reasonably practicable method not entailing the use of protected animals" (Section 5(5) (a)). The experiments must use "the minimum number of animals, involve animals with the lowest degree of neurophysiological sensitivity, cause the least pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm, and most likely to produce satisfactory results" (Section 5(5) (b)).
During a 2002 House of Lords select committee inquiry into animal testing in the UK, witnesses stated that the UK has the tightest regulatory system in the world, and is the only country to require a cost-benefit assessment of every licence application. There are 29 qualified inspectors covering 230 establishments, which are visited on average 11–12 times a year in both announced and unannounced inspections.
As a result of the transposition of Directive 2010/63/EU, changes were made to the way research is reviewed and approved in the UK. All licensed establishments must have an Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body (commonly referred to as AWERBs) which considers and monitors project applications for the site. The assessment of severity has also changed under the amendments to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986). Working examples of severity bands are provided by European Commission Expert Working Group. The assessment of severity must also be conducted retrospectively, which results in severity being assigned on the basis of the actual suffering experienced by the animals, rather than what is presumed during study design. This in turn leads to more accurate prospective assignment of severity bands.
Germany
The German Animal Welfare Act, 1972, is designed to enforce the utilitarian principle that there must be good reason for one to cause an animal harm and identifies that it is the responsibility of human beings to protect the lives and well-being of their fellow creatures. The Animal Welfare Act is supplemented by the Animal Protection Laboratory Animal Regulations, 2013, and the European Directive 2010/63/EU. All animal research facilities must be inspected at least every three years, with facilities conducting primate research being inspected at least once per year.
Asia
Japan
Animal Experimentation in Japan is regulated by several documents - the Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals, 2005, The Standards Relating to the Care and Management, and Alleviation of Pain and Distress of Experimental Animals, 2006, and guidelines by
various ministries and organizations.
The law states that causing distress to animals is not allowed without due cause (Article 2), and that when conducting animal experiments, methods that reduce the pain and distress of the animals as much as possible shall be used. It also states that consideration shall be given as to the appropriate use of animals, for example by reducing the number of animals used when possible (Article 41).
The Standards state that usage of animals for scientific purpose is necessary. They include regulations for the refinement of experiments, in order to reduce the pain and distress of the experimental animals, and consideration for replacing animal experiments with alternatives or reducing the number of animals used.
MEXT (The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and MHLW (The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) established the guidelines named "Basic policies on animal experimentation" as quasi-regulations on June 1, 2006. The SCJ (Science Council
of Japan) formulated more detailed guidelines, also in 2006, to be used when institutions formate their local regulations.
The SCJ's guidelines state that the director of each research institution bears the responsibility for animal experiments conducted at their facilities, that animal experiments are indispensable, and that each institution should formulate voluntary in-house regulations for proper scientific conduct of animal experiments based on the guidelines. As well, they state that each institution should form an in-house review committee in order to inspect the experiments at that institution, from the standpoint of scientific rationale, with consideration to the Law and Standards mentioned above.
However, ALIVE Foundation conducted a survey of Japanese universities and research facilities in 2011, and concluded that:
"There appears to be little consciousness about the use of animals in experiments. Although there is an official guideline that should be followed, national universities are not complying with the guideline (in particular, in choosing particular kinds of animal, self-assessment and care/management of animals)."
United States
Further information: Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee
In the United States, animal testing on vertebrates is primarily regulated by the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (AWA), and the Animal Welfare Regulations which is enforced by the Animal Care division of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The AWA contains provisions to ensure that individuals of covered species used in research receive a certain standard of care and treatment, provided that the standard of care and treatment does not interfere with "the design, outlines, or guidelines of actual research or experimentation." Currently, AWA only protects mammals. In 2002, the Farm Security Act of 2002, the fifth amendment to the AWA, specifically excluded purpose-bred birds, rats, and mice (as opposed to wild-captured mice, rats, and birds) from regulations. Even though most animals used in research are mice, rats, and fish, over a million other research animals per year are covered by the Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations. The AWA requires each institution using covered species to maintain an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), which is responsible for local compliance with the Act. In addition, the IACUC reviews and approves each animal use protocol, which is a written description the researchers submit describing all procedures to be done with laboratory animals. Researchers must consult with a veterinarian for each procedure that may cause more than momentary pain or distress to the animals. In addition a written justification for these procedures, as well as documentation of a search for alternatives to these procedures, must be included with the protocol. The IACUC must review and approve these protocols at least annually. The IACUC also inspects all the animal facilities, including satellite facilities, every 6 months. As a part of this semi-annual inspection the committee also reviews the entire animal care and use program, and submits a "semi-annual report" to the Institutional Official. The Guide (enforced by OLAW) also has requirements for IACUC responsibilities and program reviews.
Animal care and use in research in the United States are largely controlled by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.
The following information is based on IACUC activity in the United States over 15 years ago. In addition, the purpose of an IACUC is not to provide "consistent" oversight across studies or institutions. Each institution has its own culture, priorities, and interpretations.
A study conducted in 2001 by Psychology Professor Scott Plous of Wesleyan University that evaluated the reliability of IACUCs found little consistency between decisions made by IACUCs at different institutions. A Wesleyan University press release summarized part of the findings:
The investigation, which took three years to complete, compared judgments made by 50 randomly selected animal care and use committees drawn from U.S. colleges and universities. To assess the consistency of approval decisions, 150 recent research proposals from these institutions were each independently evaluated by two different animal care and use committees.
The results showed that approval decisions were statistically unrelated. In most cases, proposals that were disapproved by one committee were approved by the second committee.
The study also explored whether reviews were more reliable when the experiment involved certain types of animals or procedures. For example, reliability was assessed for proposals that involved dogs, cats, and primates, or for experiments involving drugs, surgery, animal pain, or death. Even in these cases, independent reviews did not agree beyond chance levels.
In response to the Plous study, a rebuttal letter to Science written by animal researchers, animal care staff, and members of professional research societies stated:
That the masked protocols would be rated more negatively was predictable for the following reasons. First, IACUCs rely on knowing the experience of the investigators and staff, information that was not included for the unofficial IACUCs. Not surprisingly, most of the negative shifts (84 of 118) were to categories calling for more information. Second, withholding approval had no practical consequence. Third, participants might have felt scrutinized by researchers with an "animal rights" agenda, and erred on the side of deferral or rejection. Fourth, navigating another institution's forms can be difficult. And fifth, IACUCs unfamiliar with particular species or procedures are less likely to understand a protocol. These factors make it almost impossible to compare the actions of the original and unofficial IACUCs and thus call into question the major premises and conclusions of this study.
Institutions are also subject to unannounced annual inspections from USDA APHIS Veterinarian inspectors. There are about 70 inspectors monitoring around 1100 research institutions. The inspectors also conduct pre-licensing checks for sites that do not engage in animal research or transportation, of which more than 4000 exist (e.g. dog kennels).
Another regulatory instrument is the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW), which is an office within the US National Institutes of Health. OLAW oversees all animal studies funded by the Public Health Service (including NIH). The Health Research Extension Act of 1985 directed the NIH to write the Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. This Policy applies to any individual scientist or institution in receipt of federal funds and requires each institution to have an IACUC, among other stipulations. OLAW enforces the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory AnimalsGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition published by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Page Not Found : Division on Earth and Life Studies which covers all vertebrate species, including rodents, birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition This means that IACUCs oversee the use of all vertebrate species in research at facilities receiving federal funds, even if the species are not covered by the AWA. OLAW does not carry out scheduled inspections, but requires that "As a condition of receipt of PHS support for research involving laboratory animals, awardee institutions must provide a written Animal Welfare Assurance of Compliance (Assurance) to OLAW describing the means they will employ to comply with the PHS Policy." OLAW conducts inspections only when there is a suspected or alleged violation that cannot be resolved through written correspondence.
Accreditation from the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC), a non-governmental, nonprofit association, is regarded by the industry as the "gold standard" of accreditation. Accreditation is maintained through a prearranged AAALAC site visit and program evaluation hosted by the member institution once every three years. Accreditation is intended to ensure compliance with the standards in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, as well as any other national or local laws on animal welfare.
Canada
The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) is set up to act in the interests of the people of Canada to ensure through programs of education, assessment and guidelines development that the use of animals, where necessary, for research, teaching and testing employs optimal physical and psychological care according to acceptable scientific standards, and to promote an increased level of knowledge, awareness and sensitivity to relevant ethical principles. At the inaugural meeting on January 30, 1968, the CCAC adopted the following statement of objective: "to develop guiding principles for the care of experimental animals in Canada, and to work for their effective application".
The federal government does not have jurisdiction to pass laws that involve experiments on animals. The provinces have jurisdiction concerning that area. The federal government, however, is involved in three areas: the criminal law power, the health power, and the spending power.
The Criminal Code of Canada
Section 446 and 447 of the Criminal Code protect animals from cruelty, abuse and neglect. This section of the Criminal Code has been under review for several years.
The Health of Animals Act
The Health of Animals Act (1990) and its regulations are aimed primarily at protecting Canadian livestock from a variety of infectious diseases that would threaten both the health of the animals and people, and Canadian trade in livestock with other countries. This act is used both to deal with named disease outbreaks in Canada, and to prevent the entry of unacceptable diseases that do not exist in Canada.
The Spending Power
The other mechanism through which the federal government has lent its support to the humane treatment of animals is not strictly speaking legislative in nature, but in many respects it is one of the most powerful instruments available to the federal government for setting national standards. The federal government's power to provide for grants subject to conditions imposed on the recipients, be they provincial governments or individual or corporate recipients, may take a variety of different forms. One form is that of the conditional federal grant or contract. This manifestation of the federal power is what currently underpins the imposition of CCAC standards on facilities receiving funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Where the government itself awards a contract on an academic or non-academic institution, clause A9015C of Public Works Standard Acquisition Clauses and Conditions Manual imposes conditions related to the care and use of experimental animals in public works and government services.
All of the provinces in Canada have created and passed laws that pertain to animal welfare, but only certain provinces have made their own laws. These provinces are Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.
Alberta
In 2006, the Alberta Animal Protection Act was revised and declared. Previously in Alberta, only academic institutions were subject to provincial regulations referencing CCAC standards, as these standards were referenced exclusively in the Alberta Universities Act. In 2005, the Universities Act and two other laws were examined by the Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Ministry (AAFRD), in hopes of combining them and update their content. Article 2(1) of the Animal Protection Regulations was revised by the CCAC and AAFRD and now states that "a person who owns or has custody, care or control of an animal for research activities must comply with the following Canadian Council on Animal Care documents", and lists all 22 CCAC standards, including the CCAC Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals and the various guidelines and policies published by the CCAC.
Prince Edward Island
In Prince Edward Island, the Animal Protection Regulations made under the Animal Health and Protection Act state that the rules controlling the care of animals used for medical or scientific research can be found in Volumes 1 and 2 of the Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals published by the CCAC. in the Prince Edward Islands
Manitoba
In the province of Manitoba, according to the Animal Care Act, it is not allowed for a person to cause suffering to an animal. The use of animals for research and teaching is acceptable as long as it follows the rules set out in the Act. All institutions that use animals for research and teaching purposes have to submit to obey the system put in place by the CCAC. Failing to do so, any harm done to an animal in a research or teaching program will be regarded as an offense under the Act.
Ontario
All of the research facilities in Ontario must be registered and licensed based on the legislation Animals for Research Act. Among the provisions of the Animals for Research Act, one should note the duty to establish an animal care committee, the responsibilities and powers of which are similar to those required under the CCAC system, and the requirement for any operator of a research facility to submit to the person designated by the Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs a report respecting the animals used in the research facility for research. Regulation 24 governs the housing and care of the animals. Regulation 25 controls the conditions for transportation of the animals that are used or going to be used by a research facility.
Australia
In Australia, Animal Ethics Committees (AECs) determine whether the use of an animal is valid or not. AECs must follow the Code in order to ensure the wellbeing of the animals used for research. The Code emphasizes the responsibilities of investigators, teachers and institutions using animals to:
ensure that the use of animals is justified, taking into consideration the scientific or educational benefits and the potential effects on the welfare of the animals;
ensure that the welfare of animals is always considered;
promote the development and use of techniques that replace the use of animals in
scientific and teaching activities;
minimise the number of animals used in projects; and
refine methods and procedures to avoid pain or distress in animals used in scientific and teaching activities.
Scientific and teaching activities using animals may be performed only when they are essential:
to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding of humans and/or animals;
for the maintenance and improvement of human and/or animal health and welfare;
for the improvement of animal management or production;
to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding, maintenance or improvement of the natural environment; or
for the achievement of educational objectives.
Researchers can only conduct their studies once it has approved the validity of the use of the animals and that there is more educational or scientific gain that outweighs the possible effects on the welfare of the animals. The researchers must submit a written proposal to an AEC stating what is to be accomplished, a defense for the study, and the ethical and wellbeing of the animals used reflecting the 3Rs.
New Zealand
Main article: Regulation of Animal Research in New Zealand
New Zealand's Animal Welfare Act 1999 requires owners and people in charge of animals to ensure the physical, health and behavioural needs of animals are met, and that pain and distress are alleviated. In New Zealand, as in many countries, laboratory animals (mainly rodents) and farm animals (mainly cattle and sheep) are used in research, testing and teaching – commonly referred to as RTT. Animal use in RTT is strictly controlled under the Animal Welfare Act 1999 and organisations using animals must follow an approved code of ethical conduct. This sets out the policies and procedures that need to be adopted and followed by the organisation and its animal ethics committee.
Every project must be approved and monitored by an animal ethics committee. These committees must have three external members:
a nominee of an approved animal welfare organisation (such as the SPCA),
a nominee of the New Zealand Veterinary Association and,
a lay person to represent the public interest (and nominated by a local government body).
Code holders and their animal ethics committees are independently reviewed (by MPI accredited reviewers) at least once every five years. All code holders have to submit annual animal use statistics on the number of animals used in research, testing or teaching, and its impact on them, from little or none to severe.
The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) administers the Act and leads animal welfare policy and practice in New Zealand. The National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (NAEAC) was established under the Animal Welfare Act to provide independent advice to the Minister for Primary Industries about:
ethical and animal welfare issues relating to the use of animals in research, testing and teaching
recommendations on the restrictions of use of non-human hominids
advice to Animal Ethics Committees
the development and review of codes of ethical conduct
Brazil
The federal law for the scientific use of animals was passed in 2008. The law established the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) and demanded that institutions create an ethics committee on the use of animals.
In 2009, Decree 6899/2009 defined CONCEA as the governing and advisory body, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, to authorize accreditation to registered institutions and to license those institutions to use animals in research. The same decree also states that an electronic database be developed to allow breeding and research facilities to register in order to apply for CONCEA accreditation.
Brazil also reinforces the 3Rs.
See also
Animal–industrial complex
Animal rights
Cruelty to animals
Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations
Notes
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^ "Laboratory animal research legislation in Sweden" Archived December 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, EBRA. Retrieved February 8, 2007
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^ "Full EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics enters into force". European Commission. March 11, 2013. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015.
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^ "Public Law 99-198, Food Security Act of 1985, Subtitle F - Animal Welfare". usda.gov. Archived from the original on 2007-12-31.
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^ Science 30 November 2001: Vol. 294. no. 5548, pp. 1831–1832 doi:10.1126/science.294.5548.1831b
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vteAnimal rightsTopics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)Overviews
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Gene Baur
Yves Bonnardel
Joey Carbstrong
Aymeric Caron
Jake Conroy
Rod Coronado
Karen Dawn
Chris DeRose
John Feldmann
Bruce Friedrich
Juliet Gellatley
Tal Gilboa
Antoine Goetschel
Mark Gold
Brigitte Gothière
Wayne Hsiung
Charlotte Laws
Ronnie Lee
Howard Lyman
Evanna Lynch
Bill Maher
Keith Mann
Jim Mason
Dan Mathews
Jo-Anne McArthur
Luísa Mell
Virginia McKenna
Ingrid Newkirk
Heather Nicholson
Jack Norris
Ric O'Barry
David Olivier
Alex Pacheco
Craig Rosebraugh
Nathan Runkle
Jasmin Singer
Kim Stallwood
Lynda Stoner
Marianne Thieme
Darren Thurston
Christine Townend
Wendy Turner-Webster
Jerry Vlasak
Louise Wallis
Gary Yourofsky
That Vegan Teacher
Historical
Cleveland Amory
Henry B. Amos
Bob Barker
Ernest Bell
Edith Carrington
Frances Power Cobbe
Joan Court
Karen Davis
Royal Dixon
Muriel Dowding
Elizabeth Farians
Emarel Freshel
André Géraud
Lewis Gompertz
James Granger
Nina Douglas-Hamilton
Barry Horne
Marie Huot
Lizzy Lind af Hageby
Jessie Mackay
Norm Phelps
Jill Phipps
Maud Ingersoll Probasco
Hans Ruesch
Nell Shipman
Henry Spira
Andrew Tyler
Gretchen Wyler
Movement (groups, parties)GroupsContemporary
American Anti-Vivisection Society
Animal Aid
Animal Ethics
Animal Justice
Animal Justice Project
Animal Legal Defense Fund
Animal Liberation
Animal Liberation Front
Animal Rising
AnimaNaturalis
Anti-Vivisection Coalition
Anonymous for the Voiceless
Beauty Without Cruelty
Born Free Foundation
Centre for Animals and Social Justice
Chinese Animal Protection Network
Cruelty Free International
Direct Action Everywhere
Doctors Against Animal Experiments
Equanimal
Every Animal
Farm Animal Rights Movement
Faunalytics
Great Ape Project
Hunt Saboteurs Association
In Defense of Animals
Korea Animal Rights Advocates
L214
Last Chance for Animals
Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition
Mercy for Animals
Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
Rise for Animals
Sentience Politics
Uncaged Campaigns
United Activists for Animal Rights
United Poultry Concerns
UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics
Viva!
Voice for Animals Humane Society
Historical
Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society
Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society
Humanitarian League (1891–1919)
Oxford Group
Parties
Animal Justice Party (Australia)
Animal Politics EU (Europe)
Animal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)
Animal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)
Animals' Party (Sweden)
Animalist Movement (Italy)
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (Spain)
DierAnimal (Belgium)
Human Environment Animal Protection (Germany)
Italian Animalist Party (Italy)
Party for the Animals (Netherlands)
People Animals Nature (Portugal)
V-Partei³ (Germany)
Activism
Animal Rights National Conference
Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)Books
On Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)
The Rights of Animals (1838)
Animals' Rights (1892)
Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)
The Universal Kinship (1906)
The New Ethics (1907)
Animals, Men and Morals (1971)
Animal Liberation (1975)
The Case for Animal Rights (1983)
Morals, Reason, and Animals (1987)
Zoos and Animal Rights (1993)
Animals, Property, and the Law (1995)
The Lives of Animals (1999)
Eternal Treblinka (2001)
Do Animals Have Rights? (2005)
Striking at the Roots (2008)
An American Trilogy (2009)
An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)
Animal Rights Without Liberation (2012)
Political Animals and Animal Politics (2014)
Animal (De)liberation (2016)
Sentientist Politics (2018)
Wild Animal Ethics (2020)
Animal Ethics in the Wild (2022)
Making a Stand for Animals (2022)
Films
The Animals Film (1981)
A Cow at My Table (1998)
Shores of Silence (2000)
The Witness (2000)
Meet Your Meat (2002)
Legally Blonde 2 (2003)
The Meatrix (2003)
Peaceable Kingdom (2004)
Earthlings (2005)
Behind the Mask (2006)
Your Mommy Kills Animals (2007)
The Cove (2009)
Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)
Forks Over Knives (2011)
Vegucated (2011)
An Apology to Elephants (2013)
Speciesism: The Movie (2013)
The Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)
Unlocking the Cage (2016)
Dominion (2018)
Seaspiracy (2021)
PeriodicalsJournals
Animal Sentience
Between the Species
Cahiers antispécistes
Etica & Animali
Journal of Animal Ethics
Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism
The Animals' Defender
Magazines
Arkangel
Bite Back
Muutoksen kevät
No Compromise
Satya
Albums
Animal Liberation (1987)
Tame Yourself (1991)
Manifesto (2008)
Salvation of Innocents (2014)
Onward to Freedom (2014)
Fairs and exhibitions
Holocaust on your Plate (2003)
Category ( 139 ) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal testing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_testing"},{"link_name":"guidelines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guideline"},{"link_name":"scientific experimentation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_experimentation"},{"link_name":"anesthetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anesthetic"}],"text":"Animal testing regulations are guidelines that permit and control the use of non-human animals for scientific experimentation. They vary greatly around the world, but most governments aim to control the number of times individual animals may be used; the overall numbers used; and the degree of pain that may be inflicted without anesthetic.","title":"Animal testing regulations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Vertebrate_Animals_used_for_Experimental_and_other_Scientific_Purposes"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUDirective2010-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKGuideOnEUDirective-2"},{"link_name":"Directive 2010/63/EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing#EU_Directive_2010/63/EU"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EUDirective-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EBRA1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EBRA2-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EBRA3-6"},{"link_name":"Cosmetics Directive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmetics_Directive"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Further information: European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific PurposesExperiments on vertebrate animals in the European Union are since January 1, 2013.[1][2] subject to Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, which was finalized in November 2010 and updated and replaced the Directive 86/609/EEC on the protection of Animals used for Experimental and other scientific purposes, adopted in 1986.[3] Directive 86/609/EEC showed considerable variation in the manner member countries chose to exercise the directive: compare, for example, legislation from Sweden,[4] The Netherlands,[5] and Germany.[6]With a 2004 amendment to the Cosmetics Directive, the animal testing for cosmetic products is forbidden in the EU. Also animal testing for cosmetic ingredients is prohibited since March 2009. The amendment also prohibited, since 11 March 2009, to market cosmetic products containing ingredients which have been tested on animals.[7] The amendment does not prohibit companies to use animal testing to fulfill regulatory requirements in other countries.","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoL1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EBRA4-9"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"In France, legislation (principally the decree of October 19, 1980) requires an institutional and project license before testing on vertebrates is carried out. An institution must submit details of their facilities and the reason for the experiments, after which a five-year license may be granted following an inspection of the premises. The project licensee must be trained and educated to an appropriate level. Personal licenses are not required for individuals working under the supervision of a project license holder.[8] These regulations do not apply to research using invertebrates.[9]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Animal Procedures Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Procedures_Committee"},{"link_name":"Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_(Scientific_Procedures)_Act_1986"},{"link_name":"National Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UKStats2015-10"},{"link_name":"Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals_(Scientific_Procedures)_Act_1986"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1986Act-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Home Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Office"},{"link_name":"cost-benefit analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis"},{"link_name":"neurophysiological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophysiology"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Directive 2010/63/EU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatives_to_animal_testing#EU_Directive_2010/63/EU"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"See also: Animal Procedures Committee and Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986The types of institutions conducting animal research in the UK in 2015 were: universities (47.7%); commercial organizations (25.1%); government departments and other public bodies (13.8%); non-profit organizations (12.4%); National Health Service hospitals (0.7%); public health laboratories (0.2%).[10]The Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986[11] requires experiments to be regulated by three licences: a project licence for the scientist in charge of the project, which details the numbers and types of animals to be used, the experiments to be performed and their purpose; a certificate for the institution to ensure it has adequate facilities and staff; and a personal licence for each scientist or technician who carries out any procedure.[12] In deciding whether to grant a licence, the Home Office refers to the Act's cost-benefit analysis, which is defined as \"the likely adverse effects on the animals concerned against the benefit likely to accrue as a result of the programme to be specified in the licence\" (Section 5(4)). A licence should not be granted if there is a \"reasonably practicable method not entailing the use of protected animals\" (Section 5(5) (a)). The experiments must use \"the minimum number of animals, involve animals with the lowest degree of neurophysiological sensitivity, cause the least pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm, and [be the] most likely to produce satisfactory results\" (Section 5(5) (b)).[13]During a 2002 House of Lords select committee inquiry into animal testing in the UK, witnesses stated that the UK has the tightest regulatory system in the world, and is the only country to require a cost-benefit assessment of every licence application.[14] There are 29 qualified inspectors covering 230 establishments, which are visited on average 11–12 times a year in both announced and unannounced inspections.[15]As a result of the transposition of Directive 2010/63/EU, changes were made to the way research is reviewed and approved in the UK. All licensed establishments must have an Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Body [16] (commonly referred to as AWERBs) which considers and monitors project applications for the site. The assessment of severity has also changed under the amendments to the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act (1986). Working examples of severity bands are provided by European Commission Expert Working Group.[17] The assessment of severity must also be conducted retrospectively, which results in severity being assigned on the basis of the actual suffering experienced by the animals, rather than what is presumed during study design. This in turn leads to more accurate prospective assignment of severity bands.[18]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GermanRegs-20"}],"sub_title":"Germany","text":"The German Animal Welfare Act, 1972, is designed to enforce the utilitarian principle that there must be good reason for one to cause an animal harm and identifies that it is the responsibility of human beings to protect the lives and well-being of their fellow creatures.[19] The Animal Welfare Act is supplemented by the Animal Protection Laboratory Animal Regulations, 2013, and the European Directive 2010/63/EU. All animal research facilities must be inspected at least every three years, with facilities conducting primate research being inspected at least once per year.[20]","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Japan","text":"Animal Experimentation in Japan is regulated by several documents - the Law for the Humane Treatment and Management of Animals, 2005, The Standards Relating to the Care and Management, and Alleviation of Pain and Distress of Experimental Animals, 2006, and guidelines by \nvarious ministries and organizations.[21]The law states that causing distress to animals is not allowed without due cause (Article 2), and that when conducting animal experiments, methods that reduce the pain and distress of the animals as much as possible shall be used. It also states that consideration shall be given as to the appropriate use of animals, for example by reducing the number of animals used when possible (Article 41).[22]The Standards state that usage of animals for scientific purpose is necessary. They include regulations for the refinement of experiments, in order to reduce the pain and distress of the experimental animals, and consideration for replacing animal experiments with alternatives or reducing the number of animals used.MEXT (The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) and MHLW (The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare) established the guidelines named \"Basic policies on animal experimentation\" as quasi-regulations on June 1, 2006. The SCJ (Science Council \nof Japan) formulated more detailed guidelines, also in 2006, to be used when institutions formate their local regulations.[23]The SCJ's guidelines state that the director of each research institution bears the responsibility for animal experiments conducted at their facilities, that animal experiments are indispensable, and that each institution should formulate voluntary in-house regulations for proper scientific conduct of animal experiments based on the guidelines. As well, they state that each institution should form an in-house review committee in order to inspect the experiments at that institution, from the standpoint of scientific rationale, with consideration to the Law and Standards mentioned above.[24]However, ALIVE Foundation conducted a survey of Japanese universities and research facilities in 2011, and concluded that:\"There appears to be little consciousness about the use of animals in experiments. Although there is an official guideline that should be followed, national universities are not complying with the guideline (in particular, in choosing particular kinds of animal, self-assessment and care/management of animals).\"[25]","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Animal_Care_and_Use_Committee"},{"link_name":"Animal Welfare Act of 1966","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Welfare_Act_of_1966"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"the Farm Security Act of 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Farm_Security_Act_of_2002"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_Animal_Care_and_Use_Committee"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Scott Plous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Plous"},{"link_name":"Wesleyan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesleyan_University"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Public Health Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Health_Service"},{"link_name":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12910"},{"link_name":"Page Not Found : Division on Earth and Life Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dels.nas.edu/ilar_n/ilarhome/"},{"link_name":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12910"},{"link_name":"vertebrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"AAALAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAALAC"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"animal welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare"}],"text":"Further information: Institutional Animal Care and Use CommitteeIn the United States, animal testing on vertebrates is primarily regulated by the Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (AWA),[26] and the Animal Welfare Regulations [26] which is enforced by the Animal Care division[27] of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). The AWA contains provisions to ensure that individuals of covered species used in research receive a certain standard of care and treatment, provided that the standard of care and treatment does not interfere with \"the design, outlines, or guidelines of actual research or experimentation.\"[28][29] Currently, AWA only protects mammals. In 2002, the Farm Security Act of 2002, the fifth amendment to the AWA, specifically excluded purpose-bred birds, rats, and mice (as opposed to wild-captured mice, rats, and birds) from regulations.[30] Even though most animals used in research are mice, rats, and fish, over a million other research animals per year are covered by the Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations.[31] The AWA requires each institution using covered species to maintain an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), which is responsible for local compliance with the Act. In addition, the IACUC reviews and approves each animal use protocol, which is a written description the researchers submit describing all procedures to be done with laboratory animals. Researchers must consult with a veterinarian for each procedure that may cause more than momentary pain or distress to the animals. In addition a written justification for these procedures, as well as documentation of a search for alternatives to these procedures, must be included with the protocol. The IACUC must review and approve these protocols at least annually. The IACUC also inspects all the animal facilities, including satellite facilities, every 6 months. As a part of this semi-annual inspection the committee also reviews the entire animal care and use program, and submits a \"semi-annual report\" to the Institutional Official.[32] The Guide (enforced by OLAW) also has requirements for IACUC responsibilities and program reviews.[33]Animal care and use in research in the United States are largely controlled by Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees.The following information is based on IACUC activity in the United States over 15 years ago. In addition, the purpose of an IACUC is not to provide \"consistent\" oversight across studies or institutions. Each institution has its own culture, priorities, and interpretations. \nA study conducted in 2001 by Psychology Professor Scott Plous of Wesleyan University that evaluated the reliability of IACUCs found little consistency between decisions made by IACUCs at different institutions. A Wesleyan University press release summarized part of the findings:The investigation, which took three years to complete, compared judgments made by 50 randomly selected animal care and use committees drawn from U.S. colleges and universities. To assess the consistency of approval decisions, 150 recent research proposals from these institutions were each independently evaluated by two different animal care and use committees.\nThe results showed that approval decisions were statistically unrelated. In most cases, proposals that were disapproved by one committee were approved by the second committee.\n\nThe study also explored whether reviews were more reliable when the experiment involved certain types of animals or procedures. For example, reliability was assessed for proposals that involved dogs, cats, and primates, or for experiments involving drugs, surgery, animal pain, or death. Even in these cases, independent reviews did not agree beyond chance levels.[34]In response to the Plous study, a rebuttal letter to Science written by animal researchers, animal care staff, and members of professional research societies stated:That the masked protocols would be rated more negatively was predictable for the following reasons. First, IACUCs rely on knowing the experience of the investigators and staff, information that was not included for the unofficial IACUCs. Not surprisingly, most of the negative shifts (84 of 118) were to categories calling for more information. Second, withholding approval had no practical consequence. Third, participants might have felt scrutinized by researchers with an \"animal rights\" agenda, and erred on the side of deferral or rejection. Fourth, navigating another institution's forms can be difficult. And fifth, IACUCs unfamiliar with particular species or procedures are less likely to understand a protocol. These factors make it almost impossible to compare the actions of the original and unofficial IACUCs and thus call into question the major premises and conclusions of this study.[35]Institutions are also subject to unannounced annual inspections from USDA APHIS Veterinarian inspectors. There are about 70 inspectors[36] monitoring around 1100 research institutions.[37] The inspectors also conduct pre-licensing checks for sites that do not engage in animal research or transportation, of which more than 4000 exist (e.g. dog kennels).[38]Another regulatory instrument is the Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW),[39] which is an office within the US National Institutes of Health. OLAW oversees all animal studies funded by the Public Health Service (including NIH). The Health Research Extension Act of 1985 directed the NIH to write the Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. This Policy applies to any individual scientist or institution in receipt of federal funds and requires each institution to have an IACUC, among other stipulations. OLAW enforces the recommendations in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory AnimalsGuide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition published by the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research,Page Not Found : Division on Earth and Life Studies which covers all vertebrate species, including rodents, birds, fish, amphibians, and reptiles Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition This means that IACUCs oversee the use of all vertebrate species in research at facilities receiving federal funds, even if the species are not covered by the AWA. OLAW does not carry out scheduled inspections, but requires that \"As a condition of receipt of PHS support for research involving laboratory animals, awardee institutions must provide a written Animal Welfare Assurance of Compliance (Assurance) to OLAW describing the means they will employ to comply with the PHS Policy.\"[40] OLAW conducts inspections only when there is a suspected or alleged violation that cannot be resolved through written correspondence.\nAccreditation from the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC),[41] a non-governmental, nonprofit association, is regarded by the industry as the \"gold standard\" of accreditation.[42] Accreditation is maintained through a prearranged AAALAC site visit and program evaluation hosted by the member institution once every three years.[43] Accreditation is intended to ensure compliance with the standards in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, as well as any other national or local laws on animal welfare.","title":"United States"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Council on Animal Care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Council_on_Animal_Care"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"}],"text":"The Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) is set up to act in the interests of the people of Canada to ensure through programs of education, assessment and guidelines development that the use of animals, where necessary, for research, teaching and testing employs optimal physical and psychological care according to acceptable scientific standards, and to promote an increased level of knowledge, awareness and sensitivity to relevant ethical principles. At the inaugural meeting on January 30, 1968, the CCAC adopted the following statement of objective: \"to develop guiding principles for the care of experimental animals in Canada, and to work for their effective application\".[44]The federal government does not have jurisdiction to pass laws that involve experiments on animals. The provinces have jurisdiction concerning that area. The federal government, however, is involved in three areas: the criminal law power, the health power, and the spending power.The Criminal Code of CanadaSection 446 and 447 of the Criminal Code protect animals from cruelty, abuse and neglect. This section of the Criminal Code has been under review for several years.The Health of Animals ActThe Health of Animals Act (1990) and its regulations are aimed primarily at protecting Canadian livestock from a variety of infectious diseases that would threaten both the health of the animals and people, and Canadian trade in livestock with other countries. This act is used both to deal with named disease outbreaks in Canada, and to prevent the entry of unacceptable diseases that do not exist in Canada.The Spending PowerThe other mechanism through which the federal government has lent its support to the humane treatment of animals is not strictly speaking legislative in nature, but in many respects it is one of the most powerful instruments available to the federal government for setting national standards. The federal government's power to provide for grants subject to conditions imposed on the recipients, be they provincial governments or individual or corporate recipients, may take a variety of different forms. One form is that of the conditional federal grant or contract. This manifestation of the federal power is what currently underpins the imposition of CCAC standards on facilities receiving funding from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Where the government itself awards a contract on an academic or non-academic institution, clause A9015C of Public Works Standard Acquisition Clauses and Conditions Manual imposes conditions related to the care and use of experimental animals in public works and government services.[44]All of the provinces in Canada have created and passed laws that pertain to animal welfare, but only certain provinces have made their own laws. These provinces are Alberta, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"}],"sub_title":"Alberta","text":"In 2006, the Alberta Animal Protection Act was revised and declared. Previously in Alberta, only academic institutions were subject to provincial regulations referencing CCAC standards, as these standards were referenced exclusively in the Alberta Universities Act. In 2005, the Universities Act and two other laws were examined by the Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development Ministry (AAFRD), in hopes of combining them and update their content. Article 2(1) of the Animal Protection Regulations was revised by the CCAC and AAFRD and now states that \"a person who owns or has custody, care or control of an animal for research activities must comply with the following Canadian Council on Animal Care documents\", and lists all 22 CCAC standards, including the CCAC Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals and the various guidelines and policies published by the CCAC.[44]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"}],"sub_title":"Prince Edward Island","text":"In Prince Edward Island, the Animal Protection Regulations made under the Animal Health and Protection Act state that the rules controlling the care of animals used for medical or scientific research can be found in Volumes 1 and 2 of the Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals published by the CCAC. in the Prince Edward Islands [44]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"}],"sub_title":"Manitoba","text":"In the province of Manitoba, according to the Animal Care Act, it is not allowed for a person to cause suffering to an animal. The use of animals for research and teaching is acceptable as long as it follows the rules set out in the Act. All institutions that use animals for research and teaching purposes have to submit to obey the system put in place by the CCAC. Failing to do so, any harm done to an animal in a research or teaching program will be regarded as an offense under the Act.[45]","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canada-44"}],"sub_title":"Ontario","text":"All of the research facilities in Ontario must be registered and licensed based on the legislation Animals for Research Act. Among the provisions of the Animals for Research Act, one should note the duty to establish an animal care committee, the responsibilities and powers of which are similar to those required under the CCAC system, and the requirement for any operator of a research facility to submit to the person designated by the Minister of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs a report respecting the animals used in the research facility for research.[44] Regulation 24 governs the housing and care of the animals. Regulation 25 controls the conditions for transportation of the animals that are used or going to be used by a research facility.","title":"Canada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustralianGov-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AustralianGov-46"},{"link_name":"3Rs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Rs_(animal_research)"}],"text":"In Australia, Animal Ethics Committees (AECs) determine whether the use of an animal is valid or not. AECs must follow the Code in order to ensure the wellbeing of the animals used for research. The Code emphasizes the responsibilities of investigators, teachers and institutions using animals to:ensure that the use of animals is justified, taking into consideration the scientific or educational benefits and the potential effects on the welfare of the animals;\nensure that the welfare of animals is always considered;\npromote the development and use of techniques that replace the use of animals inscientific and teaching activities;minimise the number of animals used in projects; and\nrefine methods and procedures to avoid pain or distress in animals used in scientific and teaching activities.[46]Scientific and teaching activities using animals may be performed only when they are essential:to obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding of humans and/or animals;\nfor the maintenance and improvement of human and/or animal health and welfare;\nfor the improvement of animal management or production;\nto obtain and establish significant information relevant to the understanding, maintenance or improvement of the natural environment; or\nfor the achievement of educational objectives.[46]Researchers can only conduct their studies once it has approved the validity of the use of the animals and that there is more educational or scientific gain that outweighs the possible effects on the welfare of the animals. The researchers must submit a written proposal to an AEC stating what is to be accomplished, a defense for the study, and the ethical and wellbeing of the animals used reflecting the 3Rs.","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RNZSPCA-48"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Veterinary Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Veterinary_Association"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NAEAC-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWA-47"}],"text":"New Zealand's Animal Welfare Act 1999[47] requires owners and people in charge of animals to ensure the physical, health and behavioural needs of animals are met, and that pain and distress are alleviated. In New Zealand, as in many countries, laboratory animals (mainly rodents) and farm animals (mainly cattle and sheep) are used in research, testing and teaching – commonly referred to as RTT. Animal use in RTT is strictly controlled under the Animal Welfare Act 1999[47] and organisations using animals must follow an approved code of ethical conduct. This sets out the policies and procedures that need to be adopted and followed by the organisation and its animal ethics committee.Every project must be approved and monitored by an animal ethics committee. These committees must have three external members:a nominee of an approved animal welfare organisation (such as the SPCA),[48]\na nominee of the New Zealand Veterinary Association[49] and,\na lay person to represent the public interest (and nominated by a local government body).Code holders and their animal ethics committees are independently reviewed (by MPI accredited reviewers) at least once every five years. All code holders have to submit annual animal use statistics on the number of animals used in research, testing or teaching, and its impact on them, from little or none to severe.The Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI)[50] administers the Act and leads animal welfare policy and practice in New Zealand. The National Animal Ethics Advisory Committee (NAEAC)[51] was established under the Animal Welfare Act[47] to provide independent advice to the Minister for Primary Industries about:ethical and animal welfare issues relating to the use of animals in research, testing and teaching\nrecommendations on the restrictions of use of non-human hominids\nadvice to Animal Ethics Committees\nthe development and review of codes of ethical conduct","title":"New Zealand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"The federal law for the scientific use of animals was passed in 2008. The law established the National Council for the Control of Animal Experimentation (CONCEA) and demanded that institutions create an ethics committee on the use of animals.In 2009, Decree 6899/2009 defined CONCEA as the governing and advisory body, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, to authorize accreditation to registered institutions and to license those institutions to use animals in research. The same decree also states that an electronic database be developed to allow breeding and research facilities to register in order to apply for CONCEA accreditation.[52]Brazil also reinforces the 3Rs.","title":"Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EUDirective2010_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Animals used for scientific purposes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/home_en.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220415150707/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/index_en.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-UKGuideOnEUDirective_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"The revised European Directive 2010/63/EU: a guide for UK institutions\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110825130929/http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/page/download_document/?document_id=53"},{"link_name":"the 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Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives"},{"link_name":"Vegucated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegucated"},{"link_name":"An Apology to Elephants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants"},{"link_name":"Speciesism: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"The Ghosts in Our Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine"},{"link_name":"Unlocking the Cage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage"},{"link_name":"Dominion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)"},{"link_name":"Seaspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaspiracy"},{"link_name":"Animal Sentience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)"},{"link_name":"Between the Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Between_the_Species"},{"link_name":"Cahiers antispécistes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes"},{"link_name":"Etica & Animali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali"},{"link_name":"Journal of Animal Ethics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics"},{"link_name":"Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism"},{"link_name":"The Animals' Defender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender"},{"link_name":"Arkangel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Bite Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bite_Back"},{"link_name":"Muutoksen kevät","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t"},{"link_name":"No Compromise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Satya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights"},{"link_name":"Animal Liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)"},{"link_name":"Tame Yourself","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame_Yourself"},{"link_name":"Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)"},{"link_name":"Salvation of Innocents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents"},{"link_name":"Onward to Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom"},{"link_name":"Holocaust on your Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Animal_rights"}],"text":"^ \"Animals used for scientific purposes\". europa.eu. 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ALIVE - All Life in a Viable Environment. Archived from the original on 2020-10-27. Retrieved 2015-06-09.\n\n^ Kagiyama, Naoko; Ikeda, Takuya; Nomura, Tatsuji (2006). \"Japanese guidelines and regulations for scientific and ethical animal experimentation\" (PDF). In Vivo Models of Inflammation. Vol. 1. pp. 187–191. doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-7520-1_10. ISBN 978-3-7643-7519-5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-09.\n\n^ \"Guidelines for Proper Conduct of Animal Experiments\" (PDF). Science Council of Japan. June 1, 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.\n\n^ \"Checking Animal Experiment Information Disclosure on the Internet\". ALIVE - All Life in Viable Environment. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-06-09.\n\n^ a b \"Archived copy\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-19. 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Retrieved 2012-05-01.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)vteAnimal rightsTopics (overviews, concepts, issues, cases)Overviews\nAnimal rights movement\nAnimal rights by country or territory\nAnarchism and animal rights\nAnimal rights and punk subculture\nAnimal cruelty–Holocaust analogies\nAnimal rights in Indian religions\nChristianity and animal rights\nHistory of animal rights\nList of international animal welfare conventions\nMoral status of animals in the ancient world\nTimeline of animal welfare and rights\nTotal liberation\nUniversal Declaration on Animal Welfare\nConcepts\nAbolitionism\nAhimsa\nAnimal cognition\nAnimal consciousness\nAnimal ethics\nAnimal–industrial complex\nAnimal law\nAnimal protectionism\nAnimal welfare\nAnimal-free agriculture\nAnthrozoology\nArgument from marginal cases\nCambridge Declaration on Consciousness\nCarnism\nEqual consideration of interests\nEmotion in animals\nEthics of eating meat\nEthics of uncertain sentience\nEthology\nInsects in ethics\nMeat paradox\nNonviolence\nOpen rescue\nOpposition to hunting\nPersonism\nReplaceability argument\nSentiocentrism\nSpeciesism\nVeganism\nVegaphobia\nVegetarianism\nIssuesAnimal agriculture\nAnimal product\nBattery cage\nBile bear\nChick culling\nConcentrated animal feeding operation\nFish farming\nFur farming\nFur trade\nInsect farming\nIntensive animal farming\nIntensive pig farming\nLivestock\nPoultry farming\nSlaughterhouse\nWildlife farming\nWorking animal\nFeedback (pork industry)\nFoam depopulation\nVentilation shutdown\nAnimal testing\nAlternatives to animal testing\nAnimal testing on non-human primates\nAnimal testing regulations\nLabcorp Drug Development\nGreat ape research ban\nGreen Scare\nHuntingdon Life Sciences\nModel organism\nNafovanny\nOperation Backfire\nVivisection\nAnimal welfare\nAnimal euthanasia\nCruelty to animals\nPain in animals\nPain in amphibians\nPain in cephalopods\nPain in crustaceans\nPain in fish\nPain in invertebrates\nPain and suffering in laboratory animals\nWelfare of farmed insects\nFishing\nCommercial fishing\nFishing bait\nRecreational fishing\nWild animals\nCulling wildlife\nHare coursing\nHunting\nInternational primate trade\nIvory trade\nPredation problem\nSeal hunting\nWild animal suffering\nWildlife management\nOther\nAbandoned pets\nAnimal sacrifice\nAnimal slaughter\nAnimal trial\nAnimals in sport\nLive food\nLive export\nCases\nBrown Dog affair\nCambridge University primates\nMcLibel case\nMonkey selfie copyright dispute\nPit of despair\nSHAC\nSilver Spring monkeys\nUniversity of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid\nUnnecessary Fuss\nWar of the currents\nMethodologies\nDirect Action Everywhere\nHunt sabotage\nObservances\nWorld Animal Day\nWorld Day for the End of Speciesism\nWorld Day for Laboratory Animals\nWorld Day for the End of Fishing\nAdvocates (academics, writers, activists)Academicsand writersContemporary\nCarol J. Adams\nAysha Akhtar\nKristin Andrews\nTom Beauchamp\nMarc Bekoff\nSteven Best\nStephen St. C. Bostock\nPaola Cavalieri\nStephen R. L. Clark\nAlasdair Cochrane\nJ. M. Coetzee\nAlice Crary\nDavid DeGrazia\nDaniel Dombrowski\nSue Donaldson\nJosephine Donovan\nJoan Dunayer\nMylan Engel\nCatia Faria\nLawrence Finsen\nGary L. Francione\nRobert Garner\nValéry Giroux\nLori Gruen\nJohn Hadley\nOscar Horta\nDale Jamieson\nKyle Johannsen\nMelanie Joy\nHilda Kean\nWill Kymlicka\nRenan Larue\nThomas Lepeltier\nAndrew Linzey\nClair Linzey\nDan Lyons\nDavid Nibert\nMartha Nussbaum\nClare Palmer\nCharles Patterson\nDavid Pearce\nJessica Pierce\nEvelyn Pluhar\nMark Rowlands\nRichard D. Ryder\nSteve F. Sapontzis\nJeff Sebo\nJérôme Segal\nPeter Singer\nGary Steiner\nCass Sunstein\nDavid Sztybel\nMichael Tye\nTatjana Višak\nPaul Waldau\nCorey Lee Wrenn\nHistorical\nJeremy Bentham\nDavid Renaud Boullier\nBrigid Brophy\nPeter Buchan\nMona Caird\nPriscilla Cohn\nHenry Crowe\nHerman Daggett\nRichard Dean\nWilhelm Dietler\nWilliam Hamilton Drummond\nEdward Payson Evans\nThomas Ignatius Maria Forster\nJohn Galsworthy\nThomas G. Gentry\nArthur Helps\nJohn Hildrop\nJohn Zephaniah Holwell\nSoame Jenyns\nKarl Christian Friedrich Krause\nJohn Lawrence\nCharles R. Magel\nJean Meslier\nMary Midgley\nJ. Howard Moore\nJosé Ferrater Mora\nLeonard Nelson\nEdward Nicholson\nSiobhan O'Sullivan\nRod Preece\nHumphrey Primatt\nJames Rachels\nTom Regan\nNathaniel Peabody Rogers\nBernard Rollin\nHenry Stephens Salt\nArthur Schopenhauer\nLaurids Smith\nJohn Styles\nThomas Tryon\nGary Varner\nJohann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann\nMary Anne Warren\nAdam Gottlieb Weigen\nJohann Heinrich Winckler\nSteven M. Wise\nJon Wynne-Tyson\nActivistsContemporary\nJames Aspey\nGreg Avery\nMatt Ball\nMartin Balluch\nCarole Baskin\nBarbi Twins\nBrigitte Bardot\nGene Baur\nYves Bonnardel\nJoey Carbstrong\nAymeric Caron\nJake Conroy\nRod Coronado\nKaren Dawn\nChris DeRose\nJohn Feldmann\nBruce Friedrich\nJuliet Gellatley\nTal Gilboa\nAntoine Goetschel\nMark Gold\nBrigitte Gothière\nWayne Hsiung\nCharlotte Laws\nRonnie Lee\nHoward Lyman\nEvanna Lynch\nBill Maher\nKeith Mann\nJim Mason\nDan Mathews\nJo-Anne McArthur\nLuísa Mell\nVirginia McKenna\nIngrid Newkirk\nHeather Nicholson\nJack Norris\nRic O'Barry\nDavid Olivier\nAlex Pacheco\nCraig Rosebraugh\nNathan Runkle\nJasmin Singer\nKim Stallwood\nLynda Stoner\nMarianne Thieme\nDarren Thurston\nChristine Townend\nWendy Turner-Webster\nJerry Vlasak\nLouise Wallis\nGary Yourofsky\nThat Vegan Teacher\nHistorical\nCleveland Amory\nHenry B. Amos\nBob Barker\nErnest Bell\nEdith Carrington\nFrances Power Cobbe\nJoan Court\nKaren Davis\nRoyal Dixon\nMuriel Dowding\nElizabeth Farians\nEmarel Freshel\nAndré Géraud\nLewis Gompertz\nJames Granger\nNina Douglas-Hamilton\nBarry Horne\nMarie Huot\nLizzy Lind af Hageby\nJessie Mackay\nNorm Phelps\nJill Phipps\nMaud Ingersoll Probasco\nHans Ruesch\nNell Shipman\nHenry Spira\nAndrew Tyler\nGretchen Wyler\nMovement (groups, parties)GroupsContemporary\nAmerican Anti-Vivisection Society\nAnimal Aid\nAnimal Ethics\nAnimal Justice\nAnimal Justice Project\nAnimal Legal Defense Fund\nAnimal Liberation\nAnimal Liberation Front\nAnimal Rising\nAnimaNaturalis\nAnti-Vivisection Coalition\nAnonymous for the Voiceless\nBeauty Without Cruelty\nBorn Free Foundation\nCentre for Animals and Social Justice\nChinese Animal Protection Network\nCruelty Free International\nDirect Action Everywhere\nDoctors Against Animal Experiments\nEquanimal\nEvery Animal\nFarm Animal Rights Movement\nFaunalytics\nGreat Ape Project\nHunt Saboteurs Association\nIn Defense of Animals\nKorea Animal Rights Advocates\nL214\nLast Chance for Animals\nMassachusetts Animal Rights Coalition\nMercy for Animals\nOxford Centre for Animal Ethics\nPeople for the Ethical Treatment of Animals\nRise for Animals\nSentience Politics\nUncaged Campaigns\nUnited Activists for Animal Rights\nUnited Poultry Concerns\nUPF-Centre for Animal Ethics\nViva!\nVoice for Animals Humane Society\nHistorical\nAnimal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society\nCanadian Anti-Vivisection Society\nHumanitarian League (1891–1919)\nOxford Group\nParties\nAnimal Justice Party (Australia)\nAnimal Politics EU (Europe)\nAnimal Protection Party of Canada (Canada)\nAnimal Justice Party of Finland (Finland)\nAnimals' Party (Sweden)\nAnimalist Movement (Italy)\nAnimalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (Spain)\nDierAnimal (Belgium)\nHuman Environment Animal Protection (Germany)\nItalian Animalist Party (Italy)\nParty for the Animals (Netherlands)\nPeople Animals Nature (Portugal)\nV-Partei³ (Germany)\nActivism\nAnimal Rights National Conference\nMedia (books, films, periodicals, albums)Books\nOn Abstinence from Eating Animals (3rd century)\nMoral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes (1824)\nThe Rights of Animals (1838)\nAnimals' Rights (1892)\nEvolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology (1897)\nThe Universal Kinship (1906)\nThe New Ethics (1907)\nAnimals, Men and Morals (1971)\nAnimal Liberation (1975)\nThe Case for Animal Rights (1983)\nMorals, Reason, and Animals (1987)\nZoos and Animal Rights (1993)\nAnimals, Property, and the Law (1995)\nThe Lives of Animals (1999)\nEternal Treblinka (2001)\nDo Animals Have Rights? (2005)\nStriking at the Roots (2008)\nAn American Trilogy (2009)\nAn Introduction to Animals and Political Theory (2010)\nAnimal Rights Without Liberation (2012)\nPolitical Animals and Animal Politics (2014)\nAnimal (De)liberation (2016)\nSentientist Politics (2018)\nWild Animal Ethics (2020)\nAnimal Ethics in the Wild (2022)\nMaking a Stand for Animals (2022)\nFilms\nThe Animals Film (1981)\nA Cow at My Table (1998)\nShores of Silence (2000)\nThe Witness (2000)\nMeet Your Meat (2002)\nLegally Blonde 2 (2003)\nThe Meatrix (2003)\nPeaceable Kingdom (2004)\nEarthlings (2005)\nBehind the Mask (2006)\nYour Mommy Kills Animals (2007)\nThe Cove (2009)\nPeaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home (2009)\nForks Over Knives (2011)\nVegucated (2011)\nAn Apology to Elephants (2013)\nSpeciesism: The Movie (2013)\nThe Ghosts in Our Machine (2013)\nUnlocking the Cage (2016)\nDominion (2018)\nSeaspiracy (2021)\nPeriodicalsJournals\nAnimal Sentience\nBetween the Species\nCahiers antispécistes\nEtica & Animali\nJournal of Animal Ethics\nRelations. Beyond Anthropocentrism\nThe Animals' Defender\nMagazines\nArkangel\nBite Back\nMuutoksen kevät\nNo Compromise\nSatya\nAlbums\nAnimal Liberation (1987)\nTame Yourself (1991)\nManifesto (2008)\nSalvation of Innocents (2014)\nOnward to Freedom (2014)\nFairs and exhibitions\nHolocaust on your Plate (2003)\n\n Category ( 139 )","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Animal–industrial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal%E2%80%93industrial_complex"},{"title":"Animal rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights"},{"title":"Cruelty to animals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty_to_animals"},{"title":"Federation of European Laboratory Animal Science Associations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_European_Laboratory_Animal_Science_Associations"}] | [{"reference":"\"Animals used for scientific purposes\". europa.eu. Archived from the original on 2022-04-15. Retrieved 2012-03-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/home_en.htm","url_text":"\"Animals used for scientific purposes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220415150707/https://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab_animals/index_en.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The revised European Directive 2010/63/EU: a guide for UK institutions\". Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110825130929/http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/page/download_document/?document_id=53","url_text":"\"The revised European Directive 2010/63/EU: a guide for UK institutions\""},{"url":"http://www.understandinganimalresearch.org.uk/page/download_document/?document_id=53","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Full EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics enters into force\". European Commission. March 11, 2013. Archived from the original on May 9, 2015. Retrieved May 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-210_en.htm","url_text":"\"Full EU ban on animal testing for cosmetics enters into force\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150509192019/http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-210_en.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"House of Lords - Animals In Scientific Procedures - Report\". parliament.uk. Archived from the original on 2007-12-01. Retrieved 2017-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldselect/ldanimal/150/15004.htm#a4","url_text":"\"House of Lords - Animals In Scientific Procedures - Report\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071201152451/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200102/ldselect/ldanimal/150/15004.htm#a4","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Home Office | Animals in Scientific Procedures | Animals (Scientific Procedures) Inspectorate Annual Report 2004\". Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad_Division | Muzaffarabad Division | ["1 Districts","2 References"] | Coordinates: 34°34′N 73°48′E / 34.567°N 73.800°E / 34.567; 73.800Administrative division of Azad Kashmir
Division in Azad Kashmir, PakistanMuzaffarabad Division
مظفرآباد ڈویژنDivisionMap of Muzaffarabad DivisionCountryPakistanTerritoryAzad KashmirCapitalMuzaffarabadGovernment • TypeDivisional Administration • CommissionerAdnan Khurshid BPS-20(PAS) • Regional Police OfficerIrfan Masood Kashfi BPS-20(PSP)
The Muzaffarabad Division (Urdu: مُظفّر آباد ڈِوِژن) is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani dependent territory of Azad Kashmir. It comprises the portion of the former Muzaffarabad District of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that came under Pakistani control at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.
Districts
Currently, the Muzaffarabad Division consists of the following districts:
Hattian Bala District
Muzaffarabad District
Neelam District
References
vteDivisions of PakistanBalochistan
Kalat
Makran
Nasirabad
Quetta
Rakhshan
Sibi
Zhob
Loralai
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Bannu
Dera Ismail Khan
Hazara
Kohat
Malakand
Mardan
Peshawar
Punjab
Bahawalpur
Dera Ghazi Khan
Faisalabad
Gujranwala
Gujrat
Lahore
Mianwali
Multan
Rawalpindi
Sahiwal
Sargodha
Sindh
Banbhore
Hyderabad
Karachi
Larkana
Mirpur Khas
Sukkur
Shaheed Benazirabad
Islamabad Capital TerritoryNoneAzad Jammu & Kashmir
Mirpur
Muzaffarabad
Poonch
Gilgit Baltistan
Gilgit
Baltistan
Diamer
34°34′N 73°48′E / 34.567°N 73.800°E / 34.567; 73.800
This Azad Kashmir location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Urdu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu_language"},{"link_name":"Pakistani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Azad Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azad_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Jammu and Kashmir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(princely_state)"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War of 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1947"}],"text":"Administrative division of Azad KashmirDivision in Azad Kashmir, PakistanThe Muzaffarabad Division (Urdu: مُظفّر آباد ڈِوِژن) is a first-order administrative division of the Pakistani dependent territory of Azad Kashmir. It comprises the portion of the former Muzaffarabad District of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir that came under Pakistani control at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947.","title":"Muzaffarabad Division"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Hattian Bala District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hattian_Bala_District"},{"link_name":"Muzaffarabad District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffarabad_District"},{"link_name":"Neelam District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelam_District"}],"text":"Currently, the Muzaffarabad Division consists of the following districts:Hattian Bala District\nMuzaffarabad District\nNeelam District","title":"Districts"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muzaffarabad_Division¶ms=34_34_N_73_48_E_region:PK_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"34°34′N 73°48′E / 34.567°N 73.800°E / 34.567; 73.800"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Muzaffarabad_Division¶ms=34_34_N_73_48_E_region:PK_type:adm2nd_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"34°34′N 73°48′E / 34.567°N 73.800°E / 34.567; 73.800"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muzaffarabad_Division&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Browning_(Irish_criminal) | Ross Browning | ["1 Early life","2 Assets seized","3 Kinahan association","4 Spain","5 References"] | Ross Browning is an Irish criminal and member of the Kinahan Organised Crime Group.
Early life
He was originally from Hardwicke Street flats in Dublin.
Browning received a conviction, aged 18, for armed robbery.
Assets seized
In February 2023 the High Court ruled that over one million euro of assets linked to Browning had been obtained as proceedings of crime. The assets had been seized in 2018 and included motor vehicles, property in north County Dublin, luxury watches and jewellery. The Criminal Assets Bureau were authorised to seize the assets.
The properties were in Garristown, land in Rush and a house in Deanstown Road, Finglas.
In mid July 2023, "Chestnut Lodge" in Garristown was seized by the Criminal Assets Bureau.
Kinahan association
According to the judge, Browning had been attended the wedding of Daniel Kinahan in Dubai in 2017 and the wedding of Christopher Kinahan Jr in Spain in 2010. He has also been associated with Liam Byrne. The judge described Browning as a senior member of the Kinahan gang.
Spain
In 2022, Browning faces charges in Spain of unlawful possession of a firearm, a Glock 19 handgun, seized in 2010 near Malaga.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i Reynolds, Paul (2023-02-15). "CAB to seize €1.5m assets of senior Kinahan figure". RTÉ News. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
^ a b c d e f g h O Faolain, Aodhan (2023-02-15). "CAB to seize over €1 million in assets from man named in court as senior Kinahan gang member". TheJournal.ie. Retrieved 2023-02-15.
^ "Top Kinahan mobster spotted back in Dublin months after fleeing to Dubai". 27 June 2021.
^ "CAB and gardai seize property linked to Kinahan henchman Ross Browning". 17 July 2023.
^ "GLOCK SEIZED Senior Kinahan cartel mobster Ross Browning to stand trial in Spain on firearms charges". 3 December 2022. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Ross Browning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-cab-to-sieze-one-point-five-million-euro-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He was originally from Hardwicke Street flats in Dublin.[1]Browning received a conviction, aged 18, for armed robbery.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-cab-to-sieze-one-point-five-million-euro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-cab-to-sieze-over-one-million-euro-2"},{"link_name":"County Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-cab-to-sieze-one-point-five-million-euro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-cab-to-sieze-over-one-million-euro-2"},{"link_name":"Criminal Assets Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Assets_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-cab-to-sieze-one-point-five-million-euro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-cab-to-sieze-over-one-million-euro-2"},{"link_name":"Garristown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garristown"},{"link_name":"Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rush,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Finglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finglas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-cab-to-sieze-one-point-five-million-euro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-cab-to-sieze-over-one-million-euro-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In February 2023 the High Court ruled that over one million euro of assets linked to Browning had been obtained as proceedings of crime.[1][2] The assets had been seized in 2018 and included motor vehicles, property in north County Dublin, luxury watches and jewellery.[1][2] The Criminal Assets Bureau were authorised to seize the assets.[1][2]The properties were in Garristown, land in Rush and a house in Deanstown Road, Finglas.[1][2]In mid July 2023, \"Chestnut Lodge\" in Garristown was seized by the Criminal Assets Bureau.[4]","title":"Assets seized"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Kinahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kinahan"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-cab-to-sieze-one-point-five-million-euro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-cab-to-sieze-over-one-million-euro-2"},{"link_name":"Liam Byrne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Byrne_(Irish_criminal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-cab-to-sieze-one-point-five-million-euro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-cab-to-sieze-over-one-million-euro-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rte-cab-to-sieze-one-point-five-million-euro-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tj-cab-to-sieze-over-one-million-euro-2"}],"text":"According to the judge, Browning had been attended the wedding of Daniel Kinahan in Dubai in 2017 and the wedding of Christopher Kinahan Jr in Spain in 2010.[1][2] He has also been associated with Liam Byrne.[1][2] The judge described Browning as a senior member of the Kinahan gang.[1][2]","title":"Kinahan association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In 2022, Browning faces charges in Spain of unlawful possession of a firearm, a Glock 19 handgun, seized in 2010 near Malaga.[5]","title":"Spain"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Reynolds, Paul (2023-02-15). \"CAB to seize €1.5m assets of senior Kinahan figure\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Central_Conference_(IHSAA) | Mid-Central Conference | ["1 Membership","2 References"] | Conference in Indiana, US
The Mid-Central Conference was a short-lived IHSAA-sanctioned conference based in Northwest-Central Indiana. Formed in 1966, and based in Boone, Carroll, Clinton, and Tippecanoe counties, the conference was hit hard by the consolidation of smaller Tippecanoe County schools into Harrison and McCutcheon high schools. The consolidation of the latter left the conference with three schools, effectively ending it. The same three schools would form the Hoosier Heartland Conference 15 years later, which is another small-school conference with a similar geographic footprint.
Membership
School
City
Team Name
Colors
County
Year joined
Previous conference
Year left
Conference joined
Battle Ground
Battle Ground
Tomahawks
79 Tippecanoe
1966
Tippecanoe County
1970
none (consolidated into Harrison)
Carroll*
Flora
Cougars
08 Carroll
1966
Hoosier
1975
Hoosier
Clinton Central
Michigantown
Bulldogs
12 Clinton
1966
Independents(new school 1959)
1975
Rangeline
Clinton Prairie*
Frankfort
Gophers
12 Clinton
1966
Hoosier
1975
Rangeline
East Tipp
Buck Creek
Trojans
79 Tippecanoe
1966
Tippecanoe County
1970
none (consolidated into Harrison)
Southwestern
Shadeland
Wildcats
79 Tippecanoe
1966
Hoosier
1975
none (consolidated into McCutcheon)
Thorntown
Thorntown
Kewasakees
06 Boone
1966
Independents(BCC 1964)
1974
none (consolidated into Western Boone)
Wainwright
Dayton
Mustangs
79 Tippecanoe
1966
none (new school)
1975
none (consolidated into McCutcheon)
Carroll and Clinton Prairie played concurrently in the HAC and MCC during the MCC's entire duration.
References
^ "New Conference". Logansport Pharos-Tribune. 1966-04-29. Retrieved 2012-07-13.
vteIndiana High School Athletic Association (IHSAA)Boys' sports
Baseball
Basketball (Championship)
Cross country
Football (large school, small school)
Golf
Soccer
Swimming & diving
Tennis
Track and field
Wrestling
Girls' sports
Basketball
Cross country
Golf
Gymnastics
Soccer
Softball
Swimming & diving
Tennis
Track and field
Volleyball
Athleticconferences
Allen County
Blue Chip
Central Indiana
Circle City
Conference Indiana
Duneland
Eastern Indiana (Southern)
Great Lakes
Greater Indianapolis
Greater South Shore
Hoosier
Hoosier Crossroads
Hoosier Heartland
Hoosier Heritage
Hoosier Hills
Hoosier North
Hoosier Plains
Indiana Crossroads
Metropolitan
Mid-Eastern
Mid-Hoosier
Mid-Indiana Football
Mid-Southern
Mid-State
Midwest
North Central
Northeast Corner
Northeast Eight
Northern Indiana
Northern Lakes
Northwest Crossroads
Ohio River Valley
Patoka Lake
Pioneer
Pocket
Porter County
Sagamore
Southern
Southern Indiana
Southern Roads
Southwest Football
Southwest Indiana
Summit
Three Rivers (Northern)
Tri-Eastern
Wabash River
Western Indiana
IHSAA Independents
Disbandedconferences
Adams
Bartholomew-Shelby County
Benton
Big Blue River
Big 4
Big Eight
Blackford
Blue River
Boone
Brown
Calumet Athletic
Capital District
Carroll
Cass
Central Suburban
Clark
Classic
Clay
Clinton
Daviess
Dearborn
Decatur
DeKalb
Delaware
Dixie
Dixie-Monon
East Central
Eastern Indiana (Northern)
Eastern Wabash Valley
Elkhart
Fayette
Fort Wayne City
Fountain
Franklin
Fulton
Gibson
Grant
Greene
Hamilton
Hancock
Harrison
Henry
Howard
Huntington
Indiana H.S. Football
Indiana Lake Shore
Indianapolis Public
Jackson
Jasper
Jay
Jefferson
Johnson
Kankakee Valley
Knox
Kosciusko
LaGrange
Lake Athletic
Lake-Porter
Lake Suburban
Laughery Valley
Lawrence
Little 4
Little 7
Little 8
Lost River
Marion
Marshall
Martin
Miami
Mid-Central
Mid-Indiana
Midland
Mississinewa Valley
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Newton
Noble
Northeastern Indiana
Northern Indiana Valley
Northern State
Northland
Northwest Hoosier
Northwestern
Olympic
Orange
Owen
Parke
Patoka Valley
Perry
Posey
Prairie
Putnam
Randolph
Rangeline
Ripley
Rush
South Central
South Lake Michigan
Southeastern Indiana
Southern Monon
Spencer
Starke
State Corner
Steuben
Sullivan
Three Rivers (Southern)
Tiny Ten
Tippecanoe
Tippecanoe Valley
Tipton
Tri-City League
Tri-County (Central)
Tri-County (Northern)
Tri-County (Southern)
Tri-County (Western)
Tri-River
Union
Vermillion
Vigo
Wabash
Warren
Warrick
Washington
Wayne
Wells
West Central
Western Indiana Small High School
White
White River
White River Valley
Whitewater Valley
Whitley
Conference rosters
List of high school athletic conferences in Indiana
Detailed lists
Allen County – Metropolitan
Mid-Eastern – Northwestern
Ohio River Valley – Western Indiana
Independent
City championships
Evansville (SIAC)
Fort Wayne (SAC)
Gary
Indianapolis
South Bend (NIAC)
Cross-conferencetournaments
Christian Academy Tournament
Columbus Christian Tournament
Gibson County Toyota Teamwork Classic
Indianapolis City Tournament
Madison County Tournament
Perry-Spencer County Classic
Shawe Memorial Tournament
Wabash Valley Classic
This Indiana school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article related to sports in Indiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IHSAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_High_School_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Boone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boone_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Tippecanoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tippecanoe_County,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison_High_School_(West_Lafayette,_Indiana)"},{"link_name":"McCutcheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCutcheon_High_School"},{"link_name":"Hoosier Heartland Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoosier_Heartland_Conference"}],"text":"The Mid-Central Conference was a short-lived IHSAA-sanctioned conference based in Northwest-Central Indiana. Formed in 1966,[1] and based in Boone, Carroll, Clinton, and Tippecanoe counties, the conference was hit hard by the consolidation of smaller Tippecanoe County schools into Harrison and McCutcheon high schools. The consolidation of the latter left the conference with three schools, effectively ending it. The same three schools would form the Hoosier Heartland Conference 15 years later, which is another small-school conference with a similar geographic footprint.","title":"Mid-Central Conference"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Carroll and Clinton Prairie played concurrently in the HAC and MCC during the MCC's entire duration.","title":"Membership"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"New Conference\". Logansport Pharos-Tribune. 1966-04-29. Retrieved 2012-07-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://newspaperarchive.com/logansport-pharos-tribune/1966-04-29/page-15","url_text":"\"New Conference\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://newspaperarchive.com/logansport-pharos-tribune/1966-04-29/page-15","external_links_name":"\"New Conference\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-Central_Conference&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mid-Central_Conference&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Railroad_(North_Carolina) | Western Railroad (North Carolina) | ["1 References"] | Not to be confused with Western North Carolina Railroad.
The Western Railroad was a railroad in North Carolina connecting Fayetteville to the coal fields of Egypt (now Cumnock).
A group of Fayetteville citizens obtained a charter from the North Carolina legislature in December 1852 to construct a railroad from Fayetteville to the coal fields of Chatham County (now Chatham, Moore, and Lee counties). The state helped finance, build, and operate the new railroad. Problems with the construction contracts and obtaining rights of way delayed its construction, the first rails being laid in 1858. It was not completed until the first part of the American Civil War. Its first operations in commenced in 1861 to McIver's Depot, and the line was completed to Egypt in 1863.
Charles Beatty Mallett (1816-1872) served as the railroad's second president from 1855 to 1865, and fourth president from 1867 to 1868. He was the son of Charles Peter Mallett (1792-c1874). Mallett was a cotton manufacturer, acquiring a controlling interest in the Union Manufacturing Company during the time he served as the railroad's president. In 1862 Mallett, in partnership with James Browne of Charleston, South Carolina, took over management and operation of the Egypt Coal Mines. These mines had been owned by a Philadelphia-based company, and had been placed into receivership by the Confederate government at the start of the war. The facilities of the railroad were used to transport the coal to Fayetteville, where it was then moved down the Cape Fear River to its contracted final destination of Wilmington, North Carolina. In 1865 Gen. Sherman's army reached Fayetteville. During his campaign Sherman burned or destroyed several of the bridges used by the railroad, 12 miles of track, and several depots. Its rolling stock was saved, having been moved to the Egypt end of the line. By 1868, his other businesses and personal residence also destroyed by Sherman's campaign, Mallett was forced into bankruptcy.
The line resumed operations in 1868. In the following two years, additional connections were made to the railroad, and it continued operations for another 11 years. In 1879 the railroad was renamed Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railway and absorbed the Mount Airy Railroad.
References
^ a b c "Inventory of the C. B. Mallett Papers, 1829-1954: Collection Number 3165 (Biographical Note)". Manuscripts Department at The Wilson Library. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
^ a b c d "Western Railroad Company". North Carolina Business History. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
^ The Interstate Commerce Commission stated that 42 miles of railroad between Fayetteville and Cumnock were constructed in 1860. Southern Ry. Co., Volume 37, Interstate Commerce Commission Valuation Reports, November 6, 1931, p. 456. Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1932.
This United States rail–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about transportation in North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western North Carolina Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolina_Railroad"},{"link_name":"railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Fayetteville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Cumnock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumnock,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBMallettPapers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCBusHist-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"North Carolina legislature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_General_Assembly"},{"link_name":"coal fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_mining"},{"link_name":"Chatham County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatham_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBMallettPapers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCBusHist-2"},{"link_name":"Charleston, South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Confederate government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Government_and_politics"},{"link_name":"Cape Fear River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Fear_River"},{"link_name":"Wilmington, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmington,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Gen. Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"bankruptcy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBMallettPapers-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCBusHist-2"},{"link_name":"Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Fear_and_Yadkin_Valley_Railway"},{"link_name":"Mount Airy Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mount_Airy_Railroad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NCBusHist-2"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Western North Carolina Railroad.The Western Railroad was a railroad in North Carolina connecting Fayetteville to the coal fields of Egypt (now Cumnock).[1][2][3]A group of Fayetteville citizens obtained a charter from the North Carolina legislature in December 1852 to construct a railroad from Fayetteville to the coal fields of Chatham County (now Chatham, Moore, and Lee counties). The state helped finance, build, and operate the new railroad. Problems with the construction contracts and obtaining rights of way delayed its construction, the first rails being laid in 1858. It was not completed until the first part of the American Civil War. Its first operations in commenced in 1861 to McIver's Depot, and the line was completed to Egypt in 1863.[1][2]Charles Beatty Mallett (1816-1872) served as the railroad's second president from 1855 to 1865, and fourth president from 1867 to 1868. He was the son of Charles Peter Mallett (1792-c1874). Mallett was a cotton manufacturer, acquiring a controlling interest in the Union Manufacturing Company during the time he served as the railroad's president. In 1862 Mallett, in partnership with James Browne of Charleston, South Carolina, took over management and operation of the Egypt Coal Mines. These mines had been owned by a Philadelphia-based company, and had been placed into receivership by the Confederate government at the start of the war. The facilities of the railroad were used to transport the coal to Fayetteville, where it was then moved down the Cape Fear River to its contracted final destination of Wilmington, North Carolina. In 1865 Gen. Sherman's army reached Fayetteville. During his campaign Sherman burned or destroyed several of the bridges used by the railroad, 12 miles of track, and several depots. Its rolling stock was saved, having been moved to the Egypt end of the line. By 1868, his other businesses and personal residence also destroyed by Sherman's campaign, Mallett was forced into bankruptcy.[1][2]The line resumed operations in 1868. In the following two years, additional connections were made to the railroad, and it continued operations for another 11 years. In 1879 the railroad was renamed Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railway and absorbed the Mount Airy Railroad.[2]","title":"Western Railroad (North Carolina)"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Inventory of the C. B. Mallett Papers, 1829-1954: Collection Number 3165 (Biographical Note)\". Manuscripts Department at The Wilson Library. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved January 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/m/Mallett,C.B.html#d0e355","url_text":"\"Inventory of the C. B. Mallett Papers, 1829-1954: Collection Number 3165 (Biographical Note)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Western Railroad Company\". North Carolina Business History. Retrieved January 31, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historync.org/railroad-WRR.htm","url_text":"\"Western Railroad Company\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.lib.unc.edu/mss/inv/m/Mallett,C.B.html#d0e355","external_links_name":"\"Inventory of the C. B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Miles | Clarence Miles | ["1 References"] | Clarence Miles (June 29, 1897 – October 8, 1977) was the chairman of the board and president of the Baltimore Orioles of the American League during the 1954 and 1955 seasons.
Miles was a native of the Eastern Shore. He had gone to school with Wallis Warfield. In 1924, he founded what would become one of Baltimore's more prominent law firms, Miles & Stockbridge.
In 1952, he joined forces with Mayor Tommy D'Alesandro to bring a major league team to Baltimore. After a year of searching, they found an apparent candidate in the moribund St. Louis Browns. Their owner, Bill Veeck, had recently been broadsided by the sale of the St. Louis Cardinals to Anheuser-Busch. While Veeck had mounted a considerable effort over the past two years to drive the Cardinals out of St. Louis, he'd concluded he could not possibly compete against a team with Anheuser-Busch's resources behind it and was looking to move elsewhere.
Veeck had wanted to move the Browns to Baltimore himself for the 1953 season, but was voted down. After the season, Veeck cut a deal with Miles and D'Alesandro in which Miles and other Baltimore investors would buy half of Veeck's 80 percent stake in the Browns, with Veeck remaining as principal owner. The proposal required six out of eight owners to vote in favor, but at an owners' meeting in New York City on September 27, only four voted aye, reportedly because Yankees co-owner Del Webb was rounding up support to move the Browns to Los Angeles.
Miles realized that the owners merely wanted Veeck out of the way. In 48 hours, he lined up enough support from several of the Baltimore investors in the original deal with Veeck—such as brewer Jerold Hoffberger, investment banker Joseph Iglehart and real estate developer James Keelty—to buy out Veeck's interest for $2.5 million. This deal, along with the planned move to Baltimore, was unanimously approved. Almost immediately, Miles announced the team would be renamed the Orioles.
With his fellow investors both frustrated with his domination of the team's business operations and dissatisfied with a pair of seventh-place finishes, Miles resigned in early November, 1955. Keelty succeeded him as president with Iglehart becoming board chairman. Miles died in Queenstown, Maryland, in October 1977.
References
^ Miller, James Edward. The Baseball Business. Chapel Hill, NC: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
vteBaltimore Orioles principal ownersMilwaukee Brewers (1901)
Henry Killilea
St. Louis Browns (1902–1953)
Robert Hedges
Phil Ball
Phil Ball estate
Donald Lee Barnes
Richard Muckerman
Bill DeWitt
Bill Veeck
Baltimore Orioles (1954–present)
Jerold Hoffberger & Clarence Miles
Jerold Hoffberger & James Keelty
Jerold Hoffberger & Joe Iglehart
Jerold Hoffberger
Edward Bennett Williams
Eli Jacobs
Peter Angelos
John P. Angelos
David Rubenstein | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eastern Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Wallis Warfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallis_Warfield"},{"link_name":"1952","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1952_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Tommy D'Alesandro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_D%27Alesandro,_Jr."},{"link_name":"St. Louis Browns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_St._Louis_Browns"},{"link_name":"Bill Veeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Veeck"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Anheuser-Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch"},{"link_name":"the 1953 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953_Major_League_Baseball_season"},{"link_name":"Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Del Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Webb"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Jerold Hoffberger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerold_Hoffberger"},{"link_name":"Joseph Iglehart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Iglehart"},{"link_name":"James Keelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Keelty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Queenstown, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenstown,_Maryland"}],"text":"Miles was a native of the Eastern Shore. He had gone to school with Wallis Warfield. In 1924, he founded what would become one of Baltimore's more prominent law firms, Miles & Stockbridge.In 1952, he joined forces with Mayor Tommy D'Alesandro to bring a major league team to Baltimore. After a year of searching, they found an apparent candidate in the moribund St. Louis Browns. Their owner, Bill Veeck, had recently been broadsided by the sale of the St. Louis Cardinals to Anheuser-Busch. While Veeck had mounted a considerable effort over the past two years to drive the Cardinals out of St. Louis, he'd concluded he could not possibly compete against a team with Anheuser-Busch's resources behind it and was looking to move elsewhere.Veeck had wanted to move the Browns to Baltimore himself for the 1953 season, but was voted down. After the season, Veeck cut a deal with Miles and D'Alesandro in which Miles and other Baltimore investors would buy half of Veeck's 80 percent stake in the Browns, with Veeck remaining as principal owner. The proposal required six out of eight owners to vote in favor, but at an owners' meeting in New York City on September 27, only four voted aye, reportedly because Yankees co-owner Del Webb was rounding up support to move the Browns to Los Angeles.Miles realized that the owners merely wanted Veeck out of the way. In 48 hours, he lined up enough support from several of the Baltimore investors in the original deal with Veeck—such as brewer Jerold Hoffberger, investment banker Joseph Iglehart and real estate developer James Keelty—to buy out Veeck's interest for $2.5 million. This deal, along with the planned move to Baltimore, was unanimously approved. Almost immediately, Miles announced the team would be renamed the Orioles.With his fellow investors both frustrated with his domination of the team's business operations and dissatisfied with a pair of seventh-place finishes, Miles resigned in early November, 1955. Keelty succeeded him as president with Iglehart becoming board chairman.[1] Miles died in Queenstown, Maryland, in October 1977.","title":"Clarence Miles"}] | [] | null | [] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-circulating_legal_tender | Non-circulating legal tender | ["1 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Non-circulating legal tender" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A British Gold sovereign minted in 2020. While the sovereign has a face value of 1 pound sterling, its worth in metal and numismatic value is substantially higher, making its use as legal tender highly inadvisable.
Non-circulating legal tender (NCLT) refers to coins that are theoretically legal tender and could circulate but do not because their issue price, and/or their melt value at the time of issue is significantly above the arbitrary legal tender value placed thereon. They are sold to collectors and investors with no intention that they be used as money. Notable examples would include commemoratives, proofs, bullion coins, presentation sets, patterns and the like.
Some coins intended as NCLT have historically circulated, such as the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition Half Dollars, which was a commemorative, and the 1856 Flying Eagle cent, which was a pattern.
Private issues are not NCLT because they are not legal tender and are properly viewed as medals.
References
^ Breen, Walter (1988). Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. pp. 382, 704. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
^ Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. p. 582.
^ Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. pp. 214–215. | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2020_Sovereign_Reverse.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gold sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"pound sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"numismatic value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatic_value"},{"link_name":"legal tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tender"},{"link_name":"commemoratives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commemorative_coin"},{"link_name":"proofs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proof_coinage"},{"link_name":"bullion coins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullion_coin"},{"link_name":"patterns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattern_coin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World's Columbian Exposition Half Dollars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_half_dollar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Flying Eagle cent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Eagle_cent"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"A British Gold sovereign minted in 2020. While the sovereign has a face value of 1 pound sterling, its worth in metal and numismatic value is substantially higher, making its use as legal tender highly inadvisable.Non-circulating legal tender (NCLT) refers to coins that are theoretically legal tender and could circulate but do not because their issue price, and/or their melt value at the time of issue is significantly above the arbitrary legal tender value placed thereon. They are sold to collectors and investors with no intention that they be used as money. Notable examples would include commemoratives, proofs, bullion coins, presentation sets, patterns and the like.[1]Some coins intended as NCLT have historically circulated, such as the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition Half Dollars,[2] which was a commemorative, and the 1856 Flying Eagle cent,[3] which was a pattern.Private issues are not NCLT because they are not legal tender and are properly viewed as medals.","title":"Non-circulating legal tender"}] | [{"image_text":"A British Gold sovereign minted in 2020. While the sovereign has a face value of 1 pound sterling, its worth in metal and numismatic value is substantially higher, making its use as legal tender highly inadvisable.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/2020_Sovereign_Reverse.jpg/220px-2020_Sovereign_Reverse.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Breen, Walter (1988). Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. pp. 382, 704. Retrieved 7 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_H._Breen","url_text":"Breen, Walter"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8YIYAAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins"}]},{"reference":"Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. p. 582.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins. pp. 214–215.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Non-circulating+legal+tender%22","external_links_name":"\"Non-circulating legal tender\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Non-circulating+legal+tender%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Non-circulating+legal+tender%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Non-circulating+legal+tender%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Non-circulating+legal+tender%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Non-circulating+legal+tender%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8YIYAAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Walter Breen's Complete Encyclopedia of Coins"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatricality | Theatricality | ["1 Plot","2 Production","3 Reception","3.1 Ratings","3.2 Critical response","4 References","5 External links"] | 20th episode of the 1st season of Glee
"Theatricality"Glee episodeEpisode no.Season 1Episode 20Directed byRyan MurphyWritten byRyan MurphyFeatured music"Funny Girl""Bad Romance""Shout It Out Loud""Beth""Poker Face"Production code1ARC20Original air dateMay 25, 2010 (2010-05-25)Guest appearances
Idina Menzel as Shelby Corcoran
Iqbal Theba as Principal Figgins
Mike O'Malley as Burt Hummel
Romy Rosemont as Carole Hudson
Naya Rivera as Santana Lopez
Max Adler as Dave Karofsky
Josh Sussman as Jacob Ben Israel
James Earl as Azimio
Heather Morris as Brittany Pierce
Harry Shum, Jr. as Mike Chang
Dijon Talton as Matt Rutherford
Ashley Fink as Lauren Zizes
Episode chronology
← Previous"Dream On"
Next →"Funk"
Glee (season 1)List of episodes
"Theatricality" is the twentieth episode of the American television series Glee. The episode was written and directed by series creator Ryan Murphy, and premiered on the Fox network on May 25, 2010.
In "Theatricality", glee club member Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) has an identity crisis. The female club members and Kurt (Chris Colfer) pay tribute to Lady Gaga, performing in a selection of her costumes, while the rest of the male club members perform as Kiss. Rachel (Lea Michele) meets her mother Shelby (Idina Menzel), the coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline, and Finn (Cory Monteith) and his mother move in with Kurt and his father, leading to a confrontation between Kurt and Finn, and Finn continuing to control Kurt about keeping his sexuality away from him, and using scare tactics to keep Kurt away. The episode features cover versions of five songs, all of which were released as singles, available for digital download, and three of which are included on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers.
"Theatricality" was watched by 11.5 million American viewers and received generally positive reviews from critics. Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly deemed it one of his favorite episodes of the season, and both Terri Schwartz of MTV and CNN's Lisa Respers France compared it positively to the Madonna tribute episode, "The Power of Madonna". O'Malley's acting and the Kurt and Finn storyline attracted critical praise, although Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post felt that similar scenes between Kurt and Burt were becoming increasingly frequent, diminishing their impact. BuddyTV's Henrik Batallones and Mary Hanrahan of Broadway World highlighted pacing issues with the Rachel storyline, and Hanrahan and Kevin Coll of Fused Film criticized the use of "Poker Face" as a mother–daughter duet.
Plot
Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba) informs Tina (Jenna Ushkowitz) that she can no longer dress as a goth, alarmed by a spate of pseudo-vampirism in the school, inspired by the Twilight series. She briefly changes her style, before dressing as a vampire and convincing Figgins that if he does not allow her to wear her preferred clothes, her vicious Asian vampire father will bite him.
Rachel (Lea Michele) discovers that rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline is planning on performing a Lady Gaga number at Regionals, so glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) sets the club a Gaga assignment. The girls and Kurt (Chris Colfer) create costumes inspired by Lady Gaga and perform "Bad Romance". The rest of the male club members, unwilling to do a Gaga number, dress as Kiss and perform "Shout It Out Loud". Puck (Mark Salling) suggests to Quinn (Dianna Agron) that they name their daughter Jackie Daniels, as in Jack Daniel's. Later, in an attempt to show her he is serious about being a father, he does another Kiss song with the guys, "Beth", and suggests that Quinn give that name to their daughter. Quinn agrees that he can be present at her birth.
While spying on a Vocal Adrenaline rehearsal, Rachel shockingly realizes that their director, Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), is her biological mother. She introduces herself, and Shelby makes her a better Lady Gaga costume. Will meets with Shelby, concerned that she is not as invested in forging a relationship as Rachel is. Shelby confesses that she can no longer have children, but wishes she could have her baby back, rather than the now fully grown Rachel, whom she feels does not need her. She tells Rachel that instead of trying to act like mother and daughter, they should just be grateful that they have met, and maintain their distance. Rachel hugs her goodbye, and they duet on an acoustic version of "Poker Face".
Kurt's father Burt Hummel (Mike O'Malley) invites Finn (Cory Monteith) and his mother Carole Hudson (Romy Rosemont) to move in with them. Finn feels awkward sharing a room with Kurt, who has a private a crush on him, and tries to talk to Finn about advice. Finn continues bullying Kurt about his sexuality, and during an argument insults several items in his bedroom as being "faggy" after losing his temper. Burt overhears this and punishes Finn for bullying Kurt by using that term by dismissing him from the house, even if it costs Burt his relationship with Carole. Kurt is bullied for his Gaga costume by football players Dave Karofsky (Max Adler) and Azimio (James Earl). Finn creates his own costume out of a shower curtain, and tells them he will not let them hurt Kurt, backed by the rest of the glee club. Meanwhile, at the end of the episode, while Figgins walks out of the office, he has an illusion that Tina is really a vampire, and threatens to kill him if he doesn't let her wear her usual clothing.
Production
"Theatricality" was originally intended to air on June 1, 2010, but was switched in the schedule with the episode "Funk". The impetus for the Lady Gaga tribute comes from Tina's conflict, with Ushkowitz explaining that the storyline reflects Tina "slowly coming out of her box. Making her way out of her shell." As well as allowing Glee the rights to her songs, Lady Gaga also loaned the series her costume designer to recreate her signature looks. Series creator Ryan Murphy, who also directed the episode, stated that, because of the elaborate staging and costuming, the performance of "Bad Romance" was the show's most expensive number to date. "Bad Romance" took six hours to film, with Murphy describing it as "big and athletic and hard." Michele damaged her knee from exertion during the performance. In a statement released to Entertainment Weekly, Gaga eagerly anticipated the covers of her songs: "I love Glee. I love the cast and the creativity of the writers. I went to a musical theatre school, and used to dream that someday the students would be singing my songs. Can’t wait for "Bad Romance" + "Poker Face" in Glee fashion!"
Tina's costume in "Theatricality" is based on Lady Gaga's Haus of Gaga bubble dress.
Glee's costume designer Lou Eyrich deemed the episode a tribute to Lady Gaga's "genius", explaining that the costumes the characters wear are not exact replicas of Gaga's, giving the impression the glee club members made them themselves. Rachel wears two dresses, the first inspired by Gaga's Kermit the Frog dress and the second based on Gaga's silver mirrored triangle dress. Murphy selected Tina to wear the Hussein Chalayan–inspired bubble dress, which Eyrich adapted into a vest to make it easier to take on and off. Kurt's costume is inspired by the Alexander McQueen outfit Gaga wears in the "Bad Romance" video, described by Colfer as "George Washington meets an Oceanic whale disco ball type thing". Eyrich strove for authenticity in replicating McQueen's ten-inch 'Armadillo' platforms. She was unable to buy a pair to fit Colfer, as they were not made in large enough sizes. Quinn wears the Armani Privé orbit dress Gaga wore to the 52nd Grammy Awards, fitted around her pregnant stomach. The most complicated costume was the Philip Treacy lobster hat, worn by Brittany (Heather Morris), as to get it to stay in place during the "Bad Romance" dance, Eyrich had to build a Buckram orb which could be safety–pinned on her head, then solder steel tentacles onto the sphere. It took 45 minutes to get the hat on and off Morris each day, and restricted her vision to what was directly in front of her. In solidarity with Kurt, Finn wears a vinyl floor–length red dress, based on the latex Atsuko Kudo dress Gaga wore to meet Elizabeth II. Mercedes wears a glittery bodysuit and a purple hair bow and wig, and Santana wears the Jeffrey Bryant lace bodysuit, and black rose Charlie Le Mindu hat, with lace airbrushed onto her face. As mentioned in the episode, members of Vocal Adrenaline wear red Chantilly lace full-body outfits and headpieces (as well as blonde wigs) inspired by the Fall 1998 Alexander McQueen dress Gaga wore whilst accepting her award for Best New Artist at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.
The episode includes an acoustic performance of Lady Gaga's "Poker Face", performed by Rachel and her mother Shelby. Menzel explained that the sexual meaning of the song is different in the context of the show, calling it "actually very simple and truthful." The male glee club members, except Kurt, perform "Beth" and "Shout It Out Loud" by Kiss, while Shelby also sings "Funny Girl" from the film of the same name. "Speechless" was featured as background music in the scene where Finn wiped off his Kiss makeup while Kurt fixes his outfit. All of the songs performed in the episode were released as singles, available for digital download. "Poker Face" and "Beth" are included on the deluxe edition of the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers, while "Bad Romance" is included on both the deluxe and standard editions of the album. "Bad Romance" charted at number 91 in Australia, 46 in Canada, 10 in Ireland, 59 in the United Kingdom, and 54 in the United States, while "Poker Face" charted at number 26 in Canada, 16 in Ireland, 70 in the United Kingdom, and 20 in the United States.
Recurring guest star Mike O'Malley appears in the episode as Kurt's father Burt, sharing a scene with Colfer and Monteith which Colfer has described as the most emotional scene of the series thus far, explaining: "Reading it on paper I had no idea it was going to be that intense. Once I got into it, then I kind of realised, 'Oh, there's such a bigger meaning behind this. Oh my God, this is so dramatic'." Colfer called "Theatricality" his favorite episode of the whole series. Other recurring characters who appear in "Theatricality" are glee club members Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.) and Matt Rutherford (Dijon Talton, who gets his first lines in this episode), school reporter Jacob Ben Israel (Josh Sussman), school athletes and bullies Karofsky and Azimio, Principal Figgins, Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran and Finn's mother Carole Hudson.
Reception
Ratings
In its original broadcast, "Theatricality" was watched by 11.5 million American viewers, and led in the 18–49 demographic in its timeslot, attaining a 4.8 Nielsen rating. It was the fifth most-watched show of the week in the 18-49 demographic, and the twelfth amongst all viewers. In the United Kingdom, the episode was watched by 862,000 viewers, its lowest audience of the season. "Theatricality" was watched by 1.91 million Canadian viewers, and was the eleventh most-watched program of the week in Canada. In Australia, the episode drew Glee's highest ever overnight ratings, watched by 1.41 million viewers and leading in all key demographics in its time slot.
Critical response
Following the episode's original broadcast, "Asian Vampires" became the fifth most discussed topic on the social networking website Twitter, in reference to Tina's storyline. Lady Gaga praised the episode, calling it "amazing". Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack deemed "Theatricality" one of his favorite episodes of the season, writing: "it does what Glee does best which is combining comedy, music, and emotional truths." Stack praised the Kurt and Finn plot-line, calling the scene between them and Burt "one of Glee's greatest moments ever." Terri Schwartz of MTV also reviewed the episode positively, writing that it topped the previous episode, "Dream On", and rivaled the grandeur of the Madonna tribute episode "The Power of Madonna". CNN's Lisa Respers France deemed "Theatricality" even better than the Madonna episode, calling it "the perfect, over-the-top homage to an artist who is pretty over-the-top herself", and writing that Glee "just keeps getting better and better." Eric Goldman of IGN rated the episode 8.3/10 for "Impressive", and felt that there was "a lot to enjoy", with "some very fun material mixed in with one of the heaviest scenes Glee has delved into."
Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle called the episode "pretty great", also praising O'Malley's acting and noting: "I was impressed with how visceral the confrontation between Kurt's dad and Finn got and how the writers kept the language as raw as the emotions." The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff graded the episode B+. She called the Rachel and Shelby storyline "very well-handled, another emotional story that the series is mostly nailing the execution of", and opined: "Chris Colfer and Mike O'Malley (always good together) brought out the best in Cory Monteith, who sometimes struggles with the weightier stuff." Overall, VanDerWerff felt that "Theatricality" was not as good as the preceding episode, but contained some well-executed moments and many funny lines. James Poniewozik of Time was "pleasantly surprised" by the episode, praising the Kurt/Finn and Rachel/Shelby story lines; however, he found the Tina, Quinn and Puck subplots "ridiculous and dispensable."
Henrik Batallones of BuddyTV felt that "Theatricality" was a "pretty strong, albeit not perfect, episode", deeming O'Malley the star of the show. Batallones criticized the Rachel and Shelby story line, however, suggesting that it was rushed and would have been better stretched out across the remainder of the season. Mary Hanrahan of Broadway World also felt that the Rachel and Shelby plot was rushed, calling it "sloppily handled". She criticized the performance of "Bad Romance", additionally noting that "Poker Face" did not work in the context of a mother–daughter duet. Hanrahan commented that she was tired of "themed episodes" of Glee, concluding that the episode: "fails on a lot of levels, and has actually made the episodes preceding it look better as a result." Kevin Coll of Fused Film criticized the selection of "Poker Face", noting that it was well done, but badly matched with the scene and storyline.
References
^ "Shows A-Z: glee on fox". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 17, 2010.
^ a b Dos Santos, Kristin (April 13, 2010). "Ga-Gouch! Glee's Lea Michele Injured During Lady Gaga Dance Number". E!. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ Ausiello, Michael (May 25, 2010). "Exclusive: Lady Gaga calls 'Glee' tribute a 'dream' come true". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. Retrieved May 25, 2010.
^ a b c d e King, Joyann (May 24, 2010). "Glee's Costumer Dishes On Gaga Looks". InStyle. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ Odell, Amy (March 23, 2009). "Does It Matter If Lady Gaga's Bubble Dress Is a Hussein Chalayan Knockoff?". The Cut. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ Ghosh, Korbi (May 25, 2010). "'Glee's' Chris Colfer on the Lady Gaga episode: Get ready to cry". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ a b Mellini, Michael (May 26, 2010). "Glee-cap: Gleeks and Idina Menzel Hit By Gaga Fever". Broadway.com.
^ "Gaga wants millinery internship". BBC News. May 19, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
^ a b Wightman, Catriona (May 26, 2010). "'Glee' cast discuss Lady GaGa outfits". Digital Spy. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
^ Ryan, Chris (December 8, 2009). "Lady Gaga Meets The Queen Of England!". MTV. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
^ "Lady GaGa Praises Glee Tribute Episode". MTV. May 26, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
^ "Going Gaga for Gaga". Harper's Bazaar. 2010. Retrieved June 14, 2022. MAC Viva Glam Launch Event: Head-to-toe lace by Jeffrey Bryant and a masquerade-appropriate sculptural blossom.
^ "Black Rose « Charlie Le Mindu". Charlie Le Mindu. March 2, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
^ Anitai, Tamar (February 11, 2010). "Lady Gaga In Alexander McQueen's Fashions: Photos Of Our Favorite Looks". MTV. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ a b Coll, Kevin (May 26, 2010). "TV Review: GLEE – Episode 1.20 – Going Gaga With "Theatricality"". Fused Film. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
^ Dos Santos, Kristin (May 26, 2010). "Glee Stars Dish on Tonight's Emotional (What?!) Lady Gaga Episode". E!. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ Peter, Thomas (May 19, 2010). ""Glee" Ratings: Spring Season Episode 6". Playbill. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ "Idina Menzel to Sing 'Funny Girl' on Upcoming GLEE". Broadway World. May 10, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
^ "Glee Cast". iTunes Store. Retrieved April 13, 2010.
^ a b "Glee: The Music, Vol. 3 Showstoppers (Deluxe Ed.)". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved April 21, 2010.
^ "Glee: The Music, Vol. 3 Showstoppers". Barnes & Noble. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
^ "Chartifacts - Week Commencing: 31st May 2010". Australian Recording Industry Association. Archived from the original on February 27, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
^ a b c d "Glee Cast". acharts.us. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
^ a b "Irish Charts > Glee Cast". irish-charts. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
^ a b "The Official Charts Company – Glee Cast". Official Charts Company. Retrieved February 25, 2010.
^ Wightman, Catriona (April 27, 2010). "'Glee' Kurt to have "emotional" plots". Digital Spy. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
^ Semigran, Aly (May 25, 2010). "'Glee' Star Chris Colfer On Wearing Lady Gaga's 10-Inch Heels: 'I've Gained Lots Of Balance'". MTV. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ Glee: The Complete First Season (DVD). 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment. September 13, 2010.
^ Porter, Rick (May 26, 2010). "TV ratings: 'Idol' outscores 'Dancing,' CBS finales Tuesday". Zap2it. Tribune Media Services. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ Gorman, Bill (June 2, 2010). "TV Ratings Top 25: American Idol, Big Bang Theory, Two And A Half Men Top 18-49 Ratings". TV by the Numbers. Archived from the original on January 28, 2016. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
^ Deans, Jason (June 1, 2010). "Coronation Street's HD debut draws more than 500,000 viewers". The Guardian. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
^ "Top Programs - Total Canada (English) May 24 - May 30, 2010" (PDF). BBM Canada. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 2, 2012. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
^ "Australia Goes Ga-Ga For Glee - 1.41 Million Viewers". ebroadcast. June 11, 2010. Archived from the original on June 16, 2010. Retrieved June 18, 2010.
^ Relaxnews (May 26, 2010). "Current Twitter trends: Lee DeWyze, Asian Vampires, Oil Spill". The Independent. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved May 26, 2010.
^ "What did Lady Gaga think of 'Glee?'". USA Today. May 26, 2010. Retrieved June 2, 2010.
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^ VanDerWerff, Emily (May 26, 2010). "Glee: "Theatricality"". The A.V. Club. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ Poniewozik, James (May 26, 2010). "Glee Watch: Going Gaga". Time. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
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External links
Look up theatricality in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
"Theatricality" at Fox.com
"Theatricality" at IMDb
vteGlee episodesSeason 1
"Pilot"
"Showmance"
"Acafellas"
"Preggers"
"The Rhodes Not Taken"
"Vitamin D"
"Throwdown"
"Mash-Up"
"Wheels"
"Ballad"
"Hairography"
"Mattress"
"Sectionals"
"Hell-O"
"The Power of Madonna"
"Home"
"Bad Reputation"
"Laryngitis"
"Dream On"
"Theatricality"
"Funk"
"Journey to Regionals"
Season 2
"Audition"
"Britney/Brittany"
"Grilled Cheesus"
"Duets"
"The Rocky Horror Glee Show"
"Never Been Kissed"
"The Substitute"
"Furt"
"Special Education"
"A Very Glee Christmas"
"The Sue Sylvester Shuffle"
"Silly Love Songs"
"Comeback"
"Blame It on the Alcohol"
"Sexy"
"Original Song"
"A Night of Neglect"
"Born This Way"
"Rumours"
"Prom Queen"
"Funeral"
"New York"
Season 3
"The Purple Piano Project"
"I Am Unicorn"
"Asian F"
"Pot o' Gold"
"The First Time"
"Mash Off"
"I Kissed a Girl"
"Hold On to Sixteen"
"Extraordinary Merry Christmas"
"Yes/No"
"Michael"
"The Spanish Teacher"
"Heart"
"On My Way"
"Big Brother"
"Saturday Night Glee-ver"
"Dance with Somebody"
"Choke"
"Prom-asaurus"
"Props"
"Nationals"
"Goodbye"
Season 4
"The New Rachel"
"Britney 2.0"
"Makeover"
"The Break Up"
"The Role You Were Born to Play"
"Glease"
"Dynamic Duets"
"Thanksgiving"
"Swan Song"
"Glee, Actually"
"Sadie Hawkins"
"Naked"
"Diva"
"I Do"
"Girls (and Boys) On Film"
"Feud"
"Guilty Pleasures"
"Shooting Star"
"Sweet Dreams"
"Lights Out"
"Wonder-ful"
"All or Nothing"
Season 5
"Love, Love, Love"
"Tina in the Sky with Diamonds"
"The Quarterback"
"A Katy or a Gaga"
"The End of Twerk"
"Movin' Out"
"Puppet Master"
"Previously Unaired Christmas"
"Frenemies"
"Trio"
"City of Angels"
"100"
"New Directions"
"New New York"
"Bash"
"Tested"
"Opening Night"
"The Back-up Plan"
"Old Dog, New Tricks"
"The Untitled Rachel Berry Project"
Season 6
"Loser like Me"
"Homecoming"
"Jagged Little Tapestry"
"The Hurt Locker, Part One"
"The Hurt Locker, Part Two"
"What the World Needs Now"
"Transitioning"
"A Wedding"
"Child Star"
"The Rise and Fall of Sue Sylvester"
"We Built This Glee Club"
"2009"
"Dreams Come True"
vteLady Gaga
Awards and nominations
Discography
Live performances
Songs
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Studio albums
The Fame
The Fame Monster
Born This Way
Artpop
Cheek to Cheek
Joanne
Chromatica
Love for Sale
Soundtracks
A Star Is Born
Top Gun: Maverick
Compilation albums
The Remix
Born This Way: The Remix
Born This Way: The Collection
Dawn of Chromatica
Extended plays
The Cherrytree Sessions
Hitmixes
A Very Gaga Holiday
Concert tours
The Fame Ball Tour
Fame Kills: Starring Kanye West and Lady Gaga (cancelled)
The Monster Ball Tour
Born This Way Ball
ArtRave: The Artpop Ball
Cheek to Cheek Tour
Joanne World Tour
The Chromatica Ball
Promotional events
ArtRave
Dive Bar Tour
Residencies
Lady Gaga Live at Roseland Ballroom
Lady Gaga Enigma + Jazz & Piano
Documentaries
Gaga: Five Foot Two
Television
Lady Gaga Presents the Monster Ball Tour: At Madison Square Garden
A Very Gaga Thanksgiving
Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular
Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga: Cheek to Cheek Live!
Super Bowl LI halftime show
One Last Time: An Evening with Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga
Gaga Chromatica Ball
Bibliography
Lady Gaga x Terry Richardson
Fragrances and cosmetics
Lady Gaga Fame
Eau de Gaga
Haus Labs
Fashion
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Meat dress of Lady Gaga
Related articles
Cynthia Germanotta (mother)
Born This Way Foundation
Doll Domination Tour
Lady Gaga: Queen of Pop
One World: Together at Home
"Perform This Way"
Theatricality
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Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Glee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ryan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(producer)"},{"link_name":"Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Tina Cohen-Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Cohen-Chang"},{"link_name":"Jenna Ushkowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Ushkowitz"},{"link_name":"Kurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Chris Colfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Colfer"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Berry"},{"link_name":"Lea Michele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Michele"},{"link_name":"Shelby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Corcoran"},{"link_name":"Idina Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idina_Menzel"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Cory Monteith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Monteith"},{"link_name":"cover versions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_version"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack_album"},{"link_name":"Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee:_The_Music,_Volume_3_Showstoppers"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"The Power of Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Madonna"},{"link_name":"New York Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post"},{"link_name":"BuddyTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuddyTV"},{"link_name":"Poker Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Face_(Lady_Gaga_song)"}],"text":"20th episode of the 1st season of Glee\"Theatricality\" is the twentieth episode of the American television series Glee. The episode was written and directed by series creator Ryan Murphy, and premiered on the Fox network on May 25, 2010.In \"Theatricality\", glee club member Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz) has an identity crisis. The female club members and Kurt (Chris Colfer) pay tribute to Lady Gaga, performing in a selection of her costumes, while the rest of the male club members perform as Kiss. Rachel (Lea Michele) meets her mother Shelby (Idina Menzel), the coach of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline, and Finn (Cory Monteith) and his mother move in with Kurt and his father, leading to a confrontation between Kurt and Finn, and Finn continuing to control Kurt about keeping his sexuality away from him, and using scare tactics to keep Kurt away. The episode features cover versions of five songs, all of which were released as singles, available for digital download, and three of which are included on the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers.\"Theatricality\" was watched by 11.5 million American viewers and received generally positive reviews from critics. Tim Stack of Entertainment Weekly deemed it one of his favorite episodes of the season, and both Terri Schwartz of MTV and CNN's Lisa Respers France compared it positively to the Madonna tribute episode, \"The Power of Madonna\". O'Malley's acting and the Kurt and Finn storyline attracted critical praise, although Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post felt that similar scenes between Kurt and Burt were becoming increasingly frequent, diminishing their impact. BuddyTV's Henrik Batallones and Mary Hanrahan of Broadway World highlighted pacing issues with the Rachel storyline, and Hanrahan and Kevin Coll of Fused Film criticized the use of \"Poker Face\" as a mother–daughter duet.","title":"Theatricality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Principal Figgins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Figgins"},{"link_name":"Iqbal Theba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqbal_Theba"},{"link_name":"Tina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tina_Cohen-Chang"},{"link_name":"Jenna Ushkowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenna_Ushkowitz"},{"link_name":"Twilight series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twilight_(novel_series)"},{"link_name":"Rachel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Berry"},{"link_name":"Lea Michele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Michele"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Will Schuester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Schuester"},{"link_name":"Matthew Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Kurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Chris Colfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Colfer"},{"link_name":"Bad Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Romance"},{"link_name":"Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_(band)"},{"link_name":"Shout It Out Loud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout_It_Out_Loud_(Kiss_song)"},{"link_name":"Puck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_(Glee)"},{"link_name":"Mark Salling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Salling"},{"link_name":"Quinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinn_Fabray"},{"link_name":"Dianna Agron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dianna_Agron"},{"link_name":"Jack Daniel's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Daniel%27s"},{"link_name":"Beth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_(song)"},{"link_name":"Shelby Corcoran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shelby_Corcoran"},{"link_name":"Idina Menzel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idina_Menzel"},{"link_name":"Poker Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Face_(Lady_Gaga_song)"},{"link_name":"Burt Hummel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Hummel"},{"link_name":"Mike O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Cory Monteith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cory_Monteith"},{"link_name":"Carole Hudson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carole_Hudson"},{"link_name":"Romy Rosemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romy_Rosemont"},{"link_name":"faggy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faggot_(slang)"},{"link_name":"Dave Karofsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Karofsky"},{"link_name":"Max Adler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Adler_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Azimio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Characters_of_Glee#Azimio"}],"text":"Principal Figgins (Iqbal Theba) informs Tina (Jenna Ushkowitz) that she can no longer dress as a goth, alarmed by a spate of pseudo-vampirism in the school, inspired by the Twilight series. She briefly changes her style, before dressing as a vampire and convincing Figgins that if he does not allow her to wear her preferred clothes, her vicious Asian vampire father will bite him.Rachel (Lea Michele) discovers that rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline is planning on performing a Lady Gaga number at Regionals, so glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) sets the club a Gaga assignment. The girls and Kurt (Chris Colfer) create costumes inspired by Lady Gaga and perform \"Bad Romance\". The rest of the male club members, unwilling to do a Gaga number, dress as Kiss and perform \"Shout It Out Loud\". Puck (Mark Salling) suggests to Quinn (Dianna Agron) that they name their daughter Jackie Daniels, as in Jack Daniel's. Later, in an attempt to show her he is serious about being a father, he does another Kiss song with the guys, \"Beth\", and suggests that Quinn give that name to their daughter. Quinn agrees that he can be present at her birth.While spying on a Vocal Adrenaline rehearsal, Rachel shockingly realizes that their director, Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel), is her biological mother. She introduces herself, and Shelby makes her a better Lady Gaga costume. Will meets with Shelby, concerned that she is not as invested in forging a relationship as Rachel is. Shelby confesses that she can no longer have children, but wishes she could have her baby back, rather than the now fully grown Rachel, whom she feels does not need her. She tells Rachel that instead of trying to act like mother and daughter, they should just be grateful that they have met, and maintain their distance. Rachel hugs her goodbye, and they duet on an acoustic version of \"Poker Face\".Kurt's father Burt Hummel (Mike O'Malley) invites Finn (Cory Monteith) and his mother Carole Hudson (Romy Rosemont) to move in with them. Finn feels awkward sharing a room with Kurt, who has a private a crush on him, and tries to talk to Finn about advice. Finn continues bullying Kurt about his sexuality, and during an argument insults several items in his bedroom as being \"faggy\" after losing his temper. Burt overhears this and punishes Finn for bullying Kurt by using that term by dismissing him from the house, even if it costs Burt his relationship with Carole. Kurt is bullied for his Gaga costume by football players Dave Karofsky (Max Adler) and Azimio (James Earl). Finn creates his own costume out of a shower curtain, and tells them he will not let them hurt Kurt, backed by the rest of the glee club. Meanwhile, at the end of the episode, while Figgins walks out of the office, he has an illusion that Tina is really a vampire, and threatens to kill him if he doesn't let her wear her usual clothing.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Funk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funk_(Glee)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-futondate-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDS-2"},{"link_name":"Ryan Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Murphy_(producer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KDS-2"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gagafameball.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lou Eyrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Eyrich"},{"link_name":"Kermit the Frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_the_Frog"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JK-4"},{"link_name":"Hussein Chalayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussein_Chalayan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JK-4"},{"link_name":"Alexander McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McQueen"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zap2-6"},{"link_name":"Armani Privé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armani"},{"link_name":"52nd Grammy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Grammy_Awards"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadway.com-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JK-4"},{"link_name":"Philip Treacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Treacy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Heather Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Morris_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Buckram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckram"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JK-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-9"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JK-4"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Broadway.com-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW-9"},{"link_name":"Chantilly lace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chantilly_lace"},{"link_name":"Best New Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Video_Music_Award_for_Best_New_Artist"},{"link_name":"2009 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KC-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Funny Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funny_Girl_(film)#Musical_numbers"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Speechless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechless_(Lady_Gaga_song)"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_download"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundtrack_album"},{"link_name":"Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glee:_The_Music,_Volume_3_Showstoppers"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BN-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CF-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ire-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chartstats-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ire-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chartstats-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts-23"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CW2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Santana Lopez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santana_Lopez"},{"link_name":"Naya Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naya_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Brittany Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Heather Morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Morris_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Mike Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Chang"},{"link_name":"Harry Shum, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Shum,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Matt Rutherford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Rutherford"},{"link_name":"Dijon Talton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijon_Talton"},{"link_name":"Jacob Ben Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Ben_Israel"},{"link_name":"Josh Sussman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Sussman"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"\"Theatricality\" was originally intended to air on June 1, 2010, but was switched in the schedule with the episode \"Funk\".[1] The impetus for the Lady Gaga tribute comes from Tina's conflict, with Ushkowitz explaining that the storyline reflects Tina \"slowly coming out of her box. Making her way out of her shell.\"[2] As well as allowing Glee the rights to her songs, Lady Gaga also loaned the series her costume designer to recreate her signature looks. Series creator Ryan Murphy, who also directed the episode, stated that, because of the elaborate staging and costuming, the performance of \"Bad Romance\" was the show's most expensive number to date. \"Bad Romance\" took six hours to film, with Murphy describing it as \"big and athletic and hard.\" Michele damaged her knee from exertion during the performance.[2] In a statement released to Entertainment Weekly, Gaga eagerly anticipated the covers of her songs: \"I love Glee. I love the cast and the creativity of the writers. I went to a musical theatre school, and used to dream that someday the students would be singing my songs. Can’t wait for \"Bad Romance\" + \"Poker Face\" in Glee fashion!\"[3]Tina's costume in \"Theatricality\" is based on Lady Gaga's Haus of Gaga bubble dress.Glee's costume designer Lou Eyrich deemed the episode a tribute to Lady Gaga's \"genius\", explaining that the costumes the characters wear are not exact replicas of Gaga's, giving the impression the glee club members made them themselves. Rachel wears two dresses, the first inspired by Gaga's Kermit the Frog dress and the second based on Gaga's silver mirrored triangle dress.[4] Murphy selected Tina to wear the Hussein Chalayan–inspired bubble dress,[5] which Eyrich adapted into a vest to make it easier to take on and off.[4] Kurt's costume is inspired by the Alexander McQueen outfit Gaga wears in the \"Bad Romance\" video, described by Colfer as \"George Washington meets an Oceanic whale disco ball type thing\".[6] Eyrich strove for authenticity in replicating McQueen's ten-inch 'Armadillo' platforms. She was unable to buy a pair to fit Colfer, as they were not made in large enough sizes. Quinn wears the Armani Privé orbit dress Gaga wore to the 52nd Grammy Awards,[7] fitted around her pregnant stomach.[4] The most complicated costume was the Philip Treacy lobster hat,[8] worn by Brittany (Heather Morris), as to get it to stay in place during the \"Bad Romance\" dance, Eyrich had to build a Buckram orb which could be safety–pinned on her head, then solder steel tentacles onto the sphere.[4] It took 45 minutes to get the hat on and off Morris each day, and restricted her vision to what was directly in front of her.[9] In solidarity with Kurt, Finn wears a vinyl floor–length red dress, based on the latex Atsuko Kudo dress Gaga wore to meet Elizabeth II.[4][10] Mercedes wears a glittery bodysuit and a purple hair bow and wig,[11] and Santana wears the Jeffrey Bryant lace bodysuit,[12] and black rose Charlie Le Mindu hat,[7][13] with lace airbrushed onto her face.[9] As mentioned in the episode, members of Vocal Adrenaline wear red Chantilly lace full-body outfits and headpieces (as well as blonde wigs) inspired by the Fall 1998 Alexander McQueen dress Gaga wore whilst accepting her award for Best New Artist at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards.[14]The episode includes an acoustic performance of Lady Gaga's \"Poker Face\", performed by Rachel and her mother Shelby.[15] Menzel explained that the sexual meaning of the song is different in the context of the show, calling it \"actually very simple and truthful.\"[16] The male glee club members, except Kurt, perform \"Beth\" and \"Shout It Out Loud\" by Kiss,[17] while Shelby also sings \"Funny Girl\" from the film of the same name.[18] \"Speechless\" was featured as background music in the scene where Finn wiped off his Kiss makeup while Kurt fixes his outfit. All of the songs performed in the episode were released as singles, available for digital download.[19] \"Poker Face\" and \"Beth\" are included on the deluxe edition of the soundtrack album Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers,[20] while \"Bad Romance\" is included on both the deluxe and standard editions of the album.[20][21] \"Bad Romance\" charted at number 91 in Australia,[22] 46 in Canada,[23] 10 in Ireland,[24] 59 in the United Kingdom,[25] and 54 in the United States,[23] while \"Poker Face\" charted at number 26 in Canada,[23] 16 in Ireland,[24] 70 in the United Kingdom,[25] and 20 in the United States.[23]Recurring guest star Mike O'Malley appears in the episode as Kurt's father Burt, sharing a scene with Colfer and Monteith which Colfer has described as the most emotional scene of the series thus far, explaining: \"Reading it on paper I had no idea it was going to be that intense. Once I got into it, then I kind of realised, 'Oh, there's such a bigger meaning behind this. Oh my God, this is so dramatic'.\"[26] Colfer called \"Theatricality\" his favorite episode of the whole series.[27] Other recurring characters who appear in \"Theatricality\" are glee club members Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera), Brittany Pierce (Heather Morris), Mike Chang (Harry Shum, Jr.) and Matt Rutherford (Dijon Talton, who gets his first lines in this episode), school reporter Jacob Ben Israel (Josh Sussman), school athletes and bullies Karofsky and Azimio, Principal Figgins, Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran and Finn's mother Carole Hudson.[28]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"18–49 demographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings#Demographics"},{"link_name":"Nielsen rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_ratings#Ratings/share_and_total_viewers"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Ratings","text":"In its original broadcast, \"Theatricality\" was watched by 11.5 million American viewers, and led in the 18–49 demographic in its timeslot, attaining a 4.8 Nielsen rating.[29] It was the fifth most-watched show of the week in the 18-49 demographic, and the twelfth amongst all viewers.[30] In the United Kingdom, the episode was watched by 862,000 viewers, its lowest audience of the season.[31] \"Theatricality\" was watched by 1.91 million Canadian viewers, and was the eleventh most-watched program of the week in Canada.[32] In Australia, the episode drew Glee's highest ever overnight ratings, watched by 1.41 million viewers and leading in all key demographics in its time slot.[33]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Dream On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_On_(Glee)"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna_(entertainer)"},{"link_name":"The Power of Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Power_of_Madonna"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Houston Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"BuddyTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuddyTV"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MH-44"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KC-15"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Following the episode's original broadcast, \"Asian Vampires\" became the fifth most discussed topic on the social networking website Twitter, in reference to Tina's storyline.[34] Lady Gaga praised the episode, calling it \"amazing\".[35] Entertainment Weekly's Tim Stack deemed \"Theatricality\" one of his favorite episodes of the season, writing: \"it does what Glee does best which is combining comedy, music, and emotional truths.\" Stack praised the Kurt and Finn plot-line, calling the scene between them and Burt \"one of Glee's greatest moments ever.\"[36] Terri Schwartz of MTV also reviewed the episode positively, writing that it topped the previous episode, \"Dream On\", and rivaled the grandeur of the Madonna tribute episode \"The Power of Madonna\".[37] CNN's Lisa Respers France deemed \"Theatricality\" even better than the Madonna episode, calling it \"the perfect, over-the-top homage to an artist who is pretty over-the-top herself\", and writing that Glee \"just keeps getting better and better.\"[38] Eric Goldman of IGN rated the episode 8.3/10 for \"Impressive\", and felt that there was \"a lot to enjoy\", with \"some very fun material mixed in with one of the heaviest scenes Glee has delved into.\"[39]Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle called the episode \"pretty great\", also praising O'Malley's acting and noting: \"I was impressed with how visceral the confrontation between Kurt's dad and Finn got and how the writers kept the language as raw as the emotions.\"[40] The A.V. Club's Emily VanDerWerff graded the episode B+. She called the Rachel and Shelby storyline \"very well-handled, another emotional story that the series is mostly nailing the execution of\", and opined: \"Chris Colfer and Mike O'Malley (always good together) brought out the best in Cory Monteith, who sometimes struggles with the weightier stuff.\" Overall, VanDerWerff felt that \"Theatricality\" was not as good as the preceding episode, but contained some well-executed moments and many funny lines.[41] James Poniewozik of Time was \"pleasantly surprised\" by the episode, praising the Kurt/Finn and Rachel/Shelby story lines; however, he found the Tina, Quinn and Puck subplots \"ridiculous and dispensable.\"[42]Henrik Batallones of BuddyTV felt that \"Theatricality\" was a \"pretty strong, albeit not perfect, episode\", deeming O'Malley the star of the show. Batallones criticized the Rachel and Shelby story line, however, suggesting that it was rushed and would have been better stretched out across the remainder of the season.[43] Mary Hanrahan of Broadway World also felt that the Rachel and Shelby plot was rushed, calling it \"sloppily handled\". She criticized the performance of \"Bad Romance\", additionally noting that \"Poker Face\" did not work in the context of a mother–daughter duet. Hanrahan commented that she was tired of \"themed episodes\" of Glee, concluding that the episode: \"fails on a lot of levels, and has actually made the episodes preceding it look better as a result.\"[44] Kevin Coll of Fused Film criticized the selection of \"Poker Face\", noting that it was well done, but badly matched with the scene and storyline.[15]","title":"Reception"}] | [{"image_text":"Tina's costume in \"Theatricality\" is based on Lady Gaga's Haus of Gaga bubble dress.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gagafameball.jpg/220px-Gagafameball.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Shows A-Z: glee on fox\". The Futon Critic. Retrieved April 17, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch.aspx?id=glee&view=listings","url_text":"\"Shows A-Z: glee on fox\""}]},{"reference":"Dos Santos, Kristin (April 13, 2010). \"Ga-Gouch! Glee's Lea Michele Injured During Lady Gaga Dance Number\". E!. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Dos_Santos","url_text":"Dos Santos, Kristin"},{"url":"https://www.eonline.com/news/176162/ga-gouch_glees_lea_michele_injured","url_text":"\"Ga-Gouch! Glee's Lea Michele Injured During Lady Gaga Dance Number\""}]},{"reference":"Ausiello, Michael (May 25, 2010). \"Exclusive: Lady Gaga calls 'Glee' tribute a 'dream' come true\". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on November 4, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Voisin | Félix Voisin | ["1 Selected writings","2 References"] | French psychiatrist
Félix Voisin (19 November 1794 – 23 November 1872) was a French psychiatrist born in Le Mans.
He studied medicine in Paris, where in 1819 he earned his doctorate. He was a disciple of Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (1772–1840), and a colleague of Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870), with whom he founded a private mental institution at Vanves in 1822. Later he provided services for mentally disabled people at a hospice on the rue de Sèvres, relocating to the Bicêtre Hospital in 1840, where he worked with the mentally impaired until his retirement in 1865. One of Voison's better known assistants was educator Édouard Séguin (1812–1880).
Voisin was a leading advocate of the phrenological theories of Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) and Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832), and along with Louis Delasiauve (1804–1893) and Jacques-Étienne Belhomme (1800–1880), he is considered to be one of the more prominent members in the French school of phrenology. Voison was particularly interested in the role phrenology could be used to understand the pathology of mental retardation and insanity. Voisin also did extensive research of satyriasis and nymphomania, and was interested in the relationship between hypersexuality and hysteria.
In his 1851 treatise Analyse de l'entendement humain (Analysis of Human Understanding), Voisin described three major facets of human functionality, which he referred to as moral, intellect and animal factions. These classifications predated, and in a general sense are a parallel to the Freudian concepts of superego, ego and id.
Selected writings
1826 – Des causes morales et physiques des maladies mentales
1839 – De l'Homme animal
1847 – Du traitement intelligent de la folie et application de quelques uns de ses principes à la reforme des criminels
1851 – Analyse de l'entendement humain
References
Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness Theodore Milton
Psychiatrie.histoire (translated biography)
Inventing the Feeble Mind by James W. Trent, James W. Trent Jr.
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
Belgium
United States
Netherlands
Other
IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"psychiatrist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychiatrist"},{"link_name":"Le Mans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Mans"},{"link_name":"Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Dominique_Esquirol"},{"link_name":"Jean-Pierre Falret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Falret"},{"link_name":"Vanves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanves"},{"link_name":"Bicêtre Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic%C3%AAtre_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Édouard Séguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_S%C3%A9guin"},{"link_name":"phrenological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology"},{"link_name":"Franz Joseph Gall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Joseph_Gall"},{"link_name":"Johann Spurzheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Spurzheim"},{"link_name":"Louis Delasiauve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Delasiauve"},{"link_name":"Jacques-Étienne Belhomme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques-%C3%89tienne_Belhomme"},{"link_name":"pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"mental retardation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_retardation"},{"link_name":"insanity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insanity"},{"link_name":"satyriasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyriasis"},{"link_name":"nymphomania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphomania"},{"link_name":"hysteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria"},{"link_name":"Freudian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudian"},{"link_name":"superego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superego"},{"link_name":"ego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego_and_super-ego#Ego"},{"link_name":"id","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego"}],"text":"Félix Voisin (19 November 1794 – 23 November 1872) was a French psychiatrist born in Le Mans.He studied medicine in Paris, where in 1819 he earned his doctorate. He was a disciple of Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol (1772–1840), and a colleague of Jean-Pierre Falret (1794–1870), with whom he founded a private mental institution at Vanves in 1822. Later he provided services for mentally disabled people at a hospice on the rue de Sèvres, relocating to the Bicêtre Hospital in 1840, where he worked with the mentally impaired until his retirement in 1865. One of Voison's better known assistants was educator Édouard Séguin (1812–1880).Voisin was a leading advocate of the phrenological theories of Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) and Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832), and along with Louis Delasiauve (1804–1893) and Jacques-Étienne Belhomme (1800–1880), he is considered to be one of the more prominent members in the French school of phrenology. Voison was particularly interested in the role phrenology could be used to understand the pathology of mental retardation and insanity. Voisin also did extensive research of satyriasis and nymphomania, and was interested in the relationship between hypersexuality and hysteria.In his 1851 treatise Analyse de l'entendement humain (Analysis of Human Understanding), Voisin described three major facets of human functionality, which he referred to as moral, intellect and animal factions. These classifications predated, and in a general sense are a parallel to the Freudian concepts of superego, ego and id.","title":"Félix Voisin"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1826 – Des causes morales et physiques des maladies mentales\n1839 – De l'Homme animal\n1847 – Du traitement intelligent de la folie et application de quelques uns de ses principes à la reforme des criminels\n1851 – Analyse de l'entendement humain","title":"Selected writings"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nfvaX3eyYjEC&pg=PA169","external_links_name":"Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=http://psychiatrie.histoire.free.fr/pers/bio/voisinf.htm&ei=GeQtSvb9JpHoMPvN8f4J&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522F%25C3%25A9lix%2BVoisin%2522%2B%2522Le%2BMans%2522%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DG","external_links_name":"Psychiatrie.histoire"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=syWMbPn-ymkC&pg=PA42","external_links_name":"Inventing the Feeble Mind"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/207213/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000107770495","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9916865","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrrBWPh8pbfKfhTk6CG73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123153513","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123153513","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055421521","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010649054505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21335546","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87128139","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p260298867","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/032049749","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_women%27s_national_volleyball_team | Costa Rica women's national volleyball team | ["1 Results","1.1 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship","1.2 NORCECA Championship","1.3 Pan-American Cup","2 2009 Pan-American Cup Roster","3 References","4 External links"] | National sports team
Costa RicaAssociationFederación Costarricense de VoleibolConfederationNORCECAHead coachBraulio Godínez BlancoFIVB ranking50 (as of 30 May 2024)Uniforms
Home
The Costa Rica women's national volleyball team represents Costa Rica in international women's volleyball competitions and friendly matches.
At the Women's NORCECA Volleyball Championship, Costa Rica usually competes for places 5-8. In 2013, then head coach Horacio Bastit stated that a better finish was not yet realistic. He stated that beating teams such as the US, Canada, Puerto Rico or the Dominican Republic can remain as goals for the future.
Results
FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship
2010 — 17th place
NORCECA Championship
1999 — 7th place
2001 — 5th place
2003 — 6th place
2005 — Did not participate
2007 — 7th place
2009 — 7th place
2011 — 8th place
2013 — 8th place
2015 — 8th place
2017 — 7th place
2019 — 7th place
2021 — 6th place
2023 — 7th place
Pan-American Cup
2009 — 8th place
2010 — 11th place
2011 — 11th place
2012 — 9th place
2013 — 11th place
2014 — 10th place
2015 — 11th place
2016 — 12th place
2017 — Did not participate
2018 — 12th place
2019 — Did not participate
2021 — Did not participate
2022 — 8th place
2023 — 10th place
2009 Pan-American Cup Roster
Head Coach: Braulio Godínez
#
Name
Date of Birth
Height
Weight
Spike
Block
1
Dionisia Thompson
2
Tatiana Murillo
5
Karen Cope
6
Ángela Willis
7
Mariela Quesada
8
Susana Chávez González
9
Verania Willis (c)
10
Paola Ramírez
11
Onikca Pinnock
13
Melissa Fernández Monge
14
Irene Fonseca
16
Mijal Hines Cuza
17
Marianela Alfaro
References
^ German Matamoros S., Selección femenina de voleibol de Costa Rica viajará al Norceca con la ilusión de un mejor papel, La Nación, 14 September 2013. Retrieved 03 November 2018. (in Spanish)
External links
NORCECA
FIVB
vte National sports teams of Costa Rica
Badminton
Baseball
Basketball
M
W
Beach soccer
Cricket
M
W
Football
M
M-U23
M-U20
M-U17
W
W-U20
W-U17
Futsal
Goalball
W
Handball
M
W
Rugby union
Tennis
M
W
Volleyball
M
W
W-U23
Costa Rica portal
Olympics
Paralympics
Pan American Games
vteWomen's national volleyball teams of North America, Central America and Caribbean (NORCECA)
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This article about sports in Costa Rica is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a volleyball team is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_America_movement | Young America movement | ["1 Politics","1.1 Manifest Destiny","1.2 Literature","1.3 Hudson River School","2 Young America II","2.1 Rise of Labor Republicanism","3 See also","4 Citations","5 Cited sources","6 Further reading"] | Political and cultural movement in the U.S. during the mid-nineteenth century
For other uses, see Young America (disambiguation).
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The Young America Movement was an American political, cultural and literary movement in the mid-19th century. Inspired by European reform movements of the 1830s (such as Junges Deutschland, Young Italy and Young Hegelians), the American group was formed as a political organization in 1845 by Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans. It advocated free trade, social reform, expansion westward and southward into the territories, and support for republican, anti-aristocratic movements abroad. The movement also inspired a drive for self-consciously "American" literature in writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman. It became a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s. Senator Stephen A. Douglas promoted its nationalistic program in an unsuccessful effort to compromise sectional differences. The breakup of the movement left many of its adherents discouraged and disillusioned.
John L. O'Sullivan described the general purpose of the Young America Movement in an 1837 editorial for the Democratic Review:
All history is to be re-written; political science and the whole scope of all moral truth have to be considered and illustrated in the light of the democratic principle. All old subjects of thought and all new questions arising, connected more or less directly with human existence, have to be taken up again and re-examined.
Historian Edward L. Widmer places O'Sullivan and the Democratic Review in New York City at the center of the Young America Movement. In that sense, the movement can be considered mostly urban and middle class, but with a strong emphasis on socio-political reform for all Americans, especially given the burgeoning European immigrant population (particularly Irish Catholics) in New York in the 1840s.
Politics
John L. O'Sullivan (1874)
Historian Yonatan Eyal argues that the 1840s and 1850s were the heyday of the faction of young Democrats that called itself "Young America". Led by Stephen Douglas, James K. Polk and Franklin Pierce, and New York financier August Belmont, this faction broke with the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past and embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform, and internationalism.
In economic policy Young America saw the necessity of a modern infrastructure of railroads, canals, telegraphs, turnpikes, and harbors; they endorsed the "Market Revolution" and promoted capitalism. They called for Congressional land grants to the states, which allowed Democrats to claim that internal improvements were locally rather than federally sponsored. Young America claimed that modernization would perpetuate the agrarian vision of Jeffersonian Democracy by allowing yeomen farmers to sell their products and therefore to prosper. They tied internal improvements to free trade, while accepting moderate tariffs as a necessary source of government revenue. They supported the Independent Treasury (the Jacksonian alternative to the Second Bank of the United States), not as a scheme to quash the special privilege of the Whiggish moneyed elite, but as a device to spread prosperity to all Americans.
The movement's decline by 1856 was due to unsuccessful challenges to "old fogy" leaders like James Buchanan, to Douglas' failure to win the presidential nomination in 1852, to an inability to deal with the slavery issue, and to rising isolationism and disenchantment with reform in America.
Manifest Destiny
Further information: Manifest Destiny
When O'Sullivan coined the term "Manifest Destiny" in an 1845 article for the Democratic Review, he did not necessarily intend for American democracy to expand across the continent by force. In effect, the American democratic principle was to spread on its own, self-evident merits. The American exceptionalism often attached to O'Sullivan's "Manifest Destiny" was an 1850s perversion that can be attributed to what Widmer called "Young America II". O'Sullivan even contended that American "democracy needed to expand in order to contain its ideological opponent (aristocracy)". Unlike Europe, America had no aristocratic system or nobility against which Young America could define itself.
Literature
Aside from Young America's promotion of Jacksonian Democracy in the Democratic Review, the movement also had a literary side. It attracted a circle of outstanding writers, including William Cullen Bryant, George Bancroft, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. They sought independence from European standards of high culture and wanted to demonstrate the excellence and "exceptionalism" of America's own literary tradition. Other writers of the movement included Evert Augustus Duyckinck, Cornelius Mathews, It was Mathews that adopted the name for the movement. In a speech delivered June 30, 1845, he said:
Whatever that past generation of statesmen, law-givers and writers was capable of, we know. What they attained, what they failed to attain, we also know. Our duty and our destiny is another from theirs. Liking not at all its borrowed sound, we are yet (there is no better way to name it,) the Young America of the people: a new generation; and it is for us now to inquire, what we may have it in our power to accomplish, and on what objects the world may reasonably ask that we should fix our regards.
One of Young America's intellectual vehicles was the literary journal Arcturus. Herman Melville in his book Mardi (1849) refers to it by naming a ship in the book Arcturion and observing that it was "exceedingly dull", and that its crew had a low literary level. The North American Review referred to the movement as "at war with good taste".
Hudson River School
Further information: Hudson River School
The Course of Empire: The Savage State by Thomas Cole (1836)
Apart from literature, there was a distinct element of art associated with the Young America Movement. In the 1820s and 1830s, American artists such as Asher B. Durand and Thomas Cole began to emerge. They were heavily influenced by romanticism, which resulted in numerous paintings involving the physical landscape. But it was William Sidney Mount who had connections to the writers of the Democratic Review. And as a contemporary of the Hudson River School, he sought to use art in the promotion of the American democratic principle. O'Sullivan's cohort at the Review, E. A. Duyckinck, was particularly "eager to launch an ancillary artistic movement" that supplemented Young America.
Young America II
In late 1851, the Democratic Review was acquired by George Nicholas Sanders. Similar to O'Sullivan, Sanders believed in the inherent value of a literary-political relationship, whereby literature and politics could be combined and used as an instrument for socio-political progress. Although he "brought O'Sullivan back into the fold as an editor", the periodical's "jingoism achieved an even higher pitch than O'Sullivan's dog-whistle stridency". Even Democratic Representative John C. Breckinridge remarked in 1852:
The Democratic Review has been heretofore not a partisan paper, but a periodical that was supposed to represent the whole Democratic Party ... I have observed recently a very great change.
The change in tone and partisanship in the Democratic Review that Breckinridge referred to was mostly a reaction by the increasingly divided Democratic Party to the growth of the Free Soil movement, which threatened to dissolve any semblance of Democratic unity that remained.
Rise of Labor Republicanism
By the mid-1850s, Free Soil Democrats (those who followed David Wilmot and his Proviso) and anti-slavery Whigs had combined to form the Republican Party. Young America's New York Democrats who opposed slavery saw an opportunity to express their abolitionist sentiments. As a result, Horace Greeley's New York Tribune began to replace the Democratic Review as the central outlet for Young America's ever-evolving politics. In fact, Greeley's Tribune became a major advocate of not only abolition, but also of land and labor reform.
The combined cause of land and labor reform was perhaps best exemplified by George Henry Evans' National Reform Association (NRA). In 1846, Evans stated:
National Reformers did not consider the Freedom of the Soil a panacea for every social and political wrong, but a necessary step in progress which would greatly facilitate all desirable reform, and without which no plan of reform could prevent the downward course of labor.
Eventually, former members of the radical Locofoco faction in the Democratic Party recognized the potential for reorganizing New York City's labor system around principles such as the common good. In contrast to the Europe in the days of the 1848 revolutions, America had no aristocratic establishment against which Young America could define itself in protest.
See also
David Dudley Field II
Popular sovereignty in the United States
Henry David Thoreau
Walt Whitman
Citations
^ Widmer, p. 3.
^ Yonatan Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861, (2007)
^ Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861, p. 79
^ David B. Danbom, "The Young America Movement," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Sept 1974, Vol. 67 Issue 3, pp. 294–306
^ Widmer, p. 189.
^ Widmer, p. 217.
^ William Doyle (2009). Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution. Oxford UP. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-156827-5.
^ Duberman, Martin (1966). James Russell Lowell. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 50. OCLC 460118260.
^ Widmer, p. 57.
^ Andrew Delbanco, Melville, His World and Work. (2005) p. 93.
^ Widmer, p. 110.
^ Widmer, p. 126. Many elements of the Hudson River School were closely aligned with the Whig party as well. And while some Hudson River School artists celebrated the use of property and the upward trajectory of civilization, others, like Thomas Cole had concern over the course of democracy. See, e.g., Alfred L. Brophy, Property and Progress; Antebellum Landscape Art and Property Law, McGeorge Law Review 40 (2009): 601.
^ Widmer, p. 189.
^ Widmer, p. 189.
^ Lause, pp. 118–19.
^ Lause, p. 35.
^ Lause, p. 119.
^ Ralph C. Hancock; L. Gary Lambert (1996). The Legacy of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 9780847678426.
Cited sources
Danbom, David B. (September 1974). "The Young America Movement", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. Vol. 67, Issue 3, pp. 294–306.
Eyal, Yonatan. (2007). The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party 1828–1861. ISBN 9781139466691 Cambridge University Press.
Lause, Mark A. (2005). Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community. (University of Illinois Press) online.
Widmer, Edward L. (1999). Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-514062-1. online copy
Further reading
Curti, Merle E. "Young America." American Historical Review 32.1 (1926): 34-55. online
Eyal, Yonatan (September 2005). "Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party". Civil War History. 51#3, pp. 245–68. doi:10.1353/cwh.2005.0042.
Ryan, James Emmett. "Orestes Brownson in Young America: popular books and the fate of Catholic criticism." American Literary History 15.3 (2003): 443-470 online.
Smith, Mark Power. Young America: The Transformation of Nationalism before the Civil War (University of Virginia Press, 2022). online
Stafford, John. The Literary Criticism of "Young America": A Study in the Relationship of Politics and Literature 1837-1850 (U of California Press, 1952) online copy of the book; see also online book review.
Varon, Elizabeth R. (March 2009). "Review: Balancing Act: Young America's Struggle to Revive the Old Democracy". Reviews in American History. Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 42–48. JSTOR 40210980.
vteJames K. Polk
11th President of the United States (1845–1849)
9th Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841)
13th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1835–1839)
U.S. Representative for TN–9 (1833–1839)
U.S. Representative for TN–6 (1825–1833)
Life
Bank War
Specie Circular
1840 Democratic National Convention
1840 United States presidential election
1844 United States presidential election
James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign
1844 Democratic National Convention
Dark horse
Polk Place
Tennessee State Capitol
Presidency
Inauguration of James K. Polk
Oregon boundary dispute
Oregon Treaty
Texas annexation
Mexican–American War
Thornton Affair
All of Mexico Movement
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Walker tariff
Rivers and Harbors Bill
List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk
Public image
President James K. Polk Historic Site
President James K. Polk Home & Museum
List of memorials to James K. Polk
Family
Sarah Childress Polk (wife)
Ezekiel Polk (grandfather)
Samuel Polk (father)
William Hawkins Polk (brother)
← John Tyler
Zachary Taylor →
Category
vteFranklin Pierce
14th President of the United States (1853–1857)
Senator from New Hampshire (1837–1842)
U.S. Representative for NH at-large (1833–1837)
Life
Doughface
9th Infantry Regiment
Battle of Contreras
Battle of Churubusco
1852 United States presidential election–
1852 Democratic National Convention
Old North Cemetery
Presidency
Inauguration of Franklin Pierce
List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce
Young America movement
Gadsden Purchase
Ostend Manifesto
Kansas–Nebraska Act
Bleeding Kansas
Topeka Constitution
1856 Democratic National Convention
Public image
Franklin Pierce Homestead
Franklin Pierce House
Pierce Manse
Franklin Pierce University
Mount Pierce
Pierceton, Indiana
Pierce County, Washington
Pierce County, Georgia
Statue of Franklin Pierce
Family
Jane Pierce (wife)
Benjamin Pierce (father)
Benjamin Kendrick Pierce (brother)
← Millard Fillmore
James Buchanan →
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Young America (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_America_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_America_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipper"},{"link_name":"Young America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_America_(clipper)"},{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_literature"},{"link_name":"Junges Deutschland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junges_Deutschland"},{"link_name":"Young Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Italy"},{"link_name":"Young Hegelians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Hegelians"},{"link_name":"Edwin de Leon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_de_Leon"},{"link_name":"George Henry Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Evans"},{"link_name":"free trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"expansion westward and southward into the territories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifest_destiny"},{"link_name":"Nathaniel Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne"},{"link_name":"Herman Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Melville"},{"link_name":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Stephen A. 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Inspired by European reform movements of the 1830s (such as Junges Deutschland, Young Italy and Young Hegelians), the American group was formed as a political organization in 1845 by Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans. It advocated free trade, social reform, expansion westward and southward into the territories, and support for republican, anti-aristocratic movements abroad. The movement also inspired a drive for self-consciously \"American\" literature in writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman. It became a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s. Senator Stephen A. Douglas promoted its nationalistic program in an unsuccessful effort to compromise sectional differences. The breakup of the movement left many of its adherents discouraged and disillusioned.John L. O'Sullivan described the general purpose of the Young America Movement in an 1837 editorial for the Democratic Review:All history is to be re-written; political science and the whole scope of all moral truth have to be considered and illustrated in the light of the democratic principle. All old subjects of thought and all new questions arising, connected more or less directly with human existence, have to be taken up again and re-examined.[1]Historian Edward L. Widmer places O'Sullivan and the Democratic Review in New York City at the center of the Young America Movement. 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Led by Stephen Douglas, James K. Polk and Franklin Pierce, and New York financier August Belmont, this faction broke with the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past and embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform, and internationalism.[2]In economic policy Young America saw the necessity of a modern infrastructure of railroads, canals, telegraphs, turnpikes, and harbors; they endorsed the \"Market Revolution\" and promoted capitalism. They called for Congressional land grants to the states, which allowed Democrats to claim that internal improvements were locally rather than federally sponsored. Young America claimed that modernization would perpetuate the agrarian vision of Jeffersonian Democracy by allowing yeomen farmers to sell their products and therefore to prosper. They tied internal improvements to free trade, while accepting moderate tariffs as a necessary source of government revenue. 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Liking not at all its borrowed sound, we are yet (there is no better way to name it,) the Young America of the people: a new generation; and it is for us now to inquire, what we may have it in our power to accomplish, and on what objects the world may reasonably ask that we should fix our regards.[9]One of Young America's intellectual vehicles was the literary journal Arcturus. Herman Melville in his book Mardi (1849) refers to it by naming a ship in the book Arcturion and observing that it was \"exceedingly dull\", and that its crew had a low literary level.[10] The North American Review referred to the movement as \"at war with good taste\".[11]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson River School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_River_School"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Savage_State_1836.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Course of Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Course_of_Empire_(paintings)"},{"link_name":"Asher B. 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They were heavily influenced by romanticism, which resulted in numerous paintings involving the physical landscape. But it was William Sidney Mount who had connections to the writers of the Democratic Review. And as a contemporary of the Hudson River School, he sought to use art in the promotion of the American democratic principle. O'Sullivan's cohort at the Review, E. A. Duyckinck, was particularly \"eager to launch an ancillary artistic movement\" that supplemented Young America.[12]","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Nicholas Sanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Nicholas_Sanders"},{"link_name":"jingoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jingoism"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"John C. 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I have observed recently a very great change.[14]The change in tone and partisanship in the Democratic Review that Breckinridge referred to was mostly a reaction by the increasingly divided Democratic Party to the growth of the Free Soil movement, which threatened to dissolve any semblance of Democratic unity that remained.","title":"Young America II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Free Soil Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Soil_Party"},{"link_name":"David Wilmot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wilmot"},{"link_name":"Proviso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso"},{"link_name":"anti-slavery Whigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscience_Whigs"},{"link_name":"Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"abolitionist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Horace Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"George Henry Evans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Henry_Evans"},{"link_name":"panacea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panacea"},{"link_name":"labor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labor_(economics)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Locofoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locofocos"},{"link_name":"common good","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"in the days of the 1848 revolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Rise of Labor Republicanism","text":"By the mid-1850s, Free Soil Democrats (those who followed David Wilmot and his Proviso) and anti-slavery Whigs had combined to form the Republican Party. Young America's New York Democrats who opposed slavery saw an opportunity to express their abolitionist sentiments. As a result, Horace Greeley's New York Tribune began to replace the Democratic Review as the central outlet for Young America's ever-evolving politics. In fact, Greeley's Tribune became a major advocate of not only abolition, but also of land and labor reform.[15]The combined cause of land and labor reform was perhaps best exemplified by George Henry Evans' National Reform Association (NRA). In 1846, Evans stated:National Reformers did not consider the Freedom of the Soil a panacea for every social and political wrong, but a necessary step in progress which would greatly facilitate all desirable reform, and without which no plan of reform could prevent the downward course of labor.[16]Eventually, former members of the radical Locofoco faction in the Democratic Party recognized the potential for reorganizing New York City's labor system around principles such as the common good.[17] In contrast to the Europe in the days of the 1848 revolutions, America had no aristocratic establishment against which Young America could define itself in protest.[18]","title":"Young America II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0gAH0dyDPzYC&pg=PA135"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-156827-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156827-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"460118260","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/460118260"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Andrew Delbanco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Delbanco"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Thomas Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cole"},{"link_name":"Alfred L. Brophy, Property and Progress; Antebellum Landscape Art and Property Law, McGeorge Law Review 40 (2009): 601.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//blurblawg.typepad.com/files/property_progress_antebellum_landscape_art.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"The Legacy of the French Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC&pg=PA222"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780847678426","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847678426"}],"text":"^ Widmer, p. 3.\n\n^ Yonatan Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861, (2007)\n\n^ Eyal, The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861, p. 79\n\n^ David B. Danbom, \"The Young America Movement,\" Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, Sept 1974, Vol. 67 Issue 3, pp. 294–306\n\n^ Widmer, p. 189.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 217.\n\n^ William Doyle (2009). Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution. Oxford UP. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-156827-5.\n\n^ Duberman, Martin (1966). James Russell Lowell. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 50. OCLC 460118260.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 57.\n\n^ Andrew Delbanco, Melville, His World and Work. (2005) p. 93.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 110.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 126. Many elements of the Hudson River School were closely aligned with the Whig party as well. And while some Hudson River School artists celebrated the use of property and the upward trajectory of civilization, others, like Thomas Cole had concern over the course of democracy. See, e.g., Alfred L. Brophy, Property and Progress; Antebellum Landscape Art and Property Law, McGeorge Law Review 40 (2009): 601.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 189.\n\n^ Widmer, p. 189.\n\n^ Lause, pp. 118–19.\n\n^ Lause, p. 35.\n\n^ Lause, p. 119.\n\n^ Ralph C. Hancock; L. Gary Lambert (1996). The Legacy of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 9780847678426.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party 1828–1861","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=JMC5QzUnX98C"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781139466691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139466691"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Q_6iwS5mJ90C&dq=%22Young+America%22&pg=PP1"},{"link_name":"Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=2Ck1o_fOr5YC"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-514062-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-514062-1"},{"link_name":"online copy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/youngamericaflow0000widm_x7z9"}],"text":"Danbom, David B. (September 1974). \"The Young America Movement\", Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society. Vol. 67, Issue 3, pp. 294–306.\nEyal, Yonatan. (2007). The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party 1828–1861. ISBN 9781139466691 Cambridge University Press.\nLause, Mark A. (2005). Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community. (University of Illinois Press) online.\nWidmer, Edward L. (1999). Young America: The Flowering of Democracy in New York City New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-514062-1. online copy","title":"Cited sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/1836610.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.researchgate.net/publication/236827444_Trade_and_Improvements_Young_America_and_the_Transformation_of_the_Democratic_Party"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1353/cwh.2005.0042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1353%2Fcwh.2005.0042"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/3568082"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CdelEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Young+America%22&pg=PT7"},{"link_name":"online copy of the book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/literarycriticis0000staf"},{"link_name":"online book review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.jstor.org/stable/3039729"},{"link_name":"JSTOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"40210980","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/40210980"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"11th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"9th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Governor of Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"13th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"TN–9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"TN–6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Bank War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_War"},{"link_name":"Specie Circular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specie_Circular"},{"link_name":"1840 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"1840 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1844 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"James K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_K._Polk_1844_presidential_campaign"},{"link_name":"1844 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1844_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Dark horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_horse"},{"link_name":"Polk Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polk_Place"},{"link_name":"Tennessee State Capitol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_State_Capitol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polk_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Inauguration of James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Oregon boundary dispute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_boundary_dispute"},{"link_name":"Oregon Treaty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Treaty"},{"link_name":"Texas annexation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_annexation"},{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Thornton Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thornton_Affair"},{"link_name":"All of Mexico Movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Walker tariff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walker_tariff"},{"link_name":"Rivers and Harbors Bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivers_and_Harbors_Bill"},{"link_name":"List of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"President James K. Polk Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"President James K. Polk Home & Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_James_K._Polk_Home_%26_Museum"},{"link_name":"List of memorials to James K. Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"Sarah Childress Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Childress_Polk"},{"link_name":"Ezekiel Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezekiel_Polk"},{"link_name":"Samuel Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Polk"},{"link_name":"William Hawkins Polk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hawkins_Polk"},{"link_name":"← John Tyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tyler"},{"link_name":"Zachary Taylor →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zachary_Taylor"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:James_K._Polk"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"14th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"President of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Senator from New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"U.S. Representative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"NH at-large","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire%27s_at-large_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Doughface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doughface"},{"link_name":"9th Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Contreras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Contreras"},{"link_name":"Battle of Churubusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Churubusco"},{"link_name":"1852 United States presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"1852 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1852_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Old North Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Cemetery_(Concord,_New_Hampshire)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mathew_Brady_-_Franklin_Pierce_-_alternate_crop.jpg"},{"link_name":"Presidency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Inauguration of Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inauguration_of_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"List of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Young America movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Gadsden Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase"},{"link_name":"Ostend Manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto"},{"link_name":"Kansas–Nebraska Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act"},{"link_name":"Bleeding Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas"},{"link_name":"Topeka Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topeka_Constitution"},{"link_name":"1856 Democratic National Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_Democratic_National_Convention"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce Homestead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_Homestead"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_House_(South_Main_Street,_Concord,_New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Pierce Manse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_Manse"},{"link_name":"Franklin Pierce University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_Pierce_University"},{"link_name":"Mount Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Pierce_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"Pierceton, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierceton,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Pierce County, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_County,_Washington"},{"link_name":"Pierce County, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_County,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Statue of Franklin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue_of_Franklin_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Jane Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Pierce_(governor)"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Kendrick Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Kendrick_Pierce"},{"link_name":"← Millard Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millard_Fillmore"},{"link_name":"James Buchanan →","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Buchanan"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Franklin_Pierce"}],"text":"Curti, Merle E. \"Young America.\" American Historical Review 32.1 (1926): 34-55. online\nEyal, Yonatan (September 2005). \"Trade and Improvements: Young America and the Transformation of the Democratic Party\". Civil War History. 51#3, pp. 245–68. doi:10.1353/cwh.2005.0042.\nRyan, James Emmett. \"Orestes Brownson in Young America: popular books and the fate of Catholic criticism.\" American Literary History 15.3 (2003): 443-470 online.\nSmith, Mark Power. Young America: The Transformation of Nationalism before the Civil War (University of Virginia Press, 2022). online\nStafford, John. The Literary Criticism of \"Young America\": A Study in the Relationship of Politics and Literature 1837-1850 (U of California Press, 1952) online copy of the book; see also online book review.Varon, Elizabeth R. (March 2009). \"Review: Balancing Act: Young America's Struggle to Revive the Old Democracy\". Reviews in American History. Vol. 37, Issue 1, pp. 42–48. JSTOR 40210980.vteJames K. Polk\n11th President of the United States (1845–1849)\n9th Governor of Tennessee (1839–1841)\n13th Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives (1835–1839)\nU.S. Representative for TN–9 (1833–1839)\nU.S. Representative for TN–6 (1825–1833)\nLife\nBank War\nSpecie Circular\n1840 Democratic National Convention\n1840 United States presidential election\n1844 United States presidential election\nJames K. Polk 1844 presidential campaign\n1844 Democratic National Convention\nDark horse\nPolk Place\nTennessee State Capitol\nPresidency\nInauguration of James K. Polk\nOregon boundary dispute\nOregon Treaty\nTexas annexation\nMexican–American War\nThornton Affair\nAll of Mexico Movement\nTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo\nWalker tariff\nRivers and Harbors Bill\nList of federal judges appointed by James K. Polk\nPublic image\nPresident James K. Polk Historic Site\nPresident James K. Polk Home & Museum\nList of memorials to James K. Polk\nFamily\nSarah Childress Polk (wife)\nEzekiel Polk (grandfather)\nSamuel Polk (father)\nWilliam Hawkins Polk (brother)\n\n← John Tyler\nZachary Taylor →\n CategoryvteFranklin Pierce\n14th President of the United States (1853–1857)\nSenator from New Hampshire (1837–1842)\nU.S. Representative for NH at-large (1833–1837)\nLife\nDoughface\n9th Infantry Regiment\nBattle of Contreras\nBattle of Churubusco\n1852 United States presidential election–\n1852 Democratic National Convention\nOld North Cemetery\nPresidency\nInauguration of Franklin Pierce\nList of federal judges appointed by Franklin Pierce\nYoung America movement\nGadsden Purchase\nOstend Manifesto\nKansas–Nebraska Act\nBleeding Kansas\nTopeka Constitution\n1856 Democratic National Convention\nPublic image\nFranklin Pierce Homestead\nFranklin Pierce House\nPierce Manse\nFranklin Pierce University\nMount Pierce\nPierceton, Indiana\nPierce County, Washington\nPierce County, Georgia\nStatue of Franklin Pierce\nFamily\nJane Pierce (wife)\nBenjamin Pierce (father)\nBenjamin Kendrick Pierce (brother)\n\n← Millard Fillmore\nJames Buchanan →\n Category","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Advertisement for the clipper ship Young America","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Young_America_1.jpg/220px-Young_America_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"John L. O'Sullivan (1874)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/John_O%27Sullivan.jpg/220px-John_O%27Sullivan.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Course of Empire: The Savage State by Thomas Cole (1836)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Savage_State_1836.jpg/300px-Cole_Thomas_The_Course_of_Empire_The_Savage_State_1836.jpg"}] | [{"title":"David Dudley Field II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dudley_Field_II"},{"title":"Popular sovereignty in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_sovereignty_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"Henry David Thoreau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau"},{"title":"Walt Whitman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman"}] | [{"reference":"William Doyle (2009). Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution. Oxford UP. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-19-156827-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0gAH0dyDPzYC&pg=PA135","url_text":"Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-156827-5","url_text":"978-0-19-156827-5"}]},{"reference":"Ralph C. Hancock; L. Gary Lambert (1996). The Legacy of the French Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 222. ISBN 9780847678426.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=uPgQy3VJ3iIC&pg=PA222","url_text":"The Legacy of the French Revolution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847678426","url_text":"9780847678426"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0gAH0dyDPzYC&pg=PA135","external_links_name":"Aristocracy and its Enemies in the Age of Revolution"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/460118260","external_links_name":"460118260"},{"Link":"http://blurblawg.typepad.com/files/property_progress_antebellum_landscape_art.pdf","external_links_name":"Alfred L. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsches_Filmorchester_Babelsberg | Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | German Film Orchestra BabelsbergOrchestraNative nameDeutsches Filmorchester BabelsbergShort nameDFOBFormer nameUfa-Sinfonieorchester (1918)Founded1918; 106 years ago (1918)LocationPotsdam, GermanyPrincipal conductorScott LawtonWebsiteOfficial website
The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg (also known as Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg or DFOB in German) is a symphony orchestra and music studio based in Potsdam, Germany.
History
It was founded in 1918 as Ufa-Sinfonieorchester and was re-established in 1993 by Klaus Peter Beyer under its current name. The orchestra derives its name from the legendary Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam-Babelsberg, a city part of Potsdam today, where notable films such as Metropolis, Dr. Mabuse and The Blue Angel, Inglorious Basterds or Bridge of Spies were produced
The Film Orchestra frequently presents live performances of silent films and other concerts and is very active in recording music for the television, gaming, music and film industries. Additionally, the orchestra has collaborated over 800 times collaborates with prominent artists in popular and jazz music on crossover projects. It has worked with artists like Shania Twain (Up!), Celine Dion (A New Day Has Come) and Bryan Adams (Colour Me Kubrick). It appeared on several albums the German Metal Band Rammstein, like "Mutter" (2001), "Reise, Reise"(2004) and "Liebe ist für alle da" (2009), and several Max Richter Albums. It has also worked with the German Progressive Rock Band Karat on its 1997 album "Balance" and its live album "25 Jahre Karat" (25 Years of Karat, 2001). In 2012 the Orchestra took part in creation of sixth Avantasia's studio album "The Mystery of Time". In 2015 it backed Ronan Harris on VNV Nation's Resonance: Music For Orchestra Vol. 1, which was a No. 7 hit in Germany, on the mainstream GfK Entertainment Charts.
The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg appears on more than 1.000 film productions, such as "Arlo the Alligator Boy", "Ad Astra" , "Tides", "Love, Death & Robots", "Sleepless", "Timeless", "Alone in Berlin", Hitman: Agent 47", Escobar: Paradise Lost", "Hector and the Search for Happiness", "The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out of the Window and Disappeared", "The Congress", "Anonymous", "Little Big Panda", Ninja Assassin", Laura´s Star" and "Snow White".
The orchestra also produces music for computer games, like "Balan Wonderworld" and "Final Fantasy: Brave Exvius".
From 1993 the studios of the orchestra were located in the former radio quarters of the GDR, at Nalepastraße in Oberschöneweide, Berlin. In December, 2007 the orchestra was able to move "back to the roots" in Babelsberg, into a building in the area of Film Studio Babelsberg.
The German Film Orchestra's current Chief Conductor is Scott Lawton, who assumed his post in 1999. The former conductor was Frank Strobel.
See also
Radio orchestra
References
^ "About Us | Filmorchester Babelsberg". www.filmorchester.de. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
^ "VNV Nation und das Film Orchester Babelsberg - Resonance - Music for Orchestra Vol.1 - hitparade.ch".
^ "Credits | Filmorchester Babelsberg". filmorchester.de. Retrieved 2021-03-25.
External links
Official website (in German)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
France
BnF data
Germany
Israel
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz
This article on a classical orchestra is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"symphony orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"}],"text":"The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg (also known as Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg or DFOB in German) is a symphony orchestra and music studio based in Potsdam, Germany.","title":"Deutsches Filmorchester Babelsberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Babelsberg Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babelsberg_Studios"},{"link_name":"Potsdam-Babelsberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam-Babelsberg"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"link_name":"Metropolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)"},{"link_name":"Dr. 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1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance:_Music_For_Orchestra_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"GfK Entertainment Charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GfK_Entertainment_Charts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Arlo the Alligator Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arlo_the_Alligator_Boy"},{"link_name":"Ad Astra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ad_Astra_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tides_(film)"},{"link_name":"Love, Death & Robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love,_Death_%26_Robots"},{"link_name":"Sleepless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepless_(2017_film)"},{"link_name":"Timeless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeless_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Alone in Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_in_Berlin_(film)"},{"link_name":"Hitman: Agent 47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitman:_Agent_47"},{"link_name":"Escobar: Paradise 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White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White:_The_Fairest_of_Them_All"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Balan Wonderworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balan_Wonderworld"},{"link_name":"Final Fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fantasy"},{"link_name":"Scott Lawton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_Lawton_(conductor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Strobel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Strobel"}],"text":"It was founded in 1918 as Ufa-Sinfonieorchester and was re-established in 1993 by Klaus Peter Beyer under its current name. The orchestra derives its name from the legendary Babelsberg Studios in Potsdam-Babelsberg, a city part of Potsdam today, where notable films such as Metropolis, Dr. Mabuse and The Blue Angel, Inglorious Basterds or Bridge of Spies were produced[1]The Film Orchestra frequently presents live performances of silent films and other concerts and is very active in recording music for the television, gaming, music and film industries. Additionally, the orchestra has collaborated over 800 times collaborates with prominent artists in popular and jazz music on crossover projects. It has worked with artists like Shania Twain (Up!), Celine Dion (A New Day Has Come) and Bryan Adams (Colour Me Kubrick). It appeared on several albums the German Metal Band Rammstein, like \"Mutter\" (2001), \"Reise, Reise\"(2004) and \"Liebe ist für alle da\" (2009), and several Max Richter Albums. It has also worked with the German Progressive Rock Band Karat on its 1997 album \"Balance\" and its live album \"25 Jahre Karat\" (25 Years of Karat, 2001). In 2012 the Orchestra took part in creation of sixth Avantasia's studio album \"The Mystery of Time\". In 2015 it backed Ronan Harris on VNV Nation's Resonance: Music For Orchestra Vol. 1, which was a No. 7 hit in Germany, on the mainstream GfK Entertainment Charts.[2]The German Film Orchestra Babelsberg appears on more than 1.000 film productions, such as \"Arlo the Alligator Boy\", \"Ad Astra\" , \"Tides\", \"Love, Death & Robots\", \"Sleepless\", \"Timeless\", \"Alone in Berlin\", Hitman: Agent 47\", Escobar: Paradise Lost\", \"Hector and the Search for Happiness\", \"The Hundred-Year-Old Man Who Climbed Out of the Window and Disappeared\", \"The Congress\", \"Anonymous\", \"Little Big Panda\", Ninja Assassin\", Laura´s Star\" and \"Snow White\".[3]The orchestra also produces music for computer games, like \"Balan Wonderworld\" and \"Final Fantasy: Brave Exvius\".From 1993 the studios of the orchestra were located in the former radio quarters of the GDR, at Nalepastraße in Oberschöneweide, Berlin. In December, 2007 the orchestra was able to move \"back to the roots\" in Babelsberg, into a building in the area of Film Studio Babelsberg.The German Film Orchestra's current Chief Conductor is Scott Lawton, who assumed his post in 1999. The former conductor was Frank Strobel.","title":"History"}] | [] | [{"title":"Radio orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_orchestra"}] | [{"reference":"\"About Us | Filmorchester Babelsberg\". www.filmorchester.de. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenician_Resort | Phoenician Resort | ["1 History","2 Awards and accolades","3 References"] | Hotel in Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
Phoenician ResortLocation within ArizonaGeneral informationLocation6000 E. Camelback Road, Scottsdale, ArizonaCoordinates33°30′26″N 111°56′59″W / 33.50722°N 111.94972°W / 33.50722; -111.94972OpeningOctober 1, 1988ManagementThe Luxury CollectionDesign and constructionArchitect(s)Killingsworth, Stricker, Lindgren, Wilson and AssociatesOther informationNumber of rooms643Number of restaurants9Websitehttp://www.thephoenician.com/
The Phoenician Resort is a luxury resort in Scottsdale. Built on the grounds of the historic Jokake Inn, the resort opened in 1988, a project of financier Charles Keating. The resort has been awarded a AAA Five-Diamond rating.
History
In 1985 Charles Keating purchased the property at the base of Camelback Mountain, which included the land occupied by the historic Jokake Inn and Elizabeth Arden's Maine Chance Spa. In addition, three other valley facilities also sat on the acreage Keating purchased: the Paradise Inn, the Valley Country Club, and the El Estribo Lodge. As architects, Keating hired the firm of Killingsworth, Stricker, Lindgren, Wilson and Associates, located in Long Beach, California. The spa, the Centre for Well Being, was designed by JGL Associates, out of Vermont. He intended to build a world class resort, envisioning it as "the eighth wonder of the world". For the construction of the lobby, white marble was imported from Carrera, Italy. Landscape craftsmen from Tonga were brought to Scottsdale to create the tropical landscape surrounding the hotel. The Phoenician was built at a cost of over $300 million. The resort opened for business on October 1, 1988, The hotel initially had 604 rooms, 132 casitas, a VIP suite and a presidential suite. The dome in the hotel's lobby was covered with 24 karat gold, and the cactus garden, which contained over 250 varieties of cacti, was the second largest in the state when it was completed. In addition, the hotel had 9 Steinway grand pianos, which was the largest order in the company's history. Keating's ownership of the resort was short-lived, however, as it was seized when he was indicted in 1989 for his role in the savings and loan crisis. After its seizure, the government briefly ran the resort, during which time it became known colloquially as "Club Fed". The government sold it shortly after to the Kuwaiti Investment Office. The Kuwaitis had owned 45% of the hotel prior to its seizure by the federal government, and they paid $111.5 million for the remaining 55%.
The Kuwaitis sold it to ITT Sheraton in 1994, which was absorbed by Starwood in 1998. In 2010, a new ballroom was added to the property, at a cost of $40 million. Between 2010 and 2012, $80 million in renovations were done to the property, which included the creation of a "resort within a resort", the Canyon Suites. This unusual feature includes 60 rooms, including 38 suites, and 2 presidential suites. The resort also includes a $25 million art collection. In 2015, the property was purchased from Starwood by Host Hotels & Resorts. As of February 2016, the resort contains 643 rooms (including 62 suites), and sits on 250 acres, with eleven restaurants, nine swimming pools, eleven tennis courts (and the only resort in Arizona with four different playing surfaces), and a 27-hole golf course designed by Ted Robinson and Homer Flint. The golf course is rated as a USGA championship course, which consists of three 9-hole courses, each with its own unique character. In the 2000s, the hotel installed a solar array, which helps to supply the energy needs of the property.
Awards and accolades
In 1994 the hotel was awarded the first of its five-star ratings by the Mobil Travel Guide (now Forbes Travel Guide). Since that award, the hotel has received either a five- or four-star award every year through 2015 (the current award).
References
^ "Resort History".
^ "The Phoenician, A Luxury Collection Resort, Scottsdale". AAA.
^ a b "Resort History". The Luxury Collection.
^ "A Land of Legend". The Luxury Collection.
^ a b "The Phoenician Rising". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 5. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.
^ a b c d e Anderson, Jack; Binstein, Michael (March 9, 1992). "Keating resort purchased by Kuwait". Standard-Speaker (Hazelton, Pennsylvania). p. 14. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Phoenician Rising". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.
^ "Feds Fire Arizona Millionaire". The Indiana Gazette. November 18, 1989. p. 9. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ McCartney, Scott (September 10, 1990). "Phoenicians - a monument to S&L's excesses, battles". Standard-Speaker (Hazelton, Pennsylvania). p. 4. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ Sunnucks, Mike (Nov 2, 2015). "Snapshot: The Phoenician". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
^ a b "The Phoenician Rising". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.
^ Meyerson, Bruce (December 27, 1994). "ITT to shed finance unit for whopping $4 billion". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 16. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b c d Deegan, Jason Scott (February 21, 2012). "The Phoenician resort: A palace in the shadow of Scottsdale's Camelback Mountain". WorldGolf.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
^ "The Phoenician". Visit Phoenix. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
^ a b Gilbertson, Dawn (June 9, 2015). "Phoenician resort sold for $400 million". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
^ "The Phoenician". Troon Golf. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
^ Christianson, Kiel (June 8, 2009). "The Phoenician resort: Swanky epicenter of Phoenix/Scottsdale golf". WorldGolf.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
^ Goman, Cara (October 13, 2015). "Embracing Renewable Energy to Benefit the Bottom Line". Microgrid Knowledge. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
^ Sloane, Gene (December 21, 1993). "Restaurants, hotels join the five-star family". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 41. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^ "The Phoenician Rising". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 50.
^ "The 2015 Forbes Travel Guide Star Award Winners". Forbes Travel Guide. February 13, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Charles Keating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Keating"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"AAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Automobile_Association"},{"link_name":"Five-Diamond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Diamond_award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Phoenician Resort is a luxury resort in Scottsdale. Built on the grounds of the historic Jokake Inn, the resort opened in 1988, a project of financier Charles Keating.[1] The resort has been awarded a AAA Five-Diamond rating.[2]","title":"Phoenician Resort"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camelback Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camelback_Mountain"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Arden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Arden"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book5-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book5-5"},{"link_name":"Steinway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"savings and loan crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book8-11"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"Starwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starwood_Hotels_and_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-book8-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SS920309-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG-13"},{"link_name":"Host Hotels & Resorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_Hotels_%26_Resorts"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZC150609-15"},{"link_name":"Ted Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Robinson_(golf_course_architect)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WG-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AZC150609-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"In 1985 Charles Keating purchased the property at the base of Camelback Mountain, which included the land occupied by the historic Jokake Inn and Elizabeth Arden's Maine Chance Spa.[3][4] In addition, three other valley facilities also sat on the acreage Keating purchased: the Paradise Inn, the Valley Country Club, and the El Estribo Lodge. As architects, Keating hired the firm of Killingsworth, Stricker, Lindgren, Wilson and Associates, located in Long Beach, California. The spa, the Centre for Well Being, was designed by JGL Associates, out of Vermont.[5] He intended to build a world class resort, envisioning it as \"the eighth wonder of the world\".[6] For the construction of the lobby, white marble was imported from Carrera, Italy. Landscape craftsmen from Tonga were brought to Scottsdale to create the tropical landscape surrounding the hotel.[3] The Phoenician was built at a cost of over $300 million.[6] The resort opened for business on October 1, 1988,[7] The hotel initially had 604 rooms, 132 casitas, a VIP suite and a presidential suite. The dome in the hotel's lobby was covered with 24 karat gold, and the cactus garden, which contained over 250 varieties of cacti, was the second largest in the state when it was completed.[5] In addition, the hotel had 9 Steinway grand pianos, which was the largest order in the company's history.[6] Keating's ownership of the resort was short-lived, however, as it was seized when he was indicted in 1989 for his role in the savings and loan crisis.[8] After its seizure, the government briefly ran the resort, during which time it became known colloquially as \"Club Fed\".[9] The government sold it shortly after to the Kuwaiti Investment Office.[10][11] The Kuwaitis had owned 45% of the hotel prior to its seizure by the federal government, and they paid $111.5 million for the remaining 55%.[6]The Kuwaitis sold it to ITT Sheraton in 1994, which was absorbed by Starwood in 1998.[11][12] In 2010, a new ballroom was added to the property, at a cost of $40 million.[13] Between 2010 and 2012, $80 million in renovations were done to the property, which included the creation of a \"resort within a resort\", the Canyon Suites.[13] This unusual feature includes 60 rooms, including 38 suites, and 2 presidential suites.[14] The resort also includes a $25 million art collection.[6][13] In 2015, the property was purchased from Starwood by Host Hotels & Resorts.[15] As of February 2016, the resort contains 643 rooms (including 62 suites), and sits on 250 acres, with eleven restaurants, nine swimming pools, eleven tennis courts (and the only resort in Arizona with four different playing surfaces), and a 27-hole golf course designed by Ted Robinson and Homer Flint.[13][15] The golf course is rated as a USGA championship course,[16] which consists of three 9-hole courses, each with its own unique character.[17] In the 2000s, the hotel installed a solar array, which helps to supply the energy needs of the property.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes Travel Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Travel_Guide"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"In 1994 the hotel was awarded the first of its five-star ratings by the Mobil Travel Guide (now Forbes Travel Guide).[19] Since that award, the hotel has received either a five- or four-star award every year through 2015 (the current award).[20][21]","title":"Awards and accolades"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Resort History\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thephoenician.com/history/","url_text":"\"Resort History\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician, A Luxury Collection Resort, Scottsdale\". 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Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/#page-8-9","url_text":"\"The Phoenician Rising\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150412163128/http://www.mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Jack; Binstein, Michael (March 9, 1992). \"Keating resort purchased by Kuwait\". Standard-Speaker (Hazelton, Pennsylvania). p. 14. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/62941788/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"Keating resort purchased by Kuwait\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician Rising\". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 4. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/#page-6-7","url_text":"\"The Phoenician Rising\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150412163128/http://www.mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Feds Fire Arizona Millionaire\". The Indiana Gazette. November 18, 1989. p. 9. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/33648778/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"Feds Fire Arizona Millionaire\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"McCartney, Scott (September 10, 1990). \"Phoenicians - a monument to S&L's excesses, battles\". Standard-Speaker (Hazelton, Pennsylvania). p. 4. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/13446502/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"Phoenicians - a monument to S&L's excesses, battles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Sunnucks, Mike (Nov 2, 2015). \"Snapshot: The Phoenician\". Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2015/11/02/snapshot-the-phoenician.html","url_text":"\"Snapshot: The Phoenician\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician Rising\". The Phoenician. 2013. p. 8. Archived from the original on April 12, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/#page-10-11","url_text":"\"The Phoenician Rising\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150412163128/http://www.mgrwebbook.com/thephoenician/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Meyerson, Bruce (December 27, 1994). \"ITT to shed finance unit for whopping $4 billion\". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 16. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/92014309/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"ITT to shed finance unit for whopping $4 billion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"Deegan, Jason Scott (February 21, 2012). \"The Phoenician resort: A palace in the shadow of Scottsdale's Camelback Mountain\". WorldGolf.com. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.worldgolf.com/features/the-phoenician-resort-scottsdale-arizona-12794.htm","url_text":"\"The Phoenician resort: A palace in the shadow of Scottsdale's Camelback Mountain\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222222634/http://www.worldgolf.com/features/the-phoenician-resort-scottsdale-arizona-12794.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician\". Visit Phoenix. Archived from the original on February 22, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.visitphoenix.com/listing/the-phoenician/445/","url_text":"\"The Phoenician\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222081626/http://www.visitphoenix.com/listing/the-phoenician/445/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gilbertson, Dawn (June 9, 2015). \"Phoenician resort sold for $400 million\". Arizona Republic. Archived from the original on June 9, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/2015/06/08/phoenician-resort-sold-for-400-million/28704743/","url_text":"\"Phoenician resort sold for $400 million\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150609214020/http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/2015/06/08/phoenician-resort-sold-for-400-million/28704743/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician\". Troon Golf. Archived from the original on September 11, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100911173548/http://www.troongolf.com/troon_facility.cml?cmd=view&id=phoenician_golf_course","url_text":"\"The Phoenician\""},{"url":"http://www.troongolf.com/troon_facility.cml?cmd=view&id=phoenician_golf_course","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Christianson, Kiel (June 8, 2009). \"The Phoenician resort: Swanky epicenter of Phoenix/Scottsdale golf\". WorldGolf.com. Archived from the original on February 24, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.travelgolf.com/departments/resortfeatures/arizona/the-phoenician-resort-phoenix-scottsdale-arizona-10206.htm","url_text":"\"The Phoenician resort: Swanky epicenter of Phoenix/Scottsdale golf\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160224012214/http://www.travelgolf.com/departments/resortfeatures/arizona/the-phoenician-resort-phoenix-scottsdale-arizona-10206.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goman, Cara (October 13, 2015). \"Embracing Renewable Energy to Benefit the Bottom Line\". Microgrid Knowledge. Archived from the original on February 23, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://microgridknowledge.com/embracing-renewable-energy-to-benefit-the-bottom-line/","url_text":"\"Embracing Renewable Energy to Benefit the Bottom Line\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160223160250/http://microgridknowledge.com/embracing-renewable-energy-to-benefit-the-bottom-line/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sloane, Gene (December 21, 1993). \"Restaurants, hotels join the five-star family\". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 41. Retrieved February 15, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/90202280/?terms=%22Phoenician%2BResort%22","url_text":"\"Restaurants, hotels join the five-star family\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"The Phoenician Rising\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Adolf_Rinne | Heinrich Adolf Rinne | ["1 Selected writings","2 See also","3 References"] | Heinrich Adolf Rinne (1819-1868)
Heinrich Adolf Rinne (January 24, 1819 – July 26, 1868) was a German otologist born in Vlotho an der Weser.
He received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen and practiced medicine in the city of Göttingen. Later he was a physician in Sandstadt near Stade (1857) and Hildesheim (1860).
In 1855 Rinne described the combined conductive process of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles of the middle ear. He is known for the eponymous Rinne test. The Rinne test is a hearing test conducted with a tuning fork, and is used to test and compare a patients' hearing via air conduction (normal process) or by way of bone conduction (sound to the inner ear through the mastoid). He reasoned that if a person hears a sound for a longer period of time through bone conduction than through air conduction, a disease is present somewhere in the conduction apparatus.
Despite his research, "Rinne's test" wasn't generally recognized until after his death — in the early 1880s, otologists Friedrich Bezold (1842-1908) and August Lucae (1835–1911) further publicized Rinne's work.
Selected writings
Über das Stimmorgan und die Bildung der Sprache. Müller’s Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, Berlin, 1850.
Beiträge zur Physiologie des menschlichen Ohres. Zeitschrift für rationelle Medicin, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1864.
Über die Formen des Himmelgewölbes. Zeitschrift für rationelle Medicin, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1866.
Materialismus und ethisches Bedürfnis in ihrem Verhältnisse zur Psychologie. Braunschweig, 1868.
See also
Weber test, named after Ernst Heinrich Weber (1795–1878).
References
CME Bulletin Otorhinolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery
Heinrich Rinne @ Who Named It
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"otologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otologist"},{"link_name":"Vlotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlotho"},{"link_name":"Weser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"Stade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade"},{"link_name":"Hildesheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildesheim"},{"link_name":"tympanic membrane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanic_membrane"},{"link_name":"ossicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossicles"},{"link_name":"middle ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_ear"},{"link_name":"Rinne test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinne_test"},{"link_name":"tuning fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuning_fork"},{"link_name":"bone conduction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_conduction"},{"link_name":"inner ear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inner_ear"},{"link_name":"mastoid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastoid"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Bezold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Bezold"},{"link_name":"August Lucae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Lucae"}],"text":"Heinrich Adolf Rinne (January 24, 1819 – July 26, 1868) was a German otologist born in Vlotho an der Weser.He received his doctorate from the University of Göttingen and practiced medicine in the city of Göttingen. Later he was a physician in Sandstadt near Stade (1857) and Hildesheim (1860).In 1855 Rinne described the combined conductive process of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles of the middle ear. He is known for the eponymous Rinne test. The Rinne test is a hearing test conducted with a tuning fork, and is used to test and compare a patients' hearing via air conduction (normal process) or by way of bone conduction (sound to the inner ear through the mastoid). He reasoned that if a person hears a sound for a longer period of time through bone conduction than through air conduction, a disease is present somewhere in the conduction apparatus.Despite his research, \"Rinne's test\" wasn't generally recognized until after his death — in the early 1880s, otologists Friedrich Bezold (1842-1908) and August Lucae (1835–1911) further publicized Rinne's work.","title":"Heinrich Adolf Rinne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Heidelberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg"},{"link_name":"Braunschweig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunschweig"}],"text":"Über das Stimmorgan und die Bildung der Sprache. Müller’s Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin, Berlin, 1850.\nBeiträge zur Physiologie des menschlichen Ohres. Zeitschrift für rationelle Medicin, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1864.\nÜber die Formen des Himmelgewölbes. Zeitschrift für rationelle Medicin, Leipzig and Heidelberg, 1866.\nMaterialismus und ethisches Bedürfnis in ihrem Verhältnisse zur Psychologie. Braunschweig, 1868.","title":"Selected writings"}] | [{"image_text":"Heinrich Adolf Rinne (1819-1868)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Heinrich_Adolf_Rinne.jpg/220px-Heinrich_Adolf_Rinne.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Weber test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_test"},{"title":"Ernst Heinrich Weber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Heinrich_Weber"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928032702/http://www.rila.co.uk/issues/full/download/6e988a258a9c2505c8e8b880af28e506484079.pdf","external_links_name":"CME Bulletin"},{"Link":"http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2140.html","external_links_name":"Heinrich Rinne"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/47135685","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20000091461&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen_artwork | Ballpoint pen artwork | ["1 Origins and proliferation as art medium","2 Notable ballpoint pen artists","2.1 Corporate acknowledgement","3 Technique, merits and limitations","3.1 Errors and ink fading","4 Other incarnations","5 Notable ballpoint pen art exhibitions","6 Gallery of ballpoint pen artwork","7 References","8 External links"] | Artwork drawn using ballpoint pen
James Mylne (UK), Polo Pony 1 (2008) ballpoint pen on paper
Since their invention and subsequent proliferation in the mid-20th century, ballpoint pens have proven to be a versatile art medium for professional artists as well as amateur doodlers. Ballpoint pen artwork created over the years have been favorably compared to art created using traditional art mediums. Low cost, availability, and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient, alternative art supply.
Ballpoint pen enthusiasts find the pens particularly handy for quick sketch work. Some artists use them within mixed-media works, while others use them solely as their medium-of-choice. The medium is not without limitations; color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists. The internet now provides a broad forum for artists to promote their own ballpoint creations, and since its inception ballpoint pen art websites have flourished, showcasing the artwork and offering information of the usage of ballpoint pens as an art medium.
Origins and proliferation as art medium
Spirograph, originally marketed as a "creative children's toy" in the 1960s, provided colored ballpoint pens as part of its package.
Some of the most famous artists of the 20th century have utilized ballpoint pens to some extent during their careers. Andy Warhol and Alberto Giacometti both used ballpoints within their artwork in the 1950s. Cy Twombly exhibited small ballpoint drawings in the 1970s. Ladislao Biro himself utilized his own invention creatively; a 2005 mechanical engineering exhibition in Argentina, focussing on the invention of the ballpoint pen, included in its brochure a ballpoint pen drawing titled "Waiting" credited to Biro.
The popular Spirograph, mass-marketed in America during the advent of 1960s psychedelic culture, included colored ballpoints (black, blue, red, green) as part of its boxed set.
The holes positioned on a Spirograph's "gears" were reportedly sized to accommodate tips of the fine-point pens provided.
Artists now professionally employing ballpoint pens often cite classroom boredom as a factor allowing them to explore the writing instrument's creative applications.
A mainstay of school-supply lists, students use their ballpoints to doodle onto folders, desks, and blue jeans—even onto each other. Artistic aspirations aside, the average person may pick up a pen during lengthy telephone calls, consciously-or-not scribbling Hitler mustaches and black-eyes onto magazine photos of politicians or models; artist Jean Dubuffet has admitted to having realized the potential of ballpoint pens in this manner.
Ballpoint artist Lennie Mace has stated that he learned the basics of anatomy and perspective in his youth by tracing over newspaper photos in ballpoint pen, a practice which evolved into his Media Graffiti embellishments of print-ads.
Ballpoint pen artwork has gained increasing interest in the 21st century. Ballpoint artists have been portrayed in the media as oddities, but some receive serious media consideration and the artwork is exhibited in prestigious galleries and museums worldwide. Proponents of ballpoint pens as an art medium have independently regarded growing interest in ballpoint pen art as a "movement", but it has yet to be recognized as such within established art circles. Nonetheless, creative application of ballpoint pens has taken as many directions as any formally recognized art movement; photorealist portraiture and still-life, imaginative scenarios and surrealistic landscapes, and minimalist abstractions are among the forms in which ballpoint artwork has been presented.
Notable ballpoint pen artists
Lennie Mace, Uchuu Neko Parade (2005), ballpoint pen and hardware on paper
The following contemporary artists have gained recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens; for their technical proficiency, imagination and innovations using ballpoint pens as an art medium.
Korean artist Il Lee, living in America, has been creating large-scale ballpoint-only abstract artwork on paper since the early 1980s (see gallery below). Lee also creates artwork in a similar vein using ballpoints or acrylic paint on canvas.
American artist Lennie Mace, living in Japan, creates imaginative artwork of varying content and complexity applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim. Mace started his professional career as an illustrator in the mid-1980s and began exhibiting in 1990, always using only ballpoint pens. He coined the term "PENtings" in reference to his 'painterly' usage of ballpoint pens.
British artist James Mylne, based in London, has been creating photo-realistic artwork since the mid-1990s using black ballpoint pens (shown at top). Since 2014, Mylne's output has expanded to include works which display more personal views and interests in complex, mixed-media arrangements.
Juan Francisco Casas, a photorealist painter from Spain, attracted "viral" internet attention in 2006 for photorealist ballpoint artwork in which he duplicated selfie photographs of females in various states of undress, utilizing only blue pens, sometimes at large dimensions.
In America, Shane McAdams employs a method unique among his ballpoint peers; since the mid-2000s McAdams has become known for his abstract "pen blow" artworks, using a process in which he removes the ballpoint pen nibs and blows the ink through the reservoir, as blowing through a straw.
Serhiy Kolyada's politically infused ballpoint pen drawings have left him virtually ignored by galleries in his home country of Ukraine.
Publicity comes mostly through English language media and a majority of sales to foreign clients via private viewings and online galleries.
Kolyada works in black ballpoint, using other mediums and collage occasionally to add color (see gallery below).
Brazilian street artist Claudio Ethos often sketches his concepts in ballpoint pen before spray-painting the images onto walls or canvas, and includes them in exhibitions.
Japanese artist Shohei Otomo has received media attention for his ballpoint pen and magic marker illustrations.
Samuel Silva, a lawyer from Portugal who draws as a "hobby," attracted "viral" internet attention in 2012 for his photorealist ballpoint drawings which utilize a wide range of available ballpoint ink colors.
Corporate acknowledgement
Although there are no known accounts of official sponsorship, ballpoint pen companies have shown support to artists using their products. Lennie Mace in 1993 created a color replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (see gallery below) for the Pilot pen company, using only Pilot pens.
British artist James Mylne created a replica of Vermeer’s Girl With a Pearl Earring in 2010 using only BIC pens, as part of a campaign organized by Société Bic. BIC Art Master competition, a competition for African ballpoint pen artists, has been held by the company since 2017.
Pilot Guatemala used the ballpoint artwork of Nathan Lorenzana on the back cover of a 2013 products catalogue, and Pilot Japan in 2015 used the ballpoint illustrations of Asuka Satow to decorate stationery products produced by the company.
Technique, merits and limitations
Ballpoint pens require little or no preparation. The immediacy allowed by ballpoints makes the pens ideal for quick sketches, convenient while traveling, and appealing to artists for whom sudden creative urges cannot be side-tracked by logistics or lengthy preparation time.
For artists whose interests necessitate precision line-work, ballpoints are an obvious attraction; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush.
Aside from standard ball-point sizes of fine or medium, the points of some pens are manufactured at multiple point-sizes—some in series with point-sizes ranging from 0.5 to 1.6mm—allowing for broader applications.
Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved.
Traditional pen-and-ink techniques such as stippling and cross-hatching can be used to create half-tones or the illusion of form and volume.
Skillful integration of existing colors can create an illusion of colors which do not actually exist.
Finely applied, the resulting imagery has been mistaken for airbrushed artwork and photography, causing a reaction of disbelief which artist Lennie Mace refers to as the "Wow Factor".
Watercolor washes are applied by some artists in conjunction with the pen-work. Directly mixed on the drawing surface, watercolor causes the ballpoint ink to bleed, creating additional effects.
Pentel R.S.V.P. ballpoint pen series, which includes pink and purple inks
Using ballpoint pens to create artwork poses various concerns for the artist. Ballpoints are not known for providing many color options; standard black, blue, red and green inks are the most common colors available. Cigar-sized pens containing up to ten colors have also been manufactured, although both the ink composition and mechanical quality of such pens for creating artwork may be questionable.
Because of a reliance on gravity to coat the ball with ink, ballpoint pens must be held upright in order to properly dispense the ink; with the exception of Space Pens, ballpoints cannot be used to write upside down.
Additionally, "blobbing" of ink on the drawing surface and "skipping" of ink-flow require consideration when using ballpoint pens for artistic purposes.
Errors and ink fading
Mistakes pose greater risks to ballpoint artists; once a line is drawn, it generally cannot be erased.
Ballpoint artists may consider this irreversibility somewhat unnerving, but some face the challenge as a test of skill.
Ballpoint artist James Mylne has described the required level of focus as meditative.
Pens with erasers and erasable ink have been manufactured, but only in black and blue inks, and with very different characteristics than normal inks.
Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light.
Standard ballpoint pen inks have been said to be manufactured as both oil-based pigments and organic dyes.
Drawings created using dye-based inks are very sensitive to light, some colors more than others.
In the past, UV glass has been recommended to protect from ultraviolet rays, but this hasn't been proven to guarantee stability of the ink. Photographing or scanning artwork is recommended for artists wishing to permanently record the ballpoint originals, from which archival prints can be made at any time.
Jack Dillhunt, Summertime is Over (2007, USA) ballpoint pen on canvas
Other incarnations
Ballpoint pen artwork is sometimes associated with Folk art. Using ballpoints to create artwork fits with the non-conformist tendencies of self-taught, so-called outsider artists. Also commonly referred to as Art Brut, artists falling into this category tend to pride themselves in their unconventional methods.
In America, Jack Dillhunt uses full bedsheets to create his ballpoint drawings "because (he) couldn't find paper big enough," earning him the nickname "sheetman".
William Adkins uses ballpoints to draw intricate devices with imagined uses.
Alighiero Boetti, part of a generation of Italian artists which in the 1970s came to be known as Arte Povera, has used ballpoint pens in various ways throughout his career, particularly his later calligraphic pen-works.
Ballpoint pens are among the various means of creating body art, as temporary tattoos for recreational, decorative and commercial purposes. Ink is applied directly to skin in a manner similar to that of an actual tattoo gun, except that a ballpoint pen tattoo is temporary; it can be washed off at the wearer's discretion, or left to fade at its own natural rate (see gallery below). This can be an attraction for people who may not care for a permanent tattoo, but nonetheless enjoy the imagery.
Professional tattoo artists are known to also use ballpoints to create artwork on surfaces other than skin, useful as "flash-art" tattoo samples for display in tattoo parlors.
Using ballpoint pens to create artwork is also common among prison inmates, which have been showcased in magazine articles and gallery exhibitions.
Separately, inmates have been known to modify ballpoint pen components into tattoo guns for use while incarcerated.
Canada-based designer Philippe Malouin in 2012 incorporated ballpoint pen technology into the legs of his original stool design. Ink is held within all four legs, with casters designed to disperse the ink as the chair is rolled. Malouin experimented with various combinations of ball points and ink viscosities before arriving at a design which would support the weight of a person while allowing ink to flow in the same manner as a ballpoint pen.
Lennie Mace ballpoint body art (temporary tattoo) 2006, Tokyo
Notable ballpoint pen art exhibitions
Prominent exhibitions specifically showcasing ballpoint pen artwork occur intermittently.
The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut, opened the Ballpoint Pen Drawing Since 1950 exhibition in March, 2013, under the banner of their "Extreme Drawing" series. Il Lee and Toyin Odutola were among the artists presented. The exhibition was reviewed by The New York Times as a "provisional study rather than a fully realized project".
A ballpoint pen doodle of a shark drawn in 1991 by British artist Damien Hirst sold for £4,664 at a London auction in 2012.
Cinders Gallery in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, held the group exhibition "These Bagels are Gnarly" in 2007, featuring only ballpoint pen drawing.
A large number of artists, none particularly associated with the medium, were provided with a blue ballpoint pen and a sheet of letter-sized paper to create artwork for the exhibition.
Juxtapoz art magazine commented that participating artists, using the common ballpoint pen, seemed to "gravitate back to a time before it all became so serious".
For Lennie Mace's 365DAZE project he spent the full year of 1998 driving around the United States, doing a drawing-per-day, embellishing in ballpoint pen whatever found-media he came across in whatever part of the country through which he happened to be traveling. He then spent 1999 touring with selections of completed artwork, holding solo exhibitions in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.
So-called "Media Graffiti" from 365DAZE have also been exhibited as part of group exhibitions in Chicago, Detroit, Tampa and Miami, and a number are on permanent display at the Lennie Mace VIEWseum in Tokyo. The exhibition garnered national exposure, noted as well for being a "time capsule" of the year in media.
Gallery of ballpoint pen artwork
Serhiy Kolyada, The Theory of Origins (2012, Ukraine), ballpoint pen on paper
Il Lee, ballpoint pen on canvas and monoprints, shown on display (2011, New York)
Dave Warshaw, Four Eyes (2008, California), ballpoint pen on wood
Lennie Mace, Mona a'la Mace (1993, New York), ballpoint pen on paper
Enam Bosokah, portrait of Rose Dieng-Kuntz (2022, Accra), ballpoint pen on watercolor background
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External links
The Ballpointer online journal covering ballpoint pen artwork
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Pencil
Mechanical pencil
Narayam | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Polo_Pony,_ballpoint_biro_drawing.jpg"},{"link_name":"James Mylne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mylne_(artist)"},{"link_name":"ballpoint pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpoint_pen"},{"link_name":"art medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_medium"},{"link_name":"doodlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oddity-2"},{"link_name":"mixed-media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-media"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tricks-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"}],"text":"James Mylne (UK), Polo Pony 1 (2008) ballpoint pen on paperSince their invention and subsequent proliferation in the mid-20th century, ballpoint pens have proven to be a versatile art medium for professional artists as well as amateur doodlers.[1] Ballpoint pen artwork created over the years have been favorably compared to art created using traditional art mediums. Low cost, availability, and portability are cited by practitioners as qualities which make this common writing tool a convenient, alternative art supply.[2]Ballpoint pen enthusiasts find the pens particularly handy for quick sketch work. Some artists use them within mixed-media works, while others use them solely as their medium-of-choice.[3] The medium is not without limitations; color availability and sensitivity of ink to light are among concerns of ballpoint pen artists.[4] The internet now provides a broad forum for artists to promote their own ballpoint creations, and since its inception ballpoint pen art websites have flourished, showcasing the artwork and offering information of the usage of ballpoint pens as an art medium.","title":"Ballpoint pen artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spirograph4.JPG"},{"link_name":"Spirograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirograph"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"Alberto Giacometti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Giacometti"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warhol_BPP-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aldrich-6"},{"link_name":"Cy Twombly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Twombly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Twombly_BPP-7"},{"link_name":"Ladislao Biro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislao_Jos%C3%A9_Biro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-first_BP_drawing-8"},{"link_name":"Spirograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirograph"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pre-Spiro-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spirograph-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spirograph-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juxtapoz-11"},{"link_name":"Jean Dubuffet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dubuffet"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubuffet_BPP-12"},{"link_name":"Lennie Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Mace"},{"link_name":"anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy"},{"link_name":"perspective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_drawing"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juxtapoz-11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oddity-2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BICasso-13"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"art medium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_medium"},{"link_name":"movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_movement"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stith-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-movement-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_Business-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macedonia_NYP_contrib-18"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"}],"text":"Spirograph, originally marketed as a \"creative children's toy\" in the 1960s, provided colored ballpoint pens as part of its package.Some of the most famous artists of the 20th century have utilized ballpoint pens to some extent during their careers. Andy Warhol and Alberto Giacometti both used ballpoints within their artwork in the 1950s.[5][6] Cy Twombly exhibited small ballpoint drawings in the 1970s.[7] Ladislao Biro himself utilized his own invention creatively; a 2005 mechanical engineering exhibition in Argentina, focussing on the invention of the ballpoint pen, included in its brochure a ballpoint pen drawing titled \"Waiting\" credited to Biro.[8]The popular Spirograph, mass-marketed in America during the advent of 1960s psychedelic culture,[9] included colored ballpoints (black, blue, red, green) as part of its boxed set.[10]\nThe holes positioned on a Spirograph's \"gears\" were reportedly sized to accommodate tips of the fine-point pens provided.[10]Artists now professionally employing ballpoint pens often cite classroom boredom as a factor allowing them to explore the writing instrument's creative applications.[11]\nA mainstay of school-supply lists, students use their ballpoints to doodle onto folders, desks, and blue jeans—even onto each other. Artistic aspirations aside, the average person may pick up a pen during lengthy telephone calls, consciously-or-not scribbling Hitler mustaches and black-eyes onto magazine photos of politicians or models; artist Jean Dubuffet has admitted to having realized the potential of ballpoint pens in this manner.[12]\nBallpoint artist Lennie Mace has stated that he learned the basics of anatomy and perspective in his youth by tracing over newspaper photos in ballpoint pen, a practice which evolved into his Media Graffiti embellishments of print-ads.[11]Ballpoint pen artwork has gained increasing interest in the 21st century. Ballpoint artists have been portrayed in the media as oddities,[2][13] but some receive serious media consideration and the artwork is exhibited in prestigious galleries and museums worldwide.[1][14] Proponents of ballpoint pens as an art medium have independently regarded growing interest in ballpoint pen art as a \"movement\",[15][16] but it has yet to be recognized as such within established art circles. Nonetheless, creative application of ballpoint pens has taken as many directions as any formally recognized art movement; photorealist portraiture and still-life, imaginative scenarios and surrealistic landscapes,[17][18] and minimalist abstractions[1] are among the forms in which ballpoint artwork has been presented.","title":"Origins and proliferation as art medium"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lennie_Mace_%22Uchuu_Neko_Parade%22_2005_Tokyo,_ballpoint_%22Penting%22_130x92cm.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lennie Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Mace"},{"link_name":"contemporary artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_artist"},{"link_name":"Il Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Lee"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lee_interview-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT-1"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hi_Fructose-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Macedonia_NYP_contrib-18"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"James Mylne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Mylne_(artist)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ballpointer033015-22"},{"link_name":"Juan Francisco Casas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Francisco_Casas"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"selfie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CasasBallpointer010115-23"},{"link_name":"Shane McAdams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shane_McAdams&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shane_Pen_Blow-24"},{"link_name":"straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straw"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shane_designboom-25"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UkraineObserver-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kyiv_Weekly-27"},{"link_name":"street artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Claudio_Ethos-28"},{"link_name":"Shohei Otomo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shohei_Otomo"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Shohei_HF-29"},{"link_name":"Samuel Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Silva"},{"link_name":"viral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viral_phenomenon"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva_Ripleys-30"}],"text":"Lennie Mace, Uchuu Neko Parade (2005), ballpoint pen and hardware on paperThe following contemporary artists have gained recognition for their specific use of ballpoint pens; for their technical proficiency, imagination and innovations using ballpoint pens as an art medium.Korean artist Il Lee, living in America, has been creating large-scale ballpoint-only abstract artwork on paper since the early 1980s (see gallery below).[19] Lee also creates artwork in a similar vein using ballpoints or acrylic paint on canvas.[1]American artist Lennie Mace, living in Japan, creates imaginative artwork of varying content and complexity applied to unconventional surfaces including wood and denim.[20] Mace started his professional career as an illustrator in the mid-1980s and began exhibiting in 1990,[18] always using only ballpoint pens. He coined the term \"PENtings\" in reference to his 'painterly' usage of ballpoint pens.[14]British artist James Mylne, based in London, has been creating photo-realistic artwork since the mid-1990s using black ballpoint pens (shown at top). Since 2014, Mylne's output has expanded to include works which display more personal views and interests in complex, mixed-media arrangements.[21][22]Juan Francisco Casas, a photorealist painter from Spain, attracted \"viral\" internet attention in 2006 for photorealist ballpoint artwork in which he duplicated selfie photographs of females in various states of undress, utilizing only blue pens, sometimes at large dimensions.[23]In America, Shane McAdams employs a method unique among his ballpoint peers; since the mid-2000s McAdams has become known for his abstract \"pen blow\" artworks,[24] using a process in which he removes the ballpoint pen nibs and blows the ink through the reservoir, as blowing through a straw.[25]Serhiy Kolyada's politically infused ballpoint pen drawings have left him virtually ignored by galleries in his home country of Ukraine.\nPublicity comes mostly through English language media and a majority of sales to foreign clients via private viewings and online galleries.[26]\nKolyada works in black ballpoint, using other mediums and collage occasionally to add color (see gallery below).[27]\nBrazilian street artist Claudio Ethos often sketches his concepts in ballpoint pen before spray-painting the images onto walls or canvas, and includes them in exhibitions.[28]\nJapanese artist Shohei Otomo has received media attention for his ballpoint pen and magic marker illustrations.[29]\nSamuel Silva, a lawyer from Portugal who draws as a \"hobby,\" attracted \"viral\" internet attention in 2012 for his photorealist ballpoint drawings which utilize a wide range of available ballpoint ink colors.[30]","title":"Notable ballpoint pen artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa_replicas_and_reinterpretations"},{"link_name":"Pilot pen company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot_(pen_company)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"Vermeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermeer"},{"link_name":"Girl With a Pearl Earring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girl_With_a_Pearl_Earring"},{"link_name":"BIC pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bic_Cristal"},{"link_name":"Société Bic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Bic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Guardian_(Nigeria)_2020-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Africa.com_2021-33"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LorenzanaSatow-34"}],"sub_title":"Corporate acknowledgement","text":"Although there are no known accounts of official sponsorship, ballpoint pen companies have shown support to artists using their products. Lennie Mace in 1993 created a color replica of Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa (see gallery below) for the Pilot pen company, using only Pilot pens.[14]British artist James Mylne created a replica of Vermeer’s Girl With a Pearl Earring in 2010 using only BIC pens, as part of a campaign organized by Société Bic.[31] BIC Art Master competition, a competition for African ballpoint pen artists, has been held by the company since 2017.[32][33]Pilot Guatemala used the ballpoint artwork of Nathan Lorenzana on the back cover of a 2013 products catalogue, and Pilot Japan in 2015 used the ballpoint illustrations of Asuka Satow to decorate stationery products produced by the company.[34]","title":"Notable ballpoint pen artists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schnabel_BPP-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weekender-36"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Supergrip-37"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weekender-36"},{"link_name":"pen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen"},{"link_name":"stippling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipple"},{"link_name":"cross-hatching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-hatching"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mylne-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Art_of_Sketching-39"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silva_Ripleys-30"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tokyo_Journal-40"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-21"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tokyo_Journal-40"},{"link_name":"washes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wash_(painting)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tricks-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pentel_RSVP_pens.JPG"},{"link_name":"Pentel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentel"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weekender-36"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-multicolor-41"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"Space Pens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Pen"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuff5-42"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tricks-3"}],"text":"Ballpoint pens require little or no preparation. The immediacy allowed by ballpoints makes the pens ideal for quick sketches, convenient while traveling,[35] and appealing to artists for whom sudden creative urges cannot be side-tracked by logistics or lengthy preparation time.[36]\nFor artists whose interests necessitate precision line-work, ballpoints are an obvious attraction; ballpoint pens allow for sharp lines not as effectively executed using a brush.[14]\nAside from standard ball-point sizes of fine or medium, the points of some pens are manufactured at multiple point-sizes—some in series with point-sizes ranging from 0.5 to 1.6mm—allowing for broader applications.[37]Effects not generally associated with ballpoint pens can be achieved.[36]\nTraditional pen-and-ink techniques such as stippling and cross-hatching can be used to create half-tones[38] or the illusion of form and volume.[39]\nSkillful integration of existing colors can create an illusion of colors which do not actually exist.[30]\nFinely applied, the resulting imagery has been mistaken for airbrushed artwork[40] and photography,[21] causing a reaction of disbelief which artist Lennie Mace refers to as the \"Wow Factor\".[14][40]\nWatercolor washes are applied by some artists in conjunction with the pen-work. Directly mixed on the drawing surface, watercolor causes the ballpoint ink to bleed, creating additional effects.[3]Pentel R.S.V.P. ballpoint pen series, which includes pink and purple inksUsing ballpoint pens to create artwork poses various concerns for the artist. Ballpoints are not known for providing many color options;[36] standard black, blue, red and green inks are the most common colors available. Cigar-sized pens containing up to ten colors have also been manufactured,[41] although both the ink composition and mechanical quality of such pens for creating artwork may be questionable.[4]Because of a reliance on gravity to coat the ball with ink, ballpoint pens must be held upright in order to properly dispense the ink; with the exception of Space Pens, ballpoints cannot be used to write upside down.[42]\nAdditionally, \"blobbing\" of ink on the drawing surface and \"skipping\" of ink-flow require consideration when using ballpoint pens for artistic purposes.[3]","title":"Technique, merits and limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mylne-38"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuff5-42"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"pigments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigment"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuff4-43"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Care-4"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Scan-44"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_Dillhunt_2007_Summertime_Is_Over.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Errors and ink fading","text":"Mistakes pose greater risks to ballpoint artists; once a line is drawn, it generally cannot be erased.[14]\nBallpoint artists may consider this irreversibility somewhat unnerving, but some face the challenge as a test of skill.[14]\nBallpoint artist James Mylne has described the required level of focus as meditative.[38]\nPens with erasers and erasable ink have been manufactured, but only in black and blue inks, and with very different characteristics than normal inks.[42]Although the mechanics of ballpoint pens remain relatively unchanged, ink composition has evolved to solve certain problems over the years, resulting in unpredictable sensitivity to light.[4]\nStandard ballpoint pen inks have been said to be manufactured as both oil-based pigments[43] and organic dyes.[4]\nDrawings created using dye-based inks are very sensitive to light, some colors more than others.[4]\nIn the past, UV glass has been recommended to protect from ultraviolet rays, but this hasn't been proven to guarantee stability of the ink.[4] Photographing or scanning artwork is recommended for artists wishing to permanently record the ballpoint originals, from which archival prints can be made at any time.[44]Jack Dillhunt, Summertime is Over (2007, USA) ballpoint pen on canvas","title":"Technique, merits and limitations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folk art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_art"},{"link_name":"non-conformist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism"},{"link_name":"outsider artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outsider_art"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillhunt-45"},{"link_name":"unconventional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconventional"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dillhunt-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adkins_devices-46"},{"link_name":"Alighiero Boetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alighiero_Boetti"},{"link_name":"Arte Povera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arte_Povera"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boetti-47"},{"link_name":"body art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art"},{"link_name":"temporary tattoos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_tattoos"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Temp_Tats-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warshaw-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inmate_ballpoint_art-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Prison_tats-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BP_stool-52"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ballpoint_pen_drawing.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Lennie Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Mace"},{"link_name":"body art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_art"},{"link_name":"temporary tattoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporary_tattoo"}],"text":"Ballpoint pen artwork is sometimes associated with Folk art. Using ballpoints to create artwork fits with the non-conformist tendencies of self-taught, so-called outsider artists.[45] Also commonly referred to as Art Brut, artists falling into this category tend to pride themselves in their unconventional methods.\nIn America, Jack Dillhunt uses full bedsheets to create his ballpoint drawings \"because (he) couldn't find paper big enough,\" earning him the nickname \"sheetman\".[45]\nWilliam Adkins uses ballpoints to draw intricate devices with imagined uses.[46]\nAlighiero Boetti, part of a generation of Italian artists which in the 1970s came to be known as Arte Povera, has used ballpoint pens in various ways throughout his career, particularly his later calligraphic pen-works.[47]Ballpoint pens are among the various means of creating body art, as temporary tattoos for recreational, decorative and commercial purposes.[48] Ink is applied directly to skin in a manner similar to that of an actual tattoo gun, except that a ballpoint pen tattoo is temporary; it can be washed off at the wearer's discretion, or left to fade at its own natural rate (see gallery below). This can be an attraction for people who may not care for a permanent tattoo, but nonetheless enjoy the imagery.Professional tattoo artists are known to also use ballpoints to create artwork on surfaces other than skin, useful as \"flash-art\" tattoo samples for display in tattoo parlors.[49]\nUsing ballpoint pens to create artwork is also common among prison inmates, which have been showcased in magazine articles and gallery exhibitions.[50]\nSeparately, inmates have been known to modify ballpoint pen components into tattoo guns for use while incarcerated.[51]Canada-based designer Philippe Malouin in 2012 incorporated ballpoint pen technology into the legs of his original stool design. Ink is held within all four legs, with casters designed to disperse the ink as the chair is rolled. Malouin experimented with various combinations of ball points and ink viscosities before arriving at a design which would support the weight of a person while allowing ink to flow in the same manner as a ballpoint pen.[52]Lennie Mace ballpoint body art (temporary tattoo) 2006, Tokyo","title":"Other incarnations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrich_Contemporary_Art_Museum"},{"link_name":"Il Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Lee"},{"link_name":"Toyin Odutola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyin_Odutola"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aldrich-6"},{"link_name":"doodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doodle"},{"link_name":"shark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shark"},{"link_name":"Damien Hirst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Hirst"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shark_Telegraph-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-shark_Huff-54"},{"link_name":"Juxtapoz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtapoz"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bagels_Gnarly_group-55"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Japan_Times-14"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Juxtapoz-11"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-365DAZE-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SF365DAZE-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tampa365Daze-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miami-59"}],"text":"Prominent exhibitions specifically showcasing ballpoint pen artwork occur intermittently.The Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Ridgefield, Connecticut, opened the Ballpoint Pen Drawing Since 1950 exhibition in March, 2013, under the banner of their \"Extreme Drawing\" series. Il Lee and Toyin Odutola were among the artists presented. The exhibition was reviewed by The New York Times as a \"provisional study rather than a fully realized project\".[6]A ballpoint pen doodle of a shark drawn in 1991 by British artist Damien Hirst sold for £4,664 at a London auction in 2012.[53][54]Cinders Gallery in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, held the group exhibition \"These Bagels are Gnarly\" in 2007, featuring only ballpoint pen drawing.\nA large number of artists, none particularly associated with the medium, were provided with a blue ballpoint pen and a sheet of letter-sized paper to create artwork for the exhibition.\nJuxtapoz art magazine commented that participating artists, using the common ballpoint pen, seemed to \"gravitate back to a time before it all became so serious\".[55]For Lennie Mace's 365DAZE project he spent the full year of 1998 driving around the United States, doing a drawing-per-day, embellishing in ballpoint pen whatever found-media he came across in whatever part of the country through which he happened to be traveling. He then spent 1999 touring with selections of completed artwork, holding solo exhibitions in New York, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.So-called \"Media Graffiti\" from 365DAZE have also been exhibited as part of group exhibitions in Chicago, Detroit, Tampa and Miami, and a number are on permanent display at the Lennie Mace VIEWseum in Tokyo.[14] The exhibition garnered national exposure, noted as well for being a \"time capsule\" of the year in media.[11][56][57][58][59]","title":"Notable ballpoint pen art exhibitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serhiy_Kolyada_The_Theory_Of_Origins_2012_ballpoint_pen.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IL_LEE_at_Art_Projects_International_New_York_2011.jpg"},{"link_name":"Il Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Lee"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dave_Warshaw_Four_Eyes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mona_a%27la_Mace_in_ballpoint_pen_by_Lennie_Mace_1993_(shown_cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Lennie Mace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennie_Mace"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Rose_Dieng-Kuntz_on_Watercolor_Background_for_Wiki_Unseen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Enam Bosokah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enam_Bosokah"},{"link_name":"Rose Dieng-Kuntz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Dieng-Kuntz"}],"text":"Serhiy Kolyada, The Theory of Origins (2012, Ukraine), ballpoint pen on paper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIl Lee, ballpoint pen on canvas and monoprints, shown on display (2011, New York)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDave Warshaw, Four Eyes (2008, California), ballpoint pen on wood\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLennie Mace, Mona a'la Mace (1993, New York), ballpoint pen on paper\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEnam Bosokah, portrait of Rose Dieng-Kuntz (2022, Accra), ballpoint pen on watercolor background","title":"Gallery of ballpoint pen artwork"}] | [{"image_text":"James Mylne (UK), Polo Pony 1 (2008) ballpoint pen on paper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Polo_Pony%2C_ballpoint_biro_drawing.jpg/195px-Polo_Pony%2C_ballpoint_biro_drawing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Spirograph, originally marketed as a \"creative children's toy\" in the 1960s, provided colored ballpoint pens as part of its package.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Spirograph4.JPG/295px-Spirograph4.JPG"},{"image_text":"Lennie Mace, Uchuu Neko Parade (2005), ballpoint pen and hardware on paper","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lennie_Mace_%22Uchuu_Neko_Parade%22_2005_Tokyo%2C_ballpoint_%22Penting%22_130x92cm.jpg/280px-Lennie_Mace_%22Uchuu_Neko_Parade%22_2005_Tokyo%2C_ballpoint_%22Penting%22_130x92cm.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pentel R.S.V.P. ballpoint pen series, which includes pink and purple inks","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Pentel_RSVP_pens.JPG/220px-Pentel_RSVP_pens.JPG"},{"image_text":"Jack Dillhunt, Summertime is Over (2007, USA) ballpoint pen on canvas","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Jack_Dillhunt_2007_Summertime_Is_Over.jpg/200px-Jack_Dillhunt_2007_Summertime_Is_Over.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lennie Mace ballpoint body art (temporary tattoo) 2006, Tokyo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Ballpoint_pen_drawing.jpeg/170px-Ballpoint_pen_drawing.jpeg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Genocchio, Benjamin (August 10, 2007). \"To See the World in Ballpoint Pen\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. OCLC 1645522. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/10/arts/design/10lee.html","url_text":"\"To See the World in Ballpoint Pen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1645522","url_text":"1645522"}]},{"reference":"Attewill, Fred (September 29, 2011). \"Artist wins £6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco\". Metro. Kensington, London, England: Associated Newspapers Ltd. ISSN 1469-6215. OCLC 225917520. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.metro.co.uk/news/877097-artist-wins-6-000-art-prize-after-using-3p-ballpoint-pens-from-tesco","url_text":"\"Artist wins £6,000 art prize after using 3p ballpoint pens from Tesco\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_(British_newspaper)","url_text":"Metro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Newspapers_Ltd","url_text":"Associated Newspapers Ltd"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1469-6215","url_text":"1469-6215"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/225917520","url_text":"225917520"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Cathy (2010). Watercolor tricks & techniques: 75 new and classic painting secrets (illustrated, revised ed.). Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: North Light Books. p. 123. ISBN 978-1-60061-308-1. OCLC 299713330. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=M2Vik1EPOnAC&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PA123","url_text":"Watercolor tricks & techniques: 75 new and classic painting secrets"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Light_Books","url_text":"North Light Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60061-308-1","url_text":"978-1-60061-308-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/299713330","url_text":"299713330"}]},{"reference":"Holben Ellis, Margaret (1995). The care of prints and drawings (reprint, illustrated ed.). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Rowman Altamira. pp. 101–103. ISBN 978-0-7619-9136-6. OCLC 33404294. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RMevB4KjDRkC&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PA103","url_text":"The care of prints and drawings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowman_Altamira","url_text":"Rowman Altamira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9136-6","url_text":"978-0-7619-9136-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/33404294","url_text":"33404294"}]},{"reference":"Warhol, Andy; Slovak, Richard; Hunt, Timothy (2007). Warhol Polaroid Portraits. New York City, New York, USA: McCaffrey Fine Art. pp. intro. ISBN 978-0-9790484-1-8. OCLC 420821909. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MB1MGlION0MC&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PP8","url_text":"Warhol Polaroid Portraits"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9790484-1-8","url_text":"978-0-9790484-1-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/420821909","url_text":"420821909"}]},{"reference":"Schwendener, Martha (April 5, 2013). \"Drawing Evolves, Testing Its Boundaries\". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/07/nyregion/a-review-of-extreme-drawing-at-the-aldrich-contemporary-art-museum.html?_r=2&","url_text":"\"Drawing Evolves, Testing Its Boundaries\""}]},{"reference":"Auping, Michael (2002). Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth 110 (illustrated ed.). London, England: Third Millennium Information Ltd. p. 230. ISBN 978-1-903942-14-7. OCLC 314140064. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl9DLQ3a8t4C&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PA230","url_text":"Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth 110"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-903942-14-7","url_text":"978-1-903942-14-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/314140064","url_text":"314140064"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Waiting\" ballpoint pen drawing credited to Ladislao Jose Biro\" (PDF). pen exhibition brochure. American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Sep 29, 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-20. Retrieved 30 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080920173458/http://files.asme.org/asmeorg/Communities/History/Landmarks/10389.pdf#","url_text":"\"\"Waiting\" ballpoint pen drawing credited to Ladislao Jose Biro\""},{"url":"http://files.asme.org/asmeorg/Communities/History/Landmarks/10389.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Tim (2005). Timeless Toys: Classic Toys And the Playmakers Who Created Them (illustrated, reprint ed.). Kansas City, Missouri, USA: Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 208. ISBN 0-7407-5571-4. OCLC 60590126. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jftapGDTmYUC&q=spirograph&pg=PA207","url_text":"Timeless Toys: Classic Toys And the Playmakers Who Created Them"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrews_McMeel_Publishing","url_text":"Andrews McMeel Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7407-5571-4","url_text":"0-7407-5571-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60590126","url_text":"60590126"}]},{"reference":"Armagnac, Alden P. (September 1967). \"Gears Within Gears Draw Fantastic Ornaments\". Popular Science. Winter Park, Florida, USA: Bonnier Corporation: 72–74. ISSN 0161-7370. OCLC 488612811. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lCYDAAAAMBAJ&q=spirograph&pg=PA72","url_text":"\"Gears Within Gears Draw Fantastic Ornaments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science","url_text":"Popular Science"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonnier_Corporation","url_text":"Bonnier Corporation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370","url_text":"0161-7370"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/488612811","url_text":"488612811"}]},{"reference":"Lebron, Orlando (1998). \"Media Graffiti\". Juxtapoz Art & Culture Magazine. 17 (Winter, 1998). San Francisco, California, USA: High Speed Productions. ISSN 1077-8411. OCLC 30889397. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130523063849/http://shop.juxtapoz.com/detail.php?id=297","url_text":"\"Media Graffiti\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juxtapoz_Art_%26_Culture_Magazine","url_text":"Juxtapoz Art & Culture Magazine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1077-8411","url_text":"1077-8411"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/30889397","url_text":"30889397"},{"url":"http://shop.juxtapoz.com/detail.php?id=297","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wheeler, Daniel (1991). Art Since Mid-Century: 1945 to the present (illustrated ed.). New York City, New York, USA: Vendome Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-86565-083-1. OCLC 246873240. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=O8oQAQAAMAAJ&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork","url_text":"Art Since Mid-Century: 1945 to the present"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-083-1","url_text":"978-0-86565-083-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246873240","url_text":"246873240"}]},{"reference":"Parry, Ross (August 26, 2008). \"Ballpoint pen artist nicknamed Bicasso\". The Daily Telegraph. London, England. ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/2626041/Ballpoint-pen-artist-nicknamed-Bicasso-recreates-classics.html","url_text":"\"Ballpoint pen artist nicknamed Bicasso\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph","url_text":"The Daily Telegraph"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235","url_text":"0307-1235"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49632006","url_text":"49632006"}]},{"reference":"Liddell, C.B. (April 3, 2002). \"The hair-raising art of Lennie Mace; Lennie Mace Museum\". The Japan Times. Tokyo, Japan: Toshiaki Ogasawara. ISSN 0447-5763. OCLC 21225620. 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Archived from the original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 10 March 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130123123049/http://www.ripleys.com/weird/uncategorized/ballpoint-pen-or-photograph/#","url_text":"\"Ballpoint Pen Or Photograph?\""},{"url":"http://www.ripleys.com/weird/uncategorized/ballpoint-pen-or-photograph/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Zimmerman, Edith. \"Watch As Man Re-creates Girl With a Pearl Earring Using Just a Bic Pen\". Vulture. Retrieved 2021-01-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2010/04/watch_as_man_recreates_girl_wi.html","url_text":"\"Watch As Man Re-creates Girl With a Pearl Earring Using Just a Bic Pen\""}]},{"reference":"Mwantok, Margaret (1 March 2020). \"Unveiling BIC art masters from Africa\". The Guardian (Nigeria). 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Retrieved 5 December 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theballpointer.com/the-ballpointer-picks-archive-6.html","url_text":"\"Ballpoint Brief, Co Pilot\""}]},{"reference":"Schnabel, Julian; Zutter, Jörg; Adams, Brooks; Kuspit, Donald Burton (1990). Julian Schnabel: works on paper 1975–1988 (illustrated ed.). Munich, Germany: Prestel Verlag. pp. 19, 107. ISBN 978-3-7913-1061-9. OCLC 260170099. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=HQhYAAAAMAAJ&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork","url_text":"Julian Schnabel: works on paper 1975–1988"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-1061-9","url_text":"978-3-7913-1061-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/260170099","url_text":"260170099"}]},{"reference":"Small, Suzy (August 19, 2005). \"Ai Candy; exhibition preview\". Tokyo Weekender. 2 (15). Tokyo, Japan: BC Media Group: 16. Retrieved 10 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tokyoweekender.com/archives/index.php?vol=2005&issue=15","url_text":"\"Ai Candy; exhibition preview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Weekender","url_text":"Tokyo Weekender"}]},{"reference":"\"Pilot oil-based ballpoint pen listing\". Super Grip pen point-size varieties. pilot.co.jp. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pilot.co.jp/products/pen/ballpen/oil_based/super_grip/index.html","url_text":"\"Pilot oil-based ballpoint pen listing\""}]},{"reference":"Mylne, James (2010). \"About Ballpoints, & Using Them in Art\". Biro Drawing.co.uk. James R. Mylne. Archived from the original on 28 November 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121128044653/http://www.birodrawing.co.uk/","url_text":"\"About Ballpoints, & Using Them in Art\""},{"url":"http://www.birodrawing.co.uk/ballpoint_drawing_tips.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tizon, Natalia (2007). Art of Sketching (illustrated ed.). New York City, New York, USA: Sterling Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 978-1-4027-4423-5. OCLC 76951111. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=MeyF9BFQKZEC&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PA84","url_text":"Art of Sketching"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Publishing","url_text":"Sterling Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4423-5","url_text":"978-1-4027-4423-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76951111","url_text":"76951111"}]},{"reference":"Liddell, C.B. (Jan 2002). \"Getting the ball rolling in harajuku\". Tokyo Journal. 21 (241). Tokyo, Japan: Nexxus Communications K.K.: 36–37. ISSN 0289-811X. OCLC 13995159.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo_Journal","url_text":"Tokyo Journal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0289-811X","url_text":"0289-811X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/13995159","url_text":"13995159"}]},{"reference":"\"Spirograph Multicolor Pens\". 10-in-1 colored pens. Tarzana, California, USA: Sound Feelings Publishing. 2012. Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.soundfeelings.com/products/spirograph_pen_refills/multicolor_pens.htm","url_text":"\"Spirograph Multicolor Pens\""}]},{"reference":"Russell-Ausley, Melissa (2011). \"How Ballpoint Pens Work, Unusual Ballpoints\". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.howstuffworks.com/pen5.htm","url_text":"\"How Ballpoint Pens Work, Unusual Ballpoints\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HowStuffWorks","url_text":"HowStuffWorks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Communications","url_text":"Discovery Communications"}]},{"reference":"Russell-Ausley, Melissa (2011). \"How Ballpoint Pens Work, The Ink\". HowStuffWorks. Discovery Communications. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.howstuffworks.com/pen4.htm","url_text":"\"How Ballpoint Pens Work, The Ink\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HowStuffWorks","url_text":"HowStuffWorks"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Communications","url_text":"Discovery Communications"}]},{"reference":"South, Helen (2005). The everything drawing book: from basic shapes to people and animals, step-by-step instructions to get you started (illustrated ed.). Avon, Massachusetts, USA: Adams Media. p. 8. 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Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vXWNKNOO58EC&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork&pg=PA25","url_text":"Miracles Of The Spirit: Folk, Art, And Stories From Wisconsin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Press_of_Mississippi","url_text":"University Press of Mississippi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57806-753-4","url_text":"978-1-57806-753-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57669823","url_text":"57669823"}]},{"reference":"Cubbs, Joanne; Roscoe Hartigan, Lynda; Mitchell Crawley, Susan (2001). Let It Shine: Self-Taught Art from the T. Marshall Hahn Collection (illustrated ed.). Jackson, Mississippi, USA: University Press of Mississippi. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-57806-363-5. OCLC 47093070. 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Retrieved 10 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=37dPAAAAMAAJ&q=ballpoint+pen+artwork","url_text":"When 1 is 2: the art of Alighiero e Boetti"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Arts_Museum","url_text":"Contemporary Arts Museum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-936080-75-8","url_text":"978-0-936080-75-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/50903607","url_text":"50903607"}]},{"reference":"Vinther, Janus (2003). Special Effects Make-up. London, UK: A & C Black Publishers Ltd. p. 54. ISBN 0-7136-6747-8. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-_AtrsP71CUC&q=tattoo+flash%2C+ballpoint+pen&pg=PT55","url_text":"Special Effects Make-up"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7136-6747-8","url_text":"0-7136-6747-8"}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Lee (February 28, 2012). \"The Ballpoint and Wood Art of Dave Warshaw\". feature article. Brunswick North, Australia: beinArt Publishing. Archived from the original on 2012-06-06. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120606015042/http://beinart.org/art-news/2012/02/28/the-ballpoint-and-wood-art-of-dave-warshaw/#","url_text":"\"The Ballpoint and Wood Art of Dave Warshaw\""},{"url":"http://www.beinart.org/art-news/2012/02/28/the-ballpoint-and-wood-art-of-dave-warshaw/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"uncredited staff (Oct 18, 2012). \"Stunning Ballpoint Pen Art\". JazJaz. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043836/http://www.jazjaz.net/2012/10/kenneth-lee-flannerys-stunning-ballpoint-pen-art.html","url_text":"\"Stunning Ballpoint Pen Art\""},{"url":"http://www.jazjaz.net/2012/10/kenneth-lee-flannerys-stunning-ballpoint-pen-art.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fedorak, Shirley A. (2009). Pop Culture: The Culture of Everyday Life. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. pp. 77, 78. ISBN 978-1-4426-0124-6. OCLC 731516372. 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Retrieved 3 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/art/art-news/9171632/Damien-Hirst-taxi-doodle-fetches-4700.html","url_text":"\"Damien Hirst Doodle Fetches L4,700\""}]},{"reference":"\"Damien Hirst Shark Doodle Sells For L4,500\". Huffington Post. 2012-03-28. Retrieved 3 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/28/damien-hirst-shark-doodle_n_1386455.html","url_text":"\"Damien Hirst Shark Doodle Sells For L4,500\""}]},{"reference":"\"These Bagels Are Gnarly\". juxtapoz.com. High Speed Productions, Inc. 22 January 2007. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120126023842/http://www.juxtapoz.com/Current/these-bagels-are-gnarly","url_text":"\"These Bagels Are Gnarly\""},{"url":"http://www.juxtapoz.com/current/these-bagels-are-gnarly","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mace, Lennie (1999). \"365DAZE press page\". itscom.net. Retrieved 10 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://home.t07.itscom.net/pcd/contents/lenniemace/365DAZE/index.html","url_text":"\"365DAZE press page\""}]},{"reference":"Brenneman, Christine (May 10, 1999). \"365DAZE\". S.F. Metropolitan. San Francisco, CA, USA. Retrieved 16 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanfrancisco.com/","url_text":"\"365DAZE\""}]},{"reference":"Powell, Sterling (May 25–31, 2000). \"Scenes; Lennie Mace at Flux Gallery, St. Petersberg\". Weekly Planet. Tampa, FL: Vol. 13 No. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Loafing","url_text":"Weekly Planet"}]},{"reference":"Marthell, Vivian (April 18, 2002). \"Lust for Erotic Life\". Miami New Times. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Forshall | Josiah Forshall | ["1 Life","2 Family","3 Works","4 References"] | English librarian (1795–1863)
Josiah Forshall (29 March 1795 – 18 December 1863) was an English librarian.
Life
Forshall was born at Witney, Oxfordshire on 29 March 1795, the eldest son of Samuel Forshall. He received education at the grammar schools of Exeter and Chester, and in 1814 entered Exeter College, Oxford. He graduated B.A. in 1818, taking a first class in mathematics and a second in literae humaniores. He became M.A. in 1821, and was elected fellow and tutor of his college.
Forshall was appointed an assistant librarian in the manuscript department of the British Museum in 1824, and became keeper of that department in 1827. In 1828 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.
In 1828 Forshall was appointed secretary to the Museum, and in 1837 resigned his keepership in order to devote himself exclusively to his secretarial duties. He was examined before the select committee appointed to inquire into the Museum in 1835–6, and made revelations on the subject of patronage. As secretary he had much influence with the trustees. He was opposed to any attempts to make the Museum more accessible.
About 1850 Forshall retired from the museum on account of ill-health. After his resignation he lived in retirement, spending much of his time, until his death, at the Foundling Hospital, of which he had been appointed chaplain in 1829.
Family
On 17 July 1826 the Rev. Josiah Forshall, M.A. Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford married Francis Smith, the only daughter of Richard Smith of Harborne Heath near Birmingham, at Edgbaston, Warwickshire.
On the 1841 and 1851 census, the family are living at the British Museum.
Their children were:
William Hayes Forshall, baptised 1827 Edgbaston. Ensign William Hayes Forshall cashiered from the 4th Regiment of N.I. in 1851 at Court Martial in Rawul Pindee, India.
Frederick Hale Forshall (1829 - 1901) Classical tutor, 1858 married Eliza Amelia Bucquet in Westminster
Edward Vaughan Forshall (c.1832 - 1891) Schoolmaster, 1876 married Annabella Gibson/Paton/Hardyman in Armagh
Francis Hyde Forshall (1833 - 1907) General Practitioner, 1866 married Frances M. Scrimgeour in Edmonton, London
Frances Mary Forshall born c.1836, died in Nice, France c.1896-1900
Josiah Forshall died at his house in Woburn Place, London, on 18 December 1863, after undergoing a surgical operation. He was buried at the Foundling Hospital chapel beside his wife Frances (1795 - 1865).
Works
Forshall edited the catalogue of the manuscripts in the British Museum (new series): pt. i. the Arundel MSS.; pt. ii. the Burney MSS.; pt. iii. index, 1834, &c. fol., and also the Catalogus Codicum Manuscriptorum Orientalium: Pars Prima Codices Syriacos et Carshunicos amplectens, 1838, &c. fol. He also edited the Description of the Greek Papyri in the Brit. Mus., pt. i. 1839, 8vo.
In 1850 he published a pamphlet entitled Misrepresentations of H.M. Commissioners exposed. He published with Frederic Madden The Holy Bible … in the earliest English Versions made by John Wycliffe and his followers, 1850, 4 vols., a work of two decades. He also published editions of the Gospels of St. Mark (1862), St. Luke (1860), and St. John (1859), arranged in parts and sections, and some sermons. His works The Lord's Prayer with various readings and critical notes (1864), and The First Twelve Chapters of … St. Matthew in the received Greek text, with readings and notes, 1864, were published posthumously.
References
^ Aris's Birmingham Gazette 17 July 1826
^ England & Wales Census 1841, 1851
^ England Births & Baptisms 1538-1975
^ British Army Despatch, London, 7 November 1851
^ The Monumental Inscriptions of Middlesex Vol II - Cansick 1872.
https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiuc.3421902v2&seq=280&q1=forshall
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1889). "Forshall, Josiah". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 20. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devi_Shetty | Devi Shetty | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Low cost health care","4 Yeshasvini","5 Awards and recognition","6 Television","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | Indian Cardiac surgeon and Entrepreneur
Devi Prasad ShettyBorn (1953-05-08) 8 May 1953 (age 71)Kinnigoli, South Canara district, Madras State, (present-day Karnataka) IndiaEducationKasturba Medical College, Mangalore (MBBS, MS)Royal college of Surgeons (FRCS)Years active1983–presentKnown forFounder & Chairman, Narayana HealthMedical careerProfessionCardiothoracic surgeryInstitutionsKasturba Medical College, Mangalore Guy's Hospital, London BM Birla Heart Research Centre, Kolkata Manipal Hospital, BangaloreSub-specialtiesCardiovascular Thoracic SurgeryAwardsPadma Bhushan (2012)Schwab Foundation's (2005)Dr. B. C. Roy Award (2003) Rajyotsava award (2002) Karnataka Ratna (2001)
Devi Prasad Shetty (born 8 May 1953) is an Indian entrepreneur and cardiac surgeon who is the chairman and founder of Narayana Health, a chain of 21 medical centers in India. He has performed more than 100,000 heart operations. In 2004 he was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2012, the third highest civilian award by the Government of India for his contribution to the field of affordable healthcare.
Early life and education
Shetty was born in Kinnigoli, a village in the Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India. The eighth of nine children, he decided to become a heart surgeon when he was a school student after hearing about Christiaan Barnard, a South African surgeon who had just performed the world's first heart transplant.
Shetty was educated at St. Aloysius School, Mangaluru. He completed his MBBS in 1979, and post-graduate work in General Surgery from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore. Later he completed FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons, England.
Career
He returned to India in 1989 and initially worked at B.M. Birla Hospital in Kolkata. He successfully performed the first neonatal heart surgery in the country in 1992, on a 21-day-old baby Ronnie. In Kolkata he operated on Mother Teresa after she had a heart attack, and subsequently served as her personal physician.
In 2001, Shetty founded Narayana Hrudayalaya (NH), a multi-specialty hospital in Bommasandra on the outskirts of Bangalore. He believes that the cost of healthcare can be reduced by 50 percent in the next 5–10 years if hospitals adopt the idea of economies of scale.
In August 2012 Shetty announced an agreement with TriMedx, a subsidiary of Ascension Health, to create a joint venture for a chain of hospitals . In the past Narayana Hrudayalaya has collaborated with Ascension Health to set up a health care city in the Cayman Islands, planned to eventually have 2,000 beds.
Shetty also founded Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS) in Kolkata, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Karnataka Government to build 5,000-bed specialty hospital near Bangalore International Airport. His company signed a MOU with the Government of Gujarat, to set up a 5,000-bed hospital at Ahmedabad.
Low cost health care
Shetty aims for his hospitals to use economies of scale, to allow them to complete heart surgeries at a lower cost than in the United States. In 2009 The Wall Street Journal newspaper described him as "the Henry Ford of heart surgery". Six additional hospitals were subsequently planned on the Narayana Hrudayalaya model at several cities in India, with plans to expand to 30,000 beds with hospitals in India, Africa and other countries in Asia. Shetty aims to trim costs with such measures as buying cheaper scrubs and using cross ventilation instead of air conditioning. That has cut the price of coronary bypass surgery to 95,000 rupees ($1,583), half of what it was 20 years ago. In 2013 he aimed to get the price down to $800 within a decade. The same procedure costs $106,385 at Ohio's Cleveland Clinic. He has also eliminated many pre-ops testing and innovated in patient care such as "drafting and training patients' family members to administer after-surgical care". Surgeons in his hospitals perform 30 to 35 surgeries a day compared to one or two in a US hospital. His hospitals also provide substantial free care especially for poor children. Whereas urban India calls him "Henry Ford" for his assembly line approach to heart surgeries, rural Indians calls him "Bypasswale Baba" as attested by thousands of sources such as the Deccan Herald, the English newspaper with the largest circulation in Karnataka, Shetty's home state. This is because, like a saint (or Rishi in Indian mythology), anybody who comes to Devi Shetty's Ashram/hospital gets a bypass if he or she dreams of it.
Dr. Devi Shetty, Founder, Narayana Hrudalaya with Dr. Edmond Fernandes, Founder, CHD Group
Shetty and his family have a 75 percent stake in Narayana Hrudayalaya which he plans to preserve. Shetty has also pioneered low-cost diagnostic services. He was appointed as chairman of the COVID-19 task force in Karnataka which was criticized by global health doctors as being a cardiac surgeon, he did not have the epidemiological approach to COVID-19 management.
Yeshasvini
Yeshasvini is a low-cost health insurance scheme, designed by Shetty and the Government of Karnataka for the poor farmers of the state, with 4 million people currently covered.
Awards and recognition
Padma Bhushan Award for Medicine, in 2012
Karnataka Ratna Award, in 2001
Entrepreneur of the Year at ET awards, in 2012
2011 The Economist Innovation Award in Business Process
Honorary degree, University of Minnesota, in 2011
Honorary degree, ‘Honoris Causa’ Degree of ‘Doctor of Science’ by Indian Institute of Technology Madras, in 2014
Schwab Foundation Award, in 2005
Padma Shri Award for Medicine, in 2004
Dr. B C Roy Award, in 2003
Sir M. Visvesvaraya Memorial Award, in 2003
Ernst & Young, Entrepreneur Of The Year – Life Sciences, in 2012
Ernst & Young, Entrepreneur of the Year – Start-up, in 2003
Rajyotsava Award, in 2002
Indian Of The Year (Public Sector) by CNN-IBN, in 2012
Television
Shetty stars in the fourth (and last) episode of Netflix's docuseries The Surgeon's Cut, which was released globally on 9 December 2020. The episode follows Shetty's treatment of patients, mostly children and babies, prioritizing low-cost and affordable healthcare while performing with his team more than thirty surgeries a day.
See also
Narayana Health
References
^ a b "Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty". MSN India. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
^ "Credihealth profile". Credihealth.com. 2017. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
^ a b c Gokhale, Ketaki (28 July 2013). "Heart Surgery in India for $1,583 Costs $106,385 in U.S." Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
^ a b "First break all the rules". The Economist. 15 April 2010. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
^ "Padma Awards". pib. 27 January 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2013.
^ "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2015. Retrieved July 21, 2015.
^ "The Henry ford of heart surgery". The Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ Martina, Mala (22 October 2017). "Notable alumni: This Mangaluru College minted bigwigs like KV Kamath, VG Siddhartha & KL Rahul". The Economic Times.
^ "Gazette of India" (452). Government of India, Directorate of Printing. 3 January 1981. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Chengappa, Raj (26 December 2020). "When I did a 100 heart operations in 1989, I knew it was possible to start a revolution in cardiac surgery: Dr Devi Shetty". India Today. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
^ Brief Profile - Devi Prasad Shetty
^ Anand, Geeta (25 November 2009). "The Henry Ford of Heart Surgery". The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
^ a b c "ET Awards 2012". Economic Times. 19 September 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ "Devi Shetty to leverage frugal engineering for medical fraternity". Business Standard. 28 August 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ "Narayana Hrudayalaya, Gujarat join hands for health city project". Thehindubusinessline.in. 17 January 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
^ "The Henry Ford of Heart Surgery". The Wall Street Journal. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
^ a b "We will prove the poor can access healthcare: Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty, Narayana Hrudayalaya". Economic Times. 25 June 2012. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
^ Rai, Saritha. "Devi Shetty, Who Put Heart Surgeries Within Reach Of India's Poor, Is Taking Narayana Chain Public". Forbes. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
^ "India's Philanthropist-Surgeon Delivers Cardiac Care Henry Ford-Style". NPR.org. Retrieved 7 May 2016.
^ Who is Devi Shetty, head of Karnataka’s Covid task force?
^ "Narayana Health, Cisco join hands to offer affordable diagnostics solution". Newindianexpress.com. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ "As Covid fourth wave fears loom, here's what India's renowned surgeon has to say". WION. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
^ "Padma Bhushan to Dr. Shetty". Ndtv.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
^ . Karnataka.gov.in. 19 January 2022 https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State%20Awards/Karnataka+Ratna/en. Retrieved 4 September 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "Business Process award winner 2011". The Economist. Archived from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
^ "Devi Prasad Shetty | University Awards & Honors".
^ "Devi Shetty Conferred Doctorate by IIT, Madras". 20 July 2014.
^ "'Social enterprises' rise in Asia amid skepticism". Nikkei Asian Review. Tomomi Kikuchi. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
^ "Devi Shetty hails NMC bill, says it's a good move by govt". The Indian Express. 2 January 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
^ "Sir M.V Awardees". 9 January 2021.
^ a b "Entrepreneur Of The Year 2017 program - Past winners". Ernst & Young. Archived from the original on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
^ "Rajyotsava awards for Nilekani, Kasarvalli, Devi Shetty | Bengaluru News - Times of India". The Times of India. 29 October 2002.
^ "Devi Shetty named Indian of the Year in Public Service category". 12 December 2012.
^ BBC News "The Surgeon's Cut"
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Devi Shetty.
Profile - Devi Prasad Shetty
vteRecipients of Padma Shri in Medicine1950s
Bir Bhan Bhatia (1954)
V. R. Khanolkar (1954)
Perakath Verghese Benjamin (1955)
Mahesh Prasad Mehray (1955)
Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi (1956)
Chintaman Govind Pandit (1956)
Isaac Santra (1956)
Khushdeva Singh (1957)
1960s
Hilda Mary Lazarus (1961)
George William Gregory Bird (1963)
Hakim Abdul Hameed (1965)
Jerusha Jhirad (1966)
Edith Helen Paull (1967)
Amar Prasad Ray (1967)
Natteri Veeraraghavan (1967)
B. K. Anand (1969)
Ram Kumar Caroli (1969)
Vulimiri Ramalingaswami (1969)
Krishna Gopal Saxena (1969)
1970s
Ajit Kumar Basu (1970)
Coluthur Gopalan (1970)
Perugu Siva Reddy (1970)
B. N. B. Rao (1971)
Krishnaswami Srinivas Sanjivi (1971)
Dorothy Chacko (1972)
Thayil John Cherian (1972)
Balasubramaniam Ramamurthi (1972)
Balu Sankaran (1972)
K. N. Udupa (1972)
R. Marthanda Varma (1972)
Mary Verghese (1972)
K. T. Dholakia (1973)
M. K. Krishna Menon (1973)
J. M. Pahwa (1973)
Prakash Narain Tandon (1973)
Jamshed Vazifdar (1973)
Govindappa Venkataswamy (1973)
Mani Kumar Chetri (1974)
Nagarur Gopinath (1974)
L. S. N. Prasad (1974)
Kadiyala Ramachandra (1974)
Reuben David (1975)
Stanley John (1975)
Mary Poonen Lukose (1975)
Kadiyala Ramachandra (1975)
Durga Deulkar (1976)
Lucy Oommen (1977)
1980s
Jasbir Singh Bajaj (1981)
P. K. Sethi (1981)
K. Vardachari Thiruvengadam (1981)
C. P. Thakur (1982)
Raj Vir Singh Yadav (1982)
S. S. Badrinath (1983)
Raj Baveja (1983)
Shishupal Ram (1983)
Purshottam Lal Wahi (1983)
B. K. Goyal (1984)
Vera Hingorani (1984)
K. P. Mathur (1984)
N. Balakrishnan Nair (1984)
Hariharan Srinivasan (1984)
Ramniklal K. Gandhi (1985)
Samiran Nundy (1985)
Usha Sharma (1985)
M. S. Valiathan (1985)
Gopal Krishna Vishwakarma (1985)
Santosh Kumar Kackar (1986)
V. Shanta (1986)
Prabhu Dayal Nigam (1987)
Daljit Singh (1987)
Harbans Singh Wasir (1987)
1990s
N. H. Antia (1990)
M. G. Deo (1990)
P. K. Rajagopalan (1990)
M. M. S. Ahuja (1991)
Sneh Bhargava (1991)
K. M. Cherian (doctor) (1991)
G. N. Malviya (1991)
Shiela Mehra (1991)
S. C. Munshi (1991)
M. N. Passey (1991)
Jai Pal Singh (1991)
Naresh Trehan (1991)
Rathin Datta (1992)
Khalid Hameed, Baron Hameed (1992)
Anil Kohli (1992)
Ramesh Kumar (nephrologist) (1992)
Usha Kehar Luthra (1992)
J. S. Mahashabde (1992)
P. V. A. Mohandas (1992)
E. T. Neelakandan Mooss (1992)
Kameshwar Prasad (1992)
Luis Jose De Souza (1992)
Amrit Tewari (1992)
G. S. Venkataraman (1992)
Ranjit Roy Chaudhury (1998)
K. A. Abraham (1999)
Raj Bothra (1999)
Balendu Prakash (1999)
Devendra Triguna (1999)
P. K. Warrier (1999)
2000s
Mahendra Bhandari (2000)
Vipin Buckshey (2000)
Vaidya Suresh Chaturvedi (2000)
Kirpal Singh Chugh (2000)
P. K. Dave (2000)
Mathew Kalarickal (2000)
Kakarla Subba Rao (2000)
G. S. Sainani (2000)
Immaneni Sathyamurthy (2000)
Jyoti Bhushan Banerji (2001)
Alaka Deshpande (2001)
Sharad Kumar Dixit (2001)
Chittoor Mohammed Habeebullah (2001)
M. Krishnan Nair (2001)
Dasari Prasada Rao (2001)
Laishram Nabakishore Singh (2001)
Bhupathiraju Somaraju (2001)
Suresh H. Advani (2002)
Pradeep Chowbey (2002)
Vijay Kumar Dada (2002)
Prakash Nanalal Kothari (2002)
Harsh Mahajan (2002)
Vikram Marwah (2002)
Atluri Sriman Narayana (2002)
Kamaljit Singh Paul (2002)
Karimpat Mathangi Ramakrishnan (2002)
Gullapalli Nageswara Rao (2002)
D. Nageshwar Reddy (2002)
Prahlad Kumar Sethi (2002)
J. S. Guleria (2003)
Narayana Panicker Kochupillai (2003)
Rajagopalan Krishnan (2003)
Ashok Seth (2003)
Vijay Prakash (2003)
Sharad Moreshwar Hardikar (2004)
S. C. Manchanda (2004)
Ashwin Balachand Mehta (2004)
S. K. Sama (2004)
Rajan Saxena (physician) (2004)
Devi Shetty (2004)
Gopal Prasad Sinha (2004)
G. Bakthavathsalam (2005)
Jitendra Mohan Hans (2005)
P. N. V. Kurup (2005)
Veer Singh Mehta (2005)
Lavu Narendranath (2005)
Cyrus S. Poonawalla (2005)
Sanjeev Bagai (2006)
Mohan Kameswaran (2006)
Upendra Kaul (2006)
Tsering Landol (2006)
Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman (2006)
Harbhajan Singh Rissam (2006)
Kamal Kumar Sethi (2006)
Tehemton Erach Udwadia (2006)
Harpinder Singh Chawla (2007)
Narmada Prasad Gupta (2007)
Ashok Kumar Hemal (2007)
Atul Kumar (ophthalmologist) (2007)
C. N. Manjunath (2007)
Anoop Misra (2007)
P. Namperumalsamy (2007)
Mayilvahanan Natarajan (2007)
K. R. Palaniswamy (2007)
Mahipal S. Sachdev (2007)
B. Paul Thaliath (2007)
Sheo Bhagwan Tibrewal (2007)
Mohsin Wali (2007)
S. N. Arya (2008)
Dinesh K. Bhargava (2008)
Tony Fernandez (ophthalmologist) (2008)
Rakesh Kumar Jain (2008)
Raman Kapur (2008)
T. P. Lahane (2008)
Keiki R. Mehta (2008)
M. C. Pant (2008)
Arjunan Rajasekaran (2008)
Malvika Sabharwal (2008)
Indu Bhushan Sinha (2008)
Randhir Sud (2008)
C. U. Velmurugendran (2008)
Kalyan Banerjee (2009)
Balswarup Choubey (2009)
Saibaba Goud (2009)
Yash Gulati (2009)
P. R. Krishna Kumar (2009)
Arvind Lal (2009)
D. S. Rana (2009)
Thanikachalam Sadagopan (2009)
Ashok K. Vaid (2009)
G. Vijayaraghavan (2009)
2010s
K. K. Aggarwal (2010)
Philip Augustine (2010)
Anil Kumar Bhalla (2010)
Kodaganur S. Gopinath (2010)
Laxmi Chand Gupta (2010)
Jalakantapuram Ramaswamy Krishnamoorthy (2010)
Vikas Mahatme (2010)
B. Ramana Rao (2010)
Rabindra Narain Singh (2010)
Arvinder Singh Soin (2010)
Madanur Ahmed Ali (2011)
Pukhraj Bafna (2011)
Mansoor Hasan (2011)
Indira Hinduja (2011)
Shyama Prasad Mandal (2011)
Jose Chacko Periappuram (2011)
A. Marthanda Pillai (2011)
Sivapatham Vittal (2011)
Nitya Anand (2012)
Mukesh Batra (2012)
Mahdi Hasan (2012)
Jugal Kishore (2012)
V. Mohan (2012)
J. Hareendran Nair (2012)
Vallalarpuram Sennimalai Natarajan (2012)
Jitendra Kumar Singh (2012)
Shrinivas S. Vaishya (2012)
Sudarshan K. Aggarwal (2013)
Rajendra Achyut Badwe (2013)
Krishna Chandra Chunekar (2013)
Taraprasad Das (2013)
T. V. Devarajan (2013)
Saroj Chooramani Gopal (2013)
Vishwa Kumar Gupta (2013)
Pramod Kumar Julka (2013)
Gulshan Rai Khatri (2013)
Ganesh Kumar Mani (2013)
Amit Prabhakar Maydeo (2013)
Sundaram Natarajan (2013)
C. Venkata S. Ram (2013)
Kiritkumar Mansukhlal Acharya (2014)
Subrat Kumar Acharya (2014)
Balram Bhargava (2014)
Indira Chakravarty (2014)
Ramakant Krishnaji Deshpande (2014)
Pawan Raj Goyal (2014)
Rajesh Kumar Grover (2014)
Amod Gupta (2014)
Daya Kishore Hazra (2014)
Thenumgal Poulose Jacob (2014)
Shashank R. Joshi (2014)
Hakim Syed Khaleefathullah (2014)
Milind Vasant Kirtane (2014)
Lalit Kumar (2014)
Mohan Mishra (2014)
Vamsi Mootha (2014)
Siddhartha Mukherjee (2014)
Nitish Naik (2014)
M. Subhadra Nair (2014)
Ashok Panagariya (2014)
Narendra Kumar Pandey (2014)
Sunil Pradhan (2014)
Ashok Rajgopal (2014)
Kamini A. Rao (2014)
Sarbeswar Sahariah (2014)
J. S. Titiyal (2014)
Om Prakash Upadhyaya (2014)
Mahesh Verma (2014)
Manjula Anagani (2015)
Yogesh Kumar Chawla (2015)
Bimola Kumari (2015)
Randeep Guleria (2015)
K. P. Haridas (2015)
Rajesh Kotecha (2015)
Alka Kriplani (2015)
Harsh Kumar (2015)
Dattatreyudu Nori (2015)
Tejas Patel (2015)
Raghu Ram Pillarisetti (2015)
Narendra Prasad (2015)
Saumitra Rawat (2015)
Yog Raj Sharma (2015)
Nikhil Tandon (2015)
Hargovind Laxmishanker Trivedi (2015)
Gopi Chand Mannam (2016)
Praveen Chandra (2016)
John Ebnezar (2016)
Daljeet Singh Gambhir (2016)
A. G. K. Gokhale (2016)
Murli Manohar Joshi (2016)
Ravi Kant (2016)
Shiv Narain Kureel (2016)
T. K. Lahiri (2016)
Anil Kumari Malhotra (2016)
Yarlagadda Nayudamma (2016)
Sudhir V. Shah (2016)
Ram Harsh Singh (2016)
M. V. Padma Srivastava (2016)
T. S. Chandrasekar (2016)
Harkishan Singh (2017)
Suniti Solomon (2017)
Bhakti Yadav (2017)
Abhay and Rani Bang (2018)
Yeshi Dhonden (2018)
Lakshmikutty (2018)
M. R. Rajagopal (2018)
Sanduk Ruit (2018)
Ilias Ali (2019)
Omesh Kumar Bharti (2019)
Mammen Chandy (2019)
Sudam Kate (2019)
Ravindra and Smita Kolhe (2019)
Jagat Ram (2019)
Ramaswami Venkataswami (2019)
2020s
Yogi Aereon (2020)
Padma Bandopadhyay (2020)
Sushovan Banerjee (2020)
Digambar Behera (2020)
Leela Joshi (2020)
Arunoday Mondal (2020)
Shanti Roy (2020)
Gurdip Singh (2020)
Sandra Desa Souza (2020)
Kushal Konwar Sarma (2020)
Ravi Kannan R (2020)
Krishna Mohan Pathi (2021)
Jitendra Nath Pande (2021)
Himmatrao Bawaskar (2022)
Prokar Dasgupta (2022)
Sunkara Venkata Adinarayana Rao (2022)
Lata Desai (2022)
Vijaykumar Vinayak Dongre (2022)
Dr Narendra Prasad Misra (Posthumous) (2022)
Veeraswamy Seshiah (2022)
Bhimsen Singhal (2022)
Balaji Tambe (Posthumous) (2022)
Kamlakar Tripathi (2022)
Munishwar Chandar Dawar (2023)
Ratan Chandra Kar (2023)
Nalini Parthasarathi (2023)
Hanumantha Rao Pasupuleti (2023)
Manoranjan Sahu (2023)
Gopalsamy Veluchamy (2023)
Ishwar Chander Verma (2023)
vtePadma Bhushan award recipients (2010–2019)2010
Satya Paul Agarwal
Mohammad Amin
Sailesh Kumar Bandopadhyay
M. S. Banga
Anil Bordia
Bipan Chandra
B. K. Chaturvedi
Sant Singh Chatwal
G. P. Chopra
Tan Chung
Madhusudan Dhaky
P. R. Dubhashi
Puttaraj Gawai
Belle Monappa Hegde
Ilaiyaraaja
Jagdish Chandra Kapur
Shrinivas Khale
Aamir Khan
Sultan Khan
Ram Kumar
Kumudini Lakhia
Kuzhur Narayana Marar
Chhannulal Mishra
Eledath Thaikkattu Narayanan Mooss
C. P. Krishnan Nair
S. P. Oswal
Akbar Padamsee
Ramakanta Panda
Balasaheb Vikhe Patil
Arogyaswami Paulraj
A. R. Rahman
Moosa Raza
Mallika Sarabhai
Nookala Chinna Satyanarayana
Abhijit Sen
Satya Vrat Shastri
Noshir M. Shroff
Kushal Pal Singh
Bikash Sinha
Balagangadharanatha Swamiji
Narayanan Vaghul
P. K. Warrier
Fareed Zakaria
2011
S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
Rajashree Birla
M. N. Buch
C. V. Chandrasekhar
Ajai Chowdhry
Yogesh Chander Deveshwar
Satyadev Dubey
T. J. S. George
Shankha Ghosh
Kris Gopalakrishnan
Keki Byramjee Grant
Shashi Kapoor
Krishen Khanna
Khayyam
Chanda Kochhar
Dwijen Mukhopadhyay
Madavoor Vasudevan Nair
Ramdas Pai
Dashrath Patel
Rajendra Singh Pawar
Suryanarayanan Ramachandran
Shobhana Ranade
Gunupati Venkata Krishna Reddy
Kallam Anji Reddy
Waheeda Rehman
Shyam Saran
Analjit Singh
Arpita Singh
Surendra Singh
R. K. Srikantan
Raghavan Thirumulpad
2012
Suresh H. Advani
Shabana Azmi
Homi K. Bhabha
Shashikumar Chitre
Khaled Choudhury
Jatin Das
Vidya Dehejia
Dharmendra
S. N. Goenka
M. S. Gopalakrishnan
T. V. Gopalakrishnan
Buddhadev Das Gupta
Sunil Janah
Anish Kapoor
S. B. Mujumdar
B. Muthuraman
Mira Nair
Arvind Panagariya
José Pereira
Mata Prasad
M. S. Raghunathan
P. Chandrasekhara Rao
Ronen Sen
Devi Shetty
M. V. Subbiah
N. Vittal
N. H. Wadia
George Yeo
2013
Satya N. Atluri
Maharaj Kishan Bhan
Jaspal Bhatti
Rahul Dravid
Adi Godrej
Abdul Rashid Khan
Rajesh Khanna
Mary Kom
Nandkishore Shamrao Laud
Mangesh Padgaonkar
Hemendra Singh Panwar
Jogesh Pati
Shivajirao Girdhar Patil
A. Sivathanu Pillai
D. Ramanaidu
Kanak Rele
V. K. Saraswat
Ashoke Sen
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
B. N. Suresh
Sharmila Tagore
Ramamurthy Thyagarajan
Saroja Vaidyanathan
2014
Anisuzzaman
Mrityunjay Athreya
Padmanabhan Balaram
Dalveer Bhandari
Ruskin Bond
Anita Desai
Pullela Gopichand
Kamal Haasan
Jyeshtharaj Joshi
V. N. Kaul
Neelam Kler
M. Mahadevappa
Leander Paes
K. Radhakrishnan
Anumolu Ramakrishna
Thirumalachari Ramasami
Lloyd Rudolph
Susanne Hoeber Rudolph
Vinod Prakash Sharma
Gulam Mohammed Sheikh
Parveen Sultana
Dhirubhai Thaker
Vairamuthu
J. S. Verma
T. H. Vinayakram
2015
Jahnu Barua
Manjul Bhargava
Vijay P. Bhatkar
Swapan Dasgupta
David Frawley
Bill Gates
Melinda French Gates
Swami Satyamitranand
N. Gopalaswami
Subhash C. Kashyap
Gokulotsavji Maharaj
Saichiro Misumi
Ambrish Mithal
Sudha Ragunathan
Harish Salve
Ashok Seth
Rajat Sharma
Satpal Singh
Shivakumara Swami
Khadg Singh Valdiya
2016
Ravindra Chandra Bhargava
Robert D. Blackwill
Hafeez Contractor
Indu Jain
Heisnam Kanhailal
Anupam Kher
Sania Mirza
Pallonji Mistry
Udit Narayan
Saina Nehwal
Yarlagadda Lakshmi Prasad
Vinod Rai
N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya
A. V. Rama Rao
D. Nageshwara Reddy
Dayananda Saraswati
Barjinder Singh Hamdard
Ram V. Sutar
Tejomayananda
2017
Vishwa Mohan Bhatt
Deviprasad Dwivedi
Ratnasundarsuri
Niranjanananda Saraswati
Cho Ramaswamy
Maha Chakri Sirindhorn
Tehemton Erach Udwadia
2018
Pankaj Advani
Philipose Mar Chrysostom
Mahendra Singh Dhoni
Alexander Kadakin
Ramachandran Nagaswamy
Laxman Pai
Arvind Parikh
Sharda Sinha
2019
John T. Chambers
Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa
Pravin Gordhan
Dharampal Gulati
Darshan Lal Jain
Ashok Laxmanrao Kukade
Kariya Munda
Budhaditya Mukherjee
Mohanlal
Nambi Narayanan
Kuldip Nayar
Bachendri Pal
V. K. Shunglu
Hukmdev Narayan Yadav
# Posthumous conferral
1954–1959
1960–1969
1970–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–2029
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Poland | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Narayana Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Health"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg_2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_break_all_the_rules-4"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"Government of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Padma_Awards-6"}],"text":"Devi Prasad Shetty (born 8 May 1953) is an Indian entrepreneur and cardiac surgeon who is the chairman and founder of Narayana Health, a chain of 21 medical centers in India.[3] He has performed more than 100,000 heart operations.[4] In 2004 he was awarded the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, followed by the Padma Bhushan in 2012, the third highest civilian award by the Government of India for his contribution to the field of affordable healthcare.[5][6]","title":"Devi Shetty"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dakshina Kannada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakshina_Kannada"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Christiaan Barnard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiaan_Barnard"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gov-9"},{"link_name":"Kasturba Medical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasturba_Medical_College"},{"link_name":"Mangalore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Surgeons, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Shetty was born in Kinnigoli, a village in the Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India. The eighth of nine children, he decided to become a heart surgeon when he was a school student after hearing about Christiaan Barnard, a South African surgeon who had just performed the world's first heart transplant.[7]Shetty was educated at St. Aloysius School, Mangaluru.[8] He completed his MBBS in 1979,[9] and post-graduate work in General Surgery from Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore.[10] Later he completed FRCS from Royal College of Surgeons, England.[11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Mother Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Teresa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MSN-India-1"},{"link_name":"Narayana Hrudayalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Hrudayalaya"},{"link_name":"Bommasandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bommasandra"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET_Awards_2012-13"},{"link_name":"Ascension Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascension_Health"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore_International_Institute_of_Cardiac_Sciences"},{"link_name":"memorandum of understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"Bangalore International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangalore_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Government of Gujarat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mougujarat-15"}],"text":"He returned to India in 1989 and initially worked at B.M. Birla Hospital in Kolkata. He successfully performed the first neonatal heart surgery in the country in 1992, on a 21-day-old baby Ronnie.[12] In Kolkata he operated on Mother Teresa after she had a heart attack, and subsequently served as her personal physician.[1] \nIn 2001, Shetty founded Narayana Hrudayalaya (NH), a multi-specialty hospital in Bommasandra on the outskirts of Bangalore. He believes that the cost of healthcare can be reduced by 50 percent in the next 5–10 years if hospitals adopt the idea of economies of scale.[13]In August 2012 Shetty announced an agreement with TriMedx, a subsidiary of Ascension Health, to create a joint venture for a chain of hospitals . In the past Narayana Hrudayalaya has collaborated with Ascension Health to set up a health care city in the Cayman Islands, planned to eventually have 2,000 beds.[14]Shetty also founded Rabindranath Tagore International Institute of Cardiac Sciences (RTIICS) in Kolkata, and signed a memorandum of understanding with the Karnataka Government to build 5,000-bed specialty hospital near Bangalore International Airport. His company signed a MOU with the Government of Gujarat, to set up a 5,000-bed hospital at Ahmedabad.[15]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"economies of scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale"},{"link_name":"The Wall Street Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal"},{"link_name":"Henry Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET_Awards_2012-13"},{"link_name":"scrubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrubs_(clothing)"},{"link_name":"cross ventilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_ventilation"},{"link_name":"air conditioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cost-17"},{"link_name":"coronary bypass surgery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronary_bypass_surgery"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg_2013-3"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Clinic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Clinic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bloomberg_2013-3"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dr_Edmond_Fernandes_and_Dr_Devi_Shetty_in_Bengaluru.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cost-17"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Shetty aims for his hospitals to use economies of scale, to allow them to complete heart surgeries at a lower cost than in the United States. In 2009 The Wall Street Journal newspaper described him as \"the Henry Ford of heart surgery\".[16] Six additional hospitals were subsequently planned on the Narayana Hrudayalaya model at several cities in India, with plans to expand to 30,000 beds with hospitals in India, Africa and other countries in Asia.[13] Shetty aims to trim costs with such measures as buying cheaper scrubs and using cross ventilation instead of air conditioning.[17] That has cut the price of coronary bypass surgery to 95,000 rupees ($1,583), half of what it was 20 years ago.[3] In 2013 he aimed to get the price down to $800 within a decade. The same procedure costs $106,385 at Ohio's Cleveland Clinic.[3] He has also eliminated many pre-ops testing and innovated in patient care such as \"drafting and training patients' family members to administer after-surgical care\".[18] Surgeons in his hospitals perform 30 to 35 surgeries a day compared to one or two in a US hospital. His hospitals also provide substantial free care especially for poor children.[19] Whereas urban India calls him \"Henry Ford\" for his assembly line approach to heart surgeries, rural Indians calls him \"Bypasswale Baba\" as attested by thousands of sources such as the Deccan Herald, the English newspaper with the largest circulation in Karnataka, Shetty's home state. This is because, like a saint (or Rishi in Indian mythology), anybody who comes to Devi Shetty's Ashram/hospital gets a bypass if he or she dreams of it.[20]Dr. Devi Shetty, Founder, Narayana Hrudalaya with Dr. Edmond Fernandes, Founder, CHD GroupShetty and his family have a 75 percent stake in Narayana Hrudayalaya which he plans to preserve.[17] Shetty has also pioneered low-cost diagnostic services.[21] He was appointed as chairman of the COVID-19 task force in Karnataka which was criticized by global health doctors as being a cardiac surgeon, he did not have the epidemiological approach to COVID-19 management.[22]","title":"Low cost health care"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-First_break_all_the_rules-4"}],"text":"Yeshasvini is a low-cost health insurance scheme, designed by Shetty and the Government of Karnataka for the poor farmers of the state, with 4 million people currently covered.[4]","title":"Yeshasvini"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Padma Bhushan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Karnataka Ratna Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka_Ratna"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"ET awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Times_Awards"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ET_Awards_2012-13"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Economist"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Technology_Madras"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Schwab Foundation Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwab_Foundation_for_Social_Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Padma Shri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Dr. B C Roy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._B._C._Roy_Award"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Ernst & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young_Entrepreneur_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"},{"link_name":"Ernst & Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_%26_Young_Entrepreneur_of_the_Year_Award"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"CNN-IBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN-IBN_Indian_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Padma Bhushan Award for Medicine, in 2012[23]\nKarnataka Ratna Award, in 2001 [24]\nEntrepreneur of the Year at ET awards, in 2012[13]\n2011 The Economist Innovation Award in Business Process[25]\nHonorary degree, University of Minnesota, in 2011 [26]\nHonorary degree, ‘Honoris Causa’ Degree of ‘Doctor of Science’ by Indian Institute of Technology Madras, in 2014 [27]\nSchwab Foundation Award, in 2005[28]\nPadma Shri Award for Medicine, in 2004[29]\nDr. B C Roy Award, in 2003[citation needed]\nSir M. Visvesvaraya Memorial Award, in 2003[30]\nErnst & Young, Entrepreneur Of The Year – Life Sciences, in 2012[31]\nErnst & Young, Entrepreneur of the Year – Start-up, in 2003[31]\nRajyotsava Award, in 2002 [32]\nIndian Of The Year (Public Sector) by CNN-IBN, in 2012[33]","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"text":"Shetty stars in the fourth (and last) episode of Netflix's docuseries The Surgeon's Cut, which was released globally on 9 December 2020. The episode follows Shetty's treatment of patients, mostly children and babies, prioritizing low-cost and affordable healthcare while performing with his team more than thirty surgeries a day.[34]","title":"Television"}] | [{"image_text":"Dr. Devi Shetty, Founder, Narayana Hrudalaya with Dr. Edmond Fernandes, Founder, CHD Group","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Dr_Edmond_Fernandes_and_Dr_Devi_Shetty_in_Bengaluru.jpg/220px-Dr_Edmond_Fernandes_and_Dr_Devi_Shetty_in_Bengaluru.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Narayana Health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayana_Health"}] | [{"reference":"\"Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty\". MSN India. Retrieved 5 June 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://specials.msn.co.in/sp11/india365/Inspiration_detail.aspx?ID=43","url_text":"\"Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Credihealth profile\". Credihealth.com. 2017. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. 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The Economic Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/notable-alumni-this-mangalore-college-minted-bigwigs-like-kv-kamath-vg-siddhartha-kl-rahul/articleshow/70481288.cms?from=mdr","url_text":"\"Notable alumni: This Mangaluru College minted bigwigs like KV Kamath, VG Siddhartha & KL Rahul\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gazette of India\" (452). Government of India, Directorate of Printing. 3 January 1981.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1981.452","url_text":"\"Gazette of India\""}]},{"reference":"Chengappa, Raj (26 December 2020). \"When I did a 100 heart operations in 1989, I knew it was possible to start a revolution in cardiac surgery: Dr Devi Shetty\". India Today. 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Retrieved 30 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180723122605/https://www.ey.com/in/en/about-us/entrepreneurship/entrepreneur-of-the-year/ey-entrepreneur-of-the-year-program-hall-of-fame","url_text":"\"Entrepreneur Of The Year 2017 program - Past winners\""},{"url":"http://www.ey.com/in/en/about-us/entrepreneurship/entrepreneur-of-the-year/ey-entrepreneur-of-the-year-program-hall-of-fame","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rajyotsava awards for Nilekani, Kasarvalli, Devi Shetty | Bengaluru News - Times of India\". The Times of India. 29 October 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rajyotsava-awards-for-nilekani-kasarvalli-devi-shetty/articleshow/26697750.cms","url_text":"\"Rajyotsava awards for Nilekani, Kasarvalli, Devi Shetty | Bengaluru News - Times of India\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India","url_text":"The Times of India"}]},{"reference":"\"Devi Shetty named Indian of the Year in Public Service category\". 12 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-of-the-year-public-service-526373.html","url_text":"\"Devi Shetty named Indian of the Year in Public Service category\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://specials.msn.co.in/sp11/india365/Inspiration_detail.aspx?ID=43","external_links_name":"\"Dr. Devi Prasad Shetty\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181018160514/http://www.credihealth.com/doctor/devi-prasad-shetty-cardiac-surgeon/overview","external_links_name":"\"Credihealth profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.credihealth.com/doctor/devi-prasad-shetty-cardiac-surgeon/overview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-07-28/heart-surgery-in-india-for-1-583-costs-106-385-in-u-s-","external_links_name":"\"Heart Surgery in India for $1,583 Costs $106,385 in U.S.\""},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=15879359","external_links_name":"\"First break all the rules\""},{"Link":"http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=79881","external_links_name":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Padma Awards\""},{"Link":"http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125875892887958111#articleTabs%3Darticle","external_links_name":"\"The Henry ford of heart surgery\""},{"Link":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/notable-alumni-this-mangalore-college-minted-bigwigs-like-kv-kamath-vg-siddhartha-kl-rahul/articleshow/70481288.cms?from=mdr","external_links_name":"\"Notable alumni: This Mangaluru College minted bigwigs like KV Kamath, VG Siddhartha & KL Rahul\""},{"Link":"http://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1981.452","external_links_name":"\"Gazette of India\""},{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/anniversary/story/20210104-when-i-did-a-100-heart-operations-without-a-single-fatality-1753003-2020-12-26","external_links_name":"\"When I did a 100 heart operations in 1989, I knew it was possible to start a revolution in cardiac surgery: Dr Devi Shetty\""},{"Link":"https://www.narayanahealth.org/bangalore/cardiac-surgery-adult-cardiac-surgery-paediatric/dr-devi-prasad-shetty","external_links_name":"Brief Profile - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VI_Northfield_School_for_Girls | King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°24′03″N 1°58′03″W / 52.4009°N 1.9674°W / 52.4009; -1.9674This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. Please consider converting them to full citations to ensure the article remains verifiable and maintains a consistent citation style. Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such as reFill (documentation) and Citation bot (documentation). (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Academy in Birmingham, West Midlands, EnglandKing Edward VI Northfield School for GirlsAddressTurves GreenNorthfieldBirmingham, West Midlands, B31 4BPEnglandInformationTypeAcademyLocal authorityBirmingham City CouncilTrustFoundation of the Schools of King Edward VIDepartment for Education URN148684 TablesOfstedReportsHeadteacherNeil JonesGenderGirlsAge11 to 16Enrolment649 as of February 2021Websitehttps://nsg.kevibham.org/
King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls (formerly Turves Green Girls' School) is a secondary school located on Turves Green in the Northfield area of Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England.
Previously a foundation school administered by Birmingham City Council and The Endeavour Co-operative Learning Trust. In September 2021 the school converted to academy status and was renamed King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls. The school is now sponsored by the Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI.
Pupils attending the school mainly come from the Kings Norton, Longbridge and Northfield areas of Birmingham. King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls offers GCSEs and Level 2 vocational awards as programmes of study for pupils.
See also
Turves Green Boys' School
References
^ https://nsg.kevibham.org/
^ "Endeavour Co-operative Education Trust (ECET)". Turves Green Girls' School.
^ "King Edward trust to welcome new school | GBCC". www.greaterbirminghamchambers.com. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
^ "Admissions". Turves Green Girls' School.
External links
King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls official website
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BISPA
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52°24′03″N 1°58′03″W / 52.4009°N 1.9674°W / 52.4009; -1.9674
This West Midlands school or sixth form college related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Turves Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turves_Green"},{"link_name":"Northfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northfield,_Birmingham"},{"link_name":"Birmingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham"},{"link_name":"West Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Midlands_(county)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"foundation school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_school"},{"link_name":"Birmingham City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_City_Council"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"academy status","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_(English_school)"},{"link_name":"Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_of_the_Schools_of_King_Edward_VI"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Kings Norton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kings_Norton"},{"link_name":"Longbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longbridge"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"GCSEs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education"}],"text":"Academy in Birmingham, West Midlands, EnglandKing Edward VI Northfield School for Girls (formerly Turves Green Girls' School) is a secondary school located on Turves Green in the Northfield area of Birmingham, in the West Midlands of England.[1]Previously a foundation school administered by Birmingham City Council and The Endeavour Co-operative Learning Trust.[2] In September 2021 the school converted to academy status and was renamed King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls. The school is now sponsored by the Foundation of the Schools of King Edward VI.[3]Pupils attending the school mainly come from the Kings Norton, Longbridge and Northfield areas of Birmingham.[4] King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls offers GCSEs and Level 2 vocational awards as programmes of study for pupils.","title":"King Edward VI Northfield School for Girls"}] | [] | [{"title":"Turves Green Boys' School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turves_Green_Boys%27_School"}] | [{"reference":"\"Endeavour Co-operative Education Trust (ECET)\". Turves Green Girls' School.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.turvgng.bham.sch.uk/endeavour-co-operative-education-trust-ecet.html","url_text":"\"Endeavour Co-operative Education Trust (ECET)\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Edward trust to welcome new school | GBCC\". www.greaterbirminghamchambers.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_Texas_gubernatorial_election | 1932 Texas gubernatorial election | ["1 Democratic primary","1.1 Results","2 General election","2.1 Candidates","2.2 Results","3 References"] | Texas gubernatorial election
1932 Texas gubernatorial election
← 1930
November 8, 1932
1934 →
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Miriam A. Ferguson
Orville Bullington
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Ross S. Sterling
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Governmentvte
The 1932 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1932, to elect the Governor of Texas. Democratic nominee and former Governor of Texas Miriam A. Ferguson defeated Republican nominee Orville Bullington.
Democratic primary
The Democratic primary election was held on July 23, 1932. As no candidate won a majority of votes, there was a run-off on August 27, 1932, between the two highest ranking candidates former Governor of Texas Miriam A. Ferguson and incumbent Governor of Texas Ross S. Sterling. Ferguson would eventually win the primary with 50.20% against Sterling, which marked the closest primary defeat for an incumbent governor in United States history.
Results
CandidateFirst roundRun-offVotes%Votes%Miriam A. Ferguson402,23841.75477,64450.20Ross S. Sterling296,38330.76473,84649.80Tom F. Hunter220,39122.87M. H. Wolfe32,2413.35George W. Armstrong5,3120.55Roger Q. Evans3,9740.41Frank Putnam2,9620.31Total963,501100.00951,490100.00Source:
General election
Similar to her 1924 campaign, Ferguson's candidacy saw a large number of defections. After his lawsuit to keep Ferguson off of the ballot failed, Democratic incumbent Ross Sterling crossed party lines to endorse Orville Bullington. On election day, November 8, 1932, Democratic nominee Miriam A. Ferguson won re-election by a margin of 204,805 votes against her foremost opponent Republican nominee Orville Bullington, thereby retaining Democratic control over the office of Governor. By contrast, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover by a margin of 662,389 votes in the concurrent presidential election. Ferguson was sworn in as the 32nd Governor of Texas on January 17, 1933.
Candidates
George W. Armstrong (Democratic)
Orville Bullington (Republican), businessman and member of the Texas Republican Executive Committee.
George Clifton Edwards (Socialist)
Miriam A. Ferguson (Democratic), former Governor of Texas
Otho L. Heitt (Liberty)
Philip L. Howe (Communist)
Results
Texas gubernatorial election, 1932
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Miriam A. Ferguson
522,395
61.98
Republican
Orville Bullington
317,590
37.68
Socialist
George Clifton Edwards
1,873
0.22
Democratic
George W. Armstrong
768
0.09
Communist
Philip L. Howe
138
0.02
Liberty
Otho L. Heitt
134
0.09
Total votes
843,898
100.00
Democratic hold
References
^ John D. Huddleston (June 12, 2010). "Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wallace". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.
^ "A Failure to Launch? Kansas' Republican Gubernatorial Contest and the History of Incumbent Governor Primary Performance – Sabato's Crystal Ball".
^ "TX Governor – D Primary". ourcampaigns.com. January 13, 2010. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
^ Duckworth, Allen (1947). "Democratic Dilemma in Texas". Southwest Review. 32 (1). Southern Methodist University: 34–40. JSTOR 43466794.
^ Associated Press (October 9, 1932). "Mrs. Ferguson's Name To Go on Dem Ballot". Brownsville Herald. Vol. 41, no. 83. Retrieved November 4, 2023 – via Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers at the Library of Congress.
^ "Sterling for Republican: Wearing Bullington Button Denotes Party Change". Lawrence Journal-World. Vol. 76, no. 253. Lawrence, Kansas. October 21, 1932. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
^ "1932 Presidential General Election Results – Texas". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved February 7, 2013.
^ "TX Governor". ourcampaigns.com. June 26, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
^ Olien, Roger M. (1981). From Token to Triumph: The Texas Republicans Since 1920. Dallas, Texas: Southern Methodist University Press. p. 62. Retrieved November 4, 2023.
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San Diego | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Miriam A. Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HoT-1"}],"text":"Texas gubernatorial electionThe 1932 Texas gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1932, to elect the Governor of Texas. Democratic nominee and former Governor of Texas Miriam A. Ferguson defeated Republican nominee Orville Bullington.[1]","title":"1932 Texas gubernatorial election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"run-off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-round_system"},{"link_name":"Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Miriam A. Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Governor of Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"Ross S. Sterling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_S._Sterling"},{"link_name":"primary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_election"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Democratic primary election was held on July 23, 1932. As no candidate won a majority of votes, there was a run-off on August 27, 1932, between the two highest ranking candidates former Governor of Texas Miriam A. Ferguson and incumbent Governor of Texas Ross S. Sterling. Ferguson would eventually win the primary with 50.20% against Sterling, which marked the closest primary defeat for an incumbent governor in United States history.[2]","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"Democratic primary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"to her 1924 campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Texas_gubernatorial_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Miriam A. Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Herbert Hoover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hoover"},{"link_name":"the concurrent presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBN-8"}],"text":"Similar to her 1924 campaign, Ferguson's candidacy saw a large number of defections.[4] After his lawsuit to keep Ferguson off of the ballot failed,[5] Democratic incumbent Ross Sterling crossed party lines to endorse Orville Bullington.[6] On election day, November 8, 1932, Democratic nominee Miriam A. Ferguson won re-election by a margin of 204,805 votes against her foremost opponent Republican nominee Orville Bullington, thereby retaining Democratic control over the office of Governor. By contrast, Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Herbert Hoover by a margin of 662,389 votes in the concurrent presidential election.[7] Ferguson was sworn in as the 32nd Governor of Texas on January 17, 1933.[8]","title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Republican Executive Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Miriam A. Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_A._Ferguson"}],"sub_title":"Candidates","text":"George W. Armstrong (Democratic)\nOrville Bullington (Republican), businessman and member of the Texas Republican Executive Committee.[9]\nGeorge Clifton Edwards (Socialist)\nMiriam A. Ferguson (Democratic), former Governor of Texas\nOtho L. Heitt (Liberty)\nPhilip L. Howe (Communist)","title":"General election"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Results","title":"General election"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"John D. Huddleston (June 12, 2010). \"Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wallace\". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/ffe06","url_text":"\"Ferguson, Miriam Amanda Wallace\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Failure to Launch? Kansas' Republican Gubernatorial Contest and the History of Incumbent Governor Primary Performance – Sabato's Crystal Ball\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.centerforpolitics.org/crystalball/articles/a-failure-to-launch-kansas-republican-gubernatorial-contest-and-the-history-of-incumbent-governor-primary-performance/","url_text":"\"A Failure to Launch? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegla_Loroupe_Peace_Academy | Tegla Loroupe | ["1 Biography","2 Goodwill","3 International competitions","4 Marathons","5 References","6 External links"] | Kenyan long-distance runner (born 1979)
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Tegla LoroupeLoroupe at the 2016 OlympicsPersonal informationNationalityKenyanBorn (1979-12-09) 9 December 1979 (age 44)Kutomwony, KenyaHeight156 cm (5 ft 1 in)
Weight40 kg (88 lb)WebsiteTegla PeaceSportSportLong-distance runningEvent(s)3000 meters, 5000 meters, 10,000 meters, MarathonAchievements and titlesOlympic finals2000 SydneyPersonal bests3000 meters: 8:30.95
5000 meters: 14:45.95
10,000 meters: 30:32.03
Marathon: 2:20:43
List of world records in athletics
Medal record
Representing Kenya
World Championships
1995 Gothenburg
10,000 m
1999 Seville
10,000 m
World Half Marathon Championships
1997 Košice
Individual
1998 Zürich
Individual
1998 Zürich
Team
1999 Palermo
Individual
1999 Palermo
Team
1997 Košice
Team
1993 Brussels
Individual
New York City Marathon
1994 New York City
Marathon
1995 New York City
Marathon
Tegla Chepkite Loroupe (born 9 December 1979) is a Kenyan long-distance track and road runner. She is also a global spokeswoman for peace, women's rights and education. Loroupe holds the world records for 25 and 30 kilometers and previously held the world marathon record. She was the first African woman to hold the marathon World Record, which she held from 19 April 1998 until 30 September 2001. She is the three-time World Half-Marathon champion. Loroupe was also the first woman from Africa to win the New York City Marathon, which she has won twice. She has won marathons in London, Rotterdam, Hong Kong, Berlin and Rome.
In 2016, she was the person organizing the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio.
Biography
Tegla Loroupe was born in Kapsait village in the Lelan division of West Pokot District. It is situated in the Great Rift Valley, approximately 600 kilometres north of Nairobi. Her father and mother are from the Pokot tribe, a Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting parts of northern Kenya, eastern Uganda and southern Ethiopia.
Loroupe was told by her father that she was useless and her career might be babysitting. She grew up with 24 siblings. The Pokots being a polygamous culture, her father had four wives. She spent her childhood working fields, tending cattle and looking after younger brothers and sisters.
At the age of six, Loroupe started school at Kapsait Elementary school; she had to run ten kilometers to and from school every morning. At school, she became aware of her potential as an athlete when she won races held over a distance of 800 or 1500 meters against much older students. She decided to pursue a career as a runner. However, she was not supported by anyone but her mother.
Loroupe in 2007 at a meet in Schortens, Germany.
The Kenyan athletics federation, Athletics Kenya, did not support her at first, thinking Loroupe too small and too thin. However, after she won a prestigious cross country barefoot race in 1988, this changed. She began to train to compete internationally the following year, earning her first pair of running shoes in 1989, which she wore only for particularly rough races. She was nominated for the junior race of the 1989 IAAF World Cross Country Championships finishing 28th. She competed again at the 1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finishing 16th in the junior race.
In 1994 and 1998, Loroupe won the Goodwill Games over 10,000 metres, barefoot. Over the same distance she won bronze medals at the World Athletics Championships in 1995 and 1999.
In 1994, Loroupe ran her first major marathon in New York. Running against the world's strongest competition, she won. As a consequence she was idolised by many young people in Africa: at last, a woman champion to complement the many successful male runners. She won the New York City Marathon again in 1995 and finished 3rd in 1998.
Between 1997 and 1999, she won three world titles a row over the half marathon distance. She won Rotterdam Marathon three times between 1997 and 1999. She won Berlin Marathon in 1999 and finished second in 2001. She finished second at the 1999 Osaka International Ladies Marathon.
Loroupe won the Zevenheuvelenloop 15K race in the Netherland three times (1992, 1993 and 1998).
She is a seven-time Egmond Half Marathon winner (1993–1998, 2000). She has won the Lisbon Half Marathon a record six times: 1994–1997, 1999 and 2000. She has won the Tilburg road race, a five times (1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999), also a record number. She won the Paris Half Marathon in 1994 and 1998, City-Pier-City Loop half marathon in the Hague in 1998, and the Parelloop 10K in race in the Netherlands in 1999
During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, favoured to win both the marathon and the 10,000 meters, she suffered from violent food poisoning the night before the race. Nevertheless, she fought through the marathon race, finishing 13th, then, the next day, ran the 10,000 metres, finishing 5th, running barefoot in both races, a feat she later stated she achieved out of a sense of duty to all the people taking her as a bearer of hope in her home country. Until the end of 2001, she continued to suffer from various health problems.
In 2000, she won London Marathon and Rome City Marathon. She also won Lausanne Marathon in 2002, Cologne Marathon in 2003 and Leipzig Marathon in 2004.
Loroupe competed at the 2005 World Championships marathon race in Helsinki, Finland, but finished only 40th. In February 2006 she won the Hong Kong Half-Marathon. The same year she finished 5th in the Rotterdam Marathon and 2nd in the Venice Marathon. In 2007, she participated again the New York City Marathon, finishing 8th.
Loroupe's biggest successes include world records over 20, 25 and 30 kilometers as well as the past record over the marathon distance. She used to hold the One Hour running World record of 18,340 m set in Borgholzhausen, Germany, but the record was broken by Dire Tune of Ethiopia ten years later, in 2008 (new record 18,517 m).
Goodwill
In 2006, she was named a United Nations Ambassador of Sport by Secretary General Kofi Annan, together with Roger Federer, tennis champion from Switzerland, Elias Figueroa, Latin American soccer legend from Chile, and Katrina Webb paralympics gold medalist from Australia. She is an International Sports Ambassador for the IAAF, the International Association of Athletics Federations, and for UNICEF.
In 2003, Loroupe created an annual series of Peace Marathons sponsored by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation "Peace Through Sports". Presidents, Prime Ministers, Ambassadors and government officials run with warriors and nomadic groups in her native Kenya, in Uganda and in Sudan, to bring peace to an area plagued by raiding warriors from battling tribes. In 2010 the Kenyan Government lauded her achievements as hundreds of warriors had laid down their weapons.
She has established a school (Tegla Loroupe Peace Academy) and orphanage for children from the region in Kapenguria, a high-mountain town in north-west Kenya.
The 2006 Peace Marathon was held on 18 November 2006, in Kapenguria, Kenya. Two thousand warriors from six tribes competed. The next Peace Marathon was 15 November 2008 in Kapenguria, Kenya. National ambassadors to Kenya participated, together with the Prime Minister, and several Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan Ministers. The Peace Marathon has been held each year since then, with the exception of the past two Covid years. Winners of the races often begin professional training in long-distance running, or join the training team of ex-warriors.
In February 2007, she was named the Oxfam Ambassador of Sport and Peace to Darfur. In December 2006, she travelled with George Clooney, Joey Cheek, and Don Cheadle to Beijing, Cairo, and New York on a diplomatic mission to bring an end to violence in Darfur. She won the "Community Hero" category at the 2007 Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year awards.
In November 2009, Tegla represented the Shoe4Africa team. running the New York Marathon alongside founder Toby Tanser and actress Sarah Jones finishing in 3:54:02.
Loroupe is a member of the 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organisation.
As reported by Olympic news outlet Around the Rings, the IOC recognised six women, five from each continent and one to represent the world, for their achievements and their work to promote women's sport. Loroupe was awarded the world trophy.
In 2015 Loroupe became an Ambassador for the Homeless World Cup.
In 2016, she was the Chef de Mission organizing the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics. At those games Loroupe was inducted into the Olympians for life project for her work in promoting peace. In October 2016 Loroupe was awarded United Nations Person of the Year.
International competitions
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Notes
Representing Kenya
1992
Olympic Games
Barcelona, Spain
17th
10,000 m
1993
World Championships
Stuttgart, Germany
4th
10,000 m
1995
World Championships
Gothenburg, Sweden
3rd
10,000 m
1996
Olympic Games
Atlanta, United States
6th
10,000 m
1997
World Half Marathon Championships
Košice, Slovakia
1st
Individual
2nd
Team
World Championships
Gothenburg, Sweden
6th
10,000 m
1998
World Half Marathon Championships
Zürich, Switzerland
1st
Individual
1st
Team
1999
World Half Marathon Championships
Palermo, Italy
1st
Individual
1st
Team
World Championships
Seville, Spain
3rd
10,000 m
2000
Olympic Games
Sydney
13th
Marathon
5th
10,000 m
2005
World Championships
Helsinki, Finland
40th
Marathon
Marathons
Year
Competition
Venue
Position
Notes
1994
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
1st
Marathon
1995
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
1st
Marathon
1996
Boston Marathon
Boston, United States
2nd
Marathon
1996
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
7th
Marathon
1997
Rotterdam Marathon
Rotterdam, Netherlands
1st
Marathon
1997
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
7th
Marathon
1997
Osaka International Ladies Marathon
Osaka, Japan
7th
Marathon
1998
Rotterdam Marathon
Rotterdam, Netherlands
1st
Marathon
1998
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
3rd
Marathon
1999
Osaka International Ladies Marathon
Osaka, Japan
2nd
Marathon
1999
Rotterdam Marathon
Rotterdam, Netherlands
1st
Marathon
1999
Berlin Marathon
Berlin, Germany
1st
Marathon
2000
Rome Marathon
Rome, Italy
1st
Marathon
2000
London Marathon
London, England
1st
Marathon
2000
Sydney Marathon
Sydney, Australia
13th
Marathon
2000
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
6th
Marathon
2001
London Marathon
London, England
8th
Marathon
2001
Berlin Marathon
Berlin, Germany
2nd
Marathon
2002
Nagoya Women's Marathon
Nagoya, Japan
7th
Marathon
2002
Lausanne Marathon
Lausanne, Switzerland
1st
Marathon
2003
Köln Marathon
Cologne, Germany
1st
Marathon
2004
Leipzig Marathon
Leipzig, Germany
1st
Marathon
2004
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
11th
Marathon
2005
London Marathon
London, England
11th
Marathon
2005
World Athletics Championships
Helsinki, Finland
40th
Marathon
2006
Rotterdam Marathon
Rotterdam, Netherlands
5th
Marathon
2006
Venice Marathon
Venice, Italy
2nd
Marathon
2006
Mumbai Marathon
Mumbai, India
6th
Marathon
2007
The Greatest Race on Earth
Various
7th
Marathon
2007
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
8th
Marathon
2007
Las Vegas Marathon
Las Vegas, United States
3rd
Marathon
2008
Nagano Marathon
Nagano, Japan
12th
Marathon
2009
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
2353rd
Marathon
2011
Copenhagen Marathon
Copenhagen, Denmark
2nd
Marathon
2011
New York City Marathon
New York City, United States
30th
Marathon
References
^ a b Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Tegla Loroupe". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020.
^ a b c d "TEGLA LOROUPE". International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
^ a b c d Tegla Loroupe gives Refugee Olympians A Lesson in Hope, Jere Longmam. 4 August 2016, NYTimes, Retrieved 11 September 2016
^ Lisbon Half Marathon winners. Arrs.net (22 March 2016). Retrieved on 11 September 2016.
^ Paris Half Marathon – List of Winners. Arrs.net (7 March 2016). Retrieved on 11 September 2016.
^ City-Pier-City Half Marathon – List of winners. Arrs.net (4 August 2016). Retrieved on 11 September 2016.
^ Arrs.net: List of Parelloop winners
^ IAAF, 12 June 2008: Robles 12.87 World Record in Ostrava! – IAAF World Athletics Tou
^ Obare, Osinde (14 November 2010). "Loroupe seduces 700 Pokot warriors to give up guns for peace". The Standard. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
^ SOYA Awards – 2007 winners. Soyaawards.com. Retrieved on 11 September 2016.
^ Fidelman, Brian (2 April 2018). "THE ROVING RUNNER; In Central Park, With an Accent on Training". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ "Sarah Runs NYC Marathon". Sarah Jones. 19 May 2010. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ Peace and Sport. Peace-sport.org (1 September 2015). Retrieved on 11 September 2016.
^ "Tegla Loroupe". Homeless World Cup. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
^ "Olympians for Life Project proves popular at Olympians Reunion Centre by EY".
^ "Olympian Loroupe Sets Example with UN Honour".
^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Boston". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Generale Bank Rotterdam". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Osaka International Women's". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Generale Bank Rotterdam". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Osaka International Women's". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Generale Bank Rotterdam". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Alberto Berlin". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: IAAF Rome Millennium". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Flora London". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Olympic Games". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: New York City". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Flora London". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Real Berlin". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Nagoya International Women's". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Lausanne". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Ford Köln". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Stadtwerke Leipzig". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: ING New York City- early start". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Flora London- elite women". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: IAAF World Championships". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Rotterdam". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Venezia". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Standard Chartered Mumbai". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Greatest Race on Earth". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: ING New York City- early start". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Zappos.com Las Vegas". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Nagano JPN". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "199 - 2009 ING New York City Marathon". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: Nykredit Copenhagen". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
^ "ARRS - Race: ING New York City- elite women". Retrieved 4 October 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tegla Loroupe.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Tegla Loroupe.
Tegla Loroupe at World Athletics
Biography of Tegla Laroupe at Biography Online
Marathoninfo profile
Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation "Peace Through Sports"
Records
Preceded by Ingrid Kristiansen
Women's Marathon World Record Holder 19 April 1998 – 30 September 2001
Succeeded by Naoko Takahashi
Sporting positions
Preceded byIngrid KristiansenCatherina McKiernan
Zevenheuvelenloop Women's Winner (15 km) 1992 – 19931998
Succeeded byLiz McColganLjoebov Morgounova
Preceded byHeléna BarócsiIrma Heeren
Egmond Women's Half Marathon Winner 1993 – 19982000
Succeeded byIrma HeerenSusan Chepkemei
Preceded byTanja Semjonowa
Women's Leipzig Marathon winner 2004
Succeeded byJudy Kiplimo
vteFastest performance of the year in women's marathon
1963: Gail Bakken-Johnson (USA)
1964: Dale Greig (GBR)
1965: Susan Johnson (USA)
1966: Bobbi Gibb (USA)
1967: Anni Pede-Erdkamp (FRG)
1968: Carol Haddrall (CAN)
1969: Sara Mae Berman (USA)
1970: Caroline Walker (USA)
1971–72: Cheryl Flanagan (USA)
1973: Miki Gorman (USA)
1974–75: Jacqueline Hansen (USA)
1976–77: Christa Vahlensieck (FRG)
1978: Julie Brown (USA)
1979: Joan Benoit (USA)
1980: Joyce Smith (ENG)
1981: Allison Roe (NZL)
1982–83: Joan Benoit (USA)
1984–85: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR)
1986: Grete Waitz (NOR)
1987: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR)
1988: Lisa Ondieki (AUS)
1989: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR)
1990: Rosa Mota (POR)
1991: Wanda Panfil (POL)
1992: Olga Markova (RUS)
1993: Wang Junxia (CHN)
1994–95: Uta Pippig (GER)
1996: Katrin Dörre-Heinig (GER)
1997–99: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
2000–01: Catherine Ndereba (KEN)
2002–03: Paula Radcliffe (ENG)
2004: Yoko Shibui (JPN)
2005: Paula Radcliffe (ENG)
2006: Deena Kastor (USA)
2007: Zhou Chunxiu (CHN)
2008–09: Irina Mikitenko (GER)
2010: Liliya Shobukhova (RUS)
2011–12: Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN)
2013–14: Rita Jeptoo (KEN)
2015: Gladys Cherono Kiprono (KEN)
2016: Tirfi Tsegaye (ETH)
2017: Mary Jepkosgei Keitany (KEN)
2018: Gladys Cherono Kiprono (KEN)
2019: Brigid Kosgei (KEN)
2020: Peres Jepchirchir (KEN)
2021: Joyciline Jepkosgei (KEN)
2022: Ruth Chepng'etich (KEN)
2023: Tigst Assefa (ETH)
vteWorld Athletics Half Marathon Championships champions in women's half marathon
1992: Liz McColgan (GBR)
1993: Conceição Ferreira (POR)
1994: Elana Meyer (RSA)
1995: Valentina Yegorova (RUS)
1996: Ren Xiujuan (CHN)
1997–1999: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
2000–2001: Paula Radcliffe (GBR)
2002: Berhane Adere (ETH)
2003: Paula Radcliffe (GBR)
2004: Sun Yingjie (CHN)
2005: Constantina Tomescu (ROM)
2006–2008: Lornah Kiplagat (NED)
2009: Mary Keitany (KEN)
2010: Florence Kiplagat (KEN)
2012: Meseret Hailu (ETH)
2014: Gladys Cherono (KEN)
2016: Peres Jepchirchir (KEN)
2018: Netsanet Gudeta (ETH)
vteBerlin Marathon – women's winners
1974: Jutta von Haase (FRG)
1975: Kristin Bochröder (FRG)
1976: Jutta von Haase (FRG)
1977: Christa Vahlensieck (FRG)
1978: Ursula Blaschke (FRG)
1979: Jutta von Haase (FRG)
1980: Gerlinde Püttmann (FRG)
1981: Angelika Stephan (FRG)
1982: Jean Lochhead (GBR)
1983: Karen Holdsworth (GBR)
1984: Ágnes Sipka (HUN)
1985: Magda Ilands (BEL)
1986: Charlotte Teske (FRG)
1987: Kerstin Preßler (FRG)
1988: Renata Kokowska (POL)
1989: Päivi Tikkanen (FIN)
1990: Uta Pippig (GDR)
1991: Renata Kokowska (POL)
1992: Uta Pippig (GER)
1993: Renata Kokowska (POL)
1994: Katrin Dörre-Heinig (GER)
1995: Uta Pippig (GER)
1996: Colleen De Reuck (RSA)
1997: Catherina McKiernan (IRL)
1998: Marleen Renders (BEL)
1999: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
2000: Kazumi Matsuo (JPN)
2001: Naoko Takahashi (JPN)
2002: Naoko Takahashi (JPN)
2003: Yasuko Hashimoto (JPN)
2004: Yoko Shibui (JPN)
2005: Mizuki Noguchi (JPN)
2006: Gete Wami (ETH)
2007: Gete Wami (ETH)
2008: Irina Mikitenko (GER)
2009: Atsede Habtamu (ETH)
2010: Aberu Kebede (ETH)
2011: Florence Kiplagat (KEN)
2012: Aberu Kebede (ETH)
2013: Florence Kiplagat (KEN)
2014: Tirfi Tsegaye (ETH)
2015: Gladys Cherono (KEN)
2016: Aberu Kebede (ETH)
2017: Gladys Cherono (KEN)
2018: Gladys Cherono (KEN)
2019: Ashete Bekere (ETH)
2020: Not held
2021: Gotytom Gebreslase (ETH)
2022: Tigst Assefa (ETH)
2023: Tigst Assefa (ETH)
World Marathon Majors
Berlin Marathon – List (M/W)
Boston Marathon – List (M/W)
Chicago Marathon – List (M/W)
London Marathon – List (M/W)
New York City Marathon – List (M/W)
Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W)
vteRotterdam Marathon – women's winners
1981: Marja Wokke (NED)
1982: Mathilde Heuing (FRG)
1983: Rosa Mota (POR)
1984: Carla Beurskens (NED)
1985: Wilma Rusman (NED)
1986: Ellinor Ljungros (SWE)
1987: Nelly Aerts (BEL)
1988: Xiao Hongyan (CHN)
1989: Elena Murgoci (ROM)
1990: Carla Beurskens (NED)
1991: Joke Kleijweg (NED)
1992: Aurora Cunha (POR)
1993: Anne van Schuppen (NED)
1994: Miyoko Asahina (JPN)
1995: Mónica Pont (ESP)
1996: Lieve Slegers (BEL)
1997: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
1998: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
1999: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
2000: Ana Isabel Alonso (ESP)
2001: Susan Chepkemei (KEN)
2002: Takami Ominami (JPN)
2003: Olivera Jevtić (SCG)
2004: Zhor El Kamch (MAR)
2005: Lornah Kiplagat (NED)
2006: Gishu Mindaye (ETH)
2007: Hiromi Ominami (JPN)
2008: Lyubov Morgunova (RUS)
2009: Nailiya Yulamanova (RUS)
2010: Aberu Kebede (ETH)
2011: Philes Ongori (KEN)
2012: Tiki Gelana (ETH)
2013: Jemima Sumgong (KEN)
2014: Abebech Afework (ETH)
2015: Asami Kato (JPN)
2016: Letebrhan Haylay (ETH)
2017: Meskerem Assefa (ETH)
2018: Visiline Jepkesho (KEN)
2019: Ashete Bekere (ETH)
2021: Stella Barsosio (KEN)
2022: Haven Hailu (ETH)
vteCologne Marathon – women's winners
1997: Angelina Kanana (KEN)
1998: Małgorzata Sobańska (POL)
1999: Elżbieta Jarosz (POL)
2000: Małgorzata Sobańska (POL)
2001: Judith Kiplimo (KEN)
2002: Claudia Dreher (GER)
2003: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
2004 – 2005: Claudia Dreher (GER)
2006: Luminita Zaituc (GER)
2007: Sabrina Mockenhaupt (GER)
2008: Robe Tola (ETH)
2009: Sabrina Mockenhaupt (GER)
2010: Katharina Heinig (GER)
2011: Mekuria Aberume (ETH)
2012: Helena Kirop (KEN)
2013: Janet Rono (KEN)
2014: Shasho Insermu (ETH)
2015: Gelane Senbete (KEN)
2016: Bornes Kitur (KEN)
2017 – 2018: Rebecca Robisch (GER)
2019: Debbie Schöneborn (GER)
vteLondon Marathon – women's winners
1981–1982: Joyce Smith (GBR)
1983: Grete Waitz (NOR)
1984–1985: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR)
1986: Grete Waitz (NOR)
1987–1988: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR)
1989: Véronique Marot (GBR)
1990: Wanda Panfil (POL)
1991: Rosa Mota (POR)
1992–1994: Katrin Dörre (GER)
1995: Małgorzata Sobańska (POL)
1996: Liz McColgan (GBR)
1997: Joyce Chepchumba (KEN)
1998: Catherina McKiernan (IRL)
1999: Joyce Chepchumba (KEN)
2000: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
2001: Derartu Tulu (ETH)
2002–2003: Paula Radcliffe (GBR)
2004: Margaret Okayo (KEN)
2005: Paula Radcliffe (GBR)
2006: Deena Kastor (USA)
2007: Zhou Chunxiu (CHN)
2008–2009: Irina Mikitenko (GER)
2010: Aselefech Mergia (ETH)
2011–2012: Mary Keitany (KEN)
2013: Priscah Jeptoo (KEN)
2014: Edna Kiplagat (KEN)
2015: Tigist Tufa (ETH)
2016: Jemima Sumgong (KEN)
2017: Mary Keitany (KEN)
2018: Vivian Cheruiyot (KEN)
2019–2020: Brigid Kosgei (KEN)
2021: Joyciline Jepkosgei (KEN)
2022: Yalemzerf Yehualaw (ETH)
2023: Sifan Hassan (NED)
2024: Peres Jepchirchir (KEN)
World Marathon Majors
Berlin Marathon – List (M/W)
Boston Marathon – List (M/W)
Chicago Marathon – List (M/W)
London Marathon – List (M/W)
New York City Marathon – List (M/W)
Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W)
vteRome Marathon – women's winners
1982: Laura Fogli (ITA)
1983: Alba Milana (ITA)
1984: Daniela Tiberti (ITA)
1985: Janet Richardson (USA)
1986: Katherine Gregory (USA)
1987: Maria Araneo (ITA)
1988: Fabiola Paoletti (ITA)
1989: Pascaline Wangui (KEN)
1990: Silvana Cucchietti (ITA)
1991: Fabiola Oppliger (SUI)
1992–1994: Not held
1995: Yelena Sipatova (RUS)
1996: Fatuma Roba (ETH)
1997: Jane Salumäe (EST)
1998: Franca Fiacconi (ITA)
1999: Maura Viceconte (ITA)
2000: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
2001: Maria Guida (ITA)
2002: Maria Cocchetti (ITA)
2003: Gloria Marconi (ITA)
2004: Ornella Ferrara (ITA)
2005: Silviya Skvortsova (RUS)
2006: Tetyana Hladyr (UKR)
2007: Souad Aït Salem (ALG)
2008: Galina Bogomolova (RUS)
2009–2011: Firehiwot Dado (ETH)
2012: Hellen Jemaiyo Kimutai (KEN)
2013: Helena Kirop (KEN)
2014: Ayelu Lemma (ETH)
2015: Meseret Kitata (ETH)
2016: Rahma Tusa (ETH)
2017: Rahma Tusa (ETH)
2018: Rahma Tusa (ETH)
2019: Alemu Megertu (ETH)
2020: cancelled
2021: Peris Jerono (KEN)
2022: Sechale Dalasa (ETH)
vteNew York City Marathon – women's winners
1971: Beth Bonner (USA)
1972–1973: Nina Kuscsik (USA)
1974: Kathrine Switzer (USA)
1975: Kim Merritt (USA)
1976–1977: Miki Gorman (USA)
1978–1980: Grete Waitz (NOR)
1981: Allison Roe (NZL)
1982–1986: Grete Waitz (NOR)
1987: Priscilla Welch (GBR)
1988: Grete Waitz (NOR)
1989: Ingrid Kristiansen (NOR)
1990: Wanda Panfil (POL)
1991: Liz McColgan (GBR)
1992: Lisa Ondieki (AUS)
1993: Uta Pippig (GER)
1994–1995: Tegla Loroupe (KEN)
1996: Anuța Cătună (ROM)
1997: Franziska Rochat-Moser (SUI)
1998: Franca Fiacconi (ITA)
1999: Adriana Fernández (MEX)
2000: Lyudmila Petrova (RUS)
2001: Margaret Okayo (KEN)
2002: Joyce Chepchumba (KEN)
2003: Margaret Okayo (KEN)
2004: Paula Radcliffe (GBR)
2005–2006: Jeļena Prokopčuka (LAT)
2007–2008: Paula Radcliffe (GBR)
2009: Derartu Tulu (ETH)
2010: Edna Kiplagat (KEN)
2011: Firehiwot Dado (ETH)
2012
2013: Priscah Jeptoo (KEN)
2014–2016: Mary Keitany (KEN)
2017: Shalane Flanagan (USA)
2018: Mary Keitany (KEN)
2019: Joyciline Jepkosgei (KEN)
2020
2021: Peres Jepchirchir (KEN)
2022: Sharon Lokedi (KEN)
2023: Hellen Obiri (KEN)
World Marathon Majors
Berlin Marathon – List (M/W)
Boston Marathon – List (M/W)
Chicago Marathon – List (M/W)
London Marathon – List (M/W)
New York City Marathon – List (M/W)
Tokyo Marathon – List (M/W)
Authority control databases: People
World Athletics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"long-distance track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_track_event"},{"link_name":"road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_running"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"world records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_record"},{"link_name":"marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon"},{"link_name":"World Half-Marathon champion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAAF_World_Half_Marathon_Championships"},{"link_name":"New York City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-3"}],"text":"Tegla Chepkite Loroupe (born 9 December 1979) is a Kenyan long-distance track and road runner. She is also a global spokeswoman for peace, women's rights and education. Loroupe holds the world records for 25 and 30 kilometers and previously held the world marathon record. She was the first African woman to hold the marathon World Record, which she held from 19 April 1998 until 30 September 2001. She is the three-time World Half-Marathon champion. Loroupe was also the first woman from Africa to win the New York City Marathon, which she has won twice. She has won marathons in London, Rotterdam, Hong Kong, Berlin and Rome.In 2016, she was the person organizing the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio.[3]","title":"Tegla Loroupe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Pokot District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pokot_District"},{"link_name":"Great Rift 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Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tilburg road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilburg_Ten_Miles"},{"link_name":"Paris Half Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Half_Marathon"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"City-Pier-City Loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City-Pier-City_Loop"},{"link_name":"the Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Parelloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parelloop"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2000 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sr-1"},{"link_name":"London Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Rome City Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome_City_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Lausanne Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausanne_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Cologne Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Leipzig Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig_Marathon"},{"link_name":"2005 World Championships marathon race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_World_Championships_in_Athletics_-_Women%27s_Marathon"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Venice Marathon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Marathon"},{"link_name":"One Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hour_run"},{"link_name":"World record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_records_in_athletics"},{"link_name":"Borgholzhausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgholzhausen"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Tegla Loroupe was born in Kapsait village in the Lelan division of West Pokot District. It is situated in the Great Rift Valley, approximately 600 kilometres north of Nairobi. Her father and mother are from the Pokot tribe, a Nilotic ethnic group inhabiting parts of northern Kenya, eastern Uganda and southern Ethiopia.[3]Loroupe was told by her father that she was useless and her career might be babysitting.[3] She grew up with 24 siblings. The Pokots being a polygamous culture, her father had four wives. She spent her childhood working fields, tending cattle and looking after younger brothers and sisters.At the age of six, Loroupe started school at Kapsait Elementary school; she had to run ten kilometers to and from school every morning. At school, she became aware of her potential as an athlete when she won races held over a distance of 800 or 1500 meters against much older students. She decided to pursue a career as a runner. However, she was not supported by anyone but her mother.Loroupe in 2007 at a meet in Schortens, Germany.The Kenyan athletics federation, Athletics Kenya, did not support her at first, thinking Loroupe too small and too thin. However, after she won a prestigious cross country barefoot race in 1988, this changed. She began to train to compete internationally the following year, earning her first pair of running shoes in 1989, which she wore only for particularly rough races. She was nominated for the junior race of the 1989 IAAF World Cross Country Championships finishing 28th. She competed again at the 1990 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, finishing 16th in the junior race.In 1994 and 1998, Loroupe won the Goodwill Games over 10,000 metres, barefoot. Over the same distance she won bronze medals at the World Athletics Championships in 1995 and 1999.In 1994, Loroupe ran her first major marathon in New York. Running against the world's strongest competition, she won. As a consequence she was idolised by many young people in Africa: at last, a woman champion to complement the many successful male runners. She won the New York City Marathon again in 1995 and finished 3rd in 1998.Between 1997 and 1999, she won three world titles a row over the half marathon distance. She won Rotterdam Marathon three times between 1997 and 1999. She won Berlin Marathon in 1999 and finished second in 2001. She finished second at the 1999 Osaka International Ladies Marathon.Loroupe won the Zevenheuvelenloop 15K race in the Netherland three times (1992, 1993 and 1998).\nShe is a seven-time Egmond Half Marathon winner (1993–1998, 2000). She has won the Lisbon Half Marathon a record six times: 1994–1997, 1999 and 2000.[4] She has won the Tilburg road race, a five times (1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999), also a record number. She won the Paris Half Marathon in 1994 and 1998,[5] City-Pier-City Loop half marathon in the Hague in 1998,[6] and the Parelloop 10K in race in the Netherlands in 1999[7]During the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, favoured to win both the marathon and the 10,000 meters, she suffered from violent food poisoning the night before the race. Nevertheless, she fought through the marathon race, finishing 13th, then, the next day, ran the 10,000 metres, finishing 5th,[1] running barefoot in both races, a feat she later stated she achieved out of a sense of duty to all the people taking her as a bearer of hope in her home country. Until the end of 2001, she continued to suffer from various health problems.In 2000, she won London Marathon and Rome City Marathon. She also won Lausanne Marathon in 2002, Cologne Marathon in 2003 and Leipzig Marathon in 2004.Loroupe competed at the 2005 World Championships marathon race in Helsinki, Finland, but finished only 40th. In February 2006 she won the Hong Kong Half-Marathon. The same year she finished 5th in the Rotterdam Marathon and 2nd in the Venice Marathon. In 2007, she participated again the New York City Marathon, finishing 8th.Loroupe's biggest successes include world records over 20, 25 and 30 kilometers as well as the past record over the marathon distance. She used to hold the One Hour running World record of 18,340 m set in Borgholzhausen, Germany, but the record was broken by Dire Tune of Ethiopia ten years later, in 2008 (new record 18,517 m).[8]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kofi Annan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kofi_Annan"},{"link_name":"Roger Federer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Federer"},{"link_name":"Elias Figueroa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Figueroa"},{"link_name":"Katrina Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katrina_Webb"},{"link_name":"International Association of Athletics Federations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Athletics_Federations"},{"link_name":"UNICEF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Tegla Loroupe Peace Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegla_Loroupe_Peace_Academy"},{"link_name":"Kapenguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapenguria"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Kapenguria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapenguria"},{"link_name":"Oxfam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxfam"},{"link_name":"George Clooney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney"},{"link_name":"Joey Cheek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Cheek"},{"link_name":"Don Cheadle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Cheadle"},{"link_name":"Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenyan_Sports_Personality_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Shoe4Africa team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe4Africa_team&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sarah Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Jones_(stage_actress)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Peace and Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_and_Sport"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Around the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"Homeless World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeless_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Refugee Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refugee_Olympic_Team_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-3"},{"link_name":"Olympians for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Olympians_Association#Olympians_for_Life"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"In 2006, she was named a United Nations Ambassador of Sport by Secretary General Kofi Annan, together with Roger Federer, tennis champion from Switzerland, Elias Figueroa, Latin American soccer legend from Chile, and Katrina Webb paralympics gold medalist from Australia. She is an International Sports Ambassador for the IAAF, the International Association of Athletics Federations, and for UNICEF.In 2003, Loroupe created an annual series of Peace Marathons sponsored by the Tegla Loroupe Peace Foundation \"Peace Through Sports\". Presidents, Prime Ministers, Ambassadors and government officials run with warriors and nomadic groups in her native Kenya, in Uganda and in Sudan, to bring peace to an area plagued by raiding warriors from battling tribes. In 2010 the Kenyan Government lauded her achievements as hundreds of warriors had laid down their weapons.[9]She has established a school (Tegla Loroupe Peace Academy) and orphanage for children from the region in Kapenguria, a high-mountain town in north-west Kenya.The 2006 Peace Marathon was held on 18 November 2006, in Kapenguria, Kenya. Two thousand warriors from six tribes competed. The next Peace Marathon was 15 November 2008 in Kapenguria, Kenya. National ambassadors to Kenya participated, together with the Prime Minister, and several Kenyan, Tanzanian, and Ugandan Ministers. The Peace Marathon has been held each year since then, with the exception of the past two Covid years. Winners of the races often begin professional training in long-distance running, or join the training team of ex-warriors.In February 2007, she was named the Oxfam Ambassador of Sport and Peace to Darfur. In December 2006, she travelled with George Clooney, Joey Cheek, and Don Cheadle to Beijing, Cairo, and New York on a diplomatic mission to bring an end to violence in Darfur. She won the \"Community Hero\" category at the 2007 Kenyan Sports Personality of the Year awards.[10]In November 2009, Tegla represented the Shoe4Africa team.[11] running the New York Marathon alongside founder Toby Tanser and actress Sarah Jones[12] finishing in 3:54:02.Loroupe is a member of the 'Champions for Peace' club, a group of 54 famous elite athletes committed to serving peace in the world through sport, created by Peace and Sport, a Monaco-based international organisation.[13]As reported by Olympic news outlet Around the Rings, the IOC recognised six women, five from each continent and one to represent the world, for their achievements and their work to promote women's sport. Loroupe was awarded the world trophy.In 2015 Loroupe became an Ambassador for the Homeless World Cup.[14]In 2016, she was the Chef de Mission organizing the Refugee Team for the 2016 Summer Olympics.[3] At those games Loroupe was inducted into the Olympians for life project for her work in promoting peace.[15] In October 2016 Loroupe was awarded United Nations Person of the Year.[16]","title":"Goodwill"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"International competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marathons"}] | [{"image_text":"Loroupe in 2007 at a meet in Schortens, Germany.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Loroupe%2C_Tegla.JPG/220px-Loroupe%2C_Tegla.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Tegla Loroupe\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200418025241/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/tegla-loroupe-1.html","url_text":"\"Tegla Loroupe\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/lo/tegla-loroupe-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"TEGLA LOROUPE\". International Association of Athletics Federations. Retrieved 23 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iaaf.org/athletes/kenya/tegla-loroupe-61121","url_text":"\"TEGLA LOROUPE\""}]},{"reference":"Obare, Osinde (14 November 2010). \"Loroupe seduces 700 Pokot warriors to give up guns for peace\". The Standard. Archived from the original on 29 March 2012. Retrieved 21 November 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120329115933/http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/InsidePage.php?id=2000022436&cid=159","url_text":"\"Loroupe seduces 700 Pokot warriors to give up guns for peace\""},{"url":"http://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/InsidePage.php?id=2000022436&cid=159","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Fidelman, Brian (2 April 2018). \"THE ROVING RUNNER; In Central Park, With an Accent on Training\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E7D9163FF935A15753C1A96F9C8B63","url_text":"\"THE ROVING RUNNER; In Central Park, With an Accent on Training\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Sarah Runs NYC Marathon\". Sarah Jones. 19 May 2010. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Horse_Society | British Horse Society | ["1 History","1.1 Aims","1.2 British Riding Clubs","2 Governance","3 Activities","3.1 Qualifications, training and education","3.2 Access and Rights of Way","3.3 Safety","3.4 Welfare","4 Successes","4.1 Dead Slow","5 Controversy","5.1 Ministry of Defence","5.2 Noel Edmonds","5.3 Rollkur","5.4 Claypits - Staple Bridleway","6 Headquarters","6.1 Green Roof","7 Hall of Fame","8 References","9 External links","9.1 Video clips"] | British charitable organization
The British Horse SocietyAbbreviationBHSFounded5 November 1947 (1947-11-05)TypeCharitable organisationRegistration no.England and Wales: 210504 Scotland: SC038516FocusEquineLocationAbbey Park, Stareton, Kenilworth, Warwickshire, CV8 2XZCoordinates52°20′35″N 1°29′57″W / 52.343048°N 1.499186°W / 52.343048; -1.499186Area served United KingdomMembers Over 110,000Key peopleJames Hick (CEO), Martin Clunes (President)PublicationBritish Horse magazineEmployees 87 (average full-time equivalent) (2018)Websitewww.bhs.org.uk
The British Horse Society (BHS) is a membership-based equine charity, with a stated vision of "a Society which provides a strong voice for horses and people and which spreads awareness through support, training and education". It currently has more than 110,000 members, with a further 34,000 members affiliated through a British Riding Club, making it the largest equine membership organisation in the United Kingdom. It is one of the 19 organisations which form part of the British Equestrian Federation.
History
The BHS was founded in 1947 in the amalgamation of two organisations – the Institute of the Horse and Pony Club, and the National Horse Association of Great Britain. Mary Colvin was its first president.
Aims
The primary objectives of the BHS are:
To promote and advance the education, training and safety of the public in all matters relating to the horse
To promote the use, breeding, well-being, safety, environment, health and management of the horse for the public benefit
To promote community participation in healthy recreation involving the horse
To promote and facilitate the prevention of cruelty, neglect or harm to horses and to promote the relief, safety, sanctuary, rescue and welfare of horses in need of care, attention and assistance
To promote and secure the provision, protection and preservation of rights of way and of access for riding and driving horses over public roads, highways, footpaths, bridleways, carriageways, public paths and other land.
British Riding Clubs
The British Riding Clubs (BRC) movement became affiliated to The British Horse Society over fifty years ago, when several riding clubs from the South East England area approached the BHS with the idea of providing a scheme where riding clubs could become affiliated to the BHS, while remaining relatively autonomous, running their own affairs. Since then, the numbers have grown considerably, with more than 440 affiliated clubs, over 50 affiliated riding centres, and over 34,000 members, each coming within one of 23 administrative areas. Each riding club's membership is open to everyone, from leisure riders to competitors.
The aims of BRC are to help people ride, compete and train together at national competitions, training and social events. BRC areas organise a wide range of competitive, social and educational activities for their members, with championships held at some of Britain's most prestigious events, such as the Royal Windsor Horse Show, the Royal International Horse Show, and the London International Horse Show (Olympia).
Governance
The president of the society is Martin Clunes. The patron of the society was Queen Elizabeth II and the vice patron is Princess Anne.
Activities
Qualifications, training and education
The BHS has an extensive and world-standard system of qualifications, training and education, including the Horse Owner's Certificates which are aimed at the leisure rider, and the Stages exams which lead to various riding instructor's and groom's qualifications.
The BHS also maintains a Register of Accredited Professional Coaches in the UK and around the world.
Access and Rights of Way
See also: Category:Bridleroutes in the United Kingdom
The BHS Access and Rights of Way department works to improve the bridleways network throughout England, Scotland and Wales. It has created the 'National Bridleroute Network' of long distance equestrian routes, incorporating bridleways, byways and minor roads, which it has called 'bridleroutes'. This work is supported by a network of national committees and regional groups. The BHS is consulted about proposed legislation, government planning guidance, Definitive Maps and road schemes, and has influenced and continues to influence legislation.
The BHS were among a group of organisations against a decision by the BMW car company to reassign the use of BMW property in Oxfordshire, resulting in closure of an existing bridleway with no alternative offered. The BHS challenged this decision by BMW in court and subsequently lost and were ordered to repay legal costs to BMW. Some questioned BHS management's application of limited financial resources to the cause. The good intent of the BHS was recognised by many, as the continued loss of bridleways across the country has eroded the freedom of those participating in horseriding activities. A protest against the court's decision, supported by a local councillor, was unsuccessful.
Safety
The BHS Safety Department promotes the ongoing improvement of horse and rider safety. This includes campaigning for recognition and safe conditions for riders on Britain's roads.
Education of motorists and riders is a high priority. The Riding and Road Safety test is taken by more than 4,000 candidates every year. This helps to educate riders in road safety and to minimise the risks involved when riding on the road.
The society runs a website dedicated to safety advice and reporting safety incidents, www.horseaccidents.org.uk. The data collected is used to lobby for better conditions for equestrians. In the site's first two years, the BHS saw a 250% increase in road accidents reported to them, and incidents involving dog attacks helped influence changes to the Dangerous Dogs Bill.
Welfare
The BHS Welfare team aims to prevent cases of cruelty and neglect through education. This is achieved through its network of welfare volunteers, advisory literature, and a dedicated team at the society's headquarters. The experience of BHS Welfare volunteers is intended to allow the society to respond quickly in an informed manner to reports of equine suffering and neglect, giving advice and guidance to horse owners on a long-term basis where necessary.
As well as responding to welfare concerns, the department lobbies government on a number of welfare-related issues; runs campaigns including the Ragwort Awareness Campaign; promotes responsible breeding through its 'Think Before You Breed' campaign and close link with the BHS Horse and Pony Breeds Committee; works closely with other welfare organisations and monitors the horses and ponies on the BHS's rehoming scheme.
To help fund its work, BHS Welfare organises and runs Challenge Rides to Peru, Jordan, Iceland, Bulgaria, Iceland, India, Lesotho, Mongolia, Morocco, Spain and Inner Mongolia.
Successes
Dead Slow
In March 2016, the BHS launched its Dead Slow campaign, to encourage drivers to slow down to 15 mph and pass widely when they meet horses on the road.
The campaign earned national coverage on BBC TV and radio, featured on petrol pumps across the UK and was raised as an Early Day Motion in Parliament by Liz Saville-Roberts MP.
Controversy
Ministry of Defence
The BHS caused controversy in November 2006, by issuing an award to the U.K. Ministry of Defence for actions taken to improve the safety for horse riders in areas of the country used for low flight level aircraft training, despite the M.O.D. having been previously found directly responsible for the death of a novice horse rider and ordered to address their low flying policies as a result.
Some felt the award was ethically improper; particularly so, since the BHS had used the name of the accident victim in promotional material without the consent of the family members.
Noel Edmonds
In June 2006, the then president of the BHS, celebrity Noel Edmonds, severely criticised the BHS for failing to fulfill its fundamental aims; that of recruitment of the existing horse riding community to the organisation and positive promotion of the activity to potential new participants. The chairman of the BHS, Patrick Print, attempted to mitigate Edmonds's statements by quoting some recent activities the BHS had participated in. Edmonds resigned from his position at the BHS a few months later.
Rollkur
In 2007, an issue of a BHS publication carried an article on the controversial rollkur procedure (otherwise known as LDR or Hyperflection) debate. The BHS received letters of complaint from its membership and some individuals called for the resignation of the senior management of the BHS for bringing the organisation's name into disrepute. The response of the then chairman, Patrick Print, to a letter from one member was deemed dismissive and confrontational by some members. The BHS has since published a policy based on the procedure being 'an unacceptable method of training horses by any rider for any length of time'.
Claypits - Staple Bridleway
The BHS has been caught in a controversy with Kent locals due to BHS's pressure on the Kent County Council (KCC) to convert a small footpath into a bridleway. The locals have objected to this decision for the following reasons:
The 3m bridleway width stipulation challenges listed buildings: the route proposed by the BHS travels between Claypits House (1685) and the Claypits Farm Cottage (1840), both grade II listed. The current public footpath is approximately 2.1m wide resulting in the bridleway plans requiring 0.9m of private property to be removed.
The existence of a bridleway which runs parallel to the proposed pathway from Goodnestone up to Crixhall.
'Pudding' and 'Disaster' has been a nickname for the pathway for decades due to the intense soil instability in the area. The clay soil along the path towards 'Clay'-pits becomes extremely sticky and saturated - this will cause issues for the Horses which will attempt to cross the path. The horse hoof's impression on the soil will create a dangerous and unstable route for pedestrians during high rainfall periods.
British Horse Society PDF for 'Advice on Surfaces for Horses in England and Wales' states how 'Where the soil type is clay... then artificial surfacing may be required for the route to remain passable for all users'. The PDF guide produced by BHS further notes how 'Clay soils are particularly prone to damage by horses. Well-used paths on such soils soon become a sticky mess impassable to walkers, cyclists or riders'. The BHS realises the difficulty of bridleways along clay soils and yet, they still persist to form the bridleway.
The Ordnance Survey maps used for the BHS & KCC decisions contain fundamental flaws with mistakes of several feet along the pathway.
The current Public footpath is maintained by the landowner and once it becomes a Bridleway, the County Council (KCC) will be placed in charge. However, The Public Rights of Way Officer for KCC has stated that KCC 'does not have the resources to cut grass, clear trees, etc', therefore it is expected that the route will become overgrown and impassable soon after the conversion to Bridleway.
The public footpath currently passes through farmland for 1.5 miles with the footpath width no wider than 5 ft. The switch to 'bridleway' will cause the farm to lose valuable land due to the widening of the footpath from 5 ft to 9.10 ft (3m). This will result in lost revenue and decreased crop yield in a time of reduced food security in the UK.
KCC loss of locals objection letter. Despite acknowledgement of receipt from KCC of the objection letter from Goodnestone Parish Council, KCC did not consider the letter in the decision-making.
The British Horse Society and KCC based their decision on a map from 1910, failing to acknowledge that the once quiet exit point of the footpath at Claypits is now a hazardous area with cars, vans and tractors driving past. The positioning of The Old Malthouse (Grade II listed) also severely limits the view of oncoming cars to pedestrians. The conversion of the pathway into a bridleway will cause multiple hazards for both the horse riders and the cars at this exit point, with the risk of collision marked as high.
Headquarters
The new British Horse Society HQ circles an ancient Oak tree and is topped with a Sedum green roof
In 2010 the outdated premises were replaced with a state of the art eco-friendly HQ which sits within Abbey Park in Warwickshire. The 3.5-acre site offered a great location but came with various planning issues and constraints due to the rural location. The architects had to come up with a solution to have a minimal effect on the green belt land beyond.
A view across the Sky Garden green roof showing the ancient oak tree standing at the centre of the British Horse Society Headquarters.
The design they came up with was just a single storey, and circled a mature oak tree which had stood on the site for years. Constructed from natural stone, clad with European Oak and topped with a sedum green roof, the aim was to create an ecosystem around the one central oak. The aim for the building was to create a high quality modern building, without compromising the surrounding countryside. To ensure this the materials used were sustainable sourced and the building was designed with this in mind.
Green Roof
The 2200sqm roof took around 3 weeks to install in the summer of 2010. The green roof featured a specialist drainage and filter layer, topped with extensive substrate and a pre grown sedum blanket. The roof provides insulation to the building, helping it stay cool in the hot summer months and warm during the winter. Studies show that a thick layer of vegetation can increase the efficiency of the roof by up to 60%. The rural location meant the green roof helped to reduce the aesthetic impact of the building and blended it into its surroundings.
Hall of Fame
The British Horse Society Equestrian Hall of Fame honours those who have made outstanding contributions to the world of equestrianism.
References
^ a b "Your Membership". The British Horse Society.
^ "The British Horse Society Annual Report 2018". BHS website.
^ "British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
^ a b "British Riding Clubs". The British Horse Society.
^ "Member Bodies". British Equestrian Federation.
^ "Our Mission". The British Horse Society.
^ "British Riding Clubs Centre Membership Scheme". The British Horse Society.
^ "BRC Championships". The British Horse Society.
^ "Our People". The British Horse Society.
^ "Our Purpose". The British Horse Society.
^ "BHS Register of Instructor and Grooms". The British Horse Society.
^ "BHS Register of Instructors and Grooms". The British Horse Society.
^ "The British Horse Society: EMAGIN". The British Horse Society.
^ a b "BHS and the Government". The British Horse Society.
^ "Private Eye Magazine via Equine Ramblers". Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
^ "Riders protest over bridleway closed beside BMW car plant". Horse & Hound. November 2007.
^ "Advice and Prevention: Riding on the Road". The British Horse Society. July 2013.
^ "BHS Riding and Road Safety Test". The British Horse Society.
^ "British Horse Society Website Influencing Legislation". Horse & Hound. November 2012.
^ "BHS Welfare Advisors". The British Horse Society.
^ "BHS Ragwort Campaign". The British Horse Society.
^ "Think Before You Breed". The British Horse Society.
^ "Challenge Rides". The British Horse Society.
^ "Dead? Or Dead Slow?: New statistics reveal threat on Britain's roads for horse riders | British Horse Society". www.bhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ "BBC Breakfast on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ "BritishHorseSociety on Twitter". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
^ a b "Horse road safety campaign to reach millions of UK drivers".
^ "MoD promises air advice after rider's death". The Guardian. September 2005.
^ "Noel Edmonds Calls For Changes At The BHS". Horsetalk.co.nz. June 2006.
^ "BHS Response to Rollkur complaint". Newrider.com. September 2008. Archived from the original on 17 June 2011.
^ "High-tech data confirm record poor harvest after year of extreme weather | UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology". www.ceh.ac.uk. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
^ "British Horse Society HQ Warwickshire". 22 February 2011.
^ "Sedum Blanket Roof System at British Horse Society | Sky Garden".
^ "Green Roof with High-Density Vegetation Acts as Passive Cooling System". 26 March 2015.
^ "Hall of Fame | the British Horse Society".
External links
Official British Horse Society website
"British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504". Charity Commission for England and Wales.
Video clips
Promotional video
vteBritish Equestrian Federation
British Dressage
British Eventing
British Showjumping Association
British Horse Society
The Pony Club
British Equestrian Vaulting
British Horse Driving Trials Association
British Reining
Endurance GB
Association of British Riding Schools
Horsescotland
Riding for the Disabled Association
British Horseball Association
Mounted Games Association of Great Britain
UK Polocrosse Association
British Equestrian Trade Association
British Grooms Association
The Showing Council
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
National
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Mary Colvin was its first president.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cruelty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty"},{"link_name":"neglect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglect"},{"link_name":"welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare"},{"link_name":"rights of way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_way_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"riding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism"},{"link_name":"driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driving_(horse)"},{"link_name":"highways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highways"},{"link_name":"footpaths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footpaths"},{"link_name":"bridleways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridleways"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Mission-6"}],"sub_title":"Aims","text":"The primary objectives of the BHS are:To promote and advance the education, training and safety of the public in all matters relating to the horse\nTo promote the use, breeding, well-being, safety, environment, health and management of the horse for the public benefit\nTo promote community participation in healthy recreation involving the horse\nTo promote and facilitate the prevention of cruelty, neglect or harm to horses and to promote the relief, safety, sanctuary, rescue and welfare of horses in need of care, attention and assistance\nTo promote and secure the provision, protection and preservation of rights of way and of access for riding and driving horses over public roads, highways, footpaths, bridleways, carriageways, public paths and other land.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Riding_Clubs-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Windsor Horse Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Windsor_Horse_Show"},{"link_name":"Royal International Horse Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_International_Horse_Show"},{"link_name":"London International Horse Show (Olympia)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_London_International_Horse_Show"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"British Riding Clubs","text":"The British Riding Clubs (BRC) movement became affiliated to The British Horse Society over fifty years ago, when several riding clubs from the South East England area approached the BHS with the idea of providing a scheme where riding clubs could become affiliated to the BHS, while remaining relatively autonomous, running their own affairs. Since then, the numbers have grown considerably, with more than 440 affiliated clubs, over 50 affiliated riding centres, and over 34,000 members, each coming within one of 23 administrative areas. Each riding club's membership is open to everyone, from leisure riders to competitors.[7]The aims of BRC are to help people ride, compete and train together at national competitions, training and social events.[4] BRC areas organise a wide range of competitive, social and educational activities for their members, with championships held at some of Britain's most prestigious events, such as the Royal Windsor Horse Show, the Royal International Horse Show, and the London International Horse Show (Olympia).[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_(corporate_title)"},{"link_name":"Martin Clunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Clunes"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"patron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patron"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Princess Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Anne"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Purpose-10"}],"text":"The president of the society is Martin Clunes.[9] The patron of the society was Queen Elizabeth II and the vice patron is Princess Anne.[10]","title":"Governance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"riding instructor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riding_instructor"},{"link_name":"groom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groom_(profession)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Qualifications, training and education","text":"The BHS has an extensive and world-standard system of qualifications, training and education, including the Horse Owner's Certificates which are aimed at the leisure rider, and the Stages exams which lead to various riding instructor's and groom's qualifications.[11]The BHS also maintains a Register of Accredited Professional Coaches[12] in the UK and around the world.","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Bridleroutes in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bridleroutes_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"bridleways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridleways"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"byways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byway_(road)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Government-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"BMW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW"},{"link_name":"bridleway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridleway"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Access and Rights of Way","text":"See also: Category:Bridleroutes in the United KingdomThe BHS Access and Rights of Way department works to improve the bridleways network throughout England, Scotland and Wales. It has created the 'National Bridleroute Network' of long distance equestrian routes, incorporating bridleways, byways and minor roads, which it has called 'bridleroutes'.[13] This work is supported by a network of national committees and regional groups. The BHS is consulted about proposed legislation, government planning guidance, Definitive Maps and road schemes, and has influenced and continues to influence legislation.[14]The BHS were among a group of organisations [15] against a decision by the BMW car company to reassign the use of BMW property in Oxfordshire, resulting in closure of an existing bridleway with no alternative offered. The BHS challenged this decision by BMW in court and subsequently lost and were ordered to repay legal costs to BMW. Some questioned BHS management's application of limited financial resources to the cause. The good intent of the BHS was recognised by many, as the continued loss of bridleways across the country has eroded the freedom of those participating in horseriding activities. A protest against the court's decision, supported by a local councillor, was unsuccessful.[16]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Safety","text":"The BHS Safety Department promotes the ongoing improvement of horse and rider safety. This includes campaigning for recognition and safe conditions for riders on Britain's roads.Education of motorists and riders is a high priority.[17] The Riding and Road Safety test is taken by more than 4,000 candidates every year. This helps to educate riders in road safety and to minimise the risks involved when riding on the road.[18]The society runs a website dedicated to safety advice and reporting safety incidents, www.horseaccidents.org.uk. The data collected is used to lobby for better conditions for equestrians. In the site's first two years, the BHS saw a 250% increase in road accidents reported to them, and incidents involving dog attacks helped influence changes to the Dangerous Dogs Bill.[19]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OurWelfareOfficers-20"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Government-14"},{"link_name":"Ragwort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senecio"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Welfare","text":"The BHS Welfare team aims to prevent cases of cruelty and neglect through education. This is achieved through its network of welfare volunteers, advisory literature, and a dedicated team at the society's headquarters. The experience of BHS Welfare volunteers is intended to allow the society to respond quickly in an informed manner to reports of equine suffering and neglect, giving advice and guidance to horse owners on a long-term basis where necessary.[20]As well as responding to welfare concerns, the department lobbies government on a number of welfare-related issues;[14] runs campaigns including the Ragwort Awareness Campaign;[21] promotes responsible breeding through its 'Think Before You Breed' campaign[22] and close link with the BHS Horse and Pony Breeds Committee; works closely with other welfare organisations and monitors the horses and ponies on the BHS's rehoming scheme.To help fund its work, BHS Welfare organises and runs Challenge Rides to Peru, Jordan, Iceland, Bulgaria, Iceland, India, Lesotho, Mongolia, Morocco, Spain and Inner Mongolia.[23]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Successes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"},{"link_name":"Liz Saville-Roberts MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_Saville-Roberts"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-27"}],"sub_title":"Dead Slow","text":"In March 2016, the BHS launched its Dead Slow campaign, to encourage drivers to slow down to 15 mph and pass widely when they meet horses on the road.[24]The campaign earned national coverage on BBC TV[25] and radio,[26] featured on petrol pumps across the UK[27] and was raised as an Early Day Motion in Parliament by Liz Saville-Roberts MP.[27]","title":"Successes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"sub_title":"Ministry of Defence","text":"The BHS caused controversy in November 2006, by issuing an award to the U.K. Ministry of Defence for actions taken to improve the safety for horse riders in areas of the country used for low flight level aircraft training, despite the M.O.D. having been previously found directly responsible for the death of a novice horse rider and ordered to address their low flying policies as a result.Some felt the award was ethically improper; particularly so, since the BHS had used the name of the accident victim in promotional material without the consent of the family members.[28]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Noel Edmonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noel_Edmonds"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Noel Edmonds","text":"In June 2006, the then president of the BHS, celebrity Noel Edmonds, severely criticised the BHS for failing to fulfill its fundamental aims; that of recruitment of the existing horse riding community to the organisation and positive promotion of the activity to potential new participants. The chairman of the BHS, Patrick Print, attempted to mitigate Edmonds's statements by quoting some recent activities the BHS had participated in. Edmonds resigned from his position at the BHS a few months later.[29]","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rollkur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollkur"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Rollkur","text":"In 2007, an issue of a BHS publication carried an article on the controversial rollkur procedure (otherwise known as LDR or Hyperflection) debate. The BHS received letters of complaint from its membership and some individuals called for the resignation of the senior management of the BHS for bringing the organisation's name into disrepute. The response of the then chairman, Patrick Print, to a letter from one member was deemed dismissive and confrontational by some members.[30] The BHS has since published a policy based on the procedure being 'an unacceptable method of training horses by any rider for any length of time'.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gov.uk/guidance/public-rights-of-way-landowner-responsibilities"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Claypits - Staple Bridleway","text":"The BHS has been caught in a controversy with Kent locals due to BHS's pressure on the Kent County Council (KCC) to convert a small footpath into a bridleway. The locals have objected to this decision for the following reasons:The 3m bridleway width stipulation challenges listed buildings: the route proposed by the BHS travels between Claypits House (1685) and the Claypits Farm Cottage (1840), both grade II listed. The current public footpath is approximately 2.1m wide resulting in the bridleway plans requiring 0.9m of private property to be removed.[1]\nThe existence of a bridleway which runs parallel to the proposed pathway from Goodnestone up to Crixhall.\n'Pudding' and 'Disaster' has been a nickname for the pathway for decades due to the intense soil instability in the area. The clay soil along the path towards 'Clay'-pits becomes extremely sticky and saturated - this will cause issues for the Horses which will attempt to cross the path. The horse hoof's impression on the soil will create a dangerous and unstable route for pedestrians during high rainfall periods.\nBritish Horse Society PDF for 'Advice on Surfaces for Horses in England and Wales' states how 'Where the soil type is clay... then artificial surfacing may be required for the route to remain passable for all users'. The PDF guide produced by BHS further notes how 'Clay soils are particularly prone to damage by horses. Well-used paths on such soils soon become a sticky mess impassable to walkers, cyclists or riders'. The BHS realises the difficulty of bridleways along clay soils and yet, they still persist to form the bridleway.\nThe Ordnance Survey maps used for the BHS & KCC decisions contain fundamental flaws with mistakes of several feet along the pathway.\nThe current Public footpath is maintained by the landowner and once it becomes a Bridleway, the County Council (KCC) will be placed in charge. However, The Public Rights of Way Officer for KCC has stated that KCC 'does not have the resources to cut grass, clear trees, etc', therefore it is expected that the route will become overgrown and impassable soon after the conversion to Bridleway.\nThe public footpath currently passes through farmland for 1.5 miles with the footpath width no wider than 5 ft. The switch to 'bridleway' will cause the farm to lose valuable land due to the widening of the footpath from 5 ft to 9.10 ft (3m). This will result in lost revenue and decreased crop yield in a time of reduced food security in the UK.[31]\nKCC loss of locals objection letter. Despite acknowledgement of receipt from KCC of the objection letter from Goodnestone Parish Council, KCC did not consider the letter in the decision-making.\nThe British Horse Society and KCC based their decision on a map from 1910, failing to acknowledge that the once quiet exit point of the footpath at Claypits is now a hazardous area with cars, vans and tractors driving past. The positioning of The Old Malthouse (Grade II listed) also severely limits the view of oncoming cars to pedestrians. The conversion of the pathway into a bridleway will cause multiple hazards for both the horse riders and the cars at this exit point, with the risk of collision marked as high.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"green roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"green belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_belt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_Garden_British_Horse_Society_Green_Roof.JPG"},{"link_name":"green roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"text":"The new British Horse Society HQ circles an ancient Oak tree and is topped with a Sedum green roofIn 2010 the outdated premises were replaced with a state of the art eco-friendly HQ which sits within Abbey Park in Warwickshire. The 3.5-acre site offered a great location but came with various planning issues and constraints due to the rural location. The architects had to come up with a solution to have a minimal effect on the green belt land beyond.A view across the Sky Garden green roof showing the ancient oak tree standing at the centre of the British Horse Society Headquarters.The design they came up with was just a single storey, and circled a mature oak tree which had stood on the site for years. Constructed from natural stone, clad with European Oak and topped with a sedum green roof, the aim was to create an ecosystem around the one central oak. The aim for the building was to create a high quality modern building, without compromising the surrounding countryside. To ensure this the materials used were sustainable sourced and the building was designed with this in mind.[32]","title":"Headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"green roof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_roof"},{"link_name":"sedum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedum"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Green Roof","text":"The 2200sqm roof took around 3 weeks to install in the summer of 2010. The green roof featured a specialist drainage and filter layer, topped with extensive substrate and a pre grown sedum blanket. The roof provides insulation to the building, helping it stay cool in the hot summer months and warm during the winter.[33] Studies show that a thick layer of vegetation can increase the efficiency of the roof by up to 60%.[34] The rural location meant the green roof helped to reduce the aesthetic impact of the building and blended it into its surroundings.","title":"Headquarters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The British Horse Society Equestrian Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_British_Horse_Society_Equestrian_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The British Horse Society Equestrian Hall of Fame honours those who have made outstanding contributions to the world of equestrianism.[35]","title":"Hall of Fame"}] | [{"image_text":"The new British Horse Society HQ circles an ancient Oak tree and is topped with a Sedum green roof","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg/220px-British_Horse_Society_Head_Quarters_and_Green_Roof.jpg"},{"image_text":"A view across the Sky Garden green roof showing the ancient oak tree standing at the centre of the British Horse Society Headquarters.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Sky_Garden_British_Horse_Society_Green_Roof.JPG/220px-Sky_Garden_British_Horse_Society_Green_Roof.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Your Membership\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/press-centre/news/2020/april/charity-blog","url_text":"\"Your Membership\""}]},{"reference":"\"The British Horse Society Annual Report 2018\". BHS website.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/~/media/documents/ceo/governance/annual-report-030719.ashx?la=en","url_text":"\"The British Horse Society Annual Report 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504\". Charity Commission for England and Wales.","urls":[{"url":"https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regId=210504&subId=0","url_text":"\"British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_Commission_for_England_and_Wales","url_text":"Charity Commission for England and Wales"}]},{"reference":"\"British Riding Clubs\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/enjoy-riding/british-riding-clubs","url_text":"\"British Riding Clubs\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member Bodies\". British Equestrian Federation.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bef.co.uk/Detail.aspx?page=BEF-Member-Bodies","url_text":"\"Member Bodies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Mission\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/about-us-and-our-work","url_text":"\"Our Mission\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Riding Clubs Centre Membership Scheme\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/~/media/BHS/Files/PDF%20Documents/BRC/BRC%20Centre%20Booklet.ashx","url_text":"\"British Riding Clubs Centre Membership Scheme\""}]},{"reference":"\"BRC Championships\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/enjoy-riding/british-riding-clubs/brc-championships","url_text":"\"BRC Championships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our People\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/about-us-and-our-work","url_text":"\"Our People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Purpose\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/about-us-and-our-work","url_text":"\"Our Purpose\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Register of Instructor and Grooms\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/training-and-qualifications","url_text":"\"BHS Register of Instructor and Grooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Register of Instructors and Grooms\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/enjoy-riding/find-an-accredited-professional--coach","url_text":"\"BHS Register of Instructors and Grooms\""}]},{"reference":"\"The British Horse Society: EMAGIN\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/access","url_text":"\"The British Horse Society: EMAGIN\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS and the Government\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/about-us-and-our-work/corporate-information/working-with-the-law/bhs-and-the-government","url_text":"\"BHS and the Government\""}]},{"reference":"\"Private Eye Magazine via Equine Ramblers\". Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 8 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001558/http://www.equineramblersuk.co.uk/horse-riding-stories.php?id=9","url_text":"\"Private Eye Magazine via Equine Ramblers\""},{"url":"http://www.equineramblersuk.co.uk/horse-riding-stories.php?id=9","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riders protest over bridleway closed beside BMW car plant\". Horse & Hound. November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/news/riders-protest-over-bridleway-closed-beside-bmw-car-plant/","url_text":"\"Riders protest over bridleway closed beside BMW car plant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Advice and Prevention: Riding on the Road\". The British Horse Society. July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseaccidents.org.uk/Advice_and_Prevention/Riding_on_the_Road.aspx","url_text":"\"Advice and Prevention: Riding on the Road\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Riding and Road Safety Test\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://pathways.bhs.org.uk/ride-safe-award/","url_text":"\"BHS Riding and Road Safety Test\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Horse Society Website Influencing Legislation\". Horse & Hound. November 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.horseandhound.co.uk/news/british-horse-society-website-influencing-legislation","url_text":"\"British Horse Society Website Influencing Legislation\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Welfare Advisors\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/welfare/our-welfare-advisers","url_text":"\"BHS Welfare Advisors\""}]},{"reference":"\"BHS Ragwort Campaign\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/welfare/our-campaigns/ragwort-toolkit/ragwort-study","url_text":"\"BHS Ragwort Campaign\""}]},{"reference":"\"Think Before You Breed\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/welfare/our-campaigns/think-before-you-breed","url_text":"\"Think Before You Breed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Challenge Rides\". The British Horse Society.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/enjoy-riding/challenge-rides","url_text":"\"Challenge Rides\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dead? Or Dead Slow?: New statistics reveal threat on Britain's roads for horse riders | British Horse Society\". www.bhs.org.uk. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-work/safety/dead-slow","url_text":"\"Dead? Or Dead Slow?: New statistics reveal threat on Britain's roads for horse riders | British Horse Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Breakfast on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BBCBreakfast/status/712893519216529408","url_text":"\"BBC Breakfast on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"BritishHorseSociety on Twitter\". Twitter. Retrieved 14 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/BritishHorse/status/712903785199247360","url_text":"\"BritishHorseSociety on Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"Horse road safety campaign to reach millions of UK drivers\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/press-centre/news/jan-to-jun-2016/horse-road-safety-campaign-to-reach-millions-of-uk-driversnews-article","url_text":"\"Horse road safety campaign to reach millions of UK drivers\""}]},{"reference":"\"MoD promises air advice after rider's death\". The Guardian. September 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/sep/15/ruralaffairs.immigrationpolicy","url_text":"\"MoD promises air advice after rider's death\""}]},{"reference":"\"Noel Edmonds Calls For Changes At The BHS\". Horsetalk.co.nz. 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Retrieved 6 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ceh.ac.uk/press/high-tech-data-confirm-record-poor-harvest-after-year-extreme-weather","url_text":"\"High-tech data confirm record poor harvest after year of extreme weather | UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Horse Society HQ Warwickshire\". 22 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.e-architect.co.uk/england/british-horse-society-hq","url_text":"\"British Horse Society HQ Warwickshire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sedum Blanket Roof System at British Horse Society | Sky Garden\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sky-garden.co.uk/gallery/british-horse.php","url_text":"\"Sedum Blanket Roof System at British Horse Society | Sky Garden\""}]},{"reference":"\"Green Roof with High-Density Vegetation Acts as Passive Cooling System\". 26 March 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azobuild.com/news.aspx?newsID=19801","url_text":"\"Green Roof with High-Density Vegetation Acts as Passive Cooling System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hall of Fame | the British Horse Society\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bhs.org.uk/our-charity/hall-of-fame","url_text":"\"Hall of Fame | the British Horse Society\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Horse Society, registered charity no. 210504\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMA_Negeri_68_Jakarta | SMA Negeri 68 Jakarta | ["1 Facilities","2 Extracurriculars and clubs","3 Annual events","4 See also"] | Public school in Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta, IndonesiaSMA Negeri 68 JakartaAddressKomplek Pendidikan, Jalan Salemba Raya No. 18Salemba Raya, Jakarta Pusat, DKI JakartaJakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta 10430IndonesiaInformationTypePublic schoolMottoDisiplin, Kreasi, PrestasiEstablished1981Enrollment280/yearWebsitehttp://www.sman68.sch.id/
SMA Negeri 68 Jakarta (popularly abbreviated as enamlapan) is a public high school located at Salemba Raya street in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The school is in one complex with SMP Negeri 216 Jakarta, SD Negeri Kenari, and Menza functional building. It was established on August 29, 1981, after being inaugurated by President Soeharto. In 2006, it was appointed to become RSBI (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional). Today, there are 840 students and 103 teachers and staff.
Facilities
Mosque
Library
Classrooms
Language Laboratory
Biology Laboratory
Physics Laboratory
Chemical Laboratory
Social Studies Laboratory
Computer Laboratory
Audio Visual Room
Functional Hall
Principal's Room
Teacher's room and lounge
School Healthcare Unit's Room
Cafeteria
Courtyard
Parking Lots
Student's Organization Room
Extracurriculars and clubs
ROHIS (Rohani Islam)
SRP (Seksi Rohani Protestan)
SRK (Seksi Rohani Katolik)
PMR (Palang Merah Remaja)
Paskibra
MBrass 68 (Marching Band, Cheers, and Baron(Photography))
KIR (Kelompok Ilmiah Remaja)
Elpala (Enam Lapan Pencinta Alam)
Futsal
Basket
Execom
Tracesight (Traditional Dance Sixty Eight)
TOSLA
Pramuka
Jacussie (Japanese Club of Sixty Eight)
Silat
Solitaire (English Club)
Roxxels (Modern Dance of Sixty Eight)
Annual events
SMA 68 has an annual event, usually held in October and early November, called Bazkom (Bazaar dan Kompetisi). Starting in 2016, 68 has another annual event, called FINAL(Festival Islam Enam Lapan).
See also
List of schools in Indonesia | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school"},{"link_name":"Central Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Soeharto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soeharto"}],"text":"SMA Negeri 68 Jakarta (popularly abbreviated as enamlapan) is a public high school located at Salemba Raya street in Central Jakarta, Indonesia. The school is in one complex with SMP Negeri 216 Jakarta, SD Negeri Kenari, and Menza functional building. It was established on August 29, 1981, after being inaugurated by President Soeharto. In 2006, it was appointed to become RSBI (Rintisan Sekolah Bertaraf Internasional). Today, there are 840 students and 103 teachers and staff.","title":"SMA Negeri 68 Jakarta"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mosque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque"},{"link_name":"Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library"},{"link_name":"Classrooms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classrooms"}],"text":"Mosque\nLibrary\nClassrooms\nLanguage Laboratory\nBiology Laboratory\nPhysics Laboratory\nChemical Laboratory\nSocial Studies Laboratory\nComputer Laboratory\nAudio Visual Room\nFunctional Hall\nPrincipal's Room\nTeacher's room and lounge\nSchool Healthcare Unit's Room\nCafeteria\nCourtyard\nParking Lots\nStudent's Organization Room","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"ROHIS (Rohani Islam)\nSRP (Seksi Rohani Protestan)\nSRK (Seksi Rohani Katolik)\nPMR (Palang Merah Remaja)\nPaskibra\nMBrass 68 (Marching Band, Cheers, and Baron(Photography))\nKIR (Kelompok Ilmiah Remaja)\nElpala (Enam Lapan Pencinta Alam)\nFutsal\nBasket\nExecom\nTracesight (Traditional Dance Sixty Eight)\nTOSLA\nPramuka\nJacussie (Japanese Club of Sixty Eight)\nSilat\nSolitaire (English Club)\nRoxxels (Modern Dance of Sixty Eight)","title":"Extracurriculars and clubs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"SMA 68 has an annual event, usually held in October and early November, called Bazkom (Bazaar dan Kompetisi). Starting in 2016, 68 has another annual event, called FINAL(Festival Islam Enam Lapan).","title":"Annual events"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of schools in Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Indonesia"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.sman68.sch.id/","external_links_name":"http://www.sman68.sch.id/"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwinti_language | Kwinti language | ["1 References","2 Bibliography"] | English-based creole of Suriname
KwintiNative toSurinameEthnicityKwintiNative speakers250 (2018)Language familyEnglish Creole
AtlanticSurinameKwintiLanguage codesISO 639-3kwwGlottologkwin1243
Kwinti is an English-based creole of Suriname closely related to Ndyuka. The language has less than 300 speakers, and split from Plantation Creole which is nowadays known as Sranan Tongo in the middle 18th century. Code-switching with Sranan Tongo and Dutch was common among the younger generation in 1973, and about 70% of the tribe have moved to the urban areas. UNESCO considers the language endangered.
In the 1970s, Jan English-Lueck collected a vocabulary of 500 words. Unlike the Ndyuka languages, the letter r is spoken in a similar way to Sranan Tongo and Dutch, although speakers without r have been discovered later. About three quarters of the words were cognate to Sranan Tongo, very few (circa 3%) were cognate to Matawai, and about 17% were not found in the other creoles and mainly originated from Dutch. The differences can be explained by education, because according to a 2011 study the population of Witagron had a good command of both Dutch and Sranan Tongo.
References
^ Kwinti at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ Hoogbergen 1992, p. 123.
^ Borges 2014, p. 195.
^ Borges 2014, p. 188.
^ Elst 1973, p. 14.
^ Richard Price (2013). "The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane". New West Indian Guide. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids Volume 87: Issue 3-4. 87 (3–4): 323–327. doi:10.1163/22134360-12340110. S2CID 140546216. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
^ "Kwinti". The University of the West-Indies, Jamaica. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
^ Borges 2014, pp. 188–189.
^ Borges 2014, p. 191.
Bibliography
Borges, Roger (2014). The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname (PDF) (PhD. dissertation). Utrecht: Radboud University Nijmegen.
Elst, Dirk van der (1973). "The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 55. University of Florida.
Hoogbergen, Wim (1 January 1992). "Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 66 (1–2): 27–59. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002003.
Green, E.C. (1974). The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society (PhD. dissertation). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America.
vteLanguages of SurinameOfficial language
Dutch
Regional languages
Aukan
Caribbean Hindustani
Chinese
English
Javanese
Kwinti
Saramaccan
Sranan Tongo
Indigenous languages
Akurio
Arawak
Carib
Mawayana
Sikiana
Trió
Waiwai
Warao
Wayana
This Suriname-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This pidgin and creole language-related article is a stub. 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The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname (PDF) (PhD. dissertation). Utrecht: Radboud University Nijmegen.\nElst, Dirk van der (1973). \"The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname\". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 55. University of Florida.\nHoogbergen, Wim (1 January 1992). \"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons\". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 66 (1–2): 27–59. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002003.\nGreen, E.C. (1974). The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society (PhD. dissertation). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America.vteLanguages of SurinameOfficial language\nDutch\nRegional languages\nAukan\nCaribbean Hindustani\nChinese\nEnglish\nJavanese\nKwinti\nSaramaccan\nSranan Tongo\nIndigenous languages\nAkurio\nArawak\nCarib\nMawayana\nSikiana\nTrió\nWaiwai\nWarao\nWayanaThis Suriname-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis pidgin and creole language-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Richard Price (2013). \"The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane\". New West Indian Guide. New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids Volume 87: Issue 3-4. 87 (3–4): 323–327. doi:10.1163/22134360-12340110. S2CID 140546216. 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Retrieved 29 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171921/https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/ciel/pages/kwinti.htm","url_text":"\"Kwinti\""},{"url":"https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/ciel/pages/kwinti.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Borges, Roger (2014). The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname (PDF) (PhD. dissertation). Utrecht: Radboud University Nijmegen.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/348_fulltext.pdf","url_text":"The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname"}]},{"reference":"Elst, Dirk van der (1973). \"The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname\". Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 55. University of Florida.","urls":[{"url":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00099461/00055/15j?search=bitagron","url_text":"\"The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname\""}]},{"reference":"Hoogbergen, Wim (1 January 1992). \"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons\". New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids. 66 (1–2): 27–59. doi:10.1163/13822373-90002003.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002003","url_text":"\"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002003","url_text":"10.1163/13822373-90002003"}]},{"reference":"Green, E.C. (1974). The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society (PhD. dissertation). Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301564036","url_text":"The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kwin1243","external_links_name":"kwin1243"},{"Link":"https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/kww","external_links_name":"Kwinti"},{"Link":"https://brill.com/view/journals/nwig/87/3-4/article-p323_3.xml?lang=en","external_links_name":"\"The Maroon Population Explosion: Suriname and Guyane\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134360-12340110","external_links_name":"10.1163/22134360-12340110"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140546216","external_links_name":"140546216"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211029171921/https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/ciel/pages/kwinti.htm","external_links_name":"\"Kwinti\""},{"Link":"https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/ciel/pages/kwinti.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/348_fulltext.pdf","external_links_name":"The Life of Languagedynamics of language contact in Suriname"},{"Link":"https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00099461/00055/15j?search=bitagron","external_links_name":"\"The Coppename Kwinti: Notes on an Afro-American tribe in Suriname\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002003","external_links_name":"\"Origins of the Suriname Kwinti Maroons\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002003","external_links_name":"10.1163/13822373-90002003"},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301564036","external_links_name":"The Matawai Maroons: An Acculturating Afro American Society"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwinti_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwinti_language&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_Me_Free_Pt._2 | Set Me Free Pt. 2 | ["1 Music and lyrics","2 Commercial performance","3 Music video","3.1 Synopsis","3.2 Reception","4 Accolades","5 Charts","5.1 Weekly charts","5.2 Monthly charts","6 Notes","7 References"] | 2023 single by Jimin
"Set Me Free Pt. 2"Single by Jiminfrom the album Face LanguageKoreanEnglishReleasedMarch 17, 2023Genre
Hip hop
pop
Length3:20LabelBig HitSongwriter(s)GhstloopPdoggJiminSupreme BoiProducer(s)PdoggGhstloopJimin singles chronology
"Vibe" (2023)
"Set Me Free Pt. 2" (2023)
"Like Crazy" (2023)
Music video"Set Me Free Pt. 2" on YouTube
"Set Me Free Pt. 2" is a song by South Korean singer Jimin of BTS, released as the lead single from his debut solo studio album Face on March 17, 2023, through Big Hit Music. An intense hip hop and pop track about Jimin's refusal to be brought down by those who criticize him and overcoming his internal battles, the song was written by Ghstloop, Pdogg, Jimin, and Supreme Boi, with the first two also responsible for production. The song features the singer rapping for the first time and also utilizes distorted vocal effects and Auto-Tune.
An accompanying music video shows Jimin performing the song, complete with elaborate choreography, in a circular room filled with flashing lights, surrounded by a large group of dancers.
The single debuted at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the highest-charting debut single by a Korean solo artist in OCC chart history at the time, and the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States.
Music and lyrics
"Set Me Free Pt. 2" was written by Jimin, Supreme Boi, Ghstloop and Pdogg, while the latter two handled the production. Musically, it is a hip-hop and pop track that incorporates "band-style" trumpets, heavy bass drum, synth brass, vocal effects, and auto-tuned vocals. Lyrically, the song was described as a "self-liberation," where the singer "depict his agitation in a way that implies he wants to break out of any boxes in which he might be placed ." The lyrics, “Going insane to stay sane / Raise your hands for the past me" sees the singer refusing to be defeated by his "haters" and the hard times that life throws at him. Eventually with phrases like "Set me free" and "Finally free" repeated throughout, the song sees the singer "overcome his internal battles" and "break free from his mental confines". Confident in his newfound freedom, Jimin tells his critics to "get lost while he enjoys this 'prime time' revelation" through lines such as "F*ck all the opps" and "Look at me now/ I won't stop, even if they mock me."
Commercial performance
"Set Me Free Pt. 2" was the second most-downloaded song of its release week in South Korea, with only two days of availability during the period dated March 12–18, 2023, and debuted at number 27 on the week 11 issue of the Gaon Digital Chart; it also debuted on Billboard's South Korea Songs chart at number six. The song entered the top 100 of the component Streaming Chart in its second week, ranking at number 70 on the week 12 issue as the second-highest charting "Hot" entry for the week dated March 19–25.
In Japan, "Set Me Free Pt. 2" sold 4,647 copies on its first day of release, topping Oricon's daily Digital Singles chart issue for March 17, 2023. With three days of availability during an ongoing tracking period (dated March 13–19), the single went on to sell 6,423 cumulative copies and debuted atop the subsequent weekly digital chart issue dated March 27.
"Set Me Free Pt. 2" became the highest-charting debut single by a Korean solo artist in the history of the UK Singles Chart, following its debut at number 30. Jimin surpassed the record previously set by BTS bandmate J-Hope who debuted at number 37 with "On the Street" a month prior. It was both the most-downloaded and best-selling song overall for the week dated March 24–30, 2023.
Jimin earned his second official entry and highest peak on the US Billboard Hot 100 as a solo artist—he previously peaked at number 76 with the collaboration single "Vibe" by Taeyang—with "Set Me Free Pt. 2". The single debuted at number 30 on the chart issue dated April 1, 2023, with 6.4 million streams and 63,000 downloads sold, making him the only member of BTS to achieve a solo top-40 entry. The single was the best-selling digital track of its release week in the country, earning Jimin his second number one on the component Digital Songs and World Digital Song Sales charts. Two of his older songs, "Filter" and "Christmas Love", reentered the World chart following "Set Me Free"'s release, at numbers five and eleven respectively. He also topped the Emerging Artists chart for the first time.
Worldwide, the single accumulated 56 million streams and 42,000 digital sales, earning Jimin his first top-10 entry and highest peak on the Billboard Global 200—he previously peaked at number 12 with "Vibe"—with its debut at number eight. He is the highest-charting member of BTS on the global ranking; bandmate Jungkook previously peaked at number nine with "Dreamers" in 2022. In territories outside of the US, the single accumulated 49.7 million streams and 27,000 cumulative sales, debuting at number five on the Global Excl. U.S. chart; Jimin is the second member of BTS to have multiple (three) top-10 solo singles on the ranking.
Music video
Directed by Oui Kim, the music video focuses heavily on the performance aspect of the song and its "really intense vibe". It was preceded by a 30-second long teaser, uploaded to YouTube on March 14, of Jimin looking "menacingly" into the camera before walking slowly through a group of dancers "dressed in gray uniformed tracksuits" as the song's melody comes "booming" in. The camera then panned around the dancers as they "burst into explosive choreography in a circular room ringed in giant squares of flashing light". Jimin's voice was heard next, singing "Set me free", then the clip ended; the song's title and release date and time appeared onscreen immediately afterwards. In an introductory video released shortly before the premiere of his album, the singer stated that he "tried to convey a sense of grandeur, powerfulness and toughness" through the song's performance.
Synopsis
The visual opens with the same scene from the teaser of Jimin looking directly at the camera before moving through a synchronized throng of dancers as the song begins. Dressed in a "dark combat-style outfit"—black bomber jacket, pants, and boots—he performs the song as the "commanding centerpiece" in an elaborate choreography routine", moving in unison across the screen with the dancers as "waves of light" flash around them. At one point, the dancers form an actual maze, at other times they surround and stare at Jimin "pointing and jeering". The lights darken momentarily and when they brighten again, Jimin appears wearing a jacket only, with a poem by German poet Rainer Maria Rilke, "Ich lebe mein leben in wachsenden ringen", tattooed in black ink across his neck and bare chest. The dancers converge upon him as the song winds down, "maniacally mobbing and grasping at him, almost consuming him", before lifting him bodily into the air, then simultaneously collapsing to the ground, taking him with them. Jimin emerges from beneath the horde, now dressed in "a soft, white outfit", standing alone and free at the end.
Reception
The music video received 2.7 million views within its first two hours. GMA Network's Nika Roque described Jimin as "badass and edgy" in the video, while Vulture.com's Jennifer Zhan called him "living art". Ian Jay Capati of ABS-CBN summarized the video as "captivating" overall, with "jaw-dropping visuals and choreography" to match. In an opinion piece for Junkee, pop culture writer Jenna Guillaume commented that the music video highlights Jimin's personal growth through its "striking choreography...thoughtful costuming and set design." She felt that the use of a panopticon-like structure for the set alluded to "themes of imprisonment and always being watched". Regarding the visual's costuming, Guillaume likened Jimin's progression from the dark combat outfit, which she described as "indicative of a tough exterior", to being seen with fewer accessories and items of clothing, to his emerging in all white at the end, to a butterfly emerging from a cocoon, and thought it significant that this version of the singer was the one to "defeat the forces trying to overtake him" and " alone, triumphant and free by the strength of his own will."
Accolades
The song won first place on the March 23 episode of M Countdown, though Jimin had not yet begun domestic music show promotions. He also won the Melon Popularity Award for the fourth week of March ending March 27.
Charts
Weekly charts
Weekly chart performance for "Set Me Free Pt. 2"
Chart (2023)
Peakposition
Australia (ARIA)
71
Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)
67
Canada (Canadian Hot 100)
45
France (SNEP)
144
Global 200 (Billboard)
8
Greece International (IFPI)
20
Hungary (Single Top 40)
2
India International Singles (IMI)
4
Indonesia (Billboard)
20
Japan (Japan Hot 100)
59
Japan Digital Singles (Oricon)
1
Latvia (LAIPA)
13
MENA (IFPI)
11
New Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)
4
Peru (Billboard)
20
Philippines (Billboard)
18
Poland (Polish Streaming Top 100)
62
Portugal (AFP)
90
Singapore (RIAS)
7
South Korea (Circle)
24
Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)
93
UK Singles (OCC)
30
US Billboard Hot 100
30
US World Digital Song Sales (Billboard)
1
Vietnam (Vietnam Hot 100)
5
Monthly charts
Monthly chart performance for "Set Me Free Pt. 2"
Chart (2023)
Position
South Korea (Circle)
39
Notes
^ Per the Circle Chart, "Hot" songs are those that have "Jumped up over 100 ranks".
^ as neither a featured artist nor part of a collaboration single
^ translates to "I live my life in widening circles" in English
References
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^ a b c Roque, Nika (March 15, 2023). "Jimin of BTS is totally edgy in teaser for solo single 'Set Me Free Pt. 2'". GMA Network. Archived from the original on March 15, 2023. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
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vteJimin
Awards and nominations
Discography
Studio albums
Face
Singles
"With You"
"Set Me Free Pt. 2"
"Like Crazy"
Featured singles
"Vibe"
"Angel Pt. 1"
Other songs
"Face-Off"
"Alone"
Related articles
Big Hit Music
BTS
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An intense hip hop and pop track about Jimin's refusal to be brought down by those who criticize him and overcoming his internal battles, the song was written by Ghstloop, Pdogg, Jimin, and Supreme Boi, with the first two also responsible for production. The song features the singer rapping for the first time and also utilizes distorted vocal effects and Auto-Tune.An accompanying music video shows Jimin performing the song, complete with elaborate choreography, in a circular room filled with flashing lights, surrounded by a large group of dancers.The single debuted at number 30 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming the highest-charting debut single by a Korean solo artist in OCC chart history at the time, and the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States.","title":"Set Me Free Pt. 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimin"},{"link_name":"Pdogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pdogg"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nylon_review-1"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"trumpets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet"},{"link_name":"bass drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_drum"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"synth brass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_bass"},{"link_name":"vocal effects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overtone_singing"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"auto-tuned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Tune"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nylon_review-1"}],"text":"\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" was written by Jimin, Supreme Boi, Ghstloop and Pdogg, while the latter two handled the production. Musically, it is a hip-hop[1] and pop track[2] that incorporates \"band-style\" trumpets, heavy bass drum,[3] synth brass, vocal effects,[4] and auto-tuned vocals.[5] Lyrically, the song was described as a \"self-liberation,\" where the singer \"depict his agitation in a way that implies he wants to break out of any boxes in which he might be placed [in].\"[4] The lyrics, “Going insane to stay sane / Raise your hands for the past me\" sees the singer refusing to be defeated by his \"haters\" and the hard times that life throws at him.[6] Eventually with phrases like \"Set me free\" and \"Finally free\" repeated throughout, the song sees the singer \"overcome his internal battles\" and \"break free from his mental confines\". Confident in his newfound freedom, Jimin tells his critics to \"get lost while he enjoys this 'prime time' revelation\" through lines such as \"F*ck all the opps\" and \"Look at me now/ I won't stop, even if they mock me.\"[1]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"most-downloaded song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Download_Chart"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gaon Digital Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaon_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"South Korea Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea_Songs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"J-Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J-Hope"},{"link_name":"On the Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Street"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Singles_debut-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Vibe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibe_(Taeyang_song)"},{"link_name":"Taeyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeyang"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"best-selling digital track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Digital_Song_Sales_number_ones_of_2023"},{"link_name":"Digital Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Songs"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emerging_Artists-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDSS_debut-20"},{"link_name":"Emerging Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_Artists"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Emerging_Artists-19"},{"link_name":"Billboard Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"Jungkook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungkook"},{"link_name":"Dreamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamers_(Jungkook_song)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMFP2_G200-21"}],"text":"\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" was the second most-downloaded song of its release week in South Korea, with only two days of availability during the period dated March 12–18, 2023,[7] and debuted at number 27 on the week 11 issue of the Gaon Digital Chart;[8] it also debuted on Billboard's South Korea Songs chart at number six.[9] The song entered the top 100 of the component Streaming Chart in its second week, ranking at number 70 on the week 12 issue as the second-highest charting \"Hot\" entry[a] for the week dated March 19–25.[10]In Japan, \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" sold 4,647 copies on its first day of release, topping Oricon's daily Digital Singles chart issue for March 17, 2023.[11] With three days of availability during an ongoing tracking period (dated March 13–19), the single went on to sell 6,423 cumulative copies and debuted atop the subsequent weekly digital chart issue dated March 27.[12]\"Set Me Free Pt. 2\" became the highest-charting debut single by a Korean solo artist in the history of the UK Singles Chart, following its debut at number 30. Jimin surpassed the record previously set by BTS bandmate J-Hope who debuted at number 37 with \"On the Street\" a month prior.[13][14] It was both the most-downloaded and best-selling song overall for the week dated March 24–30, 2023.[15][16]Jimin earned his second official entry and highest peak on the US Billboard Hot 100 as a solo artist—he previously peaked at number 76 with the collaboration single \"Vibe\" by Taeyang—with \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\". The single debuted at number 30 on the chart issue dated April 1, 2023, with 6.4 million streams and 63,000 downloads sold, making him the only member of BTS to achieve a solo[b] top-40 entry. The single was the best-selling digital track of its release week in the country, earning Jimin his second number one on the component Digital Songs and World Digital Song Sales charts.[17] Two of his older songs, \"Filter\" and \"Christmas Love\", reentered the World chart following \"Set Me Free\"'s release, at numbers five and eleven respectively.[18] He also topped the Emerging Artists chart for the first time.[17]Worldwide, the single accumulated 56 million streams and 42,000 digital sales, earning Jimin his first top-10 entry and highest peak on the Billboard Global 200—he previously peaked at number 12 with \"Vibe\"—with its debut at number eight. He is the highest-charting member of BTS on the global ranking; bandmate Jungkook previously peaked at number nine with \"Dreamers\" in 2022. In territories outside of the US, the single accumulated 49.7 million streams and 27,000 cumulative sales, debuting at number five on the Global Excl. U.S. chart; Jimin is the second member of BTS to have multiple (three) top-10 solo singles on the ranking.[19]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BB_SMF-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consequence_SMF-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA_teaser-24"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_SMFP2_teaser-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_teaser-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMF_teaser-27"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NME_SMFP2_teaser-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SMF_teaser-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"}],"text":"Directed by Oui Kim,[20] the music video focuses heavily on the performance aspect of the song and its \"really intense vibe\".[21] It was preceded by a 30-second long teaser,[22] uploaded to YouTube on March 14, of Jimin looking \"menacingly\"[23] into the camera before walking slowly through a group of dancers \"dressed in gray uniformed tracksuits\"[24] as the song's melody comes \"booming\" in.[25] The camera then panned around the dancers[23] as they \"burst into explosive choreography in a circular room ringed in giant squares of flashing light\". Jimin's voice was heard next, singing \"Set me free\", then the clip ended; the song's title and release date and time appeared onscreen immediately afterwards.[25] In an introductory video released shortly before the premiere of his album, the singer stated that he \"tried to convey a sense of grandeur, powerfulness and toughness\" through the song's performance.[26]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA_teaser-24"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RS_SMF-30"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture.com-32"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"}],"sub_title":"Synopsis","text":"The visual opens with the same scene from the teaser of Jimin looking directly at the camera before moving through a synchronized throng of dancers as the song begins. Dressed in a \"dark combat-style outfit\"[27]—black bomber jacket, pants, and boots[22]—he performs the song as the \"commanding centerpiece\" in an elaborate choreography routine\", moving in unison across the screen with the dancers as \"waves of light\" flash around them.[28] At one point, the dancers form an actual maze, at other times they surround and stare at Jimin \"pointing and jeering\".[27] The lights darken momentarily and when they brighten again, Jimin appears wearing a jacket only, with a poem by German poet Rainer Maria Rilke, \"Ich lebe mein leben in wachsenden ringen\",[c] tattooed in black ink[27] across his neck and bare chest.[29] The dancers converge upon him as the song winds down, \"maniacally mobbing and grasping at him, almost consuming him\", before lifting him bodily into the air, then simultaneously collapsing to the ground, taking him with them. Jimin emerges from beneath the horde, now dressed in \"a soft, white outfit\", standing alone and free at the end.[27]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ian_Jay-33"},{"link_name":"GMA Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GMA_teaser-24"},{"link_name":"Vulture.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture.com"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vulture.com-32"},{"link_name":"ABS-CBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABS-CBN"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ian_Jay-33"},{"link_name":"Junkee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junkee"},{"link_name":"pop culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_culture"},{"link_name":"panopticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panopticon"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Junkee-29"}],"sub_title":"Reception","text":"The music video received 2.7 million views within its first two hours.[30] GMA Network's Nika Roque described Jimin as \"badass and edgy\" in the video,[22] while Vulture.com's Jennifer Zhan called him \"living art\".[29] Ian Jay Capati of ABS-CBN summarized the video as \"captivating\" overall, with \"jaw-dropping visuals and choreography\" to match.[30] In an opinion piece for Junkee, pop culture writer Jenna Guillaume commented that the music video highlights Jimin's personal growth through its \"striking choreography...thoughtful costuming and set design.\" She felt that the use of a panopticon-like structure for the set alluded to \"themes of imprisonment and always being watched\". Regarding the visual's costuming, Guillaume likened Jimin's progression from the dark combat outfit, which she described as \"indicative of a tough exterior\", to being seen with fewer accessories and items of clothing, to his emerging in all white at the end, to a butterfly emerging from a cocoon, and thought it significant that this version of the singer was the one to \"defeat the forces trying to overtake him\" and \"[stand] alone, triumphant and free by the strength of his own will.\"[27]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M_Countdown"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The song won first place on the March 23 episode of M Countdown, though Jimin had not yet begun domestic music show promotions.[31] He also won the Melon Popularity Award for the fourth week of March ending March 27.[32]","title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set_Me_Free_Pt._2&action=edit§ion=8"},{"link_name":"ARIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA_Charts"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Ö3 Austria Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%963_Austria_Top_40"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Austria_Jimin-37"},{"link_name":"Canadian Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Canada_Jimin-38"},{"link_name":"SNEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndicat_National_de_l%27%C3%89dition_Phonographique"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_France_Jimin-39"},{"link_name":"Global 200","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Global_200"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardglobal200_Jimin-40"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFPI_Greece"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Single Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Hungarian_Record_Companies"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Hungarysingle_-42"},{"link_name":"India International Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMI_International_Top_20_Singles"},{"link_name":"IMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Music_Industry"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Japan Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardjapanhot100_Jimin-45"},{"link_name":"Oricon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oricon"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"LAIPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvian_Music_Producers_Association"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"MENA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MENA"},{"link_name":"IFPI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_the_Phonographic_Industry"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"RMNZ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recorded_Music_NZ"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines_Songs"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Polish Streaming Top 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_music_charts"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"AFP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Fonogr%C3%A1fica_Portuguesa"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Portugal_Jimin-53"},{"link_name":"RIAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Schweizer Hitparade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Hitparade"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"UK Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"OCC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Charts_Company"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_UK_-57"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc_Billboardhot100_Jimin-58"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WDSS_debut-20"},{"link_name":"Vietnam Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Vietnam_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set_Me_Free_Pt._2&action=edit§ion=9"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\nWeekly chart performance for \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nAustralia (ARIA)[33]\n\n71\n\n\nAustria (Ö3 Austria Top 40)[34]\n\n67\n\n\nCanada (Canadian Hot 100)[35]\n\n45\n\n\nFrance (SNEP)[36]\n\n144\n\n\nGlobal 200 (Billboard)[37]\n\n8\n\n\nGreece International (IFPI)[38]\n\n20\n\n\nHungary (Single Top 40)[39]\n\n2\n\n\nIndia International Singles (IMI)[40]\n\n4\n\n\nIndonesia (Billboard)[41]\n\n20\n\n\nJapan (Japan Hot 100)[42]\n\n59\n\n\nJapan Digital Singles (Oricon)[43]\n\n1\n\n\nLatvia (LAIPA)[44]\n\n13\n\n\nMENA (IFPI)[45]\n\n11\n\n\nNew Zealand Hot Singles (RMNZ)[46]\n\n4\n\n\nPeru (Billboard)[47]\n\n20\n\n\nPhilippines (Billboard)[48]\n\n18\n\n\nPoland (Polish Streaming Top 100)[49]\n\n62\n\n\nPortugal (AFP)[50]\n\n90\n\n\nSingapore (RIAS)[51]\n\n7\n\n\nSouth Korea (Circle)[52]\n\n24\n\n\nSwitzerland (Schweizer Hitparade)[53]\n\n93\n\n\nUK Singles (OCC)[54]\n\n30\n\n\nUS Billboard Hot 100[55]\n\n30\n\n\nUS World Digital Song Sales (Billboard)[18]\n\n1\n\n\nVietnam (Vietnam Hot 100)[56]\n\n5\n\n\n\nMonthly charts[edit]\n\nMonthly chart performance for \"Set Me Free Pt. 2\"\n\n\nChart (2023)\n\nPosition\n\n\nSouth Korea (Circle)[57]\n\n39","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"}],"text":"^ Per the Circle Chart, \"Hot\" songs are those that have \"Jumped up over 100 ranks\".\n\n^ as neither a featured artist nor part of a collaboration single\n\n^ translates to \"I live my life in widening circles\" in English","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Roby, India (March 24, 2023). \"On 'FACE,' Jimin Battles His Bleakest Thoughts — And Emerges Triumphant\". Nylon. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/jimins-face-album-review","url_text":"\"On 'FACE,' Jimin Battles His Bleakest Thoughts — And Emerges Triumphant\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylon_(magazine)","url_text":"Nylon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230324190407/https://www.nylon.com/entertainment/jimins-face-album-review","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Jimin - Face Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic, retrieved April 26, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/face-invisible-face--mw0003937033","url_text":"Jimin - Face Album Reviews, Songs & More | AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"The Quietus | Reviews | Jimin\". The Quietus. Retrieved April 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://thequietus.com/articles/32827-jimin-bts-face-review","url_text":"\"The Quietus | Reviews | Jimin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quietus","url_text":"The Quietus"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Maura (March 24, 2023). \"Jimin Shows Off His Pop Strengths, And Explores Some Moods, On 'FACE'\". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved April 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maura_Johnston","url_text":"Johnston, Maura"},{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-jimin-face-1234702867/","url_text":"\"Jimin Shows Off His Pop Strengths, And Explores Some Moods, On 'FACE'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230326001241/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-jimin-face-1234702867","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kaufman, Gil (March 17, 2023). \"BTS' Jimin Says 'Intense' Solo Single 'Set Me Free Pt. 2' Is, Of Course, About 'Setting Myself Free'\". Billboard. Archived from the original on March 18, 2023. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_of_Kaunas | Wall of Kaunas | ["1 References"] | Coordinates: 54°53′48″N 23°54′18″E / 54.89667°N 23.90500°E / 54.89667; 23.90500City plan of Kaunas in 1774
Authentic surviving fragment of the Kaunas city wall
The Kaunas city wall (Lithuanian: Kauno miesto gynybinė siena) was a masonry defensive wall in Kaunas, an important city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Its construction began in the early 17th century as a result of Kaunas' prosperity and medieval city's standards, however it was unfinished due to later wars and economic reasons.
The city wall surrounded Kaunas from the eastern side and had land fortifications: bastions, redans, artillery batteries, fortified towers. In 1607 multiple gates of the city wall were mentioned named after Neris river (on a road to Ukmergė; later renamed to Panerių or Raginės after the name of the suburb), Lithuania's capital Vilnius, and Tatars which were built along the main roads of the city.
A small part of the city wall with a tower is preserved in the courtyard of the Kaunas State Musical Theatre.
References
^ a b Varsackytė, Rasa; Balkus, Mindaugas. "Kaunas: Dates and Facts. Overview of Kaunas History". Kaunas County Public Library. Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ a b Mekiša, Rytis. "Tarp mito ir tikrovės: Kauno miesto gynybinės sienos". Kamane.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ Rickevičienė, Raimonda (25 April 2021). "Kauno gynybinė siena ir atminties saugojimas". Lithuanian National Radio and Television (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ a b "Kauno miesto sienos liekanos ir Malūnininko bokštas". PamatykLietuvoje.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023.
^ a b Bertašius, Mindaugas. "Kauno miesto gynybinė siena". Kaunosenamiestis.autc.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023.
54°53′48″N 23°54′18″E / 54.89667°N 23.90500°E / 54.89667; 23.90500 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:City_plan_of_Kaunas,_created_by_H._D._Schultz_in_1774.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_in_Kaunas_City_Wall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_language"},{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"defensive wall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_wall"},{"link_name":"Kaunas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-datos.kvb.lt-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mekisa-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pamatyk-4"},{"link_name":"medieval city's standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_commune"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-datos.kvb.lt-1"},{"link_name":"bastions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastion"},{"link_name":"redans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redan"},{"link_name":"artillery batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artillery_battery"},{"link_name":"fortified towers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortified_tower"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertasius-5"},{"link_name":"Neris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neris"},{"link_name":"Ukmergė","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukmerg%C4%97"},{"link_name":"Vilnius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius"},{"link_name":"Tatars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatars_in_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Bertasius-5"},{"link_name":"Kaunas State Musical Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaunas_State_Musical_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mekisa-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pamatyk-4"}],"text":"City plan of Kaunas in 1774Authentic surviving fragment of the Kaunas city wallThe Kaunas city wall (Lithuanian: Kauno miesto gynybinė siena) was a masonry defensive wall in Kaunas, an important city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[1][2][3][4] Its construction began in the early 17th century as a result of Kaunas' prosperity and medieval city's standards, however it was unfinished due to later wars and economic reasons.[1]The city wall surrounded Kaunas from the eastern side and had land fortifications: bastions, redans, artillery batteries, fortified towers.[5] In 1607 multiple gates of the city wall were mentioned named after Neris river (on a road to Ukmergė; later renamed to Panerių or Raginės after the name of the suburb), Lithuania's capital Vilnius, and Tatars which were built along the main roads of the city.[5]A small part of the city wall with a tower is preserved in the courtyard of the Kaunas State Musical Theatre.[2][4]","title":"Wall of Kaunas"}] | [{"image_text":"City plan of Kaunas in 1774","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/City_plan_of_Kaunas%2C_created_by_H._D._Schultz_in_1774.jpg/220px-City_plan_of_Kaunas%2C_created_by_H._D._Schultz_in_1774.jpg"},{"image_text":"Authentic surviving fragment of the Kaunas city wall","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tower_in_Kaunas_City_Wall.jpg/220px-Tower_in_Kaunas_City_Wall.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Varsackytė, Rasa; Balkus, Mindaugas. \"Kaunas: Dates and Facts. Overview of Kaunas History\". Kaunas County Public Library. Retrieved 5 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://datos.kvb.lt/en/overview-of-kaunas-history/","url_text":"\"Kaunas: Dates and Facts. Overview of Kaunas History\""}]},{"reference":"Mekiša, Rytis. \"Tarp mito ir tikrovės: Kauno miesto gynybinės sienos\". Kamane.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://kamane.lt/Kamanes-tekstai/Architektura/Tarp-mito-ir-tikroves-Kauno-miesto-gynybines-sienos","url_text":"\"Tarp mito ir tikrovės: Kauno miesto gynybinės sienos\""}]},{"reference":"Rickevičienė, Raimonda (25 April 2021). \"Kauno gynybinė siena ir atminties saugojimas\". Lithuanian National Radio and Television (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrt.lt/mediateka/irasas/2000149354/kauno-gynybine-siena-ir-atminties-saugojimas","url_text":"\"Kauno gynybinė siena ir atminties saugojimas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Radio_and_Television","url_text":"Lithuanian National Radio and Television"}]},{"reference":"\"Kauno miesto sienos liekanos ir Malūnininko bokštas\". PamatykLietuvoje.lt (in Lithuanian). Retrieved 5 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pamatyklietuvoje.lt/details/kauno-miesto-sienos-liekanos-ir-malunininko-bokstas/10068","url_text":"\"Kauno miesto sienos liekanos ir Malūnininko bokštas\""}]},{"reference":"Bertašius, Mindaugas. \"Kauno miesto gynybinė siena\". Kaunosenamiestis.autc.lt (in Lithuanian). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountants_Association_of_Canada | Certified General Accountants Association of Canada | ["1 History","2 Education","3 Online learning","4 Research","5 Mutual recognition agreements","6 See also","7 External links","8 References"] | Part of a series onAccounting
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Founded in 1908, the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (CGA-Canada) serves Certified General Accountants and students in Canada and nearly 100 countries. CGA-Canada established the designation's certification requirements and professional standards, offers professional development, conducts research and advocacy, and represents CGAs nationally and internationally. CGA-Canada joined the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada (CPA Canada) to integrate operations under the CPA banner in 2015. CPA Canada is the new national accounting body formed by the merger of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants (CICA) and the Society of Certified Management Accountants (CMA) in 2013, and now Certified General Accountants.
In October 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 CGA-Canada was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., CGA-Canada has also been named one of "BC's Top Employers" and one of "Canada's Greenest Employers".
History
The national association, first known as the Canadian Accountants' Association, was founded in 1908 by a trio of Canadian Pacific Railway accountants in Montreal, Quebec. Five years later, in 1913, the General Accountants' Association, as it was then known, was granted a charter from the government of Canada. By the mid-1940s, association chapters were established from coast-to-coast. Provincial, territorial and regional (offshore) chapters were later established under their own charters.
Auditing rights are regulated by provincial governments. In Prince Edward Island, only qualified CAs and CGAs can perform public accounting and auditing in accordance with the Public Accounting and Auditing Act. In all other provinces, except Quebec and Ontario (detailed below), only qualified CAs, CGAs, and CMAs (Certified Management Accountants) may audit public companies.
1948 Bilingual origins: Examinations are offered in English and French in Quebec. The move to a bilingual organization is underway.
1950s CGA-British Columbia and the University of British Columbia's School of Commerce develop an innovative five-year extension program, available on campus or by correspondence. The program is later adopted in other jurisdictions and becomes a national curriculum standard.
1964 Education program goes international: The education program is extended to the Caribbean and Bermuda.
1974 Code of Ethics enshrined: CGA-Canada approves what would become the Code of Ethical Principles and Rules of Conduct.
1977 Founding member of IFAC: CGA-Canada becomes a founding member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
1982 Name change to the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada.
1988 John Leslie's award: The John Leslie Award is established in honour of the association's founding president and Chair, and recognizes exceptional service.
1987-1991 Competency-based accounting education: A major revision of the CGA education program is completed. Competency-based objectives, management emphasis and integration of ethics and information technology become hallmarks of the revised program.
1998 Degree required: CGAs are now required to obtain a bachelor's degree prior to certification. Partnerships are developed with universities to provide distance-learning options.
2003 Asian links secured: CGA-Hong Kong is granted affiliate status. CGA education materials are offered at more than a dozen Chinese universities.
2013 Unifying the accounting profession: CGA-Canada entered into an Integration Agreement with CPA Canada, the body responsible for the new national designation Chartered Professional Accountant.
2014 Unification completes in October 2014.
Historically Quebec and Ontario only allowed CAs to audit public companies. In 2004, the Ontario government passed legislation that would enable CAs, CGAs and CMAs to practice public accounting under a reconstituted Public Accountants Council, and as of June 2010 Ontario CGAs were allowed to issue audit opinions.
In August 2005, a panel was constituted under the Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT) to rule on a challenge filed by CGA New Brunswick and CGA-Canada. It found Quebec's measures denying CGAs the right to practice public accounting in Quebec to impair trade and recommended legislative changes. The Quebec government committed to address the problem. By November 2009, the 'Regulation respecting the public accountancy permit of the Ordre des comptables généraux accrédités du Québec' enabled qualified CGAs to offer the full range of public accounting services to for-profit and publicly listed companies.
On November 6, 2009, Ontario issued a Notice of Measure claiming that material differences exist in respect of the practice of public accounting in Canada and to protect consumers out of province public accountants would be assessed against Ontario's requirements. Manitoba supported by Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan objected on the grounds that the Ontario regime causes injury to CGAs and impairs internal trade. A Panel convened under the Agreement on Internal Trade reviewed submissions and held a public hearing in Toronto on November 29, 2011. The Panel found that Ontario's notice of measure has impaired or would impair internal trade and has caused or would cause injury. The Panel recommended that Ontario comply with its AIT obligations by April 15, 2012. The outcome is important for CGAs because it removes the last barrier to mobility, allowing CGAs to practice anywhere in Canada.
In November 2008, Dr. Catherine Boivie was appointed to the Board of Directors as the Public Representative. Based in British Columbia, Dr. Boivie is the chief executive officer of Inventure Solutions and senior vice-president of information technology (IT) and facilities at Vancity, Canada's largest credit union.
In October 2013, CGA-Canada entered into an Integration Agreement with CPA Canada, the body responsible for the new national designation Chartered Professional Accountant. This followed most provincial CGA bodies ratifying the unification of the accounting profession in Canada.
Education
CGA-Canada's professional education program is competency-based. Competency-based education requires candidates to perform tasks and roles to standards expected in the workplace.
The knowledge, skills and professional values required of a CGA are reflected in a list of competencies. These competencies extend over three areas: professionalism, leadership and professional knowledge. They are validated periodically through extensive survey analysis. The CGA Competency Framework details the 130 competencies required of a newly certified CGA.
The complete academic program consists of 19 courses, two business cases, and professional qualification exams, spread over several levels: Levels 1 to 3 (Foundation Studies), Level 4 (Advanced Studies), and final level, the PACE qualification or certification level.
A CGA must have an undergraduate degree. Students normally require 36 months of supervised work experiences, but in all cases they require a minimum of 24 months. They may meet the experience requirements in any business sector and in a variety of fields.
Before issuing audit opinions a CGA must first be licensed as a public accountant. The requirements for licensing include at least 500 public accounting hours per year.
CGA is recognized in 170+ countries through their partnership with ACCA.
Online learning
CGA-Canada has been providing online professional accounting education. Via the Internet, students can complete their studies using a system that integrates text material, study guides, video and audio tools, discussion forums, group case study and project work, web research and email.
Introduced in 2011, Professional Experience Required for Certification (PERC) is the national reporting process for students in the CGA program. With PERC, students can document their experiences online and submit it annually.
In addition to its own online program of studies, CGA-Canada has also developed online degree partnerships with several Canadian universities.
Research
CGA-Canada develops research and supports positions with a view to influence social policy, regulation and standards-setting.
This initiative has resulted in the following research items.
IFRS Adoption in Canada: An Empirical Analysis of the Impact on Financial Statements (October 2013)
Empirical Testing of the Momentum Effect in Canadian Capital Markets (June 2013)
Money Talks: Emphasizing Wealth in Household Finances (May 2013)
Issue in Focus — Is the Capital Cost Allowance System in Canada Unnecessarily Complex? (April 2013)
Informed View — Mobile Payments in Canada – The Demand Side of the Equation (March 2013)
Youth Unemployment in Canada: Challenging Conventional Thinking? (October 2012)
Informed View — Starting Early – A Way to Improved Financial Literacy (September 2012)
Informed View — Canada's Immigration System — Short-term Solutions May Impede Long-term Prosperity (July 17, 2012)
Issue in Focus — Labour Shortages in Skilled Trades — The Best Guestimate? (July 17, 2012)
Informed View — Regulating Sustainability Reporting – Is a Mandatory Approach Better than a Voluntary One? (Dec 20, 2011)
Does Canada Have a Problem with Occupational Fraud? (Dec 6, 2011)
Issue in Focus — Planning for Retirement – There is No Substitute (Nov 2, 2011)
Informed View — The Bank of Canada's Overnight Rate – As Low and as Long as Needed (Oct 5, 2011)
Issue in Focus — The Need for Tax Simplification – A Challenge and an Opportunity (Aug 10, 2011)
A Driving Force No More: Have Canadian Consumers Reached Their Limits? (Jun 14, 2011)
Issue in Focus — Can We Get Better for Less? Value for Money in Canadian Health Care (May 11, 2011)
The Effects of IFRS on Financial Ratios: Early Evidence in Canada (Mar 16, 2011)
Issue in Focus — MD&A – Counterpart to or Distraction from Financial Reporting (Jan 17, 2011)
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Rebuilding a Foundation for Post-Recovery Growth (Dec 7, 2010)
Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises — Country Focus: Canada (Dec 7, 2010)
Informed View — Shifting the Burden of Health Care Costs – Where To? (Nov 18, 2010)
Laying the Foundation for a National Entrepreneurship Strategy: The CGA Entrepreneurship Report (Oct 18, 2010)
Informed View — Living Standards – Measure it Right (Jul 29, 2010)
0CPA Australia/CGA-Canada: Report of the Forum on SME Issues — Unlocking the potential of the SME Sector (Jul 14, 2010)*
Issue in Focus — Registered Education Savings Plans – Valuable Opportunities for the Students of Tomorrow (Jun 24, 2010)
Where Is the Money Now: The State of Canadian Household Debt as Conditions for Economic Recovery Emerge (May 11, 2010)
Gauging the Path of Private Canadian Pensions: 2010 Update on the State of Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Pension Plans (Apr 30, 2010)
Earnings Quality Differential Between Canadian and U.S. Public Companies (Mar 31, 2010
Issue in Focus — Fair Value Accounting: The Road to Be Most Travelled (January 2010)
The Public Underwriting of Private Debt:The Prospect of Industry Targeting (December 2009)
Where Has the Money Gone: The State of Canadian Household Debt in a Stumbling Economy (May 2009)
The Federal Budget Surplus: Surprise or Strategy? (July 2008)
Where Does the Money Go: The Increasing Reliance on Household Debt in Canada (October 2007)
Fading Productivity: Making Sense of Canada's Productivity Challenge (May 2007)
Tackling Compliance: Small Business and Regulation in Canada (October 2006)
Demystifying Income Trusts (March 2006)
The State of Defined-Benefit Pension Plans in Canada: An Update (November 2005)
Measuring Up: A Study on Corporate Sustainability Reporting in Canada (June 2005)
Growing Up: The Social and Economic Implications of an Aging Population (January 2005)
Addressing the Pensions Dilemma in Canada (June 2004)
Mutual recognition agreements
In December 2006, CGA-Canada and the Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) announced a mutual recognition agreement (MRA) to take effect on 1 January 2007. This agreement was renewed in 2011.
In April 2008, CGA-Canada and CPA Australia entered into a MRA to extend the global reach of both organizations into new continents.
In June 2009, CGA-Canada and CPA Ireland entered into a mutual recognition agreement. The MRA establishes a strategic partnership between the two leading accounting organizations and gives members the opportunity to qualify for another designation.
In June 2010, CGA-Canada and the Ordre des Experts-Comptables, France's foremost accounting organization, have entered into a MRA. Under this accord, CGAs and members of the CSOEC can be considered for membership by the other body.
The association is a member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).
CGA-Canada is an affiliate of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean and is a member of the International Federation of Francophone Accountants (FIDEF).
See also
Canadian accounting profession
Certified General Accountants of Ontario
Certified General Accountant
Chartered Professional Accountant
IFACnet
External links
Certified General Accounts Association of Canada home page
References
^ "News about unification of CA CMA CGA designations in Canada » Your home for CA-CMA-CGA unification information". Archived from the original on 2013-11-29. Retrieved 2013-10-29.
^ http://www.cga.org/canada/competency
^ https://www.handt.ca
^ CGA-Canada's website Online learning Archived May 2, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
^ "IFAC's Members". IFAC. Archived from the original on 2010-12-19. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
^
"Members And Affiliates". ICAC. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-07-01.
^ "Canada: Membres actifs FIDEF". FIDEF. Archived from the original on 2012-03-26. Retrieved 2011-07-03.
vteIFAC Member Bodies and AssociatesAsia
IICA
ICAI
ICMAI (formerly ICWAI)
ICAN
ICASL
ICMASL
ICAB
ICMAB
ICMAP
ICAP
ICPAI
PIPFA
MIA
CICPA
HKICPA
ISCA
PICPA
IUAA
IAI
JICPA
Africa
LICPA
ICAG
ICPAK
ICAN
ICAN
ICASL
ONECCA
SAICA
SAIPA
NBAA
OECT
ICPAU
ICAZ
Europe
AAT
ACCA
CA Ireland
CPA Ireland
CIMA
CIPFA
ICAEW
ICAS
IDW
IEKA
IFA
OEC
KWT
Americas
AICPA
CMA USA
BICA
CPA Canada
CISPA
ICAB
ICAG
ICAJ
ICATT
Oceania
CA ANZ
CPA Australia
IPA | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Certified General Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountant"},{"link_name":"Chartered Professional Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Professional_Accountant"},{"link_name":"Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Institute_of_Chartered_Accountants"},{"link_name":"Certified Management Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_Management_Accountant"},{"link_name":"Certified General Accountants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountant"}],"text":"Founded in 1908, the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada (CGA-Canada) serves Certified General Accountants and students in Canada and nearly 100 countries. CGA-Canada established the designation's certification requirements and professional standards, offers professional development, conducts research and advocacy, and represents CGAs nationally and internationally. CGA-Canada joined the Chartered Professional Accountants of Canada (CPA Canada) to integrate operations under the CPA banner in 2015. 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Five years later, in 1913, the General Accountants' Association, as it was then known, was granted a charter from the government of Canada. By the mid-1940s, association chapters were established from coast-to-coast. Provincial, territorial and regional (offshore) chapters were later established under their own charters.Auditing rights are regulated by provincial governments. In Prince Edward Island, only qualified CAs and CGAs can perform public accounting and auditing in accordance with the Public Accounting and Auditing Act. In all other provinces, except Quebec and Ontario (detailed below), only qualified CAs, CGAs, and CMAs (Certified Management Accountants) may audit public companies.1948 Bilingual origins: Examinations are offered in English and French in Quebec. 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The program is later adopted in other jurisdictions and becomes a national curriculum standard.\n1964 Education program goes international: The education program is extended to the Caribbean and Bermuda.\n1974 Code of Ethics enshrined: CGA-Canada approves what would become the Code of Ethical Principles and Rules of Conduct.\n1977 Founding member of IFAC: CGA-Canada becomes a founding member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).\n1982 Name change to the Certified General Accountants Association of Canada.\n1988 John Leslie's award: The John Leslie Award is established in honour of the association's founding president and Chair, and recognizes exceptional service.\n1987-1991 Competency-based accounting education: A major revision of the CGA education program is completed. Competency-based objectives, management emphasis and integration of ethics and information technology become hallmarks of the revised program.\n1998 Degree required: CGAs are now required to obtain a bachelor's degree prior to certification. Partnerships are developed with universities to provide distance-learning options.\n2003 Asian links secured: CGA-Hong Kong is granted affiliate status. CGA education materials are offered at more than a dozen Chinese universities.\n2013 Unifying the accounting profession: CGA-Canada entered into an Integration Agreement with CPA Canada, the body responsible for the new national designation Chartered Professional Accountant.\n2014 Unification completes in October 2014.Historically Quebec and Ontario only allowed CAs to audit public companies. In 2004, the Ontario government passed legislation that would enable CAs, CGAs and CMAs to practice public accounting under a reconstituted Public Accountants Council, and as of June 2010 Ontario CGAs were allowed to issue audit opinions.In August 2005, a panel was constituted under the Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT) to rule on a challenge filed by CGA New Brunswick and CGA-Canada. It found Quebec's measures denying CGAs the right to practice public accounting in Quebec to impair trade and recommended legislative changes. The Quebec government committed to address the problem. By November 2009, the 'Regulation respecting the public accountancy permit of the Ordre des comptables généraux accrédités du Québec' enabled qualified CGAs to offer the full range of public accounting services to for-profit and publicly listed companies.On November 6, 2009, Ontario issued a Notice of Measure claiming that material differences exist in respect of the practice of public accounting in Canada and to protect consumers out of province public accountants would be assessed against Ontario's requirements. Manitoba supported by Alberta, British Columbia and Saskatchewan objected on the grounds that the Ontario regime causes injury to CGAs and impairs internal trade. A Panel convened under the Agreement on Internal Trade reviewed submissions and held a public hearing in Toronto on November 29, 2011. The Panel found that Ontario's notice of measure has impaired or would impair internal trade and has caused or would cause injury. The Panel recommended that Ontario comply with its AIT obligations by April 15, 2012. The outcome is important for CGAs because it removes the last barrier to mobility, allowing CGAs to practice anywhere in Canada.In November 2008, Dr. Catherine Boivie was appointed to the Board of Directors as the Public Representative. Based in British Columbia, Dr. Boivie is the chief executive officer of Inventure Solutions and senior vice-president of information technology (IT) and facilities at Vancity, Canada's largest credit union.In October 2013, CGA-Canada entered into an Integration Agreement with CPA Canada, the body responsible for the new national designation Chartered Professional Accountant. This followed most provincial CGA bodies ratifying the unification of the accounting profession in Canada.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"CGA-Canada's professional education program is competency-based. Competency-based education requires candidates to perform tasks and roles to standards expected in the workplace.[2]The knowledge, skills and professional values required of a CGA are reflected in a list of competencies. These competencies extend over three areas: professionalism, leadership and professional knowledge. They are validated periodically through extensive survey analysis. The CGA Competency Framework details the 130 competencies required of a newly certified CGA.The complete academic program consists of 19 courses, two business cases, and professional qualification exams, spread over several levels: Levels 1 to 3 (Foundation Studies), Level 4 (Advanced Studies), and final level, the PACE qualification or certification level.[3]A CGA must have an undergraduate degree. Students normally require 36 months of supervised work experiences, but in all cases they require a minimum of 24 months. They may meet the experience requirements in any business sector and in a variety of fields.Before issuing audit opinions a CGA must first be licensed as a public accountant. The requirements for licensing include at least 500 public accounting hours per year.CGA is recognized in 170+ countries through their partnership with ACCA.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"CGA-Canada has been providing online professional accounting education. Via the Internet, students can complete their studies using a system that integrates text material, study guides, video and audio tools, discussion forums, group case study and project work, web research and email.Introduced in 2011, Professional Experience Required for Certification (PERC) is the national reporting process for students in the CGA program. With PERC, students can document their experiences online and submit it annually.In addition to its own online program of studies, CGA-Canada has also developed online degree partnerships with several Canadian universities.[4]","title":"Online learning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cga-canada.org/en-ca/ResearchAndAdvocacy/Pages/_ca_about_research_advocacy_index.aspx"}],"text":"CGA-Canada develops research and supports positions with a view to influence social policy, regulation and standards-setting.This initiative has resulted in the following research items. [1]IFRS Adoption in Canada: An Empirical Analysis of the Impact on Financial Statements (October 2013)\nEmpirical Testing of the Momentum Effect in Canadian Capital Markets (June 2013)\nMoney Talks: Emphasizing Wealth in Household Finances (May 2013)\nIssue in Focus — Is the Capital Cost Allowance System in Canada Unnecessarily Complex? (April 2013)\nInformed View — Mobile Payments in Canada – The Demand Side of the Equation (March 2013)\nYouth Unemployment in Canada: Challenging Conventional Thinking? (October 2012)\nInformed View — Starting Early – A Way to Improved Financial Literacy (September 2012)\nInformed View — Canada's Immigration System — Short-term Solutions May Impede Long-term Prosperity (July 17, 2012)\nIssue in Focus — Labour Shortages in Skilled Trades — The Best Guestimate? (July 17, 2012)\nInformed View — Regulating Sustainability Reporting – Is a Mandatory Approach Better than a Voluntary One? (Dec 20, 2011)\nDoes Canada Have a Problem with Occupational Fraud? (Dec 6, 2011)\nIssue in Focus — Planning for Retirement – There is No Substitute (Nov 2, 2011)\nInformed View — The Bank of Canada's Overnight Rate – As Low and as Long as Needed (Oct 5, 2011)\nIssue in Focus — The Need for Tax Simplification – A Challenge and an Opportunity (Aug 10, 2011)\nA Driving Force No More: Have Canadian Consumers Reached Their Limits? (Jun 14, 2011)\nIssue in Focus — Can We Get Better for Less? Value for Money in Canadian Health Care (May 11, 2011)\nThe Effects of IFRS on Financial Ratios: Early Evidence in Canada (Mar 16, 2011)\nIssue in Focus — MD&A – Counterpart to or Distraction from Financial Reporting (Jan 17, 2011)\nSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises: Rebuilding a Foundation for Post-Recovery Growth (Dec 7, 2010)\nSmall and Medium-Sized Enterprises — Country Focus: Canada (Dec 7, 2010)\nInformed View — Shifting the Burden of Health Care Costs – Where To? (Nov 18, 2010)\nLaying the Foundation for a National Entrepreneurship Strategy: The CGA Entrepreneurship Report (Oct 18, 2010)\nInformed View — Living Standards – Measure it Right (Jul 29, 2010)\n0CPA Australia/CGA-Canada: Report of the Forum on SME Issues — Unlocking the potential of the SME Sector (Jul 14, 2010)*\nIssue in Focus — Registered Education Savings Plans – Valuable Opportunities for the Students of Tomorrow (Jun 24, 2010)\nWhere Is the Money Now: The State of Canadian Household Debt as Conditions for Economic Recovery Emerge (May 11, 2010)\nGauging the Path of Private Canadian Pensions: 2010 Update on the State of Defined Benefit and Defined Contribution Pension Plans (Apr 30, 2010)\nEarnings Quality Differential Between Canadian and U.S. Public Companies (Mar 31, 2010\nIssue in Focus — Fair Value Accounting: The Road to Be Most Travelled (January 2010)\nThe Public Underwriting of Private Debt:The Prospect of Industry Targeting (December 2009)\nWhere Has the Money Gone: The State of Canadian Household Debt in a Stumbling Economy (May 2009)\nThe Federal Budget Surplus: Surprise or Strategy? 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This agreement was renewed in 2011.In April 2008, CGA-Canada and CPA Australia entered into a MRA to extend the global reach of both organizations into new continents. [2]In June 2009, CGA-Canada and CPA Ireland [3] entered into a mutual recognition agreement. The MRA establishes a strategic partnership between the two leading accounting organizations and gives members the opportunity to qualify for another designation. [4]In June 2010, CGA-Canada and the Ordre des Experts-Comptables, France's foremost accounting organization, have entered into a MRA. Under this accord, CGAs and members of the CSOEC can be considered for membership by the other body. [5]The association is a member of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC).[5]CGA-Canada is an affiliate of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of the Caribbean and is a member of the International Federation of Francophone Accountants (FIDEF).[6][7]","title":"Mutual recognition agreements"}] | [] | [{"title":"Canadian accounting profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_accounting_profession"},{"title":"Certified General Accountants of Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountants_of_Ontario"},{"title":"Certified General Accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certified_General_Accountant"},{"title":"Chartered Professional Accountant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Professional_Accountant"},{"title":"IFACnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFACnet"}] | [{"reference":"\"News about unification of CA CMA CGA designations in Canada » Your home for CA-CMA-CGA unification information\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellison_(crater) | Ellison (crater) | ["1 Satellite craters","2 References"] | Coordinates: 55°06′N 107°30′W / 55.1°N 107.5°W / 55.1; -107.5Lunar impact craterFeature on the moonEllisonLunar Orbiter 5 imageCoordinates55°06′N 107°30′W / 55.1°N 107.5°W / 55.1; -107.5Diameter36 kmDepthUnknownColongitude108° at sunriseEponymMervyn A. Ellison
Ellison is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon from the Earth. It is located just beyond the northwest limb of the Moon, to the southwest of the large walled plain Poczobutt. Due west of Ellison is the crater Coulomb.
The outer rim of Ellison is roughly circular, with an inward protrusion along the southern rim and a slight outward bulge to the wet-northwest. It has a single terrace on the northeastern inner wall, formed from the slumping of material. Instead of a central peak, there is a small crater located at the midpoint. A smaller crater is located just to the west-southwest of this centrally-located formation, but the flat interior floor is otherwise devoid of features of interest.
Ellison lies at the approximate margin of the Coulomb-Sarton Basin, a 530 km wide impact crater of Pre-Nectarian age.
Satellite craters
By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Ellison.
Ellison
Latitude
Longitude
Diameter
P
52.8° N
109.6° W
32 km
References
Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.
Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.
Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.
Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1.
McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24.
Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855.
Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6.
Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3.
Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.
Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.
Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.
Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.
vteCraters on the Moon: C–FC
C. Herschel
C. Mayer
Cabannes
Cabeus
Cailleux
Cai Lun
Cajal
Cajori
Calippus
Cameron
Campanus
Campbell
Cannizzaro
Cannon
Cantor
Capella
Capuanus
Cardanus
Carlini
Carlos
Carmichael
Carnot
Carol
Carpenter
Carrel
Carrillo
Carrington
Cartan
Carver
Casatus
Cassegrain
Cassini
Catalán
Catharina
Cauchy
Cavalerius
Cavendish
Caventou
Cayley
Celsius
Censorinus
Cepheus
Chacornac
Chadwick
Chaffee
Challis
Chalonge
Chamberlin
Champollion
Chandler
Chang Heng
Chang-Ngo
Chant
Chaplygin
Chapman
Chappe
Chappell
Charles
Charlier
Chaucer
Chauvenet
Chawla
Chebyshev
Chernyshev
Chevallier
Ching-Te
Chladni
Chrétien
Cichus
Clairaut
Clark
Clausius
Clavius
Cleomedes
Cleostratus
Clerke
Coblentz
Cockcroft
Collins
Colombo
Compton
Comrie
Comstock
Condon
Condorcet
Congreve
Conon
Cook
Cooper
Copernicus
Cori
Coriolis
Couder
Coulomb
Courtney
Cremona
Crile
Crocco
Crommelin
Crookes
Crozier
Crüger
Ctesibius
Curie
Curtis
Curtius
Cusanus
Cuvier
Cyrano
Cyrillus
Cysatus
D
D. Brown
da Vinci
Daedalus
Dag
Daguerre
Dale
d'Alembert
Dalton
Daly
Damoiseau
Dandelion
Daniell
Danjon
Dante
Darney
D'Arrest
D'Arsonval
Darwin
Das
Daubrée
Davisson
Davy
Dawes
Dawson
De Forest
de Gasparis
de Gerlache
De La Rue
De Moraes
De Morgan
De Roy
De Sitter
De Vico
De Vries
Debes
Debus
Debye
Dechen
Delambre
Delaunay
Delia
Delisle
Dellinger
Delmotte
Delporte
Deluc
Dembowski
Democritus
Demonax
Denning
Desargues
Descartes
Deseilligny
Deslandres
Deutsch
Dewar
Diana
Diderot
Dionysius
Diophantus
Dirichlet
Dobrovolʹskiy
Doerfel
Dollond
Donati
Donna
Donner
Doppelmayer
Doppler
Douglass
Dove
Draper
Drebbel
Dreyer
Drude
Dryden
Drygalski
Dubyago
Dufay
Dugan
Dunér
Dunthorne
Dyson
Dziewulski
E
Eckert
Eddington
Edison
Edith
Egede
Ehrlich
Eichstadt
Eijkman
Eimmart
Einstein
Einthoven
Elger
Ellerman
Ellison
Elmer
Elvey
Emden
Encke
Endymion
Engelʹgardt
Eötvös
Epigenes
Epimenides
Eratosthenes
Erlanger
Erro
Esclangon
Esnault-Pelterie
Espin
Euclides
Euctemon
Eudoxus
Euler
Evans
Evdokimov
Evershed
Ewen
F
Fabbroni
Fabricius
Fabry
Fahrenheit
Fairouz
Faraday
Faustini
Fauth
Faye
Fechner
Fedorov
Felix
Fényi
Feoktistov
Fermat
Fermi
Fernelius
Fersman
Fesenkov
Feuillée
Fibiger
Finsch
Finsen
Firmicus
Firsov
Fischer
Fitzgerald
Fizeau
Flammarion
Flamsteed
Fleming
Florensky
Florey
Focas
Fontana
Fontenelle
Foster
Foucault
Fourier
Fowler
Fox
Fra Mauro
Fracastorius
Franck
Franklin
Franz
Fraunhofer
Fredholm
Freud
Freundlich
Fridman
Froelich
Frost
Fryxell
Furnerius | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_craters"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"far side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_(Moon)"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"Poczobutt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poczobutt_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Coulomb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Coulomb-Sarton Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb-Sarton_Basin"},{"link_name":"Pre-Nectarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Nectarian"}],"text":"Lunar impact craterFeature on the moonEllison is a lunar impact crater that lies on the far side of the Moon from the Earth. It is located just beyond the northwest limb of the Moon, to the southwest of the large walled plain Poczobutt. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._F._Green_Airport_station | T. F. Green Airport station | ["1 History","1.1 Ridership","2 Funding, facilities and cost","3 Amtrak","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 41°43′39″N 71°26′30″W / 41.7275°N 71.4417°W / 41.7275; -71.4417Railway station in Warwick, Rhode Island
T. F. Green Airport/Warwick T.F. Green Airport station and parking garage in 2017General informationLocation700 Jefferson BoulevardWarwick, Rhode IslandCoordinates41°43′39″N 71°26′30″W / 41.7275°N 71.4417°W / 41.7275; -71.4417Owned byState of Rhode IslandLine(s)Amtrak Northeast CorridorPlatforms1 side platformTracks3ConnectionsRIPTA:ConstructionParking650 spaces ($6.75 daily fee)Bicycle facilitiesracks availableAccessibleYesOther informationFare zone9HistoryOpenedDecember 6, 2010Passengers2018227 (weekday average boardings)
Services
Preceding station
MBTA
Following station
Wickford JunctionTerminus
Providence/Stoughton Line
Providencetoward South Station
Former and proposed services
Preceding station
Amtrak
Following station
Kingstontoward Norfolk, Newport News or Roanoke
Northeast Regional(proposed stop)
Providencetoward Boston South
Preceding station
MBTA
Following station
Terminus
Foxboro event service2012–2018
Providencetoward Foxboro
Location
T. F. Green Airport station (signed as T. F. Green Airport/Warwick) is a train station and intermodal facility in Warwick, Rhode Island, on the Northeast Corridor, adjacent to T. F. Green Airport. It extends the MBTA Commuter Rail Providence/Stoughton Line from Boston, which previously only went as far as the Providence train station. The station was completed in October 2010 and MBTA service began on December 6, 2010. On November 14, 2011, service expanded to 10 weekday trains in each direction. Trips to and from Boston's South Station take 75 to 90 minutes.
The station's primary purpose is to serve local commuters to Providence and Boston, but it will also bring passengers and employees to and from the airport. The station also makes it possible to move between T.F. Green and Logan International Airport in about two hours via subway and commuter rail. Amtrak trains cannot and do not serve the station because the track that serves the single platform is not electrified. Funding was not provided for the necessary track and electrical work, although long-range plans call for this infrastructure to be provided.
History
2007 map of South County Commuter Rail service to T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction
A state study of rail corridors was completed in 1994 and the Northeast Corridor was designated as the highest-priority line for commuter service to Providence. An addendum in 1995 projected daily ridership from a Warwick station to be 454 in 2000 and 529 in 2020. An operations plan was released in 2001, and environmental assessment was completed in 2003.
The station's ceremonial groundbreaking took place on July 17, 2006, but construction was delayed by negotiations with Amtrak over the agreement to allow the MBTA to run commuter trains on Amtrak-owned tracks. Site preparation began in September 2007 and construction began in late 2008 or early 2009. The station was originally scheduled to open in late 2010, and construction was completed on schedule, with the opening ceremony taking place on October 27, 2010.
On October 13, 2010, the MBTA and the Rhode Island Department of Transportation signed an agreement enabling MBTA operations to the station to begin on December 6, 2010, initially with 6 inbound and 5 outbound trains each weekday. This service consisted of three peak-hour trains in each direction between T.F. Green and South Station, plus several off-peak shuttles to/from Providence. This was despite earlier concerns that service could be delayed pending completion of the Wickford Junction station and the siding there used to allow trains to reverse directions. However, the siding at T.F. Green was deemed sufficient for operations. In November 2011, service was increased significantly, with mid-day service and more rush hour trains. The line was extended 10 miles past T.F. Green with the opening of Wickford Junction station in April 2012.
Normal service to T.F. Green Airport is weekday-only, with no regular weekend trains. Beginning on September 16, 2012, special Sunday trains serving New England Patriots games were extended from Providence to T.F. Green Airport. These trains run on game days only to Foxboro, which was not served by regular daily MBTA service. Game-day service was cut back to Providence in the 2019 season.
Ridership
Daily boardings were projected to reach 529 in 2020 by the 1995 analysis; this was halved to 245 in the 2003 Environmental Assessment.
In the first quarter of 2012, inbound ridership from the station averaged 149 riders per day, lower than state officials hoped. By July 2012, the count increased to more than 200 daily, even as passenger traffic at the airport decreased.
By early 2017, total ridership (boardings plus alightings) was 414. For the second half of 2017, the state offered free intrastate rides, primarily in an attempt to promote the under-utilized Wickford Junction station. The six-month promotion was expected to cost about $102,000. However, a 2018 count had just 227 daily boardings - barely increased from 2012.
Funding, facilities and cost
Interlink skyway as seen from an airport parking lot
A new passenger shelter was installed on the platform in 2012
The station includes a four-level, 3,500-space garage with facilities for airport car rental companies and park and ride commuters. The station is connected to the airport via an elevated 1,250-foot (380-meter) skywalk with moving sidewalks, known as the Interlink. Costs included:
$28.1M — commuter parking garage
$46.9M — rental car garage
$40.2M — rental car desk and service areas
$22.9M — commuter rail platform
$43.5M — skywalk
$14.1M — connection from airport terminal to skywalk
The total cost of the T.F. Green amenities, plus an additional station at Wickford Junction was $336 million. The project sponsor was the Rhode Island Department of Transportation, which assembled funding consisting of:
$29M already collected from a $4.25 car rental fee
$22.2M grant from Rhode Island
$88.9M grant from federal highway funds
$42M loan from the federal government under the Transportation Finance and Infrastructure Act
$39.6M bond from Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation (of which the Airport Corporation is a subsidiary)
$20M of federal funding was earmarked by former Rhode Island senator Lincoln Chafee in the 2005 SAFETEA transportation bill.
As part of the 1989 Pilgrim Partnership Agreement, Rhode Island provides capital funding (including some of its federal formula funds) for MBTA expansion in the state. (Rhode Island also gave the MBTA $11 million to cover capital costs for the T.F. Green project.) Massachusetts (through the MBTA) provides the operating subsidy for MBTA Commuter Rail service in return. Rhode Island also pays Amtrak to allow the MBTA to use its tracks.
The Rhode Island Airport Corporation, which runs T.F. Green Airport, will be responsible for repaying the bonds using revenues from car rental and commuter parking facilities.
Amtrak
An Amtrak train passing a stopped commuter train at T.F. Green
Although Amtrak owns the tracks through the station, T.F. Green Airport is not a stop on Amtrak's Northeast Regional or Acela Express trains. The station is on a third track built west of the existing two-track Northeast Corridor line, however the new track was not electrified due to lack of funding. All Amtrak trains currently operating on the Northeast Corridor require overhead electric power. Amtrak had requested a separate track for its trains, which was not built, and has also cited a lack of sufficient ridership for the stop to be economically sustainable. This may change with time. Long-term Amtrak plans released in 2010 called for a fourth track (as a second passing siding) with a second platform at the station for intrastate commuter service as well as possible future Amtrak use. The new siding and the current siding would need to have catenary wire extended over them in order for Amtrak trains to stop.
A 2017 Amtrak/RIDOT study analyzed several potential scenarios for intercity service to the station: addition of Amtrak service with a new platform, extension of Shore Line East service to Providence, additional Westerly–Boston local service, and new intercity line between Boston and T.F. Green, Westerly, or New London. In June 2019, a $2.8 million federal grant was awarded to fund preliminary engineering and environmental review work to allow Northeast Regional trains to stop at the station.
References
^ a b c Belcher, Jonathan (March 25, 2017). "Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2016" (PDF). NETransit.
^ a b Central Transportation Planning Staff (2019). "2018 Commuter Rail Counts". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.
^ a b "Increased Service to T.F. Green International Airport". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ a b c d Needham, Cynthia (22 August 2007). "Airport train station revived". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
^ "Rail Corridor Feasibility Study" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. November 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ a b Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). "South County Commuter Rail Service Plan" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2017.
^ a b "South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. February 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.
^ Downing, Neil (17 October 2007). "Train station construction to begin". Providence Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2008.
^ Lord, Peter B. (2 August 2009). "Finally, work on a commuter rail station at T.F. Green advances and so does its cost". Providence Journal. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
^ "Providence/Stoughton Line Schedule" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ "Riding the T: Patriots". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012.
^ "Gillette Stadium". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019.
^ Klepper, David (6 April 2012). "RI rail passenger count up; still lower than hoped". Boston Globe. Retrieved 7 April 2012.
^ Parker, Paul Edward (24 August 2012). "Reinvent RI: Passenger traffic down at T.F. Green Airport, up at train station". Providence Journal. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ "You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday". Boston Globe. July 2, 2017.
^ Intermodal Planning - Park & Ride Facilities Archived 2011-06-11 at the Wayback Machine. Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Accessed 18 April 2011.
^ a b c Howell, John. "Warwick station hinges on Amtrak deal". Warwick Online, 31 January 2008.
^ a b Bierman, Noah (September 10, 2009). "Vote set on T link to R.I. airport". The Boston Globe.
^ a b Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). "South County Commuter Rail Service Plan" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ "RI Airport Corporation". Rhode Island Airport Corporation. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ Miller, Hannah (11 October 2005). "Warwick station will provide direct train access to T.F. Green airport". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
^ South County Commuter Rail Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine (Microsoft Word document). November 2007. Accessed 25 Feb 2011.
^ The NEC Master Plan Working Group (May 2010). "Part II: Current and Future Service and Infrastructure by Sgement" (PDF). The Northeast Corridor Infrastructure Master Plan. Amtrak. p. 6. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
^ "Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport" (PDF). Amtrak and the Rhode Island Department of Transportation. April 2017.
^ "New $2.8 Million Grant Keeps Development of Amtrak Service to T.F. Green On Track" (Press release). Office of Jack Reed. June 10, 2019.
Further reading
Amtrak; RIdot (April 2017). Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport (PDF) (Report).
External links
Media related to T. F. Green Airport station at Wikimedia Commons
MBTA – T.F. Green Airport
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F. Green Airport station (signed as T. F. Green Airport/Warwick) is a train station and intermodal facility in Warwick, Rhode Island, on the Northeast Corridor, adjacent to T. F. Green Airport. It extends the MBTA Commuter Rail Providence/Stoughton Line from Boston, which previously only went as far as the Providence train station. The station was completed in October 2010 and MBTA service began on December 6, 2010.[1] On November 14, 2011, service expanded to 10 weekday trains in each direction.[3] Trips to and from Boston's South Station take 75 to 90 minutes.The station's primary purpose is to serve local commuters to Providence and Boston, but it will also bring passengers and employees to and from the airport. The station also makes it possible to move between T.F. Green and Logan International Airport in about two hours via subway and commuter rail. Amtrak trains cannot and do not serve the station because the track that serves the single platform is not electrified. 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Green Airport and Wickford JunctionA state study of rail corridors was completed in 1994 and the Northeast Corridor was designated as the highest-priority line for commuter service to Providence.[5] An addendum in 1995 projected daily ridership from a Warwick station to be 454 in 2000 and 529 in 2020.[6] An operations plan was released in 2001, and environmental assessment was completed in 2003.[7]The station's ceremonial groundbreaking took place on July 17, 2006, but construction was delayed by negotiations with Amtrak over the agreement to allow the MBTA to run commuter trains on Amtrak-owned tracks.[4] Site preparation began in September 2007 and construction began in late 2008 or early 2009.[8][9] The station was originally scheduled to open in late 2010, and construction was completed on schedule, with the opening ceremony taking place on October 27, 2010.[4]On October 13, 2010, the MBTA and the Rhode Island Department of Transportation signed an agreement enabling MBTA operations to the station to begin on December 6, 2010, initially with 6 inbound and 5 outbound trains each weekday. 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The station is connected to the airport via an elevated 1,250-foot (380-meter) skywalk with moving sidewalks, known as the Interlink.[16] Costs included:[17]$28.1M — commuter parking garage\n$46.9M — rental car garage\n$40.2M — rental car desk and service areas\n$22.9M — commuter rail platform\n$43.5M — skywalk\n$14.1M — connection from airport terminal to skywalkThe total cost of the T.F. Green amenities, plus an additional station at Wickford Junction was $336 million.[18] The project sponsor was the Rhode Island Department of Transportation,[19] which assembled funding consisting of:[17]$29M already collected from a $4.25 car rental fee\n$22.2M grant from Rhode Island\n$88.9M grant from federal highway funds\n$42M loan from the federal government under the Transportation Finance and Infrastructure Act\n$39.6M bond from Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation (of which the Airport Corporation is a subsidiary)[20]$20M of federal funding was earmarked by former Rhode Island senator Lincoln Chafee in the 2005 SAFETEA transportation bill.[21]As part of the 1989 Pilgrim Partnership Agreement, Rhode Island provides capital funding (including some of its federal formula funds) for MBTA expansion in the state. (Rhode Island also gave the MBTA $11 million to cover capital costs for the T.F. Green project.) Massachusetts (through the MBTA) provides the operating subsidy for MBTA Commuter Rail service in return.[22] Rhode Island also pays Amtrak to allow the MBTA to use its tracks.[18]The Rhode Island Airport Corporation, which runs T.F. Green Airport, will be responsible for repaying the bonds using revenues from car rental and commuter parking facilities.[17]","title":"Funding, facilities and cost"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amtrak_passing_at_T.F._Green.JPG"},{"link_name":"Northeast Regional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Regional"},{"link_name":"Acela Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acela_Express"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OpPlan-19"},{"link_name":"electrified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_electrification_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revived-4"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Shore Line East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shore_Line_East"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"An Amtrak train passing a stopped commuter train at T.F. GreenAlthough Amtrak owns the tracks through the station, T.F. Green Airport is not a stop on Amtrak's Northeast Regional or Acela Express trains.[19] The station is on a third track built west of the existing two-track Northeast Corridor line, however the new track was not electrified due to lack of funding. All Amtrak trains currently operating on the Northeast Corridor require overhead electric power. Amtrak had requested a separate track for its trains, which was not built, and has also cited a lack of sufficient ridership for the stop to be economically sustainable. This may change with time.[4] Long-term Amtrak plans released in 2010 called for a fourth track (as a second passing siding) with a second platform at the station for intrastate commuter service as well as possible future Amtrak use. The new siding and the current siding would need to have catenary wire extended over them in order for Amtrak trains to stop.[23]A 2017 Amtrak/RIDOT study analyzed several potential scenarios for intercity service to the station: addition of Amtrak service with a new platform, extension of Shore Line East service to Providence, additional Westerly–Boston local service, and new intercity line between Boston and T.F. Green, Westerly, or New London.[24] In June 2019, a $2.8 million federal grant was awarded to fund preliminary engineering and environmental review work to allow Northeast Regional trains to stop at the station.[25]","title":"Amtrak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf"}],"text":"Amtrak; RIdot (April 2017). Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport (PDF) (Report).","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"2007 map of South County Commuter Rail service to T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/US_FTA_RI_South_County_Commuter_Rail_Warwick_Wickford.jpg/220px-US_FTA_RI_South_County_Commuter_Rail_Warwick_Wickford.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interlink skyway as seen from an airport parking lot","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/T.F._Green_skyway_5.JPG/220px-T.F._Green_skyway_5.JPG"},{"image_text":"A new passenger shelter was installed on the platform in 2012","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/New_T.F._Green_platform_shelter.JPG/220px-New_T.F._Green_platform_shelter.JPG"},{"image_text":"An Amtrak train passing a stopped commuter train at T.F. Green","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Amtrak_passing_at_T.F._Green.JPG/220px-Amtrak_passing_at_T.F._Green.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Belcher, Jonathan (March 25, 2017). \"Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2016\" (PDF). NETransit.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.transithistory.org/roster/MBTARouteHistory.pdf","url_text":"\"Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2016\""}]},{"reference":"Central Transportation Planning Staff (2019). \"2018 Commuter Rail Counts\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mass.gov/lists/2018-commuter-rail-counts","url_text":"\"2018 Commuter Rail Counts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Increased Service to T.F. Green International Airport\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 1 November 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mbta.com/about_the_mbta/news_events/?id=23038&month=&year=","url_text":"\"Increased Service to T.F. Green International Airport\""}]},{"reference":"Needham, Cynthia (22 August 2007). \"Airport train station revived\". Providence Journal. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 22 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824231247/http://www.projo.com/news/content/AIRPORT_TRAIN_08-22-07_EN6QRPQ.31da5a2.html","url_text":"\"Airport train station revived\""},{"url":"http://www.projo.com/news/content/AIRPORT_TRAIN_08-22-07_EN6QRPQ.31da5a2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rail Corridor Feasibility Study\" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. November 1994. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424230300/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","url_text":"\"Rail Corridor Feasibility Study\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). \"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 July 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","url_text":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment\" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. February 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 14 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095315/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","url_text":"\"South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Downing, Neil (17 October 2007). \"Train station construction to begin\". Providence Journal. Retrieved 21 March 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projo.com/business/content/BZ_DOT_October_17_10-17-07_IH7GQ3F.254619c.html","url_text":"\"Train station construction to begin\""}]},{"reference":"Lord, Peter B. (2 August 2009). \"Finally, work on a commuter rail station at T.F. Green advances and so does its cost\". Providence Journal. Retrieved 18 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.projo.com/business/content/People_mover_02-08-09_65D7J7B_v23.3c91227.html","url_text":"\"Finally, work on a commuter rail station at T.F. Green advances and so does its cost\""}]},{"reference":"\"Providence/Stoughton Line Schedule\" (PDF). Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. 22 November 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204103358/http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Documents/Schedules_and_Maps/Commuter_Rail/Providence-Stou%20Line%20040708.pdf","url_text":"\"Providence/Stoughton Line Schedule\""},{"url":"http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Documents/Schedules_and_Maps/Commuter_Rail/Providence-Stou%20Line%20040708.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Riding the T: Patriots\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on September 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919202058/http://www.mbta.com/riding_the_t/patriots/","url_text":"\"Riding the T: Patriots\""},{"url":"http://www.mbta.com/riding_the_t/patriots/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gillette Stadium\". Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. Archived from the original on August 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094348/https://mbta.com/destinations/gillette-stadium","url_text":"\"Gillette Stadium\""},{"url":"https://mbta.com/destinations/gillette-stadium","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Klepper, David (6 April 2012). \"RI rail passenger count up; still lower than hoped\". Boston Globe. Retrieved 7 April 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/04/06/ri_rail_passenger_count_up_still_lower_than_hoped/","url_text":"\"RI rail passenger count up; still lower than hoped\""}]},{"reference":"Parker, Paul Edward (24 August 2012). \"Reinvent RI: Passenger traffic down at T.F. Green Airport, up at train station\". Providence Journal. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/2012/08/reinvent-ri-pas.html","url_text":"\"Reinvent RI: Passenger traffic down at T.F. Green Airport, up at train station\""}]},{"reference":"\"You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday\". Boston Globe. July 2, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boston.com/culture/travel/2017/07/02/you-can-ride-rhode-islands-commuter-rail-for-free-starting-monday","url_text":"\"You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday\""}]},{"reference":"Bierman, Noah (September 10, 2009). \"Vote set on T link to R.I. airport\". The Boston Globe.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/09/10/vote_set_on_t_link_to_ri_airport/","url_text":"\"Vote set on T link to R.I. airport\""}]},{"reference":"Edwards and Kelcey, Inc (July 2001). \"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\" (PDF). Rhode Island Department of Transportation. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","url_text":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"url":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"RI Airport Corporation\". Rhode Island Airport Corporation. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pvdairport.com/main.aspx?sec_id=15","url_text":"\"RI Airport Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, Hannah (11 October 2005). \"Warwick station will provide direct train access to T.F. Green airport\". Brown Daily Herald. Retrieved 4 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2005/10/11/Metro/Warwick.Station.Will.Provide.Direct.Train.Access.To.T.f.Green.Airport-1016314.shtml","url_text":"\"Warwick station will provide direct train access to T.F. Green airport\""}]},{"reference":"The NEC Master Plan Working Group (May 2010). \"Part II: Current and Future Service and Infrastructure by Sgement\" (PDF). The Northeast Corridor Infrastructure Master Plan. Amtrak. p. 6. Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/870/270/Northeast-Corridor-Infrastructure-Master-Plan.pdf","url_text":"\"Part II: Current and Future Service and Infrastructure by Sgement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport\" (PDF). Amtrak and the Rhode Island Department of Transportation. April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport\""}]},{"reference":"\"New $2.8 Million Grant Keeps Development of Amtrak Service to T.F. Green On Track\" (Press release). Office of Jack Reed. June 10, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reed.senate.gov/news/releases/new-28-million-grant-keeps-development-of-amtrak-service-to-tf-green-on-track","url_text":"\"New $2.8 Million Grant Keeps Development of Amtrak Service to T.F. Green On Track\""}]},{"reference":"Amtrak; RIdot (April 2017). Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport (PDF) (Report).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf","url_text":"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T._F._Green_Airport_station¶ms=41.7275_N_71.4417_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-RI","external_links_name":"41°43′39″N 71°26′30″W / 41.7275°N 71.4417°W / 41.7275; -71.4417"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=T._F._Green_Airport_station¶ms=41.7275_N_71.4417_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-RI","external_links_name":"41°43′39″N 71°26′30″W / 41.7275°N 71.4417°W / 41.7275; -71.4417"},{"Link":"http://www.transithistory.org/roster/MBTARouteHistory.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district 1964-2016\""},{"Link":"https://www.mass.gov/lists/2018-commuter-rail-counts","external_links_name":"\"2018 Commuter Rail Counts\""},{"Link":"http://www.mbta.com/about_the_mbta/news_events/?id=23038&month=&year=","external_links_name":"\"Increased Service to T.F. Green International Airport\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824231247/http://www.projo.com/news/content/AIRPORT_TRAIN_08-22-07_EN6QRPQ.31da5a2.html","external_links_name":"\"Airport train station revived\""},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/news/content/AIRPORT_TRAIN_08-22-07_EN6QRPQ.31da5a2.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130424230300/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Rail Corridor Feasibility Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/RIDOT_Rail_Feasibility_Study_1994.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120324095315/http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South County Commuter Rail Environmental Assessment\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.ri.us/documents/intermodal/socountyrail.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/business/content/BZ_DOT_October_17_10-17-07_IH7GQ3F.254619c.html","external_links_name":"\"Train station construction to begin\""},{"Link":"http://www.projo.com/business/content/People_mover_02-08-09_65D7J7B_v23.3c91227.html","external_links_name":"\"Finally, work on a commuter rail station at T.F. Green advances and so does its cost\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101204103358/http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Documents/Schedules_and_Maps/Commuter_Rail/Providence-Stou%20Line%20040708.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Providence/Stoughton Line Schedule\""},{"Link":"http://www.mbta.com/uploadedfiles/Documents/Schedules_and_Maps/Commuter_Rail/Providence-Stou%20Line%20040708.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120919202058/http://www.mbta.com/riding_the_t/patriots/","external_links_name":"\"Riding the T: Patriots\""},{"Link":"http://www.mbta.com/riding_the_t/patriots/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190822094348/https://mbta.com/destinations/gillette-stadium","external_links_name":"\"Gillette Stadium\""},{"Link":"https://mbta.com/destinations/gillette-stadium","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/04/06/ri_rail_passenger_count_up_still_lower_than_hoped/","external_links_name":"\"RI rail passenger count up; still lower than hoped\""},{"Link":"http://news.providencejournal.com/breaking-news/2012/08/reinvent-ri-pas.html","external_links_name":"\"Reinvent RI: Passenger traffic down at T.F. Green Airport, up at train station\""},{"Link":"https://www.boston.com/culture/travel/2017/07/02/you-can-ride-rhode-islands-commuter-rail-for-free-starting-monday","external_links_name":"\"You can ride Rhode Island's commuter rail for free starting Monday\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/intermod/index.asp","external_links_name":"Intermodal Planning - Park & Ride Facilities"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110611082955/http://www.dot.ri.gov/intermod/index.asp","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.warwickonline.com/warwickonline/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=35769","external_links_name":"Warwick station hinges on Amtrak deal"},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2009/09/10/vote_set_on_t_link_to_ri_airport/","external_links_name":"\"Vote set on T link to R.I. airport\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090416051517/http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"South County Commuter Rail Service Plan\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.ri.gov/documents/intermodal/OperationsPlanMaster2.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.pvdairport.com/main.aspx?sec_id=15","external_links_name":"\"RI Airport Corporation\""},{"Link":"http://www.browndailyherald.com/media/storage/paper472/news/2005/10/11/Metro/Warwick.Station.Will.Provide.Direct.Train.Access.To.T.f.Green.Airport-1016314.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Warwick station will provide direct train access to T.F. Green airport\""},{"Link":"http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/RI_Providence_South_County_(2).doc","external_links_name":"South County Commuter Rail"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927171117/http://www.fta.dot.gov/documents/RI_Providence_South_County_(2).doc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.amtrak.com/ccurl/870/270/Northeast-Corridor-Infrastructure-Master-Plan.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Part II: Current and Future Service and Infrastructure by Sgement\""},{"Link":"https://www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport\""},{"Link":"https://www.reed.senate.gov/news/releases/new-28-million-grant-keeps-development-of-amtrak-service-to-tf-green-on-track","external_links_name":"\"New $2.8 Million Grant Keeps Development of Amtrak Service to T.F. Green On Track\""},{"Link":"https://www.citycentrewarwick.com/sites/default/files/FRA-%20Feasibility%20Study%20for%20Intercity%20Rail%20Service%20to%20T.F.%20Green%20Airport-%202017_0.pdf","external_links_name":"Feasibility Study for Intercity Rail Service to T.F. Green Airport"},{"Link":"https://www.mbta.com/stops/place-NEC-1768","external_links_name":"MBTA – T.F. Green Airport"},{"Link":"https://www.dot.ri.gov/projects/TFGreen/index.php","external_links_name":"T.F. Green Station Project"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-1017 | USS LST-1017 | ["1 Construction and commissioning","1.1 Service in United States Navy","1.2 Service in Republic of China Navy","2 Awards","3 Citations","4 Sources"] | LST-542-class landing ship tank
ROCS Chung Chi
History
United States
NameLST-1017
BuilderBethlehem Steel Co., Quincy
Laid down25 March 1944
Launched25 April 1944
Commissioned12 May 1944
Decommissioned29 June 1946
Stricken12 March 1948
Identification
Callsign: NVPT
FateTransferred to Republic of China, 1946
Taiwan
Name
Chung Chi
(中基)
Acquired14 December 1946
Commissioned14 December 1946
Decommissioned1 September 1990
IdentificationHull number: LST-206
StatusDecommissioned
General characteristics
Class and typeLST-542-class tank landing ship
Displacement
1,625 long tons (1,651 t) light
4,080 long tons (4,145 t) full
Length328 ft (100 m)
Beam50 ft (15 m)
Draft
Unloaded :
2 ft 4 in (0.71 m) forward
7 ft 6 in (2.29 m) aft
Loaded :
8 ft 2 in (2.49 m) forward
14 ft 1 in (4.29 m) aft
Propulsion2 × General Motors 12-567 diesel engines, two shafts, twin rudders
Speed12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph)
Boats & landing craft carried2 × LCVPs
Troops16 officers, 147 enlisted men
Complement7 officers, 104 enlisted men
Armament
8 × 40 mm guns
12 × 20 mm guns
USS LST-1017 was a LST-542-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II. She was transferred to the Republic of China Navy as ROCS Chung Chi (LST-206).
Construction and commissioning
LST-1017 was laid down on 25 March 1944 at Bethlehem Steel Company, Quincy, Massachusetts. Launched on 25 April 1944 and commissioned on 12 May 1944.
Service in United States Navy
LST-1017 on 19 June 1945
During World War II, LST-1017 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific theater. She then participated in the Morotai landings on 15 September 1944 and Leyte landings from 5 to 18 November 1944. In 1945, she took part in the Lingayen Gulf landing from 4 to 17 January, the Mindanao Island landing from 17 to 23 April, Transporting Australian Troops ex Cairns (Queensland) on 27 May, disembarked Morotai 13 June 1945 and Balikpapan operation from 26 June to 9 July. She was assigned to occupation and China from 20 October 1945 to 29 June 1946.
She was decommissioned on 29 June 1946 and struck from the Naval Register, 12 March 1948 after she was transferred to the Republic of China on 14 December 1946.
Service in Republic of China Navy
Chung Chi was decommissioned on 1 September 1990.
Awards
LST-1017 have earned the following awards:
China Service Medal (extended)
American Campaign Medal
Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (5 battle stars)
World War II Victory Medal
Navy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp)
Philippines Presidential Unit Citation
Philippines Liberation Medal (2 battle stars)
Citations
^ a b "Tank Landing Ship LST". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
^ a b "LST-1017". NHHC. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
^ 2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號, retrieved 21 August 2021
Sources
United States. Dept. of the Treasury (1962). Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97. U.S. Government Printing Office.
Moore, Capt. John (1984). Jane's Fighting Ships 1984-85. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710607959.
Saunders, Stephen (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009-2010. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710628886.
Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222. United Kingdom: Fairplay Publishing Limited. 1967.
vteLST-542-class tank landing shipsLST-542 – LST-599
LST-542 / Chelan County
LST-543
LST-544
LST-545
LST-546 / T-LST-546
LST-547
LST-548 / T-LST-548
LST-549
LST-550 / T-LST-550
LST-551 / Chesterfield County
LST-552
LST-553
LST-554
LST-555
LST-556
LST-557
LST-558
LST-559
LST-560
LST-561 / Chittenden County
LST-562
LST-563
LST-564
LST-565
LST-566 / T-LST-566
LST-567
LST-568
LST-569
LST-570
LST-571
LST-572
LST-573
LST-574
LST-575 / LST(M)-575 / Wythe
LST-576
LST-577
LST-578
LST-579
LST-580
LST-581
LST-582
LST-583 / Churchill County
LST-584
LST-585
LST-586
LST-587
LST-588
LST-589
LST-590 / T-LST-590
LST-591
LST-592
LST-593
LST-594
LST-595
LST-596
LST-597
LST-598
LST-599
LST-600 – LST-699
LST-600
LST-601 / Clarke County
LST-602 / Clearwater County
LST-603 / Coconino County
LST-604 / Silenus
LST-605
LST-606
LST-607 / T-LST-607
LST-608
LST-609
LST-610
LST-611 / Crook County
LST-612
LST-613 / T-LST-613
LST-614
LST-615
LST-616
LST-617
LST-618
LST-619
LST-620
LST-621
LST-622
LST-623 / T-LST-623
LST-624
LST-625
LST-626
LST-627
LST-628
LST-629
LST-630
LST-631
LST-632
LST-633
LST-634
LST-635
LST-636
LST-637
LST-638
LST-639
LST-640
LST-641
LST-642
LST-643
LST-644 / Minos
LST-645 / Minotaur
LST-646
LST-647
LST-648
LST-649
LST-650 / Pandemus
LST-651
LST-652 / LST(H)-652 / T-LST-652
LST-653
LST-654
LST-655
LST-656
LST-657 / T-LST-657
LST-658
LST-659
LST-660
LST-661
LST-662
LST-663
LST-664
LST-665
LST-666
LST-667
LST-668
LST-669
LST-670
LST-671
LST-672
LST-673
LST-674
LST-675
LST-676 / LST(M)-676 / Yavapai
LST-677 / LST(M)-677 / Yolo
LST-678 / Presque Isle (APB-44)
LST-679
LST-680
LST-681
LST-682
LST-683
LST-684
LST-685 / Curry County
LST-686
LST-687
LST-688
LST-689 / Daggett County
LST-690
LST-691
LST-692 / Daviess County
LST-693
LST-694
LST-695
LST-696
LST-697
LST-698
LST-699
LST-700 – LST-799
LST-700
LST-701
LST-702
LST-703
LST-704
LST-705
LST-706
LST-707
LST-708
LST-709
LST-710 / Accomac
LST-711
LST-712
LST-713
LST-714
LST-715 / DeKalb County
LST-716
LST-717
LST-718
LST-719
LST-720
LST-721
LST-722 / Dodge County
LST-723
LST-724
LST-725
LST-726
LST-727
LST-728
LST-729
LST-730
LST-731 / LST(H)-731 / Douglas County
LST-732
LST-733
LST-734
LST-735 / Dukes County
LST-736
LST-737
LST-738
LST-739
LST-740
LST-741
LST-742 / Dunn County
LST-743
LST-744
LST-745
LST-746
LST-747
LST-748
LST-749
LST-750
LST-751
LST-752
LST-753
LST-754
LST-755
LST-756
LST-757
LST-758 / Duval County
LST-759 / Eddy County
LST-760
LST-761 / Esmeraldo County
LST-762 / Floyd County
LST-763
LST-764
LST-765
LST-766
LST-767
LST-768
LST-769
LST-770
LST-771
LST-772 / Ford County
LST-773 / Antigone
LST-774
LST-775
LST-776
LST-777
LST-778
LST-779
LST-780
LST-781
LST-782
LST-783
LST-784 / Garfield County
LST-785
LST-786 / Garrett County
LST-787
LST-788
LST-789
LST-790 / LST(H)-790
LST-791
LST-792
LST-793
LST-794 / Gibson County
LST-795
LST-796
LST-797
LST-798
LST-799 / Greer County
LST-800 – LST-899
LST-800
LST-801
LST-802 / Hamilton County
LST-803 / Hampden County
LST-804
LST-805
LST-806
LST-807
LST-808
LST-809
LST-810
LST-811
LST-812
LST-813
LST-814
LST-815
LST-816
LST-817
LST-818
LST-819 / Hampshire County
LST-820
LST-821 / Harnett County
LST-822 / Harris County
LST-823
LST-824 / Henry County
LST-825 / Hickman County
LST-826
LST-827 / Hillsborough County
LST-828
LST-829
LST-830
LST-831
LST-832
LST-833
LST-834
LST-835 / Hillsdale County
LST-836 / Holmes County
LST-837
LST-838 / Hunterdon County
LST-839 / Iredell County
LST-840 / Iron County
LST-841
LST-842
LST-843
LST-844
LST-845 / Jefferson County
LST-846 / Jennings County
LST-847
LST-848 / Jerome County
LST-849 / Johnson County
LST-850 / Juniata County
LST-851
LST-852 / Satyr
LST-853 / Kane County
LST-854 / Kemper County
LST-855 / Kent County
LST-856
LST-857 / King County
LST-858 / Stentor
LST-859 / Lafayette County
LST-860
LST-861
LST-862
LST-863
LST-864
LST-865
LST-866
LST-867
LST-868
LST-869
LST-870
LST-871 / LST(H)-871
LST-872
LST-873
LST-874
LST-875
LST-876
LST-877
LST-878
LST-879
LST-880 / Lake County
LST-881
LST-882
LST-883 / La Moure County
LST-884
LST-885
LST-886
LST-887 / Lawrence County
LST-888 / Lee County
LST-889
LST-890
LST-891
LST-892
LST-893
LST-894
LST-895
LST-896
LST-897
LST-898 / Lincoln County
LST-899
LST-900 – LST-999
LST-900 / Linn County
LST-901 / Litchfield County
LST-902 / Luzerne County
LST-903 / Lyman County
LST-904 / Lyon County
LST-905 / Madera County
LST-906
LST-907
LST-908
LST-909
LST-910
LST-911
LST-912 / Mahnomen County
LST-913
LST-914 / Mahoning County
LST-915
LST-916
LST-917
LST-918
LST-919
LST-920
LST-921
LST-922
LST-923
LST-924
LST-925
LST-926
LST-927
LST-928 / Cameron
LST-929 / LST(H)-929
LST-930 / LST(H)-930
LST-931 / LST(H)-931
LST-932
LST-933
LST-934
LST-935
LST-936
LST-937
LST-938 / Maricopa County
LST-939
LST-940
LST-941
LST-942
LST-943
LST-944
LST-945
LST-946
LST-947
LST-948 / Myrmidon
LST-949 / LST(H)-949
LST-950 / LST(H)-950
LST-951 / LST(H)-951
LST-952 / LST(H)-952
LST-953 / Marinette County
LST-954 / Numitor
LST-955 / Patroclus
LST-956 / Sarpedon
LST-957
LST-958
LST-959
LST-960
LST-961
LST-962 / Romulus
LST-963 / Sphinx
LST-964
LST-965
LST-966 / Callisto
LST-967 / Ulysses
LST-968
LST-969
LST-970
LST-971 / Menelaus
LST-972
LST-973
LST-974
LST-975 / Marion County
LST-976 / Telamon
LST-977 / Alecto
LST-978
LST-979
LST-980 / Meeker County
LST-981
LST-982
LST-983 / Middlesex County
LST-984
LST-985
LST-986
LST-987 / Millard County
LST-988 / Mineral County
LST-989
LST-990
LST-991
LST-992
LST-993
LST-994
LST-995
LST-996
LST-997
LST-998
LST-999
LST-1000 – LST-1099
LST-1000
LST-1001
LST-1002
LST-1003 / Coronis
LST-1004
LST-1005
LST-1006
LST-1007
LST-1008
LST-1009
LST-1010
LST-1011
LST-1012
LST-1013
LST-1014
LST-1015
LST-1016
LST-1017
LST-1018
LST-1019
LST-1020
LST-1021
LST-1022
LST-1023
LST-1024
LST-1025
LST-1026
LST-1027
LST-1028
LST-1029
LST-1030
LST-1031
LST-1032 / Monmouth County
LST-1033 / LST(H)-1033
LST-1034
LST-1035
LST-1036 / Creon
LST-1037 / Poseidon
LST-1038 / Monroe County
LST-1039
LST-1040
LST-1041 / Montgomery County
LST-1042
LST-1043
LST-1044
LST-1045
LST-1046
LST-1047
LST-1048 / Morgan County
LST-1049
LST-1050
LST-1051
LST-1052
LST-1053
LST-1054
LST-1055
LST-1056
LST-1057
LST-1058
LST-1059
LST-1060
LST-1061
LST-1062
LST-1063
LST-1064 / Nansemond County
LST-1065
LST-1066 / New London County
LST-1067 / Nye County
LST-1068 / Orange County
LST-1069 / Orleans Parish
LST-1070 / Electron
LST-1071 / Ouachita County
LST-1072 / T-LST-1072
LST-1073 / Outagamie County
LST-1074 / Overton County
LST-1075
LST-1076 / Page County
LST-1077 / Park County
LST-1078 / Proton
LST-1079 / Payette County
LST-1080 / Pender County
LST-1081 / Pima County
LST-1082 / Pitkin County
LST-1083 / Plumas County
LST-1084 / Polk County
LST-1085 / Colington
LST-1086 / Potter County
LST-1087
LST-1088 / Pulaski County
LST-1089 / Rice County
LST-1090 / Russell County
LST-1091 / Sagadahoc County
LST-1092 / Aventinus
LST-1093 / Fabius
LST-1094 / Chloris
LST-1095 / Megara
LST-1096 / St. Clair County
LST-1097 / League Island
LST-1098 / Laysan Island
LST-1099 / Okala
LST-1100 – LST-1152
LST-1100 / Palmyra
LST-1101 / Saline County
LST-1102 / Chimon
LST-1103
LST-1104
LST-1105
LST-1106
LST-1107
LST-1108
LST-1109
LST-1110 / San Bernardino County
LST-1111 / Blackford
LST-1112 / Dorchester
LST-1113 / Kingman
LST-1114 / Presque Isle (AKS-19) / Vandenburgh
LST-1115 / Pentheus
LST-1116 / Proserpine
LST-1117 / Tantalus
LST-1118 / Typhon
LST-1119 / Diomedes
LST-1120
LST-1121 / Demeter
LST-1122 / San Joaquin County
LST-1123 / Sedgwick County
LST-1124 / Amphitrite
LST-1125 / Brontes
LST-1126 / Snohomish County
LST-1127 / Helios
LST-1128 / Solano County
LST-1129 / Somervell County
LST-1130
LST-1131 / Askari
LST-1132 / Bellerophon
LST-1133 / Chiron
LST-1134 / Stark County
LST-1135
LST-1136 / Bellona
LST-1137 / Chimaera
LST-1138 / Steuben County
LST-1139
LST-1140
LST-1141 / Stone County
LST-1142 / Strafford County
LST-1143 / Daedalus
LST-1144 / Sublette County
LST-1145 / Gordius
LST-1146 / Summit County
LST-1147 / Indra
LST-1148 / Sumner County
LST-1149 / Krishna
LST-1150 / Sutter County
LST-1151 / Quirinus
LST-1152 / Sweetwater County
Other operators Argentina (merchant marine)
Altamar (ex-LST-1133, ex-USS Chiron)
Argentine Navy
Cabo San Bartolome (ex-LST-851)
Cabo San Diego (ex-LST-995)
Cabo San Francisco de Paula (ex-LST-998)
Cabo San Gonzalo (ex-LST-872)
Cabo San Isidro (ex-LST-919)
Cabo San Pablo (ex-LST-994)
BDT-8 (ex-LST-869)
BDT-9 (ex-LST-1057)
Cabo Pio (ex-LST-1044)
Cabo San Sebastian (ex-LST-1108)
BDT-12 (ex-LST-1104)
Cabo Buen Tiempo (ex-LST-801)
Cabo San Vincente (ex-LST-734)
Brazilian Navy
Belmonte (ex-Helios)
Garcia D'Avila (ex–Outagamie County)
Chilean Navy
Aguila (ex-Aventinus)
Comandante Hemmerdinger (ex–New London County)
Comandante Araya (ex–Nye County)
Republic of China Navy
Chung Hai (ex-LST-755)
Chung Chuan (ex-LST-640)
Chung Hsing (ex-LST-557)
Chung Chien (ex-LST-716)
Chung Chi (ex-LST-1017)
Chung Cheng (ex-LST-1075)
Chung Shun (ex-LST-732)
Chung Hsun (ex-LST-993)
Chung Lien (ex-LST-1050)
Chung Yung (ex-LST-574)
Chung Sheng (ex-LST(H)-1033)
Chung Kong (ex-LST-945)
Chung Hai / Kao Hsiung (ex–Dukes County)
Heng Shan / Chung Chuan (ex-LST-1030)
Chung Fu (ex–Iron County)
Chung Cheng (ex–Lafayette County)
Chung Chiang (ex–San Bernardino County)
Chung Chin (ex–Sagadahoc County)
Chung Ming (ex–Sweetwater County)
Chung Pang (ex–LST-578)
Chung Yeh (ex–Sublette County)
Chung Yeh (ex-LST-717)
ex-LST(H)-929
ex-LST-991
ex-LST-993
ex-LST-1008
People's Liberation Army Navy
Dabie Shan (ex-LST-1008)
Ecuadorian Navy
Hualcopo (ex–Summit County)
French Navy
Odet (ex-LST-815)
Chélif (ex-LST-874)
Adour (ex-LST-860)
Golo (ex-LST-973)
German Navy
Odin (ex-Ulysses)
Wotan (ex-Diomedes)
Bamberg (ex–Greer County)
Bochum (ex–Rice County)
Bottrup (ex–Saline County)
ex–Millard County
ex–Montgomery County
Hellenic Navy
Ikaria (ex–Potter County)
Kriti (ex–Page County)
Indonesian Navy
Tandjung Nusanive (ex–Lawrence County)
Teluk Langsa (ex–Solano County)
Teluk Bayur (ex-LST-616)
Teluk Amboina
Teluk Kau (ex-T-LST-652)
Teluk Ratai (ex–Presque Isle (APB-44))
Teluk Saleh (ex–Clarke County)
Teluk Bone (ex–Iredell County)
Jaya Wijaya (ex-Askari)
Tandjung Radja (ex–Russell County)
Imperial Iranian Navy
Sohrab (ex-Gordius)
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Hayatomo (ex–Hamilton County)
Ōsumi (ex–Daggett County)
Shimokita (ex–Hillsdale County)
Shiretoko (ex–Nansemond County)
Republic of Korea Navy
Duk Soo (ex-Minotaur)
Un Bong (ex-LST-1010)
Wi Bong (ex–Johnson County)
Suyeong (ex–Kane County)
Buk Han (ex–Linn County)
Hwa San (ex–Pender County)
Royal Malaysian Navy
Sri Langkawi (ex–Hunterdon County)
Sri Banggi (ex–Henry County)
Rajah Jarom (ex–Sedgwick County)
Mexican Navy
Rio Panuco (ex–Park County)
Manzanillo (ex–Clearwater County)
Rio Grijalva (ex-Megara)
Royal Netherlands Navy
LST 2 / Pelikaan (ex–LST-627)
LST 3 (ex–LST-1040)
LST 4 (ex–LST-585)
Philippine Navy
Aklan / Kamagong (ex-Romulus)
Narra (ex-Krishna)
Yakal (ex–Vĩnh Long)
Pampanga (ex-LST-842)
Bulacan (ex-LST-843)
Albay (ex-LST-865)
Misamis Oriental (ex-LST-875)
Agusan del Sur (ex–Nha Trang)
Sierra Madre (ex–Mỹ Tho)
Zamboanga de Sur (ex–Cam Ranh)
Surigao del Sur (ex-LST-546)
Cagayan (ex–Hickman County)
Ilocos Norte (ex–Madera County)
Lanao del Norte (ex-LST-566)
Leyte del Sur (ex-LST-607)
Davao Oriental (ex-Ōsumi)
Benguet (ex–Daviess County)
Aurora (ex–Harris County)
Cavite (ex-Shimokita)
Samar del Norte (ex-Shiretoko)
Cotabato del Norte (ex–Orleans Parish)
Tawi-Tawi (ex-T-LST-1072)
Kalinga Apayao (ex–Cần Thơ)
Republic of Singapore Navy
Endurance (ex–Holmes County)
Excellence (ex-LST-629)
Intrepid (ex-LST-579)
Resolution (ex-T-LST-649)
Persistence (ex-LST-613)
Perseverance (ex-T-LST-623)
Turkish Naval Forces
Onaran (ex-Alecto)
Başaran (ex-Patroclus)
Bayraktar (ex-Bottrup)
Sancaktar (ex-Bochum)
Royal Navy (United Kingdom)
LST-1021
United States Army
FS-751 (ex-LST-1047)
LST-694
LST-715
LST-742
LST-883
Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela
Capana (ex-LST-907)
Guayana (ex-Quirinus)
Republic of Vietnam Navy
Cam Ranh (ex–Marion County)
Đà Nẵng (ex–Maricopa County)
Vũng Tàu (ex–Coconino County)
Nha Trang (ex–Jerome County)
Mỹ Tho (ex–Harnett County)
Cần Thơ (ex–Garrett County)
Vĩnh Long (ex-Satyr)
Vietnam People's Navy
Trần Khánh Dư (ex–Đà Nẵng)
HQ-503 (ex-Vũng Tàu)
Angthong (ex-LST-924)
Chang (ex–Lincoln County)
Pangan (ex–Stark County)
Lanta (ex–Stone County)
Prathong (ex–Dodge County)
Preceded by: LST-491 class
Followed by: Talbot County class
List of United States Navy LSTs
List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LST-542-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LST-542-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"tank landing ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Republic of China Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"USS LST-1017 was a LST-542-class tank landing ship in the United States Navy during World War II. She was transferred to the Republic of China Navy as ROCS Chung Chi (LST-206).[1]","title":"USS LST-1017"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"laid down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel_laying"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem Steel Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem_Steel_Company"},{"link_name":"Quincy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincy,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"LST-1017 was laid down on 25 March 1944 at Bethlehem Steel Company, Quincy, Massachusetts. Launched on 25 April 1944 and commissioned on 12 May 1944.[2]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USS_LST-1017_on_19_June_1945.jpg"},{"link_name":"Morotai landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai"},{"link_name":"Leyte landings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leyte_Landing"},{"link_name":"Lingayen Gulf landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Mindanao Island landing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mindanao"},{"link_name":"Balikpapan operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"decommissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioned_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Naval Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_Register"},{"link_name":"Republic of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"Service in United States Navy","text":"LST-1017 on 19 June 1945During World War II, LST-1017 was assigned to the Asiatic-Pacific theater. She then participated in the Morotai landings on 15 September 1944 and Leyte landings from 5 to 18 November 1944. In 1945, she took part in the Lingayen Gulf landing from 4 to 17 January, the Mindanao Island landing from 17 to 23 April, Transporting Australian Troops ex Cairns (Queensland) on 27 May, disembarked Morotai 13 June 1945 and Balikpapan operation from 26 June to 9 July. She was assigned to occupation and China from 20 October 1945 to 29 June 1946.[1]She was decommissioned on 29 June 1946 and struck from the Naval Register, 12 March 1948 after she was transferred to the Republic of China on 14 December 1946.[2]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Service in Republic of China Navy","text":"Chung Chi was decommissioned on 1 September 1990.[3]","title":"Construction and commissioning"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"American Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal"},{"link_name":"battle stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_stars"},{"link_name":"World War II Victory Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal"},{"link_name":"Navy Occupation Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Occupation_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"Philippines Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Presidential_Unit_Citation"},{"link_name":"Philippines Liberation Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Liberation_Medal"}],"text":"LST-1017 have earned the following awards:China Service Medal (extended)\nAmerican Campaign Medal\nAsiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal (5 battle stars)\nWorld War II Victory Medal\nNavy Occupation Service Medal (with Asia clasp)\nPhilippines Presidential Unit Citation\nPhilippines Liberation Medal (2 battle stars)","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/161017.htm"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:1_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"LST-1017\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/l/lst-1017.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9tGFnsTueI"}],"text":"^ a b \"Tank Landing Ship LST\". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021.\n\n^ a b \"LST-1017\". NHHC. Retrieved 21 August 2021.\n\n^ 2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號, retrieved 21 August 2021","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States. Dept. of the Treasury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury"},{"link_name":"Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=BnfPAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Jane's Fighting Ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%27s_Fighting_Ships"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0710607959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710607959"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0710628886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710628886"},{"link_name":"Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=4b8eAQAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:LST-542_class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:LST-542_class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LST-542_class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"LST-542-class tank landing ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Ship,_Tank"},{"link_name":"LST-542","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chelan_County_(LST-542)"},{"link_name":"Chelan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chelan_County"},{"link_name":"LST-543","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-543"},{"link_name":"LST-544","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-544"},{"link_name":"LST-545","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-545"},{"link_name":"LST-546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-546"},{"link_name":"T-LST-546","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-546"},{"link_name":"LST-547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-547"},{"link_name":"LST-548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-548"},{"link_name":"T-LST-548","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-548"},{"link_name":"LST-549","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-549"},{"link_name":"LST-550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-550"},{"link_name":"T-LST-550","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-550"},{"link_name":"LST-551","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chesterfield_County_(LST-551)"},{"link_name":"Chesterfield County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chesterfield_County"},{"link_name":"LST-552","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-552"},{"link_name":"LST-553","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-553"},{"link_name":"LST-554","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-554"},{"link_name":"LST-555","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-555"},{"link_name":"LST-556","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-556"},{"link_name":"LST-557","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-557"},{"link_name":"LST-558","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-558"},{"link_name":"LST-559","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-559"},{"link_name":"LST-560","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-560"},{"link_name":"LST-561","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chittenden_County_(LST-561)"},{"link_name":"Chittenden County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Chittenden_County"},{"link_name":"LST-562","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-562"},{"link_name":"LST-563","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-563"},{"link_name":"LST-564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-564"},{"link_name":"LST-565","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-565"},{"link_name":"LST-566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-566"},{"link_name":"T-LST-566","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-566"},{"link_name":"LST-567","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-567"},{"link_name":"LST-568","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-568"},{"link_name":"LST-569","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-569"},{"link_name":"LST-570","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-570"},{"link_name":"LST-571","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-571"},{"link_name":"LST-572","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-572"},{"link_name":"LST-573","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-573"},{"link_name":"LST-574","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-574"},{"link_name":"LST-575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-575&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST(M)-575","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST(M)-575&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_Wythe_(APB-41)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-576","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-576&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-577","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-577&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-578","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-578"},{"link_name":"LST-579","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-579"},{"link_name":"LST-580","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-580&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-581","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-581&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-582","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-582&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Churchill_County_(LST-583)"},{"link_name":"Churchill County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Churchill_County"},{"link_name":"LST-584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-584&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-585","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-585&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-586&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-587","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-587&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-588","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-588&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-589","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-589&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-590&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"T-LST-590","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-590&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-591","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-591&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-592","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-592&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-593","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-593&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-594","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-594"},{"link_name":"LST-595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-595&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-596","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-596&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-597","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-597&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-598","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-598&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-599","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-599&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-600&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-601","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Clarke_County"},{"link_name":"Clarke County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Clarke_County"},{"link_name":"LST-602","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Clearwater_County_(LST-602)"},{"link_name":"Clearwater County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Clearwater_County"},{"link_name":"LST-603","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coconino_County_(LST-603)"},{"link_name":"Coconino County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coconino_County"},{"link_name":"LST-604","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Silenus_(AGP-11)"},{"link_name":"Silenus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Silenus"},{"link_name":"LST-605","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-605&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-606","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-606&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-607"},{"link_name":"T-LST-607","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-607"},{"link_name":"LST-608","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-608&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-609","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-609&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-610","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-610&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-611","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Crook_County_(LST-611)"},{"link_name":"Crook 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Bong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-849"},{"link_name":"Suyeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-853"},{"link_name":"Buk Han","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-900"},{"link_name":"Hwa San","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Pender_County_(LST-1080)"},{"link_name":"Royal Malaysian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Malaysian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Sri Langkawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hunterdon_County_(LST-838)"},{"link_name":"Sri Banggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Henry_County_(LST-824)"},{"link_name":"Rajah Jarom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Sedgwick_County_(LST-1123)"},{"link_name":"Mexican Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Navy"},{"link_name":"Rio Panuco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Park_County_(LST-1077)"},{"link_name":"Manzanillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Clearwater_County_(LST-602)"},{"link_name":"Rio Grijalva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARM_Rio_Grijalva_(A403)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Navy"},{"link_name":"LST 2 / Pelikaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-627&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-1040&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-585&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philippine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Navy"},{"link_name":"Aklan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Romulus_(ARL-22)"},{"link_name":"Kamagong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Romulus_(ARL-22)"},{"link_name":"Narra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Krishna_(ARL-38)"},{"link_name":"Yakal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Satyr_(ARL-23)"},{"link_name":"Pampanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-842"},{"link_name":"Bulacan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-843"},{"link_name":"Albay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RPS_Albay_(LT-39)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Misamis Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-875"},{"link_name":"Agusan del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Jerome_County_(LST-848)"},{"link_name":"Sierra Madre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Sierra_Madre"},{"link_name":"Zamboanga de Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Marion_County_(LST-975)"},{"link_name":"Surigao del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-546"},{"link_name":"Cagayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hickman_County_(LST-825)"},{"link_name":"Ilocos Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Madera_County_(LST-905)"},{"link_name":"Lanao del Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-566"},{"link_name":"Leyte del Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-607"},{"link_name":"Davao Oriental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-689"},{"link_name":"Benguet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Benguet"},{"link_name":"Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USNS_Harris_County_(T-LST-822)"},{"link_name":"Cavite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-835"},{"link_name":"Samar del Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-1064"},{"link_name":"Cotabato del Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Orleans_Parish_(LST-1069)"},{"link_name":"Tawi-Tawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BRP_Tawi-Tawi_(LT-512)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kalinga Apayao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Garrett_County_(LST-786)"},{"link_name":"Republic of Singapore Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Singapore_Navy"},{"link_name":"Endurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Holmes_County_(LST-836)"},{"link_name":"Excellence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-629"},{"link_name":"Intrepid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-579"},{"link_name":"Resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-649"},{"link_name":"Persistence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-613"},{"link_name":"Perseverance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USS_LST-623&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Turkish Naval Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_Naval_Forces"},{"link_name":"Onaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Alecto"},{"link_name":"Başaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Patroclus"},{"link_name":"Bayraktar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TCG_Bayraktar_(NL120)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sancaktar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TCG_Sancaktar_(NL121)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"LST-1021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_LST-1021&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"FS-751","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USAT_FS-751&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-694","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=USAT_LST-694&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"LST-715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_DeKalb_County_(LST-715)"},{"link_name":"LST-742","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dunn_County_(LST-742)"},{"link_name":"LST-883","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_La_Moure_County_(LST-883)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivarian_Navy_of_Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Capana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARV_Capana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Quirinus_(ARL-39)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Naval_ensign_of_South_Vietnam.svg"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Navy"},{"link_name":"Cam Ranh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Marion_County_(LST-975)"},{"link_name":"Đà Nẵng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maricopa_County_(LST-938)"},{"link_name":"Vũng Tàu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coconino_County_(LST-603)"},{"link_name":"Nha Trang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Jerome_County_(LST-848)"},{"link_name":"Mỹ Tho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRP_Sierra_Madre"},{"link_name":"Cần Thơ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Garrett_County_(LST-786)"},{"link_name":"Vĩnh Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Satyr_(ARL-23)"},{"link_name":"Vietnam People's Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_People%27s_Navy"},{"link_name":"Trần Khánh Dư","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Maricopa_County_(LST-938)"},{"link_name":"HQ-503","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Coconino_County_(LST-603)"},{"link_name":"Angthong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_LST-924"},{"link_name":"Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Lincoln_County_(LST-898)"},{"link_name":"Pangan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stark_County"},{"link_name":"Lanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Stone_County"},{"link_name":"Prathong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Dodge_County_(LST-722)"},{"link_name":"LST-491 class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LST-491-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"Talbot County class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbot_County-class_tank_landing_ship"},{"link_name":"List of United States Navy LSTs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_LSTs"},{"link_name":"List of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Navy_amphibious_warfare_ships"}],"text":"United States. Dept. of the Treasury (1962). Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97. U.S. Government Printing Office.\nMoore, Capt. John (1984). Jane's Fighting Ships 1984-85. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710607959.\nSaunders, Stephen (2009). Jane's Fighting Ships 2009-2010. Jane's Information Group. ISBN 978-0710628886.\nFairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222. United Kingdom: Fairplay Publishing Limited. 1967.vteLST-542-class tank landing shipsLST-542 – LST-599\nLST-542 / Chelan County\nLST-543\nLST-544\nLST-545\nLST-546 / T-LST-546\nLST-547\nLST-548 / T-LST-548\nLST-549\nLST-550 / T-LST-550\nLST-551 / Chesterfield County\nLST-552\nLST-553\nLST-554\nLST-555\nLST-556\nLST-557\nLST-558\nLST-559\nLST-560\nLST-561 / Chittenden County\nLST-562\nLST-563\nLST-564\nLST-565\nLST-566 / T-LST-566\nLST-567\nLST-568\nLST-569\nLST-570\nLST-571\nLST-572\nLST-573\nLST-574\nLST-575 / LST(M)-575 / Wythe\nLST-576\nLST-577\nLST-578\nLST-579\nLST-580\nLST-581\nLST-582\nLST-583 / Churchill County\nLST-584\nLST-585\nLST-586\nLST-587\nLST-588\nLST-589\nLST-590 / T-LST-590\nLST-591\nLST-592\nLST-593\nLST-594\nLST-595\nLST-596\nLST-597\nLST-598\nLST-599\nLST-600 – LST-699\nLST-600\nLST-601 / Clarke County\nLST-602 / Clearwater County\nLST-603 / Coconino County\nLST-604 / Silenus\nLST-605\nLST-606\nLST-607 / T-LST-607\nLST-608\nLST-609\nLST-610\nLST-611 / Crook County\nLST-612\nLST-613 / T-LST-613\nLST-614\nLST-615\nLST-616\nLST-617\nLST-618\nLST-619\nLST-620\nLST-621\nLST-622\nLST-623 / T-LST-623\nLST-624\nLST-625\nLST-626\nLST-627\nLST-628\nLST-629\nLST-630\nLST-631\nLST-632\nLST-633\nLST-634\nLST-635\nLST-636\nLST-637\nLST-638\nLST-639\nLST-640\nLST-641\nLST-642\nLST-643\nLST-644 / Minos\nLST-645 / Minotaur\nLST-646\nLST-647\nLST-648\nLST-649\nLST-650 / Pandemus\nLST-651\nLST-652 / LST(H)-652 / T-LST-652\nLST-653\nLST-654\nLST-655\nLST-656\nLST-657 / T-LST-657\nLST-658\nLST-659\nLST-660\nLST-661\nLST-662\nLST-663\nLST-664\nLST-665\nLST-666\nLST-667\nLST-668\nLST-669\nLST-670\nLST-671\nLST-672\nLST-673\nLST-674\nLST-675\nLST-676 / LST(M)-676 / Yavapai\nLST-677 / LST(M)-677 / Yolo\nLST-678 / Presque Isle (APB-44)\nLST-679\nLST-680\nLST-681\nLST-682\nLST-683\nLST-684\nLST-685 / Curry County\nLST-686\nLST-687\nLST-688\nLST-689 / Daggett County\nLST-690\nLST-691\nLST-692 / Daviess County\nLST-693\nLST-694\nLST-695\nLST-696\nLST-697\nLST-698\nLST-699\nLST-700 – LST-799\nLST-700\nLST-701\nLST-702\nLST-703\nLST-704\nLST-705\nLST-706\nLST-707\nLST-708\nLST-709\nLST-710 / Accomac\nLST-711\nLST-712\nLST-713\nLST-714\nLST-715 / DeKalb County\nLST-716\nLST-717\nLST-718\nLST-719\nLST-720\nLST-721\nLST-722 / Dodge County\nLST-723\nLST-724\nLST-725\nLST-726\nLST-727\nLST-728\nLST-729\nLST-730\nLST-731 / LST(H)-731 / Douglas County\nLST-732\nLST-733\nLST-734\nLST-735 / Dukes County\nLST-736\nLST-737\nLST-738\nLST-739\nLST-740\nLST-741\nLST-742 / Dunn County\nLST-743\nLST-744\nLST-745\nLST-746\nLST-747\nLST-748\nLST-749\nLST-750\nLST-751\nLST-752\nLST-753\nLST-754\nLST-755\nLST-756\nLST-757\nLST-758 / Duval County\nLST-759 / Eddy County\nLST-760\nLST-761 / Esmeraldo County\nLST-762 / Floyd County\nLST-763\nLST-764\nLST-765\nLST-766\nLST-767\nLST-768\nLST-769\nLST-770\nLST-771\nLST-772 / Ford County\nLST-773 / Antigone\nLST-774\nLST-775\nLST-776\nLST-777\nLST-778\nLST-779\nLST-780\nLST-781\nLST-782\nLST-783\nLST-784 / Garfield County\nLST-785\nLST-786 / Garrett County\nLST-787\nLST-788\nLST-789\nLST-790 / LST(H)-790\nLST-791\nLST-792\nLST-793\nLST-794 / Gibson County\nLST-795\nLST-796\nLST-797\nLST-798\nLST-799 / Greer County\nLST-800 – LST-899\nLST-800\nLST-801\nLST-802 / Hamilton County\nLST-803 / Hampden County\nLST-804\nLST-805\nLST-806\nLST-807\nLST-808\nLST-809\nLST-810\nLST-811\nLST-812\nLST-813\nLST-814\nLST-815\nLST-816\nLST-817\nLST-818\nLST-819 / Hampshire County\nLST-820\nLST-821 / Harnett County\nLST-822 / Harris County\nLST-823\nLST-824 / Henry County\nLST-825 / Hickman County\nLST-826\nLST-827 / Hillsborough County\nLST-828\nLST-829\nLST-830\nLST-831\nLST-832\nLST-833\nLST-834\nLST-835 / Hillsdale County\nLST-836 / Holmes County\nLST-837\nLST-838 / Hunterdon County\nLST-839 / Iredell County\nLST-840 / Iron County\nLST-841\nLST-842\nLST-843\nLST-844\nLST-845 / Jefferson County\nLST-846 / Jennings County\nLST-847\nLST-848 / Jerome County\nLST-849 / Johnson County\nLST-850 / Juniata County\nLST-851\nLST-852 / Satyr\nLST-853 / Kane County\nLST-854 / Kemper County\nLST-855 / Kent County\nLST-856\nLST-857 / King County\nLST-858 / Stentor\nLST-859 / Lafayette County\nLST-860\nLST-861\nLST-862\nLST-863\nLST-864\nLST-865\nLST-866\nLST-867\nLST-868\nLST-869\nLST-870\nLST-871 / LST(H)-871\nLST-872\nLST-873\nLST-874\nLST-875\nLST-876\nLST-877\nLST-878\nLST-879\nLST-880 / Lake County\nLST-881\nLST-882\nLST-883 / La Moure County\nLST-884\nLST-885\nLST-886\nLST-887 / Lawrence County\nLST-888 / Lee County\nLST-889\nLST-890\nLST-891\nLST-892\nLST-893\nLST-894\nLST-895\nLST-896\nLST-897\nLST-898 / Lincoln County\nLST-899\nLST-900 – LST-999\nLST-900 / Linn County\nLST-901 / Litchfield County\nLST-902 / Luzerne County\nLST-903 / Lyman County\nLST-904 / Lyon County\nLST-905 / Madera County\nLST-906\nLST-907\nLST-908\nLST-909\nLST-910\nLST-911\nLST-912 / Mahnomen County\nLST-913\nLST-914 / Mahoning County\nLST-915\nLST-916\nLST-917\nLST-918\nLST-919\nLST-920\nLST-921\nLST-922\nLST-923\nLST-924\nLST-925\nLST-926\nLST-927\nLST-928 / Cameron\nLST-929 / LST(H)-929\nLST-930 / LST(H)-930\nLST-931 / LST(H)-931\nLST-932\nLST-933\nLST-934\nLST-935\nLST-936\nLST-937\nLST-938 / Maricopa County\nLST-939\nLST-940\nLST-941\nLST-942\nLST-943\nLST-944\nLST-945\nLST-946\nLST-947\nLST-948 / Myrmidon\nLST-949 / LST(H)-949\nLST-950 / LST(H)-950\nLST-951 / LST(H)-951\nLST-952 / LST(H)-952\nLST-953 / Marinette County\nLST-954 / Numitor\nLST-955 / Patroclus\nLST-956 / Sarpedon\nLST-957\nLST-958\nLST-959\nLST-960\nLST-961\nLST-962 / Romulus\nLST-963 / Sphinx\nLST-964\nLST-965\nLST-966 / Callisto\nLST-967 / Ulysses\nLST-968\nLST-969\nLST-970\nLST-971 / Menelaus\nLST-972\nLST-973\nLST-974\nLST-975 / Marion County\nLST-976 / Telamon\nLST-977 / Alecto\nLST-978\nLST-979\nLST-980 / Meeker County\nLST-981\nLST-982\nLST-983 / Middlesex County\nLST-984\nLST-985\nLST-986\nLST-987 / Millard County\nLST-988 / Mineral County\nLST-989\nLST-990\nLST-991\nLST-992\nLST-993\nLST-994\nLST-995\nLST-996\nLST-997\nLST-998\nLST-999\nLST-1000 – LST-1099\nLST-1000\nLST-1001\nLST-1002\nLST-1003 / Coronis\nLST-1004\nLST-1005\nLST-1006\nLST-1007\nLST-1008\nLST-1009\nLST-1010\nLST-1011\nLST-1012\nLST-1013\nLST-1014\nLST-1015\nLST-1016\nLST-1017\nLST-1018\nLST-1019\nLST-1020\nLST-1021\nLST-1022\nLST-1023\nLST-1024\nLST-1025\nLST-1026\nLST-1027\nLST-1028\nLST-1029\nLST-1030\nLST-1031\nLST-1032 / Monmouth County\nLST-1033 / LST(H)-1033\nLST-1034\nLST-1035\nLST-1036 / Creon\nLST-1037 / Poseidon\nLST-1038 / Monroe County\nLST-1039\nLST-1040\nLST-1041 / Montgomery County\nLST-1042\nLST-1043\nLST-1044\nLST-1045\nLST-1046\nLST-1047\nLST-1048 / Morgan County\nLST-1049\nLST-1050\nLST-1051\nLST-1052\nLST-1053\nLST-1054\nLST-1055\nLST-1056\nLST-1057\nLST-1058\nLST-1059\nLST-1060\nLST-1061\nLST-1062\nLST-1063\nLST-1064 / Nansemond County\nLST-1065\nLST-1066 / New London County\nLST-1067 / Nye County\nLST-1068 / Orange County\nLST-1069 / Orleans Parish\nLST-1070 / Electron\nLST-1071 / Ouachita County\nLST-1072 / T-LST-1072\nLST-1073 / Outagamie County\nLST-1074 / Overton County\nLST-1075\nLST-1076 / Page County\nLST-1077 / Park County\nLST-1078 / Proton\nLST-1079 / Payette County\nLST-1080 / Pender County\nLST-1081 / Pima County\nLST-1082 / Pitkin County\nLST-1083 / Plumas County\nLST-1084 / Polk County\nLST-1085 / Colington\nLST-1086 / Potter County\nLST-1087\nLST-1088 / Pulaski County\nLST-1089 / Rice County\nLST-1090 / Russell County\nLST-1091 / Sagadahoc County\nLST-1092 / Aventinus\nLST-1093 / Fabius\nLST-1094 / Chloris\nLST-1095 / Megara\nLST-1096 / St. Clair County\nLST-1097 / League Island\nLST-1098 / Laysan Island\nLST-1099 / Okala\nLST-1100 – LST-1152\nLST-1100 / Palmyra\nLST-1101 / Saline County\nLST-1102 / Chimon\nLST-1103\nLST-1104\nLST-1105\nLST-1106\nLST-1107\nLST-1108\nLST-1109\nLST-1110 / San Bernardino County\nLST-1111 / Blackford\nLST-1112 / Dorchester\nLST-1113 / Kingman\nLST-1114 / Presque Isle (AKS-19) / Vandenburgh\nLST-1115 / Pentheus\nLST-1116 / Proserpine\nLST-1117 / Tantalus\nLST-1118 / Typhon\nLST-1119 / Diomedes\nLST-1120\nLST-1121 / Demeter\nLST-1122 / San Joaquin County\nLST-1123 / Sedgwick County\nLST-1124 / Amphitrite\nLST-1125 / Brontes\nLST-1126 / Snohomish County\nLST-1127 / Helios\nLST-1128 / Solano County\nLST-1129 / Somervell County\nLST-1130\nLST-1131 / Askari\nLST-1132 / Bellerophon\nLST-1133 / Chiron\nLST-1134 / Stark County\nLST-1135\nLST-1136 / Bellona\nLST-1137 / Chimaera\nLST-1138 / Steuben County\nLST-1139\nLST-1140\nLST-1141 / Stone County\nLST-1142 / Strafford County\nLST-1143 / Daedalus\nLST-1144 / Sublette County\nLST-1145 / Gordius\nLST-1146 / Summit County\nLST-1147 / Indra\nLST-1148 / Sumner County\nLST-1149 / Krishna\nLST-1150 / Sutter County\nLST-1151 / Quirinus\nLST-1152 / Sweetwater County\nOther operators Argentina (merchant marine)\nAltamar (ex-LST-1133, ex-USS Chiron)\n Argentine Navy\nCabo San Bartolome (ex-LST-851)\nCabo San Diego (ex-LST-995)\nCabo San Francisco de Paula (ex-LST-998)\nCabo San Gonzalo (ex-LST-872)\nCabo San Isidro (ex-LST-919)\nCabo San Pablo (ex-LST-994)\nBDT-8 (ex-LST-869)\nBDT-9 (ex-LST-1057)\nCabo Pio (ex-LST-1044)\nCabo San Sebastian (ex-LST-1108)\nBDT-12 (ex-LST-1104)\nCabo Buen Tiempo (ex-LST-801)\nCabo San Vincente (ex-LST-734)\n Brazilian Navy\nBelmonte (ex-Helios)\nGarcia D'Avila (ex–Outagamie County)\n Chilean Navy\nAguila (ex-Aventinus)\nComandante Hemmerdinger (ex–New London County)\nComandante Araya (ex–Nye County)\n Republic of China Navy\nChung Hai (ex-LST-755)\nChung Chuan (ex-LST-640)\nChung Hsing (ex-LST-557)\nChung Chien (ex-LST-716)\nChung Chi (ex-LST-1017)\nChung Cheng (ex-LST-1075)\nChung Shun (ex-LST-732)\nChung Hsun (ex-LST-993)\nChung Lien (ex-LST-1050)\nChung Yung (ex-LST-574)\nChung Sheng (ex-LST(H)-1033)\nChung Kong (ex-LST-945)\nChung Hai / Kao Hsiung (ex–Dukes County)\nHeng Shan / Chung Chuan (ex-LST-1030)\nChung Fu (ex–Iron County)\nChung Cheng (ex–Lafayette County)\nChung Chiang (ex–San Bernardino County)\nChung Chin (ex–Sagadahoc County)\nChung Ming (ex–Sweetwater County)\nChung Pang (ex–LST-578)\nChung Yeh (ex–Sublette County)\nChung Yeh (ex-LST-717)\nex-LST(H)-929\nex-LST-991\nex-LST-993\nex-LST-1008\n People's Liberation Army Navy\nDabie Shan (ex-LST-1008)\n Ecuadorian Navy\nHualcopo (ex–Summit County)\n French Navy\nOdet (ex-LST-815)\nChélif (ex-LST-874)\nAdour (ex-LST-860)\nGolo (ex-LST-973)\n German Navy\nOdin (ex-Ulysses)\nWotan (ex-Diomedes)\nBamberg (ex–Greer County)\nBochum (ex–Rice County)\nBottrup (ex–Saline County)\nex–Millard County\nex–Montgomery County\n Hellenic Navy\nIkaria (ex–Potter County)\nKriti (ex–Page County)\n Indonesian Navy\nTandjung Nusanive (ex–Lawrence County)\nTeluk Langsa (ex–Solano County)\nTeluk Bayur (ex-LST-616)\nTeluk Amboina\nTeluk Kau (ex-T-LST-652)\nTeluk Ratai (ex–Presque Isle (APB-44))\nTeluk Saleh (ex–Clarke County)\nTeluk Bone (ex–Iredell County)\nJaya Wijaya (ex-Askari)\nTandjung Radja (ex–Russell County)\n Imperial Iranian Navy\nSohrab (ex-Gordius)\n Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force\nHayatomo (ex–Hamilton County)\nŌsumi (ex–Daggett County)\nShimokita (ex–Hillsdale County)\nShiretoko (ex–Nansemond County)\n Republic of Korea Navy\nDuk Soo (ex-Minotaur)\nUn Bong (ex-LST-1010)\nWi Bong (ex–Johnson County)\nSuyeong (ex–Kane County)\nBuk Han (ex–Linn County)\nHwa San (ex–Pender County)\n Royal Malaysian Navy\nSri Langkawi (ex–Hunterdon County)\nSri Banggi (ex–Henry County)\nRajah Jarom (ex–Sedgwick County)\n Mexican Navy\nRio Panuco (ex–Park County)\nManzanillo (ex–Clearwater County)\nRio Grijalva (ex-Megara)\n Royal Netherlands Navy\nLST 2 / Pelikaan (ex–LST-627)\nLST 3 (ex–LST-1040)\nLST 4 (ex–LST-585)\n Philippine Navy\nAklan / Kamagong (ex-Romulus)\nNarra (ex-Krishna)\nYakal (ex–Vĩnh Long)\nPampanga (ex-LST-842)\nBulacan (ex-LST-843)\nAlbay (ex-LST-865)\nMisamis Oriental (ex-LST-875)\nAgusan del Sur (ex–Nha Trang)\nSierra Madre (ex–Mỹ Tho)\nZamboanga de Sur (ex–Cam Ranh)\nSurigao del Sur (ex-LST-546)\nCagayan (ex–Hickman County)\nIlocos Norte (ex–Madera County)\nLanao del Norte (ex-LST-566)\nLeyte del Sur (ex-LST-607)\nDavao Oriental (ex-Ōsumi)\nBenguet (ex–Daviess County)\nAurora (ex–Harris County)\nCavite (ex-Shimokita)\nSamar del Norte (ex-Shiretoko)\nCotabato del Norte (ex–Orleans Parish)\nTawi-Tawi (ex-T-LST-1072)\nKalinga Apayao (ex–Cần Thơ)\n Republic of Singapore Navy\nEndurance (ex–Holmes County)\nExcellence (ex-LST-629)\nIntrepid (ex-LST-579)\nResolution (ex-T-LST-649)\nPersistence (ex-LST-613)\nPerseverance (ex-T-LST-623)\n Turkish Naval Forces\nOnaran (ex-Alecto)\nBaşaran (ex-Patroclus)\nBayraktar (ex-Bottrup)\nSancaktar (ex-Bochum)\n Royal Navy (United Kingdom)\nLST-1021\n United States Army\nFS-751 (ex-LST-1047)\nLST-694\nLST-715\nLST-742\nLST-883\n Bolivarian Navy of Venezuela\nCapana (ex-LST-907)\nGuayana (ex-Quirinus)\n Republic of Vietnam Navy\nCam Ranh (ex–Marion County)\nĐà Nẵng (ex–Maricopa County)\nVũng Tàu (ex–Coconino County)\nNha Trang (ex–Jerome County)\nMỹ Tho (ex–Harnett County)\nCần Thơ (ex–Garrett County)\nVĩnh Long (ex-Satyr)\n Vietnam People's Navy\nTrần Khánh Dư (ex–Đà Nẵng)\nHQ-503 (ex-Vũng Tàu)\n\nAngthong (ex-LST-924)\nChang (ex–Lincoln County)\nPangan (ex–Stark County)\nLanta (ex–Stone County)\nPrathong (ex–Dodge County)\n\nPreceded by: LST-491 class\nFollowed by: Talbot County class\n\nList of United States Navy LSTs\nList of United States Navy amphibious warfare ships","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"LST-1017 on 19 June 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/USS_LST-1017_on_19_June_1945.jpg/220px-USS_LST-1017_on_19_June_1945.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\". www.navsource.org. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/161017.htm","url_text":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\""}]},{"reference":"\"LST-1017\". NHHC. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/l/lst-1017.html","url_text":"\"LST-1017\""}]},{"reference":"2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號, retrieved 21 August 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9tGFnsTueI","url_text":"2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號"}]},{"reference":"United States. Dept. of the Treasury (1962). Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97. U.S. Government Printing Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury","url_text":"United States. 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United Kingdom: Fairplay Publishing Limited. 1967.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4b8eAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.navsource.org/archives/10/16/161017.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tank Landing Ship LST\""},{"Link":"https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/nhhc/research/histories/ship-histories/danfs/l/lst-1017.html","external_links_name":"\"LST-1017\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d9tGFnsTueI","external_links_name":"2021.04.01 LST-208中訓軍艦除役塗銷舷號"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BnfPAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Treasury Decisions Under the Customs, Internal Revenue, Industrial Alcohol, Narcotic and Other Laws, Volume 97"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=4b8eAQAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"Fairplay International Shipping Journal Volume 222"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lomatia | Lomatia tasmanica | ["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Ecology","5 Conservation","6 Cultivation","7 Phytochemical profile","8 See also","9 References","10 External links"] | Tasmanian shrub from the family Proteaceae
King's lomatia
Lomatia tasmanica in Hobart Botanical Garden
Conservation status
Critically endangered (EPBC Act)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Order:
Proteales
Family:
Proteaceae
Genus:
Lomatia
Species:
L. tasmanica
Binomial name
Lomatia tasmanicaW.M.Curtis
Lomatia tasmanica, commonly known as King's lomatia, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Tasmania. Growing up to 8 metres (26 ft) tall, the plant has shiny green pinnate (lobed) leaves and bears red flowers in the summer, but yields neither fruit nor seeds. King's lomatia is unusual because all of the remaining plants are genetically identical clones. Because it has three sets of chromosomes (a triploid) and is therefore sterile, reproduction occurs only vegetatively: when a branch falls, that branch grows new roots, establishing a new plant that is genetically identical to its parent.
Charles Denison "Deny" King discovered the plant in 1934, though it was not described until 1967 by botanist Winifred Mary Curtis of the Tasmanian Herbarium. Only one colony of King's lomatia is known to be alive in the wild, consisting of about 500 to 600 plants over an area 1.2 km in length.
Description
The individual plants of L. tasmanica are straggly shrubs or small trees to 8 m (26 ft) high, though taller or longer trunked specimens are often bent over. The trunks of very old plants can reach diameters of 8 cm (3.1 in). The upper branchlets are covered in fine rusty fur. The stems may grow roots from nodes on the ground. The leaves are alternately arranged and more crowded toward the ends of branches. Roughly oval in shape, they are 10–18 cm (3.9–7.1 in) long and pinnate, made up of 11 to 25 primary lobes that have irregularly toothed margins and are sometimes subdivided into smaller lobes. The upper surface is green and shiny, while the undersurface is partly hairy, particularly along the midrib. Flowering takes place in February. The terminal flowerheads, or inflorescences, are 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) long.
Taxonomy
Charles Denison "Deny" King discovered the plant in May 1934 while mining tin in the remote southwest of Tasmania. Winifred Curtis of the Tasmanian Herbarium named the plant in King's honour in 1967, after he sent specimens he collected at Cox's Bight, Port Davey to be identified in 1965. It is also sometimes called "King's holly", though it is not a holly.
L. tasmanica was thought to possibly be a hybrid between L. polymorpha and another species. Genetic analysis using microsatellite markers showed that species found close together geographically are most closely related to each other; L. tasmanica is the sister of a lineage that gave rise to the other two Tasmanian Lomatia species, L. polymorpha and L. tinctoria.
Subfossil remains identical to L. tasmanica were found in 43,600-year-old beds. The climate at that time was most likely as cool as or cooler than it is at Melaleuca today (an average yearly temperature of 11.5 °C, with the coldest month having an average minimum of 4.5 °C and the warmest month an average maximum of 20 °C), and possibly wetter (more than 2400 mm of precipitation annually).
Distribution and habitat
The entire population of Lomatia tasmanica consists of around 500 to 600 plants in an area less than 1.2 km long in southwestern Tasmania. The climate is wet, receiving an average total of 1700 mm of rain each year, and all plants grow within 25 metres (82 ft) of a river or creek. L. tasmanica mainly grows in rainforest or mixed forest made up of trees 8–15 metres (26–49 ft) high such as myrtle beech (Lophozonia cunninghamii), celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius), southern sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum), leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida), satinwood (Nematolepis squamea), blue-green tea tree (Leptospermum glaucescens), and horizontal scrub (Anodopetalum biglandulosum), as well as understory species such as thyme archeria (Archeria serpyllifolia), native plum (Cenarrhenes nitida), sweet-scented trochocarpa (Trochocarpa gunnii), Raukaua gunnii, white waratah (Agastachys odorata), climbing heath (Prionotes cerinthoides), hard water fern (Parablechnum wattsii), and brickmaker's sedge (Gahnia grandis). Scattered Smithton peppermint (Eucalyptus nitida) tower over the canopy. Profuse moss and fern growth highlights the wetness of the habitat.
L. tasmanica also extends into neighbouring dry sclerophyll forest composed of Smithton peppermint over an understory of blue-green tea tree on more elevated areas. Finally, it grows in a dense riverbank scrubland with species such as silver banksia (Banksia marginata), mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), prickly-leaved wattle (Acacia verticillata), swamp honey-myrtle (Melaleuca squamea), scented paperbark (M. squarrosa), horizontal scrub, and Smithton peppermint over a dense low understory of Bauera rubioides, Gahnia grandis, Epacris aff. heteronema, scrambling coral fern (Gleichenia microphylla), Calorophus erostris, lesser wire rush (Empodisma minus), and button grass (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus).
Ecology
Lomatia tasmanica grows in a climate of infrequent bushfires. Fieldwork in the early 2000s established that the area had last been burnt in 1934. Most plants were around 60 years old, though some were estimated at up to 300 years old. The area in which it grows is federally protected, lying wholly within the Southwest National Park.
Although all the plants are technically separate in that each has its own root system, they are collectively considered to be one of the oldest living plant clones. Each plant's lifespan is approximately 300 years, but the plant has been cloning itself for at least 43,600 years and possibly as long as 135,000 years. This estimate is based on radiocarbon dating of fossilised leaf fragments that were found 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) away from the extant colony. The fossilised fragments are identical to the contemporary plant in cell structure and shape, which suggests that the ancestral and modern plant are also genetically identical. This further implies that the ancestral plant was also triploid and therefore also clonal, due to the extreme rarity of naturally occurring sexually reproducing triploid organisms.
Conservation
Lomatia tasmanica has been declared critically endangered under the Australian government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is also classified at a state level as "Endangered" under the Tasmanian government's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.
The original plant group that King discovered in 1934 has disappeared (and likely died out), and the sole remaining group of approximately 500 to 600 plants covers a 1.2-kilometre-long area in the extreme southwest of Tasmania. This area is prone to fires and other natural threats to the plants, so Tasmania has begun an effort to develop other populations of L. tasmanica in controlled environments such as the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, which has been propagating the plant from cuttings since 1994. Because of its fragility and rarity, their specimens are not on display to the public. Due to its inability to reproduce sexually, there is no possibility of increasing the plant's genetic diversity to promote disease resistance through purely natural means.
Infestation with the fungal pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi has been recorded in other plant species around 20 metres (66 ft) away from some wild L. tasmanica populations. Bushfire could also spread this pathogen and potentially facilitate its infection of the remaining wild plants.
Cultivation
Lomatia tasmanica strikes readily from cuttings but is difficult to keep alive in cultivation, often perishing when dried out. The cuttings are taken in January and February and take up to 12 months to form roots. Like their wild counterparts, the cultivated plants are susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi. L. tasmanica has been grafted successfully onto L. tinctoria, and the Botanic Gardens sought to trial grafting it onto L. ferruginea.
Phytochemical profile
Lomatia tasmanica was subjected to natural products isolation methods by researchers at The University of Tasmania. Their study uncovered several unique compounds some of which are shared by other Lomatia. Long chain non-polar molecules Heptacosane and Nonacosane were found in relatively fair yield. Juglone, and Glucose Pentaacetate were also found from extractions done on the leaves of the plant. Uniquely developed Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) utilising a household espresso machine was conducted on the leaves as well as a Diethyl-Ether maceration. Juglone and other naphthoquinone pigments have been previously isolated from Lomatia species. It is possible to speculate that the presence of a single naphthoquinone in L. tasmanica reflects the primitive and ancient position of it within the Lomatia lineage.
See also
List of oldest trees
References
^ a b
"Lomatia tasmanica – King's Lomatia". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
^
"Lomatia tasmanica W.M.Curtis". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
^ a b c d e "Lomatia tasmanica". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
^ a b c d Threatened Species Section (2006). "Flora Recovery Plan: King's lomatia, Lomatia tasmanica 2006–2010" (PDF). Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment.
^ a b c d Lynch, A. J. J.; Balmer, J. (2004). "The ecology, phytosociology and stand structure of an ancient endemic plant Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) approaching extinction". Australian Journal of Botany. 52 (5): 619–627. doi:10.1071/BT03023.
^ a b c Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-207-17277-9.
^ Threatened Species Unit (1 June 2005). "Lomatia tasmanica" (PDF). Threatened Flora of Tasmania. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^ Milner, Melita L.; McIntosh, Emma J.; Crisp, Michael D.; Weston, Peter H.; Rossetto, Maurizio (2013). "Microsatellite variation for phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population-genetic studies in Lomatia (Proteaceae)". Australian Systematic Botany. 26 (3): 186–95. doi:10.1071/SB13002. S2CID 42204696.
^ Jordan, Greg J.; Carpenter, Raymond J.; Hill, Robert S. (1991). "Late Pleistocene Vegetation and Climate Near Melaleuca Inlet, South-Western Tasmania". Australian Journal of Botany. 39 (4): 315–33. doi:10.1071/BT9910315.
^
Lynch, A. J. J.; Barnes, R. W.; Vaillancourt, R. E.; Cambecèdes, J. (1998). "Genetic evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) is an ancient clone" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 46 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1071/BT96120. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
^
"The Oldest Living Plant Individual". Botanical Electronic News. 8 November 1996. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
^
"Botanists collaborate to secure future of rare Tasmanian plant". Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009.
^ a b Tapson, Natalie (2009). "Lomatia tasmanica: A Tasmanian Icon". Hobart, Tasmania: Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2017.
^
Deans, Bianca J.; Tedone, Laura; Bissember, Alex C.; Smith, Jason A. (September 2018). "Phytochemical profile of the rare, ancient clone Lomatia tasmania and comparison to other endemic Tasmanian species L. tinctoria and L. polymorpha". Phytochemistry. 153: 74–78. Bibcode:2018PChem.153...74D. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.019. PMID 29886159. S2CID 47015048. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
External links
"King, Charles Denison (1909–1991)". Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage. Retrieved 29 January 2005.
Taxon identifiersLomatia tasmanica
Wikidata: Q310793
APNI: 95473
BOLD: 1107403
CoL: 3VWYS
FoAO2: Lomatia tasmanica
GBIF: 5636538
iNaturalist: 628010
IPNI: 705176-1
ISC: 119576
NCBI: 1441048
Open Tree of Life: 5494496
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:705176-1
SPRAT: 3745
Tropicos: 50179118
WFO: wfo-0000442366
Authority control databases: National
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Proteaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteaceae"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"genetically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"triploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploid"},{"link_name":"sterile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infertility"},{"link_name":"Charles Denison \"Deny\" King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deny_King"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Winifred Mary Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Herbarium"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recoveryplan-4"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica, commonly known as King's lomatia, is a shrub of the family Proteaceae native to Tasmania. Growing up to 8 metres (26 ft) tall, the plant has shiny green pinnate (lobed) leaves and bears red flowers in the summer, but yields neither fruit nor seeds. King's lomatia is unusual because all of the remaining plants are genetically identical clones. Because it has three sets of chromosomes (a triploid) and is therefore sterile, reproduction occurs only vegetatively: when a branch falls, that branch grows new roots, establishing a new plant that is genetically identical to its parent.Charles Denison \"Deny\" King discovered the plant in 1934, though it was not described until 1967 by botanist Winifred Mary Curtis of the Tasmanian Herbarium. Only one colony of King's lomatia is known to be alive in the wild, consisting of about 500 to 600 plants[3][4] over an area 1.2 km in length.","title":"Lomatia tasmanica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch04-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrigley91-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrigley91-6"},{"link_name":"pinnate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpipwe-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-foa-3"}],"text":"The individual plants of L. tasmanica are straggly shrubs or small trees to 8 m (26 ft) high, though taller or longer trunked specimens are often bent over. The trunks of very old plants can reach diameters of 8 cm (3.1 in).[5] The upper branchlets are covered in fine rusty fur.[3] The stems may grow roots from nodes on the ground.[6] The leaves are alternately arranged[3] and more crowded toward the ends of branches.[6] Roughly oval in shape, they are 10–18 cm (3.9–7.1 in) long and pinnate, made up of 11 to 25 primary lobes that have irregularly toothed margins and are sometimes subdivided into smaller lobes.[3] The upper surface is green and shiny,[7] while the undersurface is partly hairy, particularly along the midrib. Flowering takes place in February. The terminal flowerheads, or inflorescences, are 9–10 cm (3.5–3.9 in) long.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Denison \"Deny\" King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deny_King"},{"link_name":"southwest of Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_West_Wilderness"},{"link_name":"Winifred Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Tasmanian Herbarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmanian_Herbarium"},{"link_name":"Port Davey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Davey"},{"link_name":"holly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly"},{"link_name":"sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-milner-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jordan91-9"}],"text":"Charles Denison \"Deny\" King discovered the plant in May 1934 while mining tin in the remote southwest of Tasmania. Winifred Curtis of the Tasmanian Herbarium named the plant in King's honour in 1967, after he sent specimens he collected at Cox's Bight, Port Davey to be identified in 1965. It is also sometimes called \"King's holly\", though it is not a holly.L. tasmanica was thought to possibly be a hybrid between L. polymorpha and another species. Genetic analysis using microsatellite markers showed that species found close together geographically are most closely related to each other; L. tasmanica is the sister of a lineage that gave rise to the other two Tasmanian Lomatia species, L. polymorpha and L. tinctoria.[8]Subfossil remains identical to L. tasmanica were found in 43,600-year-old beds. The climate at that time was most likely as cool as or cooler than it is at Melaleuca today (an average yearly temperature of 11.5 °C, with the coldest month having an average minimum of 4.5 °C and the warmest month an average maximum of 20 °C), and possibly wetter (more than 2400 mm of precipitation annually).[9]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lophozonia cunninghamii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lophozonia_cunninghamii"},{"link_name":"Phyllocladus aspleniifolius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllocladus_aspleniifolius"},{"link_name":"Atherosperma moschatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atherosperma"},{"link_name":"Eucryphia lucida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucryphia_lucida"},{"link_name":"Nematolepis squamea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nematolepis_squamea"},{"link_name":"Leptospermum glaucescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospermum_glaucescens"},{"link_name":"Anodopetalum biglandulosum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anodopetalum"},{"link_name":"understory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understory"},{"link_name":"Archeria serpyllifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archeria_serpyllifolia"},{"link_name":"Cenarrhenes nitida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenarrhenes"},{"link_name":"Trochocarpa gunnii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trochocarpa_gunnii"},{"link_name":"Raukaua gunnii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raukaua_gunnii"},{"link_name":"Agastachys odorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agastachys"},{"link_name":"Prionotes cerinthoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionotes"},{"link_name":"Parablechnum wattsii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parablechnum_wattsii"},{"link_name":"Gahnia grandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gahnia_grandis"},{"link_name":"Eucalyptus nitida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus_nitida"},{"link_name":"Banksia marginata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia_marginata"},{"link_name":"Leptospermum scoparium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptospermum_scoparium"},{"link_name":"Acacia verticillata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia_verticillata"},{"link_name":"Melaleuca squamea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaleuca_squamea"},{"link_name":"M. squarrosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaleuca_squarrosa"},{"link_name":"Bauera rubioides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauera_rubioides"},{"link_name":"Gleichenia microphylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleichenia_microphylla"},{"link_name":"Calorophus erostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calorophus_erostris&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Empodisma minus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empodisma_minus"},{"link_name":"Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnoschoenus_sphaerocephalus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch04-5"}],"text":"The entire population of Lomatia tasmanica consists of around 500 to 600 plants in an area less than 1.2 km long in southwestern Tasmania. The climate is wet, receiving an average total of 1700 mm of rain each year, and all plants grow within 25 metres (82 ft) of a river or creek. L. tasmanica mainly grows in rainforest or mixed forest made up of trees 8–15 metres (26–49 ft) high such as myrtle beech (Lophozonia cunninghamii), celery-top pine (Phyllocladus aspleniifolius), southern sassafras (Atherosperma moschatum), leatherwood (Eucryphia lucida), satinwood (Nematolepis squamea), blue-green tea tree (Leptospermum glaucescens), and horizontal scrub (Anodopetalum biglandulosum), as well as understory species such as thyme archeria (Archeria serpyllifolia), native plum (Cenarrhenes nitida), sweet-scented trochocarpa (Trochocarpa gunnii), Raukaua gunnii, white waratah (Agastachys odorata), climbing heath (Prionotes cerinthoides), hard water fern (Parablechnum wattsii), and brickmaker's sedge (Gahnia grandis). Scattered Smithton peppermint (Eucalyptus nitida) tower over the canopy. Profuse moss and fern growth highlights the wetness of the habitat.L. tasmanica also extends into neighbouring dry sclerophyll forest composed of Smithton peppermint over an understory of blue-green tea tree on more elevated areas. Finally, it grows in a dense riverbank scrubland with species such as silver banksia (Banksia marginata), mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium), prickly-leaved wattle (Acacia verticillata), swamp honey-myrtle (Melaleuca squamea), scented paperbark (M. squarrosa), horizontal scrub, and Smithton peppermint over a dense low understory of Bauera rubioides, Gahnia grandis, Epacris aff. heteronema, scrambling coral fern (Gleichenia microphylla), Calorophus erostris, lesser wire rush (Empodisma minus), and button grass (Gymnoschoenus sphaerocephalus).[5]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Southwest National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_National_Park"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch04-5"},{"link_name":"oldest living","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_long-living_organisms"},{"link_name":"clones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lynch-etal.-1998-Genetic-evidence-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Botanical-E-News-11"},{"link_name":"radiocarbon dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating"},{"link_name":"fossilised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil"},{"link_name":"triploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyploidy"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica grows in a climate of infrequent bushfires. Fieldwork in the early 2000s established that the area had last been burnt in 1934. Most plants were around 60 years old, though some were estimated at up to 300 years old. The area in which it grows is federally protected, lying wholly within the Southwest National Park.[5]Although all the plants are technically separate in that each has its own root system, they are collectively considered to be one of the oldest living plant clones. Each plant's lifespan is approximately 300 years, but the plant has been cloning itself for at least 43,600 years and possibly as long as 135,000 years.[10][11] This estimate is based on radiocarbon dating of fossilised leaf fragments that were found 8.5 kilometres (5.3 mi) away from the extant colony. The fossilised fragments are identical to the contemporary plant in cell structure and shape, which suggests that the ancestral and modern plant are also genetically identical. This further implies that the ancestral plant was also triploid and therefore also clonal, due to the extreme rarity of naturally occurring sexually reproducing triploid organisms.","title":"Ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_Protection_and_Biodiversity_Conservation_Act_1999"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nat-threatened-sp.-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recoveryplan-4"},{"link_name":"Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Tasmanian_Botanical_Gardens"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tasmanian-Bot-Gardens-12"},{"link_name":"Phytophthora cinnamomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophthora_cinnamomi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recoveryplan-4"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica has been declared critically endangered under the Australian government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.[1] It is also classified at a state level as \"Endangered\" under the Tasmanian government's Threatened Species Protection Act 1995.[4]The original plant group that King discovered in 1934 has disappeared (and likely died out), and the sole remaining group of approximately 500 to 600 plants covers a 1.2-kilometre-long area in the extreme southwest of Tasmania. This area is prone to fires and other natural threats to the plants, so Tasmania has begun an effort to develop other populations of L. tasmanica in controlled environments such as the Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens, which has been propagating the plant from cuttings since 1994.[12] Because of its fragility and rarity, their specimens are not on display to the public. Due to its inability to reproduce sexually, there is no possibility of increasing the plant's genetic diversity to promote disease resistance through purely natural means.Infestation with the fungal pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi has been recorded in other plant species around 20 metres (66 ft) away from some wild L. tasmanica populations. Bushfire could also spread this pathogen and potentially facilitate its infection of the remaining wild plants.[4]","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wrigley91-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtbg-13"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynch04-5"},{"link_name":"grafted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-recoveryplan-4"},{"link_name":"L. ferruginea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomatia_ferruginea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rtbg-13"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica strikes readily from cuttings but is difficult to keep alive in cultivation,[6] often perishing when dried out. The cuttings are taken in January and February and take up to 12 months to form roots.[13] Like their wild counterparts, the cultivated plants are susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi.[5] L. tasmanica has been grafted successfully onto L. tinctoria,[4] and the Botanic Gardens sought to trial grafting it onto L. ferruginea.[13]","title":"Cultivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phytochemical-14"}],"text":"Lomatia tasmanica was subjected to natural products isolation methods by researchers at The University of Tasmania. Their study uncovered several unique compounds some of which are shared by other Lomatia. Long chain non-polar molecules Heptacosane and Nonacosane were found in relatively fair yield. Juglone, and Glucose Pentaacetate were also found from extractions done on the leaves of the plant. Uniquely developed Pressurized Hot Water Extraction (PHWE) utilising a household espresso machine was conducted on the leaves as well as a Diethyl-Ether maceration. Juglone and other naphthoquinone pigments have been previously isolated from Lomatia species. It is possible to speculate that the presence of a single naphthoquinone in L. tasmanica reflects the primitive and ancient position of it within the Lomatia lineage.[14]","title":"Phytochemical profile"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of oldest trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_trees"}] | [{"reference":"\"Lomatia tasmanica – King's Lomatia\". Species Profile and Threats Database. Australian Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicspecies.pl?taxon_id=3745","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica – King's Lomatia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lomatia tasmanica W.M.Curtis\". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=41581","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica W.M.Curtis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index","url_text":"Australian Plant Name Index"}]},{"reference":"\"Lomatia tasmanica\". Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anbg.gov.au/abrs/online-resources/flora/stddisplay.xsql?pnid=45150","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_of_Australia_(series)","url_text":"Flora of Australia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_the_Environment_and_Heritage","url_text":"Department of the Environment and Heritage"}]},{"reference":"Threatened Species Section (2006). \"Flora Recovery Plan: King's lomatia, Lomatia tasmanica 2006–2010\" (PDF). Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Primary Industries, Water and Environment.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/3e029474-3915-494d-a5be-41a609b0c93f/files/l-tasmanica.pdf","url_text":"\"Flora Recovery Plan: King's lomatia, Lomatia tasmanica 2006–2010\""}]},{"reference":"Lynch, A. J. J.; Balmer, J. (2004). \"The ecology, phytosociology and stand structure of an ancient endemic plant Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) approaching extinction\". Australian Journal of Botany. 52 (5): 619–627. doi:10.1071/BT03023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT03023","url_text":"10.1071/BT03023"}]},{"reference":"Wrigley, John; Fagg, Murray (1991). Banksias, Waratahs and Grevilleas. Sydney, New South Wales: Angus & Robertson. p. 452. ISBN 978-0-207-17277-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-207-17277-9","url_text":"978-0-207-17277-9"}]},{"reference":"Threatened Species Unit (1 June 2005). \"Lomatia tasmanica\" (PDF). Threatened Flora of Tasmania. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/Documents/Lomatia-tasmanica.pdf","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica\""}]},{"reference":"Milner, Melita L.; McIntosh, Emma J.; Crisp, Michael D.; Weston, Peter H.; Rossetto, Maurizio (2013). \"Microsatellite variation for phylogenetic, phylogeographic and population-genetic studies in Lomatia (Proteaceae)\". Australian Systematic Botany. 26 (3): 186–95. doi:10.1071/SB13002. S2CID 42204696.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FSB13002","url_text":"10.1071/SB13002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42204696","url_text":"42204696"}]},{"reference":"Jordan, Greg J.; Carpenter, Raymond J.; Hill, Robert S. (1991). \"Late Pleistocene Vegetation and Climate Near Melaleuca Inlet, South-Western Tasmania\". Australian Journal of Botany. 39 (4): 315–33. doi:10.1071/BT9910315.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT9910315","url_text":"10.1071/BT9910315"}]},{"reference":"Lynch, A. J. J.; Barnes, R. W.; Vaillancourt, R. E.; Cambecèdes, J. (1998). \"Genetic evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) is an ancient clone\" (PDF). Australian Journal of Botany. 46 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1071/BT96120. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://eprints.utas.edu.au/7645/1/Lynch1998.pdf","url_text":"\"Genetic evidence that Lomatia tasmanica (Proteaceae) is an ancient clone\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1071%2FBT96120","url_text":"10.1071/BT96120"}]},{"reference":"\"The Oldest Living Plant Individual\". Botanical Electronic News. 8 November 1996. Retrieved 11 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ou.edu/cas/botany-micro/ben/ben149.html","url_text":"\"The Oldest Living Plant Individual\""}]},{"reference":"\"Botanists collaborate to secure future of rare Tasmanian plant\". Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. 11 November 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090914195850/http://www.rtbg.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?sys=News%20Article&intID=1560","url_text":"\"Botanists collaborate to secure future of rare Tasmanian plant\""},{"url":"http://www.rtbg.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?sys=News%20Article&intID=1560","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tapson, Natalie (2009). \"Lomatia tasmanica: A Tasmanian Icon\". Hobart, Tasmania: Royal Tasmanian Botanical Gardens. Retrieved 21 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://gardens.rtbg.tas.gov.au/lomatia-tasmanica/","url_text":"\"Lomatia tasmanica: A Tasmanian Icon\""}]},{"reference":"Deans, Bianca J.; Tedone, Laura; Bissember, Alex C.; Smith, Jason A. (September 2018). \"Phytochemical profile of the rare, ancient clone Lomatia tasmania and comparison to other endemic Tasmanian species L. tinctoria and L. polymorpha\". Phytochemistry. 153: 74–78. Bibcode:2018PChem.153...74D. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.019. PMID 29886159. S2CID 47015048. Retrieved 14 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031942218301572","url_text":"\"Phytochemical profile of the rare, ancient clone Lomatia tasmania and comparison to other endemic Tasmanian species L. tinctoria and L. polymorpha\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PChem.153...74D","url_text":"2018PChem.153...74D"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.phytochem.2018.05.019","url_text":"10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.05.019"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29886159","url_text":"29886159"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:47015048","url_text":"47015048"}]},{"reference":"\"King, Charles Denison (1909–1991)\". Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angk_Snuol_District | Angk Snuol District | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611District in Kandal, CambodiaAngk Snuol
អង្គស្នួលDistrictAngk SnuolLocation in CambodiaCoordinates: 11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611Country CambodiaProvinceKandalCommunes16Villages307Population (1998) • Total88,921Time zoneUTC+07:00 (ICT)Geocode0808
This article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.
Angk Snuol (Khmer: អង្គស្នួល) is a district (srok) of Kandal Province, Cambodia. The district is subdivided into 16 communes (khum) such as Baek Chan, Boeng Thum, Chhak Chheu Neang, Damnak Ampil, Kamboul, Kantaok, Krang Mkak, Lumhach, Mkak, Ovlaok, Peuk, Ponsang, Prey Puok, Samraong Leu, Snao, Tuol Prech and 307 villages (phum).
References
^ General Population Census of Cambodia, 1998: Village Gazetteer. National Institute of Statistics. February 2000. pp. 149–152.
^ "Kandal Administration". Royal Government of Cambodia. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-03-01.
External links
Kandal at Royal Government of Cambodia website
Kandal at Ministry of Commerce website
vte Kandal provinceCapital: Ta KhmauMunicipality
Ta Khmau
Districts
Ang Snuol
Kandal Steung
Kien Svay
Khsach Kandal
Koh Thom
Leuk Daek
Levea Em
Muk Kamphol
Ponhea Leu
S'ang
vte Districts, Municipalities, and Khans of CambodiaAutonomous municipalityPhnom Penh
Khans
Chamkar Mon
Chbar Ampov
Chroy Changvar
Dangkao
Doun Penh※
Mean Chey
Prampir Makara
Prek Pnov
Pou Senchey
Russey Keo
Sen Sok
Tuol Kouk
Boeng Keng Kang
Kamboul
ProvincesBanteay Meanchey
Mongkol Borey
Phnom Srok
Poipet Municipality
Preah Net Preah
Ou Chrov
Thma Puok
Serei Saophoan Municipality※
Svay Chek
Malai
Battambang
Banan
Battambang Municipality※
Thma Koul
Bavel
Aek Phnom
Moung Russei
Ratanak Mondul
Sangkae
Samlout
Sampov Loun
Phnom Proek
Kamrieng
Koas Krala
Rukhak Kiri
Kampong Cham
Batheay
Chamkar Leu
Cheung Prey
Kampong Cham Municipality※
Kampong Siem
Kang Meas
Koh Sotin
Prey Chhor
Srey Santhor
Steung Trang
Kampong Chhnang
Baribour
Chol Kiri
Kampong Chhnang Municipality※
Kampong Leaeng
Kampong Tralach
Rolea B'ier
Samaki Mean Chey
Teuk Phos
Kampong Speu
Basedth
Chbar Mon Municipality※
Kong Pisey
Aural
Odong
Phnom Sruoch
Samraong Tong
Thpong
Kampong Thom
Baray
Kampong Svay
Stueng Saen Municipality※
Prasat Balangk
Prasat Sambour
Sandan
Santuk
Steung
Taing Kouk
Kampot
Angkor Chey
Banteay Meas
Chhouk
Chum Kiri
Dang Tong
Kampong Trach
Kampot Municipality※
Tuek Chhou
Kandal
Kandal Stueng
Kien Svay
Khsach Kandal
Kaoh Thum
Leuk Daek
Lvea Aem
Mukh Kampul
Angk Snuol
Ponhea Lueu
S'ang
Ta Khmau Municipality※
Kep
Damnak Chang'aeur
Kep Municipality※
Koh Kong
Botum Sakor
Kiri Sakor
Koh Kong
Khemarak Phoumin Municipality※
Mondol Seima
Srae Ambel
Thma Bang
Kratié
Chhloung
Kratié Municipality※
Prek Prasab
Sambour
Snuol
Chetr Borei
Mondulkiri
Kaeo Seima
Koh Nheaek
Ou Reang
Pich Chenda
Senmonorom Municipality※
Oddar Meanchey
Anlong Veng
Banteay Ampil
Chong Kal
Samraong Municipality※
Trapeang Prasat
Pailin
Pailin Municipality※
Sala Krau
Preah Vihear
Chey Saen
Chhaeb
Choam Khsant
Kulaen
Rovieng
Sangkom Thmei
Tbaeng Meanchey
Preah Vihear Municipality※
Pursat
Bakan
Kandieng
Krakor
Phnom Kravanh
Pursat Municipality※
Veal Veaeng
Talou Sen Chey
Prey Veng
Ba Phnom
Kamchay Mear
Kampong Trabaek
Kanhchriech
Me Sang
Peam Chor
Peam Ro
Pea Reang
Preah Sdach
Prey Veng Municipality※
Pou Rieng
Sithor Kandal
Svay Antor
Ratanakiri
Anduong Meas
Banlung Municipality※
Bar Kaev
Koun Mom
Lumphat
Ou Chum
Ou Ya Dav
Ta Veaeng
Veun Sai
Siem Reap
Angkor Chum
Angkor Thom
Banteay Srei
Chi Kraeng
Kralanh
Puok
Prasat Bakong
Siem Reap Municipality※
Sout Nikom
Srei Snam
Svay Leu
Varin
Sihanoukville
Kampong Seila
Prey Nob
Sihanoukville Municipality※
Steung Hav
Stung Treng
Sesan
Siem Bouk
Siem Pang
Stung Treng Municipality※
Thala Borivat
Borei O’Svay Sen Chey
Svay Rieng
Bavet Municipality
Chantrea
Kampong Rou
Romeas Haek
Rumduol
Svay Chrum
Svay Rieng Municipality※
Svay Teab
Takéo
Angkor Borei
Bati
Borei Cholsar
Doun Kaev Municipality※
Kaoh Andaet
Kiri Vong
Prey Kabbas
Samraŏng
Tram Kak
Treang
Tboung KhmumInternet
Dambae
Krouch Chhmar
Memot
Ou Reang Ov
Ponhea Kraek
Suong Municipality※
Tboung Khmum※ denotes capital/provincial seat.
Authority control databases
VIAF
11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611
This Cambodian location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"rendering support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)"},{"link_name":"question marks, boxes, or other symbols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character"},{"link_name":"Khmer script","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_script"},{"link_name":"Khmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khmer_language"},{"link_name":"district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_districts,_municipalities_and_sections_in_Cambodia"},{"link_name":"srok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srok"},{"link_name":"Kandal Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandal_Province"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"khum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khum"},{"link_name":"Baek Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081224050400/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html"},{"link_name":"phum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"District in Kandal, CambodiaThis article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.Angk Snuol (Khmer: អង្គស្នួល) is a district (srok) of Kandal Province, Cambodia. The district is subdivided into 16 communes (khum) such as Baek Chan, Boeng Thum, Chhak Chheu Neang, Damnak Ampil, Kamboul, Kantaok, Krang Mkak, Lumhach, Mkak, Ovlaok, Peuk, Ponsang, Prey Puok, Samraong Leu, Snao, Tuol Prech and 307 villages (phum).[2]","title":"Angk Snuol District"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"General Population Census of Cambodia, 1998: Village Gazetteer. National Institute of Statistics. February 2000. pp. 149–152.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Kandal Administration\". Royal Government of Cambodia. Archived from the original on 2008-12-24. Retrieved 2009-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224050400/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html","url_text":"\"Kandal Administration\""},{"url":"http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angk_Snuol_District¶ms=11_29_30_N_104_39_22_E_region:KH","external_links_name":"11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angk_Snuol_District¶ms=11_29_30_N_104_39_22_E_region:KH_type:city(88921)","external_links_name":"11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224050400/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html","external_links_name":"Baek Chan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224050400/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html","external_links_name":"\"Kandal Administration\""},{"Link":"http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081224050400/http://www.cambodia.gov.kh/unisql1/egov/english/province/kandal.html","external_links_name":"Kandal at Royal Government of Cambodia website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090105165119/http://www.moc.gov.kh/national_data_resource/Provincial%20Resources/Kandal/Index.htm","external_links_name":"Kandal at Ministry of Commerce website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/237501082","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angk_Snuol_District¶ms=11_29_30_N_104_39_22_E_region:KH","external_links_name":"11°29′30″N 104°39′22″E / 11.49167°N 104.65611°E / 11.49167; 104.65611"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angk_Snuol_District&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine-homocysteine_S-methyltransferase | Betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase | ["1 Isozymes","2 Tissue distribution","3 Clinical significance","4 See also","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"] | Class of enzymes
betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferaseCrystal structure of rat liver betaine homocysteine s-methyltransferase.IdentifiersEC no.2.1.1.5CAS no.9029-78-1 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins
In the field of enzymology, a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase also known as betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is a zinc metallo-enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from trimethylglycine and a hydrogen ion from homocysteine to produce dimethylglycine and methionine respectively:
Trimethylglycine (methyl donor) + homocysteine (hydrogen donor) → dimethylglycine (hydrogen receiver) + methionine (methyl receiver)
Diagram of the action of BHMT
This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. This enzyme participates in the metabolism of glycine, serine, threonine and also methionine.
Isozymes
In humans, there are two isozymes, BHMT and BHMT2, each encoded by a separate gene.
betaine-homocysteine methyltransferaseBetaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 1 homotetramer, HumanIdentifiersSymbolBHMTNCBI gene635HGNC1047OMIM602888RefSeqNM_001713UniProtQ93088Other dataEC number2.1.1.5LocusChr. 5 q13.1-q15Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro
betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase 2IdentifiersSymbolBHMT2NCBI gene23743HGNC1048OMIM605932RefSeqNM_017614UniProtQ9H2M3Other dataEC number2.1.1.5LocusChr. 5 q13Search forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro
Tissue distribution
BHMT is expressed most predominantly in the liver and kidney.
Clinical significance
Mutations in the BHMT gene are known to exist in humans. Anomalies may influence the metabolism of homocysteine , which is implicated in disorders ranging from vascular disease, autism, and schizophrenia to neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida.
See also
Betaine
References
^ PDB: 1UMY; González B, Pajares MA, Martínez-Ripoll M, Blundell TL, Sanz-Aparicio J (May 2004). "Crystal structure of rat liver betaine homocysteine s-methyltransferase reveals new oligomerization features and conformational changes upon substrate binding". J. Mol. Biol. 338 (4): 771–82. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.5080. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.005. PMID 15099744.
^ Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D (December 2006). "Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63 (23): 2792–803. doi:10.1007/s00018-006-6249-6. hdl:10261/13799. PMID 17086380. S2CID 6076708.
^ Garrow TA (September 1996). "Purification, kinetic properties, and cDNA cloning of mammalian betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (37): 22831–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.37.22831. PMID 8798461.
^ Sunden SL, Renduchintala MS, Park EI, Miklasz SD, Garrow TA (September 1997). "Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression in porcine and human tissues and chromosomal localization of the human gene". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 345 (1): 171–4. doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0246. PMID 9281325.
^ Chadwick LH, McCandless SE, Silverman GL, Schwartz S, Westaway D, Nadeau JH (November 2000). "Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase-2: cDNA cloning, gene sequence, physical mapping, and expression of the human and mouse genes". Genomics. 70 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6319. PMID 11087663.
^ Szegedi SS, Castro CC, Koutmos M, Garrow TA (April 2008). "Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (14): 8939–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.M710449200. PMC 2276374. PMID 18230605.
^ Sunden SL, Renduchintala MS, Park EI, Miklasz SD, Garrow TA (September 1997). "Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression in porcine and human tissues and chromosomal localization of the human gene". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 345 (1): 171–4. doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0246. PMID 9281325.
Further reading
Klee WA, Richards HH, Cantoni GL (1961). "The synthesis of methionine by enzymic transmethylation. VII Existence of two separate homocysteine methylpherases on mammalian liver". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 54: 157–64. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(61)90948-9. PMID 14456704.
External links
Betaine+Homocysteine+Methyltransferase at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
EC 2.1.1.5
vteMetabolism: Protein metabolism, synthesis and catabolism enzymesEssential amino acids are in CapitalsK→acetyl-CoALYSINE→
Saccharopine dehydrogenase
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
LEUCINE→
3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
Enoyl-CoA hydratase
HMG-CoA lyase
HMG-CoA reductase
Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase
α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase
Leucine 2,3-aminomutase
Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase
Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase
(See Template:Leucine metabolism in humans – this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase)
TRYPTOPHAN→
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase
Arylformamidase
Kynureninase
3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase
Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase
Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→
(see below)
GG→pyruvate→citrateglycine→serine→
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
Serine dehydratase
glycine→creatine: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase
Creatine kinase
alanine→
Alanine transaminase
cysteine→
D-cysteine desulfhydrase
threonine→
L-threonine dehydrogenase
G→glutamate→α-ketoglutarateHISTIDINE→
Histidine ammonia-lyase
Urocanate hydratase
Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase
proline→
Proline oxidase
Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase/ALDH4A1
PYCR1
arginine→
Ornithine aminotransferase
Ornithine decarboxylase
Agmatinase
→alpha-ketoglutarate→TCA
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Other
cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
Glutathione synthetase
Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase
glutamate→glutamine: Glutamine synthetase
Glutaminase
G→propionyl-CoA→succinyl-CoAVALINE→
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
Enoyl-CoA hydratase
3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase
3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase
Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase
ISOLEUCINE→
Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase
Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex
3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase
METHIONINE→
generation of homocysteine: Methionine adenosyltransferase
Adenosylhomocysteinase
regeneration of methionine: Methionine synthase/Homocysteine methyltransferase
Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine beta synthase
Cystathionine gamma-lyase
THREONINE→
Threonine aldolase
→succinyl-CoA→TCA
Propionyl-CoA carboxylase
Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase
Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
G→fumaratePHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Tyrosine aminotransferase
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase
Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase
Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase
tyrosine→melanin: Tyrosinase
G→oxaloacetateasparagine→aspartate→
Asparaginase/Asparagine synthetase
Aspartate transaminase
vteTransferase: one carbon transferases (EC 2.1)2.1.1: Methyl-N-
Histamine N-methyltransferase
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
Amine N-methyltransferase
Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase
O-
5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase/Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase
Catechol-O-methyl transferase
Homocysteine
Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase
Homocysteine methyltransferase
Methionine synthase
Other
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase
DNMT3B
Histone methyltransferase
Thymidylate synthase
DNA methyltransferase
Thiopurine methyltransferase
Cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase
2.1.2: Hydroxymethyl-,Formyl- and RelatedHydroxymethyltransferase
Serine hydroxymethyltransferase
3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase
Formyltransferase
Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase
Inosine monophosphate synthase
Other
Glutamate formimidoyltransferase
Aminomethyltransferase
2.1.3: Carboxy-and CarbamoylCarboxy
methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase
Carbamoyl
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase
Ornithine carbamoyltransferase
Oxamate carbamoyltransferase
Putrescine carbamoyltransferase
3-hydroxymethylcephem carbamoyltransferase
Lysine carbamoyltransferase
N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase
2.1.4: Amidine
Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase
vteEnzymesActivity
Active site
Binding site
Catalytic triad
Oxyanion hole
Enzyme promiscuity
Diffusion-limited enzyme
Cofactor
Enzyme catalysis
Regulation
Allosteric regulation
Cooperativity
Enzyme inhibitor
Enzyme activator
Classification
EC number
Enzyme superfamily
Enzyme family
List of enzymes
Kinetics
Enzyme kinetics
Eadie–Hofstee diagram
Hanes–Woolf plot
Lineweaver–Burk plot
Michaelis–Menten kinetics
Types
EC1 Oxidoreductases (list)
EC2 Transferases (list)
EC3 Hydrolases (list)
EC4 Lyases (list)
EC5 Isomerases (list)
EC6 Ligases (list)
EC7 Translocases (list)
Portal: Biology
This EC 2.1 enzyme-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"enzymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymology"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"methyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl"},{"link_name":"trimethylglycine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylglycine"},{"link_name":"homocysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine"},{"link_name":"dimethylglycine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylglycine"},{"link_name":"methionine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid17086380-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Betaine%E2%80%94homocysteine_S-methyltransferase.png"},{"link_name":"transferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase"},{"link_name":"glycine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine"},{"link_name":"serine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine"},{"link_name":"threonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine"},{"link_name":"methionine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine"}],"text":"In the field of enzymology, a betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase also known as betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) is a zinc metallo-enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from trimethylglycine and a hydrogen ion from homocysteine to produce dimethylglycine and methionine respectively:[2]Trimethylglycine (methyl donor) + homocysteine (hydrogen donor) → dimethylglycine (hydrogen receiver) + methionine (methyl receiver)Diagram of the action of BHMTThis enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those transferring one-carbon group methyltransferases. This enzyme participates in the metabolism of glycine, serine, threonine and also methionine.","title":"Betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"isozymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isozyme"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid8798461-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid9281325-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid11087663-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid18230605-6"}],"text":"In humans, there are two isozymes, BHMT[3][4] and BHMT2,[5][6] each encoded by a separate gene.","title":"Isozymes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"BHMT is expressed most predominantly in the liver and kidney.[7]","title":"Tissue distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homocysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homocysteine"},{"link_name":"autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autism"},{"link_name":"schizophrenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schizophrenia"},{"link_name":"spina bifida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spina_bifida"}],"text":"Mutations in the BHMT gene are known to exist in humans. Anomalies may influence the metabolism of homocysteine , which is implicated in disorders ranging from vascular disease, autism, and schizophrenia to neural tube birth defects such as spina bifida.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/0006-3002(61)90948-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2F0006-3002%2861%2990948-9"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"14456704","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14456704"}],"text":"Klee WA, Richards HH, Cantoni GL (1961). \"The synthesis of methionine by enzymic transmethylation. VII Existence of two separate homocysteine methylpherases on mammalian liver\". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 54: 157–64. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(61)90948-9. PMID 14456704.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Diagram of the action of BHMT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Betaine%E2%80%94homocysteine_S-methyltransferase.png/440px-Betaine%E2%80%94homocysteine_S-methyltransferase.png"}] | [{"title":"Betaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine"}] | [{"reference":"González B, Pajares MA, Martínez-Ripoll M, Blundell TL, Sanz-Aparicio J (May 2004). \"Crystal structure of rat liver betaine homocysteine s-methyltransferase reveals new oligomerization features and conformational changes upon substrate binding\". J. Mol. Biol. 338 (4): 771–82. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.320.5080. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.005. PMID 15099744.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.320.5080","url_text":"10.1.1.320.5080"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2004.03.005","url_text":"10.1016/j.jmb.2004.03.005"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15099744","url_text":"15099744"}]},{"reference":"Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D (December 2006). \"Betaine homocysteine S-methyltransferase: just a regulator of homocysteine metabolism?\". Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 63 (23): 2792–803. doi:10.1007/s00018-006-6249-6. hdl:10261/13799. PMID 17086380. S2CID 6076708.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00018-006-6249-6","url_text":"10.1007/s00018-006-6249-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F13799","url_text":"10261/13799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17086380","url_text":"17086380"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6076708","url_text":"6076708"}]},{"reference":"Garrow TA (September 1996). \"Purification, kinetic properties, and cDNA cloning of mammalian betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase\". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (37): 22831–8. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.37.22831. PMID 8798461.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.37.22831","url_text":"\"Purification, kinetic properties, and cDNA cloning of mammalian betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.271.37.22831","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.271.37.22831"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8798461","url_text":"8798461"}]},{"reference":"Sunden SL, Renduchintala MS, Park EI, Miklasz SD, Garrow TA (September 1997). \"Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression in porcine and human tissues and chromosomal localization of the human gene\". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 345 (1): 171–4. doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0246. PMID 9281325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fabbi.1997.0246","url_text":"10.1006/abbi.1997.0246"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9281325","url_text":"9281325"}]},{"reference":"Chadwick LH, McCandless SE, Silverman GL, Schwartz S, Westaway D, Nadeau JH (November 2000). \"Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase-2: cDNA cloning, gene sequence, physical mapping, and expression of the human and mouse genes\". Genomics. 70 (1): 66–73. doi:10.1006/geno.2000.6319. PMID 11087663.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fgeno.2000.6319","url_text":"10.1006/geno.2000.6319"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11087663","url_text":"11087663"}]},{"reference":"Szegedi SS, Castro CC, Koutmos M, Garrow TA (April 2008). \"Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase\". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (14): 8939–45. doi:10.1074/jbc.M710449200. PMC 2276374. PMID 18230605.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276374","url_text":"\"Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase-2 is an S-methylmethionine-homocysteine methyltransferase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M710449200","url_text":"10.1074/jbc.M710449200"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2276374","url_text":"2276374"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18230605","url_text":"18230605"}]},{"reference":"Sunden SL, Renduchintala MS, Park EI, Miklasz SD, Garrow TA (September 1997). \"Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase expression in porcine and human tissues and chromosomal localization of the human gene\". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 345 (1): 171–4. doi:10.1006/abbi.1997.0246. PMID 9281325.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fabbi.1997.0246","url_text":"10.1006/abbi.1997.0246"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9281325","url_text":"9281325"}]},{"reference":"Klee WA, Richards HH, Cantoni GL (1961). \"The synthesis of methionine by enzymic transmethylation. VII Existence of two separate homocysteine methylpherases on mammalian liver\". Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 54: 157–64. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(61)90948-9. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Schwartz | Luke Schwartz | ["1 Poker career","2 References","3 External links"] | English poker player (born 1984)
Luke SchwartzNickname(s)__FullFlush1__ResidenceLondon, EnglandBorn (1984-02-15) 15 February 1984 (age 40)World Series of PokerBracelet(s)1Final table(s)1Money finish(es)3Highest ITMMain Event finish249th, 2013European Poker TourTitle(s)NoneFinal table(s)5Money finish(es)7
Luke Schwartz-Orbach (born 15 February 1984) known as Luke Schwartz is a professional poker player from north London, England.
Poker career
Schwartz's first major cash was at the Grosvenor World Masters in 2005 where he won £3,900 for his eighth-place finish in the £1,000 No Limit Hold'em Main Event. Since then, he has only had a few other results, including £10,850 at the 2005 Harbour Lights in Brighton.
Schwartz is best known for his online prowess, especially on Full Tilt Poker before the site was shut down, where he played under the moniker __FullFlush1__. He started off grinding ring games in 2005 but went broke several times before winning the Sunday Million on Poker Stars in 2007. After this win, Schwartz returned to the cash tables. In recent times, he has taken on some of the biggest names in online poker such as Urindanger, durrrr, and Ziigmund, at the biggest stakes with some success.
Luke Schwartz has played in the Party Poker Premier League several times including Party Poker Premier League 4 where he finished second and won $200,000, beaten by David Benyamine.
What has perhaps garnered more attention is Schwartz' outspoken nature, both on and off the table. He regards himself as the best tournament player around, and even made his claim at the Monte Carlo High Rollers event to the rest of his table, which included Daniel Negreanu and Phil Ivey.
In December 2009, Schwartz was chip leader heading into the Full Tilt Poker Million VIII final table, and eventually finished fourth, collecting prize money of $150,000. Schwartz had previously won his heat in the Poker Million VIII, overcoming a table of Bill Edler, Mark Vos and Tony G, before coming from behind to defeat John Duthie heads-up. He then navigated a semi-final featuring Annette Obrestad and Tony Bloom to secure his place in the final. In 2012 at World Series of Poker Schwartz finished fourth for over $400,000. According to High Stakes Database, Schwartz’ cash game losses stand at $775,000.
Schwartz is currently a featured blogger on Black Belt Poker. His comments, many of which divide audiences, are often cited on forums such as Two Plus Two.
As of 2023, his live tournament winnings exceed $1.7 million.
References
^ "Poker Player __FullFlush1__". HighstakesDB. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
^ "European Poker Tour - EPT London, No Limit Hold'em". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
^ "The Grosvenor World Masters, No Limit Hold'em: Hendon Mob Poker Database". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
^ "__FullFlush1__: Luke Schwartz lets rip!". bluffeurope.com.
^ Murray, Brendan (23 January 2010). "Schwartz, Negreanu, Rousso Join Premier League Line-Up - European Poker News". Card Player. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
^ "PartyPoker Premier League IV | PartyPoker Premier League IV | PokerNews". www.pokernews.com. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
^ "Schwartz takes on Ivey, Negreanu and Hansen". Poker Listings. 1 May 2009. Retrieved 14 December 2014.
^ "James Akenhead Wins Full Tilt Poker Million VIII". pokerplayer.com. Archived from the original on 6 September 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2009.
^ "Poker Million Heat - Luke Schwartz". cardplayer.com.
^ "Full Tilt Poker Million VIII, Semi-Final 1". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
^ "43rd World Series of Poker - WSOP 2012, The Poker Players Championship (Event #45)". The Hendon Mob. Retrieved 19 April 2024.
^ "Luke Schwartz's profile on The Hendon Mob". The Hendon Mob Poker Database. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
External links
Card Player profile
Hendon Mob profile
WPT profile
WSOP profile | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-high_Poke-1"}],"text":"Luke Schwartz-Orbach (born 15 February 1984) known as Luke Schwartz is a professional poker player from north London, England.[1]","title":"Luke Schwartz"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brighton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poke_TheG-3"},{"link_name":"Full Tilt Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Tilt_Poker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Urindanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Dang"},{"link_name":"durrrr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Dwan"},{"link_name":"Ziigmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilari_Sahamies"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-card_Schw-5"},{"link_name":"David Benyamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Benyamine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Daniel Negreanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Negreanu"},{"link_name":"Phil Ivey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Ivey"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-poke_Schw-7"},{"link_name":"Full Tilt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Tilt_Poker"},{"link_name":"Poker Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Million"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Poker Million","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poker_Million"},{"link_name":"Bill Edler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Edler"},{"link_name":"Mark Vos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Vos"},{"link_name":"Tony G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_G"},{"link_name":"John Duthie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Duthie_(poker_player)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Annette Obrestad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annette_Obrestad"},{"link_name":"Tony Bloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Bloom"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Two Plus Two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Plus_Two"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Schwartz's first major cash was at the Grosvenor World Masters in 2005 where he won £3,900 for his eighth-place finish in the £1,000 No Limit Hold'em Main Event.[2] Since then, he has only had a few other results, including £10,850 at the 2005 Harbour Lights in Brighton.[3]Schwartz is best known for his online prowess, especially on Full Tilt Poker before the site was shut down, where he played under the moniker __FullFlush1__. He started off grinding ring games in 2005 but went broke several times before winning the Sunday Million on Poker Stars in 2007. After this win, Schwartz returned to the cash tables.[4] In recent times, he has taken on some of the biggest names in online poker such as Urindanger, durrrr, and Ziigmund, at the biggest stakes with some success.Luke Schwartz has played in the Party Poker Premier League[5] several times including Party Poker Premier League 4 where he finished second and won $200,000, beaten by David Benyamine.[6]What has perhaps garnered more attention is Schwartz' outspoken nature, both on and off the table. He regards himself as the best tournament player around, and even made his claim at the Monte Carlo High Rollers event to the rest of his table, which included Daniel Negreanu and Phil Ivey.[7]In December 2009, Schwartz was chip leader heading into the Full Tilt Poker Million VIII final table, and eventually finished fourth, collecting prize money of $150,000.[8] Schwartz had previously won his heat in the Poker Million VIII, overcoming a table of Bill Edler, Mark Vos and Tony G, before coming from behind to defeat John Duthie heads-up.[9] He then navigated a semi-final featuring Annette Obrestad and Tony Bloom to secure his place in the final.[10] In 2012 at World Series of Poker [the poker players championship] Schwartz finished fourth for over $400,000.[11] According to High Stakes Database, Schwartz’ cash game losses stand at $775,000.Schwartz is currently a featured blogger on Black Belt Poker. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olli_Lindholm | Olli Lindholm | ["1 Career","2 Personal life","3 Discography","3.1 Albums","4 References","5 External links"] | Finnish singer and guitarist (1964–2019)
Olli LindholmLindholm in 2008Background informationBorn(1964-03-19)19 March 1964Pori, FinlandDied12 February 2019(2019-02-12) (aged 54)Tampere, FinlandGenresRock, Finnish rockOccupation(s)Singer, guitaristInstrument(s)Vocals, guitarYears active1981–2019Formerly ofAppendix (1982) Yö (1981–2019)Websitewww.ollilindholm.fi Musical artist
Olli Lindholm (19 March 1964 – 12 February 2019) was a Finnish singer and guitarist. He was the lead singer of the renowned Finnish band Yö since the early 1980s with a string of hits and albums. In addition, he worked on a solo basis with his own four albums released on various labels including Maailma on kaunis in 2010 that peaked at number one on The Official Finnish Chart Suomen virallinen lista.
Career
Olli Lindholm was a founding member of the Finnish rock band Yö. The band was formed in 1981. During his decades long participation in Yö, members of the band had drastically changed, as he was eventually the only original member left.
Lindholm's career in music had started from punk rock at the age of 16. He participated in multiple bands during the early years of his career. For instance, he started with another Finnish punk band Appendix in 1982 as a founding member and vocalist and guitarist.
He was awarded the Iskelmä-Finlandia "Best Finnish singer" award in 2008.
He served as a guest judge during the auditions to the Finnish Idol series in 2011.
A biography of his life was written in 2017.
He also served as a judge in The Voice of Finland, at the time of his death in 2019.
Personal life
Lindholm had two children from a marriage that had ended in a divorce. He lived in the city of Tampere.
In February 2019, Lindholm suddenly died following an aortic rupture.
Discography
(For Olli Lindholm discography with Yö, refer to the band's discography section)
Albums
Solo albums
Year
Album
Peak positions
FIN
2000
Voima
30
2010
Maailma on kaunis
1
2012
Nukku-matti ja herra kuu (with Susanna Hietala)
14
2013
Minun jouluni
6
References
^ Lassi, Teija (12 February 2019). "Olli Lindholm sai sairauskohtauksen yöllä saunaillan jälkeen – uutinen kuolemasta yllätti kaikki, tämä tiedetään nyt". Iltalehti (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2019.
^ Makkonen, Nita; Kosonen, Tero (12 February 2019). "Olli Lindholm on kuollut – sairauskohtaus tuli täytenä yllätyksenä". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2019.
^ TILASTOT – Suomen virallinen lista – Albumit 37/2010" (in Finnish)
^ a b "The Voice of Finlandin nauhoitettujen jaksojen kohtalosta syntyi päätös – seuraavaan jaksoon tulee kunnianosoitus Olli Lindholmille". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). 12 February 2019. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
^ a b Liikkanen, Maija (12 February 2019). "Olli Lindholm luotsasi Yötä lähes 40 vuotta – ura alkoi punk-rockista". MTV3 (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2019.
^ Dome.fi: Olli Lindholm sai Iskelmä-Finlandian – katso kuva (in Finnish)
^ a b Järvenpää, Juha (12 February 2019). "Olli Lindholm avautui pari vuotta sitten terveysongelmistaan kirjailija Arno Kotrolle – verenpaine pilvissä, hermosto hälytystilassa". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 12 February 2019.
^ a b "Tältä näyttää Olli Lindholmin kotona – vaimo muutti pois eron jälkeen viime vuonna". Iltalehti (in Finnish). 24 June 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2019.
^ "Olli Lindholmin eno ja isähahmo paljastaa ensi kertaa, mihin laulaja todella kuoli vuosi sitten – näin traaginen yö eteni". Ilta Sanomat (in Finnish). 8 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
^ "Olli Lindholm discography". swedishcharts.com. Hung Medien. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Olli Lindholm.
Official website
Olli Lindholm at AllMusic
Olli Lindholm at IMDb
Authority control databases International
ISNI
National
Finland
Artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0al%C4%8Dia | Šalčia | [] | Coordinates: 54°20′44″N 24°49′57″E / 54.34556°N 24.83250°E / 54.34556; 24.83250This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Šalčia" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
River in Lithuania and BelarusŠalčiaŠalčia in ŠalčininkaiLocationCountryLithuania and BelarusPhysical characteristicsSource • locationŠalčininkai district
MouthMerkys • coordinates54°20′44″N 24°49′57″E / 54.34556°N 24.83250°E / 54.34556; 24.83250Length76 km (47 mi)Basin size749 km2 (289 sq mi)Discharge • average5.72 m3/s (202 cu ft/s)
Basin featuresProgressionMerkys→ Neman→ Baltic Sea
The Šalčia (Belarusian: Шальча, romanized: Shalcha) is a river in Lithuania. It originates in a region located to the east of Šalčininkai and runs for 76 km before flowing into the Merkys near Valkininkai.
This article related to a river in Lithuania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendums_in_Lithuania | Referendums in Lithuania | ["1 2002 law changes","2 Referendum results","3 Notes","4 References"] | This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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There have been twelve referendums in Lithuania since it declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990. Because of strict requirements, only four referendums have been successful. Older Lithuanian laws required that more than half of all registered voters (not half of voters who participate) would vote in support of a proposal for it to become a binding obligation to the government. In 2002, this requirement was lowered to one third of all registered voters.
The procedure to call for a referendum is also challenging. The initiators need to present 300,000 signatures of registered voters in three months or the Seimas, the Parliament of Lithuania, has to approve it by a quarter of all the members of the Seimas. Despite the difficulties, the idea to call referendums is very popular among politicians.
2002 law changes
In anticipation of the 2003 referendum regarding membership of the European Union, the Law on Referendum was passed on 4 June 2002.
The law prescribes that the voting is conducted based on democratic principles: universal, direct, and equal suffrage and secret ballot. There are two types of referendums: mandatory and consultative (deliberative). Mandatory referendums must be held to:
Amend Chapters 1 (The State of Lithuania) and 14 (Amending the Constitution) of the Constitution of Lithuania
Amend the 8 June 1992 Constitutional Act, "On Non-Alignment of the Republic of Lithuania to Post-Soviet Eastern Alliances"
Approve participation in international organizations if membership requires partial transfer of the scope of competence of Government bodies to the institutions of international organizations or the jurisdiction.
Other mandatory or consultative referendums might be held if enough registered voters express support by signing the petition which specify what type of referendums it should be.
The law lowered the requirements for the number of votes needed to approve the resolution. For consultative referendums, a half of all registered voters need to participate and a half of those participating need to vote in favor. Seimas then have a month to decide on the resolution. For mandatory referendums, instead of a half of all registered voters, it now demands one third. In addition, more than a half of all voters need to participate, and of those participating, a half needs to vote in favor. There are exceptions to this rule:
To change the first sentence ("The State of Lithuania shall be an independent, democratic Republic") of the Constitution and to amend the Constitutional Act of 8 June 1992 requires approval of at least three quarters of all citizens registered to vote.
To amend Chapters 1 through 14 of the Constitution it requires approval of more than half of all registered voters.
A decision on participation in international organizations will be adopted if it has been approved by more than one half of the voters who have participated in the referendum. This exception was adopted on February 25, 2003, just 2.5 months before the referendum on the European Union.
The law also lowered the number of Seimas votes needed to announce a referendum from one third to one quarter. However, the requirements for citizen-initiated referendum are the same: they need to collect 300,000 signatures of registered voters in three months.
Referendum results
The successful referendums are marked in light green, while failed ones are in pink. The color denotes which number was used to determine the outcome. Two referendums failed on two counts: they not only did not receive support from more than 50% of all registered voters, but also less than 50% of the voters came to vote. They are deemed not to have taken place.
#
Date
Topic
Voter turnout (%)
Voted "Yes" (%)
Voted "No" (%)
from total
from voters
from total
from voters
1
9 February 1991
Demand independence from the Soviet Union
84.74
76.46
90.24
5.54
6.54
2
23 May 1992
Restore the institution of the President of Lithuania
59.18
40.99
69.27
15.13
25.57
3
14 June 1992
Demand immediate withdrawal of Russian troops and compensation for damages from the Soviet Union
76.05
68.95
90.67
5.51
7.25
4
25 October 1992
Approve the Constitution of Lithuania
75.26
56.75
75.42
15.78
20.98
5
27 August 1994
Pass Law on Illegal Privatization, Depreciated Deposits, and Broken Laws
36.89
30.85
83.63
3.81
10.34
6
20 October 1996
Amend Articles 55, 57, and 131 of the Constitution of Lithuania
52.11
33.86
65.00
9.18
17.63
7
20 October 1996
Should the deposits be compensated by funds acquired from privatization
52.46
38.97
74.31
10.01
19.10
8
10 November 1996
Amend Article 47 of the Constitution of Lithuania
39.73
17.24
43.41
15.91
40.05
9
10–11 May 2003
Approve Lithuania's membership in the European Union
63.37
57.00
89.95
5.59
8.82
10
12 October 2008
Extend the operation of the Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant
48.44
42.91
88.59
4.03
8.32
11
14 October 2012
Approve the construction of Visaginas Nuclear Power Plant
52.58
18.52
35.23
34.05
64.77
12
29 June 2014
Ban sale of Lithuanian land to non-citizens
14.98
10.60
70.77
3.95
26.40
13
12 May 2019
Reduce the number of members of the Seimas
47.45
35.25
76.19
11.02
23.81
14
12 May 2019
Allow dual citizenship
52.78
38.46
73.92
13.57
26.08
15
12 May 2024
Allow multiple citizenships
59.00
43.60
73.90
count ongoing
count ongoing
Notes
^ a b c d The phrase "from total" means a percentage from the total number of registered voters. For a referendum to be successful it must be higher than 50%. The phrase "from voters" means a percentage from the voters who participated in the referendums.
^ a b c d The ballot included 8 distinct statements. Only numbers for the first statement are shown as the results for other statements differ only slightly.
^ a b c d The ballot included three distinct statements. Only numbers for the first statement are shown as the results for other statements differ only slightly.
^ Because dual citizenship is prohibited by Article 12 of the Constitution, amending it requires at least half of all registered voters
^ "Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments". LRT. 13 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
^ "Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse". VRK – The Central Electoral Commission of The Republic of Lithuania. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.
^ provisional results
^ Because dual citizenship is prohibited by Article 12 of the Constitution, amending it requires at least half of all registered voters
^ provisional results
References
(in Lithuanian) Nuo 1991 m. iki šiol paskelbtų referendumų rezultatai (Results from Refrenda 1991-Present), Microsoft Word Document, Seimas. Accessed June 17, 2006.
Law on Referendum, Seimas, June 4, 2002. No. IX – 929 (as last amended on 17 November 2005 — No X-398). Accessed June 17, 2006.
(in Lithuanian) Law on Amendment of Chapters 7, 11, 13, 35, 43, 50, 51, 54, 78 and on Adding Chapter 78(1) to Law on Referendum, Seimas, February 25, 2003, No. IX-1349. Accessed June 17, 2006.
(in Lithuanian) Audrius Bačiulis, Referendumas - būdas siekti populiarumo (Referendum - a way to seek popularity), Veidas, July 18, 2002, No. 29. Accessed June 17, 2006.
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See also: Elections in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
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vteReferendums in EuropeSovereign states
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Svalbard | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"referendums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referendum"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Lithuanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Seimas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seimas"}],"text":"There have been twelve referendums in Lithuania since it declared independence from the Soviet Union on 11 March 1990. Because of strict requirements, only four referendums have been successful. Older Lithuanian laws required that more than half of all registered voters (not half of voters who participate) would vote in support of a proposal for it to become a binding obligation to the government. In 2002, this requirement was lowered to one third of all registered voters.The procedure to call for a referendum is also challenging. 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They are deemed not to have taken place.","title":"Referendum results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reg_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reg_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reg_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-reg_1-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st8_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st8_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st8_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st8_2-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st3_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st3_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st3_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-st3_3-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments"},{"link_name":"LRT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRT"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20240513100751/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//rezultatai.vrk.lt/?srcUrl=/rinkimai/1504/1/2104/rezultatai/lt/rezultataiRefUzsienioRpg_rpgId-19468.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"}],"text":"^ a b c d The phrase \"from total\" means a percentage from the total number of registered voters. For a referendum to be successful it must be higher than 50%. The phrase \"from voters\" means a percentage from the voters who participated in the referendums.\n\n^ a b c d The ballot included 8 distinct statements. Only numbers for the first statement are shown as the results for other statements differ only slightly.\n\n^ a b c d The ballot included three distinct statements. Only numbers for the first statement are shown as the results for other statements differ only slightly.\n\n^ Because dual citizenship is prohibited by Article 12 of the Constitution, amending it requires at least half of all registered voters\n\n^ \"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\". LRT. 13 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n\n^ \"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\". VRK – The Central Electoral Commission of The Republic of Lithuania. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.\n\n^ provisional results\n\n^ Because dual citizenship is prohibited by Article 12 of the Constitution, amending it requires at least half of all registered voters\n\n^ provisional results","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\". LRT. 13 May 2024. Archived from the original on 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments","url_text":"\"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LRT","url_text":"LRT"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240513100751/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\". VRK – The Central Electoral Commission of The Republic of Lithuania. 13 May 2024. Retrieved 13 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://rezultatai.vrk.lt/?srcUrl=/rinkimai/1504/1/2104/rezultatai/lt/rezultataiRefUzsienioRpg_rpgId-19468.html","url_text":"\"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments","external_links_name":"\"Lithuania's citizenship referendum fails to pass constitutional amendments\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240513100751/https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2271366/lithuania-s-citizenship-referendum-fails-to-pass-constitutional-amendments","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://rezultatai.vrk.lt/?srcUrl=/rinkimai/1504/1/2104/rezultatai/lt/rezultataiRefUzsienioRpg_rpgId-19468.html","external_links_name":"\"Balsavimas LR diplomatinėse atstovybėse\""},{"Link":"http://www3.lrs.lt/docs2/QKVXRGNF.DOC","external_links_name":"Nuo 1991 m. iki šiol paskelbtų referendumų rezultatai (Results from Refrenda 1991-Present)"},{"Link":"http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=269831","external_links_name":"Law on Referendum"},{"Link":"http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=205775","external_links_name":"Law on Amendment of Chapters 7, 11, 13, 35, 43, 50, 51, 54, 78 and on Adding Chapter 78(1) to Law on Referendum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070928121436/http://www.veidas.lt/lt/leidinys.full/3d35d2faa1237?veidas=6fe850cb5a278c71d75f06b7a59e62ab","external_links_name":"Referendumas - būdas siekti populiarumo (Referendum - a way to seek popularity)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ciaranfi | Giuseppe Ciaranfi | ["1 Biography","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"] | Italian painter
A Declaration of Love
Benedetto Varchi Reads His Storia Fiorentina to Cosimo I
Giuseppe Ciaranfi (1838, Pistoia - 18 January 1902, Florence) was an Italian history and genre painter.
Biography
He initially studied with Enrico Pollastrini in Florence. In 1859, he was admitted to the nude figure lessons at the Accademia di Belle Arti. Three years later, he made his debut with a work depicting Benedetto Varchi, discussing Florentine history with Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Together with other painters and men of letters, he frequented the cultural salons held at the home of the architect Francesco Bartolini and his wife, the Irish-born poet Louisa Grace Bartolini, who was also an artist.
In 1866, King Victor Emmanuel II commissioned him to create a tableau showing King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia helping the poor. In 1875, he presented a scene from the life of Saint Joseph in Bologna. In 1892, he created a popular portrait of Savonarola and, in 1901, he participated in the eighth International Art Exhibition at the Glaspalast in Munich.
From 1876, he occupied the Chair of Painting at the Accademia. His students there included Cesare Ciani, Alfredo Müller, Cesare Laurenti and Angiolo Tommasi, as well as the Bulgarian artists, Anton Mitov and Petko Klisurov.
References
^ a b Istituto Matteucci short biography.
Further reading
Angelo De Gubernatis, "Ciaranfi (Giuseppe)", in: Dizionario degli artisti italiani viventi, pittori, scultori e architetti, Le Monnier, 1889 (Online)
Luigi Forteguerri, Piccola biografia di Giuseppe Ciaranfi, Cino Dei Fratelli Bracali, 1902
External links
Media related to Giuseppe Ciaranfi at Wikimedia Commons
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
RKD Artists
ULAN
This article about an Italian painter born in the 19th century is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ciaranfi_Una_dichiarazione_d%27amore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Ciaranfi_-_Benedetto_Varchi_che_Legge_l%27istoria_Fiorentina_a_Cosimo_De%27Medici_(1).jpg"},{"link_name":"Pistoia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistoia"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"genre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genre_art"}],"text":"A Declaration of LoveBenedetto Varchi Reads His Storia Fiorentina to Cosimo IGiuseppe Ciaranfi (1838, Pistoia - 18 January 1902, Florence) was an Italian history and genre painter.","title":"Giuseppe Ciaranfi"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enrico Pollastrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Pollastrini"},{"link_name":"Accademia di Belle Arti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accademia_di_Belle_Arti_di_Firenze"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I-1"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Varchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Varchi"},{"link_name":"Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosimo_I_de%27_Medici,_Grand_Duke_of_Tuscany"},{"link_name":"Francesco Bartolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Bartolini&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesco_Bartolini"},{"link_name":"Louisa Grace Bartolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisa_Grace_Bartolini"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II"},{"link_name":"Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Amadeus_II_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Saint Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Savonarola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savonarola"},{"link_name":"Glaspalast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaspalast_(Munich)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-I-1"},{"link_name":"Cesare Ciani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Ciani"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_M%C3%BCller"},{"link_name":"Cesare Laurenti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Laurenti_(painter)"},{"link_name":"Angiolo Tommasi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiolo_Tommasi"},{"link_name":"Anton Mitov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mitov"},{"link_name":"Petko Klisurov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petko_Klisurov"}],"text":"He initially studied with Enrico Pollastrini in Florence. In 1859, he was admitted to the nude figure lessons at the Accademia di Belle Arti.[1] Three years later, he made his debut with a work depicting Benedetto Varchi, discussing Florentine history with Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. Together with other painters and men of letters, he frequented the cultural salons held at the home of the architect Francesco Bartolini [it] and his wife, the Irish-born poet Louisa Grace Bartolini, who was also an artist.In 1866, King Victor Emmanuel II commissioned him to create a tableau showing King Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia helping the poor. In 1875, he presented a scene from the life of Saint Joseph in Bologna. In 1892, he created a popular portrait of Savonarola and, in 1901, he participated in the eighth International Art Exhibition at the Glaspalast in Munich.[1]From 1876, he occupied the Chair of Painting at the Accademia. His students there included Cesare Ciani, Alfredo Müller, Cesare Laurenti and Angiolo Tommasi, as well as the Bulgarian artists, Anton Mitov and Petko Klisurov.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angelo De Gubernatis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_De_Gubernatis"},{"link_name":"Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9314172/f130"}],"text":"Angelo De Gubernatis, \"Ciaranfi (Giuseppe)\", in: Dizionario degli artisti italiani viventi, pittori, scultori e architetti, Le Monnier, 1889 (Online)\nLuigi Forteguerri, Piccola biografia di Giuseppe Ciaranfi, Cino Dei Fratelli Bracali, 1902","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A Declaration of Love","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ciaranfi_Una_dichiarazione_d%27amore.jpg/200px-Ciaranfi_Una_dichiarazione_d%27amore.jpg"},{"image_text":"Benedetto Varchi Reads His Storia Fiorentina to Cosimo I","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Giuseppe_Ciaranfi_-_Benedetto_Varchi_che_Legge_l%27istoria_Fiorentina_a_Cosimo_De%27Medici_%281%29.jpg/350px-Giuseppe_Ciaranfi_-_Benedetto_Varchi_che_Legge_l%27istoria_Fiorentina_a_Cosimo_De%27Medici_%281%29.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.istitutomatteucci.it/it/dizionario-degli-artisti/ciaranfi-giuseppe","external_links_name":"Istituto Matteucci"},{"Link":"https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9314172/f130","external_links_name":"Online"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/171027444","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/265484","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500432882","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giuseppe_Ciaranfi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diastolic_murmur | Diastolic heart murmur | ["1 Types","2 Individual murmurs","2.1 Early diastolic","2.2 Mid-diastolic","2.3 Late diastolic","3 References"] | Aspect of heart function
This article may be too technical for most readers to understand. Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts, without removing the technical details. (January 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds
Diastolic heart murmurs are heart murmurs heard during diastole, i.e. they start at or after S2 and end before or at S1. Many involve stenosis of the atrioventricular valves or regurgitation of the semilunar valves.
Types
Early diastolic murmurs start at the same time as S2 with the close of the semilunar (aortic & pulmonary) valves and typically end before S1. Common causes include aortic or pulmonary regurgitation and left anterior descending artery stenosis.
Mid-diastolic murmurs start after S2 and end before S1. They are due to turbulent flow across the atrioventricular (mitral & tricuspid) valves during the rapid filling phase from mitral or tricuspid stenosis.
Late diastolic (presystolic) murmurs start after S2 and extend up to S1 and have a crescendo configuration. They can be associated with AV valve narrowing. They include mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, myxoma, and complete heart block.
Individual murmurs
Early diastolic
Time
Condition
Description
Early diastolic
Aortic regurgitation
The murmur is low intensity, high-pitched, best heard over the left sternal border or over the right second intercostal space, especially if the patient leans forward and holds breath in full expiration. The radiation is typically toward the apex. The configuration is usually decrescendo and has a blowing character. The presence of this murmur is a good positive predictor for AR and the absence of this murmur strongly suggests the absence of AR. An Austin Flint murmur is usually associated with significant aortic regurgitation.
Early diastolic
Pulmonary regurgitation
Pulmonary regurgitation is most commonly due to pulmonary hypertension (Graham-Steell murmur). It is a high-pitched and blowing murmur with a decrescendo configuration. It may increase in intensity during inspiration and best heard over left second and third intercostal spaces. The murmur usually does not extend to S1.
Early diastolic
Left anterior descending artery stenosis
This murmur, also known as Dock's murmur, is similar to that of aortic regurgitation and is heard at the left second or third intercostal space. A Coronary artery bypass surgery can eliminate the murmur.
Early diastolic
Cabot–Locke murmur
This murmur sounds similar to aortic insufficiency, but does not have a decrescendo. It is often heard in untreated anemia, and is best heard at the left sternal border.
Mid-diastolic
Time
Condition
Description
Mid-diastolic
Mitral stenosis
This murmur has a rumbling character and is best heard with the bell of the stethoscope in the left ventricular impulse area with the patient in the lateral decubitus position. It usually starts with an opening snap. In general, the shorter the duration (S2 to Opening Snap), the more severe the mitral stenosis. However, this rule can be misleading in situations where the stenosis is so severe that the flow becomes reduced, or during high-output situations such as pregnancy where a less severe stenosis may still produce a strong murmur. In mitral stenosis, tapping apical impulse is present.
Mid-diastolic
Tricuspid stenosis
Best heard over the left sternal border with rumbling character and tricuspid opening snap with wide splitting S1. May increase in intensity with inspiration (Carvallo's sign). Tricuspid stenosis often occurs in association with mitral stenosis. Isolated TS are often associated with carcinoid disease and right atrial myxoma.
Mid-diastolic
Atrial myxoma
Atrial myxomas are benign tumors of the heart. Left myxomas are far more common than right myxomas and those may cause obstruction of the mitral valve producing a mid-diastolic murmur similar to that of mitral stenosis.
Mid-diastolic
Increased flow across the atrioventricular valve
This can also produce a mid-diastolic murmur, such as in severe mitral regurgitation where a large regurgitant volume in the left atrium can lead to "functional mitral stenosis."
Mid-diastolic
Austin Flint murmur
An apical diastolic rumbling murmur in patients with pure aortic regurgitation. This can be mistaken with the murmur in mitral stenosis because an Austin Flint murmur does not have an opening snap that is found in mitral stenosis.
Mid-diastolic
Carey-Coombs murmur
A mid-diastolic murmur over the left ventricular impulse due to mitral valvulitis from acute rheumatic fever.
Late diastolic
Time
Condition
Description
Late diastolic (presystolic)
Complete heart block
A short late diastolic murmur can occasionally be heard (Rytand's murmur).
References
^ "diastolic murmur" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "Diastolic Murmurs -- Clinical Methods -- NCBI Bookshelf". Retrieved 2008-12-31.
^ "Techniques - Heart Sounds & Murmurs Exam - Physical Diagnosis Skills - University of Washington School of Medicine". Retrieved 2009-03-06.
^ "presystolic murmur" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
vteSigns and symptoms relating to the circulatory systemChest pain
Referred pain
Angina
Levine's sign
Auscultation
Heart sounds
Split S2
S3
S4
Gallop rhythm
Heart murmur
Systolic
Functional murmur
Still's murmur
Diastolic
Pulmonary insufficiency
Graham Steell murmur
Continuous
Carey Coombs murmur
Mitral insufficiency
Presystolic murmur
Pericardial friction rub
Heart click
Bruit
carotid
Pulse
Tachycardia
Bradycardia
Pulsus paradoxus
doubled
Pulsus bisferiens
Pulsus bigeminus
Pulsus alternans
Other
Palpitations
Apex beat
Cœur en sabot
Jugular venous pressure
Cannon A waves
Hyperaemia
Shock
Cardiogenic
Obstructive
Hypovolemic
Distributive
See further Template:Shock
Cardiovascular diseaseAortic insufficiency
Collapsing pulse
De Musset's sign
Duroziez's sign
Müller's sign
Austin Flint murmur
Mayne's sign
Other endocardium
endocarditis: Roth's spot
Janeway lesion/Osler's node
Bracht–Wachter bodies
Pericardium
Cardiac tamponade/Pericardial effusion: Beck's triad
Ewart's sign
Other
rheumatic fever:
Anitschkow cell
Aschoff body
EKG
J wave
Gallavardin phenomenon
Vascular diseaseArterial
aortic aneurysm
Cardarelli's sign
Oliver's sign
pulmonary embolism
Right heart strain
radial artery sufficiency
Allen's test
pseudohypertension
thrombus
Lines of Zahn
Adson's sign
arteriovenous fistula
Nicoladoni–Branham sign
Venous
Friedreich's sign
Caput medusae
Kussmaul's sign
Trendelenburg test
superior vena cava syndrome
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Many involve stenosis of the atrioventricular valves or regurgitation of the semilunar valves.","title":"Diastolic heart murmur"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"presystolic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presystolic_murmur"},{"link_name":"AV valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_valve#Atrioventricular_valves"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"mitral stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitral_stenosis"},{"link_name":"tricuspid stenosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricuspid_stenosis"},{"link_name":"myxoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myxoma"},{"link_name":"complete heart block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_heart_block"}],"text":"Early diastolic murmurs start at the same time as S2 with the close of the semilunar (aortic & pulmonary) valves and typically end before S1. Common causes include aortic or pulmonary regurgitation and left anterior descending artery stenosis.\nMid-diastolic murmurs start after S2 and end before S1. They are due to turbulent flow across the atrioventricular (mitral & tricuspid) valves during the rapid filling phase from mitral or tricuspid stenosis.\nLate diastolic (presystolic) murmurs start after S2 and extend up to S1 and have a crescendo configuration. They can be associated with AV valve narrowing.[4] They include mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, myxoma, and complete heart block.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Individual murmurs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Early diastolic","title":"Individual murmurs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mid-diastolic","title":"Individual murmurs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Late diastolic","title":"Individual murmurs"}] | [{"image_text":"Auscultogram from normal and abnormal heart sounds","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Phonocardiograms_from_normal_and_abnormal_heart_sounds.svg/160px-Phonocardiograms_from_normal_and_abnormal_heart_sounds.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Diastolic Murmurs -- Clinical Methods -- NCBI Bookshelf\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukataa | Mukataa | ["1 Arafat's compound","1.1 Israeli siege of March 2002","1.2 Siege of 6 June 2002","1.3 Siege of September 2002","1.4 Temporary burial-place of Arafat","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 31°54′44.4″N 35°12′30.83″E / 31.912333°N 35.2085639°E / 31.912333; 35.2085639Arabic term for an administrative center
This article is about the type of building in Palestine. For the Ottoman instrument for financing state expenses, see Muqata'ah.
The Mukataa in Ramallah, 2013
Mukataa (Arabic: مقاطعة, romanized: muqāṭaʿah) is an Arabic word for headquarters or administrative center, particularly in Palestine. Mukataas were mostly built during the British Mandate as Tegart forts and were used both as British government centers and as dwellings for the British administrative staff. Some Mukataas also included police stations and prisons. After the British left, the buildings often functioned similarly under the Jordanians, and then the Israelis.
After the Oslo Accords, the Mukataas were used as governmental offices and headquarters for the Palestinian National Authority. The Mukaatas in Ramallah and Gaza, the two major Palestinian cities, were also used as headquarters to the high Palestinian Authority leadership, including as office for Yasser Arafat, long-time Palestinian Authority president.The Mukataa with the headquarters of the President of the PLO, 2007
During Operation Defensive Shield in April 2002, the Israeli Defence Forces raided the Mukataas in the West Bank. Some Mukataas, including the Mukataa in Hebron, were entirely demolished.
Arafat's compound
The Mukataa in Ramallah, built in the 1930s during the British Mandate by the British engineer Sir Charles Tegart, was a military headquarters, a court of law and a prison. In May 1948, Jordan took over, and used the compound again as a prison and as a residence for Jordanian army officers and their families. From the occupation in 1967 it was the Israeli military headquarters, until the establishment of the Palestinian Authority in 1994. In 1996, Arafat moved in and the Mukataa became the official West Bank headquarters, known as Arafat's compound.
Israeli siege of March 2002
On 29 March 2002, the Israel Defense Forces raided the compound and placed it under siege during Operation Defensive Shield. The Israeli army destroyed the offices of three security services, along with a VIP guesthouse, a prison, sleeping quarters for guards, a large kitchen, a car repair shop and a large meeting hall.
The siege was lifted on 2 May after six men wanted by Israel – four of them convicted of involvement in the October 2001 assassination of the Israeli tourism minister Rehavam Ze'evi – were moved to a prison in Jericho to be guarded by U.S. and British wardens. The US-brokered plan was to enable Israel to avoid angering the United States over the Israeli Cabinet decision to bar a UN fact-finding mission from investigating allegations surrounding Israeli army actions in Jenin refugee camp during Operation Rampart. Although the military had withdrawn from the compound, the cities and refugee camps in the West Bank remained surrounded by Israeli troops.
Siege of 6 June 2002
On 6 June 2002, the IDF executed a new siege after having attacked the headquarters with tanks, bulldozers and armored vehicles. Arafat's office building was partly destroyed, besides other parts of the compound. The attack was a retaliation for a suicide bombing carried out by Islamic Jihad.
While Arafat was building a new Cabinet, the Israeli army five days later strengthened the siege on his headquarters with the support of US President George W. Bush. The White House rejected Egypt's call for a quick timetable for Palestinian statehood and Bush hinted that an international conference was a long way off, "because no one has confidence in the emerging Palestinian government."
Siege of September 2002
The tomb of Yasser Arafat, covered by a poster while the mausoleum for him was being built
After a suicide bombing struck Tel Aviv on 19 September 2002, the Mukataa was again placed under siege. During the next ten days, the IDF destroyed all of the buildings that had survived the former sieges with bulldozers and explosives, including the main interior ministry building. Only part of the building where Arafat and his people remained was left.
The siege re-ignited Palestinian support for Yasser Arafat. On 24 September 2002, the UN Security Council demanded an end of the siege, but Israel ignored the Resolution.
UN Under-Secretary-General Terje Rød-Larsen, one of the architects of the Oslo Accords, said on 27 September that "the Israeli army's siege of Yasser Arafat amid the ruins of his bulldozed presidential compound could mean 'the death' of hopes for a Palestinian state and a peace agreement." He alluded to the possible death of the two-state solution and said that "we're moving in the direction of state destruction and not state-building".
On 11 September 2003, the Israeli security Cabinet decided to "remove" Arafat, who still remained in the besieged compound. In a statement it said: "Recent days' events have proven again that Yasser Arafat is a complete obstacle to any process of reconciliation... Israel will act to remove this obstacle in the manner, at the time, and in the ways that will be decided on separately...." The compound remained under siege until Arafat's transfer in October 2004, for medical care in a French hospital.
Temporary burial-place of Arafat
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The Mausoleum of Arafat, today
In the early days of November, when it was clear his death was near, several locations were mentioned as possible burial sites. Jerusalem was the first choice, but Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon said he would not allow this.
Following Arafat's death on 11 November 2004, the Palestinian leadership decided that he was to be "temporarily" interred in the Mukataa compound, pending the establishment of a Palestinian state and the transfer of his body to the Dome of the Rock compound on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Plans for Arafat to lie in state at the Mukataa prior to burial were canceled, because thousands of emotional mourners overwhelmed Palestinian security forces. Arafat was buried within the compound on 12 November, in a temporary manner. On 11 November 2007, a larger tomb clad in Jerusalem stone, and designed by Palestinian architects opened to the public. The message on the tomb indicated that the final resting place of Arafat shall be in Jerusalem, if it comes under Palestinian control.
References
^ mukataa. webster-dictionary.org. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
^ a b c "Inside Arafat's compound of rubble". BBC, 22 September 2002.
^ "Arafat Siege Could End Soon". CBS, 29 April 2002.
^ "Arafat siege to end as handover agreed". The Daily Telegraph, 1 May 2002.
^ Documents, working papers. 2002, vol. 4: Documents 9396–9428: working papers, 2002 ordinary session (second part), 22–26 April 2002, Vol. 4: Documents 9396–9428, p. 207. Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly Published by Council of Europe, 2002 ISBN 92-871-4917-8.
^ "Arafat asks Tenet to pressure Israel, aide says". CNN, 4 June 2002.
^ a b Anton La Guardia and Alan Philps, "Bush abandons Arafat as Israeli tanks again besiege his HQ". The Telegraph, 11 June 2002.
^ "Israelis leave Arafat compound after raid". CNN, 6 June 2002.
^ "Yasser Arafat amid the ruins". The Economist, 26 September 2002.
^ "Siege continues at Arafat's HQ". Mark Willacy, ABC, 23 September 2002.
^ Resolution 1435 (2002). Adopted by the Security Council at its 4614th meeting, on 24 September 2002. S/RES/1435 (2002).
^ Jonathan Steele, "Israel defies UN vote demanding end to Arafat siege". The Guardian, 25 September 2002.
^ "Israeli siege of Arafat ′is killing peace hope′". Archived from the original on 1 June 2004. Retrieved 16 October 2013.. Justin Huggler, The Independent, 28 September 2002.
^ "Excerpts: Israeli security cabinet statement". BBC, 11 September 2003.
^ "Israeli Cabinet Decides in Principle for Arafat Expulsion". Fox News, 12 September 2003.
External links
IDF Bulldozers tear down the Mukataa (Waronline.org Forums)
"Arafat buried in Ram Allah" (Aljazeera)
Portal: Palestine
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Israel
31°54′44.4″N 35°12′30.83″E / 31.912333°N 35.2085639°E / 31.912333; 35.2085639 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended"},{"link_name":"Muqata'ah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqata%27ah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramallah_Muqata%27a_2013.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ramallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_(region)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British Mandate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Tegart forts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegart_fort"},{"link_name":"police stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_station"},{"link_name":"prisons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prison"},{"link_name":"Jordanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Israelis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Oslo Accords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_Accords"},{"link_name":"Palestinian National Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority"},{"link_name":"Ramallah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramallah"},{"link_name":"Gaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaza_City"},{"link_name":"Palestinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_people"},{"link_name":"Yasser Arafat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ramallah_President.jpg"},{"link_name":"PLO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization"},{"link_name":"Operation Defensive Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Defensive_Shield"},{"link_name":"Israeli Defence Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Defence_Forces"},{"link_name":"West Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bank"},{"link_name":"Hebron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebron"}],"text":"Arabic term for an administrative centerThis article is about the type of building in Palestine. For the Ottoman instrument for financing state expenses, see Muqata'ah.The Mukataa in Ramallah, 2013Mukataa (Arabic: مقاطعة, romanized: muqāṭaʿah) is an Arabic word for headquarters or administrative center, particularly in Palestine.[1] Mukataas were mostly built during the British Mandate as Tegart forts and were used both as British government centers and as dwellings for the British administrative staff. Some Mukataas also included police stations and prisons. After the British left, the buildings often functioned similarly under the Jordanians, and then the Israelis.After the Oslo Accords, the Mukataas were used as governmental offices and headquarters for the Palestinian National Authority. The Mukaatas in Ramallah and Gaza, the two major Palestinian cities, were also used as headquarters to the high Palestinian Authority leadership, including as office for Yasser Arafat, long-time Palestinian Authority president.The Mukataa with the headquarters of the President of the PLO, 2007During Operation Defensive Shield in April 2002, the Israeli Defence Forces raided the Mukataas in the West Bank. 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The Israeli army destroyed the offices of three security services, along with a VIP guesthouse, a prison, sleeping quarters for guards, a large kitchen, a car repair shop and a large meeting hall.[2]The siege was lifted on 2 May after six men wanted by Israel – four of them convicted of involvement in the October 2001 assassination of the Israeli tourism minister Rehavam Ze'evi – were moved to a prison in Jericho to be guarded by U.S. and British wardens. The US-brokered plan was to enable Israel to avoid angering the United States over the Israeli Cabinet decision to bar a UN fact-finding mission from investigating allegations surrounding Israeli army actions in Jenin refugee camp during Operation Rampart.[3][4][5] Although the military had withdrawn from the compound, the cities and refugee camps in the West Bank remained surrounded by Israeli troops.[6]","title":"Arafat's compound"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-telegraph_bush_abandons-7"},{"link_name":"suicide bombing carried out by Islamic Jihad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megiddo_Junction_bus_bombing"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"a new Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_Authority_Government_of_June_2002"},{"link_name":"George W. 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During the next ten days, the IDF destroyed all of the buildings that had survived the former sieges with bulldozers and explosives, including the main interior ministry building. Only part of the building where Arafat and his people remained was left.[2][9]The siege re-ignited Palestinian support for Yasser Arafat.[10] On 24 September 2002, the UN Security Council demanded an end of the siege, but Israel ignored the Resolution.[11][12]UN Under-Secretary-General Terje Rød-Larsen, one of the architects of the Oslo Accords, said on 27 September that \"the Israeli army's siege of Yasser Arafat amid the ruins of his bulldozed presidential compound could mean 'the death' of hopes for a Palestinian state and a peace agreement.\" He alluded to the possible death of the two-state solution and said that \"we're moving in the direction of state destruction and not state-building\".[13]On 11 September 2003, the Israeli security Cabinet decided to \"remove\" Arafat, who still remained in the besieged compound. In a statement it said: \"Recent days' events have proven again that Yasser Arafat is a complete obstacle to any process of reconciliation... Israel will act to remove this obstacle in the manner, at the time, and in the ways that will be decided on separately....\"[14][15] The compound remained under siege until Arafat's transfer in October 2004, for medical care in a French hospital.","title":"Arafat's compound"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mausoleo_Arafat_(Muqata,_Ramallah)_02.JPG"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Ariel Sharon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariel_Sharon"},{"link_name":"Palestinian state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palestinian_state"},{"link_name":"Dome of the Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock"},{"link_name":"Temple Mount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_stone"}],"sub_title":"Temporary burial-place of Arafat","text":"The Mausoleum of Arafat, todayIn the early days of November, when it was clear his death was near, several locations were mentioned as possible burial sites. Jerusalem was the first choice, but Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon said he would not allow this.Following Arafat's death on 11 November 2004, the Palestinian leadership decided that he was to be \"temporarily\" interred in the Mukataa compound, pending the establishment of a Palestinian state and the transfer of his body to the Dome of the Rock compound on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. Plans for Arafat to lie in state at the Mukataa prior to burial were canceled, because thousands of emotional mourners overwhelmed Palestinian security forces. Arafat was buried within the compound on 12 November, in a temporary manner. On 11 November 2007, a larger tomb clad in Jerusalem stone, and designed by Palestinian architects opened to the public. The message on the tomb indicated that the final resting place of Arafat shall be in Jerusalem, if it comes under Palestinian control.","title":"Arafat's compound"}] | [{"image_text":"The Mukataa in Ramallah, 2013","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ramallah_Muqata%27a_2013.jpg/300px-Ramallah_Muqata%27a_2013.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Mukataa with the headquarters of the President of the PLO, 2007","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ramallah_President.jpg/300px-Ramallah_President.jpg"},{"image_text":"The tomb of Yasser Arafat, covered by a poster while the mausoleum for him was being built","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Ramallah_Arrafat.jpeg/300px-Ramallah_Arrafat.jpeg"},{"image_text":"The Mausoleum of Arafat, today","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Mausoleo_Arafat_%28Muqata%2C_Ramallah%29_02.JPG/300px-Mausoleo_Arafat_%28Muqata%2C_Ramallah%29_02.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Israeli siege of Arafat ′is killing peace hope′\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking_Glass_(opera) | Through the Looking Glass (opera) | ["1 Roles","2 Synopsis","3 Reception","4 References","5 External links"] | For other uses, see Through the Looking Glass (disambiguation).
Through the Looking GlassChamber opera by Alan JohnAlice Liddell, on whose life the opera is basedLibrettistAndrew UptonLanguageEnglishBased onThrough the Looking-Glassby Lewis CarrollPremiereMay 20, 2008 (2008-05-20)Malthouse Theatre, Melbourne
Through the Looking Glass is a chamber opera by the Australian composer Alan John to a libretto by Andrew Upton, based on Lewis Carroll's 1871 book and on the life of Alice Liddell, the girl for whom Carroll wrote the story's 1865 prequel, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.
The work was commissioned by the Victorian Opera and the Malthouse Theatre in association with Opera Australia; it premiered on 20 May 2008 at the Merlyn Theatre (Malthouse Theatre). The performance time is approximately 70 minutes.
Roles
Role
Voice type
Premiere cast, 20 May 2008Conductor: Richard Gill
Alice(both the young girl in the storyand the adult Alice Liddell)
mezzo-soprano
Dimity Shepherd
Lewis Carroll,Train Driver,The Red King,Humpty Dumpty,The White Knight
tenor
David Hobson
Tiger Lily,Passenger,The White Queen,Pudding,Ensemble
soprano
Margaret Haggart
Rose,The Red Queen,Passenger,Sheep,Unicorn,Ensemble
mezzo-soprano
Suzanne Johnston
Violet,Passenger,Tweedledee,The White King,Ensemble
tenor
Kanen Breen
Daisy,Guard,Tweedledum,MuttonEnsemble
bass
Gary Rowley
Young Alice,Fawn
Stephanie Pidcock,Jacqueline Bathman,Dana Hehir,alternating with:Emilia Bertolini,Francesca Codd,Hayley Heath
Director
Michael Kantor
Set & costume design
Peter Corrigan
Lighting design
Paul Jackson
Dramaturge
Maryanne Lynch
Musical Preparation
David McSkimming
Assistant Conductor
Nicholas Carter
Assistant Director
Anna Tregloan
Synopsis
Prologue – Young Alice, Alice, Lewis Carroll
"Alas, poor Alice; locked forever in a dream", sings Young Alice. Will she ever grow up? Lewis Carroll arrives and interrupts the reverie telling them that he has a book in which the story is written in a backside down and inside out way.
Scene 1 The Mirror – Alice, ensemble
Alice begins her journey into looking-glass world – she enters a tulgey wood where she is uncertain of what she is seeking. A chorus reminds her to beware the manxome foe with his vorpal blade and especially avoid the Jabberwock.
Scene 2 Garden of Live Flowers – Alice, Rose, Violet, Daisy, Tiger Lily
Alice moves through the garden of live flowers, each one of whom has a personal remark to make on her appearance. Alice's threat that she will pick the live flowers sends them into a panic which ends with the arrival of the Red Queen.
Scene 3 Red Queen – Alice, Red Queen, Young Alice
The Red Queen gives Alice firm advice on how to behave in life, including how one needs to run to keep up with things, which leads to the entry of three Young Alices, who explain that what appears to be a game of chess, might be moved through and how she will meet a White Knight and finally end up as Queen.
Scene 4 The Train – Guard, Alice, passengers, The Driver, Young Alice
Alice travels by train to the third square in spite of the wishes of the passengers to throw her from the train.
Scene 5 The Forest – Alice, Fawn
Jumping a brook, the train lands in a forest where things have no names. Alice struggles to remember her name as does a Fawn whom she meets, and who finally flees from her once it has remembered its name in case Alice might try to tame it.
Scene 6 Tweedledum & Tweedledee – Young Alice, Tweedledum, Tweedledee, Alice
The tulgey wood leads her on to the fourth square, the home of the Tweedles, where a massive battle is about to ensue. The arrival of a monstrous crow prevents the battle and Alice finds herself ...
Scene 7 The White Queen – Alice, The White Queen, Young Alice
... addressing the White Queen, who explains the difficulties of living backwards and how to believe in as many as six impossible things before breakfast. The Young Alices offer the advice that it is better to suffer now for crimes one might commit, to which Alice replies that she has never heard such a thing.
Scene 8 The River – Young Alice, Alice, Lewis Carroll, sheep
Alice, accompanied by Lewis Carroll and the Young Alices, embark on a boat journey on "a perfect summer's day". Alice leaning out of the boat trying to grasp the rushes and Carroll remembering how the story poured from him, while a sheep knits, unobserved by Alice.
Scene 9 Humpty Dumpty – Alice, Young Alice, Humpty Dumpty
Alice meets Humpty Dumpty ("Are you the Jabberwock?" asks Young Alice) who explains to her how words are very important and who also sings her his very disturbing song, "I sent a message to the fish."
Scene 10 The Battle – White King, Unicorn, Alice, Mutton, Pudding, Young Alice
Alice finds herself in a square where a picnic takes place. Alice is introduced to the food, oysters, a leg of mutton and a pudding. An argument breaks out amongst the picnickers over who eats what and how much until a voice calls out reminding them that they are deep in a tulgey wood. Is it the Jabberwock?
Scene 11 White Knight – White Knight, Alice
Alice, the mature woman, seeks permission from the White Knight to grow up. He captures her soul in a photograph.
Scene 12 Alice's Duet – Young Alice, Alice
The Young Alice and the grown-up Alice sing of memories of sunny days and "moving under sunny skies never seen by waking eyes."
Reception
The work was placed on the syllabus of the Victorian Certificate of Education Theatre Studies program.
References
Perkin, Corrie (10 May 2008). "Alice at the opera". The Australian. Retrieved 11 May 2008.
Usher, Robin (16 May 2008). "Here's looking at you, kid". The Age. Retrieved 16 May 2008.
Burch, Peter (22 May 2008). "Alice falls into a deep, dark hole". The Australian. Retrieved 22 May 2008.
Slavin, John (22 May 2008). "Walt Disney meets surrealism in operatic Carroll fairytale". The Age.
External links
Malthouse Theatre: Through the Looking Glass
Victorian Opera: Through the Looking Glass
vteLewis Carroll's Alice
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Through the Looking-Glass
UniverseCharactersAlice's Adventuresin Wonderland
Alice
portrayals
Bill the Lizard
Caterpillar
Cheshire Cat
Dodo
Dormouse
Duchess
Gryphon
Hatter
Tarrant Hightopp
King of Hearts
Knave of Hearts
March Hare
Mock Turtle
Mouse
Pat
Puppy
Queen of Hearts
White Rabbit
Minor characters
Through theLooking-Glass
Bandersnatch
Humpty Dumpty
Jubjub bird
Red King
Red Queen
The Sheep
The Lion and the Unicorn
Tweedledum and Tweedledee
White King
White Knight
White Queen
Minor characters
Locationsand events
Wonderland
Looking-Glass world
Unbirthday
Poems
"All in the golden afternoon..."
"How Doth the Little Crocodile"
"The Mouse's Tale"
"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Bat"
"You Are Old, Father William"
"'Tis the Voice of the Lobster"
"Jabberwocky"
Vorpal sword
"The Walrus and the Carpenter"
"Haddocks' Eyes"
"The Mock Turtle's Song"
The Hunting of the Snark
Related
Alice Liddell
Alice syndrome
Alice's Shop
Illustrators
John Tenniel
Theophilus Carter
The Annotated Alice
Mischmasch
Translations
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland
Through the Looking-Glass
AdaptationsStage
Alice in Wonderland (1886 musical)
Alice in Wonderland (1979 opera)
But Never Jam Today (1979 musical)
Through the Looking Glass (2008 opera)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (2011 ballet)
Wonderland (2011 musical)
Peter and Alice (2013 play)
Wonder.land (2015 musical)
Alice's Adventures Under Ground (2016 opera)
Alice by Heart (2019 musical)
Film
1903
1910
1915
Alice Comedies (1923–1927)
1931
1933
1949
1951
Alice of Wonderland in Paris (1966)
1972
1976
1976 (Spanish)
Alice or the Last Escapade (1977)
1981
1982
The Care Bears Adventure in Wonderland (1987)
1988 (Czechoslovak)
1988 (Australian)
Malice in Wonderland (2009)
2010
Alice in Murderland (2010)
Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016)
Come Away (2020)
Alice and the Land that Wonders (2020)
Alice, Through the Looking (2021)
Television
Alice in Wonderland (1962)
Alice in Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid like You Doing in a Place like This? (1966)
Alice in Wonderland (1966)
Alice Through the Looking Glass (1966)
1983 (TV film)
Fushigi no Kuni no Alice (1983)
1985 (TV film)
Adventures in Wonderland (1992)
Alice through the Looking Glass (1998)
Alice in Wonderland (1999)
Alice (2009)
Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (2013)
Alice's Wonderland Bakery (2022)
Music
"White Rabbit" (1967 song)
"Don't Come Around Here No More" (1985 music video)
Alice in Wonderland (2010)
Almost Alice (2010)
"Alice"
"Follow Me Down"
"Tea Party"
Alice Through the Looking Glass (2016)
"Just Like Fire"
"Alice" (2020 song)
Video games
Through the Looking Glass (1984)
Alice in Wonderland (1985)
Märchen Maze (1988)
Wonderland (1990)
Alice: An Interactive Museum (1991)
Alice no Paint Adventure (1995)
Alice in Wonderland (2000)
American McGee's Alice (2000)
Kingdom Hearts (2002)
Alice in the Country of Hearts (2007)
Alice in Wonderland (2010)
Alice: Madness Returns (2011)
Kingdom Hearts χ (2013)
Sequels
A New Alice in the Old Wonderland (1895)
New Adventures of Alice (1917)
Alice Through the Needle's Eye (1984)
Automated Alice (1996)
Retellings
The Nursery "Alice" (1890)
Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Retold in Words of One Syllable (1905)
American McGee's Alice (2000)
Alice in Verse: The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland (2010)
Alice: Madness Returns (2011)
Parodies
The Westminster Alice (1902)
Clara in Blunderland (1902)
Lost in Blunderland (1903)
John Bull's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland (1904)
Alice in Blunderland: An Iridescent Dream (1904)
The Looking Glass Wars
2004
2007
2009
Imitations
Mopsa the Fairy (1869)
Davy and the Goblin (1884)
The Admiral's Caravan (1891)
Gladys in Grammarland (1896)
Rollo in Emblemland (1902)
Alice in Orchestralia (1925)
Literary
Alice in Borderland
Alice in the Country of Hearts
Alice in Murderland
Alice in Sunderland
Lost Girls
Miyuki-chan in Wonderland
Pandora Hearts
Tweedledum and Tweedledee
Unbirthday: A Twisted Tale
Related
Betty in Blunderland (1934 animated short)
Thru the Mirror (1936 animated short)
Jabberwocky (1971 film)
Jabberwocky (1977 film)
Donald in Mathmagic Land (1959 film)
Malice in Wonderland (1982 animated short)
Dungeonland (1983 module)
The Land Beyond the Magic Mirror (1983 module)
Dreamchild (1985 film)
The Hunting of the Snark (1991 musical)
How Doth the Little Crocodile (1998 artworks)
Abby in Wonderland (2008 film)
Disney franchise
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Through the Looking Glass (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking_Glass_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"chamber opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_opera"},{"link_name":"Alan John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_John"},{"link_name":"libretto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"},{"link_name":"Andrew Upton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Upton"},{"link_name":"Lewis Carroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll"},{"link_name":"book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass"},{"link_name":"Alice Liddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Liddell"},{"link_name":"Alice's Adventures in Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Victorian Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Opera_(Melbourne)"},{"link_name":"Malthouse Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malthouse_Theatre,_Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Opera Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_Australia"},{"link_name":"Merlyn Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merlyn_Myer"}],"text":"For other uses, see Through the Looking Glass (disambiguation).Through the Looking Glass is a chamber opera by the Australian composer Alan John to a libretto by Andrew Upton, based on Lewis Carroll's 1871 book and on the life of Alice Liddell, the girl for whom Carroll wrote the story's 1865 prequel, Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.The work was commissioned by the Victorian Opera and the Malthouse Theatre in association with Opera Australia; it premiered on 20 May 2008 at the Merlyn Theatre (Malthouse Theatre). The performance time is approximately 70 minutes.","title":"Through the Looking Glass (opera)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Prologue – Young Alice, Alice, Lewis Carroll\"Alas, poor Alice; locked forever in a dream\", sings Young Alice. Will she ever grow up? Lewis Carroll arrives and interrupts the reverie telling them that he has a book in which the story is written in a backside down and inside out way.Scene 1 The Mirror – Alice, ensembleAlice begins her journey into looking-glass world – she enters a tulgey wood where she is uncertain of what she is seeking. A chorus reminds her to beware the manxome foe with his vorpal blade and especially avoid the Jabberwock.Scene 2 Garden of Live Flowers – Alice, Rose, Violet, Daisy, Tiger LilyAlice moves through the garden of live flowers, each one of whom has a personal remark to make on her appearance. Alice's threat that she will pick the live flowers sends them into a panic which ends with the arrival of the Red Queen.Scene 3 Red Queen – Alice, Red Queen, Young AliceThe Red Queen gives Alice firm advice on how to behave in life, including how one needs to run to keep up with things, which leads to the entry of three Young Alices, who explain that what appears to be a game of chess, might be moved through and how she will meet a White Knight and finally end up as Queen.Scene 4 The Train – Guard, Alice, passengers, The Driver, Young AliceAlice travels by train to the third square in spite of the wishes of the passengers to throw her from the train.Scene 5 The Forest – Alice, FawnJumping a brook, the train lands in a forest where things have no names. Alice struggles to remember her name as does a Fawn whom she meets, and who finally flees from her once it has remembered its name in case Alice might try to tame it.Scene 6 Tweedledum & Tweedledee – Young Alice, Tweedledum, Tweedledee, AliceThe tulgey wood leads her on to the fourth square, the home of the Tweedles, where a massive battle is about to ensue. The arrival of a monstrous crow prevents the battle and Alice finds herself ...Scene 7 The White Queen – Alice, The White Queen, Young Alice... addressing the White Queen, who explains the difficulties of living backwards and how to believe in as many as six impossible things before breakfast. The Young Alices offer the advice that it is better to suffer now for crimes one might commit, to which Alice replies that she has never heard such a thing.Scene 8 The River – Young Alice, Alice, Lewis Carroll, sheepAlice, accompanied by Lewis Carroll and the Young Alices, embark on a boat journey on \"a perfect summer's day\". Alice leaning out of the boat trying to grasp the rushes and Carroll remembering how the story poured from him, while a sheep knits, unobserved by Alice.Scene 9 Humpty Dumpty – Alice, Young Alice, Humpty DumptyAlice meets Humpty Dumpty (\"Are you the Jabberwock?\" asks Young Alice) who explains to her how words are very important and who also sings her his very disturbing song, \"I sent a message to the fish.\"Scene 10 The Battle – White King, Unicorn, Alice, Mutton, Pudding, Young AliceAlice finds herself in a square where a picnic takes place. Alice is introduced to the food, oysters, a leg of mutton and a pudding. An argument breaks out amongst the picnickers over who eats what and how much until a voice calls out reminding them that they are deep in a tulgey wood. Is it the Jabberwock?Scene 11 White Knight – White Knight, AliceAlice, the mature woman, seeks permission from the White Knight to grow up. He captures her soul in a photograph.Scene 12 Alice's Duet – Young Alice, AliceThe Young Alice and the grown-up Alice sing of memories of sunny days and \"moving under sunny skies never seen by waking eyes.\"","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Victorian Certificate of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Certificate_of_Education"}],"text":"The work was placed on the syllabus of the Victorian Certificate of Education Theatre Studies program.","title":"Reception"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Perkin, Corrie (10 May 2008). \"Alice at the opera\". The Australian. Retrieved 11 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23655298-16947,00.html","url_text":"\"Alice at the opera\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"Usher, Robin (16 May 2008). \"Here's looking at you, kid\". The Age. Retrieved 16 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/heres-looking-at-you-kid/2008/05/15/1210765055247.html","url_text":"\"Here's looking at you, kid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]},{"reference":"Burch, Peter (22 May 2008). \"Alice falls into a deep, dark hole\". The Australian. Retrieved 22 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23743075-5013577,00.html","url_text":"\"Alice falls into a deep, dark hole\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Australian","url_text":"The Australian"}]},{"reference":"Slavin, John (22 May 2008). \"Walt Disney meets surrealism in operatic Carroll fairytale\". The Age.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age","url_text":"The Age"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23655298-16947,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Alice at the opera\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/news/arts/heres-looking-at-you-kid/2008/05/15/1210765055247.html","external_links_name":"\"Here's looking at you, kid\""},{"Link":"http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23743075-5013577,00.html","external_links_name":"\"Alice falls into a deep, dark hole\""},{"Link":"http://www.malthousetheatre.com.au/page/THROUGH_THE_LOOKING_GLASS","external_links_name":"Malthouse Theatre: Through the Looking Glass"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianopera.com.au/www/html/216-through-the-looking-glass-2008.asp","external_links_name":"Victorian Opera: Through the Looking Glass"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romophone | Romophone | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | UK record label
RomophoneFounded1993 (1993)FounderLouise Barder and Virginia BarderDefunct2003 (2003)StatusDefunctGenreOperaCountry of originUnited Kingdom
Romophone was a UK historical reissues record label dedicated to restoring and transferring historic 78 rpm recordings of opera singers to CD. It was founded in 1993 by Louise Barder and Virginia Barder.
Romophone CDs characteristically present the complete recording output of a singer on a particular label in a particular period, in chronological order. Romophone has been praised for the accuracy and faithfulness of the material it presents, both discographic and musical. The CD liner notes include biographical material about the singers and photographs (often rare and previously unpublished). Libretti and lyrics are not included in the liner notes.
Singers represented on the Romophone label include Frances Alda, Lucrezia Bori, Edmond Clement, Léon David, Emma Calvé, Emmy Destinn, Emma Eames, Kirsten Flagstad, Amelita Galli-Curci, Mary Garden, Beniamino Gigli, Lotte Lehmann, Giovanni Martinelli, Edith Mason, John McCormack, Nellie Melba, Claudia Muzio, Pol Plançon, Rosa Ponselle, Elisabeth Rethberg, Tito Schipa, Elisabeth Schumann, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Luisa Tetrazzini, Marcella Sembrich, Mattia Battistini, Mario Ancona and Leonard Warren among others. Two complete opera recordings from La Scala - Il Trovatore (1930) and Madama Butterfly (1929/30) - are in the catalogue, as well as collections including Wagner en Français, America the Beautiful, The Century's Greatest Singers in Puccini and Christmas From a Golden Age.
Romophone won a Gramophone Award for Best Historical Recording in 1996, for a volume of recordings by Lucrezia Bori, remastered by Ward Marston.
Romophone issued its first release in 1993, and ceased activity around 2003. The Romophone catalogue was acquired by Naxos.
See also
List of record labels
References
^ Will Crutchfield, "From the Attic: Singing as Good as It Gets", New York Times, March 27, 1994
^ David Mermelstein, "CD Player As Time Machine: Voices Echo Across Decades", New York Times, July 19, 1998
^ Steane, John Barry (1996). 'Historic vocal — Lucrezia Bori Opera and Operetta Arias, Volumes 1 and 2'. Gramophone, November 1996, p. 54. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
^ 'Historic reissue label Romophone is to cease trading after 10 years and 64 releases'. Gramophone, November 2003, p. 15. Retrieved 2011-09-19.
^ "Classical Music News from NAXOS.COM". Retrieved 12 July 2020.
External links
Romophone CDs at naxoslicensing.com
Searchable archive of Romophone CD reviews on the Gramophone website
This article about a United Kingdom record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"78 rpm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/78_rpm"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Frances Alda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Alda"},{"link_name":"Lucrezia Bori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucrezia_Bori"},{"link_name":"Edmond Clement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond_Clement"},{"link_name":"Emma Calvé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Calv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Emmy Destinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Destinn"},{"link_name":"Emma Eames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Eames"},{"link_name":"Kirsten Flagstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Flagstad"},{"link_name":"Amelita Galli-Curci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amelita_Galli-Curci"},{"link_name":"Mary Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Garden"},{"link_name":"Beniamino Gigli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beniamino_Gigli"},{"link_name":"Lotte Lehmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Lehmann"},{"link_name":"Giovanni Martinelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Martinelli"},{"link_name":"Edith Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Mason"},{"link_name":"John McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McCormack_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"Nellie Melba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nellie_Melba"},{"link_name":"Claudia Muzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Muzio"},{"link_name":"Pol Plançon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol_Plan%C3%A7on"},{"link_name":"Rosa Ponselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Ponselle"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Rethberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Rethberg"},{"link_name":"Tito Schipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tito_Schipa"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Schumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_Schumann"},{"link_name":"Ernestine Schumann-Heink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernestine_Schumann-Heink"},{"link_name":"Luisa Tetrazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luisa_Tetrazzini"},{"link_name":"Marcella Sembrich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcella_Sembrich"},{"link_name":"Mattia Battistini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattia_Battistini"},{"link_name":"Mario Ancona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Ancona"},{"link_name":"Leonard Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Warren"},{"link_name":"Gramophone Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gramophone_Classical_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Ward Marston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Marston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Naxos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naxos_(company)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Romophone was a UK historical reissues record label dedicated to restoring and transferring historic 78 rpm recordings of opera singers to CD. It was founded in 1993 by Louise Barder and Virginia Barder.[1]Romophone CDs characteristically present the complete recording output of a singer on a particular label in a particular period, in chronological order. Romophone has been praised for the accuracy and faithfulness of the material it presents, both discographic and musical. The CD liner notes include biographical material about the singers and photographs (often rare and previously unpublished).[2] Libretti and lyrics are not included in the liner notes.Singers represented on the Romophone label include Frances Alda, Lucrezia Bori, Edmond Clement, Léon David, Emma Calvé, Emmy Destinn, Emma Eames, Kirsten Flagstad, Amelita Galli-Curci, Mary Garden, Beniamino Gigli, Lotte Lehmann, Giovanni Martinelli, Edith Mason, John McCormack, Nellie Melba, Claudia Muzio, Pol Plançon, Rosa Ponselle, Elisabeth Rethberg, Tito Schipa, Elisabeth Schumann, Ernestine Schumann-Heink, Luisa Tetrazzini, Marcella Sembrich, Mattia Battistini, Mario Ancona and Leonard Warren among others. Two complete opera recordings from La Scala - Il Trovatore (1930) and Madama Butterfly (1929/30) - are in the catalogue, as well as collections including Wagner en Français, America the Beautiful, The Century's Greatest Singers in Puccini and Christmas From a Golden Age.Romophone won a Gramophone Award for Best Historical Recording in 1996, for a volume of recordings by Lucrezia Bori, remastered by Ward Marston.[3]Romophone issued its first release in 1993, and ceased activity around 2003.[4] The Romophone catalogue was acquired by Naxos.[5]","title":"Romophone"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of record labels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_record_labels"}] | [{"reference":"\"Classical Music News from NAXOS.COM\". Retrieved 12 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.naxos.com/news/default.asp?pn=News&displayMenu=Interviews&op=news87","url_text":"\"Classical Music News from NAXOS.COM\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/27/arts/recordings-view-from-the-attic-singing-as-good-as-it-gets.html","external_links_name":"\"From the Attic: Singing as Good as It Gets\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1998/07/19/arts/cd-player-as-time-machine-voices-echo-across-decades.html","external_links_name":"\"CD Player As Time Machine: Voices Echo Across Decades\""},{"Link":"http://www.gramophone.net/Issue/Page/November%201996/54/792143/","external_links_name":"'Historic vocal — Lucrezia Bori Opera and Operetta Arias, Volumes 1 and 2'"},{"Link":"https://www.naxos.com/news/default.asp?pn=News&displayMenu=Interviews&op=news87","external_links_name":"\"Classical Music News from NAXOS.COM\""},{"Link":"http://www.naxoslicensing.com/label/ROC/","external_links_name":"Romophone CDs at naxoslicensing.com"},{"Link":"http://www.gramophone.net/Search/Results/romophone/Review/1","external_links_name":"Searchable archive of Romophone CD reviews on the Gramophone website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Romophone&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_(Jethro_Tull_album) | A (Jethro Tull album) | ["1 Overview","2 Track listing","2.1 2021 40th Anniversary A La Mode Edition","3 Personnel","4 Charts","5 References","6 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "A" Jethro Tull album – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
1980 studio album by Jethro TullAStudio album by Jethro TullReleased29 August 1980Recorded16 May – 6 June 1980StudioMaison Rouge Studios, Fulham, London Maison Rogue Mobile, RadnageGenreElectronic rockprogressive rockfolk rockLength42:30LabelChrysalisProducerIan AndersonRobin BlackJethro Tull chronology
Stormwatch(1979)
A(1980)
The Broadsword and the Beast(1982)
Singles from A
"Fylingdale Flyer"Released: 1980
"Working John, Working Joe"Released: 1980
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Encyclopedia of Popular Music
A is the 13th studio album by British rock band Jethro Tull. It was released on 29 August 1980 in the UK and 1 September of the same year in the United States.
The album was initially written and recorded with the intention of being frontman Ian Anderson's debut solo album (hence the album's title: the master tapes were marked "A" for Anderson during recording), however the album was eventually released as a Jethro Tull album after pressure from Chrysalis Records. Anderson has since stated that he regrets allowing the album to be released under the Jethro Tull name.
Musically, the album was a departure from prior Tull works, adopting more of an electronic rock sound with heavy use of synthesizers, although still retaining the band's trademark folk influence and Anderson's flute playing. Lyrically, the album saw a similar departure from the fantasy and folklore themes of previous Tull work, instead emphasizing contemporary matters such as the Cold War. The album was the first Tull album released following a large lineup change which saw drummer Barrie "Barriemore" Barlow and keyboardists John Evan and Dee Palmer departing the band in 1980 while bassist John Glascock had died from heart complications the previous year. The album instead features Glascock's touring replacement Dave Pegg on bass in his first recorded appearance with the band, Mark Craney on drums and Eddie Jobson on keyboards (with Jobson credited as a "special guest") and electric violin.
Overview
A was recorded as an intended Ian Anderson solo album before Tull's record label, Chrysalis, asked that it become credited to the group. This is the reason for the album's title, as the tapes were marked "A" for "Anderson". It is noted for its more synthesiser-based sound, a fact which created controversy among many of the band's fans. On the other hand, it features a folk-influenced piece, "The Pine Marten's Jig".
A features a dramatically different line-up of Tull from the band's previous album, Stormwatch (1979). Former keyboardist John Evan and organist Dee Palmer were fired from the group, while drummer Barriemore Barlow left the band due to depression over the death of John Glascock as well as plans to start his own band.
The only members of Tull to appear on both Stormwatch (1979) and A (1980) are Ian Anderson and Martin Barre. This is also bassist Dave Pegg's first appearance on a Tull studio recording, but he had become a member of the band during the Stormwatch tour in 1979, replacing the deceased Glascock. Conflicting reasons have been given for the line-up change. Anderson has stated that he wanted to take the band in a different direction from the folk rock and progressive rock of the 1970s.
Barriemore Barlow was unhappy with the direction the band was taking and later stated that he would have left anyway. However, biographer David Rees reports in his book Minstrels in the Gallery: A History of Jethro Tull (2001) that Anderson had never intended to replace Jethro Tull's previous line-up with the musicians who recorded A, but was forced by Chrysalis Records, which had decided to release his 'solo' album under the name Jethro Tull. This claim was further evidenced by Anderson's note in the 2003 re-release of the album.
A 40th anniversary box set was released in April 2021, featuring the album remixed by Steven Wilson. It includes some bonus tracks, a DVD of Slipstream, and audio of a concert in Los Angeles.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Ian Anderson with additional music material from Eddie Jobson; arranged by Jethro TullSide oneNo.TitleLength1."Crossfire"3:552."Fylingdale Flyer"4:353."Working John, Working Joe"5:044."Black Sunday"6:35
Side twoNo.TitleLength1."Protect and Survive"3:362."Batteries Not Included"3:523."Uniform"3:344."4.W.D. (Low Ratio)"3:425."The Pine Marten's Jig" (instrumental)3:286."And Further On"4:21
The 2004 remastered two-disc edition includes Slipstream as a bonus DVD.
2021 40th Anniversary A La Mode Edition
CD 1: Original Album And Associated Tracks Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1."Crossfire"4:052."Fylingdale Flyer"4:353."Working John, Working Joe"5:074."Black Sunday"6:425."Protect And Survive"3:376."Batteries Not Included"3:527."Uniform"3:338."4.W.D. (Low Ratio)"3:449."The Pine Marten's Jig"3:2510."And Further On"4:2511."Crossfire (Extended Version)"4:3912."Working John, Working Joe (Take 4)"5:1613."Cheerio (Early Version)"0:3914."Coruisk"6:2915."Slipstream Introduction"2:51CD 2: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Part 1 Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1."Slipstream Introduction"3:012."Black Sunday"7:073."Crossfire"3:594."Songs From The Wood"4:515."Hunting Girl"6:046."The Pine Marten's Jig"3:437."Working John, Working Joe"4:178."Heavy Horses"7:299."Musicians Introductions"1:5510."Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day"3:2811."Instrumental (Inc Flute Solo)"6:16CD 3: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Part 2 Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1."Trio Instrumental"5:082."Keyboard Solo"7:583."Batteries Not Included"4:144."Uniform (Inc Drum Solo)"6:485."Protect And Survive (Inc Violin Solo)"6:246."Bungle In The Jungle"5:317."Encore Intro - Guitar And Bass Instrumental"3:018."Aqualung"9:489."Locomotive Breath / Instrumental / Black Sunday (Reprise)"7:02DVD 1: Steven Wilson Album RemixNo.TitleLength1."Crossfire (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 2."Fylingdale Flyer (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 3."Working John, Working Joe (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 4."Black Sunday (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 5."Protect And Survive (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 6."Batteries Not Included (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 7."Uniform (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 8."4.W.D. (Low Ratio) (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 9."The Pine Marten's Jig (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 10."And Further On (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 11."Crossfire (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 12."Fylingdale Flyer (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 13."Working John, Working Joe (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 14."Black Sunday (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 15."Protect And Survive (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 16."Batteries Not Included (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 17."Uniform (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 18."4.W.D. (Low Ratio) (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 19."The Pine Marten's Jig (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 20."And Further On (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))" 21."Cheerio (Early Version) (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 22."Coruisk (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 23."Slipstream Introduction (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)" 24."Crossfire (Extended Version) (-Stereo Only-)" 25."Working John, Working Joe (Take 4) (-Stereo Only-)" DVD 2: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Steven Wilson Concert Mix (DTS 96/24 5.1 Surround, Dolby AC3 5.1 Surround, Stereo 96/24 LPCM)No.TitleLength1."Slipstream Introduction" 2."Black Sunday" 3."Crossfire" 4."Songs From The Wood" 5."Hunting Girl" 6."The Pine Marten's Jig" 7."Working John, Working Joe" 8."Heavy Horses" 9."Musicians Introductions" 10."Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day" 11."Instrumental (Inc Flute Solo)" 12."Trio Instrumental" 13."Keyboard Solo" 14."Batteries Not Included" 15."Uniform (Inc Drum Solo)" 16."Protect And Survive (Inc Violin Solo)" 17."Bungle In The Jungle" 18."Encore Intro - Guitar And Bass Instrumental" 19."Aqualung" 20."Locomotive Breath / Instrumental / Black Sunday (Reprise)" Slipstream Video Steven Wilson Album Remix (DTS 96/24 5.1 Surround, Dolby AC3 5.1 Surround, Stereo 48/24 LPCM)No.TitleLength1."Slipstream Introduction" 2."Black Sunday" 3."Dun Ringil" 4."Flyingdale Flyer" 5."Songs From The Wood" 6."Heavy Horses" 7."Sweet Dream" 8."Too Old To Rock'n'Roll: Too Young To Die" 9."Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day" 10."Aqualung" 11."Locomotive Breath"
Personnel
Ian Anderson – vocals, flute
Martin Barre – guitar
Dave Pegg – bass guitar, mandolin
Mark Craney – drums
Guest personnel
Eddie Jobson – keyboards, synthesizer, electric violin on The Pine Marten's Jig
Technical staff
Robin Black – sound engineer
John Shaw – photography
Peter Wagg – art direction
Charts
1980 chart performance for A
Chart (1980)
Peakposition
Australian Albums (Kent Music Report)
47
Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria)
10
Canada Top Albums/CDs (RPM)
48
Dutch Albums (Album Top 100)
60
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
26
Norwegian Albums (VG-lista)
9
UK Albums (OCC)
25
US Billboard 200
30
2021 chart performance for A
Chart (2021)
Peakposition
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders)
91
Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia)
65
German Albums (Offizielle Top 100)
11
Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ)
14
Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade)
18
References
^ Eder, Bruce. A review allmusic.com. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.
^ Kovarsky, Jerry (17 November 2016). "Interview: Eddie Jobson". Keyboard Magazine. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
^ A New Day Yesterday: The 25th Anniversary Collection, 1969–1994
^ David Rees (1998). Minstrels in the Gallery. p. 224.
^ "Jethro Tull 'A' 40th Anniversary Edition". Jethrotull.com. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 155. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.
^ "Austriancharts.at – Jethro Tull – A" (in German). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Top RPM Albums: Issue 4703a". RPM. Library and Archives Canada. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
^ "Dutchcharts.nl – Jethro Tull – A" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Jethro Tull – A" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Norwegiancharts.com – Jethro Tull – A". Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Official Albums Chart Top 100". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Jethro Tull Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Ultratop.be – Jethro Tull – A" (in Dutch). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Ultratop.be – Jethro Tull – A" (in French). Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Offiziellecharts.de – Jethro Tull – A" (in German). GfK Entertainment Charts. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2021. 16. hét" (in Hungarian). MAHASZ. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
^ "Swisscharts.com – Jethro Tull – A". Hung Medien. Retrieved 29 April 2021.
External links
A (1980) at AllMusic
A (2004) at AllMusic (Bonus DVD)
vteJethro Tull
Ian Anderson
David Goodier
John O'Hara
Scott Hammond
Joe Parrish
Mick Abrahams
Clive Bunker
Glenn Cornick
Tony Iommi
Martin Barre
John Evan
Jeffrey Hammond
Barriemore Barlow
John Glascock
Dee Palmer
Dave Pegg
Mark Craney
Eddie Jobson
Gerry Conway
Peter-John Vettese
Paul Burgess
Doane Perry
Don Airey
Maartin Allcock
Andrew Giddings
Dave Mattacks
Jonathan Noyce
Florian Opahle
Studio albums
This Was
Stand Up
Benefit
Aqualung
Thick as a Brick
A Passion Play
War Child
Minstrel in the Gallery
Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die!
Songs from the Wood
Heavy Horses
Stormwatch
A
The Broadsword and the Beast
Under Wraps
Crest of a Knave
Rock Island
Catfish Rising
Roots to Branches
J-Tull Dot Com
The Jethro Tull Christmas Album
The Zealot Gene
RökFlöte
Live albums
Bursting Out
Live at Hammersmith '84
A Little Light Music
Jethro Tull in Concert
Living with the Past
Nothing Is Easy: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970
Aqualung Live
Live at Montreux 2003
Live at Madison Square Garden 1978
Live at Carnegie Hall 1970
Compilations
Living in the Past
M.U. – The Best of Jethro Tull
Repeat – The Best of Jethro Tull – Vol II
Original Masters
20 Years of Jethro Tull: Highlights
Nightcap
The Best of Jethro Tull – The Anniversary Collection
Through the Years
The Very Best Of
The Best of Acoustic Jethro Tull
The Essential
50 for 50
Boxed sets
20 Years of Jethro Tull
25th Anniversary Box Set
Videos
Slipstream
20 Years of Jethro Tull
25th Anniversary Video
Living with the Past
A New Day Yesterday
Nothing Is Easy: Live at the Isle of Wight 1970
Live at Montreux 2003
Jack in the Green
Live at Madison Square Garden 1978
Live at AVO Session Basel
Around the World Live
Songs
"Sunshine Day"
"A Song for Jeffrey"
"Love Story"
"Living in the Past"
"Bourée"
"Sweet Dream"
"The Witch's Promise"
"Teacher"
"Aqualung"
"Cross-Eyed Mary"
"Mother Goose"
"Hymn 43"
"Locomotive Breath"
"Life Is a Long Song"
"Bungle in the Jungle"
"Skating Away on the Thin Ice of the New Day"
"Too Old to Rock 'n' Roll: Too Young to Die"
"The Whistler"
"Songs from the Wood"
"Heavy Horses"
"Dun Ringill"
Related
Discography
Members
A Billion Hands Concert
The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus
A Classic Case
Thick as a Brick 2
Jethro Tull – The String Quartets
Category
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_music"},{"link_name":"Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jethro_Tull_(band)"},{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Records"},{"link_name":"electronic rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_rock"},{"link_name":"synthesizers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizers"},{"link_name":"Cold War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War"},{"link_name":"Barrie \"Barriemore\" Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriemore_Barlow"},{"link_name":"John Evan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evan"},{"link_name":"Dee Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Palmer"},{"link_name":"John Glascock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glascock"},{"link_name":"Dave Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pegg"},{"link_name":"Mark Craney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Craney"},{"link_name":"Eddie Jobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Jobson"}],"text":"1980 studio album by Jethro TullA is the 13th studio album by British rock band Jethro Tull. It was released on 29 August 1980 in the UK and 1 September of the same year in the United States.The album was initially written and recorded with the intention of being frontman Ian Anderson's debut solo album (hence the album's title: the master tapes were marked \"A\" for Anderson during recording), however the album was eventually released as a Jethro Tull album after pressure from Chrysalis Records. Anderson has since stated that he regrets allowing the album to be released under the Jethro Tull name.Musically, the album was a departure from prior Tull works, adopting more of an electronic rock sound with heavy use of synthesizers, although still retaining the band's trademark folk influence and Anderson's flute playing. Lyrically, the album saw a similar departure from the fantasy and folklore themes of previous Tull work, instead emphasizing contemporary matters such as the Cold War. The album was the first Tull album released following a large lineup change which saw drummer Barrie \"Barriemore\" Barlow and keyboardists John Evan and Dee Palmer departing the band in 1980 while bassist John Glascock had died from heart complications the previous year. The album instead features Glascock's touring replacement Dave Pegg on bass in his first recorded appearance with the band, Mark Craney on drums and Eddie Jobson on keyboards (with Jobson credited as a \"special guest\") and electric violin.","title":"A (Jethro Tull album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chrysalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysalis_Records"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Stormwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormwatch_(album)"},{"link_name":"John Evan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Evan"},{"link_name":"Dee Palmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dee_Palmer"},{"link_name":"Barriemore Barlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barriemore_Barlow"},{"link_name":"John Glascock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Glascock"},{"link_name":"Martin Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Barre"},{"link_name":"Dave Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pegg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Minstrels in the Gallery: A History of Jethro Tull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minstrels_in_the_Gallery:_A_History_of_Jethro_Tull&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Minstrels_in_the_Gallery-5"},{"link_name":"Steven Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Wilson"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_(video)"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"A was recorded as an intended Ian Anderson solo album before Tull's record label, Chrysalis, asked that it become credited to the group.[3] This is the reason for the album's title, as the tapes were marked \"A\" for \"Anderson\". It is noted for its more synthesiser-based sound, a fact which created controversy among many of the band's fans.[citation needed] On the other hand, it features a folk-influenced piece, \"The Pine Marten's Jig\".A features a dramatically different line-up of Tull from the band's previous album, Stormwatch (1979). Former keyboardist John Evan and organist Dee Palmer were fired from the group, while drummer Barriemore Barlow left the band due to depression over the death of John Glascock as well as plans to start his own band.The only members of Tull to appear on both Stormwatch (1979) and A (1980) are Ian Anderson and Martin Barre. This is also bassist Dave Pegg's first appearance on a Tull studio recording, but he had become a member of the band during the Stormwatch tour in 1979, replacing the deceased Glascock. Conflicting reasons have been given for the line-up change. Anderson has stated that he wanted to take the band in a different direction from the folk rock and progressive rock of the 1970s.[4]Barriemore Barlow was unhappy with the direction the band was taking and later stated that he would have left anyway. However, biographer David Rees reports in his book Minstrels in the Gallery: A History of Jethro Tull (2001) that Anderson had never intended to replace Jethro Tull's previous line-up with the musicians who recorded A, but was forced by Chrysalis Records, which had decided to release his 'solo' album under the name Jethro Tull.[5] This claim was further evidenced by Anderson's note in the 2003 re-release of the album.A 40th anniversary box set was released in April 2021, featuring the album remixed by Steven Wilson. It includes some bonus tracks, a DVD of Slipstream, and audio of a concert in Los Angeles.[6]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Slipstream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_(Jethro_Tull)"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Ian Anderson with additional music material from Eddie Jobson; arranged by Jethro TullSide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Crossfire\"3:552.\"Fylingdale Flyer\"4:353.\"Working John, Working Joe\"5:044.\"Black Sunday\"6:35Side twoNo.TitleLength1.\"Protect and Survive\"3:362.\"Batteries Not Included\"3:523.\"Uniform\"3:344.\"4.W.D. (Low Ratio)\"3:425.\"The Pine Marten's Jig\" (instrumental)3:286.\"And Further On\"4:21The 2004 remastered two-disc edition includes Slipstream as a bonus DVD.","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021 40th Anniversary A La Mode Edition","text":"CD 1: Original Album And Associated Tracks Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1.\"Crossfire\"4:052.\"Fylingdale Flyer\"4:353.\"Working John, Working Joe\"5:074.\"Black Sunday\"6:425.\"Protect And Survive\"3:376.\"Batteries Not Included\"3:527.\"Uniform\"3:338.\"4.W.D. (Low Ratio)\"3:449.\"The Pine Marten's Jig\"3:2510.\"And Further On\"4:2511.\"Crossfire (Extended Version)\"4:3912.\"Working John, Working Joe (Take 4)\"5:1613.\"Cheerio (Early Version)\"0:3914.\"Coruisk\"6:2915.\"Slipstream Introduction\"2:51CD 2: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Part 1 Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1.\"Slipstream Introduction\"3:012.\"Black Sunday\"7:073.\"Crossfire\"3:594.\"Songs From The Wood\"4:515.\"Hunting Girl\"6:046.\"The Pine Marten's Jig\"3:437.\"Working John, Working Joe\"4:178.\"Heavy Horses\"7:299.\"Musicians Introductions\"1:5510.\"Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day\"3:2811.\"Instrumental (Inc Flute Solo)\"6:16CD 3: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Part 2 Steven Wilson Stereo MixNo.TitleLength1.\"Trio Instrumental\"5:082.\"Keyboard Solo\"7:583.\"Batteries Not Included\"4:144.\"Uniform (Inc Drum Solo)\"6:485.\"Protect And Survive (Inc Violin Solo)\"6:246.\"Bungle In The Jungle\"5:317.\"Encore Intro - Guitar And Bass Instrumental\"3:018.\"Aqualung\"9:489.\"Locomotive Breath / Instrumental / Black Sunday (Reprise)\"7:02DVD 1: Steven Wilson Album RemixNo.TitleLength1.\"Crossfire (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 2.\"Fylingdale Flyer (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 3.\"Working John, Working Joe (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 4.\"Black Sunday (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 5.\"Protect And Survive (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 6.\"Batteries Not Included (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 7.\"Uniform (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 8.\"4.W.D. (Low Ratio) (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 9.\"The Pine Marten's Jig (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 10.\"And Further On (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 11.\"Crossfire (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 12.\"Fylingdale Flyer (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 13.\"Working John, Working Joe (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 14.\"Black Sunday (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 15.\"Protect And Survive (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 16.\"Batteries Not Included (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 17.\"Uniform (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 18.\"4.W.D. (Low Ratio) (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 19.\"The Pine Marten's Jig (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 20.\"And Further On (Original 1980 Album Mix (96/24 Stereo LPCM))\" 21.\"Cheerio (Early Version) (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 22.\"Coruisk (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 23.\"Slipstream Introduction (96/24 Stereo LPCM, DTS 96/24 5.1, Dolby AC3 5.1)\" 24.\"Crossfire (Extended Version) (-Stereo Only-)\" 25.\"Working John, Working Joe (Take 4) (-Stereo Only-)\"DVD 2: Live At The LA Sports Arena, 1980 Steven Wilson Concert Mix (DTS 96/24 5.1 Surround, Dolby AC3 5.1 Surround, Stereo 96/24 LPCM)No.TitleLength1.\"Slipstream Introduction\" 2.\"Black Sunday\" 3.\"Crossfire\" 4.\"Songs From The Wood\" 5.\"Hunting Girl\" 6.\"The Pine Marten's Jig\" 7.\"Working John, Working Joe\" 8.\"Heavy Horses\" 9.\"Musicians Introductions\" 10.\"Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day\" 11.\"Instrumental (Inc Flute Solo)\" 12.\"Trio Instrumental\" 13.\"Keyboard Solo\" 14.\"Batteries Not Included\" 15.\"Uniform (Inc Drum Solo)\" 16.\"Protect And Survive (Inc Violin Solo)\" 17.\"Bungle In The Jungle\" 18.\"Encore Intro - Guitar And Bass Instrumental\" 19.\"Aqualung\" 20.\"Locomotive Breath / Instrumental / Black Sunday (Reprise)\"Slipstream Video Steven Wilson Album Remix (DTS 96/24 5.1 Surround, Dolby AC3 5.1 Surround, Stereo 48/24 LPCM)No.TitleLength1.\"Slipstream Introduction\" 2.\"Black Sunday\" 3.\"Dun Ringil\" 4.\"Flyingdale Flyer\" 5.\"Songs From The Wood\" 6.\"Heavy Horses\" 7.\"Sweet Dream\" 8.\"Too Old To Rock'n'Roll: Too Young To Die\" 9.\"Skating Away On The Thin Ice Of The New Day\" 10.\"Aqualung\" 11.\"Locomotive Breath\"","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Anderson"},{"link_name":"Martin Barre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Barre"},{"link_name":"Dave Pegg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Pegg"},{"link_name":"mandolin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin"},{"link_name":"Mark Craney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Craney"},{"link_name":"Eddie Jobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Jobson"},{"link_name":"synthesizer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesizer"}],"text":"Ian Anderson – vocals, flute\nMartin Barre – guitar\nDave Pegg – bass guitar, mandolin\nMark Craney – drumsGuest personnelEddie Jobson – keyboards, synthesizer, electric violin on The Pine Marten's JigTechnical staffRobin Black – sound engineer\nJohn Shaw – photography\nPeter Wagg – art direction","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (4th ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195313734.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Larkin","url_text":"Larkin, Colin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Popular_Music","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Popular Music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195313734","url_text":"978-0195313734"}]},{"reference":"Kovarsky, Jerry (17 November 2016). \"Interview: Eddie Jobson\". Keyboard Magazine. Retrieved 28 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/artists/interview-eddie-jobson","url_text":"\"Interview: Eddie Jobson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_Magazine","url_text":"Keyboard Magazine"}]},{"reference":"David Rees (1998). Minstrels in the Gallery. p. 224.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Jethro Tull 'A' 40th Anniversary Edition\". Jethrotull.com. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://jethrotull.com/jethro-tull-a-40th-anniversary-edition/","url_text":"\"Jethro Tull 'A' 40th Anniversary Edition\""}]},{"reference":"Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970–1992 (illustrated ed.). St Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 155. ISBN 0-646-11917-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Kent_(historian)","url_text":"Kent, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-646-11917-6","url_text":"0-646-11917-6"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22A%22+Jethro+Tull+album","external_links_name":"\"A\" Jethro Tull album"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22A%22+Jethro+Tull+album+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22A%22+Jethro+Tull+album&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22A%22+Jethro+Tull+album+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22A%22+Jethro+Tull+album","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22A%22+Jethro+Tull+album&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r10382/review","external_links_name":"A review"},{"Link":"https://www.keyboardmag.com/artists/interview-eddie-jobson","external_links_name":"\"Interview: Eddie Jobson\""},{"Link":"http://jethrotull.com/jethro-tull-a-40th-anniversary-edition/","external_links_name":"\"Jethro Tull 'A' 40th Anniversary Edition\""},{"Link":"https://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Jethro+Tull&titel=A&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Austriancharts.at – Jethro Tull – A\""},{"Link":"https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.4703a&URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.4703a.gif&Ecopy=nlc008388.4703a","external_links_name":"\"Top RPM Albums: Issue 4703a\""},{"Link":"https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Jethro+Tull&titel=A&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Dutchcharts.nl – Jethro Tull – A\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-8521","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Jethro Tull – A\""},{"Link":"https://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Jethro+Tull&titel=A&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Norwegiancharts.com – Jethro Tull – A\""},{"Link":"https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/19800907/7502/","external_links_name":"\"Official Albums Chart Top 100\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/Jethro-Tull/chart-history/TLP","external_links_name":"\"Jethro Tull Chart History (Billboard 200)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Jethro+Tull&titel=A&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Jethro Tull – A\""},{"Link":"https://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Jethro+Tull&titel=A&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Ultratop.be – Jethro Tull – A\""},{"Link":"https://www.offiziellecharts.de/album-details-8521","external_links_name":"\"Offiziellecharts.de – Jethro Tull – A\""},{"Link":"https://slagerlistak.hu/album-top-40-slagerlista/2021/16","external_links_name":"\"Album Top 40 slágerlista – 2021. 16. hét\""},{"Link":"http://swisscharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Jethro+Tull&titel=A&cat=a","external_links_name":"\"Swisscharts.com – Jethro Tull – A\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r10382","external_links_name":"A (1980)"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r686338","external_links_name":"A (2004)"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/a4564bd3-c772-3f78-b0e3-27495bf155d4","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas | 1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas | ["1 Overview","2 District 1","3 District 2","4 District 3","5 District 4","6 District 5","7 District 6","8 District 7","9 District 8","10 District 9","11 District 10","12 District 11","13 District 12","14 District 13","15 District 14","16 District 15","17 District 16","18 District 17","19 District 18","20 District 19","21 District 20","22 District 21","23 District 22","24 District 23","25 District 24","26 District 25","27 District 26","28 District 27","29 District 28","30 District 29","31 District 30","32 References"] | 1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas
← 1994
November 5, 1996
1998 →
All 30 Texas seats to the United States House of Representatives
Majority party
Minority party
Party
Democratic
Republican
Last election
19
11
Seats before
18
12
Seats won
17
13
Seat change
1
1
Popular vote
2,206,346
2,604,389
Percentage
44.8%
52.9%
Swing
2.7%
2.8%
Democratic
50–60%
60–70%
70–80%
80–90%
Republican
50–60%
60–70%
70–80%
80–90%
Elections in Texas
Federal government
Presidential elections
1848
1852
1856
1860
1872
1876
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1888
1892
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1932
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1847
1851
1853
1857
1859
1859 sp
1870
1871
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1882
1887
1888
1892 sp
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1941 sp
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1976
1978
1982
1984
1988
1990
1993 sp
1994
1996
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2014
2018
2020
2024
2026
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1846
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1853
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1866
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1876
1878
1879
6th sp
1880
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8th sp
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1934
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1938
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6th sp
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9th sp
16th sp
1948
15th sp
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1951
13th sp
1952
7th sp
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1961
20th sp
1962
4th sp
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1963
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1964
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1968
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1970
1972
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1st sp
22nd sp
1978
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1982
1983
6th sp
1984
1985
1st sp
1986
1988
1989
12th sp
18th sp
1990
1991
3rd sp
1992
1994
1996
1997
28th sp
1998
2000
2002
2003
19th sp
2004
2006
22nd
2008
2010
2012
2014
2016
2018
27th sp
2020
2021
6th sp
2022
34th sp
2024
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1936
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Corpus Christi
Mayoral elections
2012
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2018
2020
Dallas–Fort Worth
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Mayoral elections
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Governmentvte
The 1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas occurred on November 5, 1996, to elect the members of the state of Texas's delegation to the United States House of Representatives. Texas had thirty seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1990 United States census.
Texas underwent mid-decade redistricting as a result of the Supreme Court case Bush v. Vera. The court had ruled that districts such as District 18 and District 30 were racially gerrymandered. A prior district court decision had voided the results of the primary elections in 13 districts, which the Supreme Court upheld. These districts instead conducted special elections concurrent with the general elections.
These elections occurred simultaneously with the United States Senate elections of 1996, the United States House elections in other states, and various state and local elections.
Texas Democrats maintained their majority in Texas' congressional delegation, albeit reduced by two seats from 1994. These elections produced an unusually high level of turnover due to the retirements of several representatives.
Overview
United States House of Representatives elections in Texas, 1996
Party
Votes
Percentage
Seats before
Seats after
+/–
Republican
2,604,389
52.91%
11
13
+2
Democratic
2,206,346
44.82%
19
17
-2
Independent
43,570
0.89%
0
0
-
Libertarian
30,019
0.61%
0
0
-
Natural Law
29,993
0.61%
0
0
-
Constitution
7,887
0.02%
0
0
-
Totals
4,922,204
100.00%
30
30
—
District 1
See also: Texas's 1st congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Jim Chapman opted to retire rather than run for re-election.
Texas's 1st congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Max Sandlin
102,697
51.56
Republican
Ed Merritt
93,105
46.75
Natural Law
Margaret Palms
3,368
1.69
Total votes
199,170
100
Democratic hold
District 2
See also: Texas's 2nd congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Charlie Wilson opted to retire rather than run for re-election.
Texas's 2nd congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Jim Turner
102,908
52.25
Republican
Brian Babin
89,838
45.61
Independent
Henry McCullough
2,390
1.21
Libertarian
David Constant
1,240
0.63
Natural Law
Gary Hardy
595
0.30
Total votes
196,971
100
Democratic hold
District 3
See also: Texas's 3rd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Sam Johnson ran for re-election. The 3rd district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 3rd congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Sam Johnson (incumbent)
142,325
72.98
Democratic
Lee Cole
47,654
24.43
Libertarian
John Davis
5,045
2.59
Write-in
Others
2
0.00
Total votes
195,026
100
Republican hold
District 4
1996 Texas's 4th congressional district election← 19941998 →
Nominee
Ralph Hall
Jerry Ray Hall
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
132,126
71,065
Percentage
63.8%
34.3%
County results R. Hall: 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% J. Hall: 50–60%
U.S. Representative before election
Ralph Hall
Democratic
Elected U.S. Representative
Ralph Hall
Democratic
See also: Texas's 4th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ralph Hall ran for re-election.
Texas's 4th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ralph M. Hall
132,126
63.77
Republican
Jerry Ray Hall
71,065
34.30
Libertarian
Steven Rothacker
3,172
1.53
Natural Law
Enos Denham
814
0.39
Total votes
207,177
100
Democratic hold
District 5
See also: Texas's 5th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat John Wiley Bryant retired to run for U.S. Senator. The 5th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 5th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Pete Sessions
80,196
53.07
Democratic
John Pouland
70,922
46.93
Write-in
Jesus Christ
1
0.00
Total votes
151,119
100.00
Republican gain from Democratic
District 6
See also: Texas's 6th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Joe Barton ran for re-election. The 6th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 6th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Joe Barton (incumbent)
160,800
77.12
Independent
Skeet Richardson
26,713
12.81
Libertarian
Catherine Anderson
14,456
6.93
Constitution
Doug Williams
6,547
3.14
Total votes
208,516
100
Republican hold
District 7
See also: Texas's 7th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Bill Archer ran for re-election. The 7th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 7th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Bill Archer (incumbent)
152,024
81.37
Democratic
Al J.K. Siegmund
28,187
15.09
Independent
Gene Hsiao
3,896
2.09
Independent
Randy Sims
2,724
1.46
Total votes
186,831
100
Republican hold
District 8
1996 Texas's 8th congressional district election← 19941998 →
Candidate
Kevin Brady
Gene Fontenot
Party
Republican
Republican
First round
80,32541.5%
75,39938.9%
Runoff
30,36659.1%
21,00440.9%
Candidate
CJ Newman
Robert Musemeche
Party
Democratic
Democratic
First round
26,24613.6%
11,6896.0%
Runoff
Eliminated
Eliminated
First round county results Runoff county resultsBrady: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% Fontenot: 40–50%
U.S. Representative before election
Jack Fields
Republican
Elected U.S. Representative
Kevin Brady
Republican
See also: Texas's 8th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Jack Fields opted to retire rather than run for re-election. The 8th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 8th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kevin Brady
80,325
41.48
Republican
Gene Fontenot
75,399
38.93
Democratic
CJ Newman
26,246
13.55
Democratic
Robert Musemeche
11,689
6.04
Total votes
193,659
100
No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10.
Texas's 8th congressional district runoff, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kevin Brady
30,366
59.11
Republican
Gene Fontenot
21,004
40.89
Total votes
51,370
100
Republican hold
District 9
1996 Texas's 9th congressional district election← 19941998 →
Candidate
Nick Lampson
Steve Stockman
Party
Democratic
Republican
First round
83,78244.1%
88,17146.4%
Runoff
59,22552.8%
52,87047.2%
Candidate
Geraldine Sam
Party
Democratic
First round
17,8879.4%
Runoff
Eliminated
First round county results Runoff county resultsLampson: 50–60% Stockman: 40–50% 60–70%
U.S. Representative before election
Steve Stockman
Republican
Elected U.S. Representative
Nick Lampson
Democratic
See also: Texas's 9th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Steve Stockman ran for re-election. The 9th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 9th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Steve Stockman (incumbent)
88,171
46.44
Democratic
Nick Lampson
83,782
44.13
Democratic
Geraldine Sam
17,887
9.42
Total votes
189,840
100
No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10. Stockman lost reelection by 5.66% to Democratic challenger Nick Lampson.
Texas's 9th congressional district runoff, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Nick Lampson
59,225
52.83
Republican
Steve Stockman (incumbent)
52,870
47.17
Total votes
112,095
100.00
Democratic gain from Republican
District 10
See also: Texas's 10th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Lloyd Doggett ran for re-election. He won against Republican candidate Teresa Doggett, to whom he has no relation.
Texas's 10th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Lloyd Doggett (incumbent)
132,066
56.20
Republican
Teresa Doggett
97,204
41.36
Libertarian
Gary Johnson
3,950
1.68
Natural Law
Steve Klayman
1,771
0.75
Total votes
234,991
100
Democratic hold
District 11
See also: Texas's 11th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Chet Edwards ran for re-election.
Texas's 11th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Chet Edwards (incumbent)
99,990
56.83
Republican
Jay Mathis
74,549
42.37
Natural Law
Ken Hardin
1,396
0.79
Total votes
175,935
100
Democratic hold
District 12
1996 Texas's 12th congressional district election← 19941998 →
Nominee
Kay Granger
Hugh Parmer
Party
Republican
Democratic
Popular vote
98,349
69,859
Percentage
57.8%
41.0%
County results Granger: 50–60% 60–70%
U.S. Representative before election
Pete Geren
Democratic
Elected U.S. Representative
Kay Granger
Republican
See also: Texas's 12th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Pete Geren opted to retire rather than run for re-election.
Texas's 12th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Kay Granger
98,349
57.78
Democratic
Hugh Parmer
69,859
41.04
Natural Law
Heather Proffer
1,996
1.17
Total votes
170,204
100.00
Republican gain from Democratic
District 13
See also: Texas's 13th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Mac Thornberry ran for re-election.
Texas's 13th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Mac Thornberry (incumbent)
116,098
66.87
Democratic
Samuel Brown Silverman
56,066
32.29
Natural Law
Don Harkey
1,463
0.84
Total votes
173,627
100
Republican hold
District 14
See also: Texas's 14th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Greg Laughlin switched his party affiliation to the Republican Party on June 26, 1995. He was defeated in the Republican Primary by former U.S. Representative Ron Paul.
Texas's 14th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Ron Paul
99,961
51.08
Democratic
Lefty Morris
93,200
47.62
Natural Law
Ed Fasanella
2,538
1.30
Total votes
195,699
100
Republican hold
District 15
See also: Texas's 15th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Kika de la Garza opted to retire rather than run for re-election.
Texas's 15th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ruben Hinojosa
86,347
62.30
Republican
Tom Haughey
50,914
36.74
Natural Law
Rob Wofford
1,333
0.96
Total votes
138,594
100
Democratic hold
District 16
See also: Texas's 16th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ronald D. Coleman opted to retire rather than run for re-election.
Texas's 16th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Silvestre Reyes
90,260
70.63
Republican
Rick Ledesma
35,271
27.60
Natural Law
Carl Proffer
2,253
1.76
Total votes
127,784
100
Democratic hold
District 17
1996 Texas's 17th congressional district election← 19941998 →
Nominee
Charles Stenholm
Rudy Izzard
Party
Democratic
Republican
Popular vote
99,678
91,429
Percentage
51.7%
47.4%
County results Stenholm: 40–50% 50–60% 60–70% 70–80% Izzard: 50–60%
U.S. Representative before election
Charles Stenholm
Democratic
Elected U.S. Representative
Charles Stenholm
Democratic
See also: Texas's 17th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Charles Stenholm ran for re-election.
Texas's 17th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Charles Stenholm
99,678
51.65
Republican
Rudy Izzard
91,429
47.37
Natural Law
Richard Caro
1,887
0.98
Total votes
192,994
100
Democratic hold
District 18
See also: Texas's 18th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Sheila Jackson Lee ran for re-election. The 18th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 18th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Sheila Jackson Lee (incumbent)
106,111
77.07
Republican
Larry White
13,956
10.14
Republican
Jerry Burley
7,877
5.72
Republican
George Young
5,332
3.87
Democratic
Mike Lamson
4,412
3.20
Total votes
137,688
100
Democratic hold
District 19
See also: Texas's 19th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Larry Combest ran for re-election.
Texas's 19th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Larry Combest (incumbent)
156,910
80.37
Democratic
John Sawyer
38,316
19.63
Total votes
195,226
100
Republican hold
District 20
See also: Texas's 20th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Henry B. González ran for re-election.
Texas's 20th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Henry B. Gonzalez (incumbent)
88,190
63.72
Republican
James Walker
47,616
34.40
Libertarian
Alex De Pena
2,156
1.56
Natural Law
Lyndon Felps
447
0.32
Total votes
138,409
100
Democratic hold
District 21
See also: Texas's 21st congressional districtIncumbent Republican Lamar Smith ran for re-election.
Texas's 21st congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Lamar Smith (incumbent)
205,830
76.43
Democratic
Gordon Wharton
60,338
22.40
Natural Law
Randy Rutenbeck
3,139
1.17
Total votes
269,307
100
Republican hold
District 22
See also: Texas's 22nd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Tom DeLay ran for re-election. The 22nd district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 22nd congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Tom DeLay (incumbent)
126,056
68.11
Democratic
Scott Douglas Cunningham
59,030
31.89
Total votes
185,086
100
Republican hold
District 23
See also: Texas's 23rd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Henry Bonilla ran for re-election.
Texas's 23rd congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Henry Bonilla (incumbent)
101,332
61.85
Democratic
Charles Jones
59,596
36.37
Natural Law
Linda Caswell
2,911
1.78
Total votes
163,839
100
Republican hold
District 24
See also: Texas's 24th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Martin Frost ran for re-election. The 24th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 24th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Martin Frost
77,847
55.75
Write-in
Martin Frost
8
0.01
Total
Martin Frost (incumbent)
77,855
55.76
Republican
Ed Harrison
54,551
39.07
Democratic
Marion Jacob
4,656
3.33
Independent
Dale Mouton
2,574
1.84
Write-in
Fred Hank
1
0.00
Total votes
139,637
100
Democratic hold
District 25
See also: Texas's 25th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ken Bentsen ran for re-election. The 25th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 25th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ken Bentsen (incumbent)
43,701
34.04
Republican
Dolly Madison McKenna
21,898
17.06
Democratic
Beverley Clark
21,699
16.90
Republican
Brent Perry
16,737
13.04
Republican
John Devine
9,070
7.06
Republican
John Sanchez
8,984
7.00
Republican
Ken Mathis
3,649
2.84
Republican
RC Meinke
997
0.78
Republican
Lloyd Oliver
827
0.64
Republican
Dotty Quinn Collins
561
0.44
Socialist Workers
Jerry Freiwirth
270
0.21
Total votes
128,393
100
No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10.
Texas's 25th congressional district runoff, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Ken Bentsen (incumbent)
29,396
57.32
Republican
Dolly Madison McKenna
21,892
42.68
Total votes
51,288
100
Democratic hold
District 26
See also: Texas's 26th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Dick Armey ran for re-election. The 26th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 26th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Republican
Dick Armey (incumbent)
163,708
73.63
Democratic
Jerry Frankel
58,623
26.37
Write-in
Others
11
0.00
Total votes
222,342
100
Republican hold
District 27
See also: Texas's 27th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Solomon Ortiz ran for re-election.
Texas's 27th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Solomon Ortiz (incumbent)
97,350
64.64
Republican
Joe Gardner
50,964
33.84
Natural Law
Kevin Richardson
2,286
1.52
Total votes
150,600
100
Democratic hold
District 28
See also: Texas's 28th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Frank Tejeda ran for re-election.
Texas's 28th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Frank Tejeda (incumbent)
110,148
75.37
Republican
Mark Cude
34,191
23.40
Natural Law
Clifford Finley
1,796
1.23
Total votes
150,600
100
Democratic hold
District 29
See also: Texas's 29th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Gene Green ran for re-election. The 29th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 29th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Gene Green (incumbent)
61,751
67.51
Republican
Jack Rodriguez
28,381
31.03
Constitution
Jack Klinger
1,340
1.46
Total votes
91,472
100
Democratic hold
District 30
See also: Texas's 30th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Eddie Bernice Johnson ran for re-election. The 30th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.
Texas's 30th congressional district, 1996
Party
Candidate
Votes
%
Democratic
Eddie Bernice Johnson (incumbent)
61,723
54.59
Republican
John Hendry
20,665*
18.28
Democratic
James Sweatt
9,909
8.76
Democratic
Marvin Crenshaw
7,765
6.87
Republican
Lisa Kitterman
7,761
6.86
Independent
Lisa Hembry
3,501
3.10
Independent
Ada Granado
1,278
1.13
Independent
Stevan Hammond
468
0.41
Write-in
Eddie Bernice Johnson (misspelled)
2
0.00
Total votes
113,072
100
*Includes one write-in vote
References
^ "Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996)". Justia Law. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
^ "History". redistricting.capitol.texas.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
^ a b Ramos, Mary G. (1997). "Texas Almanac, 1998-1999". The Portal to Texas History. p. 385. Retrieved June 17, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "1996 General Election". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "1996 November Special Election". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
^ a b c d "1996 Special Runoff Election". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.
^ June 1996 0, Mimi Swartz (June 1, 1996). "Truckin'". Texas Monthly. Retrieved June 21, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Texas Rep. Jack Fields to retire". UPI. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
^ "Senate Names Pete Geren 20th Secretary of the Army". www.army.mil. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
^ Cooper, Kenneth J. (June 27, 1995). "TEXAN BECOMES SECOND HOUSE DEMOCRAT IN '95 TO SWITCH TO REPUBLICANS". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ "1996 Republican Party Primary Runoff Election". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved June 14, 2022.
^ "DE LA GARZA, Eligio (Kika), II | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
^ Ap (November 5, 1995). "Texas Democrat Retiring". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2022.
vte(1995←) 1996 United States elections (→1997)President
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2025 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"1990 United States census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_United_States_census"},{"link_name":"mid-decade redistricting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redistricting_in_Texas#Final_Democratic_gerrymander_(1990s)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Bush v. Vera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_v._Vera"},{"link_name":"District 18","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_18th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"District 30","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_30th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"United States Senate elections of 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_elections"},{"link_name":"United States House elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections"},{"link_name":"1994","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"The 1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas occurred on November 5, 1996, to elect the members of the state of Texas's delegation to the United States House of Representatives. Texas had thirty seats in the House, apportioned according to the 1990 United States census.Texas underwent mid-decade redistricting as a result of the Supreme Court case Bush v. Vera. The court had ruled that districts such as District 18 and District 30 were racially gerrymandered.[1] A prior district court decision had voided the results of the primary elections in 13 districts, which the Supreme Court upheld. These districts instead conducted special elections concurrent with the general elections.[2][3]These elections occurred simultaneously with the United States Senate elections of 1996, the United States House elections in other states, and various state and local elections.Texas Democrats maintained their majority in Texas' congressional delegation, albeit reduced by two seats from 1994. These elections produced an unusually high level of turnover due to the retirements of several representatives.[3]","title":"1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Texas"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 1st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_1st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Jim Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Chapman_(congressman)"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 1st congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Jim Chapman opted to retire rather than run for re-election.","title":"District 1"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 2nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_2nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charlie Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Wilson_(Texas_politician)"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 2nd congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Charlie Wilson opted to retire rather than run for re-election.","title":"District 2"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 3rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_3rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Sam Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Johnson"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 3rd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Sam Johnson ran for re-election. The 3rd district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 3"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 4th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_4th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ralph Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Hall"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 4th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ralph Hall ran for re-election.","title":"District 4"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 5th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_5th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"John Wiley Bryant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wiley_Bryant"},{"link_name":"run for U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_United_States_Senate_election_in_Texas"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 5th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat John Wiley Bryant retired to run for U.S. Senator.[7] The 5th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 5"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 6th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_6th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Joe Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Barton"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 6th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Joe Barton ran for re-election. The 6th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 6"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 7th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_7th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Bill Archer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Archer"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 7th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Bill Archer ran for re-election. The 7th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 7"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 8th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_8th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Jack Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Fields"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 8th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Jack Fields opted to retire rather than run for re-election.[8] The 8th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10.","title":"District 8"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 9th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_9th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Steve Stockman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Stockman"},{"link_name":"Nick Lampson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lampson"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 9th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Steve Stockman ran for re-election. The 9th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10. Stockman lost reelection by 5.66% to Democratic challenger Nick Lampson.","title":"District 9"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 10th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_10th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Lloyd Doggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_Doggett"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 10th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Lloyd Doggett ran for re-election. He won against Republican candidate Teresa Doggett, to whom he has no relation.","title":"District 10"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 11th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_11th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Chet Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chet_Edwards"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 11th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Chet Edwards ran for re-election.","title":"District 11"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 12th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_12th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Pete Geren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Geren"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 12th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Pete Geren opted to retire rather than run for re-election.[9]","title":"District 12"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 13th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_13th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Mac Thornberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_Thornberry"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 13th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Mac Thornberry ran for re-election.","title":"District 13"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 14th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_14th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Greg Laughlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Laughlin"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ron Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Paul"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 14th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Greg Laughlin switched his party affiliation to the Republican Party on June 26, 1995.[10] He was defeated in the Republican Primary by former U.S. Representative Ron Paul.[11]","title":"District 14"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 15th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_15th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Kika de la Garza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kika_de_la_Garza"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 15th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Kika de la Garza opted to retire rather than run for re-election.[12]","title":"District 15"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 16th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_16th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ronald D. Coleman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_D._Coleman"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 16th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ronald D. Coleman opted to retire rather than run for re-election.[13]","title":"District 16"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 17th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_17th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Charles Stenholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Stenholm"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 17th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Charles Stenholm ran for re-election.","title":"District 17"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 18th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_18th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Sheila Jackson Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheila_Jackson_Lee"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 18th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Sheila Jackson Lee ran for re-election. The 18th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 18"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 19th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_19th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Larry Combest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Combest"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 19th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Larry Combest ran for re-election.","title":"District 19"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 20th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_20th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Henry B. González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_B._Gonz%C3%A1lez"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 20th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Henry B. González ran for re-election.","title":"District 20"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 21st congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_21st_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Lamar Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Smith"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 21st congressional districtIncumbent Republican Lamar Smith ran for re-election.","title":"District 21"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 22nd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_22nd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Tom DeLay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DeLay"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 22nd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Tom DeLay ran for re-election. The 22nd district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 22"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 23rd congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_23rd_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Henry Bonilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bonilla"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 23rd congressional districtIncumbent Republican Henry Bonilla ran for re-election.","title":"District 23"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 24th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_24th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Martin Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Frost"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 24th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Martin Frost ran for re-election. The 24th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 24"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 25th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_25th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Ken Bentsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Bentsen_Jr."}],"text":"See also: Texas's 25th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Ken Bentsen ran for re-election. The 25th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.No candidate received a majority of the vote, so a runoff was held on December 10.","title":"District 25"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 26th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_26th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Dick Armey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Armey"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 26th congressional districtIncumbent Republican Dick Armey ran for re-election. The 26th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 26"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 27th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_27th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Solomon Ortiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_P._Ortiz"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 27th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Solomon Ortiz ran for re-election.","title":"District 27"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 28th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_28th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Frank Tejeda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Tejeda"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 28th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Frank Tejeda ran for re-election.","title":"District 28"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 29th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_29th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Gene Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Green"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 29th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Gene Green ran for re-election. The 29th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.","title":"District 29"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas's 30th congressional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas%27s_30th_congressional_district"},{"link_name":"Eddie Bernice Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Bernice_Johnson"},{"link_name":"write-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write-in_candidate"}],"text":"See also: Texas's 30th congressional districtIncumbent Democrat Eddie Bernice Johnson ran for re-election. The 30th district was among thirteen districts holding a special election on November 5, the same day as the general election. The race pitted all certified candidates against one another in each district, regardless of party.*Includes one write-in vote","title":"District 30"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996)\". Justia Law. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/517/952/","url_text":"\"Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996)\""}]},{"reference":"\"History\". redistricting.capitol.texas.gov. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://redistricting.capitol.texas.gov/history","url_text":"\"History\""}]},{"reference":"Ramos, Mary G. (1997). \"Texas Almanac, 1998-1999\". The Portal to Texas History. p. 385. Retrieved June 17, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth162515/m1/384/","url_text":"\"Texas Almanac, 1998-1999\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 General Election\". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist56_state.htm","url_text":"\"1996 General Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 November Special Election\". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist57_state.htm","url_text":"\"1996 November Special Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Special Runoff Election\". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved May 19, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist58_state.htm","url_text":"\"1996 Special Runoff Election\""}]},{"reference":"June 1996 0, Mimi Swartz (June 1, 1996). \"Truckin'\". Texas Monthly. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/truckin/","url_text":"\"Truckin'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texas Rep. Jack Fields to retire\". UPI. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/12/11/Texas-Rep-Jack-Fields-to-retire/9690818658000/","url_text":"\"Texas Rep. Jack Fields to retire\""}]},{"reference":"\"Senate Names Pete Geren 20th Secretary of the Army\". www.army.mil. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.army.mil/article/4042/senate_names_pete_geren_20th_secretary_of_the_army","url_text":"\"Senate Names Pete Geren 20th Secretary of the Army\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Kenneth J. (June 27, 1995). \"TEXAN BECOMES SECOND HOUSE DEMOCRAT IN '95 TO SWITCH TO REPUBLICANS\". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/06/27/texan-becomes-second-house-democrat-in-95-to-switch-to-republicans/ddef4179-595f-4de6-8298-45899bfeb083/","url_text":"\"TEXAN BECOMES SECOND HOUSE DEMOCRAT IN '95 TO SWITCH TO REPUBLICANS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","url_text":"0190-8286"}]},{"reference":"\"1996 Republican Party Primary Runoff Election\". elections.sos.state.tx.us. Retrieved June 14, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist54_state.htm","url_text":"\"1996 Republican Party Primary Runoff Election\""}]},{"reference":"\"DE LA GARZA, Eligio (Kika), II | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\". history.house.gov. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DE-LA-GARZA,-Eligio-(Kika),-II-(D000203)/","url_text":"\"DE LA GARZA, Eligio (Kika), II | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\""}]},{"reference":"Ap (November 5, 1995). \"Texas Democrat Retiring\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 21, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/05/us/texas-democrat-retiring.html","url_text":"\"Texas Democrat Retiring\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/517/952/","external_links_name":"\"Bush v. Vera, 517 U.S. 952 (1996)\""},{"Link":"https://redistricting.capitol.texas.gov/history","external_links_name":"\"History\""},{"Link":"https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth162515/m1/384/","external_links_name":"\"Texas Almanac, 1998-1999\""},{"Link":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist56_state.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 General Election\""},{"Link":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist57_state.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 November Special Election\""},{"Link":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist58_state.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 Special Runoff Election\""},{"Link":"https://www.texasmonthly.com/news-politics/truckin/","external_links_name":"\"Truckin'\""},{"Link":"https://www.upi.com/Archives/1995/12/11/Texas-Rep-Jack-Fields-to-retire/9690818658000/","external_links_name":"\"Texas Rep. Jack Fields to retire\""},{"Link":"https://www.army.mil/article/4042/senate_names_pete_geren_20th_secretary_of_the_army","external_links_name":"\"Senate Names Pete Geren 20th Secretary of the Army\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1995/06/27/texan-becomes-second-house-democrat-in-95-to-switch-to-republicans/ddef4179-595f-4de6-8298-45899bfeb083/","external_links_name":"\"TEXAN BECOMES SECOND HOUSE DEMOCRAT IN '95 TO SWITCH TO REPUBLICANS\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286","external_links_name":"0190-8286"},{"Link":"https://elections.sos.state.tx.us/elchist54_state.htm","external_links_name":"\"1996 Republican Party Primary Runoff Election\""},{"Link":"https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DE-LA-GARZA,-Eligio-(Kika),-II-(D000203)/","external_links_name":"\"DE LA GARZA, Eligio (Kika), II | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/05/us/texas-democrat-retiring.html","external_links_name":"\"Texas Democrat Retiring\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanaa_Turkish_Memorial_Cemetery | Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Cemetery in Sana'a, Yemen
The Sana'a Turkish Memorial Cemetery (Turkish: Yemen-Türk Şehitliği) is a burial ground of Ottoman soldiers in Sana'a, Yemen.
Inaugurated in 2011 after renovation, the Turkish Memorial Cemetery holds remains of soldiers, who fell during World War I, and commemorates the four-centuries-long presence of Ottoman Empire in Yemen. It is situated next to the former Ottoman Army barracks in the Yemeni capital city, today General Staff headquarters of the Yemen Armed Forces. Turkish high officials visiting Yemen pay tribute at the cemetery.
See also
Yemen Eyalet (1517–1872)
Yemen Vilayet (1872–1918)
Arab Revolt (1916–1918)
References
^ "Turkey extends visa-free regime to embattled Yemen". Today's Zaman. 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ "Turkey's Abdullah Gul to visit Yemen to boost economic ties". 26 September News. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ "President visits Yemen; Prime Minister Kuwait, Qatar". Today's Zaman. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ "Sana'daki Türk Bayrağı dalgalanmaya devam ediyor". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ "Turkish delegation leaves Sana'a, paying visit to Turkish cemetery". Yemen Fox. 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ "Turkish and Yemeni foreign ministers meet in Sana'a". Anadolu Agency. 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
^ "Davutoglu in Yemen". Dünya. 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2015-02-24.
vte Tourist attractions in YemenWorldHeritageSitesListed
Historic Town of Zabid
Old City of Sanaa
Old Walled City of Shibam
Socotra Archipelago
Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba
Tentative list
Archaeological Site of Marib
Historic City of Saada
The Historic City of Thula
The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada
Jibla and its surroundings
Jabal Haraz
Jabal Bura
Balhaf/Burum coastal area
The Hawf Area
Sharma/Jethmun coastal area
Yemen portalArchaeological sites
Al Hajjarah
Awwam
Baraqish
Baynun
Cisterns of Tawila
Haram
Kaminahu
Ma'rib
Marib Dam
Maṣna'at Māriya
Nahom
Nashan
Nashaq
Sanaa
Shabwa
Shaharah
Shibam
Sirwah
Timna
Zabid
Zafar
Museums
House of Folklore
National Museum of Yemen
Yemen Military Museum
PalacesCastles
Aljabowbi Castle
Cairo Castle
Dar al-Bashair
Dar al-Hajar
Dar al-Shukr
Dar as-Sa'd
Fort Al-Ghwayzi
Ghumdan Palace
Palace of Queen Arwa
Sultan Al-Qu'aiti Palace
Citadel of Rada'a
Seiyun Palace
Sheba Palace
Places of worship
Aidrus Mosque
Al-Asha'ir Mosque
Al-Bakiriyya Mosque
Al-Hadi Mosque
Al-Mahdi Mosque
Al-Muhdhar Mosque
Al-Qalis Church
Al Shohada Mosque
Al Tawheed Mosque
Alansar Mosque
Albolaily Mosque
Alemaan Mosque
Ashrafiya Mosque
Barran Temple
Great Mosque of Sanaa
Grand Synagogue of Aden
Hanthel Mosque
Jennad Mosque
Mudhaffar Mosque
Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Mosque
Queen Arwa Mosque
Saleh Mosque
St. Francis of Assisi Church
St. Mary Help of Christians Church
Talha Mosque
Temple of Awwam
Protected area
Bura Community Protected Area
Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve
Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park
Ras Isa Marine Park
Socotra Island Protected Area
Zuqur Islands Marine National Park
Others
Amiriya Madrasa
Yemen Gate
Big Ben Aden
Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery
Shaharah Bridge
Sira Fortress
This article about the military of Turkey is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a building or structure in Yemen is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turkish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_language"},{"link_name":"Ottoman soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Army"},{"link_name":"Sana'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27a"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tz1-1"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26sn-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tz2-3"},{"link_name":"Yemen Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_of_Yemen"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-h1-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yf1-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aa1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-d1-7"}],"text":"The Sana'a Turkish Memorial Cemetery (Turkish: Yemen-Türk Şehitliği) is a burial ground of Ottoman soldiers in Sana'a, Yemen.Inaugurated in 2011 after renovation, the Turkish Memorial Cemetery holds remains of soldiers, who fell during World War I,[1] and commemorates the four-centuries-long presence of Ottoman Empire in Yemen.[2][3] It is situated next to the former Ottoman Army barracks in the Yemeni capital city, today General Staff headquarters of the Yemen Armed Forces.[4] Turkish high officials visiting Yemen pay tribute at the cemetery.[5][6][7]","title":"Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery"}] | [] | [{"title":"Yemen Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet"},{"title":"Yemen Vilayet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet"},{"title":"Arab Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Revolt"}] | [{"reference":"\"Turkey extends visa-free regime to embattled Yemen\". Today's Zaman. 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_turkey-extends-visa-free-regime-to-embattled-yemen_232188.html","url_text":"\"Turkey extends visa-free regime to embattled Yemen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman","url_text":"Today's Zaman"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkey's Abdullah Gul to visit Yemen to boost economic ties\". 26 September News. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.26sep.net/nprint.php?lng=english&sid=70502","url_text":"\"Turkey's Abdullah Gul to visit Yemen to boost economic ties\""}]},{"reference":"\"President visits Yemen; Prime Minister Kuwait, Qatar\". Today's Zaman. 2011-01-10. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/hasan-kanbolat/president-visits-yemen-prime-minister-kuwait-qatar_232029.html","url_text":"\"President visits Yemen; Prime Minister Kuwait, Qatar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman","url_text":"Today's Zaman"}]},{"reference":"\"Sana'daki Türk Bayrağı dalgalanmaya devam ediyor\". Hürriyet (in Turkish). 2015-02-24. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/28284241.asp","url_text":"\"Sana'daki Türk Bayrağı dalgalanmaya devam ediyor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCrriyet","url_text":"Hürriyet"}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish delegation leaves Sana'a, paying visit to Turkish cemetery\". Yemen Fox. 2012-11-26. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yemenfox.net/news_details.php?sid=5014","url_text":"\"Turkish delegation leaves Sana'a, paying visit to Turkish cemetery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Turkish and Yemeni foreign ministers meet in Sana'a\". Anadolu Agency. 2012-10-21. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/92749--turkish-and-yemeni-foreign-ministers-meet-in-sanaa","url_text":"\"Turkish and Yemeni foreign ministers meet in Sana'a\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadolu_Agency","url_text":"Anadolu Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Davutoglu in Yemen\". Dünya. 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2015-02-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dunya.com/davutoglu-in-yemen-169333h.htm","url_text":"\"Davutoglu in Yemen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_(newspaper,_1981)","url_text":"Dünya"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/diplomacy_turkey-extends-visa-free-regime-to-embattled-yemen_232188.html","external_links_name":"\"Turkey extends visa-free regime to embattled Yemen\""},{"Link":"http://www.26sep.net/nprint.php?lng=english&sid=70502","external_links_name":"\"Turkey's Abdullah Gul to visit Yemen to boost economic ties\""},{"Link":"http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist/hasan-kanbolat/president-visits-yemen-prime-minister-kuwait-qatar_232029.html","external_links_name":"\"President visits Yemen; Prime Minister Kuwait, Qatar\""},{"Link":"http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/dunya/28284241.asp","external_links_name":"\"Sana'daki Türk Bayrağı dalgalanmaya devam ediyor\""},{"Link":"http://www.yemenfox.net/news_details.php?sid=5014","external_links_name":"\"Turkish delegation leaves Sana'a, paying visit to Turkish cemetery\""},{"Link":"http://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/92749--turkish-and-yemeni-foreign-ministers-meet-in-sanaa","external_links_name":"\"Turkish and Yemeni foreign ministers meet in Sana'a\""},{"Link":"http://www.dunya.com/davutoglu-in-yemen-169333h.htm","external_links_name":"\"Davutoglu in Yemen\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanaa_Turkish_Memorial_Cemetery&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanaa_Turkish_Memorial_Cemetery&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorcum | Gorinchem | ["1 History","2 Demographics","3 Politics","4 Transport","5 Notable people","5.1 Public thinking & public service","5.2 The arts","5.3 Science & business","5.4 Sport","6 International relations","7 Gallery","8 References","9 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°49′50″N 4°58′27″E / 51.830556°N 4.974167°E / 51.830556; 4.974167Municipality in South Holland, NetherlandsGorinchemMunicipalityLingehaven in Gorinchem
FlagCoat of armsLocation in South HollandCoordinates: 51°49′50″N 4°58′27″E / 51.830556°N 4.974167°E / 51.830556; 4.974167CountryNetherlandsProvinceSouth HollandGovernment • BodyMunicipal council • MayorReinie Melissant-Briene (CDA)Area • Total21.93 km2 (8.47 sq mi) • Land18.83 km2 (7.27 sq mi) • Water3.10 km2 (1.20 sq mi)Elevation2 m (7 ft)Population (January 2021) • Total37,410 • Density1,987/km2 (5,150/sq mi)DemonymGorkumerTime zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)Postcode4200–4208Area code0183Websitewww.gorinchem.nl Dutch Topographic map of Gorinchem (town), Sept. 2014
Gorinchem (Dutch pronunciation: ⓘ or ), also spelled Gorkum, is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 21.93 km2 (8.47 sq mi) of which 3.10 km2 (1.20 sq mi) is water. It had a population of 37,410 in 2021.
The municipality of Gorinchem also includes the population centre of Dalem.
History
Dalem Gate
It is generally assumed that Gorinchem was founded c. 1000 AD by fishermen and farmers on the raised land near the mouth of the river Linge at the Merwede. Goriks Heem ("Home of Gorik" in early Middle Dutch) is first mentioned in a document from 1224 in which Floris IV granted people from Gorinchem exemption of toll payments throughout Holland.
Somewhere between 1247 and 1267, Gorinchem became property of the Lords of Arkel. At the end of the 13th century earthen mounts reinforced with palisades were built around the settlement to protect it from domination by the neighboring counties of Holland and Gelre. Half a century later real city walls were built complete with 7 gates and 23 watchtowers. Otto van Arkel granted it city rights on 11 November 1322.
Jan van Arkel had a dispute with Albert I, brother of Willem V of Holland, leading to war and subsequently to the annexation of Gorinchem to Holland in 1417. This resulted in increased trade and Gorinchem grew to be the eighth city of Holland.
On 9 July 1572, the Watergeuzen (Dutch rebels against Spanish rule) conquered the city and captured 19 Catholic priests and monks. Because they refused to renounce their faith, these priests and monks were brought to Brielle where they were hanged and were from then on known among Catholics as the Martyrs of Gorkum.
By the 16th century, the city walls were so deteriorated that they were replaced with new fortifications and eleven bastions that still are almost completely intact. The new walls were completed in 1609 and were located further from the town centre, making the city twice as large. In 1673, Gorinchem became part of the old Dutch Water Line.
The city walls had four city gates: the Arkel Gate in the north, the Dalem Gate in the east, the Water Gate in the south (where the ferry to Woudrichem was), and the Kansel Gate in the west. Of these four gates, only the Dalem Gate remains. The others were removed in the 19th century to make way for vehicular traffic. A portion of the Water Gate was preserved in the gardens of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam.
Map of Gorinchem of 1869.
In the 18th century, the economy went into decline. After the French domination, the retreating French troops took station in the bastion fortress of Gorinchem. After a three-month siege they capitulated but the city was heavily damaged.
During the Industrial Revolution, Gorinchem recovered. Increased shipping led to new canals being dug and a railway connection to the city. Its population quickly increased, filling the innercity, and new neighbourhoods had to be built outside the city walls.
At the beginning of the 20th century, expansion took place in the Lingewijk and West neighbourhoods. After World War II, expansion started in the north-western portion of the municipality which was completed in the 1970s. This was followed by developments of the neighbourhoods Wijdschild and Laag Dalem east of the city center. In 1986, the town Dalem was added to the municipality.
In August 2021 ANWB named Gorinchem the most beautiful star fort in the Netherlands.
Demographics
Gorinchem had 37,456 inhabitants on 1 January 2021.
Politics
The current mayor of Gorinchem is Reinie Melissant-Briene of the CDA. The municipal executive consists of the City Interest, Democrats Gorinchem, PvdA and CDA.
The municipal council of Gorinchem has 25 members, which are directly elected. The composition of the municipal council as of the 2018 Dutch municipal elections is as shown in the table below.
Party
Role
Seats
City Interest
Executive
5
Democrats Gorinchem
Executive
4
PvdA
Executive
3
VVD
Opposition
3
SP
Opposition
2
CDA
Executive
2
CU-SGP
Opposition
2
D66
Opposition
2
GroenLinks
Opposition
1
Active Gorcum
Opposition
1
Transport
The city is crossed by two motorways; the A15 on the northside, and the A27 on the westside.
The city also has a railway station: Gorinchem.
Notable people
Martyrs de Gorkum
Public thinking & public service
John V, Lord of Arkel (1362–1428) stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and West Frisia
Henry of Gorkum (c. 1378– 1431) a Dutch theologian
Willem Hessels van Est (1542–1613) a Dutch Catholic theologian
The Martyrs of Gorkum a group of 19 Dutch Catholic clerics who were hanged in 1572
Thomas van Erpe (1584–1624) a Dutch Orientalist, published a book of Arabic grammar
Dirk Rafelsz Camphuysen (1586–1627) theologian, poet, painter
Johannes van Neercassel (1625–1686) Archbishop of Utrecht 1661 to 1686.
Hendrik Hamel (1630–1692) seafarer and writer
Aegidius van Braam (1758–1822) a Dutch naval vice-admiral
Pierre van Paassen (1895–1968) a Dutch–Canadian-American journalist, writer, and Unitarian minister
Roger van Boxtel (born 1954) a retired Dutch politician and businessman, lives in Gorinchem
Abraham Bloemaert
Ida Gerhardt, 1968
The arts
Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) Dutch painter and printmaker in etching and engraving
Anthonie Verstraelen (1593/1594-1641) a Dutch landscape painter of winter scenes
Aert van der Neer (c. 1603–1677) a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter
Cornelis Saftleven (ca.1607–1681) a Dutch painter, worked in many genres
Jacob van der Ulft (1621–1689) a Dutch painter, glass painter, print artist, architect and Mayor of Gorinchem 1660 to 1679
Hendrik Verschuring (1627–1690) a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter
Jan van der Heyden (1637–1712) a Dutch Baroque-era painter, glass painter, draughtsman and printmaker
Ida Gerhardt (1905–1997) a classicist and Dutch poet of a post-symbolist tradition
A. Teeuw (1921–2012) a Dutch critic of Indonesian literature
Jan van Munster (born 1939) a Dutch sculptor and installation artist
Dinand Woesthoff (born 1972) a Dutch musician, lead singer with Dutch band Kane
Nikos Vertis (born 1976) a Greek singer
Boaz de Jong (born 1988) stage name Boaz van de Beatz, a Dutch record producer and DJ
Chu Lan-ting (born 1990) stage name Diana Wang, a Dutch-born Taiwanese singer and film actress
Science & business
Gerard Boate (1604–1650) physician and author of The Natural History of Ireland and his brother
Arnold Boate (1606–1653) a Dutch physician and Hebrew scholar
Louis Jérôme Reiche (1799–1890) a French merchant, manufacturer and entomologist
Berend George Escher (1885–1967) a Dutch geologist and vulcanologist
Frans Michel Penning (1894–1953) a Dutch experimental physicist
Sport
Ab Oord (1885–1961) a Dutch weightlifter, competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics
Hadriaan van Nes (born 1942) a retired rower, team silver medallist at the 1968 Summer Olympics
Ruud Brood (born 1962) a football manager and former player with over 300 club caps
Arie Loef (born 1969) a retired speed skater, competed at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics
Marco van Hoogdalem (born 1972) a retired Dutch football player with over 350 club caps
Henk Norel (born 1987) a Dutch basketball player, 79 games with the Netherlands national basketball team
Frenkie de Jong (born 1997) a Dutch football player who is currently playing for FC Barcelona.
International relations
Gorinchem is twinned with
Gangjin, South Korea
Sint Niklaas, Belgium
Gallery
Gorinchem, church: de Grote Kerk
Gorinchem
Gorinchem, monumental building
Gorinchem, windmill
between Gorinchem and Arkel, bridge: de Haarbrug
References
^ "Burgemeester en wethouders" (in Dutch). Gemeente Gorinchem. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ "Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020" . StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
^ "Postcodetool for 4205AZ". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
^ "Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand" . CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.
^ "Erpenius, Thomas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 09 (11th ed.). 1911.
^ "Camphuysen, Dirk Rafelsz" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 05 (11th ed.). 1911.
^ "Bloemaert, Abraham" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 04 (11th ed.). 1911.
^ "Neer, van der" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). 1911.
^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Boate, Gerard" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 05. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
^ Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1886). "Boate, Arnold" . Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 05. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gorinchem.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gorinchem.
Official website
Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gorinchem" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
Places adjacent to Gorinchem
Molenlanden
Hardinxveld-Giessendam
Gorinchem
West Betuwe (GE)
Boven MerwedeAltena (NB)
Waal / Zaltbommel (GE)
vteMunicipalities of South Holland
Alblasserdam
Albrandswaard
Alphen aan den Rijn
Barendrecht
Bodegraven-Reeuwijk
Capelle aan den IJssel
Delft
Dordrecht
Goeree-Overflakkee
Gorinchem
Gouda
Hardinxveld-Giessendam
Hendrik-Ido-Ambacht
Hillegom
Hoeksche Waard
Kaag en Braassem
Katwijk
Krimpen aan den IJssel
Krimpenerwaard
Lansingerland
Leiden
Leiderdorp
Leidschendam-Voorburg
Lisse
Maassluis
Midden-Delfland
Molenlanden
Nieuwkoop
Nissewaard
Noordwijk
Oegstgeest
Papendrecht
Pijnacker-Nootdorp
Ridderkerk
Rijswijk
Rotterdam
Schiedam
Sliedrecht
Teylingen
The Hague
Vlaardingen
Voorne aan Zee
Voorschoten
Waddinxveen
Wassenaar
Westland
Zoetermeer
Zoeterwoude
Zuidplas
Zwijndrecht
See also
Netherlands
Provinces
Municipalities
Authority control databases National
Germany
Czech Republic
Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈɣɔrkʏm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/19/Nl-Gorinchem.ogg/Nl-Gorinchem.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nl-Gorinchem.ogg"},{"link_name":"[ˈɣɔrkəm]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch"},{"link_name":"also spelled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling"},{"link_name":"South Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Holland"},{"link_name":"Dalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalem,_Netherlands"}],"text":"Municipality in South Holland, NetherlandsGorinchem (Dutch pronunciation: [ˈɣɔrkʏm] ⓘ or [ˈɣɔrkəm]), also spelled Gorkum, is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland. The municipality covers an area of 21.93 km2 (8.47 sq mi) of which 3.10 km2 (1.20 sq mi) is water. 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Goriks Heem (\"Home of Gorik\" in early Middle Dutch) is first mentioned in a document from 1224 in which Floris IV granted people from Gorinchem exemption of toll payments throughout Holland.Somewhere between 1247 and 1267, Gorinchem became property of the Lords of Arkel. At the end of the 13th century earthen mounts reinforced with palisades were built around the settlement to protect it from domination by the neighboring counties of Holland and Gelre. Half a century later real city walls were built complete with 7 gates and 23 watchtowers. Otto van Arkel granted it city rights on 11 November 1322.Jan van Arkel had a dispute with Albert I, brother of Willem V of Holland, leading to war and subsequently to the annexation of Gorinchem to Holland in 1417. This resulted in increased trade and Gorinchem grew to be the eighth city of Holland.On 9 July 1572, the Watergeuzen (Dutch rebels against Spanish rule) conquered the city and captured 19 Catholic priests and monks. Because they refused to renounce their faith, these priests and monks were brought to Brielle where they were hanged and were from then on known among Catholics as the Martyrs of Gorkum.By the 16th century, the city walls were so deteriorated that they were replaced with new fortifications and eleven bastions that still are almost completely intact. The new walls were completed in 1609 and were located further from the town centre, making the city twice as large. In 1673, Gorinchem became part of the old Dutch Water Line.The city walls had four city gates: the Arkel Gate in the north, the Dalem Gate in the east, the Water Gate in the south (where the ferry to Woudrichem was), and the Kansel Gate in the west. Of these four gates, only the Dalem Gate remains. The others were removed in the 19th century to make way for vehicular traffic. 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The municipal executive consists of the City Interest, Democrats Gorinchem, PvdA and CDA.The municipal council of Gorinchem has 25 members, which are directly elected. The composition of the municipal council as of the 2018 Dutch municipal elections is as shown in the table below.","title":"Politics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A15_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"A27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A27_motorway_(Netherlands)"},{"link_name":"Gorinchem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorinchem_railway_station"}],"text":"The city is crossed by two motorways; the A15 on the northside, and the A27 on the westside.The city also has a railway station: Gorinchem.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martyrs_de_Gorkum.jpg"}],"text":"Martyrs de Gorkum","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John V, Lord of Arkel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_V,_Lord_of_Arkel"},{"link_name":"stadtholder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtholder"},{"link_name":"Henry of Gorkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_of_Gorkum"},{"link_name":"Willem Hessels van Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Hessels_van_Est"},{"link_name":"Martyrs of Gorkum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrs_of_Gorkum"},{"link_name":"Thomas van Erpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_van_Erpe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dirk Rafelsz Camphuysen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_Rafelsz_Camphuysen"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Johannes van Neercassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_van_Neercassel"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Utrecht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Utrecht"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Hamel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Hamel"},{"link_name":"Aegidius van Braam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegidius_van_Braam"},{"link_name":"Pierre van Paassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_van_Paassen"},{"link_name":"Roger van Boxtel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_van_Boxtel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meyssens,_Johannes_-_Abraham_Bloemaert.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IdaGerhardt.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Public thinking & public service","text":"John V, Lord of Arkel (1362–1428) stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and West Frisia\nHenry of Gorkum (c. 1378– 1431) a Dutch theologian\nWillem Hessels van Est (1542–1613) a Dutch Catholic theologian\nThe Martyrs of Gorkum a group of 19 Dutch Catholic clerics who were hanged in 1572\nThomas van Erpe (1584–1624) a Dutch Orientalist, published a book of Arabic grammar [5]\nDirk Rafelsz Camphuysen (1586–1627) theologian, poet, painter [6]\nJohannes van Neercassel (1625–1686) Archbishop of Utrecht 1661 to 1686.\nHendrik Hamel (1630–1692) seafarer and writer\nAegidius van Braam (1758–1822) a Dutch naval vice-admiral\nPierre van Paassen (1895–1968) a Dutch–Canadian-American journalist, writer, and Unitarian minister\nRoger van Boxtel (born 1954) a retired Dutch politician and businessman, lives in GorinchemAbraham BloemaertIda Gerhardt, 1968","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abraham Bloemaert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Bloemaert"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Anthonie Verstraelen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthonie_Verstraelen"},{"link_name":"Aert van der Neer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aert_van_der_Neer"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Saftleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Saftleven"},{"link_name":"Jacob van der Ulft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_van_der_Ulft"},{"link_name":"Hendrik Verschuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrik_Verschuring"},{"link_name":"Dutch Golden Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age"},{"link_name":"Jan van der Heyden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_der_Heyden"},{"link_name":"Ida Gerhardt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Gerhardt"},{"link_name":"A. Teeuw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._Teeuw"},{"link_name":"Jan van Munster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_van_Munster"},{"link_name":"Dinand Woesthoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinand_Woesthoff"},{"link_name":"Kane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kane_(Dutch_band)"},{"link_name":"Nikos Vertis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikos_Vertis"},{"link_name":"Boaz van de Beatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boaz_van_de_Beatz"},{"link_name":"Diana Wang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Wang"}],"sub_title":"The arts","text":"Abraham Bloemaert (1566–1651) Dutch painter and printmaker in etching and engraving [7]\nAnthonie Verstraelen (1593/1594-1641) a Dutch landscape painter of winter scenes\nAert van der Neer (c. 1603–1677) a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter [8]\nCornelis Saftleven (ca.1607–1681) a Dutch painter, worked in many genres\nJacob van der Ulft (1621–1689) a Dutch painter, glass painter, print artist, architect and Mayor of Gorinchem 1660 to 1679\nHendrik Verschuring (1627–1690) a Dutch Golden Age landscape painter\nJan van der Heyden (1637–1712) a Dutch Baroque-era painter, glass painter, draughtsman and printmaker\nIda Gerhardt (1905–1997) a classicist and Dutch poet of a post-symbolist tradition\nA. Teeuw (1921–2012) a Dutch critic of Indonesian literature\nJan van Munster (born 1939) a Dutch sculptor and installation artist\nDinand Woesthoff (born 1972) a Dutch musician, lead singer with Dutch band Kane\nNikos Vertis (born 1976) a Greek singer\nBoaz de Jong (born 1988) stage name Boaz van de Beatz, a Dutch record producer and DJ\nChu Lan-ting (born 1990) stage name Diana Wang, a Dutch-born Taiwanese singer and film actress","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gerard Boate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Boate"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Arnold Boate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Boate"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Louis Jérôme Reiche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Reiche"},{"link_name":"Berend George Escher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berend_George_Escher"},{"link_name":"Frans Michel Penning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans_Michel_Penning"}],"sub_title":"Science & business","text":"Gerard Boate (1604–1650) physician and author of The Natural History of Ireland [9] and his brother\nArnold Boate (1606–1653) a Dutch physician and Hebrew scholar [10]\nLouis Jérôme Reiche (1799–1890) a French merchant, manufacturer and entomologist\nBerend George Escher (1885–1967) a Dutch geologist and vulcanologist\nFrans Michel Penning (1894–1953) a Dutch experimental physicist","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ab Oord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Oord"},{"link_name":"1924 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Hadriaan van Nes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadriaan_van_Nes"},{"link_name":"1968 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Ruud Brood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruud_Brood"},{"link_name":"Arie Loef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arie_Loef"},{"link_name":"1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"1994 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Marco van Hoogdalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_van_Hoogdalem"},{"link_name":"Henk Norel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henk_Norel"},{"link_name":"Netherlands national basketball team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_national_basketball_team"},{"link_name":"Frenkie de Jong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenkie_de_Jong"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"}],"sub_title":"Sport","text":"Ab Oord (1885–1961) a Dutch weightlifter, competed at the 1924 Summer Olympics\nHadriaan van Nes (born 1942) a retired rower, team silver medallist at the 1968 Summer Olympics\nRuud Brood (born 1962) a football manager and former player with over 300 club caps\nArie Loef (born 1969) a retired speed skater, competed at the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics\nMarco van Hoogdalem (born 1972) a retired Dutch football player with over 350 club caps\nHenk Norel (born 1987) a Dutch basketball player, 79 games with the Netherlands national basketball team\nFrenkie de Jong (born 1997) a Dutch football player who is currently playing for FC Barcelona.","title":"Notable people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gorinchem is twinned with","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorichem,_Grote_Kerk_foto1_2010-06-27_13.37.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorinchem_2019_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorinchem,_monumentaal_pand_2006-06-13_15.14.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gorinchem,_molen_2007-03-15_15.43.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tussen_Gorinchem_en_Arkel,_de_Haarbrug_foto3_2010-06-27_12.36.JPG"}],"text":"Gorinchem, church: de Grote Kerk\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGorinchem\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGorinchem, monumental building\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGorinchem, windmill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbetween Gorinchem and Arkel, bridge: de Haarbrug","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Dutch Topographic map of Gorinchem (town), Sept. 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Gorinchem-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg/275px-Gorinchem-plaats-OpenTopo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dalem Gate","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Gorinchem%2C_Dalem_poort.JPG/170px-Gorinchem%2C_Dalem_poort.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of Gorinchem of 1869.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Gorinchem_1869.png/220px-Gorinchem_1869.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Netherlands_Gorinchem_Municipal_Council_2018.svg/300px-Netherlands_Gorinchem_Municipal_Council_2018.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Martyrs de Gorkum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Martyrs_de_Gorkum.jpg/140px-Martyrs_de_Gorkum.jpg"},{"image_text":"Abraham Bloemaert","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Meyssens%2C_Johannes_-_Abraham_Bloemaert.jpg/140px-Meyssens%2C_Johannes_-_Abraham_Bloemaert.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ida Gerhardt, 1968","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/IdaGerhardt.jpg/140px-IdaGerhardt.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Burgemeester en wethouders\" [Mayor and aldermen] (in Dutch). Gemeente Gorinchem. Archived from the original on 14 August 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130814080911/http://www.gorinchem.nl/bestuur-organisatie/burgemeester-en-wethouders_3122/","url_text":"\"Burgemeester en wethouders\""},{"url":"http://www.gorinchem.nl/bestuur-organisatie/burgemeester-en-wethouders_3122/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020\" [Key figures for neighbourhoods 2020]. StatLine (in Dutch). CBS. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/84799NED/table?dl=41062","url_text":"\"Kerncijfers wijken en buurten 2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Postcodetool for 4205AZ\". Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland (in Dutch). Het Waterschapshuis. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"\"Postcodetool for 4205AZ\""},{"url":"http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\" [Population growth; regions per month]. CBS Statline (in Dutch). CBS. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230NED&D1=17-18&D2=57-650&D3=l&LA=EN&HDR=T&STB=G1,G2&VW=T","url_text":"\"Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Netherlands","url_text":"CBS"}]},{"reference":"\"Erpenius, Thomas\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockholst_Livingston | Henry Brockholst Livingston | ["1 Early life","2 Career","2.1 Judicial career","2.2 Virginia-New York Alliance","2.3 Later years and death","3 Family","3.1 Marriages and children","3.2 Descendants","4 See also","5 References","6 Sources","7 Further reading"] | US Supreme Court justice from 1807 to 1823
For the U.S. Representative, see Henry W. Livingston.
Henry Brockholst LivingstonAssociate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United StatesIn officeJanuary 20, 1807 – March 18, 1823Nominated byThomas JeffersonPreceded byWilliam PatersonSucceeded bySmith Thompson
Personal detailsBorn(1757-11-25)November 25, 1757New York City, New York, British AmericaDiedMarch 18, 1823(1823-03-18) (aged 65)Washington, D.C., U.S.Political partyDemocratic-RepublicanSpouse(s)
Catherine Keteltas
(m. 1784; died 1804)Ann LudlowCatherine SeamanRelativesWilliam Livingston (Father)John Jay (brother-in-law)John Symmes (brother-in-law)Maurice Power (son-in-law)Robert Livingston (uncle)Peter Van Brugh Livingston (uncle)Philip Livingston (uncle)Henry Ledyard (grandson)EducationPrinceton University (BA)Signature
Henry Brockholst Livingston (November 25, 1757 – March 18, 1823) was an American Revolutionary War officer, a justice of the New York Court of Appeals and eventually an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.
Early life
Livingston was born in New York City in 1757 to Susanna French (d. 1789) and William Livingston (1723–1790).
He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1774.
Career
Livingston inherited the family estate in New Jersey, Liberty Hall (the modern-day site of Kean University), and retained it until 1798. During the American Revolutionary War, he was a lieutenant colonel of the New York Line, serving on the staff of General Philip Schuyler from 1775 to 1777 and as an aide-de-camp to then-Major General Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Saratoga. He was a private secretary to John Jay, then the U.S. Minister to Spain from 1779 to 1782. Livingston was briefly imprisoned by the British in New York in 1782.
After the war, Livingston read law and was admitted to the bar in 1783. He was in private practice in New York City from 1783 to 1802. He was an Original Member of the Society of the Cincinnati.
Portrait of Henry Brockholst Livingston, ca. 1790, artist unknown (Frick Photoarchive b13623618).
Livingston served as one of three defense attorneys, alongside Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr, in the trial of Levi Weeks for the murder of Elma Sands.
Judicial career
From 1802 to 1807, Livingston served as a justice of the Supreme Court of New York, where he authored a famous dissent in the 1805 case of Pierson v. Post.
Two years later, on November 10, 1806, Livingston received a recess appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States from Thomas Jefferson, to a seat vacated by William Paterson. Formally nominated on December 15, 1806, as Jefferson's second nominee, Livingston was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1806, and was sworn into office on January 20, 1807. He served on the Supreme Court from then until his death in 1823. During his Supreme Court tenure, Livingston's votes and opinions often followed the lead of Chief Justice John Marshall. In that era, Supreme Court justices were required to ride a circuit; in Justice Livingston's case, he presided over cases in New York State.
Virginia-New York Alliance
Prior to his appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court, Livingston served as a judge for the State Supreme Court of New York, a member of the New York State Assembly, and an immensely prominent political activist. Due to family ties, Livingston's allegiance to the Democratic-Republican party soon faded. Essentially, Livingston rebelled and goaded the Federalists to an enormous extent. With members consisting of Aaron Burr, Robert R. Livingston, and Edward Livingston (both cousins of Brockholst), Livingston became one of the few emerging from a compact political faction in New York to form an alliance with Jefferson's supporters in Virginia. This became known as the Virginia-New York alliance, which proved to be vital in Jefferson's 1800–1801 election.
Livingston's gravesite
Later years and death
Livingston was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.
Livingston died in Washington, D.C. His remains are interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.
Family
Coat of Arms of Henry Brockholst Livingston
Livingston's paternal uncles were Robert Livingston (1708–1790), Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792), Philip Livingston (1716–1778), and his paternal grandparents were Philip Livingston (1686–1749), the 2nd Lord of Livingston Manor, and Catherine Van Brugh, the only child of Albany mayor Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740).
His sister, Sarah Van Brugh Livingston (1756–1802), married John Jay (1745–1829) who was a diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, signatory of the Treaty of Paris, the second governor of New York, and the first chief justice of the United States, in 1774.
Another sister, Susannah Livingston (1748–1840), married John Cleves Symmes (1742–1814), who was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New Jersey, and later a pioneer in the Northwest Territory. Her stepdaughter Anna Symmes, Symmes' daughter from a previous marriage, married eventual president William Henry Harrison, and was the grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison.
Marriages and children
Livingston married three times. He first married Catherine Keteltas (1761–1804), the daughter of Peter Keteltas and Elizabeth Van Zandt, on December 2, 1784. He and Catherine were the parents of:
Eliza Livingston (1786–1860), who married Jasper Hall Livingston (1780–1835), the son of Philip Philip Livingston (1741–1787)
Susan French Livingston (1789–1864), who married Benjamin Ledyard (1779–1812).
Catherine Augusta Livingston (b. c. 1790), who married Archibald McVicker (1785–1849)
Robert C. Livingston (b. c. 1793)
After his first wife's death in 1804, he married Ann N. Ludlow (1775–1815), the daughter of Gabriel Henry Ludlow and Ann Williams. Together, they were the parents of:
Carroll Livingston (1805–1867), who married Cornelia Livingston.
Anson Livingston (1807–1873), who married Anne Greenleaf Livingston (1809–1887), daughter of Henry Walter Livingston (1768–1810)
After his second wife's death in 1815, he married Catherine Seaman (1775–1859), the daughter of Edward Seaman and the widow of Capt. John Kortright. Together, Henry and Catherine were the parents of:
Jasper Hall Livingston (1815–1900), a twin, who married Matilda Anne Cecila Morris, the youngest daughter of Sir John Morris, 2nd Baronet of Clasemont, in 1851.
Catherine Louise Livingston (b. 1815–1890), a twin, who married Maurice Power (1811–1870), an Irish MP for County Cork who served as lieutenant governor for St. Lucia.
Henry Brockholst Livingston (1819–1892), who married Marianna Gribaldo and resided in Italy.
Descendants
Further information: Livingston family
Through his daughter Eliza, he was the great-grandfather of Edwin Brockholst Livingston (1852–1929), a historian.
Through his daughter, Susan, he was the grandfather of Henry Brockholst Ledyard (1812–1880) and great-grandfather of Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr. (1844–1921) and Lewis Cass Ledyard (1851–1932).
Through his daughter, Catherine McVicker, he was the grandfather of Brockholst McVicker (1810–1883) and Archibald McVicker (1816–1904).
Through his daughter, Catherine Power, he was the grandfather of: Brockholst Livingston Power, John Livingston Power, and Alice Livingston Power (who married her cousin, Edwin).
Through his son, Henry, he was the grandfather of Oscar Enrico Federico Livingston (1875–1945).
Through his son Anson, he was the grandfather of Ludlow Livingston (1838–1873), Mary Allen Livingston Harrison (1830–1921) and Ann Ludlow Livingston (1832–1913).
See also
Wikisource has original works by or about:Henry Brockholst Livingston
Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States
List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office
United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court
References
^ a b "Justices 1789 to Present". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
^ a b c d Livingston, Edwin Brockholst (1910). The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, "The Nephew," a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants. New York: The Knickerbocker Press. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Nelson, William (1876). Biographical Sketch of William Colfax, Captain of Washington's Body Guard. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
^ Harison, Richard (1980). "Brockholst Livingston," in Princetonians, 1769–1775: A Biographical Dictionary. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 397–407.
^ James, Bill (2012). Popular Crime: Reflections on the Celebration of Violence. Simon and Schuster. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4165-5274-1.
^ McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
^ "Livingston, Henry Brockholst". www.fjc.gov. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
^ Abraham, Henry J. (2006). "President Jefferson's Three Appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States: 1804, 1807, and 1807". Journal of Supreme Court History. 31 (2): 141–154. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2006.00132.x. S2CID 145007294.
^ "American Antiquarian Society Members Directory". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2015.
^ "Green-Wood Cemetery". March 18, 2013. Archived from the original on December 13, 2017. Retrieved December 12, 2017.
^ Kamuf, Betty (July 20, 2016). "The Life of John Cleves Symmes". Cincinnati.com. USA Today. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ "The Livingstons of Livingston Manor". HathiTrust digital library. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved January 18, 2014.
^ a b Farmer, Silas (1889), The History of Detroit and Michigan, pp. 1041–1043, archived from the original on July 29, 2014, retrieved April 26, 2017
^ a b Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1885). History of Chicago | From the Earliest Period to the Present Time | Vol. II – From 1857 until the Fire of 1871. Chicago: The A. T. Andreas Company. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Gordon, William Seton (1919). Gabriel Ludlow and His Descendants. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Ferreri, James G. (April 26, 2013). "The Underground Railroad wound through Staten Island's Livingston". SILive.com. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Fioravante, Janice (November 24, 2002). "If You're Thinking of Living In/Livingston, Staten Island; Filmgoers May Find the Streets Familiar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 5, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ a b Hall, Henry (1895). America's Successful Men of Affairs: The City of New York | Vol. I. New York: New York Tribune. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ The Letters of Moore Furman, Deputy Quarter-Master General of New Jersey in the Revolution. New York: F.H. Hitchcock. 1912. p. 9. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2015.
^ Lodge, Edmund (1890). The Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage & Companionage of the British Empire. London: Hurst and Blackett, Limited. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ Urban, Sylvanus (1855). The Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Review, Vol. XLIII. London: John Bowyer Nichols and Sons. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ "Legal Notices". New York Daily Tribune. January 20, 1860. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ De Burgh, Hussey (1878). The Landowners of Ireland. Hodges, Foster, and Figgis. Archived from the original on November 28, 2017. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
^ "Death of Henry Livingston". The New York Times. London. July 21, 1892. p. 2. Archived from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 13, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
^ a b di Magistrati (1877). Annali della giurisprudenza italiana: raccolta generale di decisioni in materia civile e commerciale, di diritto pubblico e amministrativo e di procedura civile (in Italian). Firenze. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Society, Chicago Medical (1922). History of medicine and surgery and physicians and surgeons of Chicago, endorsed by and published under the supervision of the council of the Chicago Medical Society. The Biographical Publishing Corporation. Archived from the original on July 31, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2017.
Sources
Henry Brockholst Livingston at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
"Brockholst Livingston," in Princetonians, 1769-1775 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), 397–407.
Further reading
Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.
Bibliography on William Patterson at Supreme Court Historical Society.
Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.
Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.
Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.
Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.
Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.
Warren, Charles. (1928) The Supreme Court in United States History The+Supreme+Court+in+United+States+History,+2+vols.&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=cwNWS8v8K5LUMr2WyIQJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CCsQ6AEwCg Archived May 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, 2 vols. at Google books.
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SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry W. Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_W._Livingston"},{"link_name":"Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"New York Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals"},{"link_name":"associate justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-2"}],"text":"For the U.S. Representative, see Henry W. Livingston.Henry Brockholst Livingston (November 25, 1757 – March 18, 1823) was an American Revolutionary War officer, a justice of the New York Court of Appeals and eventually an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.[2]","title":"Henry Brockholst Livingston"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"William Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Livingston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nelson1876-3"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Livingston was born in New York City in 1757 to Susanna French (d. 1789) and William Livingston (1723–1790).[3]He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University) in 1774.[4]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_Hall_(New_Jersey)"},{"link_name":"Kean University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kean_University"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"lieutenant colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel"},{"link_name":"New York Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Line"},{"link_name":"Philip Schuyler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Schuyler"},{"link_name":"aide-de-camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aide-de-camp"},{"link_name":"Major General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"Benedict Arnold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedict_Arnold"},{"link_name":"Battle of Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga"},{"link_name":"U.S. Minister to Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Minister_to_Spain"},{"link_name":"read law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read_law"},{"link_name":"Society of the Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Brockholst_Livingston,_ca._1790,_artist_unknown_(Frick_Photoarchive).png"},{"link_name":"Alexander Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"Aaron Burr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Burr"},{"link_name":"Levi Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Weeks"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James2012-5"}],"text":"Livingston inherited the family estate in New Jersey, Liberty Hall (the modern-day site of Kean University), and retained it until 1798. During the American Revolutionary War, he was a lieutenant colonel of the New York Line, serving on the staff of General Philip Schuyler from 1775 to 1777 and as an aide-de-camp to then-Major General Benedict Arnold at the Battle of Saratoga. He was a private secretary to John Jay, then the U.S. Minister to Spain from 1779 to 1782. Livingston was briefly imprisoned by the British in New York in 1782.After the war, Livingston read law and was admitted to the bar in 1783. He was in private practice in New York City from 1783 to 1802. He was an Original Member of the Society of the Cincinnati.Portrait of Henry Brockholst Livingston, ca. 1790, artist unknown (Frick Photoarchive b13623618).Livingston served as one of three defense attorneys, alongside Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr, in the trial of Levi Weeks for the murder of Elma Sands.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"Pierson v. Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierson_v._Post"},{"link_name":"recess appointment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recess_appointment"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"William Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"sworn into office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_office#Federal_judiciary_oaths"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SCOTUSjustices-1"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall"},{"link_name":"ride a circuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_court"},{"link_name":"New York State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fjc-7"}],"sub_title":"Judicial career","text":"From 1802 to 1807, Livingston served as a justice of the Supreme Court of New York, where he authored a famous dissent in the 1805 case of Pierson v. Post.Two years later, on November 10, 1806, Livingston received a recess appointment to the Supreme Court of the United States from Thomas Jefferson, to a seat vacated by William Paterson. Formally nominated on December 15, 1806, as Jefferson's second nominee, Livingston was confirmed by the United States Senate on December 17, 1806,[6] and was sworn into office on January 20, 1807.[1] He served on the Supreme Court from then until his death in 1823. During his Supreme Court tenure, Livingston's votes and opinions often followed the lead of Chief Justice John Marshall. In that era, Supreme Court justices were required to ride a circuit; in Justice Livingston's case, he presided over cases in New York State.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Abraham2006-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Justice_Livingston.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Virginia-New York Alliance","text":"Prior to his appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court, Livingston served as a judge for the State Supreme Court of New York, a member of the New York State Assembly, and an immensely prominent political activist. Due to family ties, Livingston's allegiance to the Democratic-Republican party soon faded. Essentially, Livingston rebelled and goaded the Federalists to an enormous extent. With members consisting of Aaron Burr, Robert R. Livingston, and Edward Livingston (both cousins of Brockholst), Livingston became one of the few emerging from a compact political faction in New York to form an alliance with Jefferson's supporters in Virginia. This became known as the Virginia-New York alliance, which proved to be vital in Jefferson's 1800–1801 election.[8]Livingston's gravesite","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Antiquarian Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Green-Wood Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Later years and death","text":"Livingston was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1814.[9]Livingston died in Washington, D.C. His remains are interred at Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Livingston.svg"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(1708%E2%80%931790)"},{"link_name":"Peter Van Brugh Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Van_Brugh_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Philip Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Philip Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Livingston_(1686%E2%80%931749)"},{"link_name":"Livingston Manor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_Manor"},{"link_name":"Albany mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Albany,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Pieter Van Brugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Van_Brugh"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-2"},{"link_name":"John Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay"},{"link_name":"Founding Fathers of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)"},{"link_name":"governor of New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"chief justice of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Cleves Symmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cleves_Symmes"},{"link_name":"Continental Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Congress"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Northwest Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Northwest_Territory"},{"link_name":"Anna Symmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Harrison"},{"link_name":"president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"William Henry Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kamuf2016-11"}],"text":"Coat of Arms of Henry Brockholst LivingstonLivingston's paternal uncles were Robert Livingston (1708–1790), Peter Van Brugh Livingston (1710–1792), Philip Livingston (1716–1778), and his paternal grandparents were Philip Livingston (1686–1749), the 2nd Lord of Livingston Manor, and Catherine Van Brugh, the only child of Albany mayor Pieter Van Brugh (1666–1740).[2]His sister, Sarah Van Brugh Livingston (1756–1802), married John Jay (1745–1829) who was a diplomat, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, signatory of the Treaty of Paris, the second governor of New York, and the first chief justice of the United States, in 1774.Another sister, Susannah Livingston (1748–1840), married John Cleves Symmes (1742–1814), who was a delegate to the Continental Congress from New Jersey, and later a pioneer in the Northwest Territory. Her stepdaughter Anna Symmes, Symmes' daughter from a previous marriage, married eventual president William Henry Harrison, and was the grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison.[11]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-2"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farm-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreas1885-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon1919-15"},{"link_name":"Anson Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston,_Staten_Island"},{"link_name":"Henry Walter Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Walter_Livingston"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ferreri2013-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fioravante2002-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall1895-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Livingston1910-2"},{"link_name":"Jasper Hall Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jasper_Hall_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Sir John Morris, 2nd Baronet of Clasemont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morris_baronets"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lodge1890-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Urban1855-21"},{"link_name":"Maurice Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Power"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"County Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_Kingdom_by-elections_(1832%E2%80%9347)"},{"link_name":"lieutenant governor for St. Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HenryObit1892-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magistrati1877-25"}],"sub_title":"Marriages and children","text":"Livingston married three times. He first married Catherine Keteltas (1761–1804), the daughter of Peter Keteltas and Elizabeth Van Zandt, on December 2, 1784.[2] He and Catherine were the parents of:Eliza Livingston (1786–1860), who married Jasper Hall Livingston (1780–1835), the son of Philip Philip Livingston (1741–1787)[12]\nSusan French Livingston (1789–1864), who married Benjamin Ledyard (1779–1812).[13]\nCatherine Augusta Livingston (b. c. 1790), who married Archibald McVicker (1785–1849)[14]\nRobert C. Livingston (b. c. 1793)After his first wife's death in 1804, he married Ann N. Ludlow (1775–1815), the daughter of Gabriel Henry Ludlow and Ann Williams.[15] Together, they were the parents of:Carroll Livingston (1805–1867), who married Cornelia Livingston.\nAnson Livingston (1807–1873), who married Anne Greenleaf Livingston (1809–1887), daughter of Henry Walter Livingston (1768–1810)[16][17][18]After his second wife's death in 1815, he married Catherine Seaman (1775–1859), the daughter of Edward Seaman and the widow of Capt. John Kortright.[19] Together, Henry and Catherine were the parents of:[2]Jasper Hall Livingston (1815–1900), a twin, who married Matilda Anne Cecila Morris, the youngest daughter of Sir John Morris, 2nd Baronet of Clasemont, in 1851.[20][21]\nCatherine Louise Livingston (b. 1815–1890), a twin, who married Maurice Power (1811–1870), an Irish MP for County Cork who served as lieutenant governor for St. Lucia.[22][23]\nHenry Brockholst Livingston (1819–1892),[24] who married Marianna Gribaldo and resided in Italy.[25]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Livingston family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livingston_family"},{"link_name":"Edwin Brockholst Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Brockholst_Livingston"},{"link_name":"Henry Brockholst Ledyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ledyard"},{"link_name":"Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Brockholst_Ledyard_Jr."},{"link_name":"Lewis Cass Ledyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Cass_Ledyard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-farm-13"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Society1922-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andreas1885-14"},{"link_name":"Edwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Brockholst_Livingston"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Magistrati1877-25"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hall1895-18"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Further information: Livingston familyThrough his daughter Eliza, he was the great-grandfather of Edwin Brockholst Livingston (1852–1929), a historian.Through his daughter, Susan, he was the grandfather of Henry Brockholst Ledyard (1812–1880) and great-grandfather of Henry Brockholst Ledyard Jr. (1844–1921) and Lewis Cass Ledyard (1851–1932).[13]Through his daughter, Catherine McVicker, he was the grandfather of Brockholst McVicker (1810–1883)[26] and Archibald McVicker (1816–1904).[14]Through his daughter, Catherine Power, he was the grandfather of: Brockholst Livingston Power, John Livingston Power, and Alice Livingston Power (who married her cousin, Edwin).Through his son, Henry, he was the grandfather of Oscar Enrico Federico Livingston (1875–1945).[25]Through his son Anson, he was the grandfather of Ludlow Livingston (1838–1873), Mary Allen Livingston Harrison (1830–1921) and Ann Ludlow Livingston (1832–1913).[18]","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Brockholst Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fjc.gov/node/1383961"},{"link_name":"Biographical Directory of Federal Judges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_Federal_Judges"},{"link_name":"Federal Judicial Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center"}],"text":"Henry Brockholst Livingston at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a publication of the Federal Judicial Center.\n\"Brockholst Livingston,\" in Princetonians, 1769-1775 (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1980), 397–407.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/justicespresiden0000abra"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-506557-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506557-3"},{"link_name":"Bibliography on William Patterson at","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20081120012443/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/04_library/subs_list/04_d_p.html"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court Historical Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_Historical_Society"},{"link_name":"Congressional Quarterly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Quarterly"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-56802-126-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56802-126-7"},{"link_name":"The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/justicesofunited0000unse"},{"link_name":"Chelsea House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea_House"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7910-1377-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-1377-4"},{"link_name":"The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-19-505835-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505835-6"},{"link_name":"The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/ussupremecourtbi0000mart"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87187-554-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87187-554-3"},{"link_name":"The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/supremecourtjust00melv"},{"link_name":"Garland Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garland_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8153-1176-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-1176-1"},{"link_name":"The Supreme Court in United States History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=pGUTAAAAYAAJ&q=*Warren,+Charles.+(1928)+%27%27The+Supreme+Court+in+United+States+History%27%27,+2+vols."},{"link_name":"The+Supreme+Court+in+United+States+History,+2+vols.&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=cwNWS8v8K5LUMr2WyIQJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CCsQ6AEwCg Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160509235933/https://books.google.com/books?id=pGUTAAAAYAAJ&dq=*Warren,+Charles.+(1928)+"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"Google books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_books"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_Justices"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_Justices"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_Justices"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Chief justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"John Jay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay"},{"link_name":"1789–1795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Jay_Court"},{"link_name":"John Rutledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutledge"},{"link_name":"1795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutledge_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rutledge_Court"},{"link_name":"Oliver Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth"},{"link_name":"1796–1800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Ellsworth_Court"},{"link_name":"John Marshall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall"},{"link_name":"1801–1835","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court"},{"link_name":"Roger B. Taney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_B._Taney"},{"link_name":"1836–1864","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taney_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taney_Court"},{"link_name":"Salmon P. Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase"},{"link_name":"1864–1873","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Chase_Court"},{"link_name":"Morrison Waite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_Waite"},{"link_name":"1874–1888","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waite_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Waite_Court"},{"link_name":"Melville Fuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melville_Fuller"},{"link_name":"1888–1910","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Fuller_Court"},{"link_name":"Edward Douglass White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White"},{"link_name":"1910–1921","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Court_(justices)"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_White_Court"},{"link_name":"William Howard Taft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Taft"},{"link_name":"1921–1930","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taft_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Taft_Court"},{"link_name":"Charles Evans Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes"},{"link_name":"1930–1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Hughes_Court"},{"link_name":"Harlan F. Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone"},{"link_name":"1941–1946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Stone_Court"},{"link_name":"Fred M. Vinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson"},{"link_name":"1946–1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinson_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Vinson_Court"},{"link_name":"Earl Warren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Warren"},{"link_name":"1953–1969","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Warren_Court"},{"link_name":"Warren E. Burger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_E._Burger"},{"link_name":"1969–1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burger_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Burger_Court"},{"link_name":"William Rehnquist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rehnquist"},{"link_name":"1986–2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehnquist_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Rehnquist_Court"},{"link_name":"John Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Roberts"},{"link_name":"2005–present","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Court"},{"link_name":"cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg"},{"link_name":"Associate justices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"J. Rutledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rutledge"},{"link_name":"Cushing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Cushing"},{"link_name":"Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)"},{"link_name":"Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Blair_Jr."},{"link_name":"Iredell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Iredell"},{"link_name":"T. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Paterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"S. Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Chase"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushrod_Washington"},{"link_name":"Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Moore"},{"link_name":"W. Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Johnson_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Todd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Todd"},{"link_name":"Duvall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Duvall"},{"link_name":"Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Story"},{"link_name":"Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Trimble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Trimble"},{"link_name":"McLean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLean"},{"link_name":"Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Wayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne"},{"link_name":"Barbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour"},{"link_name":"Catron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Catron"},{"link_name":"McKinley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McKinley"},{"link_name":"Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_V._Daniel"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levi_Woodbury"},{"link_name":"Grier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier"},{"link_name":"Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Robbins_Curtis"},{"link_name":"Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Clifford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Clifford"},{"link_name":"Swayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Haynes_Swayne"},{"link_name":"Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller"},{"link_name":"Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Davis_(Supreme_Court_justice)"},{"link_name":"Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field"},{"link_name":"Strong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)"},{"link_name":"Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley"},{"link_name":"Hunt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ward_Hunt"},{"link_name":"J. M. Harlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan"},{"link_name":"Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burnham_Woods"},{"link_name":"Matthews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Gray"},{"link_name":"Blatchford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford"},{"link_name":"L. Lamar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus_Lamar"},{"link_name":"Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_J._Brewer"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Billings_Brown"},{"link_name":"Shiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Shiras_Jr."},{"link_name":"H. Jackson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson"},{"link_name":"E. 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databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606548#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/173224/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000024940719"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/43275538"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmHJ9GKxBGrthX4W9pgKd"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1081485485"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007403876105171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n85145397"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1081485485.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w62v2jr9"}],"text":"Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3.\nBibliography on William Patterson at Supreme Court Historical Society.\nCushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789–1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 1-56802-126-7.\nFrank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L. (eds.). The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions. Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 0-7910-1377-4.\nHall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6.\nMartin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3.\nUrofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1.\nWarren, Charles. (1928) The Supreme Court in United States History The+Supreme+Court+in+United+States+History,+2+vols.&printsec=frontcover&source=in&hl=en&ei=cwNWS8v8K5LUMr2WyIQJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=11&ved=0CCsQ6AEwCg Archived May 9, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, 2 vols. at Google books.vteJustices of the Supreme Court of the United StatesChief justices\nJohn Jay (1789–1795, cases)\nJohn Rutledge (1795, cases)\nOliver Ellsworth (1796–1800, cases)\nJohn Marshall (1801–1835, cases)\nRoger B. Taney (1836–1864, cases)\nSalmon P. Chase (1864–1873, cases)\nMorrison Waite (1874–1888, cases)\nMelville Fuller (1888–1910, cases)\nEdward Douglass White (1910–1921, cases)\nWilliam Howard Taft (1921–1930, cases)\nCharles Evans Hughes (1930–1941, cases)\nHarlan F. Stone (1941–1946, cases)\nFred M. Vinson (1946–1953, cases)\nEarl Warren (1953–1969, cases)\nWarren E. Burger (1969–1986, cases)\nWilliam Rehnquist (1986–2005, cases)\nJohn Roberts (2005–present, cases)\nAssociate justices\nJ. Rutledge* (1790–1791)\nCushing (1790–1810)\nWilson (1789–1798)\nBlair (1790–1795)\nIredell (1790–1799)\nT. Johnson (1792–1793)\nPaterson (1793–1806)\nS. Chase (1796–1811)\nWashington (1798–1829)\nMoore (1800–1804)\nW. Johnson (1804–1834)\nLivingston (1807–1823)\nTodd (1807–1826)\nDuvall (1811–1835)\nStory (1812–1845)\nThompson (1823–1843)\nTrimble (1826–1828)\nMcLean (1829–1861)\nBaldwin (1830–1844)\nWayne (1835–1867)\nBarbour (1836–1841)\nCatron (1837–1865)\nMcKinley (1838–1852)\nDaniel (1842–1860)\nNelson (1845–1872)\nWoodbury (1845–1851)\nGrier (1846–1870)\nCurtis (1851–1857)\nCampbell (1853–1861)\nClifford (1858–1881)\nSwayne (1862–1881)\nMiller (1862–1890)\nDavis (1862–1877)\nField (1863–1897)\nStrong (1870–1880)\nBradley (1870–1892)\nHunt (1873–1882)\nJ. M. Harlan (1877–1911)\nWoods (1881–1887)\nMatthews (1881–1889)\nGray (1882–1902)\nBlatchford (1882–1893)\nL. Lamar (1888–1893)\nBrewer (1890–1910)\nBrown (1891–1906)\nShiras (1892–1903)\nH. Jackson (1893–1895)\nE. White* (1894–1910)\nPeckham (1896–1909)\nMcKenna (1898–1925)\nHolmes (1902–1932)\nDay (1903–1922)\nMoody (1906–1910)\nLurton (1910–1914)\nHughes* (1910–1916)\nVan Devanter (1911–1937)\nJ. Lamar (1911–1916)\nPitney (1912–1922)\nMcReynolds (1914–1941)\nBrandeis (1916–1939)\nClarke (1916–1922)\nSutherland (1922–1938)\nButler (1923–1939)\nSanford (1923–1930)\nStone* (1925–1941)\nO. Roberts (1930–1945)\nCardozo (1932–1938)\nBlack (1937–1971)\nReed (1938–1957)\nFrankfurter (1939–1962)\nDouglas (1939–1975)\nMurphy (1940–1949)\nByrnes (1941–1942)\nR. Jackson (1941–1954)\nW. Rutledge (1943–1949)\nBurton (1945–1958)\nClark (1949–1967)\nMinton (1949–1956)\nJ. M. Harlan II (1955–1971)\nBrennan (1956–1990)\nWhittaker (1957–1962)\nStewart (1958–1981)\nB. White (1962–1993)\nGoldberg (1962–1965)\nFortas (1965–1969)\nT. Marshall (1967–1991)\nBlackmun (1970–1994)\nPowell (1972–1987)\nRehnquist* (1972–1986)\nStevens (1975–2010)\nO'Connor (1981–2006)\nScalia (1986–2016)\nKennedy (1988–2018)\nSouter (1990–2009)\nThomas (1991–present)\nGinsburg (1993–2020)\nBreyer (1994–2022)\nAlito (2006–present)\nSotomayor (2009–present)\nKagan (2010–present)\nGorsuch (2017–present)\nKavanaugh (2018–present)\nBarrett (2020–present)\nK. Jackson (2022–present)\n\n*Also served as Chief Justice of the United StatesvteMarshall Court (1801–1835)Justices\nMarshall\nCushing\nPaterson\nChase\nWashington\nMoore\nJohnson\nLivingston\nTodd\nDuvall\nStory\nThompson\nTrimble\nMcLean\nBaldwin\nWayne\nDecisionsBy volumeCranch\n5 (1)\n6 (2)\n7 (3)\n8 (4)\n9 (5)\n10 (6)\n11 (7)\n12 (8)\n13 (9)\nWheat.\n14 (1)\n15 (2)\n16 (3)\n17 (4)\n18 (5)\n19 (6)\n20 (7)\n21 (8)\n22 (9)\n23 (10)\n24 (11)\n25 (12)\nPet.\n26 (1)\n27 (2)\n28 (3)\n29 (4)\n30 (5)\n31 (6)\n32 (7)\n33 (8)\n34 (9)\nBy topic\nAboriginal title\nCriminal law (list)\nStatutes\nJudiciary Act of 1789\nCrimes Act of 1790\nJudiciary Act of 1793\nMidnight Judges Act (1801)\nJudiciary Act of 1802\nCrimes Act of 1825\nTopics\nCircuit assignmentsAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Portrait of Henry Brockholst Livingston, ca. 1790, artist unknown (Frick Photoarchive b13623618).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Henry_Brockholst_Livingston%2C_ca._1790%2C_artist_unknown_%28Frick_Photoarchive%29.png/220px-Henry_Brockholst_Livingston%2C_ca._1790%2C_artist_unknown_%28Frick_Photoarchive%29.png"},{"image_text":"Livingston's gravesite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Justice_Livingston.jpg/150px-Justice_Livingston.jpg"},{"image_text":"Coat of Arms of Henry Brockholst Livingston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Livingston.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_William_Livingston.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"title":"Henry Brockholst Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Henry_Brockholst_Livingston"},{"title":"Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office"},{"title":"United States Supreme Court cases during the Marshall Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Marshall_Court"}] | [{"reference":"\"Justices 1789 to Present\". Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States. Retrieved February 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members_text.aspx","url_text":"\"Justices 1789 to Present\""}]},{"reference":"Livingston, Edwin Brockholst (1910). The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, \"The Nephew,\" a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants. New York: The Knickerbocker Press. Retrieved April 26, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/livingstonslivi00unkngoog","url_text":"The Livingstons of Livingston Manor: Being the History of that Branch of the Scottish House of Callendar which Settled in the English Province of New York During the Reign of Charles the Second; and Also Including an Account of Robert Livingston of Albany, \"The Nephew,\" a Settler in the Same Province and His Principal Descendants"}]},{"reference":"Nelson, William (1876). Biographical Sketch of William Colfax, Captain of Washington's Body Guard. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ETYuAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Biographical Sketch of William Colfax, Captain of Washington's Body Guard"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200614163554/https://books.google.com/books?id=ETYuAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Harison, Richard (1980). \"Brockholst Livingston,\" in Princetonians, 1769–1775: A Biographical Dictionary. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. pp. 397–407.","urls":[]},{"reference":"James, Bill (2012). Popular Crime: Reflections on the Celebration of Violence. Simon and Schuster. p. 12. ISBN 978-1-4165-5274-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bxyQgM6U5IQC&pg=PT28","url_text":"Popular Crime: Reflections on the Celebration of Violence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-5274-1","url_text":"978-1-4165-5274-1"}]},{"reference":"McMillion, Barry J. (January 28, 2022). Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President (PDF) (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved February 9, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf","url_text":"Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President"}]},{"reference":"\"Livingston, Henry Brockholst\". www.fjc.gov. Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on December 10, 2017. Retrieved December 9, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fjc.gov/node/1383961","url_text":"\"Livingston, Henry Brockholst\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Judicial_Center","url_text":"Federal Judicial Center"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171210073123/https://www.fjc.gov/node/1383961","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Henry J. (2006). \"President Jefferson's Three Appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States: 1804, 1807, and 1807\". Journal of Supreme Court History. 31 (2): 141–154. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5818.2006.00132.x. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Teg_Bahadur | Guru Tegh Bahadur | ["1 Biography","1.1 Early life","1.2 Installation as Guru of Sikhs","1.3 Journeys","2 Execution","2.1 Narrative","2.2 Historiography","2.3 Scholarly analysis","3 Legacy and memorials","4 Gallery","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | Ninth Sikh guru from 1665 to 1675
Guru Tegh Bahadurਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰA mid-17th-century portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur painted by Ahsan, the royal painter of Shaista Khan, governor of Bengal, circa 1668–69PersonalBornTyag Mal1 April 1621 (1621-04)Amritsar, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (present-day Punjab, India)Died11 November 1675 (1675-11-12) (aged 54)Delhi, Mughal Empire (present-day India)Cause of deathExecution by decapitationReligionSikhismSpouseMata GujriChildrenGuru Gobind SinghParent(s)Guru Hargobind and Mata NanakiKnown for
Hymns to Guru Granth Sahib
Executed under the reign of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Founder of Anandpur Sahib
Other namesNinth MasterNinth NanakSrisht-di-Chadar ("Shield of The World")Dharam-di-Chadar ("Shield of Dharma")Hind-di-Chadar ("Shield of India")SignatureMilitary serviceBattles/warsEarly Mughal-Sikh WarsBattle of Kartarpur (1635) Skirmish Of Dhubri (1669)Religious careerPeriod in office1664–1675PredecessorGuru Har KrishanSuccessorGuru Gobind Singh
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Interior view of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib
Guru Tegh Bahadur (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ (Gurmukhi); Punjabi pronunciation: ; 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675) was the ninth of ten gurus who founded the Sikh religion and was the leader of Sikhs from 1665 until his beheading in 1675. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India in 1621 and was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru. Considered a principled and fearless warrior, he was a learned spiritual scholar and a poet whose 115 hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the main text of Sikhism.
Tegh Bahadur was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, in Delhi, India. Sikh holy premises Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of Guru Tegh Bahadur. His day of martyrdom (Shaheedi Divas) is commemorated in India every year on 24 November.
Biography
Early life
Guru Tegh Bahadur was born Tyag Mal (Tīāg Mal) (Punjabi: ਤਿਆਗ ਮਲ) in Amritsar on 1 April 1621. He was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru.: 27 His family belonged to the Sodhi clan of Khatris. Hargobind had one daughter, Bibi Viro, and five sons: Baba Gurditta, Suraj Mal, Ani Rai, Atal Rai, and Tyag Mal. He gave Tyag Mal the name Tegh Bahadur (Brave Sword) after Tyag Mal showed valor in the Battle of Kartarpur against the Mughals.
Tegh Bahadur was brought up in the Sikh culture and trained in archery and horsemanship. He was also taught the old classics such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Puranas. He was married on 3 February 1632 to Gujri.
In the 1640s, nearing his death, Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki moved to his ancestral village of Bakala in Amritsar district, together with Tegh Bahadur and Gujri. After Hargobind's death, Tegh Bahadur continued to live in Bakala with his wife and mother.
Installation as Guru of Sikhs
In March 1664, Guru Har Krishan contracted smallpox. When his followers asked who would lead them after him, he said, "Baba Bakala", meaning his successor was to be found in Bakala. Taking advantage of the ambiguity in the words of the dying guru, many installed themselves in Bakala, claiming to be the new guru. Sikhs were puzzled to see so many claimants.
Sikh tradition has a legend about how Tegh Bahadur was selected as the ninth guru. A wealthy trader named Makhan Shah Labana had vowed to give 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru upon escaping a shipwreck some time ago, and he came to Bakala in search of the ninth guru. He met each claimant he could find, making his obeisance and offering them two gold coins in the belief that the right guru would know of his silent promise to give them 500 coins. Every "guru" he met accepted the two gold coins and bid him farewell. Then he discovered that Tegh Bahadur also lived at Bakala. Makhan Shah gave Tegh Bahadur the usual offering of two gold coins. Tegh Bahadur blessed him and remarked that his offering was short of the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah made good the difference and ran upstairs. He began shouting from the rooftop, "Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re", meaning "I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru".
In August 1664, a Sikh congregation led by Diwan Dargha Mal, son of a well-known devotee of Har Krishan, arrived in Bakala and appointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs.
As had been the custom among Sikhs after the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armed bodyguards, but he otherwise lived an austere life.
Journeys
Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, including Dhaka and Assam, to preach the teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh guru. The places he visited and stayed in became sites of Sikh temples. During his travels, he started a number of community water wells and langars (community kitchens for the poor).
Tegh Bahadur visited the towns of Mathura, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi. His son, Guru Gobind Singh, who would be the tenth Sikh guru, was born in Patna in 1666 while he was away in Dhubri, Assam, where the Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib now stands. There he helped end the war between Raja Ram Singh of Bengal and Raja Chakardwaj of Ahom state (later Assam).
After his visit to Assam, Bengal, and Bihar, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Rani Champa of Bilaspur, who offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state. The Guru bought the site for 500 rupees. There, he founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the foothills of the Himalayas. In 1672, Tegh Bahadur traveled in and around the Malwa region to meet the masses as the persecution of non-Muslims reached new heights.
Execution
Narrative
Many scholars identify the traditional Sikh narrative as follows: A congregation of Hindu Pandits from Kashmir requested help against Aurangzeb's oppressive policies, and Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to protect their rights. According to Trilochan Singh in Guru Tegh Bahadur: Prophet and Martyr, the convoy of Kashmiri Pandits who tearfully pleaded with the Guru at Anandpur were 500 in number and were led by a certain Pandit Kirpa Ram, who recounted tales of religious oppression under the governorship of Iftikhar Khan. The Kashmiri Pandits decided to meet with the Guru after they first sought the assistance of Shiva at the Amarnath shrine, where one of them is said to have had a dream where Shiva instructed the Pandits to seek out the ninth Sikh guru for assistance in their plight and hence a group was formed for carrying out the task. Guru Tegh Bahadur left from his base at Makhowal to confront the persecution of Kashmiri Pandits by Mughal officials but was arrested at Ropar and put to jail in Sirhind. Four months later, in November 1675, he was transferred to Delhi and asked to perform a miracle to prove his nearness to God or convert to Islam. The Guru declined, and three of his colleagues, who had been arrested with him, were tortured to death in front of him: Bhai Mati Das was sawn in two, Bhai Dayal Das was thrown into a cauldron of boiling liquid, and Bhai Sati Das was cut into pieces.: 48 Thereafter on 11 November, Tegh Bahadur was publicly beheaded in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort.
Historiography
Painting depicting the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in Chandni Chowk, Delhi.
Fresco art depicting head of Guru Tegh Bahadar being brought to Anandpur by Sikhs
The primary nucleus of Sikh narratives remains the Bachittar Natak, a memoir of Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur's son, dated between late 1680s and late 1690s.
Guru Tegh Bahadur's son and successor recalled the Guru's execution:
In this dark age, Tegh Bahadur performed a great act of chivalry (saka) for the sake of the frontal mark and sacred thread. He offered all he had for the holy. He gave up his head, but did not utter a sigh. He suffered martyrdom for the sake of religion. He laid down his head, but not his honor. Real men of God do not perform tricks like showmen. Having broken the pitcher on the head of the Emperor of Delhi, he departed to the world of God. No one has ever performed a deed like him. At his departure, the whole world mourned, while the heavens hailed it as a victory.— Guru Gobind Singh, Bachittar Natak: Apni Katha
More Sikh accounts of Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution, all claiming to be sourced from the "testimony of trustworthy Sikhs", only started emerging in around the late eighteenth century, and are thus, often conflicting, according to historian Satish Chandra.
Persian and non Sikh sources maintain that the Guru was a bandit whose plunder and rapine of Punjab along with his rebellious activities precipitated his execution. According to Chandra, the earliest Persian source to chronicle his execution is Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin by Ghulam Husain Khan c. 1782, where Tegh Bahadur's (alleged) oppression of subjects is held to have incurred Aurangzeb's wrath:
Tegh Bahadur, the eighth successor of (Guru) Nanak became a man of authority with a large number of followers. (In fact) several thousand persons used to accompany him as he moved from place to place. His contemporary Hafiz Adam, a faqir belonging to the group of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi's followers, had also come to have a large number of murids and followers. Both these men (Guru Tegh Bahadur and Hafiz Adam) used to move about in Punjab, adopting a habit of coercion and extortion. Tegh Bahadur used to collect money from Hindus and Hafiz Adam from Muslims. The royal waqia navis (news reporter and intelligence agent) wrote to the Emperor Alamgir ... of their manner of activity, adding that if their authority increased they could become even refractory.— Ghulam Husain, Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin
Chandra cautions against taking Ghulam Husain's argument at face value, as Ghulam Husain was a relative of Alivardi Khan — one of the closest confidantes of Aurangzeb — and might have been providing an "official justification". Also, the Guru's alleged association with Hafiz Adam is anachronistic. Chandra further writes that Ghulam Husain's account places Guru Tegh Bahadur's confinement and execution in Lahore, while Sikh tradition places it in Delhi, and Chandra finds no reason to reject said tradition.
The Sikh sakhis (traditional accounts) written during the eighteenth century indirectly support the narrative in the Persian sources, saying that "the Guru was in violent opposition to the Muslim rulers of the country" in response to the dogmatic policies implemented by Aurangzeb. Both Persian and Sikh sources agree that Guru Tegh Bahadur militarily opposed the Mughal state and was therefore targeted for execution in accordance with Aurangzeb's zeal for punishing enemies of the state.
Bhimsen, a contemporary chronicler of Guru Gobind Singh, wrote (c.1708) that the successors of Guru Nanak maintained extravagant lifestyles, and some of them, including Tegh Bahadur, rebelled against the state: Tegh Bahadur proclaimed himself Padshah and acquired a large following, as a result, Aurangzeb had him executed. Muhammad Qasim's Ibratnama, written in 1723, claimed Tegh Bahadur's religious inclinations along with his life of splendor and conferral of sovereignty by his followers had him condemned and executed.
Chronicler Sohan Lal Suri, the court historian of Ranjit Singh, in his magisterial Umdat ut Tawarikh (c. 1805) chose to reiterate Ghulam Husain Khan's argument at large: he states that the Guru gained thousands of followers of soldiers and horsemen during his travels between 1672 and 1673 in southern Punjab, essentially having a nomadic army, and provided shelter to rebels who were resistant to Mughal representatives. Aurangzeb was warned about such activity as a cause of concern that could possibly lead to insurrection or rebellion and to eliminate the threat of the Guru at the earliest opportunity.
Chandra writes that in contrast to this dominating theme in Sikh literature, some pre-modern Sikh accounts had laid the blame on an acrimonious succession dispute: Ram Rai, elder brother of Guru Har Krishan, was held to have instigated Aurangzeb against Tegh Bahadur by suggesting that he prove his spiritual greatness by performing miracles at the Court.
Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal Empire. This fresco has since been lost.
Scholarly analysis
Satish Chandra expresses doubt about the authenticity of these meta-narratives, centered on miracles — Aurangzeb was not a believer in them, according to Chandra. He further expresses doubt pertaining to the narrative of the persecution of Hindus in Kashmir within Sikh accounts, remarking that no contemporary sources mentioned the persecution of Hindus there.
Louis E. Fenech refuses to pass any judgement, in light of the paucity of primary sources; however, he notes that these Sikh accounts had coded martyrdom into the events, with an aim to elicit pride rather than trauma in readers. He further argues that Tegh Bahadur sacrificed himself for the sake of his own faith, saying that the janju and tilak mentioned in a passage in the Bachittar Natak refer to Tegh Bahadur's own sacred thread and frontal mark.
Barbara Metcalf notes that Tegh Bahadur's familial ties to Dara Shikoh (Aurangzeb summoned both Guru Har Rai and later Guru Har Krishan to his court to account for their rumored support to Shikoh), along with his proselytization and being a military organizer, invoked both political and Islamic justifications for the execution.Aurangzeb sitting on his throne, receiving the news of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Guru’s companions, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dayala Das at Delhi’s Chandi Chowk. Painting by Basahatullah, court painter of the Maharaja of Nabha, circa 19th century.
Legacy and memorials
Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, Delhi
Guru Tegh Bahadur composed 116 hymns in 15 ragas (musical measures), and these were included in the Guru Granth Sahib (pages 219–1427) by his son, Guru Gobind Singh. They cover a wide range of spiritual topics, including human attachments, the body, the mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death, and deliverance.
Guru Tegh Bahadur built the city of Anandpur Sahib and was responsible for saving a faction of Kashmiri Pandits, who were being persecuted by the Mughals.
After the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a number of Sikh gurudwaras were built in his and his associates' memory. The Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, was built over where he was beheaded. Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, also in Delhi, is built where one of Guru Tegh Bahadur's disciples burned his house down to cremate the Guru's body.
Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib in Punjab marks the site where, in November 1675, the head of the martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated after being brought there by Bhai Jaita (renamed Bhai Jiwan Singh according to Sikh rites) in defiance of the Mughal authority of Aurangzeb.
The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur hardened the resolve of Sikhs against Muslim rule and persecution. Pashaura Singh states that "if the martyrdom of Guru Arjan had helped bring the Sikh Panth together, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom helped to make the protection of human rights central to its Sikh identity". Wilfred Smith stated that "the attempt to forcibly convert the ninth Guru to an externalized, impersonal Islam clearly made an indelible impression on the martyr's nine-year-old son, Gobind, who reacted slowly but deliberately by eventually organizing the Sikh group into a distinct, formal, symbol-patterned community". It inaugurated the Khalsa identity.
In one of his poetic works, the classical Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah, referred to Guru Tegh Bahadur as "Ghazi", an honorific title for a warrior.
In India, 24 November is observed as Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day (Shaheedi Diwas). In certain parts of India, this day of the year is a public holiday. Guru Tegh Bahadur is remembered for giving up his life to protect the freedom of the oppressed to practice their own religion.
Gallery
Guru Tegh Bahadur, fresco from Qila Mubarak.
Portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Pahari style.
18th century painting of Guru Tegh Bahadur.
19th century painting depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur.
Guru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting. Gouache on paper.
Guru Tegh Bahadur painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler.
Portrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur from the last quarter of the 19th century.
Notes
^ The authorship is disputed. While W. H. McLeod considered the work to be Guru Gobind Singh's, Gurinder Singh Mann and Purnima Dhavan concluded it to be the work of multiple court poets; there is a rough consensus to date the text.
^ Ghulam Muhiuddin Bute Shah in his Tarikh- i-Punjab reiterates this narrative.
References
^ a b c Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–245, 444–446, Quote: "This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity." Quote: "This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri Pandits came seeking protection from Aurangzeb's army.". ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
^ Gill, Sarjit S., and Charanjit Kaur (2008), "Gurdwara and its politics: Current debate on Sikh identity in Malaysia", SARI: Journal Alam dan Tamadun Melayu, Vol. 26 (2008), pages 243–255, Quote: "Guru Tegh Bahadur died in order to protect the freedom of India from invading Mughals."
^ a b c d e f Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.
^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 653–91. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5.
^ Singh, Harmeet Shah (21 April 2022). "Explained - The legacy of Guru Teg Bahadar and its revisionism". India Today. Take for instance, the description of Guru Teg Bahadar as 'Hind di Chadar' in present-day parlance and 'Dharam di Chadar' some 100 years ago. That appears to be a departure from how he was originally described in contemporaneous poetic texts after his execution in 1675. Chandra Sain Sainapati was a court poet of Guru Gobind Singh, the son of Guru Teg Bahadar. In his composition called Sri Gur Sobha, Sainapati described the martyred Guru as 'Srisht ki Chadar', or the protector of humanity. 'Pargat Bhae Gur Teg Bahadar, Sagal Srisht Pe Dhaapi Chadar,' the poet wrote, meaning 'Guru Tegh Bahadar was revealed, and protected the whole creation.'
^ W. H. McLeod (1984). Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780719010637. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2013.
^ "The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)". sikhs.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
^ a b c "Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur". BBC. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2017.;Fenech, Louis E. (2001). "Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (1). American Oriental Society: 20–31. doi:10.2307/606726. JSTOR 606726.;Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4). American Oriental Society: 623–642. doi:10.2307/606445. JSTOR 606445.;McLeod, Hew (1999). "Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (sup001). Taylor & Francis: 155–165. doi:10.1080/00856408708723379. ISSN 0085-6401.
^ a b H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
^ Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
^ a b William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
^ a b Bhatia, H.S.; Bakshi, S.R. (2000). The Sikh Gurus and Sikhism. Deep & Deep Publications. ISBN 8176291307.
^ McLeod, W. H. (24 July 2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.
^ Smith, Bonnie (2008). The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volume 2. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.
^ H.S. Singha (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-81-7010-245-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2018.
^ Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 621–22. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5.
^ a b Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.
^ Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
^ Singh, Fauja; Talib, Gurbachan Singh (1975). Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyr and Teacher. Punjabi University. pp. 24–26.
^ H.R. Gupta (1994). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469–1708. Vol. 1. p. 188. ISBN 9788121502764.
^ a b Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur : testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 37–41. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.
^ Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. pp. 139–40. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
^ a b Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 187–89. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.
^ Pruthi, Raj (2004). Sikhism and Indian civilization. Discovery Publishing House. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-7141-879-4.
^ Gobind Singh (Translated by Navtej Sarna) (2011). Zafarnama. Penguin Books. pp. xviii–xix. ISBN 978-0-670-08556-9.
^ Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.
^ Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.
^ Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 121–24. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.
^ Jerryson, Michael (2020). Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World . p. 684. ISBN 9781440859915.
^ a b Singh, Trilochan (1967). "Chapter XXII". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. pp. 293–300.
^ a b c d J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.
^ Purnima Dhavan (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 33, 36–37. ISBN 978-0-19-987717-1. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
^ Pashaura Singh (2014). Louis E. Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018.
^ a b c Fenech, Louis E. (1997). "Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4): 633. doi:10.2307/606445. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 606445. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.
^ a b Grewal, J. S. (2020). "New Perspectives and Sources". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780199494941.
^ Doniger, Wendy; Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2015). Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-19-539553-2.
^ a b Singh, Surinder (2022). Medieval Panjab in Transition Authority, Resistance and Spirituality C.1500 – C.1700. Routledge. p. 384. ISBN 9781000609448.
^ Singh, Trilochan (1967). "Chapter XXIV". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. p. 311.
^ a b c d e f g Chandra, Satish. "Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 February 2002. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ Grewal, J.S. (2001). Sikh History From Persian Sources. Indian History Congress. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-81-89487-18-8. Most of the non Sikh sources mention Guru Tegh Bahadur's militancy as the reason for Aurangzeb's action. By contrast, the Sikh sources dwell exclusively on the religious dimension of the situation.
^ Chandavarkar, Rajnayaran (3 September 2009). History, Culture and the Indian City. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-139-48044-4. In another, the historian Satish Chandra pointed out that the 'official explanation' for the execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur by the Mughal court was that he had 'resorted to plunder and rapine'.
^ "Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin – Banglapedia". en.banglapedia.org. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.
^ Dogra, R. C. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Vikas Pub. House. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-7069-8368-5.
^ a b Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.
^ Truschke, Audrey (16 May 2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.
^ Grewal 2001, p. 105.
^ Grewal 2001, p. 110.
^ Grewal 2001, p. 13.
^ Mir, Farina (2010). The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 207–37. ISBN 978-0-520-26269-0.
^ Fenech, Louis E. (2013). "The Historiography of the Ẓafar-nāmah". The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780199931439.
^ Grewal, J. S. (2020). "New Perspectives and Sources". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199494941. Fenech argues that the twentieth-century Tat Khalsa wrongly treated the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur as a sacrifice to save Hinduism. In his view, the tilak and janju in the passage under consideration refer to the frontal mark and the sacred thread of Guru Tegh Bahadur himself. In other words, Guru Tegh Bahadur sacrificed his life for the sake of his own faith.
^ Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2002). A Concise History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3.
^ Tegh Bahadur (Translated by Gopal Singh) (2005). Mahalla nawan: compositions of Guru Tegh Bahādur-the ninth guru (from Sri Guru Granth Sahib): Bāṇī Gurū Tega Bahādara. Allied Publishers. pp. xxviii–xxxiii, 15–27. ISBN 978-81-7764-897-3.
^ Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.
^ "Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day 2022: 8 powerful quotes by the ninth Sikh Guru". Hindustan Times. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
^ SK Chatterji (1975), Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Sis Ganj Gurdwara, Sikh Review, 23(264): 100–09
^ a b John, Rachel (24 November 2019). "Guru Tegh Bahadur — the ninth Sikh guru who sacrificed himself for religious freedom". ThePrint. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
^ Harbans Singh (1992), "History of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib", in Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Volume 1, pg. 547
^ Wilfred Smith (1981). On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies. Walter De Gruyter. p. 191. ISBN 978-9027934482.
^ Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? (2015). Sufi lyrics. C. Shackle, Inc OverDrive. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-0-674-25966-9. OCLC 1240164691.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ NEWS, SA (24 November 2022). "Guru Tegh Bahadur Martyrdom Day 2022: Revelation From Guru Granth Sahib Ji". SA News Channel. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
^ "Letter from Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, U.T." (PDF). Dnh.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ "LIST OF RESTRICTED HOLIDAYS 2016". Arunachalipr.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
^ "HP Government – Holidays – Government of Himachal Pradesh, India". Himachal.nic.in. 13 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.
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Guru Tegh Bahadur Ranbir Singh (1975)
Non-Canonical Compositions Attributed to the Seventh and Ninth Sikh Gurus, Jeevan Singh Deol, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 121(2): 193–203, (Apr. – Jun., 2001)
Preceded byGuru Har Krishan
Sikh Guru 20 March 1665 – 24 November 1675
Succeeded byGuru Gobind Singh
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Teg_bahadur_ji.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"Gurmukhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurmukhi"},{"link_name":"[gʊɾuː t̯eːɣ bəɦaːd̯ʊɾᵊ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"gurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_gurus"},{"link_name":"Sikh religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhism"},{"link_name":"beheading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"Amritsar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar"},{"link_name":"Punjab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab"},{"link_name":"Guru Hargobind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Hargobind_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Mughal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empire"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcgtb-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fenech4-9"},{"link_name":"Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Rakab_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singharakab-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nesbitt122-11"}],"text":"Ninth Sikh guru from 1665 to 1675Interior view of Gurdwara Sis Ganj SahibGuru Tegh Bahadur (Punjabi: ਗੁਰੂ ਤੇਗ਼ ਬਹਾਦਰ (Gurmukhi); Punjabi pronunciation: [gʊɾuː t̯eːɣ bəɦaːd̯ʊɾᵊ]; 1 April 1621 – 11 November 1675)[6][7] was the ninth of ten gurus who founded the Sikh religion and was the leader of Sikhs from 1665 until his beheading in 1675. He was born in Amritsar, Punjab, India in 1621 and was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh guru. Considered a principled and fearless warrior, he was a learned spiritual scholar and a poet whose 115 hymns are included in the Guru Granth Sahib, which is the main text of Sikhism.Tegh Bahadur was executed on the orders of Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, in Delhi, India.[3][8][9] Sikh holy premises Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of Guru Tegh Bahadur.[10] His day of martyrdom (Shaheedi Divas) is commemorated in India every year on 24 November.[11]","title":"Guru Tegh Bahadur"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Punjabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_language"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"Sodhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodhi"},{"link_name":"Khatris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khatri"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kartarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kartarpur"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-12"},{"link_name":"archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"horsemanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsemanship"},{"link_name":"Vedas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedas"},{"link_name":"Upanishads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upanishads"},{"link_name":"Puranas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas"},{"link_name":"Gujri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata_Gujri"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Bakala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Bakala"},{"link_name":"Amritsar district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amritsar_district"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gandhi621-17"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Guru Tegh Bahadur was born Tyag Mal (Tīāg Mal) (Punjabi: ਤਿਆਗ ਮਲ) in Amritsar on 1 April 1621. He was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind, the sixth guru.[12][13]: 27 His family belonged to the Sodhi clan of Khatris. Hargobind had one daughter, Bibi Viro, and five sons: Baba Gurditta, Suraj Mal, Ani Rai, Atal Rai, and Tyag Mal.[14] He gave Tyag Mal the name Tegh Bahadur (Brave Sword) after Tyag Mal showed valor in the Battle of Kartarpur against the Mughals.[12]Tegh Bahadur was brought up in the Sikh culture and trained in archery and horsemanship. He was also taught the old classics such as the Vedas, the Upanishads, and the Puranas. He was married on 3 February 1632 to Gujri.[15][16]In the 1640s, nearing his death, Guru Hargobind and his wife Nanaki moved to his ancestral village of Bakala in Amritsar district, together with Tegh Bahadur and Gujri. After Hargobind's death, Tegh Bahadur continued to live in Bakala with his wife and mother.[17]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guru Har Krishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan"},{"link_name":"smallpox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smallpox"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk1992-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hss2000-19"},{"link_name":"Makhan Shah Labana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makhan_Shah_Labana"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk1992-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Guru Arjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk37-22"}],"sub_title":"Installation as Guru of Sikhs","text":"In March 1664, Guru Har Krishan contracted smallpox. When his followers asked who would lead them after him, he said, \"Baba Bakala\", meaning his successor was to be found in Bakala. Taking advantage of the ambiguity in the words of the dying guru, many installed themselves in Bakala, claiming to be the new guru. Sikhs were puzzled to see so many claimants.[18][19]Sikh tradition has a legend about how Tegh Bahadur was selected as the ninth guru. A wealthy trader named Makhan Shah Labana had vowed to give 500 gold coins to the Sikh Guru upon escaping a shipwreck some time ago, and he came to Bakala in search of the ninth guru. He met each claimant he could find, making his obeisance and offering them two gold coins in the belief that the right guru would know of his silent promise to give them 500 coins. Every \"guru\" he met accepted the two gold coins and bid him farewell. Then he discovered that Tegh Bahadur also lived at Bakala. Makhan Shah gave Tegh Bahadur the usual offering of two gold coins. Tegh Bahadur blessed him and remarked that his offering was short of the promised five hundred. Makhan Shah made good the difference and ran upstairs. He began shouting from the rooftop, \"Guru ladho re, Guru ladho re\", meaning \"I have found the Guru, I have found the Guru\".[18]In August 1664, a Sikh congregation led by Diwan Dargha Mal, son of a well-known devotee of Har Krishan, arrived in Bakala and appointed Tegh Bahadur as the ninth guru of Sikhs.[20]As had been the custom among Sikhs after the execution of Guru Arjan by Mughal Emperor Jahangir, Guru Tegh Bahadur was surrounded by armed bodyguards,[21] but he otherwise lived an austere life.[22]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinent"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"link_name":"Guru Nanak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Nanak"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps189-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rp88-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsxviii-26"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Patna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna"},{"link_name":"Dhubri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhubri"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Sri_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ps189-24"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Bilaspur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilaspur,_Himachal_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"rupees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupees"},{"link_name":"Anandpur Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcgtb-8"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"non-Muslims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafir"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Journeys","text":"Guru Tegh Bahadur traveled extensively in different parts of the Indian subcontinent, including Dhaka and Assam, to preach the teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Sikh guru. The places he visited and stayed in became sites of Sikh temples.[23] During his travels, he started a number of community water wells and langars (community kitchens for the poor).[24][25]Tegh Bahadur visited the towns of Mathura, Agra, Allahabad and Varanasi.[26] His son, Guru Gobind Singh, who would be the tenth Sikh guru, was born in Patna in 1666 while he was away in Dhubri, Assam, where the Gurdwara Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib now stands. There he helped end the war between Raja Ram Singh of Bengal and Raja Chakardwaj of Ahom state (later Assam).[24][27]After his visit to Assam, Bengal, and Bihar, Guru Tegh Bahadur visited Rani Champa of Bilaspur, who offered to give the Guru a piece of land in her state. The Guru bought the site for 500 rupees. There, he founded the city of Anandpur Sahib in the foothills of the Himalayas.[8][28] In 1672, Tegh Bahadur traveled in and around the Malwa region to meet the masses as the persecution of non-Muslims reached new heights.[29]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandit"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Anandpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anandpur_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Iftikhar Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iftikhar_Khan_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-31"},{"link_name":"Shiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva"},{"link_name":"Amarnath shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnath_Temple"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-31"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Hindus"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-32"},{"link_name":"Bhai Mati Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Mati_Das"},{"link_name":"Bhai Dayal Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Dayala"},{"link_name":"Bhai Sati Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Sati_Das"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-32"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-13"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-32"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SinghFenech2014p236-34"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"}],"sub_title":"Narrative","text":"Many scholars identify the traditional Sikh narrative as follows: A congregation of Hindu Pandits from Kashmir requested help against Aurangzeb's oppressive policies, and Guru Tegh Bahadur decided to protect their rights.[30] According to Trilochan Singh in Guru Tegh Bahadur: Prophet and Martyr, the convoy of Kashmiri Pandits who tearfully pleaded with the Guru at Anandpur were 500 in number and were led by a certain Pandit Kirpa Ram, who recounted tales of religious oppression under the governorship of Iftikhar Khan.[31] The Kashmiri Pandits decided to meet with the Guru after they first sought the assistance of Shiva at the Amarnath shrine, where one of them is said to have had a dream where Shiva instructed the Pandits to seek out the ninth Sikh guru for assistance in their plight and hence a group was formed for carrying out the task.[31] Guru Tegh Bahadur left from his base at Makhowal to confront the persecution of Kashmiri Pandits by Mughal officials but was arrested at Ropar and put to jail in Sirhind.[32][33] Four months later, in November 1675, he was transferred to Delhi and asked to perform a miracle to prove his nearness to God or convert to Islam.[32] The Guru declined, and three of his colleagues, who had been arrested with him, were tortured to death in front of him: Bhai Mati Das was sawn in two, Bhai Dayal Das was thrown into a cauldron of boiling liquid, and Bhai Sati Das was cut into pieces.[32][13]: 48 Thereafter on 11 November, Tegh Bahadur was publicly beheaded in Chandni Chowk, a market square close to the Red Fort.[32][34][3]","title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Painting_depicting_the_execution_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chandni Chowk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni_Chowk"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Delhi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Head_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_is_brought_to_Anandpur_by_Sikhs.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bachittar Natak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachittar_Natak"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-39"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Guru Gobind Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh"},{"link_name":"Satish Chandra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Ghulam Husain Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Hussain_Khan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"Alivardi Khan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alivardi_Khan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-45"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ha-46"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal2001105-48"},{"link_name":"Padshah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padishah"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal2001110-49"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrewal200113-50"},{"link_name":"Ranjit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranjit_Singh"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sur-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"Guru Har Krishan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Detail_of_a_mural_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai_depicting_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Guru_Gobind_Singh_receiving_a_delegation_of_Kashmiri_Pandits_whom_petition_their_help_against_religious_persecution.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Historiography","text":"Painting depicting the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in Chandni Chowk, Delhi.Fresco art depicting head of Guru Tegh Bahadar being brought to Anandpur by SikhsThe primary nucleus of Sikh narratives remains the Bachittar Natak, a memoir of Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur's son, dated between late 1680s and late 1690s.[35][36][37][a] \nGuru Tegh Bahadur's son and successor recalled the Guru's execution:[38][39]In this dark age, Tegh Bahadur performed a great act of chivalry (saka) for the sake of the frontal mark and sacred thread. He offered all he had for the holy. He gave up his head, but did not utter a sigh. He suffered martyrdom for the sake of religion. He laid down his head, but not his honor. Real men of God do not perform tricks like showmen. Having broken the pitcher on the head of the Emperor of Delhi, he departed to the world of God. No one has ever performed a deed like him. At his departure, the whole world mourned, while the heavens hailed it as a victory.— Guru Gobind Singh, Bachittar Natak: Apni KathaMore Sikh accounts of Guru Tegh Bahadur's execution, all claiming to be sourced from the \"testimony of trustworthy Sikhs\", only started emerging in around the late eighteenth century, and are thus, often conflicting, according to historian Satish Chandra.[40]Persian and non Sikh sources[41] maintain that the Guru was a bandit[35] whose plunder and rapine of Punjab along with his rebellious activities precipitated his execution.[42] According to Chandra, the earliest Persian source to chronicle his execution is Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin by Ghulam Husain Khan c. 1782, where Tegh Bahadur's (alleged) oppression of subjects is held to have incurred Aurangzeb's wrath:[40]Tegh Bahadur, the eighth successor of (Guru) Nanak became a man of authority with a large number of followers. (In fact) several thousand persons used to accompany him as he moved from place to place. His contemporary Hafiz Adam, a faqir belonging to the group of Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi's followers, had also come to have a large number of murids and followers. Both these men (Guru Tegh Bahadur and Hafiz Adam) used to move about in Punjab, adopting a habit of coercion and extortion. Tegh Bahadur used to collect money from Hindus and Hafiz Adam from Muslims. The royal waqia navis (news reporter and intelligence agent) wrote to the Emperor Alamgir [Aurangzeb]... of their manner of activity, adding that if their authority increased they could become even refractory.— Ghulam Husain, Siyar-ul-MutakhkherinChandra cautions against taking Ghulam Husain's argument at face value, as Ghulam Husain was a relative of Alivardi Khan — one of the closest confidantes of Aurangzeb — and might have been providing an \"official justification\".[40][43] Also, the Guru's alleged association with Hafiz Adam is anachronistic. Chandra further writes that Ghulam Husain's account places Guru Tegh Bahadur's confinement and execution in Lahore, while Sikh tradition places it in Delhi, and Chandra finds no reason to reject said tradition.[40]The Sikh sakhis (traditional accounts)[44] written during the eighteenth century indirectly support the narrative in the Persian sources, saying that \"the Guru was in violent opposition to the Muslim rulers of the country\" in response to the dogmatic policies implemented by Aurangzeb.[45] Both Persian and Sikh sources agree that Guru Tegh Bahadur militarily opposed the Mughal state and was therefore targeted for execution in accordance with Aurangzeb's zeal for punishing enemies of the state.[46]Bhimsen, a contemporary chronicler of Guru Gobind Singh, wrote (c.1708)[47] that the successors of Guru Nanak maintained extravagant lifestyles, and some of them, including Tegh Bahadur, rebelled against the state: Tegh Bahadur proclaimed himself Padshah and acquired a large following, as a result, Aurangzeb had him executed. Muhammad Qasim's Ibratnama, written in 1723,[48] claimed Tegh Bahadur's religious inclinations along with his life of splendor and conferral of sovereignty by his followers had him condemned and executed.[49]Chronicler Sohan Lal Suri, the court historian of Ranjit Singh, in his magisterial Umdat ut Tawarikh (c. 1805) chose to reiterate Ghulam Husain Khan's argument at large: he states that the Guru gained thousands of followers of soldiers and horsemen during his travels between 1672 and 1673 in southern Punjab, essentially having a nomadic army, and provided shelter to rebels who were resistant to Mughal representatives. Aurangzeb was warned about such activity as a cause of concern that could possibly lead to insurrection or rebellion and to eliminate the threat of the Guru at the earliest opportunity.[38][40]Chandra writes that in contrast to this dominating theme in Sikh literature, some pre-modern Sikh accounts had laid the blame on an acrimonious succession dispute: Ram Rai, elder brother of Guru Har Krishan, was held to have instigated Aurangzeb against Tegh Bahadur by suggesting that he prove his spiritual greatness by performing miracles at the Court.[40][b]Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal Empire. This fresco has since been lost.","title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ha-46"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sc2001-41"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-35"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Barbara Metcalf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_D._Metcalf"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aurangzeb_sitting_on_his_throne,_receiving_the_news_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_and_the_Guru%E2%80%99s_companions,_Bhai_Mati_Das_and_Bhai_Dayala_Das_at_Delhi%E2%80%99s_Chandi_Chowk.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aurangzeb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurangzeb"},{"link_name":"Bhai Mati Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Mati_Das"},{"link_name":"Bhai Dayala Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Dayala"},{"link_name":"Chandi Chowk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni_Chowk"},{"link_name":"Maharaja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maharaja"},{"link_name":"Nabha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabha_State"}],"sub_title":"Scholarly analysis","text":"Satish Chandra expresses doubt about the authenticity of these meta-narratives, centered on miracles — Aurangzeb was not a believer in them, according to Chandra. He further expresses doubt pertaining to the narrative of the persecution of Hindus in Kashmir within Sikh accounts, remarking that no contemporary sources mentioned the persecution of Hindus there.[45][40][50]Louis E. Fenech refuses to pass any judgement, in light of the paucity of primary sources; however, he notes that these Sikh accounts had coded martyrdom into the events, with an aim to elicit pride rather than trauma in readers. He further argues that Tegh Bahadur sacrificed himself for the sake of his own faith, saying that the janju and tilak mentioned in a passage in the Bachittar Natak refer to Tegh Bahadur's own sacred thread and frontal mark.[35][51][52]Barbara Metcalf notes that Tegh Bahadur's familial ties to Dara Shikoh (Aurangzeb summoned both Guru Har Rai and later Guru Har Krishan to his court to account for their rumored support to Shikoh), along with his proselytization and being a military organizer, invoked both political and Islamic justifications for the execution.[53]Aurangzeb sitting on his throne, receiving the news of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Guru’s companions, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dayala Das at Delhi’s Chandi Chowk. Painting by Basahatullah, court painter of the Maharaja of Nabha, circa 19th century.","title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gurdwara_Rakabganj_Sahib,_Delhi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Rakab_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"ragas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raga"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mk37-22"},{"link_name":"Guru Granth Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mahalla-56"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Kashmiri Pandits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashmiri_Pandits"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pslf-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"},{"link_name":"gurudwaras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurudwaras"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Sis_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"Chandni Chowk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandni_Chowk"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-skc-59"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-60"},{"link_name":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurdwara_Rakab_Ganj_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-singharakab-10"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-60"},{"link_name":"Bhai Jiwan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhai_Jiwan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Sikh rites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh_rites"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Guru Arjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Arjan"},{"link_name":"Sikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ws1981-62"},{"link_name":"Bulleh Shah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulleh_Shah"},{"link_name":"Ghazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pslf-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs2013-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbcgtb-8"}],"text":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, DelhiGuru Tegh Bahadur composed 116 hymns in 15 ragas (musical measures),[22] and these were included in the Guru Granth Sahib (pages 219–1427) by his son, Guru Gobind Singh.[54][55] They cover a wide range of spiritual topics, including human attachments, the body, the mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death, and deliverance.[56]Guru Tegh Bahadur built the city of Anandpur Sahib and was responsible for saving a faction of Kashmiri Pandits, who were being persecuted by the Mughals.[1][3]After the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, a number of Sikh gurudwaras were built in his and his associates' memory. The Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib in Chandni Chowk, Delhi, was built over where he was beheaded.[57][58] Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, also in Delhi, is built where one of Guru Tegh Bahadur's disciples burned his house down to cremate the Guru's body.[10][58]Gurdwara Sisganj Sahib in Punjab marks the site where, in November 1675, the head of the martyred Guru Tegh Bahadur was cremated after being brought there by Bhai Jaita (renamed Bhai Jiwan Singh according to Sikh rites) in defiance of the Mughal authority of Aurangzeb.[59]The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur hardened the resolve of Sikhs against Muslim rule and persecution. Pashaura Singh states that \"if the martyrdom of Guru Arjan had helped bring the Sikh Panth together, Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom helped to make the protection of human rights central to its Sikh identity\".[3] Wilfred Smith stated that \"the attempt to forcibly convert the ninth Guru to an externalized, impersonal Islam clearly made an indelible impression on the martyr's nine-year-old son, Gobind, who reacted slowly but deliberately by eventually organizing the Sikh group into a distinct, formal, symbol-patterned community\". It inaugurated the Khalsa identity.[60]In one of his poetic works, the classical Punjabi poet Bulleh Shah, referred to Guru Tegh Bahadur as \"Ghazi\", an honorific title for a warrior.[61]In India, 24 November is observed as Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day (Shaheedi Diwas).[62] In certain parts of India, this day of the year is a public holiday.[63][64][65] Guru Tegh Bahadur is remembered for giving up his life to protect the freedom of the oppressed to practice their own religion.[1][3][8]","title":"Legacy and memorials"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadur,_fresco_from_Qila_Mubarak.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_in_the_Pahari_style.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadur,_the_Ninth_Sikh_Guru.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_19th_century_painting_depicting_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadur,_Pahari_painting.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_painting_from_the_family_workshop_of_Nainsukh_of_Guler.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg"}],"text":"Guru Tegh Bahadur, fresco from Qila Mubarak.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Pahari style.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t18th century painting of Guru Tegh Bahadur.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t19th century painting depicting Guru Tegh Bahadur.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuru Tegh Bahadur, Pahari painting. Gouache on paper.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGuru Tegh Bahadur painting from the family workshop of Nainsukh of Guler.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPortrait of Guru Tegh Bahadur from the last quarter of the 19th century.","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-38"},{"link_name":"W. H. McLeod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._McLeod"},{"link_name":"Gurinder Singh Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurinder_Singh_Mann"},{"link_name":"Purnima Dhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purnima_Dhavan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-36"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-51"}],"text":"^ The authorship is disputed. While W. H. McLeod considered the work to be Guru Gobind Singh's, Gurinder Singh Mann and Purnima Dhavan concluded it to be the work of multiple court poets; there is a rough consensus to date the text.[36]\n\n^ Ghulam Muhiuddin Bute Shah in his Tarikh- i-Punjab reiterates this narrative.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Interior view of Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Guru_Teg_bahadur_ji.jpg/231px-Guru_Teg_bahadur_ji.jpg"},{"image_text":"Painting depicting the execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur in Chandni Chowk, Delhi.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Painting_depicting_the_execution_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg/220px-Painting_depicting_the_execution_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur.jpg"},{"image_text":"Fresco art depicting head of Guru Tegh Bahadar being brought to Anandpur by Sikhs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Head_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_is_brought_to_Anandpur_by_Sikhs.jpg/220px-Head_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_is_brought_to_Anandpur_by_Sikhs.jpg"},{"image_text":"Detail of a mural from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai depicting Guru Tegh Bahadar and a young Guru Gobind Singh (then known as Gobind Das or Gobind Rai) receiving a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits whom petition their help against religious persecution of Kashmiri Hindus by the Mughal Empire. This fresco has since been lost.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Detail_of_a_mural_from_Gurdwara_Baba_Atal_Rai_depicting_Guru_Tegh_Bahadar_and_a_young_Guru_Gobind_Singh_receiving_a_delegation_of_Kashmiri_Pandits_whom_petition_their_help_against_religious_persecution.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Aurangzeb sitting on his throne, receiving the news of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur and the Guru’s companions, Bhai Mati Das and Bhai Dayala Das at Delhi’s Chandi Chowk. Painting by Basahatullah, court painter of the Maharaja of Nabha, circa 19th century.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Aurangzeb_sitting_on_his_throne%2C_receiving_the_news_of_the_martyrdom_of_Guru_Tegh_Bahadur_and_the_Guru%E2%80%99s_companions%2C_Bhai_Mati_Das_and_Bhai_Dayala_Das_at_Delhi%E2%80%99s_Chandi_Chowk.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib, Delhi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gurdwara_Rakabganj_Sahib%2C_Delhi.jpg/300px-Gurdwara_Rakabganj_Sahib%2C_Delhi.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Pashaura Singh and Louis Fenech (2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 236–245, 444–446, Quote: \"This second martyrdom helped to make 'human rights and freedom of conscience' central to its identity.\" Quote: \"This is the reputed place where several Kashmiri Pandits came seeking protection from Aurangzeb's army.\". ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8","url_text":"978-0-19-969930-8"}]},{"reference":"Seiple, Chris (2013). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. New York: Routledge. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-415-66744-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66744-9","url_text":"978-0-415-66744-9"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 653–91. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5","url_text":"978-81-269-0858-5"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Harmeet Shah (21 April 2022). \"Explained - The legacy of Guru Teg Bahadar and its revisionism\". India Today. Take for instance, the description of Guru Teg Bahadar as 'Hind di Chadar' in present-day parlance and 'Dharam di Chadar' some 100 years ago. That appears to be a departure from how he was originally described in contemporaneous poetic texts after his execution in 1675. Chandra Sain Sainapati was a court poet of Guru Gobind Singh, the son of Guru Teg Bahadar. In his composition called Sri Gur Sobha, Sainapati described the martyred Guru as 'Srisht ki Chadar', or the protector of humanity. 'Pargat Bhae Gur Teg Bahadar, Sagal Srisht Pe Dhaapi Chadar,' the poet wrote, meaning 'Guru Tegh Bahadar was revealed, and protected the whole creation.'","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/legacy-guru-teg-bahadar-sikh-guru-1940109-2022-04-21","url_text":"\"Explained - The legacy of Guru Teg Bahadar and its revisionism\""}]},{"reference":"W. H. McLeod (1984). Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism. Manchester University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780719010637. Archived from the original on 18 February 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719010637","url_text":"9780719010637"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)\". sikhs.org. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sikhs.org/guru9.htm","url_text":"\"The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur (1621–1675)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190107050930/http://www.sikhs.org/guru9.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur\". BBC. Archived from the original on 14 April 2017. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml","url_text":"\"Religions – Sikhism: Guru Tegh Bahadur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC","url_text":"BBC"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170414075330/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/sikhism/people/teghbahadur.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pashaura Singh; Louis E. Fenech (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 12 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-969930-8","url_text":"978-0-19-969930-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504190932/https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fenech, Louis E. (2001). \"Martyrdom and the Execution of Guru Arjan in Early Sikh Sources\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 121 (1). American Oriental Society: 20–31. doi:10.2307/606726. JSTOR 606726.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606726","url_text":"10.2307/606726"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606726","url_text":"606726"}]},{"reference":"Fenech, Louis E. (1997). \"Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4). American Oriental Society: 623–642. doi:10.2307/606445. JSTOR 606445.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606445","url_text":"10.2307/606445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445","url_text":"606445"}]},{"reference":"McLeod, Hew (1999). \"Sikhs and Muslims in the Punjab\". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 22 (sup001). Taylor & Francis: 155–165. doi:10.1080/00856408708723379. ISSN 0085-6401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00856408708723379","url_text":"10.1080/00856408708723379"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0085-6401","url_text":"0085-6401"}]},{"reference":"H. S. Singha (2000). The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries). Hemkunt Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 30 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Sikhism (over 1000 Entries)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1","url_text":"978-81-7010-301-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200920113541/https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Eleanor Nesbitt (2016). Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. pp. 6, 122–123. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0. Archived from the original on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Sikhism: a Very Short Introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-874557-0","url_text":"978-0-19-874557-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170309075522/https://books.google.com/books?id=XebnCwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"William Owen Cole; Piara Singh Sambhi (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 32–35. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4. Archived from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 23 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA34","url_text":"The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-13-4","url_text":"978-1-898723-13-4"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200528230214/https://books.google.com/books?id=zIC_MgJ5RMUC&pg=PA34%2F","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bhatia, H.S.; Bakshi, S.R. (2000). The Sikh Gurus and Sikhism. Deep & Deep Publications. ISBN 8176291307.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/encyclopaedichis0000unse_f4o8/page/26/mode/2up?view=theater&q=%22April+1%22","url_text":"The Sikh Gurus and Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8176291307","url_text":"8176291307"}]},{"reference":"McLeod, W. H. (24 July 2009). The A to Z of Sikhism. Scarecrow Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-8108-6344-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&pg=PA88","url_text":"The A to Z of Sikhism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6344-6","url_text":"978-0-8108-6344-6"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Bonnie (2008). The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volume 2. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-19-514890-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/410","url_text":"The Oxford encyclopedia of women in world history, Volume 2"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/410","url_text":"410"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514890-9","url_text":"978-0-19-514890-9"}]},{"reference":"H.S. Singha (2005). Sikh Studies. Hemkunt Press. pp. 21–22. ISBN 978-81-7010-245-8. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA21","url_text":"Sikh Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-245-8","url_text":"978-81-7010-245-8"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504192024/https://books.google.com/books?id=nRodBu9seiIC&pg=PA21","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gandhi, Surjit (2007). History of Sikh gurus retold. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 621–22. ISBN 978-81-269-0858-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0858-5","url_text":"978-81-269-0858-5"}]},{"reference":"Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-234-2","url_text":"978-81-7201-234-2"}]},{"reference":"Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 85. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1","url_text":"978-81-7010-301-1"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Fauja; Talib, Gurbachan Singh (1975). Guru Tegh Bahadur: Martyr and Teacher. Punjabi University. pp. 24–26.","urls":[]},{"reference":"H.R. Gupta (1994). History of the Sikhs: The Sikh Gurus, 1469–1708. Vol. 1. p. 188. ISBN 9788121502764.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121502764","url_text":"9788121502764"}]},{"reference":"Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur : testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 37–41. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-234-2","url_text":"978-81-7201-234-2"}]},{"reference":"Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. pp. 139–40. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1","url_text":"978-81-7010-301-1"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 187–89. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2","url_text":"978-81-8382-075-2"}]},{"reference":"Pruthi, Raj (2004). Sikhism and Indian civilization. Discovery Publishing House. p. 88. ISBN 978-81-7141-879-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7141-879-4","url_text":"978-81-7141-879-4"}]},{"reference":"Gobind Singh (Translated by Navtej Sarna) (2011). Zafarnama. Penguin Books. pp. xviii–xix. ISBN 978-0-670-08556-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-08556-9","url_text":"978-0-670-08556-9"}]},{"reference":"Kohli, Mohindar (1992). Guru Tegh Bahadur: testimony of conscience. Sahitya Akademi. pp. 25–27. ISBN 978-81-7201-234-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7201-234-2","url_text":"978-81-7201-234-2"}]},{"reference":"Singha, H.S. (2000). The encyclopedia of Sikhism. Hemkunt Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-81-7010-301-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7010-301-1","url_text":"978-81-7010-301-1"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. pp. 121–24. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2","url_text":"978-81-8382-075-2"}]},{"reference":"Jerryson, Michael (2020). Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World [2 Volumes]. p. 684. ISBN 9781440859915.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=pfjtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA684","url_text":"Religious Violence Today: Faith and Conflict in the Modern World [2 Volumes]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440859915","url_text":"9781440859915"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Trilochan (1967). \"Chapter XXII\". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. pp. 293–300.","urls":[]},{"reference":"J. S. Grewal (1998). The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press. pp. 71–73. ISBN 978-0-521-63764-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew","url_text":"The Sikhs of the Punjab"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/71","url_text":"71"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0","url_text":"978-0-521-63764-0"}]},{"reference":"Purnima Dhavan (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799. Oxford University Press. pp. 33, 36–37. ISBN 978-0-19-987717-1. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987717-1","url_text":"978-0-19-987717-1"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504223455/https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Pashaura Singh (2014). Louis E. Fenech (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. pp. 236–238. ISBN 978-0-19-100411-7. Archived from the original on 4 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100411-7","url_text":"978-0-19-100411-7"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190504171425/https://books.google.com/books?id=7YwNAwAAQBAJ","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fenech, Louis E. (1997). \"Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition\". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 117 (4): 633. doi:10.2307/606445. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 606445. Archived from the original on 6 October 2018. Retrieved 2 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445","url_text":"\"Martyrdom and the Sikh Tradition\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F606445","url_text":"10.2307/606445"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279","url_text":"0003-0279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445","url_text":"606445"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181006000554/https://www.jstor.org/stable/606445","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Grewal, J. S. (2020). \"New Perspectives and Sources\". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 9780199494941.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199494941","url_text":"9780199494941"}]},{"reference":"Doniger, Wendy; Nussbaum, Martha Craven (2015). Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right. Oxford University Press. p. 261. ISBN 978-0-19-539553-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FdgWBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA261","url_text":"Pluralism and Democracy in India: Debating the Hindu Right"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539553-2","url_text":"978-0-19-539553-2"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Surinder (2022). Medieval Panjab in Transition Authority, Resistance and Spirituality C.1500 – C.1700. Routledge. p. 384. ISBN 9781000609448.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JHVmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT379","url_text":"Medieval Panjab in Transition Authority, Resistance and Spirituality C.1500 – C.1700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000609448","url_text":"9781000609448"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Trilochan (1967). \"Chapter XXIV\". Guru Tegh Bahadur, Prophet and Martyr: A Biography. Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. p. 311.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish. \"Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom\". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 28 February 2002. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020228135707/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/05162524.htm","url_text":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur's martyrdom\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hindu","url_text":"The Hindu"},{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/10/16/stories/05162524.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grewal, J.S. (2001). Sikh History From Persian Sources. Indian History Congress. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-81-89487-18-8. Most of the non Sikh sources mention Guru Tegh Bahadur's militancy as the reason for Aurangzeb's action. By contrast, the Sikh sources dwell exclusively on the religious dimension of the situation.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9yj-OwAACAAJ","url_text":"Sikh History From Persian Sources"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89487-18-8","url_text":"978-81-89487-18-8"}]},{"reference":"Chandavarkar, Rajnayaran (3 September 2009). History, Culture and the Indian City. Cambridge University Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-1-139-48044-4. In another, the historian Satish Chandra pointed out that the 'official explanation' for the execution of the Sikh Guru Tegh Bahadur by the Mughal court was that he had 'resorted to plunder and rapine'.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yH4hAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA192","url_text":"History, Culture and the Indian City"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48044-4","url_text":"978-1-139-48044-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin – Banglapedia\". en.banglapedia.org. Archived from the original on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 18 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin","url_text":"\"Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin – Banglapedia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151706/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Siyar-ul-Mutakhkherin","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Dogra, R. C. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture. Internet Archive. New Delhi : Vikas Pub. House. p. 407. ISBN 978-0-7069-8368-5.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofs0000dogr","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of Sikh religion and culture"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-8368-5","url_text":"978-0-7069-8368-5"}]},{"reference":"Chandra, Satish (2005). Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II. Har-Anand Publications. p. 296. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA296","url_text":"Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9","url_text":"978-81-241-1066-9"}]},{"reference":"Truschke, Audrey (16 May 2017). Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King. Stanford University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-5036-0259-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oUUkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48","url_text":"Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India's Most Controversial King"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0259-5","url_text":"978-1-5036-0259-5"}]},{"reference":"Mir, Farina (2010). The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 207–37. ISBN 978-0-520-26269-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialspacelangu00mirf","url_text":"The social space of language vernacular culture in British colonial Punjab"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/socialspacelangu00mirf/page/n221","url_text":"207"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-26269-0","url_text":"978-0-520-26269-0"}]},{"reference":"Fenech, Louis E. (2013). \"The Historiography of the Ẓafar-nāmah\". The Sikh Ẓafar-nāmah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of the Mughal Empire. Oxford University Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780199931439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199931439","url_text":"9780199931439"}]},{"reference":"Grewal, J. S. (2020). \"New Perspectives and Sources\". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199494941. Fenech argues that the twentieth-century Tat Khalsa wrongly treated the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur as a sacrifice to save Hinduism. In his view, the tilak and janju in the passage under consideration refer to the frontal mark and the sacred thread of Guru Tegh Bahadur himself. In other words, Guru Tegh Bahadur sacrificed his life for the sake of his own faith.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199494941","url_text":"9780199494941"}]},{"reference":"Metcalf, Barbara D.; Metcalf, Thomas R. (2002). A Concise History of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-521-63974-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC&pg=PA21","url_text":"A Concise History of India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63974-3","url_text":"978-0-521-63974-3"}]},{"reference":"Tegh Bahadur (Translated by Gopal Singh) (2005). Mahalla nawan: compositions of Guru Tegh Bahādur-the ninth guru (from Sri Guru Granth Sahib): Bāṇī Gurū Tega Bahādara. Allied Publishers. pp. xxviii–xxxiii, 15–27. ISBN 978-81-7764-897-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7764-897-3","url_text":"978-81-7764-897-3"}]},{"reference":"Singh, Prithi (2006). The history of Sikh gurus. Lotus Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-81-8382-075-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8382-075-2","url_text":"978-81-8382-075-2"}]},{"reference":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day 2022: 8 powerful quotes by the ninth Sikh Guru\". Hindustan Times. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/guru-tegh-bahadur-s-martyrdom-day-2022-8-powerful-quotes-by-the-ninth-sikh-guru-101669217215300.html","url_text":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur's Martyrdom Day 2022: 8 powerful quotes by the ninth Sikh Guru\""}]},{"reference":"John, Rachel (24 November 2019). \"Guru Tegh Bahadur — the ninth Sikh guru who sacrificed himself for religious freedom\". ThePrint. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/guru-tegh-bahadur-the-ninth-sikh-guru-who-sacrificed-himself-for-religious-freedom/324938/","url_text":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur — the ninth Sikh guru who sacrificed himself for religious freedom\""}]},{"reference":"Wilfred Smith (1981). On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies. Walter De Gruyter. p. 191. ISBN 978-9027934482.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingi0000smit/page/191","url_text":"On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/onunderstandingi0000smit/page/191","url_text":"191"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027934482","url_text":"978-9027934482"}]},{"reference":"Bullhe Shāh,?-1758? (2015). Sufi lyrics. C. Shackle, Inc OverDrive. Cambridge, Massachusetts. ISBN 978-0-674-25966-9. OCLC 1240164691.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240164691","url_text":"Sufi lyrics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-25966-9","url_text":"978-0-674-25966-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1240164691","url_text":"1240164691"}]},{"reference":"NEWS, SA (24 November 2022). \"Guru Tegh Bahadur Martyrdom Day 2022: Revelation From Guru Granth Sahib Ji\". SA News Channel. Retrieved 24 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/guru-tegh-bahadur-martyrdom-day/","url_text":"\"Guru Tegh Bahadur Martyrdom Day 2022: Revelation From Guru Granth Sahib Ji\""}]},{"reference":"\"Letter from Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, U.T.\" (PDF). Dnh.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160806124235/http://www.dnh.nic.in/Docs/14Dec2015/HolidayNotification2016.pdf","url_text":"\"Letter from Administration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, U.T.\""},{"url":"http://www.dnh.nic.in/Docs/14Dec2015/HolidayNotification2016.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"LIST OF RESTRICTED HOLIDAYS 2016\". Arunachalipr.gov.in. Archived from the original on 8 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161108090922/http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Restricted.htm","url_text":"\"LIST OF RESTRICTED HOLIDAYS 2016\""},{"url":"http://arunachalipr.gov.in/GH_Restricted.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"HP Government – Holidays – Government of Himachal Pradesh, India\". Himachal.nic.in. 13 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/holidays-2016.html","url_text":"\"HP Government – Holidays – Government of Himachal Pradesh, India\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161101172904/http://himachal.nic.in/en-IN/holidays-2016.html","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/legacy-guru-teg-bahadar-sikh-guru-1940109-2022-04-21","external_links_name":"\"Explained - The legacy of Guru Teg Bahadar and its revisionism\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Textual Sources for the Study of Sikhism"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200218101303/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mj28AAAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sikhs.org/guru9.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Ninth Master Guru Tegh Bahadur 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Brazilian_Grand_Prix | 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix | ["1 Background","2 Qualifying report","2.1 Qualifying classification","3 Race report","3.1 Race classification","4 Championship standings after the race","5 References","6 External links"] | 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix
Race 16 of 17 in the 2009 Formula One World Championship← Previous raceNext race →
Race detailsDate
18 October 2009 (2009-10-18)Official name
Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2009Location
Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, BrazilCourse
Permanent racing facilityCourse length
4.309 km (2.677 miles)Distance
71 laps, 305.909 km (190.083 miles)Weather
Partially cloudy and dryPole positionDriver
Rubens Barrichello
Brawn-MercedesTime
1:19.576Fastest lapDriver
Mark Webber
Red Bull-RenaultTime
1:13.733 on lap 25PodiumFirst
Mark Webber
Red Bull-RenaultSecond
Robert Kubica
BMW SauberThird
Lewis Hamilton
McLaren-Mercedes
Lap leaders
Motor car race
The 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2009) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil on 18 October 2009. It was the sixteenth race of the 2009 Formula One World Championship.
The 71-lap race was won by Mark Webber, driving a Red Bull-Renault. Webber took his second victory of the season, and the second of his career, by 7.6 seconds from Robert Kubica in a BMW Sauber, with Lewis Hamilton third in a McLaren-Mercedes. Jenson Button finished fifth in his Brawn-Mercedes to secure his first and only Drivers' Championship, while Brawn GP sealed the Constructors' Championship.
Background
Local favourite Felipe Massa won the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix for Ferrari as Lewis Hamilton picked up the World Championship for McLaren by overtaking Timo Glock on the last corner of the race for 5th. Massa also won the race in 2006, and was runner-up to teammate Kimi Räikkönen in 2007 as the Finn took the World Championship. The World title had been won at Interlagos for the previous 4 years, with Hamilton, Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso (twice) taking the title. Alonso has never won the Brazilian GP, however, with Juan Pablo Montoya and Massa winning the 2005 and 2006 races respectively. Another former Brazilian Grand Prix winner lining up was Giancarlo Fisichella, who won in 2003.
The race has a history of home success, with Massa, Ayrton Senna, Nelson Piquet Sr, Carlos Pace and Emerson Fittipaldi winning. Rubens Barrichello aimed for his first win at Interlagos, hoping to improve on his previous best placing of 3rd in 2004. Massa had targeted a return after injuries sustained in an accident in qualifying in the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix, but this was not possible. Massa instead was given the honour of waving the chequered flag at the end of the race.
Championship leader Jenson Button needed to finish within four points of teammate Barrichello to seal the 2009 drivers' title. Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel needed to finish first or second in order to stay in the running for the title fight. In the constructors' standings, Brawn GP required just half a point to be declared champions, while Red Bull Racing needed to finish first and second in both Brazil and Abu Dhabi with Brawn not scoring in either round to take the title for themselves.
GP2 driver and Toyota test driver Kamui Kobayashi replaced Toyota's Timo Glock after tests revealed that he had cracked a vertebra in his qualifying accident at the previous race at Suzuka.
Tyre supplier Bridgestone selected the medium and supersoft tyres for the Grand Prix weekend.
Qualifying report
Qualifying was dominated by a tropical storm that would interrupt the session for over an hour, and made the session last 2 hours and 41 minutes, the longest qualifying session in the history of F1. The first session saw the elimination of Giancarlo Fisichella, both McLaren cars and championship contender Sebastian Vettel; Nick Heidfeld joined them as the fifth and final car eliminated. The rains set in after the first session, delaying qualifying until the circuit could be declared safe. Nico Rosberg topped the timing sheets with a lap time of 1:22.828.
When the weather had cleared and the cars eventually re-emerged, Rosberg would once again come out on top. The session was almost immediately red-flagged with Vitantonio Liuzzi crashing heavily at the first corner. Unable to set a time, he was subsequently eliminated. Q2 also saw the elimination of championship leader Jenson Button down in fourteenth and behind Jaime Alguersuari, Kamui Kobayashi and Romain Grosjean, the three least-experienced drivers in the field.
For the first time since the knockout qualifying system was introduced, the third and final ten-minute session was contested by drivers from nine of the ten teams, the only exclusion being McLaren, with both Hamilton and Kovalainen having been knocked out in the first session; Williams were the only team to field two cars in the final session. Jenson Button's closest championship rival and teammate Rubens Barrichello took his first pole since the 2004 Brazilian Grand Prix at the same track, on a drying circuit with a 1:19.576, but the release of the post-qualifying car weights revealed him to be the lightest car on the grid. It would also be his final pole and also the last pole for his team.
Qualifying classification
Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡"
Pos.
No.
Driver
Constructor
Qualifying times
Finalgrid
Q1
Q2
Q3
1
23
Rubens Barrichello
Brawn-Mercedes
1:24.100
1:21.659
1:19.576
1
2
14
Mark Webber
Red Bull-Renault
1:24.722
1:20.803
1:19.668
2
3
20
Adrian Sutil
Force India-Mercedes
1:24.447
1:20.753
1:19.912
3
4
9
Jarno Trulli
Toyota
1:24.621
1:20.635
1:20.097
4
5
4‡
Kimi Räikkönen
Ferrari
1:23.047
1:21.378
1:20.168
5
6
12
Sébastien Buemi
Toro Rosso-Ferrari
1:24.591
1:20.701
1:20.250
6
7
16
Nico Rosberg
Williams-Toyota
1:22.828
1:20.368
1:20.326
7
8
5
Robert Kubica
BMW Sauber
1:23.072
1:21.147
1:20.631
8
9
17
Kazuki Nakajima
Williams-Toyota
1:23.161
1:20.427
1:20.674
9
10
7
Fernando Alonso
Renault
1:24.842
1:21.657
1:21.422
10
11
10
Kamui Kobayashi
Toyota
1:24.335
1:21.960
N/A
11
12
11
Jaime Alguersuari
Toro Rosso-Ferrari
1:24.773
1:22.231
N/A
12
13
8
Romain Grosjean
Renault
1:24.394
1:22.477
N/A
13
14
22
Jenson Button
Brawn-Mercedes
1:24.297
1:22.504
N/A
14
15
21
Vitantonio Liuzzi
Force India-Mercedes
1:24.645
No time
N/A
201
16
15
Sebastian Vettel
Red Bull-Renault
1:25.009
N/A
N/A
15
17
2‡
Heikki Kovalainen
McLaren-Mercedes
1:25.052
N/A
N/A
16
18
1‡
Lewis Hamilton
McLaren-Mercedes
1:25.192
N/A
N/A
17
19
6
Nick Heidfeld
BMW Sauber
1:25.515
N/A
N/A
18
20
3‡
Giancarlo Fisichella
Ferrari
1:40.703
N/A
N/A
19
Source:
1.^ – Vitantonio Liuzzi received a five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change.
Race report
The opening lap was dominated by three separate incidents. Heikki Kovalainen made contact with Sebastian Vettel coming out of the Senna 'S', and while Vettel emerged unscathed, Kovalainen ran out of road and very nearly collected Fisichella, who was forced to go the long way around. The second incident took place just two corners later when Jarno Trulli tangled with Adrian Sutil while trying to make a pass coming out of the fifth corner. Both the Toyota and the Force India were eliminated, with Sutil taking out Fernando Alonso in the process when the Renault driver was unable to avoid his out-of-control Force India, an incident which caused the deployment of the safety car. The third and final incident took place in the pit lane; after his encounter with Vettel, Heikki Kovalainen pitted, followed closely by Kimi Räikkönen, the latter having damaged his front wing after light contact with Mark Webber. Kovalainen was released from his pit while the fuel hose was still attached, taking it with him and with it, a spray of fuel. Räikkönen's exhaust ignited the spilt fuel in a fireball, but no one was injured and both drivers were able to continue once Brawn mechanics extricated the McLaren fuel hose from Kovalainen's car.
Pole-sitter Barrichello controlled the first phase of the race, though Mark Webber and Robert Kubica stayed in touch, just two and a half seconds adrift. Aided by the first-lap incidents and the safety car, Button was placed ninth at the end of the first lap. He proceeded to take Grosjean around the outside at Turn 6 and then Nakajima at the first corner once green-flag conditions resumed, before being held up by debutant Kamui Kobayashi. He was heard on the team radio voicing his displeasure at the newcomer's tactics in defending his line. When he finally cleared the Toyota driver, Button was able to build a lead of three and a half seconds on him in a single lap.
Barrichello was unable to sustain the pace needed to maintain his lead over Webber, and in the first round of pit stops, the home town driver was passed by the Australian before coming under fire from Robert Kubica. Meanwhile, Lewis Hamilton — having started seventeenth — had pitted on the first lap and removed the softer tyre compound as his team switched him to a one-stop strategy. Other incidents early in the race saw Nick Heidfeld run out of fuel after his fuel-rig malfunctioned, whilst Kobayashi's blocking tactics removed fellow countryman Kazuki Nakajima's front wing, and the Williams driver crashed heavily at the fourth corner. His teammate Nico Rosberg had succumbed to gearbox troubles a few laps earlier.
The second stage of the race saw Button leading a group of four one-stopping drivers, with their ultimate success or failures having consequences on the championship standings given Barrichello's position. Both Hamilton and then Vettel successfully leap-frogged Button after Button's second stop and the Briton was caught behind Kovalainen, though a fading Rubens Barrichello was in a position such that had the race ended there and then, Button would still be declared World Champion. Button inherited sixth position when Kovalainen pitted, while Hamilton managed a pass down the inside of Barrichello into the first corner that inadvertently damaged the Brazilian's tyre, causing a puncture and forcing him to pit. He resumed in eighth, with Vettel's fourth placing meaning that, barring a dramatic turn in events, Button would be the 2009 World Champion even if he retired.
Mark Webber, who had led unchallenged since the first stops, went on to win the race, with Robert Kubica securing BMW Sauber's first podium since Malaysia. It turned out to be team's last podium. Lewis Hamilton's pass on Barrichello was good enough to net him third place and see McLaren overtake Ferrari for third in the constructors' standings. Sebastian Vettel was fourth when he needed to be first or second to continue the championship fight in Abu Dhabi, while Button's fifth place from fourteenth on the grid was enough for him to secure the 2009 World Championship, becoming the tenth British champion and the first British champion to succeed another since 1969, when Jackie Stewart succeeded Graham Hill as World Champion. He also became the second driver in succession to win a World Championship by finishing fifth in Brazil whilst driving a Mercedes-powered car carrying the number 22. Button used only one chassis over the course of the season (most drivers change chassis several times), having driven it in every practice and qualifying session and race, meaning that he won the World Championship in the oldest car on the grid. Kimi Räikkönen, Sebastien Buemi and Rubens Barrichello rounded out the minor points placings.
Felipe Massa was the chequered flag waver in this Grand Prix. The podium trophies were of an unusual three-pronged design and matt-turquoise in colour. They were designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer and were constructed of recycled plastic bottle tops, collected on site over the course of the Grand Prix weekend, and remoulded at the site's plastic recycling plant. The initiative is to highlight sponsor Petrobras' green credentials.
Race classification
Cars that use the KERS system are marked with "‡"
Pos
No
Driver
Constructor
Laps
Time/Retired
Grid
Points
1
14
Mark Webber
Red Bull-Renault
71
1:32:23.081
2
10
2
5
Robert Kubica
BMW Sauber
71
+ 7.626
8
8
3
1‡
Lewis Hamilton
McLaren-Mercedes
71
+ 18.944
17
6
4
15
Sebastian Vettel
Red Bull-Renault
71
+ 19.652
15
5
5
22
Jenson Button
Brawn-Mercedes
71
+ 29.005
14
4
6
4‡
Kimi Räikkönen
Ferrari
71
+ 33.340
5
3
7
12
Sébastien Buemi
Toro Rosso-Ferrari
71
+ 35.991
6
2
8
23
Rubens Barrichello
Brawn-Mercedes
71
+ 45.454
1
1
9
10
Kamui Kobayashi
Toyota
71
+ 1:03.324
11
10
3‡
Giancarlo Fisichella
Ferrari
71
+ 1:10.665
19
11
21
Vitantonio Liuzzi
Force India-Mercedes
71
+ 1:11.388
20
12
2‡
Heikki Kovalainen
McLaren-Mercedes
71
+ 1:13.4992
16
13
8
Romain Grosjean
Renault
70
+ 1 Lap
13
14
11
Jaime Alguersuari
Toro Rosso-Ferrari
70
+ 1 Lap
12
Ret
17
Kazuki Nakajima
Williams-Toyota
30
Collision
9
Ret
16
Nico Rosberg
Williams-Toyota
27
Gearbox
7
Ret
6
Nick Heidfeld
BMW Sauber
21
Fuel system
18
Ret
20
Adrian Sutil
Force India-Mercedes
0
Collision
3
Ret
9
Jarno Trulli
Toyota
0
Collision
4
Ret
7
Fernando Alonso
Renault
0
Collision
10
Source:
2.^ – Heikki Kovalainen received a 25-second time penalty for an unsafe release from his first pit stop.
Championship standings after the race
Drivers' Championship standings
Pos.
Driver
Points
1
Jenson Button*
89
1
2
Sebastian Vettel
74
1
3
Rubens Barrichello
72
4
Mark Webber
61.5
1
5
Lewis Hamilton
49
Source:
Constructors' Championship standings
Pos.
Constructor
Points
1
Brawn-Mercedes*
161
2
Red Bull-Renault
135.5
1
3
McLaren-Mercedes
71
1
4
Ferrari
70
5
Toyota
54.5
Source:
Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.
Bold text and an asterisk indicates the World Champions.
References
^ "Formula 1 Grande Premio Petrobras do Brasil 2009". formula1.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2020.
^ Whyatt, Chris (18 October 2009). "Brilliant Button clinches title". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.
^ "Massa given home race honour". ITV F1. ITV. 8 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
^ Beer, Matt (11 October 2009). "Glock ruled out of Brazilian Grand Prix". Autosport.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2009.
^ "Brazilian GP: Bridgestone preview". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
^ "Qualifying – Barrichello rises to the challenge in Brazil". Formula1. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
^ "Rubens Barrichello - Pole positions". Stats F1. Retrieved 29 September 2021.
^ "2009 Brazilian GP Qualifying Results". formula1.com. Formula One Association. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
^ "Liuzzi to get gearbox penalty after Q2 crash". formula1.com. Formula One. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
^ Collins, Sam (18 October 2009). "Brawn BGP-001: record breaker". Racecar Engineering. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
^ Jonathan Noble (19 October 2009). "Paddock Life: Interlagos edition". Autosport. Haymarket Publishing. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.
^ "2009 Brazilian GP Race Results". formula1.com. Formula One Association. 18 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
^ "2009 Brazilian Grand Prix – Document 48" (PDF). fia.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 18 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.
^ a b "Brazil 2009 - Championship • STATS F1". www.statsf1.com. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix.
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ABU | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Autódromo José Carlos Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Pace"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"2009 Formula One World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Formula_One_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Mark Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Webber_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_RB5"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One"},{"link_name":"Robert Kubica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kubica"},{"link_name":"BMW Sauber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMW_Sauber_F1.09"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_MP4-24"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Brawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawn_GP"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Motor car raceThe 2009 Brazilian Grand Prix (formally the Formula 1 Grande Prêmio Petrobras do Brasil 2009)[1] was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil on 18 October 2009. It was the sixteenth race of the 2009 Formula One World Championship.The 71-lap race was won by Mark Webber, driving a Red Bull-Renault. Webber took his second victory of the season, and the second of his career, by 7.6 seconds from Robert Kubica in a BMW Sauber, with Lewis Hamilton third in a McLaren-Mercedes. Jenson Button finished fifth in his Brawn-Mercedes to secure his first and only Drivers' Championship, while Brawn GP sealed the Constructors' Championship.[2]","title":"2009 Brazilian Grand Prix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Felipe Massa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Massa"},{"link_name":"2008 Brazilian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren_(racing)"},{"link_name":"Timo Glock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timo_Glock"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Kimi Räikkönen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimi_R%C3%A4ikk%C3%B6nen"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Fernando Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_Alonso"},{"link_name":"Juan Pablo Montoya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Montoya"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2006 races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Fisichella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella"},{"link_name":"2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Ayrton Senna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrton_Senna"},{"link_name":"Nelson Piquet Sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Piquet"},{"link_name":"Carlos Pace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Pace"},{"link_name":"Emerson Fittipaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerson_Fittipaldi"},{"link_name":"Rubens Barrichello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello"},{"link_name":"2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"2009 Hungarian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Hungarian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Red Bull's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Vettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel"},{"link_name":"Brawn GP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawn_GP"},{"link_name":"Red Bull Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"GP2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GP2_series"},{"link_name":"Kamui Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Toyota's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)"},{"link_name":"Suzuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Japanese_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bridgestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgestone"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Local favourite Felipe Massa won the 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix for Ferrari as Lewis Hamilton picked up the World Championship for McLaren by overtaking Timo Glock on the last corner of the race for 5th. Massa also won the race in 2006, and was runner-up to teammate Kimi Räikkönen in 2007 as the Finn took the World Championship. The World title had been won at Interlagos for the previous 4 years, with Hamilton, Räikkönen and Fernando Alonso (twice) taking the title. Alonso has never won the Brazilian GP, however, with Juan Pablo Montoya and Massa winning the 2005 and 2006 races respectively. Another former Brazilian Grand Prix winner lining up was Giancarlo Fisichella, who won in 2003.The race has a history of home success, with Massa, Ayrton Senna, Nelson Piquet Sr, Carlos Pace and Emerson Fittipaldi winning. Rubens Barrichello aimed for his first win at Interlagos, hoping to improve on his previous best placing of 3rd in 2004. Massa had targeted a return after injuries sustained in an accident in qualifying in the 2009 Hungarian Grand Prix, but this was not possible. Massa instead was given the honour of waving the chequered flag at the end of the race.[3]Championship leader Jenson Button needed to finish within four points of teammate Barrichello to seal the 2009 drivers' title. Red Bull's Sebastian Vettel needed to finish first or second in order to stay in the running for the title fight. In the constructors' standings, Brawn GP required just half a point to be declared champions, while Red Bull Racing needed to finish first and second in both Brazil and Abu Dhabi with Brawn not scoring in either round to take the title for themselves.GP2 driver and Toyota test driver Kamui Kobayashi replaced Toyota's Timo Glock after tests revealed that he had cracked a vertebra in his qualifying accident at the previous race at Suzuka.[4]Tyre supplier Bridgestone selected the medium and supersoft tyres for the Grand Prix weekend.[5]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"Giancarlo Fisichella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giancarlo_Fisichella"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Vettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel"},{"link_name":"Nick Heidfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Heidfeld"},{"link_name":"Nico Rosberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nico_Rosberg"},{"link_name":"Vitantonio Liuzzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitantonio_Liuzzi"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Jaime Alguersuari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Alguersuari"},{"link_name":"Kamui Kobayashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamui_Kobayashi"},{"link_name":"Romain Grosjean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romain_Grosjean"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williams_Grand_Prix_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"link_name":"Rubens Barrichello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello"},{"link_name":"2004 Brazilian Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Brazilian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Qualifying was dominated by a tropical storm that would interrupt the session for over an hour, and made the session last 2 hours and 41 minutes, the longest qualifying session in the history of F1.[6][better source needed] The first session saw the elimination of Giancarlo Fisichella, both McLaren cars and championship contender Sebastian Vettel; Nick Heidfeld joined them as the fifth and final car eliminated. The rains set in after the first session, delaying qualifying until the circuit could be declared safe. Nico Rosberg topped the timing sheets with a lap time of 1:22.828.When the weather had cleared and the cars eventually re-emerged, Rosberg would once again come out on top. The session was almost immediately red-flagged with Vitantonio Liuzzi crashing heavily at the first corner. Unable to set a time, he was subsequently eliminated. Q2 also saw the elimination of championship leader Jenson Button down in fourteenth and behind Jaime Alguersuari, Kamui Kobayashi and Romain Grosjean, the three least-experienced drivers in the field.For the first time since the knockout qualifying system was introduced, the third and final ten-minute session was contested by drivers from nine of the ten teams, the only exclusion being McLaren, with both Hamilton and Kovalainen having been knocked out in the first session; Williams were the only team to field two cars in the final session. Jenson Button's closest championship rival and teammate Rubens Barrichello took his first pole since the 2004 Brazilian Grand Prix[7] at the same track, on a drying circuit with a 1:19.576, but the release of the post-qualifying car weights revealed him to be the lightest car on the grid. It would also be his final pole and also the last pole for his team.","title":"Qualifying report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KERS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake#Kinetic_energy_recovery_systems"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Qualifying classification","text":"Cars that use the KERS system are marked with \"‡\"1.^ – Vitantonio Liuzzi received a five-place grid penalty for a gearbox change.[9]","title":"Qualifying report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Malaysian_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Abu_Dhabi_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oscar Niemeyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer"},{"link_name":"plastic recycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_recycling"},{"link_name":"Petrobras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrobras"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The opening lap was dominated by three separate incidents. Heikki Kovalainen made contact with Sebastian Vettel coming out of the Senna 'S', and while Vettel emerged unscathed, Kovalainen ran out of road and very nearly collected Fisichella, who was forced to go the long way around. The second incident took place just two corners later when Jarno Trulli tangled with Adrian Sutil while trying to make a pass coming out of the fifth corner. Both the Toyota and the Force India were eliminated, with Sutil taking out Fernando Alonso in the process when the Renault driver was unable to avoid his out-of-control Force India, an incident which caused the deployment of the safety car. The third and final incident took place in the pit lane; after his encounter with Vettel, Heikki Kovalainen pitted, followed closely by Kimi Räikkönen, the latter having damaged his front wing after light contact with Mark Webber. Kovalainen was released from his pit while the fuel hose was still attached, taking it with him and with it, a spray of fuel. Räikkönen's exhaust ignited the spilt fuel in a fireball, but no one was injured and both drivers were able to continue once Brawn mechanics extricated the McLaren fuel hose from Kovalainen's car.Pole-sitter Barrichello controlled the first phase of the race, though Mark Webber and Robert Kubica stayed in touch, just two and a half seconds adrift. Aided by the first-lap incidents and the safety car, Button was placed ninth at the end of the first lap. He proceeded to take Grosjean around the outside at Turn 6 and then Nakajima at the first corner once green-flag conditions resumed, before being held up by debutant Kamui Kobayashi. He was heard on the team radio voicing his displeasure at the newcomer's tactics in defending his line. When he finally cleared the Toyota driver, Button was able to build a lead of three and a half seconds on him in a single lap.Barrichello was unable to sustain the pace needed to maintain his lead over Webber, and in the first round of pit stops, the home town driver was passed by the Australian before coming under fire from Robert Kubica. Meanwhile, Lewis Hamilton — having started seventeenth — had pitted on the first lap and removed the softer tyre compound as his team switched him to a one-stop strategy. Other incidents early in the race saw Nick Heidfeld run out of fuel after his fuel-rig malfunctioned, whilst Kobayashi's blocking tactics removed fellow countryman Kazuki Nakajima's front wing, and the Williams driver crashed heavily at the fourth corner. His teammate Nico Rosberg had succumbed to gearbox troubles a few laps earlier.The second stage of the race saw Button leading a group of four one-stopping drivers, with their ultimate success or failures having consequences on the championship standings given Barrichello's position. Both Hamilton and then Vettel successfully leap-frogged Button after Button's second stop and the Briton was caught behind Kovalainen, though a fading Rubens Barrichello was in a position such that had the race ended there and then, Button would still be declared World Champion. Button inherited sixth position when Kovalainen pitted, while Hamilton managed a pass down the inside of Barrichello into the first corner that inadvertently damaged the Brazilian's tyre, causing a puncture and forcing him to pit. He resumed in eighth, with Vettel's fourth placing meaning that, barring a dramatic turn in events, Button would be the 2009 World Champion even if he retired.Mark Webber, who had led unchallenged since the first stops, went on to win the race, with Robert Kubica securing BMW Sauber's first podium since Malaysia. It turned out to be team's last podium. Lewis Hamilton's pass on Barrichello was good enough to net him third place and see McLaren overtake Ferrari for third in the constructors' standings. Sebastian Vettel was fourth when he needed to be first or second to continue the championship fight in Abu Dhabi, while Button's fifth place from fourteenth on the grid was enough for him to secure the 2009 World Championship, becoming the tenth British champion and the first British champion to succeed another since 1969, when Jackie Stewart succeeded Graham Hill as World Champion. He also became the second driver in succession to win a World Championship by finishing fifth in Brazil whilst driving a Mercedes-powered car carrying the number 22. Button used only one chassis over the course of the season (most drivers change chassis several times), having driven it in every practice and qualifying session and race, meaning that he won the World Championship in the oldest car on the grid.[10] Kimi Räikkönen, Sebastien Buemi and Rubens Barrichello rounded out the minor points placings.Felipe Massa was the chequered flag waver in this Grand Prix. The podium trophies were of an unusual three-pronged design and matt-turquoise in colour. They were designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer and were constructed of recycled plastic bottle tops, collected on site over the course of the Grand Prix weekend, and remoulded at the site's plastic recycling plant. The initiative is to highlight sponsor Petrobras' green credentials.[11]","title":"Race report"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"KERS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_brake#Kinetic_energy_recovery_systems"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ref_2"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Race classification","text":"Cars that use the KERS system are marked with \"‡\"2.^ – Heikki Kovalainen received a 25-second time penalty for an unsafe release from his first pit stop.[13]","title":"Race report"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Jenson Button","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenson_Button"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Vettel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Vettel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Rubens Barrichello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubens_Barrichello"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Mark Webber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Webber_(racing_driver)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Lewis Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Brawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brawn_GP"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Red Bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault_in_Formula_One"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1uparrow_green.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McLaren"},{"link_name":"Mercedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_AMG_High_Performance_Powertrains"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1downarrow_red.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Ferrari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1rightarrow_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Toyota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Racing_(Formula_One_team)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-champ-14"}],"text":"Drivers' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos.\n\nDriver\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Jenson Button*\n\n89\n\n\n 1\n\n2\n\n Sebastian Vettel\n\n74\n\n\n 1\n\n3\n\n Rubens Barrichello\n\n72\n\n\n\n\n4\n\n Mark Webber\n\n61.5\n\n\n 1\n\n5\n\n Lewis Hamilton\n\n49\n\n\nSource:[14]\n\n\n\nConstructors' Championship standings\n\n\n\n\n\nPos.\n\nConstructor\n\nPoints\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n Brawn-Mercedes*\n\n161\n\n\n\n\n2\n\n Red Bull-Renault\n\n135.5\n\n\n 1\n\n3\n\n McLaren-Mercedes\n\n71\n\n\n 1\n\n4\n\n Ferrari\n\n70\n\n\n\n\n5\n\n Toyota\n\n54.5\n\n\nSource:[14]Note: Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings.\nBold text and an asterisk indicates the World Champions.","title":"Championship standings after the race"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Formula 1 Grande Premio Petrobras do Brasil 2009\". formula1.com. Archived from the original on 26 November 2009. Retrieved 22 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091126011026/http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_822/circuit_diagram.html","url_text":"\"Formula 1 Grande Premio Petrobras do Brasil 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_822/circuit_diagram.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Whyatt, Chris (18 October 2009). \"Brilliant Button clinches title\". BBC Sport. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8313300.stm","url_text":"\"Brilliant Button clinches title\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091022053007/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/motorsport/formula_one/8313300.stm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Massa given home race honour\". ITV F1. ITV. 8 October 2009. Archived from the original on 11 October 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091011230730/http://www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=47131","url_text":"\"Massa given home race honour\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)","url_text":"ITV"},{"url":"http://www.itv-f1.com/news_article.aspx?id=47131","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beer, Matt (11 October 2009). \"Glock ruled out of Brazilian Grand Prix\". Autosport.com. Archived from the original on 13 October 2009. Retrieved 11 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79383","url_text":"\"Glock ruled out of Brazilian Grand Prix\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091013165009/http://www.autosport.com/news/report.php/id/79383","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazilian GP: Bridgestone preview\". Motorsport.com. Retrieved 14 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://us.motorsport.com/f1/news/brazilian-gp-bridgestone-preview-2009-10-14/2368569/","url_text":"\"Brazilian GP: Bridgestone preview\""}]},{"reference":"\"Qualifying – Barrichello rises to the challenge in Brazil\". Formula1. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020084722/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/10/10106.html","url_text":"\"Qualifying – Barrichello rises to the challenge in Brazil\""},{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/10/10106.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Rubens Barrichello - Pole positions\". Stats F1. Retrieved 29 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statsf1.com/en/rubens-barrichello/pole.aspx","url_text":"\"Rubens Barrichello - Pole positions\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Brazilian GP Qualifying Results\". formula1.com. Formula One Association. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2009/822/6692/","url_text":"\"2009 Brazilian GP Qualifying Results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020084826/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2009/822/6692/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Liuzzi to get gearbox penalty after Q2 crash\". formula1.com. Formula One. 17 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/10/10111.html","url_text":"\"Liuzzi to get gearbox penalty after Q2 crash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One","url_text":"Formula One"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020111428/http://www.formula1.com/news/headlines/2009/10/10111.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Sam (18 October 2009). \"Brawn BGP-001: record breaker\". Racecar Engineering. Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091021052341/http://www.racecar-engineering.com/news/cars/427080/f1-jenson-button-s-winning-brawn-chassis-breaks-records.html","url_text":"\"Brawn BGP-001: record breaker\""},{"url":"http://www.racecar-engineering.com/news/cars/427080/f1-jenson-button-s-winning-brawn-chassis-breaks-records.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Jonathan Noble (19 October 2009). \"Paddock Life: Interlagos edition\". Autosport. Haymarket Publishing. Archived from the original on 22 October 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.autosport.com/news/grapevine.php/id/79628","url_text":"\"Paddock Life: Interlagos edition\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091022070945/http://www.autosport.com/news/grapevine.php/id/79628","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Brazilian GP Race Results\". formula1.com. Formula One Association. 18 October 2009. Archived from the original on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2009/822/6693/","url_text":"\"2009 Brazilian GP Race Results\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091020093025/http://www.formula1.com/results/season/2009/822/6693/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Brazilian Grand Prix – Document 48\" (PDF). fia.com. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. 18 October 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fia.com/en-GB/mediacentre/f1_media/Documents/brz09_document_48.pdf","url_text":"\"2009 Brazilian Grand Prix – Document 48\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile","url_text":"Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile"}]},{"reference":"\"Brazil 2009 - Championship • STATS F1\". www.statsf1.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimsoft | Nimsoft | ["1 History","2 References","3 External links"] | NimsoftCompany typeBrandIndustryIT Management softwareFounded1998HeadquartersLong Island, New York, United StatesParentCA TechnologiesWebsitewww.nimsoft.com
Nimsoft was an independent company software vendor that offered information technology (IT) monitoring, service desk products, and services. It was acquired by CA Inc. in 2010, and since October 2012 its products were integrated into that business. The Nimsoft brand is still used by CA.
Nimsoft products allow users to monitor and manage business services and specific systems within the IT infrastructure, including network components, servers, databases, applications, virtualized environments and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology.
Nimsoft software also allows customers to monitor systems hosted in internal data centers, as well as in externally hosted environments, including software as a service (SaaS) and cloud computing environments.
History
Nimbus Software was founded in Oslo, Norway, in 1998 (not to be confused with Nimbus Data).
Converse Software, the exclusive US distributor of Nimbus Software, was founded in Silicon Valley in 2002.
Nimbus Software and Converse Software merged in 2004 to form Nimsoft. Gary Read, the founder of the US distributor, was appointed CEO and the new company's headquarters were established in Silicon Valley.
In 2007 a 10.3 million Series A round of funding from JMI Equity and Northzone Ventures closed.
Nimsoft acquired Indicative Software in April 2008 to offer business service management and established a new research and development base in Fort Collins, Colorado.
Nimsoft received the San Francisco Business Times 2008 "Best Place to Work Award".
Nimsoft closed a $12 million funding round led by Goldman Sachs in October 2008.
In May 2009 Nimsoft acquired the intellectual property assets of Cittio. It allowed users access to product capabilities including network discovery, topology mapping, and root cause analysis (RCA) utilizing graph theory.
That October Nimsoft announced its unified monitoring architecture to monitor externally hosted systems and services, including SaaS and cloud computing-based IT infrastructures.
In March 2010, CA Inc. announced it would acquire Nimsoft for $350 million. In September 2010, Nimsoft extended its software to allow support of Vblock products from the VCE Company.
In April 2011, Nimsoft announced its Unified Manager, software combining IT monitoring and service management.
Enhanced management support for NetApp storage was announced in June.
CA acquired Netherlands-based WatchMouse in July, and its software was integrated into Nimsoft.
Nimsoft ceased to exist as an independent operating unit within CA in 2012, although the same products are still offered under that brand name.
Since CA Inc. was acquired by Broadcom in 2018, the product has been re-branded as DX Unified Infrastructure Management.
References
^ a b Denise Dubie, Network World. “Managing IT assets where they live: Nimsoft extends monitoring capabilities beyond data center to cloud computing environments, SaaS provided apps.” October 21, 2009.
^ Tony C. Yang, San Francisco Business Times. "Keeping an eye on IT." May 30, 2008.
^ a b "Denise Dubie, Network World. "Goldman Sachs leads $12 million investment in Nimsoft." October 7, 2008". Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved February 5, 2010.
^ Denise Dubie, Network World. "Nimsoft, Indicative join forces to take on the Big Four". April 9, 2008.
^ "Nimsoft Wins "Best Place to Work Award", Sponsored by San Francisco Business Times". Press release. Nimsoft. May 1, 2008. Archived from the original on May 17, 2008. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ Ellen Messmer, Network World. "Nimsoft acquires the assets of Cittio". May 19, 2009.
^ Charles Babcock, InformationWeek, "CA to buy Nimsoft for USD 350 million", March 11, 2010. Archived June 25, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
^ "Beth Schultz, Network World, "Nimsoft delivers integrated monitoring for Vblock units", September 28, 2010". Archived from the original on December 29, 2010. Retrieved June 16, 2011.
^ "Nimsoft Broadens Offerings With Unified Manager - Data Center Knowledge". datacenterknowledge.com. 6 April 2011. Retrieved January 1, 2017.
^ "Nimsoft enhances management support for NetApp storage". Press release. Computer Technology Review. June 17, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ Charles Babcock (July 29, 2011). "CA Buys Watchmouse, For Remote App Testing Power". Information Week. Retrieved August 13, 2013.
^ Aiello, Chloe (2018-07-11). "Broadcom reaches deal to acquire CA Technologies for $18.9 billion in cash". CNBC. Retrieved 2024-04-18.
^ Roumeliotis, Greg; Nellis, Stephen (11 July 2018). "Chipmaker Broadcom inks $19 billion deal to buy software company CA". Reuters. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
External links
Nimsoft Unified Monitoring Site | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software"},{"link_name":"information technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology"},{"link_name":"CA Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Inc."},{"link_name":"IT infrastructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IT_infrastructure"},{"link_name":"data centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_centers"},{"link_name":"software as a service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_as_a_service"},{"link_name":"cloud computing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-networkworld.com-1"}],"text":"Nimsoft was an independent company software vendor that offered information technology (IT) monitoring, service desk products, and services. It was acquired by CA Inc. in 2010, and since October 2012 its products were integrated into that business. The Nimsoft brand is still used by CA.Nimsoft products allow users to monitor and manage business services and specific systems within the IT infrastructure, including network components, servers, databases, applications, virtualized environments and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology.Nimsoft software also allows customers to monitor systems hosted in internal data centers, as well as in externally hosted environments, including software as a service (SaaS) and cloud computing environments.[1]","title":"Nimsoft"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Nimbus Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbus_Data"},{"link_name":"Silicon Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley"},{"link_name":"Gary Read","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gary_Read&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubie-3"},{"link_name":"Fort Collins, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Collins,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Goldman Sachs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldman_Sachs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dubie-3"},{"link_name":"root cause analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_cause_analysis"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-networkworld.com-1"},{"link_name":"CA Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Inc."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"VCE Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VCE_(company)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"NetApp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetApp"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"CA Inc. was acquired by Broadcom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CA_Technologies#Acquisition_by_Broadcom"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Nimbus Software was founded in Oslo, Norway, in 1998 (not to be confused with Nimbus Data).\nConverse Software, the exclusive US distributor of Nimbus Software, was founded in Silicon Valley in 2002.\nNimbus Software and Converse Software merged in 2004 to form Nimsoft. Gary Read, the founder of the US distributor, was appointed CEO and the new company's headquarters were established in Silicon Valley.[2]\nIn 2007 a 10.3 million Series A round of funding from JMI Equity and Northzone Ventures closed.[3]\nNimsoft acquired Indicative Software in April 2008 to offer business service management and established a new research and development base in Fort Collins, Colorado.[4]\nNimsoft received the San Francisco Business Times 2008 \"Best Place to Work Award\".[5]\nNimsoft closed a $12 million funding round led by Goldman Sachs in October 2008.[3]In May 2009 Nimsoft acquired the intellectual property assets of Cittio. It allowed users access to product capabilities including network discovery, topology mapping, and root cause analysis (RCA) utilizing graph theory.[6]\nThat October Nimsoft announced its unified monitoring architecture to monitor externally hosted systems and services, including SaaS and cloud computing-based IT infrastructures.[1]In March 2010, CA Inc. announced it would acquire Nimsoft for $350 million.[7] In September 2010, Nimsoft extended its software to allow support of Vblock products from the VCE Company.[8]In April 2011, Nimsoft announced its Unified Manager, software combining IT monitoring and service management.[9]\nEnhanced management support for NetApp storage was announced in June.[10]\nCA acquired Netherlands-based WatchMouse in July, and its software was integrated into Nimsoft.[11]Nimsoft ceased to exist as an independent operating unit within CA in 2012, although the same products are still offered[when?] under that brand name.Since CA Inc. was acquired by Broadcom in 2018,[12][13] the product has been re-branded as DX Unified Infrastructure Management.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Denise Dubie, Network World. \"Goldman Sachs leads $12 million investment in Nimsoft.\" October 7, 2008\". 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Retrieved August 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wwpi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12889:nimsoft-enhances-management-support-for-netapp-storage&catid=236:backup-and-recovery&Itemid=2701320","url_text":"\"Nimsoft enhances management support for NetApp storage\""}]},{"reference":"Charles Babcock (July 29, 2011). \"CA Buys Watchmouse, For Remote App Testing Power\". Information Week. Retrieved August 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.informationweek.com/news/cloud-computing/software/231002951","url_text":"\"CA Buys Watchmouse, For Remote App Testing Power\""}]},{"reference":"Aiello, Chloe (2018-07-11). \"Broadcom reaches deal to acquire CA Technologies for $18.9 billion in cash\". CNBC. Retrieved 2024-04-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/2018/07/11/ca-technologies-soars-after-reportedly-nearing-deal-with-broadcom.html","url_text":"\"Broadcom reaches deal to acquire CA Technologies for $18.9 billion in cash\""}]},{"reference":"Roumeliotis, Greg; Nellis, Stephen (11 July 2018). \"Chipmaker Broadcom inks $19 billion deal to buy software company CA\". Reuters. Retrieved 17 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN1K12WR/","url_text":"\"Chipmaker Broadcom inks $19 billion deal to buy software company CA\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.nimsoft.com/","external_links_name":"www.nimsoft.com"},{"Link":"http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/nsm/2009/102109nsm2.html","external_links_name":"Managing IT assets where they live: Nimsoft extends monitoring capabilities beyond data center to cloud computing environments, SaaS provided apps"},{"Link":"http://www.nimsoft.com/news/press-coverage/2008-05-30-sf_biz_times.pdf","external_links_name":"Tony C. Yang, San Francisco Business Times. \"Keeping an eye on IT.\" May 30, 2008."},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081207170750/http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008/100708-nimsoft-goldman-sachs.html","external_links_name":"\"Denise Dubie, Network World. \"Goldman Sachs leads $12 million investment in Nimsoft.\" October 7, 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.networkworld.com/news/2008/100708-nimsoft-goldman-sachs.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/nsm/2008/040708nsm2.html","external_links_name":"Nimsoft, Indicative join forces to take on the Big Four"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080517220601/http://www.nimsoft.com/news/press-releases/2008-05-01-best-work.php","external_links_name":"\"Nimsoft Wins \"Best Place to Work Award\", Sponsored by San Francisco Business Times\""},{"Link":"http://www.nimsoft.com/news/press-releases/2008-05-01-best-work.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.infoworld.com/t/applications/nimsoft-acquires-assets-cittio-027","external_links_name":"Ellen Messmer, Network World. \"Nimsoft acquires the assets of Cittio\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Schlissel | Dan Schlissel | ["1 Early life","2 -ismist Recordings","3 Stand Up! Records","4 Other work","4.1 Record producing","4.2 Akumal Comedy Festival","4.3 Scottish tartan","5 Personal life","6 References","7 External links"] | American record label owner and producer
Dan SchlisselBorn (1970-11-09) November 9, 1970 (age 53)Worcester, Massachusetts, U.S.Occupation(s)record label owner, record producerYears active1992-Known forStand Up! Records, -ismist RecordingsAwardsGrammy Award for Best Comedy Album, 2006 (Lewis Black, The Carnegie Hall Performance)and 2 nominations
Dan Schlissel (born November 9, 1970) is an American record producer from Minneapolis, Minnesota, and founder of the record labels Stand Up! Records, which specializes in comedy, and -ismist Recordings, which focused on punk and alternative rock from Nebraska and nearby Midwestern states. Schlissel won a Grammy as producer of Lewis Black's 2006 album The Carnegie Hall Performance, and was nominated for his work on Black's two Grammy-nominated albums, Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues and Anticipation. He is known for his work with Black and other comics including Doug Stanhope, Maria Bamford, Marc Maron, and Mitch Hedberg, and helping release the debut record of Iowa metal band Slipknot.
Comedian and actor Marc Maron, who released his first three albums on Stand Up!, described Schlissel as "a guy who loves comedy, and is very attentive to the process of recording comedy," and, referencing the large number of noteworthy comics who were given important exposure in their early careers by the label, joked that "you've done everybody's first two records."
Early life
Schlissel was born in Worcester, Massachusetts to Israeli immigrants Sam and Helena Schlissel. His father, born in Poland, was a Holocaust survivor who worked in the textile industry, and his mother was a native Israeli. His first language was Hebrew. His family moved up and down the East Coast when he was a child, living in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and frequently visiting relatives in the Bronx, where Schlissel first discovered comedy via Saturday Night Live's first season and Johnny Carson's Tonight Show. Another early comedy influence was Monty Python-esque Israeli group HaGashash HaHiver, who performed in Hebrew, as well as the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Abbott and Costello, Buster Keaton, Eddie Murphy's Comedian, and Woody Allen and Jackie Mason's standup albums. He cites Rodney Dangerfield's No Respect as his favorite comedy album.
In 1982, his family moved to Kearney, Nebraska, where he spent his teenage years. In 1988, he enrolled at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics.
-ismist Recordings
Main article: -ismist Recordings
In 1992, inspired by the success of indie music labels such as Sub Pop, he founded the label which would eventually become -ismist Recordings, at first basing the business out of his dorm room. Over the 1990s, -ismist released nearly 80 albums and singles by Midwestern bands including Killdozer, Season to Risk, and House of Large Sizes, beginning with Nebraska indie-rock bands including Such Sweet Thunder. Schlissel, via -ismist, also distributed other Midwestern indie labels and organized two music festivals in 1996 and 1997. Schlissel helped then-unknown Iowa metal band Slipknot release its first album, Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat, which it had originally self-pressed. Schlissel and -ismist distributed the last third of the 1,000-copy run of the album, and helped the band get its first significant notice from music critics and radio airplay.
Slipknot later moved on to major label Roadrunner Records, and Schlissel became disillusioned with running a music label; he moved to Minneapolis in 1998 to take a job at a software company. He considered folding -ismist, but instead found new focus after convincing Lewis Black to work with him after meeting the comedian after a show.
Schlissel recorded Black's The White Album in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1999, with John Machnik, who would be his production partner for many years. Released on -ismist, the album was an immediate success, eventually selling around 60,000 copies, more than the entire previous -ismist catalog combined. The label would go on to release several other comedy albums, including two by Doug Stanhope, Sicko and Something to Take the Edge Off, and Jimmy Shubert's Animal Instincts, while Schlissel launched a new label, Stand Up! Records, in 2000. By 2002, -ismist had effectively closed down and been replaced by Stand Up! Records.
Stand Up! Records
Main article: Stand Up! Records
Stand Up! has released more than 200 comedy albums and videos since its founding in 2000, including albums by Black, Stanhope, Patton Oswalt, Greg Proops, David Cross, Maria Bamford, Hannibal Buress, Judy Gold, the Sklar Brothers, and Eddie Pepitone.
A relatively small operation, the label is run almost entirely by Schlissel, who also served as recording engineer and producer on many of the label's albums. The label has been praised for bringing an independent approach to the comedy genre, inspired by Schlissel's roots in punk and indie rock. Henry Owings, founder of humor magazine Chunklet, stated that Schlissel "has done a great job trying to reintroduce some fresh blood into comedy albums. … If anybody's trying to bring back the idea of comedy albums being something that should be looked at in the same light as a music album, it's him."
Through Stand Up! Records, Schlissel produced the feature length documentary 'ReConquistador' starring Daniel Lobell, and edited by Bruno Kohfield-Galeano. The film was accepted into multiple film festivals and had many screenings which included both Leammle theaters.
Other work
Record producing
In addition to being Stand Up!'s label head, Schlissel was also producer and recording engineer on many of the label's releases. He has also produced albums for other labels.
Even after Lewis Black moved to the larger Comedy Central Records label, he continued to work with Schlissel, who produced or edited four more Black albums in the mid-2000s, Rules of Enragement, Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues, The Carnegie Hall Performance, and Anticipation. Of these, Carnegie Hall won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, while Luther Burbank and Anticipation were both nominated in that category. Stand Up! also released the vinyl editions of Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues and Rules of Enragement.
Also for Comedy Central Records, Schlissel was the recording engineer on Mitch Hedberg's last album, Mitch All Together, which was recorded live in 2003 in Minneapolis, and produced Hannibal Buress' Animal Furnace and Ryan Stout's Touché. He was also recording engineer on Mitch Fatel's Miniskirts and Muffins, Dan Cummins' Revenge is Near, and Nick DiPaolo's Funny How?, and edited Ben Roy's I Got Demons.
Akumal Comedy Festival
From 2012 to 2015, Stand Up! hosted the annual Akumal Comedy Festival in Mexico, a nonprofit event held in Tulum, Playa del Carmen, and Akumal which raised money for the Mexican Red Cross. The festival featured comics performing in both English and Spanish. Headliners included Darryl Lenox, Maggie Faris, and Derek Sheen. The festival was co-founded by Schlissel and Twin Cities comic Gus Lynch, who also acted in the films Saving Silverman, North Country, and I Spy. Lynch died after an accidental fall at the Mayan ruins at Coba in 2014; the final festival was held in his honor.
Scottish tartan
In 2018, during the label's first visit to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Schlissel registered a Scottish tartan with the National Records of Scotland in the name of Stand Up! Records. Designed by Edinburgh kiltmaker Gordon Nicolson, the tartan blends the colors red, black, and tan (from Shepard Fairey's Stand Up! Records logo), blue (from the Israeli flag, symbolizing Schlissel's Jewish heritage), and silver-grey (for -ismist Recordings' 25th anniversary).
Personal life
Schlissel is married and has a daughter. He lives in Minneapolis.
References
^ a b c "Mate Feed Kill Repeat: IsmIist Recordings". Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
^ "Winners: 49th Annual GRAMMY Awards (2006)". The Recording Academy. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
^ Marc Maron (2018-09-03). "Episode 947: Dan Schlissel". WTF with Marc Maron (Podcast). Retrieved 2020-04-01.
^ a b Roth, David (2019). "The Art of the Laugh with Stand Up! Records and Dan Schlissel". TPT Originals. PBS. Twin Cities PBS. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
^ a b Snyders, Matt (2008-05-21). "Indie comedy label Stand Up! has produced the edgiest comedy in the country". City Pages. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
^ a b c d Wood, Drew (2018-07-12). "Q&A with Dan Schlissel of Minneapolis Label Stand Up! Records". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
^ Smith, Rod (30 September 2007). "A Man Walks Into A Bar". City Pages. Minneapolis. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2020-02-25.
^ a b c Lara Smith (17 April 2019). "Dan Schlissel: For the Record". Comedy Wham (Podcast). Comedy Wham. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
^ a b Austen, Jake (August 2013). "Slissel". Roctober. Chicago.
^ Birchmeier, Jason. Review of Such Sweet Thunder, Redneck/Burning Ditches at AllMusic. Retrieved 2020-03-01.
^ a b Matteson, Cory (2013-08-03). "Comedy record producer learned the ropes in Lincoln". Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
^ Joel McIver (7 March 2012). Slipknot: All Hope Is Gone. Omnibus Press. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-85712-772-3.
^ John Machnik at AllMusic. Retrieved 2020-04-18.
^ Hendrickson, Tad (2016-09-28). "Meet the Minnesotan who helped launch the careers of Lewis Black and other comedy stars". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
^ Joe Randazzo (2 June 2015). "An Interview With Dan Schlissel". Funny on Purpose: The Definitive Guide to an Unpredictable Career in Comedy: Standup + Improv + Sketch + TV + Writing + Directing + YouTube. Chronicle Books LLC. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-1-4521-3559-5.
^ Schaust, Sam (2018-05-10). "The Long Play: Why Stand Up! Records' Dan Schlissel Won't Stop Printing Comedy on Wax". Twin Cities Business. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
^ John Wenzel (December 2009). Mock Stars: Indie Comedy and the Dangerously Funny: Easyread Large Edition. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-1-4587-4742-6.
^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27103836/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ql_1
^ https://www.laemmle.com/film/reconquistador
^ https://jewishjournal.com/culture/arts/352367/reconquistador-depicts-comedian-daniel-lobells-jewish-roots-in-spain/
^ a b Dan Schlissel at AllMusic. Retrieved 2020-02-28.
^ "Artists: Lewis Black". The Recording Academy. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
^ Wenzel, John (2012-04-09). "Review: Ben Roy, I Got Demons (Greater Than Collective)". The Spit Take. Retrieved 2020-04-17.
^ "About the Akumal Comedy Festival". Akumal Comedy Festival. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
^ Walsh, Paul (2014-12-02). "Twin Cities comic dies after fall from ruins in Mexico". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
^ "Tartan Details - Stand Up! Records". The Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 2020-02-22.
External links
Official Stand Up! Records website
Official -ismist website
Dan Schlissel at IMDb
Stand Up! Records tartan at the Scottish Register of Tartans
Authority control databases: Artists
Grammy Awards | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Stand Up! 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Records, which specializes in comedy, and -ismist Recordings, which focused on punk and alternative rock from Nebraska and nearby Midwestern states. Schlissel won a Grammy as producer of Lewis Black's 2006 album The Carnegie Hall Performance,[2] and was nominated for his work on Black's two Grammy-nominated albums, Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues and Anticipation. He is known for his work with Black and other comics including Doug Stanhope, Maria Bamford, Marc Maron, and Mitch Hedberg, and helping release the debut record of Iowa metal band Slipknot.Comedian and actor Marc Maron, who released his first three albums on Stand Up!, described Schlissel as \"a guy who loves comedy, and is very attentive to the process of recording comedy,\" and, referencing the large number of noteworthy comics who were given important exposure in their early careers by the label, joked that \"you've done everybody's first two records.\"[3]","title":"Dan Schlissel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Worcester, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPT2019-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFKR-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityPages2008-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MplsStPaul2018-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-citypages2007-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comedywham2019-8"},{"link_name":"Monty Python","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty_Python"},{"link_name":"HaGashash HaHiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HaGashash_HaHiver"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comedywham2019-8"},{"link_name":"Marx Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Charlie Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"Abbott and Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello"},{"link_name":"Buster Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton"},{"link_name":"Eddie Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Woody Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Allen"},{"link_name":"Jackie Mason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Mason"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roctober2013-9"},{"link_name":"Rodney Dangerfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Dangerfield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MplsStPaul2018-6"},{"link_name":"Kearney, Nebraska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kearney,_Nebraska"},{"link_name":"University of Nebraska, Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Nebraska,_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MFKR-1"}],"text":"Schlissel was born in Worcester, Massachusetts to Israeli immigrants[4] Sam and Helena Schlissel.[1] His father, born in Poland, was a Holocaust survivor who worked in the textile industry, and his mother was a native Israeli.[5][6] His first language was Hebrew.[7] His family moved up and down the East Coast when he was a child, living in New Jersey and Pennsylvania,[8] and frequently visiting relatives in the Bronx, where Schlissel first discovered comedy via Saturday Night Live's first season and Johnny Carson's Tonight Show. Another early comedy influence was Monty Python-esque Israeli group HaGashash HaHiver, who performed in Hebrew,[8] as well as the Marx Brothers, Charlie Chaplin, Abbott and Costello, Buster Keaton, Eddie Murphy's Comedian, and Woody Allen and Jackie Mason's standup albums.[9] He cites Rodney Dangerfield's No Respect as his favorite comedy album.[6]In 1982, his family moved to Kearney, Nebraska, where he spent his teenage years. In 1988, he enrolled at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in physics.[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sub Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub_Pop"},{"link_name":"Killdozer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killdozer_(band)"},{"link_name":"Season to Risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_to_Risk"},{"link_name":"House of Large Sizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Large_Sizes"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic_suchsweet-10"},{"link_name":"Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JournalStar-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McIver2012-12"},{"link_name":"Roadrunner Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadrunner_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TPT2019-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MplsStPaul2018-6"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"John Machnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Machnik"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicmachnik-13"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roctober2013-9"},{"link_name":"Doug Stanhope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Stanhope"},{"link_name":"Sicko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicko_(album)"},{"link_name":"Something to Take the Edge Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_to_Take_the_Edge_Off"},{"link_name":"Stand Up! Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stand_Up!_Records"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JournalStar-11"}],"text":"In 1992, inspired by the success of indie music labels such as Sub Pop, he founded the label which would eventually become -ismist Recordings, at first basing the business out of his dorm room. Over the 1990s, -ismist released nearly 80 albums and singles by Midwestern bands including Killdozer, Season to Risk, and House of Large Sizes, beginning with Nebraska indie-rock bands including Such Sweet Thunder.[10] Schlissel, via -ismist, also distributed other Midwestern indie labels and organized two music festivals in 1996 and 1997. Schlissel helped then-unknown Iowa metal band Slipknot release its first album, Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat, which it had originally self-pressed.[11][12] Schlissel and -ismist distributed the last third of the 1,000-copy run of the album, and helped the band get its first significant notice from music critics and radio airplay.Slipknot later moved on to major label Roadrunner Records, and Schlissel became disillusioned with running a music label; he moved to Minneapolis in 1998 to take a job at a software company.[4] He considered folding -ismist, but instead found new focus after convincing Lewis Black to work with him after meeting the comedian after a show.[6]Schlissel recorded Black's The White Album in Madison, Wisconsin, in 1999, with John Machnik, who would be his production partner for many years.[13] Released on -ismist, the album was an immediate success, eventually selling around 60,000 copies, more than the entire previous -ismist catalog combined.[9] The label would go on to release several other comedy albums, including two by Doug Stanhope, Sicko and Something to Take the Edge Off, and Jimmy Shubert's Animal Instincts, while Schlissel launched a new label, Stand Up! Records, in 2000. By 2002, -ismist had effectively closed down and been replaced by Stand Up! Records.[11]","title":"-ismist Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patton Oswalt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patton_Oswalt"},{"link_name":"Greg Proops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Proops"},{"link_name":"David Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cross"},{"link_name":"Maria Bamford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Bamford"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Buress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Buress"},{"link_name":"Judy Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judy_Gold"},{"link_name":"Sklar Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sklar_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Eddie Pepitone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Pepitone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarTrib2016-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Randazzo2015-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TCBusiness2018-16"},{"link_name":"Chunklet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunklet_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wenzel2009-17"},{"link_name":"Daniel Lobell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Lobell"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Stand Up! has released more than 200 comedy albums and videos since its founding in 2000, including albums by Black, Stanhope, Patton Oswalt, Greg Proops, David Cross, Maria Bamford, Hannibal Buress, Judy Gold, the Sklar Brothers, and Eddie Pepitone.[14][15]A relatively small operation, the label is run almost entirely by Schlissel, who also served as recording engineer and producer on many of the label's albums.[16] The label has been praised for bringing an independent approach to the comedy genre, inspired by Schlissel's roots in punk and indie rock. Henry Owings, founder of humor magazine Chunklet, stated that Schlissel \"has done a great job trying to reintroduce some fresh blood into comedy albums. … If anybody's trying to bring back the idea of comedy albums being something that should be looked at in the same light as a music album, it's him.\"[17]Through Stand Up! Records, Schlissel produced the feature length documentary 'ReConquistador' starring Daniel Lobell, and edited by Bruno Kohfield-Galeano.[18] The film was accepted into multiple film festivals and had many screenings which included both Leammle theaters. [19] [20]","title":"Stand Up! Records"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comedy Central Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_Central_Records"},{"link_name":"Rules of Enragement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_Enragement"},{"link_name":"Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Burbank_Performing_Arts_Center_Blues"},{"link_name":"The Carnegie Hall Performance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Carnegie_Hall_Performance"},{"link_name":"Anticipation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipation_(Lewis_Black_album)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicschlissel-21"},{"link_name":"Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammy_Award_for_Best_Comedy_Album"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Mitch All Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_All_Together"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CityPages2008-5"},{"link_name":"Hannibal Buress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal_Buress"},{"link_name":"Ryan Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Stout"},{"link_name":"Mitch Fatel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitch_Fatel"},{"link_name":"Dan Cummins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Cummins"},{"link_name":"Nick DiPaolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_DiPaolo"},{"link_name":"Ben Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Roy"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-spittake2012-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusicschlissel-21"}],"sub_title":"Record producing","text":"In addition to being Stand Up!'s label head, Schlissel was also producer and recording engineer on many of the label's releases. He has also produced albums for other labels.Even after Lewis Black moved to the larger Comedy Central Records label, he continued to work with Schlissel, who produced or edited four more Black albums in the mid-2000s, Rules of Enragement, Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues, The Carnegie Hall Performance, and Anticipation.[21] Of these, Carnegie Hall won a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album, while Luther Burbank and Anticipation were both nominated in that category.[22] Stand Up! also released the vinyl editions of Luther Burbank Performing Arts Center Blues and Rules of Enragement.Also for Comedy Central Records, Schlissel was the recording engineer on Mitch Hedberg's last album, Mitch All Together, which was recorded live in 2003 in Minneapolis,[5] and produced Hannibal Buress' Animal Furnace and Ryan Stout's Touché. He was also recording engineer on Mitch Fatel's Miniskirts and Muffins, Dan Cummins' Revenge is Near, and Nick DiPaolo's Funny How?, and edited Ben Roy's I Got Demons.[23][21]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Tulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulum"},{"link_name":"Playa del Carmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playa_del_Carmen"},{"link_name":"Akumal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akumal"},{"link_name":"Mexican Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_Red_Cross"},{"link_name":"Darryl Lenox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darryl_Lenox"},{"link_name":"Derek Sheen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_Sheen"},{"link_name":"Saving Silverman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saving_Silverman"},{"link_name":"North Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_(film)"},{"link_name":"I Spy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Spy_(2002_film)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-comedywham2019-8"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StarTribLynch2014-25"}],"sub_title":"Akumal Comedy Festival","text":"From 2012 to 2015, Stand Up! hosted the annual Akumal Comedy Festival in Mexico, a nonprofit event held in Tulum, Playa del Carmen, and Akumal which raised money for the Mexican Red Cross. The festival featured comics performing in both English and Spanish. Headliners included Darryl Lenox, Maggie Faris, and Derek Sheen. The festival was co-founded by Schlissel and Twin Cities comic Gus Lynch, who also acted in the films Saving Silverman, North Country, and I Spy.[24] Lynch died after an accidental fall at the Mayan ruins at Coba in 2014; the final festival was held in his honor.[8][25]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edinburgh Festival Fringe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe"},{"link_name":"tartan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartan"},{"link_name":"National Records of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Records_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Shepard Fairey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepard_Fairey"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Scottish tartan","text":"In 2018, during the label's first visit to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Schlissel registered a Scottish tartan with the National Records of Scotland in the name of Stand Up! Records. Designed by Edinburgh kiltmaker Gordon Nicolson, the tartan blends the colors red, black, and tan (from Shepard Fairey's Stand Up! Records logo), blue (from the Israeli flag, symbolizing Schlissel's Jewish heritage), and silver-grey (for -ismist Recordings' 25th anniversary).[26]","title":"Other work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MplsStPaul2018-6"}],"text":"Schlissel is married and has a daughter. He lives in Minneapolis.[6]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Mate Feed Kill Repeat: IsmIist Recordings\". Archived from the original on 2018-08-16. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816154754/http://mfkr1.com/web/ismist-recordings/","url_text":"\"Mate Feed Kill Repeat: IsmIist Recordings\""},{"url":"http://mfkr1.com/web/ismist-recordings/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Winners: 49th Annual GRAMMY Awards (2006)\". The Recording Academy. Retrieved September 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/49th-annual-grammy-awards","url_text":"\"Winners: 49th Annual GRAMMY Awards (2006)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recording_Academy","url_text":"The Recording Academy"}]},{"reference":"Marc Maron (2018-09-03). \"Episode 947: Dan Schlissel\". WTF with Marc Maron (Podcast). Retrieved 2020-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-947-dan-schlissel","url_text":"\"Episode 947: Dan Schlissel\""}]},{"reference":"Roth, David (2019). \"The Art of the Laugh with Stand Up! Records and Dan Schlissel\". TPT Originals. PBS. Twin Cities PBS. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tptoriginals.org/the-art-of-the-laugh-with-stand-up-records-and-dan-schlissel/","url_text":"\"The Art of the Laugh with Stand Up! Records and Dan Schlissel\""}]},{"reference":"Snyders, Matt (2008-05-21). \"Indie comedy label Stand Up! has produced the edgiest comedy in the country\". City Pages. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.citypages.com/news/indie-comedy-label-stand-up-has-produced-the-edgiest-comedy-in-the-country-6682706","url_text":"\"Indie comedy label Stand Up! has produced the edgiest comedy in the country\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Drew (2018-07-12). \"Q&A with Dan Schlissel of Minneapolis Label Stand Up! Records\". Mpls.St.Paul Magazine. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://mspmag.com/arts-and-culture/q-a-with-dan-schlissel-of-minneapolis-label-stand-up-records/","url_text":"\"Q&A with Dan Schlissel of Minneapolis Label Stand Up! Records\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Rod (30 September 2007). \"A Man Walks Into A Bar\". City Pages. Minneapolis. Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2020-02-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930220635/http://citypages.com/databank/25/1208/article11849.asp","url_text":"\"A Man Walks Into A Bar\""},{"url":"http://citypages.com/databank/25/1208/article11849.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lara Smith (17 April 2019). \"Dan Schlissel: For the Record\". Comedy Wham (Podcast). Comedy Wham. Retrieved 20 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.comedywham.com/interviews/dan-schlissel-for-the-record","url_text":"\"Dan Schlissel: For the Record\""}]},{"reference":"Austen, Jake (August 2013). \"Slissel\". Roctober. Chicago.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Matteson, Cory (2013-08-03). \"Comedy record producer learned the ropes in Lincoln\". Journal Star. Lincoln, Nebraska. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://journalstar.com/entertainment/performing-arts/comedy-record-producer-learned-the-ropes-in-lincoln/article_764449b6-457b-5f9d-aa80-7a638ce43626.html","url_text":"\"Comedy record producer learned the ropes in Lincoln\""}]},{"reference":"Joel McIver (7 March 2012). Slipknot: All Hope Is Gone. Omnibus Press. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-0-85712-772-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=wDoDAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53","url_text":"Slipknot: All Hope Is Gone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85712-772-3","url_text":"978-0-85712-772-3"}]},{"reference":"Hendrickson, Tad (2016-09-28). \"Meet the Minnesotan who helped launch the careers of Lewis Black and other comedy stars\". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/meet-the-minnesotan-who-helped-launch-the-careers-of-lewis-black-and-other-comedy-stars/395117531/","url_text":"\"Meet the Minnesotan who helped launch the careers of Lewis Black and other comedy stars\""}]},{"reference":"Joe Randazzo (2 June 2015). \"An Interview With Dan Schlissel\". Funny on Purpose: The Definitive Guide to an Unpredictable Career in Comedy: Standup + Improv + Sketch + TV + Writing + Directing + YouTube. Chronicle Books LLC. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-1-4521-3559-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aKGdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA159","url_text":"\"An Interview With Dan Schlissel\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-3559-5","url_text":"978-1-4521-3559-5"}]},{"reference":"Schaust, Sam (2018-05-10). \"The Long Play: Why Stand Up! Records' Dan Schlissel Won't Stop Printing Comedy on Wax\". Twin Cities Business. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://tcbmag.com/news/articles/2018/may/the-long-play-why-stand-up!-records-dan-schlisse","url_text":"\"The Long Play: Why Stand Up! Records' Dan Schlissel Won't Stop Printing Comedy on Wax\""}]},{"reference":"John Wenzel (December 2009). Mock Stars: Indie Comedy and the Dangerously Funny: Easyread Large Edition. pp. 209–. ISBN 978-1-4587-4742-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eOTXNMw2xskC&pg=PA209","url_text":"Mock Stars: Indie Comedy and the Dangerously Funny: Easyread Large Edition"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4587-4742-6","url_text":"978-1-4587-4742-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Artists: Lewis Black\". The Recording Academy. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/artists/lewis-black","url_text":"\"Artists: Lewis Black\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Recording_Academy","url_text":"The Recording Academy"}]},{"reference":"Wenzel, John (2012-04-09). \"Review: Ben Roy, I Got Demons (Greater Than Collective)\". The Spit Take. Retrieved 2020-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thespittake.com/2012/04/09/ben-roy-i-got-demons-greater-than-collective/","url_text":"\"Review: Ben Roy, I Got Demons (Greater Than Collective)\""}]},{"reference":"\"About the Akumal Comedy Festival\". Akumal Comedy Festival. Retrieved 2020-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://akumalcomedyfestival.com/","url_text":"\"About the Akumal Comedy Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, Paul (2014-12-02). \"Twin Cities comic dies after fall from ruins in Mexico\". Star Tribune. Minneapolis. Retrieved 2020-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.startribune.com/twin-cities-comic-dies-after-fall-from-ruins-in-mexico/284496321/","url_text":"\"Twin Cities comic dies after fall from ruins in Mexico\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tartan Details - Stand Up! Records\". The Scottish Register of Tartans. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails?ref=12297","url_text":"\"Tartan Details - Stand Up! Records\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180816154754/http://mfkr1.com/web/ismist-recordings/","external_links_name":"\"Mate Feed Kill Repeat: IsmIist Recordings\""},{"Link":"http://mfkr1.com/web/ismist-recordings/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/49th-annual-grammy-awards","external_links_name":"\"Winners: 49th Annual GRAMMY Awards (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episode-947-dan-schlissel","external_links_name":"\"Episode 947: Dan Schlissel\""},{"Link":"https://www.tptoriginals.org/the-art-of-the-laugh-with-stand-up-records-and-dan-schlissel/","external_links_name":"\"The Art of the Laugh with Stand Up! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piraj%C3%A1_da_Silva | Pirajá da Silva | ["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 References"] | Pirajá da SilvaBorn28 January 1873Camamu, Bahia, BrazilDied1 March 1961 (aged 88)Salvador, Bahia, BrazilKnown forSchistosomiasis disease
Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva (28 January 1873 – 1 March 1961) was a Brazilian parasitologist, medical researcher, and physician.
Biography
He graduated from the Bahia School of Medicine (now part of the Federal University of Bahia) in 1896, and in 1908 was responsible for the identification and complete description of the pathogenic agent and the pathophysiological cycle of schistosomiasis disease.
Legacy
A species of venomous snake, Bothrops pirajai, is named in his honor.
References
^ Manoel Augusto Pirajá da Silva. bahiana.edu.br
^ Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva. dec.ufcg.edu.br
^ See:
Silva, Pirajá da (August 1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase" . Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 281–282.
Silva, Pirajá da (December 1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase na Bahia. Dezesseis observações" . Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 441–444.
Silva, Pirajá da (1908). "Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase. Vinte observações" . Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 451–454.
Silva, Pirajá da (1908). "La schistosomose à Bahia" . Archives de Parasitologie (in French). 13: 283–302.
Silva, Pirajá da (1909). "Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil". Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 12: 159–164.
^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. ("Piraja", p. 208).
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
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IdRef
This biographical article related to medicine in Brazil is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parasitologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasitology"},{"link_name":"medical researcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research"},{"link_name":"physician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r2-1"}],"text":"Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva (28 January 1873 – 1 March 1961) was a Brazilian parasitologist, medical researcher, and physician.[1]","title":"Pirajá da Silva"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal University of Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_Federal_da_Bahia"},{"link_name":"schistosomiasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"He graduated from the Bahia School of Medicine (now part of the Federal University of Bahia) in 1896, and in 1908 was responsible for the identification and complete description of the pathogenic agent and the pathophysiological cycle of schistosomiasis disease.[2][3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"Bothrops pirajai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bothrops_pirajai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"A species of venomous snake, Bothrops pirajai, is named in his honor.[4]","title":"Legacy"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (August 1908). \"Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase\" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia]. Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 281–282.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (December 1908). \"Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase na Bahia. Dezesseis observações\" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia. Sixteen observations.]. Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 441–444.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (1908). \"Contribuição para o estudo da Schistosomíase. Vinte observações\" [Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia. Twenty observations.]. Brazil-Medico (in Portuguese). 22: 451–454.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (1908). \"La schistosomose à Bahia\" [Schistosomiasis in Bahia]. Archives de Parasitologie (in French). 13: 283–302.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89098735657&view=1up&seq=293","url_text":"\"La schistosomose à Bahia\""}]},{"reference":"Silva, Pirajá da (1909). \"Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil\". Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 12: 159–164.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077012006&view=1up&seq=177","url_text":"\"Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bahiana.edu.br/herois/heroi.aspx?id=NQ==","external_links_name":"Manoel Augusto Pirajá da Silva"},{"Link":"http://www.dec.ufcg.edu.br/biografias/ManuelAu.html","external_links_name":"Manuel Augusto Pirajá da Silva"},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89098735657&view=1up&seq=293","external_links_name":"\"La schistosomose à Bahia\""},{"Link":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015077012006&view=1up&seq=177","external_links_name":"\"Contribution to the study of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil\""},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/63071/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000104224130","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/16080037","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwdj749dfq3yKhJ7dp773","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1159063427","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007278478405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80139415","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20030133710&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07247274X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p174237391","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659881505606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/270720","external_links_name":"Portugal"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Piraj%C3%A1","external_links_name":"International Plant Names Index"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/070330662","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piraj%C3%A1_da_Silva&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clandestine_Industries | Clandestine Industries | ["1 History and products","2 References"] | American clothing company
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Clandestine IndustriesThe Clandestine Industries "Bartskull" logo.IndustryApparelFounded2006, 2023Defunct2012HeadquartersChicago, IllinoisKey peoplePete Wentz (founder)ProductsApparel, jewelry, accessories
Clandestine Industries is a brand and clothing company owned by Pete Wentz, bassist of Fall Out Boy, and partners. It was active from 2006 to 2012, and then was brought back in 2023. The brand primarily releases clothing and accessories, as well as Wentz's self-published media.
The brand's logo is a “bartskull” (a bat/heart/skull).This design came from reoccurring nightmares that Wentz had as a child. It is commonly known for being a tattoo of his.
History and products
Clandestine Industries was formed in 2006 by Wentz, who published his first book, The Boy With A Thorn In His Side, through the company. After Wentz found success with the book, he decided to expand the company to design and sell clothing. Previously, Wentz's Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance labels had released a DVD entitled Release The Bats on June 11, 2005. The cover art stated the film was "presented by Clandestine Industries", suggesting the company had been mapped out since at least 2004.
From its initial inception, Clandestine Industries released limited-edition tees, hoodies, and accessories such as belts and jewelry, all embellished with the brand's trademark 'bartskull' logo. They also worked alongside companies such as DKNY Jeans, Wet Seal and Nordstrom. In 2007, a Clandestine Industries Landmark retail store, which contained exclusive store-only garments, opened in Pete's hometown of Chicago,. In February 2009, Clandestine Industries relaunched its website and debuted a new collection entitled, "Don't Call It A Comeback," and immediately sold out of items only an hour after the release. The line was primarily sold on the brand's website, at the Landmark, and occasionally alongside merchandise at Fall Out Boy shows. Wentz, along with other musicians from the emo circuit such as Gabe Saporta, Travie McCoy, Patrick Stump, and Mikey Way, often advertised his range by wearing the products in public; most famously the Stay Gold hoodie and the Please Call Gabe Saporta t-shirt. The latter item did not display Saporta's actual contact details, but workers from the production company employed by Wentz later leaked them publicly.
On June 27, 2010, the Chicago Landmark store closed. On Wentz's blog, he explained that the closing of the Landmark would aid in expanding the brand's webstore.
In June 2011, the website was relaunched with a brand new summer range. Wentz commented on his blog, "this is what the original intention of Clandestine was".
Despite no formal announcement of Clandestine's shutdown, the brand's Tumblr, Facebook, and Twitter accounts were abandoned around 2012, and it is now considered defunct. Fans have created petitions asking for the brand to be bought back, and items from the brand for sale can be found on websites such as eBay and Livejournal.
On November 7, 2023, Wentz posted a photo on instagram with the caption ''Now with a working link clandestineindustries.com'', announcing that Clandestine Industries has returned with new clothing items.
References
^ "Nadud Le: Pete Wentz Tattoos Collection". Blogspot. Nadud Le. 12 April 2013.
^ "Archived copy". www.clandestineindustries.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Fall Out Boy – Release The Bats (2005, DVD)". Discogs.
^ "Clandestine Industries Landmark Store - Wrigleyville - Chicago, IL 60657 | Metromix Chicago". Archived from the original on 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
^ "Www.clandestineindustries.com down? Current status and outage history". Currentlydown.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
^ "Media Effects on Our Generation". AeR's Blog. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ "Fresh: The Freshest Fashion: clandestine industries hoodies". Blogspot. 26 May 2007.
^ Twitter https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "dress like pete wentz!". dress like pete wentz!. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ "did you get what you deserve?". did you get what you deserve?. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
^ Twitter https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ "From Pete Wentz's blog: Clandestineindustries: Alright guys, let's celebrate the first... - Friends or Enemies". Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2010-09-25.
^ "A Homeboy's Life - new clandestine samples blowing my mind. This is". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2011-06-17.
^ "Clandestine Industries". Clandestineindustries.tumblr.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
^ "Clandestine Industries". Facebook.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
^ "Clandestine Ind (@Clandestineind) - Twitter". Twitter.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.
^ "clandestine industries". eBay.
^ "4 Clandestine industries hoodies and 1 clandestine industries shirt". themerchbooth.livejournal.com.
^ "Instagram". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2023-11-08. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pete Wentz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Wentz"},{"link_name":"Fall Out Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_Out_Boy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Clandestine Industries is a brand and clothing company owned by Pete Wentz, bassist of Fall Out Boy, and partners. It was active from 2006 to 2012, and then was brought back in 2023. The brand primarily releases clothing and accessories, as well as Wentz's self-published media.The brand's logo is a “bartskull” (a bat/heart/skull).This design came from reoccurring nightmares that Wentz had as a child. It is commonly known for being a tattoo of his.[1]","title":"Clandestine Industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-shirt"},{"link_name":"hoodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodie"},{"link_name":"accessories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_accessory"},{"link_name":"DKNY Jeans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DKNY"},{"link_name":"Wet Seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_Seal"},{"link_name":"Nordstrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstrom"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"emo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emo#2002%E2%80%932010:_Mainstream"},{"link_name":"Gabe Saporta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabe_Saporta"},{"link_name":"Travie McCoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travie_McCoy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Patrick Stump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Stump"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Mikey Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikey_Way"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"leaked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_leak"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tumblr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumblr"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"eBay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBay"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Livejournal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livejournal"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Clandestine Industries was formed in 2006 by Wentz, who published his first book, The Boy With A Thorn In His Side, through the company.[2] After Wentz found success with the book, he decided to expand the company to design and sell clothing. Previously, Wentz's Fueled by Ramen and Decaydance labels had released a DVD entitled Release The Bats on June 11, 2005. The cover art stated the film was \"presented by Clandestine Industries\", suggesting the company had been mapped out since at least 2004.[3]From its initial inception, Clandestine Industries released limited-edition tees, hoodies, and accessories such as belts and jewelry, all embellished with the brand's trademark 'bartskull' logo. They also worked alongside companies such as DKNY Jeans, Wet Seal and Nordstrom. In 2007, a Clandestine Industries Landmark retail store, which contained exclusive store-only garments, opened in Pete's hometown of Chicago,.[4] In February 2009, Clandestine Industries relaunched its website and debuted a new collection entitled, \"Don't Call It A Comeback,\" and immediately sold out of items only an hour after the release. The line was primarily sold on the brand's website,[5] at the Landmark, and occasionally alongside merchandise at Fall Out Boy shows. Wentz, along with other musicians from the emo circuit such as Gabe Saporta, Travie McCoy,[6] Patrick Stump,[7] and Mikey Way,[8] often advertised his range by wearing the products in public; most famously the Stay Gold hoodie[9] and the Please Call Gabe Saporta t-shirt.[10] The latter item did not display Saporta's actual contact details, but workers from the production company employed by Wentz later leaked them publicly.[11]On June 27, 2010, the Chicago Landmark store closed. On Wentz's blog, he explained that the closing of the Landmark would aid in expanding the brand's webstore.[12]In June 2011, the website was relaunched with a brand new summer range. Wentz commented on his blog, \"this is what the original intention of Clandestine was\".[13]Despite no formal announcement of Clandestine's shutdown, the brand's Tumblr, Facebook, and Twitter accounts were abandoned around 2012,[14][15][16] and it is now considered defunct.[citation needed] Fans have created petitions asking for the brand to be bought back, and items from the brand for sale can be found on websites such as eBay[17] and Livejournal.[18]On November 7, 2023, Wentz posted a photo on instagram with the caption ''Now with a working link clandestineindustries.com'',[19] announcing that Clandestine Industries has returned with new clothing items.","title":"History and products"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Nadud Le: Pete Wentz Tattoos Collection\". Blogspot. Nadud Le. 12 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://nadudle.blogspot.com/2013/04/pete-wentz-tattoos-collection.html","url_text":"\"Nadud Le: Pete Wentz Tattoos Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". www.clandestineindustries.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100812102447/http://www.clandestineindustries.com/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.clandestineindustries.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fall Out Boy – Release The Bats (2005, DVD)\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/Fall-Out-Boy-Release-The-Bats/release/6208923","url_text":"\"Fall Out Boy – Release The Bats (2005, DVD)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clandestine Industries Landmark Store - Wrigleyville - Chicago, IL 60657 | Metromix Chicago\". Archived from the original on 2010-03-17. Retrieved 2010-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317094442/http://chicago.metromix.com/style/store/clandestine-industries-landmark-store-wrigleyville/148025/content","url_text":"\"Clandestine Industries Landmark Store - Wrigleyville - Chicago, IL 60657 | Metromix Chicago\""},{"url":"http://chicago.metromix.com/style/store/clandestine-industries-landmark-store-wrigleyville/148025/content","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Www.clandestineindustries.com down? Current status and outage history\". Currentlydown.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.currentlydown.com/www.clandestineindustries.com","url_text":"\"Www.clandestineindustries.com down? Current status and outage history\""}]},{"reference":"\"Media Effects on Our Generation\". AeR's Blog. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://internetcupcake.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/media-effects-on-our-generation/","url_text":"\"Media Effects on Our Generation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fresh: The Freshest Fashion: clandestine industries hoodies\". Blogspot. 26 May 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://freshestfashion.blogspot.com/2007/05/clandestine-industries-hoodies.html","url_text":"\"Fresh: The Freshest Fashion: clandestine industries hoodies\""}]},{"reference":"Twitter https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880","url_text":"https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880"}]},{"reference":"\"dress like pete wentz!\". dress like pete wentz!. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://dresslikepeterwentz.tumblr.com/post/69832130439/clandestine-industries-stay-gold-hoodie-92-from","url_text":"\"dress like pete wentz!\""}]},{"reference":"\"did you get what you deserve?\". did you get what you deserve?. Tumblr. Retrieved 28 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://max-kuehn.tumblr.com/post/634388633484427265","url_text":"\"did you get what you deserve?\""}]},{"reference":"Twitter https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696","url_text":"https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696"}]},{"reference":"\"From Pete Wentz's blog: Clandestineindustries: Alright guys, let's celebrate the first... - Friends or Enemies\". Archived from the original on 2011-10-03. Retrieved 2010-09-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003043053/http://www.friendsorenemies.com/profiles/blogs/from-pete-wentzs-blog-3","url_text":"\"From Pete Wentz's blog: Clandestineindustries: Alright guys, let's celebrate the first... - Friends or Enemies\""},{"url":"http://www.friendsorenemies.com/profiles/blogs/from-pete-wentzs-blog-3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Homeboy's Life - new clandestine samples blowing my mind. This is\". Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2011-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607040739/http://petewentz.com/post/6166785829/new-clandestine-samples-blowing-my-mind-this-is","url_text":"\"A Homeboy's Life - new clandestine samples blowing my mind. This is\""},{"url":"http://petewentz.com/post/6166785829/new-clandestine-samples-blowing-my-mind-this-is","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Clandestine Industries\". Clandestineindustries.tumblr.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://clandestineindustries.tumblr.com/","url_text":"\"Clandestine Industries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clandestine Industries\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/clandestineindustries","url_text":"\"Clandestine Industries\""}]},{"reference":"\"Clandestine Ind (@Clandestineind) - Twitter\". Twitter.com. Retrieved 17 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/clandestineind","url_text":"\"Clandestine Ind (@Clandestineind) - Twitter\""}]},{"reference":"\"clandestine industries\". eBay.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_from=R40&_trksid=p2380057.m570.l1311&_nkw=clandestine+industries&_sacat=0","url_text":"\"clandestine industries\""}]},{"reference":"\"4 Clandestine industries hoodies and 1 clandestine industries shirt\". themerchbooth.livejournal.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://themerchbooth.livejournal.com/877103.html","url_text":"\"4 Clandestine industries hoodies and 1 clandestine industries shirt\""}]},{"reference":"\"Instagram\". www.instagram.com. Retrieved 2023-11-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/p/CzWlwNCp8X6/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA==","url_text":"\"Instagram\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22","external_links_name":"\"Clandestine Industries\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Clandestine+Industries%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22","external_links_name":"\"Clandestine Industries\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Clandestine+Industries%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Clandestine+Industries%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://nadudle.blogspot.com/2013/04/pete-wentz-tattoos-collection.html","external_links_name":"\"Nadud Le: Pete Wentz Tattoos Collection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100812102447/http://www.clandestineindustries.com/","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.clandestineindustries.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/Fall-Out-Boy-Release-The-Bats/release/6208923","external_links_name":"\"Fall Out Boy – Release The Bats (2005, DVD)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100317094442/http://chicago.metromix.com/style/store/clandestine-industries-landmark-store-wrigleyville/148025/content","external_links_name":"\"Clandestine Industries Landmark Store - Wrigleyville - Chicago, IL 60657 | Metromix Chicago\""},{"Link":"http://chicago.metromix.com/style/store/clandestine-industries-landmark-store-wrigleyville/148025/content","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.currentlydown.com/www.clandestineindustries.com","external_links_name":"\"Www.clandestineindustries.com down? Current status and outage history\""},{"Link":"https://internetcupcake.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/media-effects-on-our-generation/","external_links_name":"\"Media Effects on Our Generation\""},{"Link":"http://freshestfashion.blogspot.com/2007/05/clandestine-industries-hoodies.html","external_links_name":"\"Fresh: The Freshest Fashion: clandestine industries hoodies\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880","external_links_name":"https://twitter.com/rnikeyway/status/314182494670970880"},{"Link":"https://dresslikepeterwentz.tumblr.com/post/69832130439/clandestine-industries-stay-gold-hoodie-92-from","external_links_name":"\"dress like pete wentz!\""},{"Link":"https://max-kuehn.tumblr.com/post/634388633484427265","external_links_name":"\"did you get what you deserve?\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696","external_links_name":"https://twitter.com/folieadeux_wtbu/status/1314040258762141696"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111003043053/http://www.friendsorenemies.com/profiles/blogs/from-pete-wentzs-blog-3","external_links_name":"\"From Pete Wentz's blog: Clandestineindustries: Alright guys, let's celebrate the first... - Friends or Enemies\""},{"Link":"http://www.friendsorenemies.com/profiles/blogs/from-pete-wentzs-blog-3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607040739/http://petewentz.com/post/6166785829/new-clandestine-samples-blowing-my-mind-this-is","external_links_name":"\"A Homeboy's Life - new clandestine samples blowing my mind. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_Pro_Bowl | 1984 Pro Bowl | ["1 AFC roster","1.1 Offense","1.2 Defense","1.3 Special teams","2 NFC roster","2.1 Offense","2.2 Defense","2.3 Special teams","3 Box score","4 References","5 External links"] | National Football League all-star game
1984 NFL Pro Bowl
NFC
AFC
45
3
Head coach:Bill Walsh(San Francisco 49ers)
Head coach:Chuck Knox(Seattle Seahawks)
1234
Total
NFC
3141414
45
AFC
0300
3
DateJanuary 29, 1984StadiumAloha Stadium, Honolulu, HawaiiMVPJoe Theismann (Washington Redskins)RefereeJerry SeemanAttendance50,445TV in the United StatesNetworkABCAnnouncersFrank Gifford, O. J. Simpson & Lynn Swann
← 1983
Pro Bowl
1985 →
The 1984 Pro Bowl was the 34th Pro Bowl, the annual all-star game of the National Football League (NFL), and featured the outstanding performers from the 1983 season. The game was contested by teams representing the National Football Conference (NFC) and American Football Conference (AFC), and played on January 29, 1984, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii before a crowd of 50,445. The NFC won the game 45–3.
Chuck Knox of the Seattle Seahawks led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by San Francisco 49ers head coach Bill Walsh. The referee was Jerry Seeman.
Joe Theismann of the Washington Redskins was named the game's Most Valuable Player. Players on the winning NFC team received $10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $5,000.
AFC roster
Offense
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Quarterback
14 Dan Fouts, San Diego
9 Bill Kenney, Kansas City13 Dan Marino, Miami
Running back
28 Curt Warner, Seattle
34 Earl Campbell, Houston20 Joe Cribbs, Buffalo
Fullback
33 Tony Collins, New England
Wide receiver
85 Mark Duper, Miami80 Cris Collinsworth, Cincinnati
89 Wes Chandler, San Diego82 John Stallworth, Pittsburgh
Tight end
46 Todd Christensen, L.A. Raiders
89 Kellen Winslow, San Diego
Offensive tackle
78 Anthony Muñoz, Cincinnati76 Brian Holloway, New England
79 Marvin Powell, New York Jets70 Henry Lawrence, L. A. Raiders
Offensive guard
73 John Hannah, New England64 Ed Newman, Miami
75 Chris Hinton, Baltimore67 Bob Kuechenberg, Miami
Center
52 Mike Webster, Pittsburgh
57 Dwight Stephenson, Miami
Defense
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Defensive end
99 Mark Gastineau, New York Jets75 Doug Betters, Miami
75 Howie Long, L.A. Raiders
Defensive tackle
73 Bob Baumhower, Miami76 Fred Smerlas, Buffalo
73 Joe Klecko, New York Jets
Outside linebacker
53 Rod Martin, L.A. Raiders56 Chip Banks, Cleveland
83 Ted Hendricks, L.A. Raiders
Inside linebacker
58 Jack Lambert, Pittsburgh
53 Randy Gradishar, Denver
Cornerback
37 Lester Hayes, L.A. Raiders24 Gary Green, Kansas City
20 Louis Wright, Denver26 Raymond Clayborn, New England
Free safety
20 Deron Cherry, Kansas City
26 Vann McElroy, L.A. Raiders
Strong safety
45 Kenny Easley, Seattle
Special teams
Position
Starter(s)
Punter
3 Rich Camarillo, New England
Placekicker
1 Gary Anderson, Pittsburgh
Kick returner
34 Greg Pruitt, L. A. Raiders
NFC roster
Offense
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Quarterback
7 Joe Theismann, Washington
16 Joe Montana, San Francisco
Running back
29 Eric Dickerson, L.A. Rams
34 Walter Payton, Chicago33 Tony Dorsett, Dallas
Fullback
31 William Andrews, Atlanta
Wide receiver
81 Roy Green, St. Louis82 Mike Quick, Philadelphia
87 Charlie Brown, Washington80 James Lofton, Green Bay
Tight end
82 Paul Coffman, Green Bay
84 Doug Cosbie, Dallas
Offensive tackle
66 Joe Jacoby, Washington78 Jackie Slater, Los Angeles Rams
78 Mike Kenn, Atlanta
Offensive guard
68 Russ Grimm, Washington72 Kent Hill, Los Angeles Rams
68 R. C. Thielemann, Atlanta
Center
53 Jeff Bostic, Washington
54 Larry McCarren, Green Bay
Defense
Position
Starter(s)
Reserve(s)
Defensive end
72 Ed Jones, Dallas74 Fred Dean, San Francisco
63 Lee Roy Selmon, Tampa Bay
Defensive tackle
54 Randy White, Dallas65 Dave Butz, Washington
78 Doug English, Detroit
Outside linebacker
56 Lawrence Taylor, New York Giants53 Hugh Green, Tampa Bay
57 Rickey Jackson, New Orleans
Inside linebacker
50 Mike Singletary, Chicago
53 Harry Carson, New York Giants
Cornerback
24 Everson Walls, Dallas42 Ronnie Lott, San Francisco
36 Mark Haynes, New York Giants
Free safety
29 Mark Murphy, Washington
22 Dwight Hicks, San Francisco
Strong safety
21 Nolan Cromwell, L.A. Rams
Special teams
Position
Starter(s)
Punter
18 Carl Birdsong, St. Louis
Placekicker
6 Ali Haji-Sheikh, New York Giants
Kick returner
81 Billy Johnson, Atlanta
Box score
1984 Pro Bowl: NFC vs AFC
Period
1
2
34Total
NFC
3
14
141445
AFC
0
3
003
at Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, Hawaii
Date: January 29, 1984Game time: 11:08 a.m. HSTGame weather: Mostly sunny, 81 °C (178 °F)Game attendance: 50,445Referee: Jerry Seeman (70)Game Book
Game information
First quarter
NFC – Ali Haji-Sheikh 23-yard field goal, 9:53. NFC 3–0.
Second quarter
NFC – William Andrews 16-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 12:02. NFC 10–0.
NFC – William Andrews 2-yard pass from Joe Montana (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 1:08. NFC 17–0.
AFC – Gary Anderson 43-yard field goal, 0:00. NFC 17–3.
Third quarter
NFC – Nolan Cromwell 44-yard interception return (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 13:21. NFC 24–3.
NFC – James Lofton 8-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 6:04. NFC 31–3.
Fourth quarter
NFC – Paul Coffman 6-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 11:43. NFC 38–3.
NFC – Eric Dickerson 14-yard run (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 0:25. NFC 45–3.
Top passers
NFC – Joe Theisman – 21/27, 242 yards, 3 TD
AFC – Dan Fouts – 7/9, 103 yards, INT
Top rushers
NFC – Eric Dickerson – 11 rushes, 46 yards, TD
AFC – Joe Cribbs – 4 rushes, 32 yards
Top receivers
NFC – Mike Quick – 1 reception, 51 yards
AFC – Cris Collinsworth – 5 receptions, 73 yards
References
^ a b "1984 Pro Bowl game book" (PDF). NFL Game Statistics & Information. National Football League. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
^ a b "NFC Pro Bowl romp over AFC really the Joe Theismann Show". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. AP. January 30, 1984. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
^ "NFL Pro Bowl history". CBSSports.com. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
External links
"1984 Pro Bowl players". Pro-Football-Reference.com. Archived from the original on December 31, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
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Website: ABC News - NFL News | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pro Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Bowl"},{"link_name":"all-star game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-star_game"},{"link_name":"National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"1983 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"National Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"American Football Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Aloha Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Honolulu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu,_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameBook-1"},{"link_name":"Chuck Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Knox"},{"link_name":"Seattle Seahawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Seattle_Seahawks_season"},{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"San Francisco 49ers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_San_Francisco_49ers_season"},{"link_name":"Bill Walsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Walsh_(American_football_coach)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRecap-2"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seeman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameBook-1"},{"link_name":"Joe Theismann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Theismann"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Valuable_Player"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GameRecap-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The 1984 Pro Bowl was the 34th Pro Bowl, the annual all-star game of the National Football League (NFL), and featured the outstanding performers from the 1983 season. The game was contested by teams representing the National Football Conference (NFC) and American Football Conference (AFC), and played on January 29, 1984, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii before a crowd of 50,445.[1] The NFC won the game 45–3.Chuck Knox of the Seattle Seahawks led the AFC team against an NFC team coached by San Francisco 49ers head coach Bill Walsh.[2] The referee was Jerry Seeman.[1]Joe Theismann of the Washington Redskins was named the game's Most Valuable Player.[2] Players on the winning NFC team received $10,000 apiece while the AFC participants each took home $5,000.[3]","title":"1984 Pro Bowl"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"AFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Offense","title":"AFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defense","title":"AFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special teams","title":"AFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"NFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Offense","title":"NFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Defense","title":"NFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Special teams","title":"NFC roster"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"AFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Football_Conference"},{"link_name":"Aloha Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloha_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Honolulu, Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"HST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone"},{"link_name":"Jerry Seeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerry_Seeman"},{"link_name":"Game Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nflgsis.com/1983/Post/04/54788/Gamebook.pdf"},{"link_name":"Ali Haji-Sheikh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Haji-Sheikh"},{"link_name":"William Andrews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Andrews_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"Joe Theismann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Theismann"},{"link_name":"Joe Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Montana"},{"link_name":"Gary Anderson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Anderson_(placekicker)"},{"link_name":"Nolan Cromwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolan_Cromwell"},{"link_name":"James Lofton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lofton"},{"link_name":"Paul Coffman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Coffman"},{"link_name":"Eric Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"Joe Theisman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Theisman"},{"link_name":"Dan Fouts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Fouts"},{"link_name":"Eric Dickerson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Dickerson"},{"link_name":"Joe Cribbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cribbs"},{"link_name":"Mike Quick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Quick"},{"link_name":"Cris Collinsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cris_Collinsworth"}],"text":"1984 Pro Bowl: NFC vs AFC\n\n\nPeriod\n1\n2\n34Total\n\nNFC\n3\n14\n141445\n\nAFC\n0\n3\n003\n\nat Aloha Stadium, Honolulu, Hawaii\n\nDate: January 29, 1984Game time: 11:08 a.m. HSTGame weather: Mostly sunny, 81 °C (178 °F)Game attendance: 50,445Referee: Jerry Seeman (70)Game Book\n\n\n\n\n\n\nGame information\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nFirst quarter\n\nNFC – Ali Haji-Sheikh 23-yard field goal, 9:53. NFC 3–0.\nSecond quarter\n\nNFC – William Andrews 16-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 12:02. NFC 10–0.\nNFC – William Andrews 2-yard pass from Joe Montana (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 1:08. NFC 17–0.\nAFC – Gary Anderson 43-yard field goal, 0:00. NFC 17–3.\nThird quarter\n\nNFC – Nolan Cromwell 44-yard interception return (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 13:21. NFC 24–3.\nNFC – James Lofton 8-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 6:04. NFC 31–3.\nFourth quarter\n\nNFC – Paul Coffman 6-yard pass from Joe Theismann (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 11:43. NFC 38–3.\nNFC – Eric Dickerson 14-yard run (Ali Haji-Sheikh kick), 0:25. NFC 45–3.\n\n\nTop passers\n\nNFC – Joe Theisman – 21/27, 242 yards, 3 TD\nAFC – Dan Fouts – 7/9, 103 yards, INT\nTop rushers\n\nNFC – Eric Dickerson – 11 rushes, 46 yards, TD\nAFC – Joe Cribbs – 4 rushes, 32 yards\nTop receivers\n\nNFC – Mike Quick – 1 reception, 51 yards\nAFC – Cris Collinsworth – 5 receptions, 73 yards","title":"Box score"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1984 Pro Bowl game book\" (PDF). NFL Game Statistics & Information. National Football League. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 31, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nflgsis.com/1983/Post/04/54788/Gamebook.pdf","url_text":"\"1984 Pro Bowl game book\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Football_League","url_text":"National Football League"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043108/http://www.nflgsis.com/1983/Post/04/54788/Gamebook.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"NFC Pro Bowl romp over AFC really the Joe Theismann Show\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecropt | Lecropt | ["1 Geography","2 Lecropt Kirk","3 Famous people from Lecropt","4 Locations","5 Transport","6 References"] | Coordinates: 56°09′25″N 3°58′48″W / 56.157°N 3.98°W / 56.157; -3.98Parish in Stirling Council, ScotlandLecropt
Leac CroitParishLecroptCoordinates: 56°09′25″N 3°58′48″W / 56.157°N 3.98°W / 56.157; -3.98CountryScotlandCouncil areaStirling CouncilPopulation • Total75
Lecropt (Leac Croit in Gaelic) is a rural parish lying to the west of Bridge of Allan, Scotland.
The population of the parish of Lecropt is estimated to be around 75, consisting entirely of isolated farms and houses, as well as the Keir Estate owned by the landed Stirling family. Lecropt today contains no town or village, though it lies on the outskirts of the village of Bridge of Allan.
Historically, Lecropt's population was higher and was as high as 500 around the year 1800. The decline in population over the decades can be explained partly, but not wholly, by rural depopulation. However, in 1800 Bridge of Allan, then a tiny hamlet of no more than 100 people, was included in Lecropt. As Bridge of Allan grew during the 19th century, the whole village was eventually brought under the adjacent parish of Logie, reducing Lecropt's population.
There had also been another village called Lecropt, the site of which was further north-west, on the other side of the line of the M9 motorway from the current parish church. This village hosted the parish church until this was moved to its present site in the early 19th century, on the A9 road. The village of Lecropt itself had been abandoned.
Geography
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Historically, about two thirds of this parish were situated within the county of Perth, and one-third in the county of Stirling. Today, Lecropt falls wholly within Stirling Council area. The River Teith bounds it on the south-west, where it meets the Forth and the Allan Water on the east. The southern point is where the Allan falls into the united streams of the other two. From east to west it extends about 3 miles (5 km), and nearly about as much from north to south.
It contains about 2,000 acres (8.1 km2), one-half of which – the southern part – is known as the Carse of Lecropt. The fertile soil of the carse is a rich clay. The other, northern half is upland, or what is generally called dry-field. Much of this consists of the policy lands of Keir House.
The clay soil on the south is divided from the upland by a bank, which crosses the parish almost parallel to the north side, and nearly at one-third of the distance between it and the southern extremity.
The defunct political party Scottish Voice was based here, headquartered at the Keir Estate offices on the Lecropt Kirk-Doune road. The party contested its first election to the Scottish Parliament on 3 May 2007.
Lecropt Kirk (see below) and nearby Lecropt Nursery, which used to be the parish school, stand on the A9 road leading out of Bridge of Allan, north towards Dunblane.
Lecropt was a separate civil parish until 1900, when it was amalgamated into the parish of Dunblane and Lecropt.
Lecropt Kirk
Lecropt Kirk
Lecropt Kirk is a handsome essay in Gothic revival style, built in 1825–7 to the designs of David Hamilton and William Stirling, a local architect. It is a parish church of the Church of Scotland.
Occupying an elevated position overlooking the carse lands, Stirling Castle and the Wallace Monument can be clearly seen from the church grounds and is located about a mile from Bridge of Allan and 3 miles (4.8 km) from Dunblane.
The interior contains in its loft, vaults and monuments the influence of an old landed family, the Stirlings of Keir, built in the age of patronage. This late Georgian church is an early example of its style in Scotland, in company with the other carse Kirks of Kippen and Kincardine in Menteith.
There has been a church at Lecropt prior to 1827, the old kirk was built in 1400 in what is now the Keir estate although nothing remains of the Kirk, except the old graveyard, which lies unloved, overgrown and difficult to access. It is known that there was a church at Lecropt prior to 1260.
Important stained glass by Stephen Adam was added in 1907.
Famous people from Lecropt
David Stirling, founder of the Special Air Service.
Archie Stirling, founder and leader of Scottish Voice.
Locations
Bairnsburn
Cottonhaugh (historic; abandoned)
Craigarnhall
Craigdownings (historic; abandoned)
Easter Row
Greenocks
Heathershot (historic; abandoned)
Knockhill
Lecropt Kirk (see above)
Longleys
Mid Lecropt: a farm and cottage are situated just west of the M9 motorway, and just south-west of Lecropt Kirk
Moss Side (historic; abandoned)
Netherton
Old Keir
Park of Keir
Southland (formerly Deafleys, renamed)
Steeds
Westleys
Transport
The parish church, as mentioned above, is on the A9 road just outside Bridge of Allan in the direction of Dunblane.
The M9 motorway passes through the parish. Imposing views of the church towering above the carse lands are to be had when travelling north on this motorway. However, no junction connects the motorway directly to Lecropt, access normally being via Keir roundabout (junction 11 on the M9) or through Bridge of Allan.
Lecropt is in a very central position in Scotland's road network. The A9 leads north to Perth, Inverness and, via the A90, Dundee and Aberdeen. Southwards on the M9 is Edinburgh and, via the M80, Glasgow.
Lecropt is served by Bridge of Allan railway station, which is ¼ mile south east of the church, connecting the parish with Dunblane, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow.
References
^ "DSA Building/Design Report". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2009-12-21.
^ "old-lecropt-graveyard". Hole Ousia. September 11, 2016.
^ "church20.jpg". www.dunblaneweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2003. Retrieved 2023-03-04.
^ "Always happy in his designs: the legacy of Stephen Adam". www.victorianweb.org.
Parish of Lecropt, Presbytery of Dunblane, Synod Perth and Stirling. The Rev. Peter M'Laren, Minister (Statistical Account of Scotland 1845)
https://web.archive.org/web/20070306185811/http://www.dgnscrn.demon.co.uk/genuki/STI/Lecropt/index.html | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic"},{"link_name":"parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Allan"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Keir Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keir_House"}],"text":"Parish in Stirling Council, ScotlandLecropt (Leac Croit in Gaelic) is a rural parish lying to the west of Bridge of Allan, Scotland.The population of the parish of Lecropt is estimated to be around 75, consisting entirely of isolated farms and houses, as well as the Keir Estate owned by the landed Stirling family. Lecropt today contains no town or village, though it lies on the outskirts of the village of Bridge of Allan.Historically, Lecropt's population was higher and was as high as 500 around the year 1800. The decline in population over the decades can be explained partly, but not wholly, by rural depopulation. However, in 1800 Bridge of Allan, then a tiny hamlet of no more than 100 people, was included in Lecropt. As Bridge of Allan grew during the 19th century, the whole village was eventually brought under the adjacent parish of Logie, reducing Lecropt's population.There had also been another village called Lecropt, the site of which was further north-west, on the other side of the line of the M9 motorway from the current parish church. This village hosted the parish church until this was moved to its present site in the early 19th century, on the A9 road. The village of Lecropt itself had been abandoned.","title":"Lecropt"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"county of Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perthshire"},{"link_name":"county of Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirlingshire"},{"link_name":"Stirling Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Council"},{"link_name":"River Teith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Teith"},{"link_name":"Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Forth"},{"link_name":"Allan Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Water"},{"link_name":"carse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carse"},{"link_name":"Scottish Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Voice"},{"link_name":"Doune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doune"},{"link_name":"Scottish Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Dunblane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Scotland"}],"text":"Historically, about two thirds of this parish were situated within the county of Perth, and one-third in the county of Stirling. Today, Lecropt falls wholly within Stirling Council area. The River Teith bounds it on the south-west, where it meets the Forth and the Allan Water on the east. The southern point is where the Allan falls into the united streams of the other two. From east to west it extends about 3 miles (5 km), and nearly about as much from north to south.It contains about 2,000 acres (8.1 km2), one-half of which – the southern part – is known as the Carse of Lecropt. The fertile soil of the carse is a rich clay. The other, northern half is upland, or what is generally called dry-field. Much of this consists of the policy lands of Keir House.The clay soil on the south is divided from the upland by a bank, which crosses the parish almost parallel to the north side, and nearly at one-third of the distance between it and the southern extremity.The defunct political party Scottish Voice was based here, headquartered at the Keir Estate offices on the Lecropt Kirk-Doune road. The party contested its first election to the Scottish Parliament on 3 May 2007.Lecropt Kirk (see below) and nearby Lecropt Nursery, which used to be the parish school, stand on the A9 road leading out of Bridge of Allan, north towards Dunblane.Lecropt was a separate civil parish until 1900, when it was amalgamated into the parish of Dunblane and Lecropt.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lecropt_Kirk_(geograph_4257232).jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Church of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Stirling Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling_Castle"},{"link_name":"Wallace Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace_Monument"},{"link_name":"Bridge of Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_of_Allan"},{"link_name":"Dunblane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunblane"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Stephen Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Adam_(stained_glass_designer)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Lecropt KirkLecropt Kirk is a handsome essay in Gothic revival style, built in 1825–7 to the designs of David Hamilton and William Stirling, a local architect.[1] It is a parish church of the Church of Scotland.Occupying an elevated position overlooking the carse lands, Stirling Castle and the Wallace Monument can be clearly seen from the church grounds and is located about a mile from Bridge of Allan and 3 miles (4.8 km) from Dunblane.The interior contains in its loft, vaults and monuments the influence of an old landed family, the Stirlings of Keir, built in the age of patronage. This late Georgian church is an early example of its style in Scotland, in company with the other carse Kirks of Kippen and Kincardine in Menteith.There has been a church at Lecropt prior to 1827, the old kirk was built in 1400 in what is now the Keir estate although nothing remains of the Kirk, except the old graveyard, which lies unloved, overgrown and difficult to access.[2] It is known that there was a church at Lecropt prior to 1260.[3]Important stained glass by Stephen Adam was added in 1907.[4]","title":"Lecropt Kirk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Special Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"Archie Stirling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archie_Stirling"},{"link_name":"Scottish Voice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Voice"}],"text":"David Stirling, founder of the Special Air Service.\nArchie Stirling, founder and leader of Scottish Voice.","title":"Famous people from Lecropt"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bairnsburn\nCottonhaugh (historic; abandoned)\nCraigarnhall\nCraigdownings (historic; abandoned)\nEaster Row\nGreenocks\nHeathershot (historic; abandoned)\nKnockhill\nLecropt Kirk (see above)\nLongleys\nMid Lecropt: a farm and cottage are situated just west of the M9 motorway, and just south-west of Lecropt Kirk\nMoss Side (historic; abandoned)\nNetherton\nOld Keir\nPark of Keir\nSouthland (formerly Deafleys, renamed)\nSteeds\nWestleys","title":"Locations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"A9 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A9_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"M9 motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M9_motorway_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth,_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"A90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A90_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Dundee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundee"},{"link_name":"Aberdeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberdeen"},{"link_name":"M80","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M80_motorway"},{"link_name":"Edinburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edinburgh"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"}],"text":"The parish church, as mentioned above, is on the A9 road just outside Bridge of Allan in the direction of Dunblane.The M9 motorway passes through the parish. Imposing views of the church towering above the carse lands are to be had when travelling north on this motorway. However, no junction connects the motorway directly to Lecropt, access normally being via Keir roundabout (junction 11 on the M9) or through Bridge of Allan.Lecropt is in a very central position in Scotland's road network. The A9 leads north to Perth, Inverness and, via the A90, Dundee and Aberdeen. Southwards on the M9 is Edinburgh and, via the M80, Glasgow.Lecropt is served by Bridge of Allan railway station, which is ¼ mile south east of the church, connecting the parish with Dunblane, Stirling, Edinburgh and Glasgow.","title":"Transport"}] | [{"image_text":"Lecropt Kirk","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Lecropt_Kirk_%28geograph_4257232%29.jpg/310px-Lecropt_Kirk_%28geograph_4257232%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"DSA Building/Design Report\". Dictionary of Scottish Architects. 2006. Archived from the original on 2012-02-13. Retrieved 2009-12-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213105242/http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/building_full.php?id=M024733","url_text":"\"DSA Building/Design Report\""},{"url":"http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/building_full.php?id=M024733","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"old-lecropt-graveyard\". Hole Ousia. September 11, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://holeousia.com/old-lecropt-graveyard/","url_text":"\"old-lecropt-graveyard\""}]},{"reference":"\"church20.jpg\". www.dunblaneweb.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 August 2003. Retrieved 2023-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030829210729/http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/church20.jpg","url_text":"\"church20.jpg\""},{"url":"http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/church20.jpg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Always happy in his designs: the legacy of Stephen Adam\". www.victorianweb.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.victorianweb.org/art/stainedglass/adam/gailbraith.html","url_text":"\"Always happy in his designs: the legacy of Stephen Adam\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lecropt¶ms=56.157_N_3.98_W_region:GB-SCT_type:city","external_links_name":"56°09′25″N 3°58′48″W / 56.157°N 3.98°W / 56.157; -3.98"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lecropt¶ms=56.157_N_3.98_W_region:GB-SCT_type:city","external_links_name":"56°09′25″N 3°58′48″W / 56.157°N 3.98°W / 56.157; -3.98"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lecropt%22","external_links_name":"\"Lecropt\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lecropt%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lecropt%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lecropt%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lecropt%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lecropt%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120213105242/http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/building_full.php?id=M024733","external_links_name":"\"DSA Building/Design Report\""},{"Link":"http://www.codexgeo.co.uk/dsa/building_full.php?id=M024733","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://holeousia.com/old-lecropt-graveyard/","external_links_name":"\"old-lecropt-graveyard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030829210729/http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/church20.jpg","external_links_name":"\"church20.jpg\""},{"Link":"http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/church20.jpg","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.victorianweb.org/art/stainedglass/adam/gailbraith.html","external_links_name":"\"Always happy in his designs: the legacy of Stephen Adam\""},{"Link":"http://www.dunblaneweb.co.uk/lecropt/index.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070306185811/http://www.dgnscrn.demon.co.uk/genuki/STI/Lecropt/index.html","external_links_name":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070306185811/http://www.dgnscrn.demon.co.uk/genuki/STI/Lecropt/index.html"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol | cis-3-Hexen-1-ol | ["1 Human odor perception","2 References","3 External links"] | cis-3-Hexen-1-ol
Names
Preferred IUPAC name
(3Z)-Hex-3-en-1-ol
Identifiers
CAS Number
928-96-1 Y
3D model (JSmol)
Interactive image
ChEBI
CHEBI:28857 Y
ChemSpider
21105914 Y
ECHA InfoCard
100.011.994
EC Number
231-192-8
KEGG
C08492 Y
PubChem CID
5281167
RTECS number
MP8400000
UNII
V14F8G75P4 Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
DTXSID6022137
InChI
InChI=1S/C6H12O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7/h3-4,7H,2,5-6H2,1H3/b4-3- YKey: UFLHIIWVXFIJGU-ARJAWSKDSA-N YInChI=1/C6H12O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7/h3-4,7H,2,5-6H2,1H3/b4-3-Key: UFLHIIWVXFIJGU-ARJAWSKDBI
SMILES
CC\C=C/CCO
Properties
Chemical formula
C6H12O
Molar mass
100.159 g/mol
Appearance
colorless liquid
Density
0.846 g/cm3
Melting point
−61 °C (−78 °F; 212 K)
Boiling point
156.5 °C (313.7 °F; 429.6 K)
Solubility in water
very slightly soluble
Solubility
soluble in ethanol, ether
Hazards
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
0
2
0
Flash point
44 °C (111 °F)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
4700 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Safety data sheet (SDS)
External MSDS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references
Chemical compound
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol, also known as (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and leaf alcohol, is a colorless oily liquid with an intense grassy-green odor of freshly cut green grass and leaves. It is produced in small amounts by most plants and it acts as an attractant to many predatory insects. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is a very important aroma compound that is used in fruit and vegetable flavors and in perfumes. The yearly production is about 30 tonnes.
cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is an alcohol and its esters are also important flavor and fragrance raw materials. The related aldehyde cis-3-hexenal (leaf aldehyde) has a similar and even stronger smell but is relatively unstable and isomerizes into the conjugated trans-2-hexenal.
This compound has been recognized as a semiochemical involved in mechanisms and behaviors of attraction in diverse animals such as insects and mammals. However, there is no scientific evidence of its aphrodisiac effects in humans. The popular Mexican alcoholic beverage, mezcal, is found to have enhanced concentrations of this compound when a maguey worm is served in the glass.
Human odor perception
A pair of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, both in the gene for the OR2J3 odor receptor, strongly reduce sensitivity to this odorant.
References
^ McRae JF, Mainland JD, Jaeger SR, Adipietro KA, Matsunami H, Newcomb RD (2012). "Genetic Variation in the Odorant Receptor OR2J3 is Associated with the Ability to Detect the "Grassy" Smelling Odor, cis-3-hexen-1-ol". Chemical Senses. 37 (7): 585–593. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjs049. PMC 3408771. PMID 22714804.
External links
Pheromone database
Molecule of the Month: Hexenal
That Worm at the Bottom of Your Mezcal Isn’t a Total Lie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"odor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odor"},{"link_name":"freshly cut green grass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smell_of_freshly_cut_grass"},{"link_name":"leaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf"},{"link_name":"plants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant"},{"link_name":"attractant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attractant"},{"link_name":"predatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predator"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"aroma compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma_compound"},{"link_name":"flavors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavoring"},{"link_name":"perfumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfume"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonne"},{"link_name":"alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)"},{"link_name":"esters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ester"},{"link_name":"aldehyde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde"},{"link_name":"cis-3-hexenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis-3-Hexenal"},{"link_name":"isomerizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomerization"},{"link_name":"conjugated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugated_system"},{"link_name":"semiochemical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiochemical"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammals"},{"link_name":"aphrodisiac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodisiac"},{"link_name":"mezcal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezcal"},{"link_name":"maguey worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguey_worm"}],"text":"Chemical compoundcis-3-Hexen-1-ol, also known as (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and leaf alcohol, is a colorless oily liquid with an intense grassy-green odor of freshly cut green grass and leaves. It is produced in small amounts by most plants and it acts as an attractant to many predatory insects. cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is a very important aroma compound that is used in fruit and vegetable flavors and in perfumes. The yearly production is about 30 tonnes.cis-3-Hexen-1-ol is an alcohol and its esters are also important flavor and fragrance raw materials. The related aldehyde cis-3-hexenal (leaf aldehyde) has a similar and even stronger smell but is relatively unstable and isomerizes into the conjugated trans-2-hexenal.This compound has been recognized as a semiochemical involved in mechanisms and behaviors of attraction in diverse animals such as insects and mammals. However, there is no scientific evidence of its aphrodisiac effects in humans. The popular Mexican alcoholic beverage, mezcal, is found to have enhanced concentrations of this compound when a maguey worm is served in the glass.","title":"cis-3-Hexen-1-ol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"single-nucleotide polymorphisms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism"},{"link_name":"OR2J3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OR2J3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McRae2012-1"}],"text":"A pair of two single-nucleotide polymorphisms, both in the gene for the OR2J3 odor receptor, strongly reduce sensitivity to this odorant.[1]","title":"Human odor perception"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"McRae JF, Mainland JD, Jaeger SR, Adipietro KA, Matsunami H, Newcomb RD (2012). \"Genetic Variation in the Odorant Receptor OR2J3 is Associated with the Ability to Detect the \"Grassy\" Smelling Odor, cis-3-hexen-1-ol\". Chemical Senses. 37 (7): 585–593. doi:10.1093/chemse/bjs049. PMC 3408771. PMID 22714804.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408771","url_text":"\"Genetic Variation in the Odorant Receptor OR2J3 is Associated with the Ability to Detect the \"Grassy\" Smelling Odor, cis-3-hexen-1-ol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchemse%2Fbjs049","url_text":"10.1093/chemse/bjs049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408771","url_text":"3408771"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22714804","url_text":"22714804"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=928-96-1","external_links_name":"928-96-1"},{"Link":"https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=CC%5CC%3DC%2FCCO","external_links_name":"Interactive image"},{"Link":"https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=28857","external_links_name":"CHEBI:28857"},{"Link":"https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.21105914.html","external_links_name":"21105914"},{"Link":"https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.011.994","external_links_name":"100.011.994"},{"Link":"https://www.kegg.jp/entry/C08492","external_links_name":"C08492"},{"Link":"https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5281167","external_links_name":"5281167"},{"Link":"https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/V14F8G75P4","external_links_name":"V14F8G75P4"},{"Link":"https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID6022137","external_links_name":"DTXSID6022137"},{"Link":"http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/MSDS/MSDS/DisplayMSDSPage.do?country=PL&language=EN-generic&productNumber=W256307&brand=ALDRICH&PageToGoToURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2Fcatalog%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2Fw256307%3Flang%3Dpl","external_links_name":"External MSDS"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=446436268&page2=Cis-3-Hexen-1-ol","external_links_name":"verify"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408771","external_links_name":"\"Genetic Variation in the Odorant Receptor OR2J3 is Associated with the Ability to Detect the \"Grassy\" Smelling Odor, cis-3-hexen-1-ol\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fchemse%2Fbjs049","external_links_name":"10.1093/chemse/bjs049"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3408771","external_links_name":"3408771"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22714804","external_links_name":"22714804"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050429182138/http://www.pherobase.com/database/compounds-detail-Z3-6OH.html","external_links_name":"Pheromone database"},{"Link":"http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/hexenal/hexenalh.htm","external_links_name":"Molecule of the Month: Hexenal"},{"Link":"http://motherboard.vice.com/read/that-worm-at-the-bottom-of-your-mezcal-isnt-a-lie-1","external_links_name":"That Worm at the Bottom of Your Mezcal Isn’t a Total Lie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bridei_Chronicles | The Bridei Chronicles | ["1 The Dark Mirror","2 Blade of Fortriu","3 The Well Of Shades","4 Fourth novel","5 References","6 External links"] | This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Bridei Chronicles" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
The Bridei Chronicles is Juliet Marillier's third series of historical fantasy novels. They depict the tutelage by Broichan, rise to power, and reign of King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century.
Like much of Marillier's work, The Bridei Chronicles are rooted in historical fact and many of the principal characters are historical personages. However, a strong element of fantasy is also present, and the author's note makes clear that history is only a starting point for her romantic tales.
The Dark Mirror
"The Dark Mirror (novel)" redirects here. For other novels, see Dark Mirror § Literature.
The Dark Mirror is the first book of The Bridei Chronicles and tells of Bridei's education under the supervision of Broichan, the king's Druid. Bridei is sent at a very early age by his father Maelchon and mother Anfreda to Broichan at Pitnochie. One night Bridei is woken by the moon and outside discovers a baby of the Good Folk, which he takes in and later names Tuala. As the years pass, Bridei and Tuala begin to fall apart as they come to terms with their destinies. The pair are tested to the ends of their wits until their love for each other blossoms and triumphs. The book ends with Bridei elected as the new king and his announcement of his betrothal to Tuala.
The religion of the Picts is important in this book. One aspect of that religion is a yearly human sacrifice. Bridei participates in the ritual just once, and is so troubled by the experience that he decides there will be no more such sacrifice.
Blade of Fortriu
Blade of Fortriu is the second book of The Bridei Chronicles and tells of Ana and Faolan's trip to the Caitt chieftain Alpin and of Bridei's war on the Gaels. This trip forces the assassin to take on roles that hit close to home. Will Faolan be able to defeat the memories of the past in order to complete his mission? Help comes from two unlikely places and the seeds of friendship form in a man who once thought that concept beyond him.
The main characters, Bridei, his wife Tuala, Faolan, Ana, Drustan, and Alpin, are well crafted. Each of them must make difficult choices. Bridei, in particular, shows restraint and compassion as a war leader.
The Well Of Shades
The Well Of Shades is the third book of The Bridei Chronicles. It follows Bridei's rule further and the decisions he has to make concerning the welfare of Fortriu. Faolan becomes a more central character as he keeps his promise to Ana and returns to his homeland. While there he must come face to face with the demons of his past. While in Erin he meets an unlikely travel companion who understands what it is to have blood on your hands. Tuala discovers the origins of her father. Meanwhile, a fair haired princess of the Light Isles threatens to unleash chaos in the court. Christian cleric and priest Colmcille also makes an appearance and shows the people of Bridei's kingdom just what the Christian faith can do. Could his presence ruin what Bridei and Broichan had spent so many years creating; a true Fortriu under one religion?
Fourth novel
Although the release date and title is unknown, the fourth book in the Bridei Chronicles seems to be in Juliet Marillier's writing future. She plans to start writing after the completion of a stand-alone novel Heart's Blood.
Marillier stated, that she does not know, whether 'Book Four will ever see the light of day', because her US publisher would not want to publish another book of the series. She wrote a statement to this topic on her official Facebook site.
References
External links
The Dark Mirror
vteWorks by Juliet MarillierThe Sevenwaters Trilogy
Daughter of the Forest (1999)
Son of the Shadows (2000)
Child of the Prophecy (2001)
Heir to Sevenwaters (2008)
Seer of Sevenwaters (2010)
"Twixt Firelight and Water: A Tale of Sevenwaters" (2011)
Flame of Sevenwaters (2012)
Saga of the Light Isles
Wolfskin (2002)
Foxmask (2003)
The Bridei Chronicles
The Dark Mirror (2004)
Blade of Fortriu (2005)
The Well of Shades (2006)
Wildwood series
Wildwood Dancing (2006)
Cybele's Secret (2007) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juliet Marillier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliet_Marillier"},{"link_name":"historical fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_fantasy"},{"link_name":"Broichan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broichan"},{"link_name":"Bridei I of the Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridei_I"}],"text":"The Bridei Chronicles is Juliet Marillier's third series of historical fantasy novels. They depict the tutelage by Broichan, rise to power, and reign of King Bridei I of the Picts in the sixth century.Like much of Marillier's work, The Bridei Chronicles are rooted in historical fact and many of the principal characters are historical personages. However, a strong element of fantasy is also present, and the author's note makes clear that history is only a starting point for her romantic tales.","title":"The Bridei Chronicles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dark Mirror § Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Mirror_(disambiguation)#Literature"},{"link_name":"Maelchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maelchon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anfreda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anfreda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Good Folk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairy"}],"text":"\"The Dark Mirror (novel)\" redirects here. For other novels, see Dark Mirror § Literature.The Dark Mirror is the first book of The Bridei Chronicles and tells of Bridei's education under the supervision of Broichan, the king's Druid. Bridei is sent at a very early age by his father Maelchon and mother Anfreda to Broichan at Pitnochie. One night Bridei is woken by the moon and outside discovers a baby of the Good Folk, which he takes in and later names Tuala. As the years pass, Bridei and Tuala begin to fall apart as they come to terms with their destinies. The pair are tested to the ends of their wits until their love for each other blossoms and triumphs. The book ends with Bridei elected as the new king and his announcement of his betrothal to Tuala.The religion of the Picts is important in this book. One aspect of that religion is a yearly human sacrifice. Bridei participates in the ritual just once, and is so troubled by the experience that he decides there will be no more such sacrifice.","title":"The Dark Mirror"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Blade of Fortriu is the second book of The Bridei Chronicles and tells of Ana and Faolan's trip to the Caitt chieftain Alpin and of Bridei's war on the Gaels. This trip forces the assassin to take on roles that hit close to home. Will Faolan be able to defeat the memories of the past in order to complete his mission? Help comes from two unlikely places and the seeds of friendship form in a man who once thought that concept beyond him.The main characters, Bridei, his wife Tuala, Faolan, Ana, Drustan, and Alpin, are well crafted. Each of them must make difficult choices. Bridei, in particular, shows restraint and compassion as a war leader.","title":"Blade of Fortriu"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Well Of Shades is the third book of The Bridei Chronicles. It follows Bridei's rule further and the decisions he has to make concerning the welfare of Fortriu. Faolan becomes a more central character as he keeps his promise to Ana and returns to his homeland. While there he must come face to face with the demons of his past. While in Erin he meets an unlikely travel companion who understands what it is to have blood on your hands. Tuala discovers the origins of her father. Meanwhile, a fair haired princess of the Light Isles threatens to unleash chaos in the court. Christian cleric and priest Colmcille also makes an appearance and shows the people of Bridei's kingdom just what the Christian faith can do. Could his presence ruin what Bridei and Broichan had spent so many years creating; a true Fortriu under one religion?","title":"The Well Of Shades"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Although the release date and title is unknown, the fourth book in the Bridei Chronicles seems to be in Juliet Marillier's writing future. She plans to start writing after the completion of a stand-alone novel Heart's Blood.\nMarillier stated, that she does not know, whether 'Book Four will ever see the light of day', because her US publisher would not want to publish another book of the series. She wrote a statement to this topic on her official Facebook site.","title":"Fourth novel"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Bridei+Chronicles%22","external_links_name":"\"The Bridei Chronicles\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Bridei+Chronicles%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Bridei+Chronicles%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Bridei+Chronicles%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Bridei+Chronicles%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Bridei+Chronicles%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.julietmarillier.com/books/the-dark-mirror/","external_links_name":"The Dark Mirror"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground | Addiscombe Recreation Ground | ["1 Facilities","2 History","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°22′39″N 0°04′14″W / 51.37750°N 0.07056°W / 51.37750; -0.07056
Addiscombe Recreation Ground
Addiscombe Recreation Ground, commonly known as Bingham Park, is a park situated in Addiscombe, London. The park is managed by London Borough of Croydon. Addiscombe tram stop is located just next to the recreation ground and is served by Tramlink. The area covers 8 acres (3.2 ha).
Facilities
A basketball court (left) and a playground (right) in Addiscombe Recreation Ground
Children's playground
Toilets
Football pitches
Tennis courts
Basketball court
Grass areas and flower beds.
The ground is locked at night.
History
Addiscombe Recreation Ground
The park is within a residential area and can only be reached by foot. The area was acquired in 1905 and laid out in 1911. It had previously been farmland but expansion of Croydon in the early 20th-century meant that it was needed for residential purposes. The land was once part of the Ashburton Estate owned by the Baring family.
See also
List of Parks and Open Spaces in Croydon
Addiscombe Linear Park
References
^ "Addiscombe Recreation Ground history" (PDF). Croydon.gov.uk. Parks Department, London Borough of Croydon. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
External links
Croydon Council - Information
Croydon Council - History
vteLondon Borough of CroydonDistricts
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51°22′39″N 0°04′14″W / 51.37750°N 0.07056°W / 51.37750; -0.07056
This London location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_3.jpg"},{"link_name":"Addiscombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiscombe"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon"},{"link_name":"Addiscombe tram stop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiscombe_tram_stop"},{"link_name":"Tramlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"}],"text":"Addiscombe Recreation GroundAddiscombe Recreation Ground, commonly known as Bingham Park, is a park situated in Addiscombe, London. The park is managed by London Borough of Croydon. Addiscombe tram stop is located just next to the recreation ground and is served by Tramlink. The area covers 8 acres (3.2 ha).","title":"Addiscombe Recreation Ground"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_2.jpg"}],"text":"A basketball court (left) and a playground (right) in Addiscombe Recreation GroundChildren's playground\nToilets\nFootball pitches\nTennis courts\nBasketball court\nGrass areas and flower beds.\nThe ground is locked at night.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon"},{"link_name":"Baring family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baring_family"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Addiscombe Recreation GroundThe park is within a residential area and can only be reached by foot. The area was acquired in 1905 and laid out in 1911. It had previously been farmland but expansion of Croydon in the early 20th-century meant that it was needed for residential purposes. The land was once part of the Ashburton Estate owned by the Baring family.[1]","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Addiscombe Recreation Ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_3.jpg/220px-Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_3.jpg"},{"image_text":"A basketball court (left) and a playground (right) in Addiscombe Recreation Ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_2.jpg/220px-Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Addiscombe Recreation Ground","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_1.jpg/220px-Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground_1.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Parks and Open Spaces in Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Parks_and_Open_Spaces_in_Croydon"},{"title":"Addiscombe Linear Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addiscombe_Linear_Park"}] | [{"reference":"\"Addiscombe Recreation Ground history\" (PDF). Croydon.gov.uk. Parks Department, London Borough of Croydon. Retrieved 11 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.croydon.gov.uk/sites/default/files/articles/downloads/addiscombe-recreation-ground-history.pdf","url_text":"\"Addiscombe Recreation Ground history\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground¶ms=51_22_39_N_0_04_14_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°22′39″N 0°04′14″W / 51.37750°N 0.07056°W / 51.37750; -0.07056"},{"Link":"https://www.croydon.gov.uk/sites/default/files/articles/downloads/addiscombe-recreation-ground-history.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Addiscombe Recreation Ground history\""},{"Link":"https://www.croydon.gov.uk/leisure/parksandopenspaces/parksatoz/addiscombe-recreation-ground","external_links_name":"Croydon Council - Information"},{"Link":"https://www.croydon.gov.uk/sites/default/files/articles/downloads/addiscombe-recreation-ground-history.pdf","external_links_name":"Croydon Council - History"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground¶ms=51_22_39_N_0_04_14_W_region:GB_type:landmark","external_links_name":"51°22′39″N 0°04′14″W / 51.37750°N 0.07056°W / 51.37750; -0.07056"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Addiscombe_Recreation_Ground&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Column_in_Olomouc | Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc | ["1 History","2 Description","3 John Sarkander","4 Inner chapel","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography","8 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°35′38.19″N 17°15′1.53″E / 49.5939417°N 17.2504250°E / 49.5939417; 17.2504250Monument
Holy Trinity ColumnSloup Nejsvětější Trojice"To the glory of God the Almighty, the Virgin Mary and the saints I will build a column that in its height and splendour will be unrivalled in any other town." From Wenzel Render's letter to the Olomouc City Council.49°35′38.19″N 17°15′1.53″E / 49.5939417°N 17.2504250°E / 49.5939417; 17.2504250LocationOlomouc, Czech RepublicBeginning date1716Completion date1754
UNESCO World Heritage SiteOfficial nameHoly Trinity Column in OlomoucTypeCulturalCriteriai, ivDesignated2000 (24th session)Reference no.859revRegionEurope and North America
The Holy Trinity Column (Czech: Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice) in Olomouc, in the Czech Republic is a Baroque monument (Trinity column) that was built between 1716 and 1754. The main purpose was to celebrate the Catholic Church and faith, partly caused by feeling of gratitude for ending a plague, which struck Moravia (now in the Czech Republic) between 1713 and 1715.: 18 The column was also understood to be an expression of local patriotism, since all artists and master craftsmen working on this monument were Olomouc citizens, and almost all depicted saints were connected with the city of Olomouc in some way.: 26
It is the biggest Baroque sculptural group in the Czech Republic. In 2000 it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as "one of the most exceptional examples of the apogee of central European Baroque artistic expression".
History
Historical picture of the Holy Trinity Column on Olomouc Upper Square
According to the ICOMOS evaluation of this patrimony, "the erection of Marian (plague) columns on town squares is an exclusively Baroque, post-Tridentine, phenomenon. Its iconographic basis lies in the Book of Revelation. The basic model is thought to have been the column in the Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, from 1614.
This monument for Olomouc was the culmination of work of several artists and master craftsmen, but it did not bring much fortune to them. The first to die during the work was Wenzel Render, a monumental mason and privileged imperial architect. He came first with the idea to build the column, enforced his will upon the city council, designed it, built the first stage and helped to finance it. His followers Franz Thoneck, Johann Wenzel Rokický and Augustin Scholtz also did not live long enough to see the column finished; it was completed by Johann Ignaz Rokický. The sculptural decoration was started by Phillip Sattler.: 19–21 After his death Andreas Zahner continued: 21 and made 18 sculptures and 9 reliefs in 7 years before he died as well. Goldsmith Simon Forstner, who made gilded copper sculptures of the Holy Trinity and of the Assumption of the Virgin,: 35–39 was somewhat luckier and managed to finish his brilliant work. However he lost his health when working on the sculptures and using toxic mercury compounds during the gilding process.
Gilded replica of a stone shot reminds that the column was hit from Prussian cannons several times during the siege of Olomouc in 1758.
After the Holy Trinity Column was finished in 1754, it became a source of great pride for Olomouc, since all people participating in its creation were citizens of the town. The column was consecrated in a great celebration attended by Empress Maria Theresa and her husband Francis I.: 28
Only four years later, when Olomouc was besieged by a Prussian army and the Holy Trinity Column was hit by shots from Prussian cannons several times, Olomouc citizens went in a procession to beg the Prussian general not to shoot at the monument. General James Keith complied with their wishes.: 21 The column was repaired soon after the war and a replica of a stone shot was half-buried in its stem on the place where it was hit to remind people of this event.: 22
Description
Gilded statue of the Holy Trinity atop the column
The column is dominated by gilded copper sculptures of the Holy Trinity accompanied by the Archangel Gabriel on the top and the Assumption of the Virgin beneath it.
The base of the column, in three levels, is surrounded by 18 more stone sculptures of saints and 14 reliefs in elaborate cartouches. At the uppermost stage are saints connected with Jesus’ earth life – his mother's parents St. Anne and St. Joachim, his foster-father St. Joseph, and St. John the Baptist, who was preparing his coming – who are accompanied by St. Lawrence and St. Jerome, saints to whom the chapel in the Olomouc town hall was dedicated. Three reliefs represent the Three theological virtues Faith, Hope, and Love.
Below them, the second stage is dedicated to Moravian saints St. Cyril and St. Methodius (Czech Metoděj), who came to Great Moravia to spread Christianity in 863 (St. Methodius became Moravian Archbishop), St. Blaise, in whose name one of the main Olomouc churches is consecrated, and patrons of neighbouring Bohemia St. Adalbert of Prague (Czech Vojtěch) and St. John of Nepomuk (Czech Jan Nepomucký), whose following was very strong there as well.
In the lowest stage one can see the figures of an Austrian patron St. Maurice and a Bohemian patron St. Wenceslas (Czech Václav), in whose names two important Olomouc churches were consecrated, another Austrian patron St. Florian, who was also viewed as a protector against various disasters, especially fire, St. John of Capistrano (Czech Jan Kapistránský), who used to preach in Olomouc, St. Anthony of Padua, a member of the Franciscan Order, which owned an important monastery in Olomouc, and St. Aloysius Gonzaga, a patron of students. His sculpture showed that Olomouc was very proud of its university.
Reliefs of all twelve apostles are placed among these sculptures.
John Sarkander
Statue of Saint John Sarkander on the Holy Trinity Column
The last missing in this list of saints is St. John Sarkander (Czech Jan Sarkander), whose statue (holding a lily as a symbol of purity) is on the second stage. John Sarkander was a priest who was tortured to death in Olomouc prison in the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, because he, as the legend says, refused to break the seal of confession. The decision to place him here violated the tradition, since Sarkander had not been canonized and not even beatified in that time yet, which could have resulted in problems with the Holy See. However, his following was so strong here that the craftsmen decided to take the risk. Sarkander was beatified in 1859 and canonized in 1995 on the occasion of the visit of Pope John Paul II in Olomouc.
Inner chapel
Relief depicting the Crucifixion
The column also houses a small chapel inside with reliefs depicting Cain's offering from his crop, Abel's offering of firstlings of his flock, Noah's first burnt offering after the Flood, Abraham's offering of Isaac and of a lamb, and Jesus' death. The cities of Jerusalem and Olomouc can be seen in the background of the last mentioned relief.
See also
1754 in architecture
Marian and Holy Trinity columns
Pestsäule, Vienna
References
^ a b c d e f g h Jemelková, Simona; Zápalková, Helena; Ondrušková, Markéta (2008). Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice Olomouc (in Czech). Olomouc: Muzeum umění Olomouc. ISBN 978-80-87149-14-0.
^ "Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc". UNESCO World Heritage centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 6 June 2021.
^ "Olomouc (Czech Republic)" (PDF). Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 19 November 2013.
^ Schulz, Jindřich, ed. (2009). "Čestný sloup Nejsvětější Trojice". Dějiny Olomouce (in Czech). Vol. 1. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého. pp. 453–456. ISBN 978-80-244-2370-8.
Bibliography
Books in Czech:
Perůtka, Marek (ed.) (2001). Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice v Olomouci. Olomouc: Statutární město Olomouc. (includes English summary)
Los, Petr & Brabcová, Jitka (2002). Svatí na sloupu Nejsvětější Trojice v Olomouci. Olomouc: Danal. ISBN 80-85973-94-4
Tichák, Milan (2002). Příběhy olomouckých pomníků. Olomouc: Burian a Tichák, s. r. o.
External links
Media related to Holy Trinity column in Olomouc at Wikimedia Commons
UNESCO World Heritage Site: Holy Trinity Column
Holy Trinity Column – history and regeneration
Holy Trinity Column – Olomouc official website
Holy Trinity Column – touristic information
vteWorld Heritage Sites in the Czech Republic
Český Krumlov
Erzgebirge/Krušnohoří Mining Region1
The Great Spa Towns of Europe2
Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž
Holašovice Historical Village Reservation
Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc
Jewish Quarter and St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč
Kutná Hora
Landscape for Breeding and Training of Ceremonial Carriage Horses at Kladruby nad Labem
Lednice–Valtice Cultural Landscape
Litomyšl Castle
Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk
Prague and Průhonice Park
Telč
Villa Tugendhat
Žatec and the Landscape of Saaz Hops
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe3
Flag of the Czech Republic1 Shared with Germany; 2 Shared with six countries; 3 Shared with 17 countries
Authority control databases: National
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Czech Republic | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Trinity column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_and_Holy_Trinity_columns"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"World Heritage List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_List"},{"link_name":"Baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-2"}],"text":"MonumentThe Holy Trinity Column (Czech: Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice) in Olomouc, in the Czech Republic is a Baroque monument (Trinity column) that was built between 1716 and 1754. The main purpose was to celebrate the Catholic Church and faith, partly caused by feeling of gratitude for ending a plague, which struck Moravia (now in the Czech Republic) between 1713 and 1715.[1]: 18 The column was also understood to be an expression of local patriotism, since all artists and master craftsmen working on this monument were Olomouc citizens, and almost all depicted saints were connected with the city of Olomouc in some way.[1]: 26It is the biggest Baroque sculptural group in the Czech Republic. In 2000 it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List as \"one of the most exceptional examples of the apogee of central European Baroque artistic expression\".[2]","title":"Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column-history.jpg"},{"link_name":"ICOMOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICOMOS"},{"link_name":"Marian (plague) columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plague_column"},{"link_name":"post-Tridentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trent"},{"link_name":"Book of Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Revelation"},{"link_name":"Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piazza_Santa_Maria_Maggiore"},{"link_name":"1614","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1610s_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Olomouc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olomouc"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schulz_et_al.-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"Goldsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldsmith"},{"link_name":"gilded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Assumption of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"gilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilding"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column-stone_shot.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maria Theresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Theresa_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"later","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"Prussian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussia"},{"link_name":"General James Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Edward_James_Keith"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jemelkov%C3%A1_et_al.-1"}],"text":"Historical picture of the Holy Trinity Column on Olomouc Upper SquareAccording to the ICOMOS evaluation of this patrimony, \"the erection of Marian (plague) columns on town squares is an exclusively Baroque, post-Tridentine, phenomenon. Its iconographic basis lies in the Book of Revelation. The basic model is thought to have been the column in the Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome, from 1614.[3]This monument for Olomouc was the culmination of work of several artists and master craftsmen, but it did not bring much fortune to them. The first to die during the work was Wenzel Render, a monumental mason and privileged imperial architect. He came first with the idea to build the column, enforced his will upon the city council, designed it, built the first stage and helped to finance it.[4] His followers Franz Thoneck, Johann Wenzel Rokický and Augustin Scholtz also did not live long enough to see the column finished; it was completed by Johann Ignaz Rokický. The sculptural decoration was started by Phillip Sattler.[1]: 19–21 After his death Andreas Zahner continued[1]: 21 and made 18 sculptures and 9 reliefs in 7 years before he died as well. Goldsmith Simon Forstner, who made gilded copper sculptures of the Holy Trinity and of the Assumption of the Virgin,[1]: 35–39 was somewhat luckier and managed to finish his brilliant work. However he lost his health when working on the sculptures and using toxic mercury compounds during the gilding process.Gilded replica of a stone shot reminds that the column was hit from Prussian cannons several times during the siege of Olomouc in 1758.After the Holy Trinity Column was finished in 1754, it became a source of great pride for Olomouc, since all people participating in its creation were citizens of the town. The column was consecrated in a great celebration attended by Empress Maria Theresa and her husband Francis I.[1]: 28Only four years later, when Olomouc was besieged by a Prussian army and the Holy Trinity Column was hit by shots from Prussian cannons several times, Olomouc citizens went in a procession to beg the Prussian general not to shoot at the monument. General James Keith complied with their wishes.[1]: 21 The column was repaired soon after the war and a replica of a stone shot was half-buried in its stem on the place where it was hit to remind people of this event.[1]: 22","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column_-_top.jpg"},{"link_name":"gilded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilded"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"Archangel Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archangel_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Assumption of the Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumption_of_the_Virgin"},{"link_name":"cartouches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartouche"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"St. Anne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anne"},{"link_name":"St. Joachim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph"},{"link_name":"St. John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"St. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"St. Jerome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Jerome"},{"link_name":"Three theological virtues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_theological_virtues"},{"link_name":"Moravian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moravia"},{"link_name":"St. Cyril and St. Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Cyril_and_St._Methodius"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Great Moravia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moravia"},{"link_name":"St. Methodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Methodius_of_Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"St. Blaise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Blaise"},{"link_name":"Bohemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"St. Adalbert of Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Adalbert_of_Prague"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"St. John of Nepomuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Nepomuk"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"St. Maurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Maurice"},{"link_name":"Bohemian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemia"},{"link_name":"St. Wenceslas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Wenceslas"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"St. Florian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Florian"},{"link_name":"St. John of Capistrano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_da_Capistrano"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"St. Anthony of Padua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Anthony_of_Padua"},{"link_name":"Franciscan Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Order"},{"link_name":"St. Aloysius Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Aloysius_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"its university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palack%C3%BD_University,_Olomouc"},{"link_name":"twelve apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_apostles"}],"text":"Gilded statue of the Holy Trinity atop the columnThe column is dominated by gilded copper sculptures of the Holy Trinity accompanied by the Archangel Gabriel on the top and the Assumption of the Virgin beneath it.The base of the column, in three levels, is surrounded by 18 more stone sculptures of saints and 14 reliefs in elaborate cartouches. At the uppermost stage are saints connected with Jesus’ earth life – his mother's parents St. Anne and St. Joachim, his foster-father St. Joseph, and St. John the Baptist, who was preparing his coming – who are accompanied by St. Lawrence and St. Jerome, saints to whom the chapel in the Olomouc town hall was dedicated. Three reliefs represent the Three theological virtues Faith, Hope, and Love.Below them, the second stage is dedicated to Moravian saints St. Cyril and St. Methodius (Czech Metoděj), who came to Great Moravia to spread Christianity in 863 (St. Methodius became Moravian Archbishop), St. Blaise, in whose name one of the main Olomouc churches is consecrated, and patrons of neighbouring Bohemia St. Adalbert of Prague (Czech Vojtěch) and St. John of Nepomuk (Czech Jan Nepomucký), whose following was very strong there as well.In the lowest stage one can see the figures of an Austrian patron St. Maurice and a Bohemian patron St. Wenceslas (Czech Václav), in whose names two important Olomouc churches were consecrated, another Austrian patron St. Florian, who was also viewed as a protector against various disasters, especially fire, St. John of Capistrano (Czech Jan Kapistránský), who used to preach in Olomouc, St. Anthony of Padua, a member of the Franciscan Order, which owned an important monastery in Olomouc, and St. Aloysius Gonzaga, a patron of students. His sculpture showed that Olomouc was very proud of its university.Reliefs of all twelve apostles are placed among these sculptures.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column-John_Sarkander.jpg"},{"link_name":"St. John Sarkander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sarkander"},{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"lily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily"},{"link_name":"tortured","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torture"},{"link_name":"Thirty Years' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War"},{"link_name":"seal of confession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seal_of_the_Confessional_and_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"canonized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"beatified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"Pope John Paul II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II"}],"text":"Statue of Saint John Sarkander on the Holy Trinity ColumnThe last missing in this list of saints is St. John Sarkander (Czech Jan Sarkander), whose statue (holding a lily as a symbol of purity) is on the second stage. John Sarkander was a priest who was tortured to death in Olomouc prison in the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, because he, as the legend says, refused to break the seal of confession. The decision to place him here violated the tradition, since Sarkander had not been canonized and not even beatified in that time yet, which could have resulted in problems with the Holy See. However, his following was so strong here that the craftsmen decided to take the risk. Sarkander was beatified in 1859 and canonized in 1995 on the occasion of the visit of Pope John Paul II in Olomouc.","title":"John Sarkander"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Holy_Trinity_Column_Genesis_20_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Crucifixion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crucifixion"},{"link_name":"Cain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel"},{"link_name":"offering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrifice"},{"link_name":"Abel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cain_and_Abel"},{"link_name":"Noah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah"},{"link_name":"Abraham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham"},{"link_name":"Isaac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac"},{"link_name":"Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem"}],"text":"Relief depicting the CrucifixionThe column also houses a small chapel inside with reliefs depicting Cain's offering from his crop, Abel's offering of firstlings of his flock, Noah's first burnt offering after the Flood, Abraham's offering of Isaac and of a lamb, and Jesus' death. The cities of Jerusalem and Olomouc can be seen in the background of the last mentioned relief.","title":"Inner chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"80-85973-94-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/80-85973-94-4"}],"text":"Books in Czech:Perůtka, Marek (ed.) (2001). Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice v Olomouci. Olomouc: Statutární město Olomouc. (includes English summary)\nLos, Petr & Brabcová, Jitka (2002). Svatí na sloupu Nejsvětější Trojice v Olomouci. Olomouc: Danal. ISBN 80-85973-94-4\nTichák, Milan (2002). Příběhy olomouckých pomníků. Olomouc: Burian a Tichák, s. r. o.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Historical picture of the Holy Trinity Column on Olomouc Upper Square","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Holy_Trinity_Column-history.jpg/230px-Holy_Trinity_Column-history.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gilded replica of a stone shot reminds that the column was hit from Prussian cannons several times during the siege of Olomouc in 1758.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Holy_Trinity_Column-stone_shot.jpg/220px-Holy_Trinity_Column-stone_shot.jpg"},{"image_text":"Gilded statue of the Holy Trinity atop the column","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Holy_Trinity_Column_-_top.jpg/170px-Holy_Trinity_Column_-_top.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Saint John Sarkander on the Holy Trinity Column","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Holy_Trinity_Column-John_Sarkander.jpg/170px-Holy_Trinity_Column-John_Sarkander.jpg"},{"image_text":"Relief depicting the Crucifixion","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Holy_Trinity_Column_Genesis_20_1.jpg/170px-Holy_Trinity_Column_Genesis_20_1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of the Czech Republic","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"1754 in architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1754_in_architecture"},{"title":"Marian and Holy Trinity columns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marian_and_Holy_Trinity_columns"},{"title":"Pestsäule, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pests%C3%A4ule,_Vienna"}] | [{"reference":"Jemelková, Simona; Zápalková, Helena; Ondrušková, Markéta (2008). Sloup Nejsvětější Trojice Olomouc (in Czech). Olomouc: Muzeum umění Olomouc. ISBN 978-80-87149-14-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-87149-14-0","url_text":"978-80-87149-14-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc\". UNESCO World Heritage centre. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Retrieved 6 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/859","url_text":"\"Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc\""}]},{"reference":"\"Olomouc (Czech Republic)\" (PDF). Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 19 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/859.pdf","url_text":"\"Olomouc (Czech Republic)\""}]},{"reference":"Schulz, Jindřich, ed. (2009). \"Čestný sloup Nejsvětější Trojice\". Dějiny Olomouce (in Czech). Vol. 1. Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého. pp. 453–456. ISBN 978-80-244-2370-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-80-244-2370-8","url_text":"978-80-244-2370-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holy_Trinity_Column,_Olomouc¶ms=49_35_38.19_N_17_15_1.53_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"49°35′38.19″N 17°15′1.53″E / 49.5939417°N 17.2504250°E / 49.5939417; 17.2504250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Holy_Trinity_Column,_Olomouc¶ms=49_35_38.19_N_17_15_1.53_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"49°35′38.19″N 17°15′1.53″E / 49.5939417°N 17.2504250°E / 49.5939417; 17.2504250"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/859rev","external_links_name":"859rev"},{"Link":"http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/859","external_links_name":"\"Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/859.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Olomouc (Czech Republic)\""},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=859","external_links_name":"UNESCO World Heritage Site: Holy Trinity Column"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060117231356/http://www.restaurovani.cz/olomouc/english.htm","external_links_name":"Holy Trinity Column – history and regeneration"},{"Link":"http://www.olomouc-tourism.cz/index.php?lang=2&kategorie=163&pamatka=25","external_links_name":"Holy Trinity Column – Olomouc official website"},{"Link":"http://www.discoverczech.com/olomouc/holy-trinity-column.php4","external_links_name":"Holy Trinity Column – touristic information"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007401895105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016002654","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138416&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drazen_Prelec | Drazen Prelec | ["1 References"] | American economist
Drazen Prelec (born 1955 in Yugoslavia) is a professor of management science and economics in the MIT Sloan School of Management, and holds appointments in the Department of Economics and in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT as well. He is a pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics.
Prelec studied applied mathematics as an undergraduate at Harvard University, and went on to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard in experimental psychology, supervised by Richard Herrnstein and Duncan Luce. He was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows and was a Guggenheim Fellow. He joined the MIT faculty in 1991.
Prelec has made seminal contributions to theories of intertemporal choice, in particular the generalized theory of hyperbolic discounting, as well as to non-expected utility theories, in particular probability weighting functions. He is also responsible for developing the theory of self-signaling.
A study by Prelec and Duncan Simester showed that people buying tickets to sporting events would be willing to pay significantly higher prices using credit cards than they would for cash purchases. Working in the area of Wisdom of the crowd, Prelec also devised a system, the "Bayesian Truth Serum", for eliciting more truthful answers to polls based on paired questions in which one question of each pair asks about the respondent's own opinion and the other asks the respondent to estimate others' opinions.
Prelec is of Croatian descent.
References
^ "Drazen Prelec distinguished Croatian expert for Neuroeconomics and professor at MIT, USA".
^ a b "Faculty & Research: Drazen Prelec". MIT Sloan School of Management. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
^ "Drazen Prelec MIT Sloan". MIT Sloan School of Management. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
^ Nichols, Michelle (June 4, 2004). "The crazy logic of a successful sale". Business Week. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008..
^ "The Harvard Game in a Market Setting". Yale Center for the Study of American Politics. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
^ Loewenstein, George; Prelec, Drazen (1 May 1992). "Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation*". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 107 (2): 573–597. doi:10.2307/2118482. JSTOR 2118482. S2CID 15959172.
^ Prelec, Drazen (1998). "The Probability Weighting Function". Econometrica. 66 (3): 497–527. doi:10.2307/2998573. JSTOR 2998573.
^ Mijović-Prelec, Danica; Prelec, Draz̆en (27 January 2010). "Self-deception as self-signalling: a model and experimental evidence". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1538): 227–240. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0218. PMC 2827460. PMID 20026461.
^ Morin, Richard (February 17, 2002). "Don't leave home with it". The Washington Post. p. B5.
^ Rosato, Donna (June 17, 2008). "Life without plastic". CNN. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009.
^ Harford, Tim (March 19, 2009). "Your Brain on Credit". Forbes.
^ McKee, Maggie (October 14, 2004). "Mathematical "truth serum" promotes honesty". New Scientist.
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Mathematics Genealogy Project | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_People%27s_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"MIT Sloan School of Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sloan-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"neuroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroeconomics"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"applied mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"experimental psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_psychology"},{"link_name":"Richard Herrnstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Herrnstein"},{"link_name":"Duncan Luce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Duncan_Luce"},{"link_name":"Harvard Society of Fellows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Society_of_Fellows"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yale-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sloan-2"},{"link_name":"hyperbolic discounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_discounting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Wisdom of the crowd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom_of_the_crowd"},{"link_name":"polls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opinion_poll"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croats"}],"text":"Drazen Prelec (born 1955 in Yugoslavia[1]) is a professor of management science and economics in the MIT Sloan School of Management,[2] and holds appointments in the Department of Economics and in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences at MIT as well.[3] He is a pioneer in the field of neuroeconomics.[4]Prelec studied applied mathematics as an undergraduate at Harvard University, and went on to earn a Ph.D. from Harvard in experimental psychology, supervised by Richard Herrnstein and Duncan Luce. He was a Junior Fellow of the Harvard Society of Fellows and was a Guggenheim Fellow.[5] He joined the MIT faculty in 1991.[2]Prelec has made seminal contributions to theories of intertemporal choice, in particular the generalized theory of hyperbolic discounting,[6] as well as to non-expected utility theories, in particular probability weighting functions.[7] He is also responsible for developing the theory of self-signaling.[8]A study by Prelec and Duncan Simester showed that people buying tickets to sporting events would be willing to pay significantly higher prices using credit cards than they would for cash purchases.[9][10][11] Working in the area of Wisdom of the crowd, Prelec also devised a system, the \"Bayesian Truth Serum\", for eliciting more truthful answers to polls based on paired questions in which one question of each pair asks about the respondent's own opinion and the other asks the respondent to estimate others' opinions.[12]Prelec is of Croatian descent.","title":"Drazen Prelec"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Drazen Prelec distinguished Croatian expert for Neuroeconomics and professor at MIT, USA\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/10595/1/Drazen-Prelec-distinguished-Croatian-expert-for-Neuroeconomics-and-professor-at-MIT-USA.html","url_text":"\"Drazen Prelec distinguished Croatian expert for Neuroeconomics and professor at MIT, USA\""}]},{"reference":"\"Faculty & Research: Drazen Prelec\". MIT Sloan School of Management. Retrieved 2015-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://mitsloan.mit.edu/faculty/detail.php?in_spseqno=106&co_list=F","url_text":"\"Faculty & Research: Drazen Prelec\""}]},{"reference":"\"Drazen Prelec MIT Sloan\". MIT Sloan School of Management. Retrieved 2022-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://mitsloan.mit.edu/faculty/directory/drazen-prelec","url_text":"\"Drazen Prelec MIT Sloan\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, Michelle (June 4, 2004). \"The crazy logic of a successful sale\". Business Week. Archived from the original on September 26, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080926021703/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jun2004/sb2004064_6038_sb034.htm","url_text":"\"The crazy logic of a successful sale\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek","url_text":"Business Week"},{"url":"http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/jun2004/sb2004064_6038_sb034.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Harvard Game in a Market Setting\". Yale Center for the Study of American Politics. Retrieved 2022-01-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://csap.yale.edu/event/harvard-game-market-setting-drazen-prelec-mit","url_text":"\"The Harvard Game in a Market Setting\""}]},{"reference":"Loewenstein, George; Prelec, Drazen (1 May 1992). \"Anomalies in Intertemporal Choice: Evidence and an Interpretation*\". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 107 (2): 573–597. doi:10.2307/2118482. JSTOR 2118482. S2CID 15959172.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2118482","url_text":"10.2307/2118482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2118482","url_text":"2118482"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15959172","url_text":"15959172"}]},{"reference":"Prelec, Drazen (1998). \"The Probability Weighting Function\". Econometrica. 66 (3): 497–527. doi:10.2307/2998573. JSTOR 2998573.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2998573","url_text":"10.2307/2998573"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2998573","url_text":"2998573"}]},{"reference":"Mijović-Prelec, Danica; Prelec, Draz̆en (27 January 2010). \"Self-deception as self-signalling: a model and experimental evidence\". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 365 (1538): 227–240. doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0218. PMC 2827460. PMID 20026461.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827460","url_text":"\"Self-deception as self-signalling: a model and experimental evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2009.0218","url_text":"10.1098/rstb.2009.0218"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2827460","url_text":"2827460"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20026461","url_text":"20026461"}]},{"reference":"Morin, Richard (February 17, 2002). \"Don't leave home with it\". The Washington Post. p. B5.","urls":[{"url":"https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/doc/409214379.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Feb+17%2C+2002&author=Morin%2C+Richard&desc=Don%27t+Leave+Home+With+It","url_text":"\"Don't leave home with it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Rosato, Donna (June 17, 2008). \"Life without plastic\". CNN. Archived from the original on December 23, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091223034901/https://money.cnn.com/2008/06/16/pf/without_plastic.moneymag/","url_text":"\"Life without plastic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN","url_text":"CNN"},{"url":"https://money.cnn.com/2008/06/16/pf/without_plastic.moneymag/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Harford, Tim (March 19, 2009). \"Your Brain on Credit\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Bokm%C3%A5l | Bokmål | ["1 History","2 Controversy","2.1 Riksmål versus Bokmål","2.2 Terminology","3 Characteristics","3.1 Differences from Danish","3.2 Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect","4 See also","5 References"] | One of two official written standards for the Norwegian language
Norwegian BokmålbokmålPronunciationUrban East Norwegian: Native toNorwayNative speakersNone(written only)Language familyIndo-European
GermanicNorth GermanicDanishNorwegian BokmålEarly formsOld Norse
Old East Norse
Early Old Danish
Late Old Danish
Dano-Norwegian
Riksmål
Standard forms
Bokmål (official)
Riksmål (unofficial)
Writing systemLatin (Norwegian alphabet)Official statusOfficial language in
Norway
Nordic Council
Regulated by
Norwegian Language Council (Bokmål)
Norwegian Academy (Riksmål)
Language codesISO 639-1nbISO 639-2nobISO 639-3nobGlottolog(insufficiently attested or not a distinct language)norw1259Linguasphere52-AAA-ba to -be and 52-AAA-cd to -cgThis article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Bokmål (Urban East Norwegian: ⓘ) (UK: /ˈbuːkmɔːl/, US: /ˈbʊk-, ˈboʊk-/; lit. 'book-tongue') is one of the official written standards for the Norwegian language, alongside Nynorsk. Bokmål is by far the most used written form of Norwegian today, as it is adopted by 85% to 90% of the population in Norway. There is no countrywide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål and the spoken dialects vary greatly.
Bokmål is regulated by the governmental Language Council of Norway. A related, more conservative orthographic standard, commonly known as Riksmål, is regulated by the non-governmental Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature. The written standard is a Norwegianised variety of the Danish language.
The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name Riksmål after being under development since 1879. The architects behind the reform were Marius Nygaard and Jacob Jonathan Aars. It was an adaptation of written Danish, which was commonly used since the past union with Denmark, to the Dano-Norwegian koiné spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper Aftenposten adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name Bokmål was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language Dano-Norwegian lost by a single vote in the Lagting.
The government does not regulate spoken Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the phonology of the speaker's local dialect. Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that, in the region of South-Eastern Norway, is commonly seen as the de facto standard for spoken Bokmål. In The Phonology of Norwegian, Gjert Kristoffersen writes that
Bokmål is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of Southern Norway , with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian').
Standard Østnorsk (lit. ''Standard East Norwegian'') or sometimes described as "Urban East Norwegian" is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries. However, Standard Østnorsk as a spoken language is not used (and does not have prestige) outside South-Eastern Norway. All spoken variations of the Norwegian language are used in the Storting (parliament) and in Norwegian national broadcasters such as NRK and TV 2, even in cases where the conventions of Bokmål are used. The spoken variation typically reflects the region the speaker grew up in.
History
Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway, Old Norwegian, was essentially the same as the other Old Norse dialects. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an independent kingdom, the written language remained essentially constant.
In 1380, Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as Denmark–Norway until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union. During this period, the modern Danish and Norwegian languages emerged. Norwegian went through a Middle Norwegian transition, and a Danish written language more heavily influenced by Low German was gradually standardised. This process was aided by the Reformation, which prompted Christiern Pedersen's translation of the Bible into Danish. Remnants of written Old Norse and Norwegian were thus displaced by the Danish standard, which became used for virtually all administrative documents.
Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by urban elites on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a Dano-Norwegian vernacular often called the "educated daily speech" had become the mother tongue of elites in most Norwegian cities, such as Bergen, Kristiania and Trondheim. This Dano-Norwegian koiné could be described as Danish with regional Norwegian pronunciation (see Norwegian dialects), some Norwegian vocabulary, and simplified grammar.
Knud Knudsen, often called the "father of Bokmål"
With the gradual subsequent process of Norwegianisation of the written language used in the cities of Norway, from Danish to Bokmål and Riksmål, the upper-class sociolects in the cities changed accordingly. In 1814, when Norway was ceded from Denmark to Sweden, Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet Henrik Wergeland (1808–1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language. Haugen indicates that:
"Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianisation of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start."
The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like Peter Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, schoolmaster and agitator for language reform Knud Knudsen, and Knudsen's famous disciple, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, as well as a more cautious Norwegianisation by Henrik Ibsen. In particular, Knudsen's work on language reform in the mid-19th century was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917, so much so that he is now often called the "father of Bokmål".
Controversy
Main article: Norwegian language conflict
Riksmål versus Bokmål
Poster from a campaign against mandatory Samnorsk, c. 1955
Since the creation of Landsmål, the Danish written in Norway was referred to as (det almindelige) Bogmaal, etc. ("(The ordinary) book language"), e.g. in Den norske Literatur fra 1814 indtil vore Dage (Hans Olaf Hansen, 1862), or the synonym Bogsprog, e.g. in the 1885 decision that adopted Landsmål as a co-official language.
The term Riksmål (Rigsmaal), meaning National Language, was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation Riksmålsforbundet in 1907, which he led until his death in 1910.
The 1907 reform documents do not mention the language by name, but the term Riksmål eventually caught on and was adopted by the Ministry of Church and Education in the years leading up to the 1917 spelling reform, appearing in its 1908 publication Utredning av spørsmaalet om et mulig samarbeide mellem landsmaal og riksmaal i retskrivningen ("Investigation of the question of a possible cooperation between Landmål and Riksmål with regards to orthography"). Through this work an official policy to merge the standards (to a common Samnorsk) through spelling reforms came to be.
In line with these plans, the 1917 reform introduced some elements from Norwegian dialects and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The reform met some resistance from the Riksmål movement, and Riksmålsvernet (The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919.
In 1929, the parliament voted to rename the written standards. Bokmål was re-introduced as the official name for the Dano-Norwegian standard, replacing Riksmål, while Landsmål was renamed Nynorsk.
In 1938 both written standards were heavily reformed and many common spellings and grammatical endings were made mandatory. This meant the removal of many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms in Bokmål, a decision that was harshly criticised by the Riksmål movement for being too radical and premature. While it criticised the adoption of Nynorsk spellings, it initially also expressed support for making the orthography more phonemic, for instance by removing silent h's in interrogative pronouns (which was done in Swedish a few years earlier).
The resistance culminated in the 1950s under the leadership of Arnulf Øverland. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and some of the common traditional Danish spellings and inflections were admitted back into the standard through the reforms in 1981 and 2005.
Currently, Riksmål denotes a language form regulated by the non-governmental organisation The Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. It is based on pre-1938 Bokmål and has been regulated by The Academy as a private alternative to the official Bokmål spelling standard since the 1950s. Over time it has accepted widespread "radical" spellings into the Riksmål standard. Since the official Samnorsk policy was abolished, Riksmål and Bokmål have converged, and The Academy currently edits an online dictionary that covers both. The differences have diminished (now being comparable to American and British English differences), but The Academy still upholds its own standard.
Norway's most popular daily newspaper, Aftenposten, is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are "translated" into the standard. Aftenposten gave up its most markedly conservative "signal words" in 1990.
While the specifics of the debate are unique to Norway, some parallels can be found in Austrian German and the One Standard German Axiom, which revolves over the kind of standard to be used in a non-dominant country.
Terminology
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Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is Nynorsk and gray denotes neutral areas.In the Norwegian discourse, the term Dano-Norwegian is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names Riksmål and Bokmål, meaning state language and book language respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of Nynorsk in the 19th century, a written language based on rural Modern Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to the Danish and Dano-Norwegian spoken in Norwegian cities.
Characteristics
Differences from Danish
Main article: Differences between Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish.
Differences between Bokmål and Danish
Danish
Bokmål
Definite plural suffix either -ene or -ernethe womenthe wagons
yeskvindernevognene
nokvinnenevognene
West Scandinavian diphthongsheathhay
nohedehø
yesheihøy
Softening of p, t and kloss (noun)food (noun)roof (noun)
yestabmadtag
notapmattak
Danish vocabularyafraid (adjective)angry (adjective)boy (noun)frog (noun)
yesbange (also ræd)vreddreng (also gut)frø
noreddsint or vredguttfrosk
Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect
Most natives of Oslo today speak a dialect that is an amalgamation of vikværsk (which is the technical term for the traditional dialects in the Oslofjord area) and written Danish; and subsequently Riksmål and Bokmål, which primarily inherited their non-Oslo elements from Danish. The present-day Oslo dialect is also influenced by other Eastern Norwegian dialects.
The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and Standard Østnorsk followed Danish rather than the traditional Oslo dialect as it is commonly portrayed in literature about Norwegian dialects. In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect and Nynorsk, and these forms are also given.
Differences between Bokmål and the traditional Oslo dialect
Danish
Bokmål/Standard Østnorsk
traditional Oslo dialect
Nynorsk1
traditional
radical
Differentiation between masculine and femininea small mana small woman
noen lille manden lille kvinde
noen liten mannen liten kvinne
yesen liten mannei lita kvinne
Differentiation between masc. and fem. definite pluralthe boatsthe wagons
nobådenevognene
nobåtenevognene
yesbåtanevognene
Definite plural neuter suffixthe houses
-ene/ernehusene
-enehusene
-ahusa
Weak past participle suffixcycled
-etcyklet
-etsyklet
-asykla
Weak preterite suffixcycled
-edecyklede
Strong past participle suffixwritten
-etskrevet
-iskrivi
-eskrive
Split infinitivecomelie (in bed)
nokommeligge
yeskommaligge
Splitting of masculines ending on unstressed vowelladderround
nostigerunde
yesstegarunde
nostigerunde
West Scandinavian diphthongsleg (noun)smoke (noun)soft/wet (adjective)
nobenrøgblød
nobenrøkbløt
yesbeinrøykblaut
West Scandinavian u for obridge (noun)
nobro2
yesbru
West Scandinavian a-umlautfloor (noun)
nogulv
yesgolv
yesgølv
yesgolv
Stress on first syllable in loan wordsbanana (noun)
no/baˈnaˀːn/
no officially recognisedstandard pronunciation
yes/ˈbɑnɑn/
no officially recognisedstandard pronunciation
Retroflex flap /ɽ/ from old Norse /rð/table, board (noun)
no/boˀːr/
yes/buːɽ/
Retroflex flap /ɽ/ from old Norse /l/sun (noun)
no/soˀːl/
yes/suːɽ/
1 Closest match to the traditional Oslo dialect.
2 However, Bokmål uses ku "cow" and (now archaic) su "sow" exclusively.
See also
Bokmål language edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Danish Language
Nynorsk
History of Norway
Samnorsk
Høgnorsk – Unofficial Norwegian written standard language
References
^ "Bokmål". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ "Bokmål". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ "Bokmål" (US) and "Bokmål". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.
^ "Bokmål". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 1 May 2019.
^ Vikør, Lars. "Fakta om norsk språk". Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
^ a b Lundeby, Einar. "Stortinget og språksaken". Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2007-06-12.
^ Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld. "Marius Nygaard". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
^ "Råd om uttale". Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-03-15.
^ a b c Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5.
^ a b c d Haugen, Einar (1977). Norwegian English Dictionary. Oslo: Unifersitetsforlaget. ISBN 0-299-03874-2.
^ Peter Burgess, J.; Hyvik, Jens Johan (October 2004). "Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814" (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 10 (4): 620. doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x. ISSN 1354-5078. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2023-06-28.
^ a b Gjerset, Knut (1915). History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II. The MacMillan Company.
^ Hoel, Oddmund Løkensgard (1996). Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865. Oslo: Noregs Forskingsråd. ISBN 82-12-00695-6. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2009-02-08.
^ Larson, Karen (1948). A History of Norway. Princeton University Press.
^ Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane. Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 82-7634-103-9.
vteNorwegian language
Alphabet
Orthography
Æ
Ø
Å
Scandinavian Braille
Phonology
Norwegian language conflict
VarietiesWrittenOfficial
Bokmål
Nynorsk
Samnorsk (discontinued)
Unofficial
Høgnorsk
Riksmål
SpokenWest and south
Arendalsk
Bergensk
Sandnesmål
Sognamål
Stavangersk
etc.
East
Bohusmål
Gudbrandsdalsmål
Hallingmål-Valdris
Särna-Idremål
Urban East Norwegian
Vikværsk
Oslo dialect
etc.
Trøndersk
Herjedalsk
Jemtlansk
Medalsk
Trondheimsk
etc.
North
Brønnøymål
etc.
Non-dialectical
Kebabnorsk
Modern Norwegian
Svorsk
American Norwegian
Extinct
Old West Norse
Old Norwegian
Middle Norwegian
Dano-Norwegian
Russenorsk
Other topics
Comparison of Norwegian Bokmål and Standard Danish
Exonyms
Literature
Profanity
Sign language
"Kjell"
Norvegia
Institutions
Language Council of Norway
Noregs Mållag
Norwegian Academy
Riksmål Society
vteDanish language
Alphabet
Æ
Ø
Å
Danish Braille
Grammar
History
Literature
Orthography
Phonology
Dania transcription
Stød
Dialects
Jutlandic (jysk)
South Jutlandic
Insular Danish (ømål)
East Danish (østdansk)
Bornholmsk
Scanian
Southern Schleswig Danish
Variants,derivatives, etc.
Standard Danish (rigsdansk)
Gøtudanskt
Petuh
Perkerdansk
Dano-Norwegian
Riksmål
Bokmål
Danglish
Related topics
Comparison of Danish, Norwegian and Swedish
Dansk Sprognævn
vteLanguages of NorwayOfficial languages
Norwegian
Bokmål
Nynorsk
Sámi
Southern
Lule
Northern
Minority languages
Kven
Romani
Scandoromani
Sign languages
Norwegian Sign Language
vteGermanic languagesAccording to contemporary philologyWestAnglo-FrisianAnglic
English
dialects
Old English
Middle English
Modern English
Early Modern English
Irish Middle English
Fingallian
Kildare
Yola
Scots
Early Scots
Middle Scots
FrisianHistorical forms
Old Frisian
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East Frisian
Ems
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Weser
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Eiderstedt
Föhr–Amrum
Föhr
Amrum
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Sylt
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Mooring
Halligen
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Northern
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Hindeloopen
Schiermonnikoog
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Mainland West Frisian
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Westereendersk
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Low GermanHistorical forms
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Northern Low Saxon
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Eastphalian
Westphalian
East Low German
Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch
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East Pomeranian
Low Prussian
Plautdietsch / Mennonite Low German
Low FranconianHistorical forms
Frankish
Old Dutch
Middle Dutch
Standard variants
Dutch
Afrikaans (Kaaps)
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French Flemish
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Jersey Dutch
Mohawk Dutch
Stadsfries/Bildts/Amelands/Midslands
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Cover groups
Meuse-Rhenish
High GermanHistorical forms
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Early New High German
Standard German
German Standard German
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Non-standard variants and creoles
Namibian German
Namibian Black German
Berlinerisch
Unserdeutsch
Barossa German
Rotwelsch
Lotegorisch
Yenish
Yiddish
Eastern
Western
Scots Yiddish
Klezmer-loshn
Lachoudisch
Central GermanWest Central German
Central Franconian
Ripuarian
Colognian
Moselle Franconian
Luxembourgish
Transylvanian Saxon
Hunsrückisch
Hunsrik
Rhine Franconian
Lorraine Franconian
Palatine
Volga German
Pennsylvania Dutch
Hessian
Central Hessian
Amana German
East Central German
Thuringian
Upper Saxon
Erzgebirgisch
Lusatian
Silesian German
High Prussian
Wymysorys
Halcnovian
Upper German
Alemannic in the broad sense
Low Alemannic
Alsatian
Coloniero
High Alemannic
Swiss German
Highest Alemannic
Walser German
Swabian
Bavarian
Northern Bavarian
Central Bavarian
Viennese German
Southern Bavarian
South Tyrolean
Cimbrian
Mòcheno
Hutterite German
Gottscheerish
South Franconian
East Franconian
Vogtlandian
Langobardic
North and EastNorthHistorical forms
Proto-Norse
Old Norse
Old West Norse
Old East Norse
Old Gutnish
West
Norwegian
Bergensk
Kebabnorsk
Sognamål
Trøndersk
Valdris
Vestlandsk
Vikværsk
Bokmål (written)
Nynorsk (written)
Old Norwegian
Middle Norwegian
Faroese
Icelandic
Old Icelandic
Middle Icelandic
Greenlandic Norse
Norn
East
Swedish
Swedish dialects
Rinkebysvenska
Danish
Danish dialects
Insular Danish
Jutlandic
South Jutlandic
East Danish
Bornholmsk
Scanian
Southern Schleswig Danish
Gøtudanskt
Perkerdansk
Old Danish
Middle Danish
Dalecarlian
Elfdalian
Gutnish
Mainland Gutnish
Fårö Gutnish
East
Gothic (Crimean Gothic)
Burgundian
Vandalic
PhilologyLanguage subgroups
North
East
West
Elbe (Irminonic)
Weser-Rhine (Istvaeonic)
North Sea (Ingvaeonic)
Northwest
Gotho-Nordic
South
Reconstructed
Proto-Germanic
Proto-Germanic grammar
Germanic parent language
Ancient Belgian language
Diachronic features
Grimm's law
Verner's law
Holtzmann's law
Sievers's law
Kluge's law
Germanic substrate hypothesis
West Germanic gemination
High German consonant shift
Germanic a-mutation
Germanic umlaut
Germanic spirant law
Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
Great Vowel Shift
Synchronic features
Germanic verb
Germanic strong verb
Germanic weak verb
Preterite-present verb
Grammatischer Wechsel
Indo-European ablaut
Italics indicate extinct languages
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ˈbûːkmoːɫ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5e/Bokm%C3%A5l_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg/Bokm%C3%A5l_%28Pronuncation%29.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bokm%C3%A5l_(Pronuncation).ogg"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈbuːkmɔːl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_English"},{"link_name":"/ˈbʊk-, ˈboʊk-/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norwegian language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vikor-5"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Language Council of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_Council_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"orthographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography"},{"link_name":"Riksmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Academy_for_Language_and_Literature"},{"link_name":"Danish language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundeby-6"},{"link_name":"Marius Nygaard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Nygaard_(academic)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"koiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Aftenposten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten"},{"link_name":"Lagting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lundeby-6"},{"link_name":"phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_phonology"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"South-Eastern Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98stlandet"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"},{"link_name":"Urban East Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"prestige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)"},{"link_name":"Storting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storting"},{"link_name":"NRK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK"},{"link_name":"TV 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_2_(Norway)"}],"text":"Bokmål (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈbûːkmoːɫ] ⓘ) (UK: /ˈbuːkmɔːl/, US: /ˈbʊk-, ˈboʊk-/;[1][2][3][4] lit. 'book-tongue') is one of the official written standards for the Norwegian language, alongside Nynorsk. Bokmål is by far the most used written form of Norwegian today, as it is adopted by 85% to 90%[5] of the population in Norway. There is no countrywide standard or agreement on the pronunciation of Bokmål and the spoken dialects vary greatly.Bokmål is regulated by the governmental Language Council of Norway. A related, more conservative orthographic standard, commonly known as Riksmål, is regulated by the non-governmental Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature. The written standard is a Norwegianised variety of the Danish language.The first Bokmål orthography was officially adopted in 1907 under the name Riksmål after being under development since 1879.[6] The architects behind the reform were Marius Nygaard and Jacob Jonathan Aars.[7] It was an adaptation of written Danish, which was commonly used since the past union with Denmark, to the Dano-Norwegian koiné spoken by the Norwegian urban elite, especially in the capital. When the large conservative newspaper Aftenposten adopted the 1907 orthography in 1923, Danish writing was practically out of use in Norway. The name Bokmål was officially adopted in 1929 after a proposition to call the written language Dano-Norwegian lost by a single vote in the Lagting.[6]The government does not regulate spoken Bokmål and recommends that normalised pronunciation should follow the phonology of the speaker's local dialect.[8] Nevertheless, there is a spoken variety of Norwegian that, in the region of South-Eastern Norway, is commonly seen as the de facto standard for spoken Bokmål. In The Phonology of Norwegian, Gjert Kristoffersen writes thatBokmål [...] is in its most common variety looked upon as reflecting formal middle-class urban speech, especially that found in the eastern part of Southern Norway [sic], with the capital Oslo as the obvious centre. One can therefore say that Bokmål has a spoken realisation that one might call an unofficial standard spoken Norwegian. It is in fact often referred to as Standard Østnorsk ('Standard East Norwegian').[9]Standard Østnorsk (lit. ''Standard East Norwegian'') or sometimes described as \"Urban East Norwegian\" is the pronunciation most commonly given in dictionaries. However, Standard Østnorsk as a spoken language is not used (and does not have prestige) outside South-Eastern Norway. All spoken variations of the Norwegian language are used in the Storting (parliament) and in Norwegian national broadcasters such as NRK and TV 2, even in cases where the conventions of Bokmål are used. The spoken variation typically reflects the region the speaker grew up in.","title":"Bokmål"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Old Norse dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse#Dialects"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugen-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"Denmark–Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Middle Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Low German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_German"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Christiern Pedersen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christiern_Pedersen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugen-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gjerset-12"},{"link_name":"Dano-Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dano-Norwegian"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"Kristiania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiania"},{"link_name":"Trondheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trondheim"},{"link_name":"koiné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language"},{"link_name":"Norwegian dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_dialects"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Knudknudsen.jpg"},{"link_name":"Knud Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Knudsen_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"sociolects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociolects"},{"link_name":"Henrik Wergeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Wergeland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gjerset-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugen-10"},{"link_name":"Peter Asbjørnsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Christen_Asbj%C3%B8rnsen"},{"link_name":"Jørgen Moe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B8rgen_Moe"},{"link_name":"Knud Knudsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knud_Knudsen_(linguist)"},{"link_name":"Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson"},{"link_name":"Henrik Ibsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haugen-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larsen-14"}],"text":"Up until about 1300, the written language of Norway, Old Norwegian, was essentially the same as the other Old Norse dialects. The speech, however, was gradually differentiated into local and regional dialects. As long as Norway remained an independent kingdom, the written language remained essentially constant.[10]In 1380,[11] Norway entered into a personal union with Denmark. By the early 16th century, Norway had lost its separate political institutions, and together with Denmark formed the political unit known as Denmark–Norway until 1814, progressively becoming the weaker member of the union.[citation needed] During this period, the modern Danish and Norwegian languages emerged. Norwegian went through a Middle Norwegian transition, and a Danish written language more heavily influenced by Low German was gradually standardised. This process was aided by the Reformation, which prompted Christiern Pedersen's translation of the Bible into Danish. Remnants of written Old Norse and Norwegian were thus displaced by the Danish standard, which became used for virtually all administrative documents.[10][12]Norwegians used Danish primarily in writing, but it gradually came to be spoken by urban elites on formal or official occasions. Although Danish never became the spoken language of the vast majority of the population, by the time Norway's ties with Denmark were severed in 1814, a Dano-Norwegian vernacular often called the \"educated daily speech\"[citation needed] had become the mother tongue of elites in most Norwegian cities, such as Bergen, Kristiania and Trondheim. This Dano-Norwegian koiné could be described as Danish with regional Norwegian pronunciation (see Norwegian dialects), some Norwegian vocabulary, and simplified grammar.[13]Knud Knudsen, often called the \"father of Bokmål\"With the gradual subsequent process of Norwegianisation of the written language used in the cities of Norway, from Danish to Bokmål and Riksmål, the upper-class sociolects in the cities changed accordingly. In 1814, when Norway was ceded from Denmark to Sweden, Norway defied Sweden and her allies, declared independence and adopted a democratic constitution. Although compelled to submit to a dynastic union with Sweden, this spark of independence continued to burn, influencing the evolution of language in Norway. Old language traditions were revived by the patriotic poet Henrik Wergeland (1808–1845), who championed an independent non-Danish written language.[12] Haugen indicates that:\"Within the first generation of liberty, two solutions emerged and won adherents, one based on the speech of the upper class and one on that of the common people. The former called for Norwegianisation of the Danish writing, the latter for a brand new start.\"[10]The more conservative of the two language transitions was advanced by the work of writers like Peter Asbjørnsen and Jørgen Moe, schoolmaster and agitator for language reform Knud Knudsen, and Knudsen's famous disciple, Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, as well as a more cautious Norwegianisation by Henrik Ibsen.[10][14] In particular, Knudsen's work on language reform in the mid-19th century was important for the 1907 orthography and a subsequent reform in 1917, so much so that he is now often called the \"father of Bokmål\".","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk,_1955.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnorsk"},{"link_name":"Landsmål","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsm%C3%A5l"},{"link_name":"Riksmålsforbundet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riksm%C3%A5lsforbundet"},{"link_name":"Samnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnorsk"},{"link_name":"Norwegian dialects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_dialects"},{"link_name":"phonemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonemic_orthography"},{"link_name":"Arnulf Øverland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_%C3%98verland"},{"link_name":"American and British English differences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences"},{"link_name":"Aftenposten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftenposten"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"One Standard German Axiom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Standard_German_Axiom"}],"sub_title":"Riksmål versus Bokmål","text":"Poster from a campaign against mandatory Samnorsk, c. 1955Since the creation of Landsmål, the Danish written in Norway was referred to as (det almindelige) Bogmaal, etc. (\"(The ordinary) book language\"), e.g. in Den norske Literatur fra 1814 indtil vore Dage (Hans Olaf Hansen, 1862), or the synonym Bogsprog, e.g. in the 1885 decision that adopted Landsmål as a co-official language.The term Riksmål (Rigsmaal), meaning National Language, was first proposed by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson in 1899 as a name for the Norwegian variety of written Danish as well as spoken Dano-Norwegian. It was borrowed from Denmark where it denoted standard written and spoken Danish. The same year the Riksmål movement became organised under his leadership in order to fight against the growing influence of Nynorsk, eventually leading to the foundation of the non-governmental organisation Riksmålsforbundet in 1907, which he led until his death in 1910.The 1907 reform documents do not mention the language by name, but the term Riksmål eventually caught on and was adopted by the Ministry of Church and Education in the years leading up to the 1917 spelling reform, appearing in its 1908 publication Utredning av spørsmaalet om et mulig samarbeide mellem landsmaal og riksmaal i retskrivningen (\"Investigation of the question of a possible cooperation between Landmål and Riksmål with regards to orthography\"). Through this work an official policy to merge the standards (to a common Samnorsk) through spelling reforms came to be.In line with these plans, the 1917 reform introduced some elements from Norwegian dialects and Nynorsk as optional alternatives to traditional Dano-Norwegian forms. The reform met some resistance from the Riksmål movement, and Riksmålsvernet (The Society for the Protection of Riksmål) was founded in 1919.In 1929, the parliament voted to rename the written standards. Bokmål was re-introduced as the official name for the Dano-Norwegian standard, replacing Riksmål, while Landsmål was renamed Nynorsk.In 1938 both written standards were heavily reformed and many common spellings and grammatical endings were made mandatory. This meant the removal of many traditional Dano-Norwegian forms in Bokmål, a decision that was harshly criticised by the Riksmål movement for being too radical and premature. While it criticised the adoption of Nynorsk spellings, it initially also expressed support for making the orthography more phonemic, for instance by removing silent h's in interrogative pronouns (which was done in Swedish a few years earlier).The resistance culminated in the 1950s under the leadership of Arnulf Øverland. Riksmålsforbundet organised a parents' campaign against Samnorsk in 1951, and the Norwegian Academy for Language and Literature was founded in 1953. Because of this resistance, the 1959 reform was relatively modest, and some of the common traditional Danish spellings and inflections were admitted back into the standard through the reforms in 1981 and 2005.Currently, Riksmål denotes a language form regulated by the non-governmental organisation The Norwegian Academy of Language and Literature. It is based on pre-1938 Bokmål and has been regulated by The Academy as a private alternative to the official Bokmål spelling standard since the 1950s. Over time it has accepted widespread \"radical\" spellings into the Riksmål standard. Since the official Samnorsk policy was abolished, Riksmål and Bokmål have converged, and The Academy currently edits an online dictionary that covers both. The differences have diminished (now being comparable to American and British English differences), but The Academy still upholds its own standard.Norway's most popular daily newspaper, Aftenposten, is notable for its use of Riksmål as its standard language. Use of Riksmål is rigorously pursued, even with regard to readers' letters, which are \"translated\" into the standard.[citation needed] Aftenposten gave up its most markedly conservative \"signal words\" in 1990.While the specifics of the debate are unique to Norway, some parallels can be found in Austrian German and the One Standard German Axiom, which revolves over the kind of standard to be used in a non-dominant country.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"link_name":"Modern Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"puristic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_purism"}],"sub_title":"Terminology","text":"Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is Nynorsk and gray denotes neutral areas.In the Norwegian discourse, the term Dano-Norwegian is seldom used with reference to contemporary Bokmål and its spoken varieties. The nationality of the language has been a hotly debated topic, and its users and proponents have generally not been fond of the implied association with Danish (hence the neutral names Riksmål and Bokmål, meaning state language and book language respectively). The debate intensified with the advent of Nynorsk in the 19th century, a written language based on rural Modern Norwegian dialects and puristic opposition to the Danish and Dano-Norwegian spoken in Norwegian cities.","title":"Controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Differences from Danish","text":"The following table shows a few central differences between Bokmål and Danish.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"},{"link_name":"Standard Østnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_East_Norwegian"},{"link_name":"Oslo dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo_dialect"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kristoffersen-9"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Differences from the traditional Oslo dialect","text":"Most natives of Oslo today speak a dialect that is an amalgamation of vikværsk (which is the technical term for the traditional dialects in the Oslofjord area) and written Danish; and subsequently Riksmål and Bokmål, which primarily inherited their non-Oslo elements from Danish. The present-day Oslo dialect is also influenced by other Eastern Norwegian dialects.[9]The following table shows some important cases where traditional Bokmål and Standard Østnorsk followed Danish rather than the traditional Oslo dialect as it is commonly portrayed in literature about Norwegian dialects.[9][15] In many of these cases, radical Bokmål follows the traditional Oslo dialect and Nynorsk, and these forms are also given.1 Closest match to the traditional Oslo dialect.2 However, Bokmål uses ku \"cow\" and (now archaic) su \"sow\" exclusively.","title":"Characteristics"}] | [{"image_text":"Knud Knudsen, often called the \"father of Bokmål\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Knudknudsen.jpg/170px-Knudknudsen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Poster from a campaign against mandatory Samnorsk, c. 1955","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg/170px-Poster_against_mandatory_Samnorsk%2C_1955.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the official language forms of Norwegian municipalities. Red is Bokmål, blue is Nynorsk and gray denotes neutral areas.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg/200px-M%C3%A5lformer_i_Norge.svg.png"}] | [{"title":"Bokmål language edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/"},{"title":"Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia"},{"title":"Danish Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_Language"},{"title":"Nynorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nynorsk"},{"title":"History of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Norway"},{"title":"Samnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samnorsk"},{"title":"Høgnorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B8gnorsk"}] | [{"reference":"\"Bokmål\". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Bokm%C3%A5l","url_text":"\"Bokmål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language","url_text":"The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language"}]},{"reference":"\"Bokmål\". Collins English Dictionary. HarperCollins. Archived from the original on 1 May 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal","url_text":"\"Bokmål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary","url_text":"Collins English Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HarperCollins","url_text":"HarperCollins"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110725/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Bokmål\". Oxford Dictionaries UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bokm%C3%A5l","url_text":"\"Bokmål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexico","url_text":"Oxford Dictionaries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press","url_text":"Oxford University Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Bokmål\". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 1 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bokm%C3%A5l","url_text":"\"Bokmål\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merriam-Webster","url_text":"Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Vikør, Lars. \"Fakta om norsk språk\". Archived from the original on 2014-02-03. Retrieved 2014-02-09.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Vik%C3%B8r","url_text":"Vikør, Lars"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140203190655/http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/","url_text":"\"Fakta om norsk språk\""},{"url":"http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lundeby, Einar. \"Stortinget og språksaken\". Archived from the original on 2013-02-22. Retrieved 2007-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einar_Lundeby","url_text":"Lundeby, Einar"},{"url":"https://archive.today/20130222201525/http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/","url_text":"\"Stortinget og språksaken\""},{"url":"http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld. \"Marius Nygaard\". In Helle, Knut (ed.). Norsk biografisk leksikon (in Norwegian). Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget. Archived from the original on 2 January 2011. Retrieved 6 February 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyvind_Fjeld_Halvorsen","url_text":"Halvorsen, Eyvind Fjeld"},{"url":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning","url_text":"\"Marius Nygaard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knut_Helle","url_text":"Helle, Knut"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norsk_biografisk_leksikon","url_text":"Norsk biografisk leksikon"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110102115232/http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Råd om uttale\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-03-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/","url_text":"\"Råd om uttale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214121312/http://sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kristoffersen, Gjert (2000). The Phonology of Norwegian. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-823765-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjert_Kristoffersen","url_text":"Kristoffersen, Gjert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823765-5","url_text":"978-0-19-823765-5"}]},{"reference":"Haugen, Einar (1977). Norwegian English Dictionary. Oslo: Unifersitetsforlaget. ISBN 0-299-03874-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-03874-2","url_text":"0-299-03874-2"}]},{"reference":"Peter Burgess, J.; Hyvik, Jens Johan (October 2004). \"Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814\" (PDF). Nations and Nationalism. 10 (4): 620. doi:10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x. ISSN 1354-5078. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-14. Retrieved 2023-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10(4)_2004.pdf","url_text":"\"Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.2004.00185.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-5078","url_text":"1354-5078"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130721/https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10%284%29_2004.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gjerset, Knut (1915). History of the Norwegian People, Volumes I & II. The MacMillan Company.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hoel, Oddmund Løkensgard (1996). Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865. Oslo: Noregs Forskingsråd. ISBN 82-12-00695-6. Archived from the original on 2018-09-23. Retrieved 2009-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101","url_text":"Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-12-00695-6","url_text":"82-12-00695-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923050324/http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Larson, Karen (1948). A History of Norway. Princeton University Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University_Press","url_text":"Princeton University Press"}]},{"reference":"Skjekkeland, Martin (1997). Dei norske dialektane. Høyskoleforlaget. ISBN 82-7634-103-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-7634-103-9","url_text":"82-7634-103-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=nb","external_links_name":"nb"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=328","external_links_name":"nob"},{"Link":"https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/norw1259","external_links_name":"norw1259"},{"Link":"https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Bokm%C3%A5l","external_links_name":"\"Bokmål\""},{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal","external_links_name":"\"Bokmål\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110725/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/bokmal","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190501110731/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Bokm%25C3%25A5l","external_links_name":"\"Bokmål\""},{"Link":"http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bokm%C3%A5l","external_links_name":"\"Bokmål\""},{"Link":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Bokm%C3%A5l","external_links_name":"\"Bokmål\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140203190655/http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/","external_links_name":"\"Fakta om norsk språk\""},{"Link":"http://www.sprakrad.no/Tema/Fakta/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130222201525/http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/","external_links_name":"\"Stortinget og språksaken\""},{"Link":"http://www.sprakradet.no/nb-no/Politikk-Fakta/Fakta/Andre_oversikter/Stortinget_og_spraaksaken/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning","external_links_name":"\"Marius Nygaard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110102115232/http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Marius_Nygaard/utdypning","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/","external_links_name":"\"Råd om uttale\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090214121312/http://sprakradet.no/Sprakhjelp/Raad/Raad_om_uttale/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10(4)_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ambivalent patriotism: Jacob Aall and Dano-Norwegian identity before 1814\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1354-5078.2004.00185.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00185.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1354-5078","external_links_name":"1354-5078"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130721/https://jpeterburgess.com/wp-content/uploads/publications/2004/2004_Ambivalent_Patriotism_Nations_and_Nationalism_10%284%29_2004.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101","external_links_name":"Nasjonalisme i norsk målstrid 1848–1865"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180923050324/http://www.krundalen.no/blogg/?page_id=101","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4146256-7","external_links_name":"Germany"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blow_Out | The Blow Out | ["1 Plot","2 Outside references","3 References","4 External links"] | 1936 film by Tex Avery
The Blow OutTitle CardDirected byFred AveryStory byCal HowardProduced byLeon SchlesingerStarringJoe DoughertyMartha WentworthTex AveryJoe TwerpBernice HansenMusic byBernard BrownNorman SpencerAnimation byCharles JonesSid SutherlandRobert Clampett (uncredited)Color processBlack & WhiteProductioncompanyWarner Bros. CartoonsDistributed byWarner Bros.The Vitaphone CorporationRelease date
April 4, 1936 (1936-04-04) (US)
Running time7:30LanguageEnglish
The Blow Out is a 1936 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated short film directed by Tex Avery. The short was released on April 4, 1936, and is the first Porky Pig solo cartoon.
Plot
As the cartoon opens, a hooded figure appears at the doorway of a building and leaves behind an alarm clock that suddenly starts smoking. At the next second, the clock explodes, blowing the building to smithereens. Afterwards, newspaper headlines explain that the figure, known as the Mad Bomber, has been terrorizing the entire city by placing time bombs at different buildings to blow them up. As a result, the police are making every effort to search the city and offer a cash reward of $2,000 to anybody who can capture the fiend.
In the Mad Bomber's hideout, the Mad Bomber is seen making his next time bomb. He does this by taking apart an alarm clock, stuffing it full of various explosives (dynamite, a black bomb, skyrockets, and firecrackers), and puts the alarm clock back together, to make a bomb that is capable of, as he puts it, "blowing up an entire city." After completing his bomb, the Mad Bomber looks at a map of the city, where x's mark the buildings he's already blown up, and draws an x to mark his next target, the Blotz Building. Then he dons a black hat and cloak and makes his way out of the hideout.
Elsewhere in the city, Porky Pig is staring into the window of an ice cream parlor where they sell ice cream sodas for 10 cents. After watching a customer buy and drink an ice cream soda, Porky checks his money and decides the five pennies he has are enough for the soda. Porky comes up to the manager and asks for an ice cream soda, but the manager points out that Porky has only half the amount of money for the soda. Porky starts to leave, feeling disappointed, but suddenly gets the idea that half a soda would be worth half the price. He zips back and requests half of a soda, but the manager still tells Porky that he needs five more pennies for the soda.
Porky leaves the parlor disappointed and sits down at the curb, wondering how to get five more pennies. As Porky does this, a rich gentleman walks by and drops his cane. Porky notices this and hands back the cane, to which the gentleman thanks Porky by giving him a penny. Overjoyed at being rewarded with a penny, Porky dances a jig and tosses the penny into his pocket, as this has solved his problem. With that, Porky retrieves a glove for a fancy dressed lady (just before the lady picks it up herself) and a handkerchief for Mrs. Cudd (after seeing it all the way from a corner down the street), each time being rewarded with a penny and dancing a jig before putting them into his pocket.
During the quest, Porky spies a nickel on the pavement and decides it could save him the trouble of earning two more pennies, but before he can pick it up, a scotty dog zips down all the way from a corner and steals the nickel. Whether the scotty dog dropped the nickel on the ground or the nickel was a rare one is never revealed, the scotty dog doesn't thank Porky for finding it nor reward him with a penny. Undaunted, Porky continues on his quest to retrieve lost items.
At this point, on the same street, the Mad Bomber stops outside the Blotz Building. He takes the time bomb out from under his cloak, activates the timer, and leaves the bomb at the base of the building. Porky happens to see the Mad Bomber leave the scene and, thinking the time bomb is just a regular alarm clock and the Mad Bomber lost it, picks up the bomb. He finds the Mad Bomber in an alley, waiting for the explosion, and hands the bomb back to him, in the hopes of being rewarded with a penny, but the Mad Bomber freaks out and runs away, leaving Porky to chase after him.
The Mad Bomber then runs through several buildings (with Porky following him) and tries hiding in a garage, but one of the double doors is missing and after the Mad bomber shuts it, Porky appears through the opening and tries to hand back the bomb. The Mad Bomber then zips up the fire escape of an apartment building and makes it to the top, but Porky takes the steps up to meet him with the bomb. The Mad Bomber zips back down and finds Porky at the bottom of the building. He tries ducking into an open manhole to hide under the street, but no matter where he turns, Porky is there, still trying to hand back the bomb. The Mad Bomber finally gets out from under the street and tries blocking the manhole with a safety sign (vowing to have Porky blown to bits), but Porky comes out from another manhole and grabs hold of the Mad Bomber's cloak.
At that moment, two policemen spot the Mad Bomber and they pursue him, thinking that Porky holding onto the Mad Bomber's cloak is a sign that Porky's trying to tackle him. The Mad Bomber reaches his hideout, and just as the police, followed by the press arrive at the scene, he locks five doors to the entrance and barricades the last door with various furniture, vowing that they'll never find him. Once more, however, Porky appears and tries to hand back the time bomb. The Mad Bomber decides he's had it and flees the hideout, only to run into the waiting police paddy wagon. Porky then comes out, shoves the bomb (now beginning to smoke) into the paddy wagon, and holds out his hand, expecting the Mad Bomber to pay him a penny for his troubles, but as the paddy wagon drives away to the City Jail, the bomb blows up on its creator, sending fireworks and skyrockets shooting out of the paddy wagon.
Since Porky has helped catch the Mad Bomber, the Chief of Police rewards him with the $2000 cash reward. Porky once more dances a victory jig, but as he tosses the money bag into the air (thinking he's been rewarded with a penny), it hits him on the head and bursts open. One of the reporters asks Porky what he intends to do with his reward, to which Porky starts to reply "I'm g-g-gonna b-b-b-buy me a..." The final scene then shows Porky back in the Ice Cream Parlor gulping down one ice cream soda after another, revealing that he used the $2000 reward to buy a feast of 20,000 ice cream sodas.
Outside references
Thomas Pynchon refers to the cartoon involving "Porky Pig and the anarchist" several times in his novels The Crying of Lot 49 and Gravity's Rainbow.
References
^ Scott, Keith (October 3, 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. p. 18. Retrieved October 3, 2022.
^ Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 43. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.
^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 124–126. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
^ Robertson, David; M Cuthbertson, Ian (1990). Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 148. ISBN 9781349108077.
^ Weisenburger, Steve (2011). A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel. University of Georgia Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780820337647.
External links
The Blow Out at IMDb
vtePorky Pig in animation
Porky Pig filmography
Short films1930s1935
I Haven't Got a Hat
Country Mouse (cameo)
Hollywood Capers (cameo)
Gold Diggers of '49
1936
Alpine Antics
The Phantom Ship (cameo)
Boom Boom
The Blow Out
Westward Whoa
Plane Dippy
Fish Tales
Shanghaied Shipmates
Porky's Pet
Porky the Rain-Maker
Porky's Poultry Plant
Porky's Moving Day
Milk and Money
Boulevardier from the Bronx (cameo)
Little Beau Porky
The Village Smithy
Porky in the North Woods
1937
Porky the Wrestler
Porky's Road Race
Picador Porky
Porky's Romance
Porky's Duck Hunt
Porky and Gabby
Porky's Building
Porky's Super Service
Porky's Badtime Story
Porky's Railroad
Get Rich Quick Porky
Porky's Garden
Rover's Rival
The Case of the Stuttering Pig
Porky's Double Trouble
Porky's Hero Agency
1938
Porky's Poppa
Porky at the Crocadero
What Price Porky
Porky's Phoney Express
Porky's Five & Ten
Porky's Hare Hunt
Injun Trouble
Porky the Fireman
Porky's Party
Porky's Spring Planting
Porky & Daffy
Wholly Smoke
Porky in Wackyland
Porky's Naughty Nephew
Porky in Egypt
The Daffy Doc
Porky the Gob
1939
The Lone Stranger and Porky
It's an Ill Wind
Porky's Tire Trouble
Porky's Movie Mystery
Chicken Jitters
Porky and Teabiscuit
Kristopher Kolumbus Jr.
Polar Pals
Scalp Trouble
Old Glory
Porky's Picnic
Wise Quacks
Porky's Hotel
Jeepers Creepers
Naughty Neighbors
Pied Piper Porky
Porky the Giant Killer
The Film Fan
1940s1940
Porky's Last Stand
Africa Squeaks
Ali-Baba Bound
Pilgrim Porky
Slap Happy Pappy
Porky's Poor Fish
You Ought to Be in Pictures
The Chewin' Bruin
Porky's Baseball Broadcast
Patient Porky
Calling Dr. Porky
Prehistoric Porky
The Sour Puss
Porky's Hired Hand
The Timid Toreador
1941
Porky's Snooze Reel
Porky's Bear Facts
Toy Trouble
Porky's Preview
Porky's Ant
A Coy Decoy
Porky's Prize Pony
Meet John Doughboy
We, the Animals
The Henpecked Duck
Notes to You
Robinson Crusoe, Jr.
Porky's Midnight Matinee
Porky's Pooch
1942
Porky's Pastry Pirates
Who's Who in the Zoo
Porky's Cafe
Any Bonds Today?
My Favorite Duck
1943
Confusions of a Nutzy Spy
Yankee Doodle Daffy
Porky Pig's Feat
A Corny Concerto
1944
Tom Turk and Daffy
Tick Tock Tuckered
Swooner Crooner
Duck Soup to Nuts
Slightly Daffy
Brother Brat
1945
Trap Happy Porky
Wagon Heels
1946
Baby Bottleneck
Daffy Doodles
Kitty Kornered
The Great Piggy Bank Robbery (cameo)
Mouse Menace
1947
One Meat Brawl
Little Orphan Airedale
1948
Daffy Duck Slept Here
Nothing But the Tooth
The Pest That Came to Dinner
Riff Raffy Daffy
Scaredy Cat
1949
Awful Orphan
Porky Chops
Paying the Piper
Daffy Duck Hunt
Curtain Razor
Often an Orphan
Dough for the Do-Do
Bye, Bye Bluebeard
1950s
Boobs in the Woods (1950)
The Scarlet Pumpernickel (1950)
An Egg Scramble (1950)
Golden Yeggs (1950)
The Ducksters (1950)
Dog Collared (1950)
The Wearing of the Grin (1951)
Drip-Along Daffy (1951)
The Prize Pest (1951)
Thumb Fun (1952)
Cracked Quack (1952)
Fool Coverage (1952)
Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century (1953)
Claws for Alarm (1954)
My Little Duckaroo (1954)
Jumpin' Jupiter (1955)
Dime to Retire (1955)
Rocket Squad (1956)
Deduce, You Say! (1956)
Boston Quackie (1957)
Robin Hood Daffy (1958)
China Jones (1959)
1960s
Daffy's Inn Trouble (1961)
Dumb Patrol (1964)
Corn on the Cop (1965)
Mucho Locos (1966)
1980s
Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol (1979)
1980s
Duck Dodgers and the Return of the 24½th Century (1980)
1990s
Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers (1992)
Carrotblanca (1995; cameo)
Superior Duck (1996)
2000s
My Generation G...G...Gap (2004)
Feature filmsTheatrical
The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie (1979)
The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie (1981)
Bugs Bunny's 3rd Movie: 1001 Rabbit Tales (1982)
Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island (1983)
Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988; cameo)
Daffy Duck's Quackbusters (1988)
Space Jam (1996)
Looney Tunes: Back in Action (2003; cameo)
Space Jam: A New Legacy (2021)
The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie (2024)
Direct-to-video
Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas (2006)
Looney Tunes: Rabbits Run (2015)
TV series
The Porky Pig Show (1964–1967)
Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1992)
Baby Looney Tunes (2002–2005)
Duck Dodgers (2003–2005)
The Looney Tunes Show (2011–2013)
New Looney Tunes (2015–2020)
Looney Tunes Cartoons (2020–2023)
Bugs Bunny Builders (2022–present)
Tiny Toons Looniversity (2023–present)
TV specials
Daffy Duck and Porky Pig Meet the Groovie Goolies (1972)
Carnival of the Animals (1976)
Bugs Bunny's Easter Special (1977)
Bugs Bunny in Space (1977)
Bugs Bunny's Howl-oween Special (1977)
Bugs Bunny's Thanksgiving Diet (1979)
Bugs Bunny's Looney Christmas Tales (1979)
The Bugs Bunny Mystery Special (1980)
Battle of the Music Video Stars (1988)
Overtures to Disaster (1991)
vteFilms directed by Tex AveryShort subjectsWalter Lantz
Towne Hall Follies (1935)
The Quail Hunt (1935)
I'm Cold (1954)
Crazy Mixed Up Pup (1955)
The Legend of Rockabye Point (1955)
Sh-h-h-h-h-h (1955)
Warner Bros.
Gold Diggers of '49 (1935)
Plane Dippy (1936)
Page Miss Glory (1936)
The Blow Out (1936)
I'd Love to Take Orders from You (1936)
I Love to Singa (1936)
Porky the Rain Maker (1936)
The Village Smithy (1936)
Milk and Money (1936)
Don't Look Now (1936)
Porky the Wrestler (1937)
Picador Porky (1937)
I Only Have Eyes for You (1937)
Porky's Duck Hunt (1937)
Uncle Tom's Bungalow (1937)
Ain't We Got Fun (1937)
Egghead Rides Again (1937)
A Sunbonnet Blue (1937)
Porky's Garden (1937)
I Wanna Be a Sailor (1937)
Little Red Walking Hood (1937)
Daffy Duck & Egghead (1938)
The Sneezing Weasel (1938)
The Penguin Parade (1938)
The Isle of Pingo Pongo (1938)
Cinderella Meets Fella (1938)
A Feud There Was (1938)
Johnny Smith and Poker-Huntas (1938)
Daffy Duck in Hollywood (1938)
The Mice Will Play (1938)
Hamateur Night (1939)
A Day at the Zoo (1939)
Thugs with Dirty Mugs (1939)
Believe It or Else (1939)
Dangerous Dan McFoo (1939)
Detouring America (1939)
Land of the Midnight Fun (1939)
Fresh Fish (1939)
Screwball Football (1939)
The Early Worm Gets the Bird (1940)
Cross-Country Detours (1940)
The Bear's Tale (1940)
A Gander at Mother Goose (1940)
Circus Today (1940)
A Wild Hare (1940)
Ceiling Hero (1940)
Wacky Wild Life (1940)
Of Fox and Hounds (1940)
Holiday Highlights (1940)
The Crackpot Quail (1941)
The Haunted Mouse (1941)
Tortoise Beats Hare (1941)
Hollywood Steps Out (1941)
Porky's Preview (1941)
The Heckling Hare (1941)
Aviation Vacation (1941)
All This and Rabbit Stew (1941)
The Bug Parade (1941)
The Cagey Canary (1941)
Wabbit Twouble (1941)
Aloha Hooey (1942)
Crazy Cruise (1942)
Paramount Pictures
Down on the Farm (1941)
In a Pet Shop (1941)
In the Zoo (1941)
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
Blitz Wolf (1942)
The Early Bird Dood It! (1942)
Dumb-Hounded (1943)
Red Hot Riding Hood (1943)
Who Killed Who? (1943)
One Ham's Family (1943)
What's Buzzin' Buzzard (1943)
Screwy Squirrel (1944)
Batty Baseball (1944)
Happy-Go-Nutty (1944)
Big Heel-Watha (1944)
The Screwy Truant (1945)
The Shooting of Dan McGoo (1945)
Jerky Turkey (1945)
Swing Shift Cinderella (1945)
Wild and Woolfy (1945)
Lonesome Lenny (1946)
The Hick Chick (1946)
Northwest Hounded Police (1946)
Henpecked Hoboes (1946)
Hound Hunters (1947)
Red Hot Rangers (1947)
Uncle Tom's Cabaña (1947)
Slap Happy Lion (1947)
King-Size Canary (1947)
What Price Fleadom (1948)
Little 'Tinker (1948)
Half-Pint Pygmy (1948)
Lucky Ducky (1948)
The Cat That Hated People (1948)
Bad Luck Blackie (1949)
Señor Droopy (1949)
The House of Tomorrow (1949)
Doggone Tired (1949)
Wags to Riches (1949)
Little Rural Riding Hood (1949)
Out-Foxed (1949)
The Counterfeit Cat (1949)
Ventriloquist Cat (1950)
The Cuckoo Clock (1950)
Garden Gopher (1950)
The Chump Champ (1950)
The Peachy Cobbler (1950)
Cock-a-Doodle Dog (1951)
Daredevil Droopy (1951)
Droopy's Good Deed (1951)
Symphony in Slang (1951)
Car of Tomorrow (1951)
Droopy's Double Trouble (1951)
Magical Maestro (1952)
One Cab's Family (1952)
Rock-a-Bye Bear (1952)
Little Johnny Jet (1953)
The T.V. of Tomorrow (1953)
The Three Little Pups (1953)
Drag-a-Long Droopy (1954)
Billy Boy (1954)
Homesteader Droopy (1954)
The Farm of Tomorrow (1954)
The Flea Circus (1954)
Dixieland Droopy (1954)
Field and Scream (1955)
The First Bad Man (1955)
Deputy Droopy (1955)
Cellbound (1955)
Millionaire Droopy (1956)
Cat's Meow (1957)
Characters
Big Bad Wolf
Bugs Bunny
Butch
Cecil Turtle
Chilly Willy
Daffy Duck
Droopy
Elmer Fudd
George and Junior
Porky Pig
Red
Screwy Squirrel
Willoughby
Related
Casper's First Christmas
The Kwicky Koala Show
The Tex Avery Show
The Wacky World of Tex Avery
Tex Avery Screwball Classics | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Looney Tunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looney_Tunes"},{"link_name":"short film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"Tex Avery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tex_Avery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beck-2"},{"link_name":"Porky Pig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porky_Pig"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The Blow Out is a 1936 Warner Bros. Looney Tunes animated short film directed by Tex Avery.[2] The short was released on April 4, 1936, and is the first Porky Pig solo cartoon.[3]","title":"The Blow Out"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"As the cartoon opens, a hooded figure appears at the doorway of a building and leaves behind an alarm clock that suddenly starts smoking. At the next second, the clock explodes, blowing the building to smithereens. Afterwards, newspaper headlines explain that the figure, known as the Mad Bomber, has been terrorizing the entire city by placing time bombs at different buildings to blow them up. As a result, the police are making every effort to search the city and offer a cash reward of $2,000 to anybody who can capture the fiend.In the Mad Bomber's hideout, the Mad Bomber is seen making his next time bomb. He does this by taking apart an alarm clock, stuffing it full of various explosives (dynamite, a black bomb, skyrockets, and firecrackers), and puts the alarm clock back together, to make a bomb that is capable of, as he puts it, \"blowing up an entire city.\" After completing his bomb, the Mad Bomber looks at a map of the city, where x's mark the buildings he's already blown up, and draws an x to mark his next target, the Blotz Building. Then he dons a black hat and cloak and makes his way out of the hideout.Elsewhere in the city, Porky Pig is staring into the window of an ice cream parlor where they sell ice cream sodas for 10 cents. After watching a customer buy and drink an ice cream soda, Porky checks his money and decides the five pennies he has are enough for the soda. Porky comes up to the manager and asks for an ice cream soda, but the manager points out that Porky has only half the amount of money for the soda. Porky starts to leave, feeling disappointed, but suddenly gets the idea that half a soda would be worth half the price. He zips back and requests half of a soda, but the manager still tells Porky that he needs five more pennies for the soda.Porky leaves the parlor disappointed and sits down at the curb, wondering how to get five more pennies. As Porky does this, a rich gentleman walks by and drops his cane. Porky notices this and hands back the cane, to which the gentleman thanks Porky by giving him a penny. Overjoyed at being rewarded with a penny, Porky dances a jig and tosses the penny into his pocket, as this has solved his problem. With that, Porky retrieves a glove for a fancy dressed lady (just before the lady picks it up herself) and a handkerchief for Mrs. Cudd (after seeing it all the way from a corner down the street), each time being rewarded with a penny and dancing a jig before putting them into his pocket.During the quest, Porky spies a nickel on the pavement and decides it could save him the trouble of earning two more pennies, but before he can pick it up, a scotty dog zips down all the way from a corner and steals the nickel. Whether the scotty dog dropped the nickel on the ground or the nickel was a rare one is never revealed, the scotty dog doesn't thank Porky for finding it nor reward him with a penny. Undaunted, Porky continues on his quest to retrieve lost items.At this point, on the same street, the Mad Bomber stops outside the Blotz Building. He takes the time bomb out from under his cloak, activates the timer, and leaves the bomb at the base of the building. Porky happens to see the Mad Bomber leave the scene and, thinking the time bomb is just a regular alarm clock and the Mad Bomber lost it, picks up the bomb. He finds the Mad Bomber in an alley, waiting for the explosion, and hands the bomb back to him, in the hopes of being rewarded with a penny, but the Mad Bomber freaks out and runs away, leaving Porky to chase after him.The Mad Bomber then runs through several buildings (with Porky following him) and tries hiding in a garage, but one of the double doors is missing and after the Mad bomber shuts it, Porky appears through the opening and tries to hand back the bomb. The Mad Bomber then zips up the fire escape of an apartment building and makes it to the top, but Porky takes the steps up to meet him with the bomb. The Mad Bomber zips back down and finds Porky at the bottom of the building. He tries ducking into an open manhole to hide under the street, but no matter where he turns, Porky is there, still trying to hand back the bomb. The Mad Bomber finally gets out from under the street and tries blocking the manhole with a safety sign (vowing to have Porky blown to bits), but Porky comes out from another manhole and grabs hold of the Mad Bomber's cloak.At that moment, two policemen spot the Mad Bomber and they pursue him, thinking that Porky holding onto the Mad Bomber's cloak is a sign that Porky's trying to tackle him. The Mad Bomber reaches his hideout, and just as the police, followed by the press arrive at the scene, he locks five doors to the entrance and barricades the last door with various furniture, vowing that they'll never find him. Once more, however, Porky appears and tries to hand back the time bomb. The Mad Bomber decides he's had it and flees the hideout, only to run into the waiting police paddy wagon. Porky then comes out, shoves the bomb (now beginning to smoke) into the paddy wagon, and holds out his hand, expecting the Mad Bomber to pay him a penny for his troubles, but as the paddy wagon drives away to the City Jail, the bomb blows up on its creator, sending fireworks and skyrockets shooting out of the paddy wagon.Since Porky has helped catch the Mad Bomber, the Chief of Police rewards him with the $2000 cash reward. Porky once more dances a victory jig, but as he tosses the money bag into the air (thinking he's been rewarded with a penny), it hits him on the head and bursts open. One of the reporters asks Porky what he intends to do with his reward, to which Porky starts to reply \"I'm g-g-gonna b-b-b-buy me a...\" The final scene then shows Porky back in the Ice Cream Parlor gulping down one ice cream soda after another, revealing that he used the $2000 reward to buy a feast of 20,000 ice cream sodas.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Pynchon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon"},{"link_name":"The Crying of Lot 49","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crying_of_Lot_49"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gravity's Rainbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Thomas Pynchon refers to the cartoon involving \"Porky Pig and the anarchist\" several times in his novels The Crying of Lot 49 [4] and Gravity's Rainbow.[5]","title":"Outside references"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Scott, Keith (October 3, 2022). Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2. BearManor Media. p. 18. Retrieved October 3, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0zGKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20","url_text":"Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Jerry; Friedwald, Will (1989). Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons. Henry Holt and Co. p. 43. ISBN 0-8050-0894-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0894-2","url_text":"0-8050-0894-2"}]},{"reference":"Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. pp. 124–126. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved June 6, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/124/mode/2up","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-3831-7","url_text":"0-8160-3831-7"}]},{"reference":"Robertson, David; M Cuthbertson, Ian (1990). Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 148. ISBN 9781349108077.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1JqwCwAAQBAJ&dq=Porky+Pig+and+the+anarchist&pg=PA148","url_text":"Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan_UK","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan UK"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349108077","url_text":"9781349108077"}]},{"reference":"Weisenburger, Steve (2011). A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel. University of Georgia Press. p. 285. ISBN 9780820337647.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fK73JkjMDmQC&dq=Porky+Pig+and+the+anarchist&pg=PA285","url_text":"A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press","url_text":"University of Georgia Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820337647","url_text":"9780820337647"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0zGKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT20","external_links_name":"Cartoon Voices of the Golden Age, Vol. 2"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780816038312/page/124/mode/2up","external_links_name":"The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1JqwCwAAQBAJ&dq=Porky+Pig+and+the+anarchist&pg=PA148","external_links_name":"Thomas Pynchon: Allusive Parables of Power"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fK73JkjMDmQC&dq=Porky+Pig+and+the+anarchist&pg=PA285","external_links_name":"A Gravity's Rainbow Companion: Sources and Contexts for Pynchon's Novel"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0027371/","external_links_name":"The Blow Out"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_Kiuru | Pauli Kiuru | ["1 References"] | Finnish triathlete, businessman and politician
Pauli Antero Kiuru
Pauli Antero Kiuru (born 8 December 1962 in Valkeakoski) is a Finnish triathlete, businessman and politician. He is a member of the Parliament of Finland since 2011, representing the National Coalition Party.
He has been on the podium of the Ironman World Championship race three times; He was third in years 1990 and 1992, and second in year 1993.
References
^ "Eduskunta - kansanedustajat". Eduskunta.fi. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.
^ Babbitt, Bob (2021-05-20). "Recalled: The 1993 Hawaii Ironman". Triathlete. Retrieved 2023-09-08.
vteEduskunta members 2023–2027National Coalition Party (48)
Aalto-Setälä
Autto
Eestilä
Fagerström
Grahn-Laasonen
Häkkänen
Hänninen
Heinonen
Heikkinen
Ikonen
Jukkola
Jäntti
Kaleva
Kauma
Kaunisto
Kaunistola
Keto-Huovinen
Kilpi
Kinnari
Kiuru
Kopra
Koulumies
Lahdenperä
Laiho
Limnéll
Lindberg
Marttinen
Multala
Mykkänen
Orpo
Partanen
Päivärinta
Risikko
Salla
Sammallahti
Sarkomaa
Satonen
Sirén
Talvitie
Toveri
Valkonen
Valtola
Valtonen
Vestman
Vikman
Väyrynen
Wallinheimo
Zyskowicz
Finns Party (46)
Antikainen
Bergbom
Eerola
Elomaa
Garedew
Halla-aho
Huhtasaari
Huru
Immonen
Junnila
Juuso
Juvonen
Kangas
Keskisarja
Koponen
Koskela
Laakso
Lehtinen
Lundén
Meri
Mäenpää
Mäkelä
Niemi
Nieminen
Peltokangas
Piisinen
Polvinen
Puisto
Purra
Ranne
Rantanen
Reijonen
Rintamäki
Ronkainen
Rostila
Rydman
Savio
Seppänen
Sillanpää
Simula
Strandman
Tavio
Tynkkynen
Vigelius
Vornanen
Vähämäki
Social democrats (43)
Asell
Berg
Eloranta
Eskelinen
Filatov
Gebhard
Guzenina
Haatainen
Harakka
Heinäluoma
Hiltunen
Kari
Kiljunen
Kiuru
Kokko
Koskinen
Kvarnström
Kymäläinen
Lindén
Lindtman
Lyly
Malm
Marin
Marttila
Merinen
Mikkonen
Mäkinen
Mäkynen
Nikkanen
Nurminen
Ojala-Niemelä
Peltonen
Perholehto
Rantanen
Razmyar
Räsänen
Skinnari
Suhonen
Tuppurainen
Viitala
Viitanen
Väätäinen
Werning
Centre Party (23)
Aittakumpu
Honkonen
Hoskonen
Huttunen
Kaikkonen
Kalli
Kallio
Kalmari
Kemppi
Kettunen
Kosonen
Kulmuni
Kurvinen
Lintilä
Lohi
Mattila
Mehtälä
Oinas-Panuma
Ovaska
Saarikko
Savola
Siponen
Viljanen
Green League (13)
Diarra
Elo
Forsgrén
Haavisto
Harjanne
Holopainen
Hopsu
Hyrkkö
Mikkonen
Ohisalo
Pitko
Tynkkynen
Virta
Left Alliance (11)
Andersson
Furuholm
Honkasalo
Kivelä
Kontula
Koskela
Kyllönen
Meriluoto
Pekonen
Saramo
Sarkkinen
Swedish People's Party (9)
Adlercreutz
Andersson
Bergqvist
Biaudet
Henriksson
Norrback
Ollikainen
Strand
Wickström
Christian Democrats (5)
Essayah
Poutala
Räsänen
Tanus
Östman
Movement Now (1)
Harkimo
Åland Coalition (1)
Löfström
‡ = Elected under a different party.Italic = Left office before end of term.
This article about a National Coalition Party politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pauli_Kiuru.jpg"},{"link_name":"Valkeakoski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkeakoski"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"National Coalition Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Coalition_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Ironman World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironman_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Pauli Antero KiuruPauli Antero Kiuru (born 8 December 1962 in Valkeakoski) is a Finnish triathlete, businessman and politician. He is a member of the Parliament of Finland since 2011, representing the National Coalition Party.[1]He has been on the podium of the Ironman World Championship race three times; He was third in years 1990 and 1992, and second in year 1993.[2]","title":"Pauli Kiuru"}] | [{"image_text":"Pauli Antero Kiuru","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pauli_Kiuru.jpg/220px-Pauli_Kiuru.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\". Eduskunta.fi. Archived from the original on 22 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022011741/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=1137","url_text":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""},{"url":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=1137","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Babbitt, Bob (2021-05-20). \"Recalled: The 1993 Hawaii Ironman\". Triathlete. Retrieved 2023-09-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.triathlete.com/events/ironman/recalled-the-1993-hawaii-ironman/","url_text":"\"Recalled: The 1993 Hawaii Ironman\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141022011741/http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=1137","external_links_name":"\"Eduskunta - kansanedustajat\""},{"Link":"http://www.eduskunta.fi/triphome/bin/hex5000.sh?hnro=1137","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.triathlete.com/events/ironman/recalled-the-1993-hawaii-ironman/","external_links_name":"\"Recalled: The 1993 Hawaii Ironman\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pauli_Kiuru&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fosaprepitant | Fosaprepitant | ["1 References"] | Chemical compound
FosaprepitantClinical dataTrade namesEmend, IvemendAHFS/Drugs.comMicromedex Detailed Consumer InformationMedlinePlusa604003License data
EU EMA: by INN
US DailyMed: Fosaprepitant
US FDA: Fosaprepitant
Pregnancycategory
AU: B2
Routes ofadministrationIntravenousATC codeA04AD12 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status
AU: S4 (Prescription only)
UK: POM (Prescription only)
US: ℞-only
EU: Rx-only
Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailabilityn/aProtein binding>95% (aprepitant)MetabolismTo aprepitantElimination half-life9 to 13 hours (aprepitant)Identifiers
IUPAC name
ethoxy]-3-(4-fluorophenyl)morpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo- 2H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl]phosphonic acid
CAS Number172673-20-0 Y 265121-04-8 (dimeglumine)PubChem CID219090IUPHAR/BPS7623DrugBankDB06717 NChemSpider189912 NUNII6L8OF9XRDCKEGGD06597 NChEBICHEBI:64321 NChEMBLChEMBL1199324 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID801021651 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC23H22F7N4O6PMolar mass614.414 g·mol−13D model (JSmol)Interactive image
SMILES
C(c1cc(cc(c1)C(F)(F)F)C(F)(F)F)O2(N(CCO2)Cc3c(=O)n(n3)P(=O)(O)O)c4ccc(cc4)F
InChI
InChI=1S/C23H22F7N4O6P/c1-12(14-8-15(22(25,26)27)10-16(9-14)23(28,29)30)40-20-19(13-2-4-17(24)5-3-13)33(6-7-39-20)11-18-31-21(35)34(32-18)41(36,37)38/h2-5,8-10,12,19-20H,6-7,11H2,1H3,(H,31,32,35)(H2,36,37,38)/t12-,19+,20-/m1/s1 NKey:BARDROPHSZEBKC-OITMNORJSA-N N
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Fosaprepitant, sold under the brand names Emend (US) and Ivemend (EU) among others, is an antiemetic medication, administered intravenously. It is a prodrug of aprepitant.
Fosaprepitant was developed by Merck & Co. and was approved for medical use in the United States, and in the European Union in January 2008.
References
^ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^ "Emend IV fosaprepitant 150mg (as fosaprepitant dimeglumine) powder for injection vial (167061)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 27 May 2022. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^ "Fosaprepitant MSN (Accelagen Pty Ltd)". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 11 November 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
^ "Emend- fosaprepitant dimeglumine injection, powder, lyophilized, for solution". DailyMed. 2 May 2022. Archived from the original on 1 December 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ a b "Ivemend EPAR". European Medicines Agency. 17 September 2018. Archived from the original on 31 December 2021. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^ Garnock-Jones KP (September 2016). "Fosaprepitant Dimeglumine: A Review in the Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Associated with Chemotherapy". Drugs. 76 (14): 1365–72. doi:10.1007/s40265-016-0627-7. PMID 27510503. S2CID 30018182.
^ "Drugs.com, FDA Approves Emend (fosaprepitant dimeglumine) for Injection, Merck's New Intravenous Therapy, for Use in Combination with Other Antiemetics for Prevention of Nausea and Vomiting Caused by Chemotherapy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2008-03-15.
vteAntiemetics (A04)5-HT3 serotonin ion channel antagonists
Alosetron
Azasetron
Bemesetron
Cilansetron
Clozapine
Dazopride
Dolasetron
Granisetron
Lerisetron
Mianserin
Mirtazapine
Olanzapine
Ondansetron
Palonosetron (+netupitant)
Quetiapine
Ramosetron
Ricasetron
Tropisetron
Zatosetron
5-HT serotonin G-protein receptor antagonists
Clozapine
Cyproheptadine
Hydroxyzine
Olanzapine
Risperidone
Ziprasidone
CB1 agonists (cannabinoids)
Dronabinol
Nabilone
Tetrahydrocannabinol (cannabis)
D2/D3 antagonists
Chlorpromazine
Haloperidol
Hydroxyzine
Metoclopramide
Metopimazine
Prochlorperazine
Thiethylperazine
Trimethobenzamide
H1 antagonists (antihistamines)
Cyclizine
Dimenhydrinate
Diphenhydramine
Hydroxyzine
Meclizine
Promethazine
mACh antagonists (anticholinergics)
Atropine
Diphenhydramine
Hydroxyzine (very mild)
Hyoscyamine
Scopolamine
NK1 antagonists
Aprepitant
Fosaprepitant
Maropitant
Netupitant
Rolapitant
Others
Amisulpride
Cerium oxalate
Dexamethasone
Lorazepam
Midazolam
Propofol
vteNeurokinin receptor modulatorsNK1
Agonists: Substance P
Antagonists: Aprepitant
Befetupitant
Burapitant
Casopitant
CI-1021
CP-96345
CP-99994
CP-122721
Dapitant
Elinzanetant
Ezlopitant
Figopitant
FK-888
Fosaprepitant
Fosnetupitant
GR-203040
GW-597599
HSP-117
L-733,060
L-741,671
L-743,310
L-758,298
Lanepitant
LY-306740
Maropitant
Netupitant
NKP-608
Nolpitantium besilate
Orvepitant
Rolapitant
RP-67580
SDZ NKT 343
Serlopitant
T-2328
Telmapitant
Tradipitant
Vestipitant
Vofopitant
NK2
Agonists: Neurokinin A
Antagonists: GR-159897
Ibodutant
Nepadutant
Saredutant
NK3
Agonists: Neurokinin B
Senktide
Antagonists: Elinzanetant
Fezolinetant
Osanetant
Pavinetant
SB-218,795
SB-222,200
Talnetant
Portal: Medicine
This drug article relating to the gastrointestinal system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This drug article relating to the nervous system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"antiemetic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiemetic"},{"link_name":"medication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medication"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pmid27510503-6"},{"link_name":"intravenously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intravenously"},{"link_name":"prodrug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodrug"},{"link_name":"aprepitant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprepitant"},{"link_name":"Merck & Co.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merck_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ivemend_EPAR-5"}],"text":"Fosaprepitant, sold under the brand names Emend (US) and Ivemend (EU) among others, is an antiemetic medication,[6] administered intravenously. It is a prodrug of aprepitant.Fosaprepitant was developed by Merck & Co. and was approved for medical use in the United States,[7] and in the European Union in January 2008.[5]","title":"Fosaprepitant"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 21 June 2022. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database","url_text":"\"Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230302112837/https://www.tga.gov.au/products/medicines/find-information-about-medicine/prescribing-medicines-pregnancy-database","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Emend IV fosaprepitant 150mg (as fosaprepitant dimeglumine) powder for injection vial (167061)\". Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). 27 May 2022. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraubillen_cross | Fraubillen cross | ["1 Literature","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 49°52′27″N 6°22′15″E / 49.87417°N 6.37083°E / 49.87417; 6.37083Fraubillen crossde: FraubillenkreuzThe Fraubillen crossArtistWillibrordSubjectCrossDimensions3.5 m (11 ft)Coordinates49°52′27″N 6°22′15″E / 49.87417°N 6.37083°E / 49.87417; 6.37083
Rear view of the Fraubillen cross
The Fraubillen cross (German: Fraubillenkreuz) is a menhir, which has been resculpted into a cross. It stands by a wayside on the Ferschweiler Plateau in the Eifel mountains in Germany, between Ferschweiler, Schankweiler, Nusbaum-Rohrbach and Bollendorf.
According to tradition, the celebrated missionary in the Eifel region, Willibrord refashioned the roughly 5,000-year-old menhir by hand into the shape of a cross as a Christian monument. Two niches for figures have been chiselled into the rock, each surrounded by holes. Today, the cross is about 3.5 metres high.
The origin of its name is unclear. It could be derived from Unserer lieben Frau Bild-Kreuz, "Sculpted Cross of Our Dear Lady". Another possibility is that the name is derived from Sibyl, which was given to prophetic women. Evidence of the latter is that the menhir was mentioned in 1617 as the Sybillen Creutz ("Sybil Cross").
Literature
Johannes Groht: Menhire in Deutschland. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) 2013, ISBN 978-3-943904-18-5, pp. 339–340.
Leonard Palzkill: Sauertal ohne Grenzen. Wanderungen durch die deutsch-luxemburgische Felsenlandschaft. Verbandsgemeinde Irrel, Irrel, 2002, ISBN 3-00-008585-8, p. 41: "Fraubillenkreuz".
Walter Pipke, Ida Leinberger: Die Eifel. Geschichte und Kultur des alten Vulkanlandes zwischen Aachen und Trier. 5th updated edition. DuMont, Cologne, 2006, ISBN 3-7701-3926-7 (DuMont Kunstreiseführer).
Pierre Kauthen: Vom 'Fraubillenkreuz' zum Grab des hl. Willibrord. In: Hémecht 2011 (63rd year), Issue 1, pp.5-20.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fraubillen Cross.
Christianisierter Menhir “Fraubillenkreuz” (in German) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fraubillenkreuz_ferschweiler_plateau_eifel_rueckseite.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"menhir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menhir"},{"link_name":"Ferschweiler Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferschweiler_Plateau"},{"link_name":"Eifel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eifel"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ferschweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferschweiler"},{"link_name":"Schankweiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schankweiler"},{"link_name":"Nusbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusbaum"},{"link_name":"Bollendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollendorf"},{"link_name":"missionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary"},{"link_name":"Willibrord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willibrord"},{"link_name":"Sibyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibyl"}],"text":"Rear view of the Fraubillen crossThe Fraubillen cross (German: Fraubillenkreuz) is a menhir, which has been resculpted into a cross. It stands by a wayside on the Ferschweiler Plateau in the Eifel mountains in Germany, between Ferschweiler, Schankweiler, Nusbaum-Rohrbach and Bollendorf.According to tradition, the celebrated missionary in the Eifel region, Willibrord refashioned the roughly 5,000-year-old menhir by hand into the shape of a cross as a Christian monument. Two niches for figures have been chiselled into the rock, each surrounded by holes. Today, the cross is about 3.5 metres high.The origin of its name is unclear. It could be derived from Unserer lieben Frau Bild-Kreuz, \"Sculpted Cross of Our Dear Lady\". Another possibility is that the name is derived from Sibyl, which was given to prophetic women. Evidence of the latter is that the menhir was mentioned in 1617 as the Sybillen Creutz (\"Sybil Cross\").","title":"Fraubillen cross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-943904-18-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-943904-18-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-00-008585-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-00-008585-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-7701-3926-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7701-3926-7"}],"text":"Johannes Groht: Menhire in Deutschland. Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle (Saale) 2013, ISBN 978-3-943904-18-5, pp. 339–340.\nLeonard Palzkill: Sauertal ohne Grenzen. Wanderungen durch die deutsch-luxemburgische Felsenlandschaft. Verbandsgemeinde Irrel, Irrel, 2002, ISBN 3-00-008585-8, p. 41: \"Fraubillenkreuz\".\nWalter Pipke, Ida Leinberger: Die Eifel. Geschichte und Kultur des alten Vulkanlandes zwischen Aachen und Trier. 5th updated edition. DuMont, Cologne, 2006, ISBN 3-7701-3926-7 (DuMont Kunstreiseführer).\nPierre Kauthen: Vom 'Fraubillenkreuz' zum Grab des hl. Willibrord. In: Hémecht 2011 (63rd year), Issue 1, pp.5-20.","title":"Literature"}] | [{"image_text":"Rear view of the Fraubillen cross","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Fraubillenkreuz_ferschweiler_plateau_eifel_rueckseite.jpg/220px-Fraubillenkreuz_ferschweiler_plateau_eifel_rueckseite.jpg"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fraubillen_cross¶ms=49_52_27_N_6_22_15_E_type:landmark_region:DE-RP","external_links_name":"49°52′27″N 6°22′15″E / 49.87417°N 6.37083°E / 49.87417; 6.37083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Fraubillen_cross¶ms=49_52_27_N_6_22_15_E_type:landmark_region:DE-RP","external_links_name":"49°52′27″N 6°22′15″E / 49.87417°N 6.37083°E / 49.87417; 6.37083"},{"Link":"http://tw.strahlen.org/praehistorie/rheinlandpfalz/ferschweilerkreuz.html","external_links_name":"Christianisierter Menhir “Fraubillenkreuz”"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilm_(Thuringia) | Ilm (Thuringia) | ["1 See also"] | Coordinates: 51°6′17″N 11°40′7″E / 51.10472°N 11.66861°E / 51.10472; 11.66861This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ilm" Thuringia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
River in GermanyIlmThe Ilm near LangewiesenLocationCountryGermanyPhysical characteristicsSource • locationThuringian Forest
Mouth • locationSaale • coordinates51°6′17″N 11°40′7″E / 51.10472°N 11.66861°E / 51.10472; 11.66861Length129 km (80 mi)Basin size1,043 km2 (403 sq mi)Basin featuresProgressionSaale→ Elbe→ North Sea
The Ilm is a 128.7 kilometers (80.0 mi) long river in Thuringia, in central Germany. It is a left tributary of the Saale, into which it flows in Großheringen near Bad Kösen.
Towns along the Ilm are Ilmenau, Stadtilm, Kranichfeld, Bad Berka, Weimar, Apolda and Bad Sulza.
In the valley of Ilm river runs the federal motorway 87 from Ilmenau to Leipzig and two railways: the Thuringian Railway between Großheringen and Weimar and the Weimar–Kranichfeld railway. Part of the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway also runs through the upper part of the valley near Ilmenau.
See also
List of rivers of Thuringia
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
Czech Republic
This article related to a river in Thuringia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Saale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saale"},{"link_name":"Großheringen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fheringen"},{"link_name":"Bad Kösen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_K%C3%B6sen"},{"link_name":"Ilmenau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenau"},{"link_name":"Stadtilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadtilm"},{"link_name":"Kranichfeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranichfeld"},{"link_name":"Bad Berka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Berka"},{"link_name":"Weimar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimar"},{"link_name":"Apolda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolda"},{"link_name":"Bad Sulza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad_Sulza"},{"link_name":"federal motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesstra%C3%9Fe"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Thuringian Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle%E2%80%93Bebra_railway"},{"link_name":"Weimar–Kranichfeld railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Weimar%E2%80%93Berka%E2%80%93Blankenhain_railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93Erfurt_high-speed_railway"}],"text":"River in GermanyThe Ilm is a 128.7 kilometers (80.0 mi) long river in Thuringia, in central Germany. It is a left tributary of the Saale, into which it flows in Großheringen near Bad Kösen.Towns along the Ilm are Ilmenau, Stadtilm, Kranichfeld, Bad Berka, Weimar, Apolda and Bad Sulza.In the valley of Ilm river runs the federal motorway 87 from Ilmenau to Leipzig and two railways: the Thuringian Railway between Großheringen and Weimar and the Weimar–Kranichfeld railway. Part of the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway also runs through the upper part of the valley near Ilmenau.","title":"Ilm (Thuringia)"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of rivers of Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Thuringia"},{"title":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q316507#identifiers"},{"title":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/241460399"},{"title":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4095925-9"},{"title":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge417822&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"title":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"title":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"title":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilm_(Thuringia)&action=edit"},{"title":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Thuringia-river-stub"},{"title":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Thuringia-river-stub"},{"title":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thuringia-river-stub"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ilm_(Thuringia)¶ms=51_6_17_N_11_40_7_E_type:river","external_links_name":"51°6′17″N 11°40′7″E / 51.10472°N 11.66861°E / 51.10472; 11.66861"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ilm%22+Thuringia","external_links_name":"\"Ilm\" Thuringia"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ilm%22+Thuringia+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ilm%22+Thuringia&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ilm%22+Thuringia+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ilm%22+Thuringia","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ilm%22+Thuringia&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ilm_(Thuringia)¶ms=51_6_17_N_11_40_7_E_type:river","external_links_name":"51°6′17″N 11°40′7″E / 51.10472°N 11.66861°E / 51.10472; 11.66861"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/241460399","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4095925-9","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge417822&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilm_(Thuringia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Epston | David Epston | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career in family therapy","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"] | Canadian social worker & therapist (born 1944)
David EpstonBorn (1944-08-30) 30 August 1944 (age 79)Peterborough, Ontario, CanadaOccupation(s)family therapist, author, social worker
David Epston (born 30 August 1944) is a New Zealand social worker and therapist, co-director of the Family Therapy Centre in Auckland, New Zealand, visiting professor at the John F. Kennedy University, an honorary clinical lecturer in the Department of Social Work, University of Melbourne, and an affiliate faculty member in the Ph.D program in Couple and Family Therapy at North Dakota State University. Epston and his late friend and colleague Michael White (social worker and psychotherapist) are known as originators of narrative therapy.
Early life and education
David Epston was born in Peterborough, Ontario, Canada, where he grew up. He began studies at the University of British Columbia, and left Canada in 1963 when he was 19, arriving in New Zealand in 1964.
Career in family therapy
In New Zealand Epston started working as a senior social worker in an Auckland hospital. From 1981 to 1987 he worked as consultant family therapist at the Leslie Centre, run by Presbyterian Support Services in Auckland. From 1987 to the present he has been co-director of The Family Therapy Centre in Auckland.
In the late 1970s Epston and Michael White led the flowering of family therapy within Australia and New Zealand. Together they started developing their ideas, continuing during the 1980s, and eventually in 1990 published Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends, the first major text in what came to be known as narrative therapy. In 1997 following the publication of Playful Approaches to Serious Problems Epston, along with his co-authors Dean Lobovits and Jennifer Freeman, initiated the website Narrative Approaches. It includes series of authored and co-authored papers, artwork, and poetry in the form of an "Archive of Resistance: Anti-Anorexia/anti-Bulimia."
Publications
1989. Literate Means to Therapeutic Ends. With Michael White. Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications.
1990. Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. With Michael White. W.W. Norton.
1992. Experience, Contradiction, Narrative and Imagination: Selected papers of David Epston & Michael White, 1989-1991. With Michael White. Adelaide, South Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.
1997. Playful approaches to serious problems: narrative therapy with children and their families. With Jennifer Freeman and Dean Lobovits. W.W. Norton.
2004. Biting the hand that starves you: inspiring resistance to anorexia/bulimia. With Richard Linn Maisel and Ali Borden. W.W. Norton.
2008. Down under and up over: travels with narrative therapy. Edited by Barry Bowen. Karnac Books. ISBN 978-0-9523433-1-8
References
^ a b Susanna Chamberlain (2001). A tale of narrative therapy Archived 7 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 6 October 2009.
^ "Narrative Approaches - Valuing Our Experiences, Living Our Stories". Narrative Approaches. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. Retrieved 8 June 2019.
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "David Epston" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
External links
narrativeapproaches.com Remembrance of Michael White by David Epston.
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From 1987 to the present he has been co-director of The Family Therapy Centre in Auckland.[1]In the late 1970s Epston and Michael White led the flowering of family therapy within Australia and New Zealand.[1] Together they started developing their ideas, continuing during the 1980s, and eventually in 1990 published Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends, the first major text in what came to be known as narrative therapy. In 1997 following the publication of Playful Approaches to Serious Problems Epston, along with his co-authors Dean Lobovits and Jennifer Freeman, initiated the website Narrative Approaches.[2] It includes series of authored and co-authored papers, artwork, and poetry in the form of an \"Archive of Resistance: Anti-Anorexia/anti-Bulimia.\"","title":"Career in family therapy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9523433-1-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9523433-1-8"}],"text":"1989. Literate Means to Therapeutic Ends. With Michael White. Adelaide: Dulwich Centre Publications.\n1990. Narrative Means to Therapeutic Ends. With Michael White. W.W. Norton.\n1992. Experience, Contradiction, Narrative and Imagination: Selected papers of David Epston & Michael White, 1989-1991. With Michael White. Adelaide, South Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications.\n1997. Playful approaches to serious problems: narrative therapy with children and their families. With Jennifer Freeman and Dean Lobovits. W.W. Norton.\n2004. Biting the hand that starves you: inspiring resistance to anorexia/bulimia. With Richard Linn Maisel and Ali Borden. W.W. Norton.\n2008. Down under and up over: travels with narrative therapy. Edited by Barry Bowen. Karnac Books. ISBN 978-0-9523433-1-8","title":"Publications"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Narrative Approaches - Valuing Our Experiences, Living Our Stories\". Narrative Approaches. Archived from the original on 30 March 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_(Romania) | Arad, Romania | ["1 Name","2 History","2.1 Chronology","3 Climate","4 Population","5 Politics and administration","6 Neighbourhoods","7 Economy","8 Transport","9 Tourist attractions","9.1 Architectural monuments","9.2 Historic buildings","9.3 Monuments","9.4 Religious tourism","9.5 Recreational tourism","10 Culture and education","10.1 Schools","10.2 Cultural life","10.3 Museums and exhibitions","11 Healthcare","12 Sports","13 International relations","13.1 Twin towns – sister cities","13.2 Partner cities","14 Notes","14.1 Sources","15 External links"] | Coordinates: 46°10′30″N 21°18′45″E / 46.17500°N 21.31250°E / 46.17500; 21.31250Municipality in Arad County, Romania
Municipality in Arad, RomaniaAradMunicipalityFrom top, left to right: Administrative Palace, Cenad Palace , The Red Church , St. Anthony of Padua Church , Moise Nicoară National College, Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre, Statue of St. Nepomuk , Aurel Vlaicu University
FlagCoat of armsLocation in Arad CountyAradLocation in RomaniaCoordinates: 46°10′30″N 21°18′45″E / 46.17500°N 21.31250°E / 46.17500; 21.31250CountryRomaniaCountyAradGovernment • Mayor (2020–2024) Călin Bibarț (PNL)Area46.18 km2 (17.83 sq mi)Elevation117 m (384 ft)Population (2021-12-01)145,078 • Density3,100/km2 (8,100/sq mi)Time zoneEET/EEST (UTC+2/+3)Postal code31xxxArea code(+40) 02 57Vehicle reg.ARWebsitewww.primariaarad.ro
Arad (Romanian pronunciation: ⓘ) is the capital city of Arad County, at the edge of Crișana and the Banat. No villages are administred by the city. It is the third largest city in Western Romania, behind Timișoara and Oradea, and the 12th largest in Romania, with a population of 145,078.
A busy transportation hub on the Mureș River and an important cultural and industrial center, Arad has hosted one of the first music conservatories in Europe, one of the earliest normal schools in Europe, and the first car factory in Hungary and present-day Romania. Today, it is the seat of a Romanian Orthodox archbishop and features a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary and two universities.
The city's multicultural heritage is owed to the fact that it has been part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, the Ottoman Temeşvar Eyalet, Principality of Transylvania, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and since 1920 Romania, having had significant populations of Hungarians, Germans, Jews, Serbs, Bulgarians and Czechs at various points in its history. During the second half of the 19th century and the beginning on the 20th century, the city experienced rapid development. The most impressive displays of architecture that are still the popular sights of Arad today, such as the neoclassical Ioan Slavici Theater, the eclectic Administrative Palace and the neogothic Red Church, were built in this period.
Name
All names of the city come from the name of its first ispán, Arad (deriving from Hungarian úr, meaning 'lord'). During national communism and Dacianism, the ancient Ziridava fortress name was to be added to Arad in a similar way as Napoca was to Cluj, (Cluj-Napoca) but this was not done.
History
King Béla II of Hungary and his wife Queen Helena are sitting on the throne at the assembly of Arad in 1131. The Queen orders the execution of the magnates who advised the blinding of child Béla II during the rule of King Coloman. (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)
Arad on an 18th-century map
The evidence of Pre-Indo-European civilisation occurs with the establishment of the first settlement on the northern bank of the Mureş River in the 5th millennium BC, and the extension of the human settlements on the left bank of the Mureş River occurs in the 4th millennium BC. In the 3rd millennium BC prosperous settlements appear on both banks and on the islands of the Mureş River belonging to an Indo-European civilisation, which peaked around 1000 BC. Excavations made for the foundations of the Astoria Hotel found a human skeleton from the Bronze Age.
The first Dacian settlements appear in the 1st millennium BC. In the 5th century a group of Scythians settled in the region. And between the 4th and 3rd centuries, the Celts settled on both banks of the Mureş River, in the vicinity of the existing settlements.
The Dacian settlement in the south of the Micălaca district was conquered by the Roman troops between 101 and 102. During the Second Dacian War (105-106), the Emperor Trajan conquered territories north of Mureş River, making them part of the Roman Dacia. In the Aradul Nou area, the Roman army built the fort Castra of Aradul Nou that housed the legion Legio IV Flavia Felix. During the period between the 2nd and 4th centuries Dacian and Sarmatian settlements were present in the area of today's city, with intense commercial relations with the Roman Empire.
In the 10th century the Hungarians began their expansion in Transylvania, one of the main access routes being the valley of Mureş. Ruler Glad, under the threat of the Hungarian expansion, built a fortress at Vladimirescu-Schanzen, which the Hungarians conquered and destroyed in the middle of the tenth century. Another ruler, Achtum, rebuilt it but the Hungarians destroyed it again in 1028.
Arad was first mentioned in documents in the 11th century. According to the Chronicon Pictum, at "an assembly of the realm near Arad" in early to mid-1131, Queen Helena ordered the slaughter of all noblemen who were accused of having suggested the blinding of her husband to King Coloman. King Béla II of Hungary distributed the goods of the executed magnates between the newly established Arad Chapter and the early 11th-century Óbuda Chapter. The Mongol invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241 showed the importance of the fortifications on this place, to which were added in the second half of the 13th century more stone fortresses at Șoimoș, Șiria, and Dezna. The Ottoman Empire conquered the region from Hungary in 1551 and kept it until the Peace of Karlowitz of 1699, although during this period it was temporarily reintegrated in the Principality of Transylvania after the Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș in 1595; and after the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city entered under the Voivode's authority. During the Ottoman period, Arad became an eyalet center, which comprised the sanjaks of Arad, Lugoj, Kacaș, Beşlek and Yanova from 1660 till 1697, when it was captured by Austrians (Serbian Militia under command of Subota Jović) during Ottoman-Habsburg wars (1683–1699). After 1699, the city was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy. At the beginning of the 18th century, Arad became the center of the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad. According to 1720 data, the population of the city was composed of 177 Romanian families, 162 Serbian, and 35 Hungarian.
The first Jew allowed to settle inside the city was Isac Elias in 1717. Eventually the Jewish population of Arad numbered over 10,000 people, more than 10% of the population, before the Second World War.
The new fortress was built between 1763 and 1783. Although it was small, it proved formidable having played a great role in the Hungarian struggle for independence in 1849. The city possesses a museum containing relics of this war of independence.
Courageously defended by the Austrian general Berger until the end of July 1849, it was captured by the Hungarian rebels, who made it their headquarters during the latter part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It was from Arad that Lajos Kossuth issued his famous proclamation (11 August 1849), and where he handed over the supreme military and civil power to Artúr Görgey.
The fortress was recaptured shortly after the surrender at Világos (now Șiria, Romania), with the surrender of general Artúr Görgey to the Russians. It became an ammunition depot. Thirteen rebel generals were executed there on 6 October 1849, by order of the Austrian general Julius Jacob von Haynau. These men are known collectively as the 13 Martyrs of Arad, and since then Arad is considered the "Hungarian Golgotha". One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in their memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals.
Arad enjoyed great economic development in the 19th century. In 1834 it was declared a "free royal town" by Emperor Francis I of Austria.
Aradu Nou / Neu Arad / Újarad ("New Arad"), situated on the opposite bank of the Mureș river, is a neighborhood of Arad, to which it is connected by the Trajan bridge. It was founded during the Turkish wars of the 17th century. The works erected by the Turks for the capture of the fortress of Arad formed the nucleus of the new settlement.
In 1910, the town had 63,166 inhabitants: 46,085 (73%) Hungarians, 10,279 (16.2%) Romanians, 4,365 (7%) Germans. During World War I, the Austro-Hungarian authorities set up an internment camp in the Fortress of Arad in which around 4,000 Serb detainees died.
Chronology
1st century: Dacian settlement in the present Micălaca district are conquered by the Roman troops.
2nd century: The Roman fort Castra of Aradul Nou is founded, in the present Aradul Nou neighborhood.
1028 – First time when the area is mentioned. In the 10th-11th centuries the Hungarians are destroying the fortresses of Vladimirescu.
1078 – 1081 – The first official mention of the town, as Orod.
1131 – Arad is mentioned in The Painted Chronicle From Vienna.
1526 – Following the Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács, John Zápolya, elected King of Hungary, establishes the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom in Partium and Transylvania.
1541 – After the fall of Buda to the Ottomans, the city passes under the administration of the Autonomous Principality of Transylvania.
1551 – 1595 – The town was occupied and administered by the Ottoman Empire, the former county being divided into three sangeacuri.
1553 – 1555 – Between these years, the Ottomans built the first fortress of the city on the northern bank of the river Mureș.
1595 – Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș, thus the city of Arad was reintegrated in the Transylvanian Principality.
1599 – After the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city enters under the Voivode's authority until 1601 when Gabriel Bethlen gives the Mureș valley back to the Ottomans.
1683 – After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, Habsburg troops conquer the city in 1687.
1699 – After the Peace of Karlowitz, the Mureș river valley became the new border between The Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire, thus the city became the headquarters of the frontier guard troops. Arad becomes the seat of Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad.
1702 – The furriers' guild was registered – the oldest one.
1715 – Camil Hofflich, Franciscan friar, set up the first German language school.
1724 – First German settlers from Franconia come to the south of the river and establish Neu Arad.
1732 – Almost the entire area of the county was donated to Rinaldo of Modena, who, later disgraced in 1740, lost it to the Austrian crown.
1765 – 1783 – The new fortress was built, in Vauban-Tenaille style.
1781 – Following the building interdiction in the city, providing clear gunshot fields, the Empire considered moving the city in the Zimand pusta; subsequently Emperor Joseph II gave up the idea.
1812 – The foundation of Preparandia – the first Romanian pedagogy school in Transylvania.
1817 – The Hirschl Theatre was built.
1818 – The safety perimeter of the fortress was reduced from 2 kilometers as put out in 1783, to just 500 m.
→ 1868 – Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu came to Arad as a prompter for Matei Millo's theatre company.
1833 – The sixth European Music School was set up in Arad, after Paris, Prague, Brussels, Vienna and London – Aradi Zenede/Arader Musik Conservatorium.
21 August 1834 – Arad obtained the "Free Royal Town" statute.
→ 1846 – Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt performed.
6 October 1849 – 13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed.
→ 1847 – Johann Strauss the Son performed.
1851 – Inauguration of the Neumann family alcohol and yeast factory.
1858 – Inauguration of the central train station.
1865 - Eparchy of Arad is transferred from the jurisdiction of Patriarchate of Karlovci to the jurisdiction of Metropolitanate of Sibiu.
1874 – The original building of the Theater was built.
1876 – The Administrative Palace was built.
→ 1877 – Pablo Sarasate and Henryk Wieniawski performed.
1890 – The Philharmonic Society of Arad was founded.
1897 – The Cenad palace was built.
1913 – The edifice of today's Palace of Culture and site of the Philharmonics was built on the river embankment.
→ 1922 – Romanian composer and violin virtuoso George Enescu performed.
→ 1924 – Hungarian composer Béla Bartók performed.
1892 – The Weitzer Wagon Factory starts producing railway cars. Since 1903 it built the first successful series of petrol driven railcars in Europe.
15 August 1899 – The first official football game was held.
1906 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was opened with petrol railcars.
1909–1914 – Production of motorcars by (MARTA), a subsidiary of Austro-Daimler. MARTA was the acronym of Magyar Automobil Részvény Társaság Arad (Hungarian automobile joint stock company Arad)
1911–1913 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was electrified. Apart from factory rails and urban trams, it was the third electric railway in Hungary and the sixth one in Habsburg Monarchy. In 1920, it should become the first electrical railway of Romania.
1918 – Arad becomes the headquarters of The Romanian National Central Council, the provisional government of Transylvania, and also its unofficial capital.
1920 – Under the Treaty of Trianon, Arad was ceded to Romania.
1921 – Weitzer Wagon Factory and MARTA merge to Astra Arad
1937 – Arad was the most important economic center in Transylvania and occupied the fourth position in Romania
1980s – Astra Arad was Europe's largest manufacturer of freight cars.
1989 – Arad was the second town in Romania to rise against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, with considerable violence.
1996/98 Astra Arad was split in Astra Vagoane Arad (production of freight cars), Astra Vagoane Călători (production of passenger railcars), and Astra Buses.
1999 – The Arad Industrial Zone was inaugurated.
2016 – Greenbrier-Astra Rail joint venture formed.
Climate
Arad has a continental climate with cool and damp winters. The summers are warm to hot. In the summer months of June, July and August there are 60 days above 32 °C (90 °F). The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfa" (Humid temperate Climate).
Climate data for Arad (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1981−2020)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °C (°F)
19.7(67.5)
25.7(78.3)
29.3(84.7)
33.4(92.1)
37.4(99.3)
37.4(99.3)
40.2(104.4)
40.8(105.4)
36.9(98.4)
31.8(89.2)
25.8(78.4)
17.5(63.5)
40.8(105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)
3.3(37.9)
6.1(43.0)
12.0(53.6)
18.3(64.9)
23.4(74.1)
27.0(80.6)
29.4(84.9)
29.6(85.3)
24.0(75.2)
18.0(64.4)
11.2(52.2)
4.5(40.1)
17.2(63.0)
Daily mean °C (°F)
−0.3(31.5)
1.2(34.2)
5.8(42.4)
11.6(52.9)
16.7(62.1)
20.5(68.9)
22.4(72.3)
22.2(72.0)
16.7(62.1)
11.2(52.2)
6.0(42.8)
1.1(34.0)
11.3(52.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)
−3.3(26.1)
−2.5(27.5)
1.0(33.8)
5.7(42.3)
10.2(50.4)
14.0(57.2)
15.5(59.9)
15.5(59.9)
11.3(52.3)
6.5(43.7)
2.3(36.1)
−1.7(28.9)
6.2(43.2)
Record low °C (°F)
−25.7(−14.3)
−18.8(−1.8)
−7.2(19.0)
−0.4(31.3)
2.4(36.3)
5.4(41.7)
5.4(41.7)
−0.5(31.1)
−9.5(14.9)
−14.4(6.1)
−21.9(−7.4)
−27.2(−17.0)
−27.2(−17.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)
34.5(1.36)
34.6(1.36)
36.3(1.43)
48.2(1.90)
61.0(2.40)
84.6(3.33)
67.4(2.65)
53.5(2.11)
51.3(2.02)
47.3(1.86)
42.6(1.68)
44.7(1.76)
606.0(23.86)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)
6.9
6.9
6.9
7.6
8.7
9.2
7.7
5.7
6.8
6.4
6.9
8.4
88.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours
75.0
105.9
166.8
212.7
261.4
285.8
309.4
299.8
212.1
171.0
103.8
61.7
2,265.4
Source: NOAA
Population
At the 2021 census, Arad had a population of 145,078, a decrease from the figures recorded at the previous censuses.
Ethnic composition of Arad (2021)
Romanians (89.09%) Hungarians (7.99%) Romani (1.11%) Germans (Banat Swabians) (0.62%) Serbs (0.21%) Slovaks (0.19%) Italians (0.18%) Others (0.60%)
Religious composition of Arad (2021)
Romanian Orthodox (73.84%) Roman Catholics (9.05%) Pentecostals (5.82%) Baptists (4.25%) Reformed (2.20%) Greek Catholics (0.71%) Adventists (0.69%) Others (1.71%) Irreligious,atheist and agnostic (1.87%)
Historical populationYearPop.±%1880 35,556— 1900 53,903+51.6%1912 63,166+17.2%1930 77,181+22.2%1941 86,674+12.3%1948 87,291+0.7%1956 106,460+22.0%1966 126,000+18.4%1977 171,193+35.9%1992 190,114+11.1%2002 172,827−9.1%2011 159,704−7.6%2021 145,078−9.2%1900, 1930–1948.
In the past, Arad used to have a much more diverse ethnic composition than today. According to the 1880 census, whilst still in the now defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire, of the 35,556 inhabitants, 19,896 were Hungarians (56%), 6,439 Romanians (18.1%), 5,448 Germans (15.3%), 1,690 Serbs (4.8%) and 2,083 (5.9%) of other ethnicities. In 1910, from 63,166 inhabitants, 46,085 were Hungarian (72.95%), 10,279 Romanian (16.27%), 4,365 German (6.91%), 1,816 Serbian (2.87%), 277 Slovak (0.43%) and 133 Czech (0.21%).
Politics and administration
The city government is headed by a mayor. Since 2019, the office is held by Călin Bibarț. Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (consiliu local) made up of 23 elected councillors.
Party
Seats
Current Local Council
National Liberal Party (PNL)
9
Save Romania Union (USR)
7
Social-Liberal Christian Platform (PSD)
3
People's Movement Party (PMP)
2
Democratic Alliance of Hungarians (UDMR/RMDSZ)
2
Neighbourhoods
Centru
Aradul Nou
Gai
Aurel Vlaicu
Micălaca
Grădiște
Alfa
Bujac
Confectii
Functionarilor
Parneava
Sânnicolaul Mic
Colonia
Subcetate
Economy
With a rich industrial and commercial tradition, Arad is one of the most prosperous cities in Romania. Thanks to numerous investments in industry and commerce, Arad has a booming economy.
The main industries are: railroad cars, food processing, furniture and household accessories, equipment for the car industry, electric components, instrumentation, clothing and textiles, and footwear.
Transport
Main article: Transport in Arad
Arad Central railway station
Arad is the most important trans-European road and rail transportation junction point in western Romania, included in the 4th Pan-European Corridor linking Western Europe to South-Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. The city has an extensive tram network and several bus lines covering most of the city's neighbourhoods and suburbs.
Arad International Airport (IATA: ARW, ICAO: LRAR), with the largest and most modern cargo terminal in western Romania, is situated only 4 km west from central Arad and is directly connected to the Arad west bypass road, part of the A1 Motorway.
Tourist attractions
This article is in list format but may read better as prose. You can help by converting this article, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (September 2011)
Architectural monuments
Ioan Slavici Classic Theatre
Neumann Palace
The Fortified Town of Arad is one of the Transylvanian fortresses built in the Vauban star-shaped style, in the second half of the 18th century. It was used as a prison for the rebels led by Horia, Cloșca, and Crișan
Administrative Palace, built in 1872–74, renaissance architecture
Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre, built in 1874, neoclassical architecture, architect Anton Czigler
Neumann Palace, built in 1891, eclecticism
Judiciary Palace, built in 1892, eclecticism
Cenad Palace, built in 1894, eclecticism and neoclassical architecture
National Bank Palace, built in 1906, neoclassical architecture
Bohuș Palace built in 1910, Vienna Secession. (For the first time in Arad, reinforced concrete was used)
Szantay Palace, built in 1911, Vienna Secession
Cultural Palace, built in 1913, neoclassical, gothic, renaissance architecture, and Corinthian capitals
Cloșca Street, Vienna Secession
Historic buildings
The House with Cannon Balls, built in 1800. Its name derives from the fights between 1848 and 1849. Seventeen cannonballs are incorporated in its walls.
The High Teacher Training School (Clădirea Preparandiei), the first school for Romanian-language teachers from Transylvania, 1812
The House with the Padlock, built in 1815
The Old Theatre (Hirschl), built by Jacob Hirschl in 1817, the oldest stone theatre in Romania
Water Tower, built in 1896, medieval dungeon architectural style
The Old Custom House, built in 1907, used as a customs point for goods entering the Arad markets
Monuments
The Statue of St. John of Nepomuk, raised in 1729, baroque sculpture
The monument of the Holy Trinity, raised in 1746 to commemorate the plague that swept the town in 1738-1740
The Lutheran Red Church in Arad
Reconciliation Park
The Statue of Liberty, raised in 1890 by György Zala in the memory of the heroes of the Hungarian revolutionary army
This is a picture of a park in Podgoria, Arad. In the background you can see the Holy Trinity Cathedral and some ten story buildings.
The Statue of Liberty
The Arch of Triumph, raised in 2004 by Ioan Bolborea in memory of the heroes of the 1848 - 1849 Romanian Revolution (fighting against the Hungarians)
Martyrs' Cross, raised in 1936, in memory of the priests martyred between November 1918 and spring 1919
The Bust of Vasile Goldiș (1862–1934)
The Bust of Moise Nicoară (1784–1861)
Religious tourism
The "St. Peter and Paul" Serbian Church, raised in 1698–1702, early Baroque architecture
"St. Simon" Monastery, raised in 1762, Baroque architecture
"St. Anthony of Padua" Church (Roman Catholic). The Order of Minorite Monks raised this cathedral in 1904, in a renaissance architecture style
The "Birth of Saint John the Baptist" Cathedral (Romanian Orthodox), raised in 1862–1865, Baroque architecture, architect Antoniu Czigler. The mural painter, Anastase Damian, started his work in 1957 and finished it one year later
Roman Catholic Cathedral St. Anthony of Padua
The Red Church (Evangelical-Lutheran), built in 1906, Neo-gothic architecture
The Neologue Synagogue, built in 1834, Greek, Tuscan architectural style
Holy Trinity Cathedral, built between 1991 and 2006, the new cathedral in Byzantine style
Recreational tourism
Neptun Swimming Place, known in Romanian as "Ștrandul Neptun" is the second biggest Swimming Place in Europe, situated near a river. Due to its size and its recreational activities Strandul Neptun has over three million visitors annually, according to Recons Arad.
Mureș Floodplain Natural Park (Lunca Mureșului Natural Park)
The Ceala Forest with Măltăreț Lake and Mureș Isle
The Vladimirescu Forest
Ghioroc Lake
Miniș - Măderat Vineyard, situated about 30 km east of Arad
Moneasa resort, situated about 100 km, or 62 miles, ENE from Arad
Culture and education
Schools
Arad has two universities, the private "Vasile Goldiș" Western University, founded in 1990, and the public Aurel Vlaicu University founded in 1991. Also the "Spiru Haret" long-distance studies University has a branch in Arad.
There are about two dozen high schools, some of the more famous being the Moise Nicoară National College, the Pedagogical High School "Dimitrie Țichindeal", "Elena Ghiba-Birta" National College, the Economics College, the Technical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad, and the Vasile Goldiș High School. High schools in minority languages include the Hungarian Csiky Gergely College and the German Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn High School.
Moise Nicoară National College
Cultural life
Arad State Theater, hosting an annual Classical Theater Festival
International Underground Theater Festival
Philharmonic orchestra and choir
Puppet theater
Museums and exhibitions
Arad Museum Complex
History Department
Natural Sciences Department
Art Department
Vasile Goldiș Memorial Museum
Doina and Baruțu Arghezi Art Collection
Delta Gallery, with three major events of Arad artistic life: The International Biennial Drawing Saloon, The Biennial Small Sculpture Saloon, The Annual Art Saloon.
Alfa Gallery
Clio Gallery
Water Tower Gallery
Takács Gallery
Carola's Gallery
Expo Arad International, The Exhibition Centre of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of the County of Arad, the only purely exhibitional arena in western Romania and second only to Romexpo.
Arad town hall square
Healthcare
The most important hospitals in Arad are Arad County Clinical Hospital and Arad Municipal Hospital (in the late 2000s it merged with Arad County Clinical Hospital). The city also has a number of public hospitals (Arad Maternal Hospital, The Polyclinic, The Dental Clinic, etc.) and private hospitals (MedLife Genesis, Laser System, Mediqua, etc.)
Sports
The UTA Arad (formerly ITA) football team was founded in 1945 and has won six Romanian championships and two Romanian Cups. In the 2020–1 season, UTA plays in the first national league, Liga I. The team has won more league titles than any other team that is not based in Bucharest, and the third most after Steaua and Dinamo; it is the 3rd more successful modern team in the country and 4th counting Venus Bucharest, a team from the Inter-War period.
The team's most notable performance on the international stage is the elimination from the European Champions Cup of Ernst Happel's Feyenoord in the 1970–71 season, when the Dutch team were defending European champions and later won the Intercontinental Cup.
In basketball, the women's ICIM and the men's West Petrom teams have national prominence, their record including some recent national championship wins (ICIM in 1998 through 2001, West Petrom in 2001 and 2002). In men's water polo, Astra Arad also plays in the first division. The men's rugby team Contor Group Arad plays in the National Rugby League, reaching the playoff final in 2006.
World Champion and Olympic medalist in gymnastics Emilia Eberle was born in Arad.
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania
Twin towns – sister cities
Arad is twinned with:
Atlit (Hof HaCarmel), Israel
Bethlehem, Palestine
Fushun, China
Givatayim, Israel
Gyula, Hungary
Heist-op-den-Berg, Belgium
Hegyvidék (Budapest), Hungary
Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary
Pécs, Hungary
Prague 5 (Prague), Czech Republic
Rîșcani (Chișinău), Moldova
Zrenjanin, Serbia
Partner cities
Ditzingen, Germany
Kirklees, United Kingdom
Tatabánya, Hungary
Trenčín, Slovakia
Würzburg, Germany
Notes
^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.
^ Dorin Frandeș, Spații arădene care au găzduit muzică – Pitești : Nomina 2011 ISBN 978-606-535-327-5;
^ www.sysadmins.ro, SysAdmins :: 2015. "Consiliul Judetean Arad". www.cjarad.ro. Retrieved 11 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ "Preparandia Română". AradCityGuide (in Romanian). Retrieved 2019-01-30.
^ "Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad". adevarul.ro. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 2019-01-30.
^ Marco, Gabriela Adina. "Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2019.
^ "Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională". Recensământul populației și al locuințelor 2011. INSSE. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
^ Kiss, Lajos (1988). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108. ISBN 978-963-05-4568-6.
^ Morar (2019). "Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). Retrieved 2022-10-02.
^ La Arad a fost descoperit un schelet uman din epoca fierului
^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 160.114), p. 136.
^ Engel 2001, p. 50.
^ Makk 1989, p. 31.
^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 171.
^ "Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând "Arad"".
^ Dr Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 2, Novi Sad, 1990, page 326.
^ Lakatos Otto - Aradi története
^ (in Romanian) "Sinagoga din Arad - Misterul din spatele usilor : Stiri Arad," Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine aradnet.ro (13 mar 2008). Retrieved 11-08-2013.
^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Arad". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–312.
^ Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, Talma Kiadó Archived 2017-01-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ Carmichael, Cathie (2009). Genocide Before the Holocaust. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-30012-117-9.
^ "Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.
^ "World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
^ "Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023.
^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition
^ Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948, p. 14
^ "ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
^ "1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana".
^ a b "Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale" (in Romanian). Parliament of Romania. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-12.
^ "Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar". Mediafax. 28 June 2019.
^ "MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024". www.primariaarad.ro.
^ "Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere". primariaarad.ro. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2019.
Sources
Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.
Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.
External links
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Arad.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arad, Romania.
The official Arad City Hall web site
The state cultural house of Arad
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Geographic
MusicBrainz area | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[aˈrad]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/7f/Ro-Arad.ogg/Ro-Arad.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ro-Arad.ogg"},{"link_name":"Arad County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_County"},{"link_name":"Crișana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana"},{"link_name":"Banat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Timișoara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timi%C8%99oara"},{"link_name":"Oradea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oradea"},{"link_name":"12th largest in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Mureș River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_River"},{"link_name":"music conservatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_school"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"normal schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_school"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hungarian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Temeşvar Eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teme%C5%9Fvar_Eyalet"},{"link_name":"Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Bulgarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Czechs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechs_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ioan Slavici Theater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Slavici_Classical_Theatre"},{"link_name":"eclectic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"Administrative Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Administrative_Palace"},{"link_name":"neogothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Red Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Church_(Arad)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Municipality in Arad County, RomaniaMunicipality in Arad, RomaniaArad (Romanian pronunciation: [aˈrad] ⓘ) is the capital city of Arad County, at the edge of Crișana and the Banat. No villages are administred by the city. It is the third largest city in Western Romania, behind Timișoara and Oradea, and the 12th largest in Romania, with a population of 145,078.A busy transportation hub on the Mureș River and an important cultural and industrial center, Arad has hosted one of the first music conservatories in Europe,[3][4] one of the earliest normal schools in Europe,[5] and the first car factory in Hungary and present-day Romania.[6] Today, it is the seat of a Romanian Orthodox archbishop and features a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary and two universities.The city's multicultural heritage is owed to the fact that it has been part of the Kingdom of Hungary, the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, the Ottoman Temeşvar Eyalet, Principality of Transylvania, Austro-Hungarian Empire, and since 1920 Romania, having had significant populations of Hungarians, Germans, Jews, Serbs, Bulgarians[7] and Czechs[8] at various points in its history. During the second half of the 19th century and the beginning on the 20th century, the city experienced rapid development. The most impressive displays of architecture that are still the popular sights of Arad today, such as the neoclassical Ioan Slavici Theater, the eclectic Administrative Palace and the neogothic Red Church, were built in this period.","title":"Arad, Romania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ispán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isp%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"national communism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Dacianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacianism"},{"link_name":"Ziridava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziridava"},{"link_name":"Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoca_(castra)"},{"link_name":"Cluj-Napoca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"All names of the city come from the name of its first ispán, Arad (deriving from Hungarian úr, meaning 'lord').[9] During national communism and Dacianism, the ancient Ziridava fortress name was to be added to Arad in a similar way as Napoca was to Cluj, (Cluj-Napoca) but this was not done.[10]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chronicon_Pictum_P113_Az_aradi_v%C3%A9res_gy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s.JPG"},{"link_name":"Béla II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Béla II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Coloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Chronicon Pictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banat17.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pre-Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"Mureş River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_(river)"},{"link_name":"Indo-European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Europeans"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Scythians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythians"},{"link_name":"Celts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celts"},{"link_name":"Micălaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C4%83laca"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"Second Dacian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Dacian_War"},{"link_name":"Trajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trajan"},{"link_name":"Roman Dacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Castra of Aradul Nou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Aradul_Nou"},{"link_name":"Legio IV Flavia Felix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix"},{"link_name":"Sarmatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatians"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"their expansion in Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin"},{"link_name":"Glad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glad_(duke)"},{"link_name":"Vladimirescu-Schanzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirescu,_Arad"},{"link_name":"Achtum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajtony"},{"link_name":"Chronicon Pictum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Helena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_of_Serbia,_Queen_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Coloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladislaus_I_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngel200150-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMakk198931-14"},{"link_name":"Béla II of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_II_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Arad Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Chapter"},{"link_name":"Óbuda Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%93buda_Chapter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrist%C3%B3Makk1996171-15"},{"link_name":"Mongol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Peace of Karlowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Karlowitz"},{"link_name":"Mihai Viteazu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Viteazu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"eyalet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyalet"},{"link_name":"sanjaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjaks"},{"link_name":"Lugoj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugoj"},{"link_name":"Beşlek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrenjanin"},{"link_name":"Yanova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineu"},{"link_name":"Serbian Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Militia"},{"link_name":"Subota Jović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subota_Jovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Habsburg monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Eparchy of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Jew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-20"},{"link_name":"Austrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"Lajos Kossuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth"},{"link_name":"Artúr Görgey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art%C3%BAr_G%C3%B6rgey"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-20"},{"link_name":"surrender at Világos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_at_Vil%C3%A1gos"},{"link_name":"Șiria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98iria"},{"link_name":"Russians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Julius Jacob von Haynau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau"},{"link_name":"the 13 Martyrs of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Golgotha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-20"},{"link_name":"Francis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Fortress of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortress_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Serb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"King Béla II of Hungary and his wife Queen Helena are sitting on the throne at the assembly of Arad in 1131. The Queen orders the execution of the magnates who advised the blinding of child Béla II during the rule of King Coloman. (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)Arad on an 18th-century mapThe evidence of Pre-Indo-European civilisation occurs with the establishment of the first settlement on the northern bank of the Mureş River in the 5th millennium BC, and the extension of the human settlements on the left bank of the Mureş River occurs in the 4th millennium BC. In the 3rd millennium BC prosperous settlements appear on both banks and on the islands of the Mureş River belonging to an Indo-European civilisation, which peaked around 1000 BC. Excavations made for the foundations of the Astoria Hotel found a human skeleton from the Bronze Age.[11]The first Dacian settlements appear in the 1st millennium BC. In the 5th century a group of Scythians settled in the region. And between the 4th and 3rd centuries, the Celts settled on both banks of the Mureş River, in the vicinity of the existing settlements.The Dacian settlement in the south of the Micălaca district was conquered by the Roman troops between 101 and 102. During the Second Dacian War (105-106), the Emperor Trajan conquered territories north of Mureş River, making them part of the Roman Dacia. In the Aradul Nou area, the Roman army built the fort Castra of Aradul Nou that housed the legion Legio IV Flavia Felix. During the period between the 2nd and 4th centuries Dacian and Sarmatian settlements were present in the area of today's city, with intense commercial relations with the Roman Empire.In the 10th century the Hungarians began their expansion in Transylvania, one of the main access routes being the valley of Mureş. Ruler Glad, under the threat of the Hungarian expansion, built a fortress at Vladimirescu-Schanzen, which the Hungarians conquered and destroyed in the middle of the tenth century. Another ruler, Achtum, rebuilt it but the Hungarians destroyed it again in 1028.Arad was first mentioned in documents in the 11th century. According to the Chronicon Pictum, at \"an assembly of the realm near Arad\"[12] in early to mid-1131, Queen Helena ordered the slaughter of all noblemen who were accused of having suggested the blinding of her husband to King Coloman.[13][14] King Béla II of Hungary distributed the goods of the executed magnates between the newly established Arad Chapter and the early 11th-century Óbuda Chapter.[15] The Mongol invasion of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241 showed the importance of the fortifications on this place, to which were added in the second half of the 13th century more stone fortresses at Șoimoș, Șiria, and Dezna. The Ottoman Empire conquered the region from Hungary in 1551 and kept it until the Peace of Karlowitz of 1699, although during this period it was temporarily reintegrated in the Principality of Transylvania after the Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș in 1595; and after the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city entered under the Voivode's authority.[16] During the Ottoman period, Arad became an eyalet center, which comprised the sanjaks of Arad, Lugoj, Kacaș, Beşlek and Yanova from 1660 till 1697, when it was captured by Austrians (Serbian Militia under command of Subota Jović) during Ottoman-Habsburg wars (1683–1699). After 1699, the city was ruled by the Habsburg monarchy. At the beginning of the 18th century, Arad became the center of the Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad. According to 1720 data, the population of the city was composed of 177 Romanian families, 162 Serbian, and 35 Hungarian.[17]The first Jew allowed to settle inside the city was Isac Elias in 1717.[18] Eventually the Jewish population of Arad numbered over 10,000 people, more than 10% of the population, before the Second World War.[19]The new fortress was built between 1763 and 1783. Although it was small, it proved formidable having played a great role in the Hungarian struggle for independence in 1849. The city possesses a museum containing relics of this war of independence.[20]Courageously defended by the Austrian general Berger until the end of July 1849, it was captured by the Hungarian rebels, who made it their headquarters during the latter part of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848. It was from Arad that Lajos Kossuth issued his famous proclamation (11 August 1849), and where he handed over the supreme military and civil power to Artúr Görgey.[20]The fortress was recaptured shortly after the surrender at Világos (now Șiria, Romania), with the surrender of general Artúr Görgey to the Russians. It became an ammunition depot. Thirteen rebel generals were executed there on 6 October 1849, by order of the Austrian general Julius Jacob von Haynau. These men are known collectively as the 13 Martyrs of Arad, and since then Arad is considered the \"Hungarian Golgotha\". One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in their memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals.[20]Arad enjoyed great economic development in the 19th century. In 1834 it was declared a \"free royal town\" by Emperor Francis I of Austria.Aradu Nou / Neu Arad / Újarad (\"New Arad\"), situated on the opposite bank of the Mureș river, is a neighborhood of Arad, to which it is connected by the Trajan bridge. It was founded during the Turkish wars of the 17th century. The works erected by the Turks for the capture of the fortress of Arad formed the nucleus of the new settlement.[20]In 1910, the town had 63,166 inhabitants: 46,085 (73%) Hungarians, 10,279 (16.2%) Romanians, 4,365 (7%) Germans.[21] During World War I, the Austro-Hungarian authorities set up an internment camp in the Fortress of Arad in which around 4,000 Serb detainees died.[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dacian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia"},{"link_name":"Micălaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C4%83laca"},{"link_name":"Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Dacia"},{"link_name":"Castra of Aradul Nou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castra_of_Aradul_Nou"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin"},{"link_name":"Vladimirescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimirescu,_Arad"},{"link_name":"The Painted Chronicle From Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicon_Pictum"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mohács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"John Zápolya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya"},{"link_name":"Eastern Hungarian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Partium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partium"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Autonomous Principality of Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%E2%80%931711)"},{"link_name":"Peace of Karlowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Karlowitz"},{"link_name":"Eparchy of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Franconia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franconia"},{"link_name":"Rinaldo of Modena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinaldo_d%27Este_(1655%E2%80%931737)"},{"link_name":"Emperor Joseph II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Mihai Eminescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihai_Eminescu"},{"link_name":"Matei Millo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matei_Millo"},{"link_name":"Franz Liszt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Liszt"},{"link_name":"13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_13_Martyrs_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Johann Strauss the Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Strauss_II"},{"link_name":"central train station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Central_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"Eparchy of Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eparchy_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Patriarchate of Karlovci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Karlovci"},{"link_name":"Metropolitanate of Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolis_of_Transylvania&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pablo Sarasate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Sarasate"},{"link_name":"Henryk Wieniawski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Wieniawski"},{"link_name":"George Enescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Enescu"},{"link_name":"Béla Bartók","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bart%C3%B3k"},{"link_name":"Weitzer Wagon Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Automobile_%26_Waggon_Factory#Weitzer_J%C3%A1nos_Rt."},{"link_name":"Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arad-Podgoria_Narrow_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MARTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magyar_Automobil_R%C3%A9szv%C3%A9ny_T%C3%A1rsas%C3%A1g_Arad&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Austro-Daimler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Daimler"},{"link_name":"Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arad-Podgoria_Narrow_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Trianon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon"},{"link_name":"Astra Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Arad"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Astra Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Arad"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Ceaușescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu"},{"link_name":"Astra Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Arad"},{"link_name":"Astra Vagoane Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Vagoane_Arad"},{"link_name":"Astra Vagoane Călători","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astra_Vagoane_C%C4%83l%C4%83tori&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Astra Buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Bus"},{"link_name":"Greenbrier-Astra Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Rail_Industries"}],"sub_title":"Chronology","text":"1st century: Dacian settlement in the present Micălaca district are conquered by the Roman troops.\n2nd century: The Roman fort Castra of Aradul Nou is founded, in the present Aradul Nou neighborhood.\n1028 – First time when the area is mentioned. In the 10th-11th centuries the Hungarians are destroying the fortresses of Vladimirescu.\n1078 – 1081 – The first official mention of the town, as Orod.\n1131 – Arad is mentioned in The Painted Chronicle From Vienna.\n1526 – Following the Hungarian defeat in the Battle of Mohács, John Zápolya, elected King of Hungary, establishes the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom in Partium and Transylvania.\n1541 – After the fall of Buda to the Ottomans, the city passes under the administration of the Autonomous Principality of Transylvania.\n1551 – 1595 – The town was occupied and administered by the Ottoman Empire, the former county being divided into three sangeacuri.\n1553 – 1555 – Between these years, the Ottomans built the first fortress of the city on the northern bank of the river Mureș.\n1595 – Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mureș, thus the city of Arad was reintegrated in the Transylvanian Principality.\n1599 – After the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at Șelimbăr, the city enters under the Voivode's authority until 1601 when Gabriel Bethlen gives the Mureș valley back to the Ottomans.\n1683 – After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, Habsburg troops conquer the city in 1687.\n1699 – After the Peace of Karlowitz, the Mureș river valley became the new border between The Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire, thus the city became the headquarters of the frontier guard troops. Arad becomes the seat of Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Arad.\n1702 – The furriers' guild was registered – the oldest one.\n1715 – Camil Hofflich, Franciscan friar, set up the first German language school.\n1724 – First German settlers from Franconia come to the south of the river and establish Neu Arad.\n1732 – Almost the entire area of the county was donated to Rinaldo of Modena, who, later disgraced in 1740, lost it to the Austrian crown.\n1765 – 1783 – The new fortress was built, in Vauban-Tenaille style.\n1781 – Following the building interdiction in the city, providing clear gunshot fields, the Empire considered moving the city in the Zimand pusta; subsequently Emperor Joseph II gave up the idea.\n1812 – The foundation of Preparandia – the first Romanian pedagogy school in Transylvania.\n1817 – The Hirschl Theatre was built.\n1818 – The safety perimeter of the fortress was reduced from 2 kilometers as put out in 1783, to just 500 m.→ 1868 – Romanian poet Mihai Eminescu came to Arad as a prompter for Matei Millo's theatre company.1833 – The sixth European Music School was set up in Arad, after Paris, Prague, Brussels, Vienna and London – Aradi Zenede/Arader Musik Conservatorium.\n21 August 1834 – Arad obtained the \"Free Royal Town\" statute.→ 1846 – Hungarian composer and piano virtuoso Franz Liszt performed.6 October 1849 – 13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed.→ 1847 – Johann Strauss the Son performed.1851 – Inauguration of the Neumann family alcohol and yeast factory.\n1858 – Inauguration of the central train station.\n1865 - Eparchy of Arad is transferred from the jurisdiction of Patriarchate of Karlovci to the jurisdiction of Metropolitanate of Sibiu.\n1874 – The original building of the Theater was built.\n1876 – The Administrative Palace was built.→ 1877 – Pablo Sarasate and Henryk Wieniawski performed.1890 – The Philharmonic Society of Arad was founded.\n1897 – The Cenad palace was built.\n1913 – The edifice of today's Palace of Culture and site of the Philharmonics was built on the river embankment.→ 1922 – Romanian composer and violin virtuoso George Enescu performed.→ 1924 – Hungarian composer Béla Bartók performed.1892 – The Weitzer Wagon Factory starts producing railway cars. Since 1903 it built the first successful series of petrol driven railcars in Europe.\n15 August 1899 – The first official football game was held.\n1906 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was opened with petrol railcars.\n1909–1914 – Production of motorcars by (MARTA), a subsidiary of Austro-Daimler. MARTA was the acronym of Magyar Automobil Részvény Társaság Arad (Hungarian automobile joint stock company Arad)\n1911–1913 – Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railway was electrified. Apart from factory rails and urban trams, it was the third electric railway in Hungary and the sixth one in Habsburg Monarchy. In 1920, it should become the first electrical railway of Romania.\n1918 – Arad becomes the headquarters of The Romanian National Central Council, the provisional government of Transylvania, and also its unofficial capital.\n1920 – Under the Treaty of Trianon, Arad was ceded to Romania.\n1921 – Weitzer Wagon Factory and MARTA merge to Astra Arad\n1937 – Arad was the most important economic center in Transylvania and occupied the fourth position in Romania[citation needed]\n1980s – Astra Arad was Europe's largest manufacturer of freight cars.\n1989 – Arad was the second town in Romania to rise against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu, with considerable violence.\n1996/98 Astra Arad was split in Astra Vagoane Arad (production of freight cars), Astra Vagoane Călători (production of passenger railcars), and Astra Buses.\n1999 – The Arad Industrial Zone was inaugurated.\n2016 – Greenbrier-Astra Rail joint venture formed.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"continental climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_climate"},{"link_name":"Köppen Climate Classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification"},{"link_name":"Cfa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Group_C:_Temperate/mesothermal_climates"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"sunshine hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunshine_duration"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA9120-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Arad has a continental climate with cool and damp winters. The summers are warm to hot. In the summer months of June, July and August there are 60 days above 32 °C (90 °F). The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is \"Cfa\" (Humid temperate Climate).Climate data for Arad (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1981−2020)\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nRecord high °C (°F)\n\n19.7(67.5)\n\n25.7(78.3)\n\n29.3(84.7)\n\n33.4(92.1)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n37.4(99.3)\n\n40.2(104.4)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n36.9(98.4)\n\n31.8(89.2)\n\n25.8(78.4)\n\n17.5(63.5)\n\n40.8(105.4)\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n3.3(37.9)\n\n6.1(43.0)\n\n12.0(53.6)\n\n18.3(64.9)\n\n23.4(74.1)\n\n27.0(80.6)\n\n29.4(84.9)\n\n29.6(85.3)\n\n24.0(75.2)\n\n18.0(64.4)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n4.5(40.1)\n\n17.2(63.0)\n\n\nDaily mean °C (°F)\n\n−0.3(31.5)\n\n1.2(34.2)\n\n5.8(42.4)\n\n11.6(52.9)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n20.5(68.9)\n\n22.4(72.3)\n\n22.2(72.0)\n\n16.7(62.1)\n\n11.2(52.2)\n\n6.0(42.8)\n\n1.1(34.0)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n−3.3(26.1)\n\n−2.5(27.5)\n\n1.0(33.8)\n\n5.7(42.3)\n\n10.2(50.4)\n\n14.0(57.2)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n15.5(59.9)\n\n11.3(52.3)\n\n6.5(43.7)\n\n2.3(36.1)\n\n−1.7(28.9)\n\n6.2(43.2)\n\n\nRecord low °C (°F)\n\n−25.7(−14.3)\n\n−18.8(−1.8)\n\n−7.2(19.0)\n\n−0.4(31.3)\n\n2.4(36.3)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n5.4(41.7)\n\n−0.5(31.1)\n\n−9.5(14.9)\n\n−14.4(6.1)\n\n−21.9(−7.4)\n\n−27.2(−17.0)\n\n−27.2(−17.0)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n34.5(1.36)\n\n34.6(1.36)\n\n36.3(1.43)\n\n48.2(1.90)\n\n61.0(2.40)\n\n84.6(3.33)\n\n67.4(2.65)\n\n53.5(2.11)\n\n51.3(2.02)\n\n47.3(1.86)\n\n42.6(1.68)\n\n44.7(1.76)\n\n606.0(23.86)\n\n\nAverage precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)\n\n6.9\n\n6.9\n\n6.9\n\n7.6\n\n8.7\n\n9.2\n\n7.7\n\n5.7\n\n6.8\n\n6.4\n\n6.9\n\n8.4\n\n88.1\n\n\nMean monthly sunshine hours\n\n75.0\n\n105.9\n\n166.8\n\n212.7\n\n261.4\n\n285.8\n\n309.4\n\n299.8\n\n212.1\n\n171.0\n\n103.8\n\n61.7\n\n2,265.4\n\n\nSource: NOAA[23][24]","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Romanian_census"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPL2021-25"},{"link_name":"Romanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanians"},{"link_name":"Hungarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Germans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Banat Swabians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banat_Swabians"},{"link_name":"Serbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbs_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Slovaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovaks_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Italians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Romanian Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Pentecostals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecostal_Union_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Baptists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Christian_Baptist_Churches_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Reformed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_Church_in_Romania"},{"link_name":"Greek Catholics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Adventists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Union_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists"},{"link_name":"Irreligious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irreligion"},{"link_name":"atheist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheism"},{"link_name":"agnostic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnosticism"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"At the 2021 census, Arad had a population of 145,078,[25] a decrease from the figures recorded at the previous censuses.Ethnic composition of Arad (2021)\n\n Romanians (89.09%) Hungarians (7.99%) Romani (1.11%) Germans (Banat Swabians) (0.62%) Serbs (0.21%) Slovaks (0.19%) Italians (0.18%) Others (0.60%)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nReligious composition of Arad (2021)\n\n Romanian Orthodox (73.84%) Roman Catholics (9.05%) Pentecostals (5.82%) Baptists (4.25%) Reformed (2.20%) Greek Catholics (0.71%) Adventists (0.69%) Others (1.71%) Irreligious,atheist and agnostic (1.87%)In the past, Arad used to have a much more diverse ethnic composition than today. According to the 1880 census, whilst still in the now defunct Austro-Hungarian Empire, of the 35,556 inhabitants, 19,896 were Hungarians (56%), 6,439 Romanians (18.1%), 5,448 Germans (15.3%), 1,690 Serbs (4.8%) and 2,083 (5.9%) of other ethnicities.[28] In 1910, from 63,166 inhabitants, 46,085 were Hungarian (72.95%), 10,279 Romanian (16.27%), 4,365 German (6.91%), 1,816 Serbian (2.87%), 277 Slovak (0.43%) and 133 Czech (0.21%).[29]","title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawAdmin-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LawAdmin-30"}],"text":"The city government is headed by a mayor.[30] Since 2019, the office is held by Călin Bibarț.[31] Decisions are approved and discussed by the local government (consiliu local) made up of 23 elected councillors.[30]","title":"Politics and administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Micălaca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mic%C4%83laca"}],"text":"Centru\nAradul Nou\nGai\nAurel Vlaicu\nMicălaca\nGrădiște\nAlfa\nBujac\nConfectii\nFunctionarilor\nParneava\nSânnicolaul Mic\nColonia\nSubcetate","title":"Neighbourhoods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"railroad cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astra_Arad"}],"text":"With a rich industrial and commercial tradition, Arad is one of the most prosperous cities in Romania. Thanks to numerous investments in industry and commerce, Arad has a booming economy.[citation needed]The main industries are: railroad cars, food processing, furniture and household accessories, equipment for the car industry, electric components, instrumentation, clothing and textiles, and footwear.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad,_stacidomo_kun_vaporlokomotivo_1.jpeg"},{"link_name":"Arad Central railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Central_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Central_Railway_Station"},{"link_name":"4th Pan-European Corridor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-European_Corridor_IV"},{"link_name":"Arad International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO"},{"link_name":"cargo terminal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_terminal"},{"link_name":"A1 Motorway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A1_motorway_(Romania)"}],"text":"Arad Central railway stationArad is the most important trans-European road and rail transportation junction point in western Romania, included in the 4th Pan-European Corridor linking Western Europe to South-Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. The city has an extensive tram network and several bus lines covering most of the city's neighbourhoods and suburbs.\nArad International Airport (IATA: ARW, ICAO: LRAR), with the largest and most modern cargo terminal in western Romania, is situated only 4 km west from central Arad and is directly connected to the Arad west bypass road, part of the A1 Motorway.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad_-_teatrul_Ioan_Slavici.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad_-_Vasile-Goldis-Universit%C3%A4t_-_3002.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vauban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vauban"},{"link_name":"renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Slavici_Classical_Theatre"},{"link_name":"neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Anton Czigler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Czigler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Neumann Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumann_Palace"},{"link_name":"eclecticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art"},{"link_name":"eclecticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art"},{"link_name":"eclecticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art"},{"link_name":"neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"neoclassical architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"},{"link_name":"neoclassical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture"},{"link_name":"gothic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Corinthian capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Vienna Secession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Secession"}],"sub_title":"Architectural monuments","text":"Ioan Slavici Classic TheatreNeumann PalaceThe Fortified Town of Arad is one of the Transylvanian fortresses built in the Vauban star-shaped style, in the second half of the 18th century. It was used as a prison for the rebels led by Horia, Cloșca, and Crișan\nAdministrative Palace, built in 1872–74, renaissance architecture\nIoan Slavici Classical Theatre, built in 1874, neoclassical architecture, architect Anton Czigler\nNeumann Palace, built in 1891, eclecticism\nJudiciary Palace, built in 1892, eclecticism\nCenad Palace, built in 1894, eclecticism and neoclassical architecture\nNational Bank Palace, built in 1906, neoclassical architecture\nBohuș Palace built in 1910, Vienna Secession. (For the first time in Arad, reinforced concrete was used)\nSzantay Palace, built in 1911, Vienna Secession\nCultural Palace, built in 1913, neoclassical, gothic, renaissance architecture, and Corinthian capitals\nCloșca Street, Vienna Secession","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Historic buildings","text":"The House with Cannon Balls, built in 1800. Its name derives from the fights between 1848 and 1849. Seventeen cannonballs are incorporated in its walls.\nThe High Teacher Training School (Clădirea Preparandiei), the first school for Romanian-language teachers from Transylvania, 1812\nThe House with the Padlock, built in 1815\nThe Old Theatre (Hirschl), built by Jacob Hirschl in 1817, the oldest stone theatre in Romania\nWater Tower, built in 1896, medieval dungeon architectural style\nThe Old Custom House, built in 1907, used as a customs point for goods entering the Arad markets","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baroque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad_-_biserica_luterana_(2).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Park_in_Arad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Arad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hung%C3%A1ria_n%C5%91alak_Aradon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arch of Triumph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arch_of_Triumph_(Arad)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Monuments","text":"The Statue of St. John of Nepomuk, raised in 1729, baroque sculpture\nThe monument of the Holy Trinity, raised in 1746 to commemorate the plague that swept the town in 1738-1740The Lutheran Red Church in AradReconciliation Park\nThe Statue of Liberty, raised in 1890 by György Zala in the memory of the heroes of the Hungarian revolutionary armyThis is a picture of a park in Podgoria, Arad. In the background you can see the Holy Trinity Cathedral and some ten story buildings.The Statue of LibertyThe Arch of Triumph, raised in 2004 by Ioan Bolborea in memory of the heroes of the 1848 - 1849 Romanian Revolution (fighting against the Hungarians)\nMartyrs' Cross, raised in 1936, in memory of the priests martyred between November 1918 and spring 1919\nThe Bust of Vasile Goldiș (1862–1934)\nThe Bust of Moise Nicoară (1784–1861)","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The \"St. Peter and Paul\" Serbian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_Church_in_Arad"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"St. Simon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simeon_Stylites_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"St. Anthony of Padua\" Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church_(Arad,_Romania)"},{"link_name":"renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"},{"link_name":"Baroque architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroque_architecture"},{"link_name":"Antoniu Czigler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Czigler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anastase Damian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anastase_Damian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catholic_Cathedral_in_Arad.jpg"},{"link_name":"Neo-gothic architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-gothic_architecture"},{"link_name":"Holy Trinity Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Cathedral,_Arad"}],"sub_title":"Religious tourism","text":"The \"St. Peter and Paul\" Serbian Church, raised in 1698–1702, early Baroque architecture\n\"St. Simon\" Monastery, raised in 1762, Baroque architecture\n\"St. Anthony of Padua\" Church (Roman Catholic). The Order of Minorite Monks raised this cathedral in 1904, in a renaissance architecture style\nThe \"Birth of Saint John the Baptist\" Cathedral (Romanian Orthodox), raised in 1862–1865, Baroque architecture, architect Antoniu Czigler. The mural painter, Anastase Damian, started his work in 1957 and finished it one year laterRoman Catholic Cathedral St. Anthony of PaduaThe Red Church (Evangelical-Lutheran), built in 1906, Neo-gothic architecture\nThe Neologue Synagogue, built in 1834, Greek, Tuscan architectural style\nHoly Trinity Cathedral, built between 1991 and 2006, the new cathedral in Byzantine style","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mureș Floodplain Natural Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mure%C8%99_Floodplain_Natural_Park"},{"link_name":"Ghioroc Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghioroc_Lake"}],"sub_title":"Recreational tourism","text":"Neptun Swimming Place, known in Romanian as \"Ștrandul Neptun\" is the second biggest Swimming Place in Europe, situated near a river. Due to its size and its recreational activities Strandul Neptun has over three million visitors annually, according to Recons Arad.\nMureș Floodplain Natural Park (Lunca Mureșului Natural Park)\nThe Ceala Forest with Măltăreț Lake and Mureș Isle\nThe Vladimirescu Forest\nGhioroc Lake\nMiniș - Măderat Vineyard, situated about 30 km east of Arad\nMoneasa resort, situated about 100 km, or 62 miles, ENE from Arad","title":"Tourist attractions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Vasile Goldiș\" Western University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Goldi%C8%99_West_University_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"Aurel Vlaicu University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurel_Vlaicu_University_of_Arad"},{"link_name":"\"Spiru Haret\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiru_Haret_University"},{"link_name":"Moise Nicoară National College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Nicoar%C4%83_National_College"},{"link_name":"Elena Ghiba-Birta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elena_Ghiba_Birta"},{"link_name":"Technical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_College_for_Constructions_and_Environmental_Protection_Arad"},{"link_name":"Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller-Guttenbrunn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Moise_Nicoara_National_College_-_facade.JPG"},{"link_name":"Moise Nicoară National College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moise_Nicoar%C4%83_National_College"}],"sub_title":"Schools","text":"Arad has two universities, the private \"Vasile Goldiș\" Western University, founded in 1990, and the public Aurel Vlaicu University founded in 1991. Also the \"Spiru Haret\" long-distance studies University has a branch in Arad.There are about two dozen high schools, some of the more famous being the Moise Nicoară National College, the Pedagogical High School \"Dimitrie Țichindeal\", \"Elena Ghiba-Birta\" National College, the Economics College, the Technical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad, and the Vasile Goldiș High School. High schools in minority languages include the Hungarian Csiky Gergely College and the German Adam Müller-Guttenbrunn High School.Moise Nicoară National College","title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cultural life","text":"Arad State Theater, hosting an annual Classical Theater Festival\nInternational Underground Theater Festival\nPhilharmonic orchestra and choir\nPuppet theater","title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arad Museum Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_Museum_Complex"},{"link_name":"Vasile Goldiș","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasile_Goldi%C8%99"},{"link_name":"Romexpo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romexpo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad-town-hall-panorama-edi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arad-town-hall-panorama-edi.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Museums and exhibitions","text":"Arad Museum Complex\nHistory Department\nNatural Sciences Department\nArt Department\nVasile Goldiș Memorial Museum\nDoina and Baruțu Arghezi Art Collection\nDelta Gallery, with three major events of Arad artistic life: The International Biennial Drawing Saloon, The Biennial Small Sculpture Saloon, The Annual Art Saloon.\nAlfa Gallery\nClio Gallery\nWater Tower Gallery\nTakács Gallery\nCarola's Gallery\nExpo Arad International, The Exhibition Centre of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of the County of Arad, the only purely exhibitional arena in western Romania and second only to Romexpo.Arad town hall square","title":"Culture and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_County_Clinical_Hospital"},{"link_name":"Arad County Clinical Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arad_County_Clinical_Hospital"}],"text":"The most important hospitals in Arad are Arad County Clinical Hospital and Arad Municipal Hospital (in the late 2000s it merged with Arad County Clinical Hospital). The city also has a number of public hospitals (Arad Maternal Hospital, The Polyclinic, The Dental Clinic, etc.) and private hospitals (MedLife Genesis, Laser System, Mediqua, etc.)","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"UTA Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTA_Arad"},{"link_name":"Steaua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Steaua_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"Dinamo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Bucure%C8%99ti"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Venus Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_Bucharest"},{"link_name":"European Champions Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League"},{"link_name":"Ernst Happel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Happel"},{"link_name":"Feyenoord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feyenoord"},{"link_name":"1970–71","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970%E2%80%9371_European_Cup"},{"link_name":"European champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_European_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"Intercontinental Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Cup_(football)"},{"link_name":"Emilia Eberle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilia_Eberle"}],"text":"The UTA Arad (formerly ITA) football team was founded in 1945 and has won six Romanian championships and two Romanian Cups. In the 2020–1 season, UTA plays in the first national league, Liga I. The team has won more league titles than any other team that is not based in Bucharest, and the third most after Steaua and Dinamo[citation needed]; it is the 3rd more successful modern team in the country and 4th counting Venus Bucharest, a team from the Inter-War period.\nThe team's most notable performance on the international stage is the elimination from the European Champions Cup of Ernst Happel's Feyenoord in the 1970–71 season, when the Dutch team were defending European champions and later won the Intercontinental Cup.In basketball, the women's ICIM and the men's West Petrom teams have national prominence, their record including some recent national championship wins (ICIM in 1998 through 2001, West Petrom in 2001 and 2002). In men's water polo, Astra Arad also plays in the first division. The men's rugby team Contor Group Arad plays in the National Rugby League, reaching the playoff final in 2006.World Champion and Olympic medalist in gymnastics Emilia Eberle was born in Arad.","title":"Sports"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Romania"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_city"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Atlit (Hof HaCarmel)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlit_(modern_town)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Bethlehem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Fushun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fushun"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Givatayim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givatayim"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Gyula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula,_Hungary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Heist-op-den-Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heist-op-den-Berg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hegyvidék (Budapest)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegyvid%C3%A9k"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hódmezővásárhely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3dmez%C5%91v%C3%A1s%C3%A1rhely"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Pécs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9cs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prague 5 (Prague)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldova"},{"link_name":"Rîșcani (Chișinău)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sectorul_R%C3%AE%C8%99cani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Zrenjanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zrenjanin"}],"sub_title":"Twin towns – sister cities","text":"Arad is twinned with:[33]Atlit (Hof HaCarmel), Israel\n Bethlehem, Palestine\n Fushun, China\n Givatayim, Israel\n Gyula, Hungary\n Heist-op-den-Berg, Belgium\n Hegyvidék (Budapest), Hungary\n Hódmezővásárhely, Hungary\n Pécs, Hungary\n Prague 5 (Prague), Czech Republic\n Rîșcani (Chișinău), Moldova\n Zrenjanin, Serbia","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ditzingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ditzingen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Kirklees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirklees"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Tatabánya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatab%C3%A1nya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Trenčín","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tren%C4%8D%C3%ADn"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Würzburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg"}],"sub_title":"Partner cities","text":"Ditzingen, Germany\n Kirklees, United Kingdom\n Tatabánya, Hungary\n Trenčín, Slovakia\n Würzburg, Germany","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls"},{"link_name":"National Institute of 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Română\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aradcityguide.ro/_/monument-istoric/preparandia-romana/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//adevarul.ro/locale/arad/prima-fabrica-automobile-tara-fost-construita-arad-1_50acb4187c42d5a663888abe/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.historica-cluj.ro/anuare/AnuarHistorica2017/13.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și 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sentimental\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/tema-saptamanii/citeva-litere-dintr-un-dictionar-sentimental-626981.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"La Arad a fost descoperit un schelet uman din epoca fierului","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//stiri.acasa.ro/auto-tehno-190/it-c-191/la-arad-a-fost-descoperit-un-schelet-uman-din-epoca-fierului-70568.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngel200150_13-0"},{"link_name":"Engel 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFEngel2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMakk198931_14-0"},{"link_name":"Makk 1989","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMakk1989"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrist%C3%B3Makk1996171_15-0"},{"link_name":"Kristó & Makk 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFKrist%C3%B3Makk1996"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"\"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//adevarul.ro/locale/arad/orasul-mures-avut-initial-numele-cavalerului-orod-primit-usoara-modificare-ajungand-arad-1_51a39c9dc7b855ff563063d0/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"\"Sinagoga din Arad - Misterul din spatele usilor : Stiri Arad,\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.aradnet.ro/arad/sinagoga_din_arad___misterul_din_spatele_usilor___stiri_arad_234_344952.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110430031704/http://www.aradnet.ro/arad/sinagoga_din_arad___misterul_din_spatele_usilor___stiri_arad_234_344952.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_20-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_20-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_20-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB1911_20-3"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Arad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arad"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Talma Kiadó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.talmakiado.hu/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170114044438/http://www.talmakiado.hu/"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-30012-117-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30012-117-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NOAA9120_23-0"},{"link_name":"\"Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230829021923/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Arad_15200.csv"},{"link_name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Arad_15200.csv"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"\"World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Romania/15200.csv"},{"link_name":"NOAA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-RPL2021_25-0"},{"link_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls"},{"link_name":"INSSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948, p. 14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sas.unibuc.ro/storage/downloads/analize-regionale-9/AG48a.RECENSAMANT48.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160222041936/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/aretn02.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/aretn02.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"\"1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_01/?pg=0&layout=s)"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LawAdmin_30-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LawAdmin_30-1"},{"link_name":"\"Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080321151128/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-31"},{"link_name":"\"Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.mediafax.ro/politic/calin-bibart-noul-primar-al-aradului-dupa-ce-gheorghe-falca-a-renuntat-la-mandat-pentru-a-deveni-europarlamentar-18199387"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"\"MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.primariaarad.ro/dm_arad/portal.nsf/AllByUNID/mandatul-20202024-0000cf1e?OpenDocument"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220118091540/http://www.primariaarad.ro/info.php?page=%2Fpma%2Finfratite.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.primariaarad.ro/info.php?page=/pma/infratite.html"}],"text":"^ \"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021.\n\n^ \"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.\n\n^ Dorin Frandeș, Spații arădene care au găzduit muzică – Pitești : Nomina 2011 ISBN 978-606-535-327-5;\n\n^ www.sysadmins.ro, SysAdmins :: 2015. \"Consiliul Judetean Arad\". www.cjarad.ro. Retrieved 11 June 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)\n\n^ \"Preparandia Română\". AradCityGuide (in Romanian). Retrieved 2019-01-30.\n\n^ \"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\". adevarul.ro. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 2019-01-30.\n\n^ Marco, Gabriela Adina. \"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2019.\n\n^ \"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională\". Recensământul populației și al locuințelor 2011. INSSE. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2019.\n\n^ Kiss, Lajos (1988). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108. ISBN 978-963-05-4568-6.\n\n^ Morar (2019). \"Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental\". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). Retrieved 2022-10-02.\n\n^ La Arad a fost descoperit un schelet uman din epoca fierului\n\n^ The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle (ch. 160.114), p. 136.\n\n^ Engel 2001, p. 50.\n\n^ Makk 1989, p. 31.\n\n^ Kristó & Makk 1996, p. 171.\n\n^ \"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\".\n\n^ Dr Dušan J. Popović, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 2, Novi Sad, 1990, page 326.\n\n^ Lakatos Otto - Aradi története\n\n^ (in Romanian) \"Sinagoga din Arad - Misterul din spatele usilor : Stiri Arad,\" Archived 2011-04-30 at the Wayback Machine aradnet.ro (13 mar 2008). Retrieved 11-08-2013.\n\n^ a b c d One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Arad\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–312.\n\n^ Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, Talma Kiadó Archived 2017-01-14 at the Wayback Machine\n\n^ Carmichael, Cathie (2009). Genocide Before the Holocaust. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-30012-117-9.\n\n^ \"Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.\n\n^ \"World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)\" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved February 11, 2024.\n\n^ \"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023.\n\n^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition\n\n^ Populatia RPR la 25 ianuarie 1948, p. 14\n\n^ \"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2022-12-10.\n\n^ \"1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana\".\n\n^ a b \"Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale\" (in Romanian). Parliament of Romania. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-12.\n\n^ \"Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar\". Mediafax. 28 June 2019.\n\n^ \"MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024\". www.primariaarad.ro.\n\n^ \"Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere\". primariaarad.ro. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2019.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-86064-061-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963-7930-97-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7930-97-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"963-05-5268-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-5268-X"}],"sub_title":"Sources","text":"Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.\nKristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.\nMakk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"King Béla II of Hungary and his wife Queen Helena are sitting on the throne at the assembly of Arad in 1131. The Queen orders the execution of the magnates who advised the blinding of child Béla II during the rule of King Coloman. (Chronicon Pictum, 1358)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Chronicon_Pictum_P113_Az_aradi_v%C3%A9res_gy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s.JPG/220px-Chronicon_Pictum_P113_Az_aradi_v%C3%A9res_gy%C5%B1l%C3%A9s.JPG"},{"image_text":"Arad on an 18th-century map","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Banat17.jpg/225px-Banat17.jpg"},{"image_text":"Arad Central railway station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Arad%2C_stacidomo_kun_vaporlokomotivo_1.jpeg/220px-Arad%2C_stacidomo_kun_vaporlokomotivo_1.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Ioan Slavici Classic Theatre","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Arad_-_teatrul_Ioan_Slavici.jpg/220px-Arad_-_teatrul_Ioan_Slavici.jpg"},{"image_text":"Neumann Palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Arad_-_Vasile-Goldis-Universit%C3%A4t_-_3002.jpg/220px-Arad_-_Vasile-Goldis-Universit%C3%A4t_-_3002.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Lutheran Red Church in Arad","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Arad_-_biserica_luterana_%282%29.jpg/220px-Arad_-_biserica_luterana_%282%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"This is a picture of a park in Podgoria, Arad. In the background you can see the Holy Trinity Cathedral and some ten story buildings.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Park_in_Arad.jpg/220px-Park_in_Arad.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Statue of Liberty","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hung%C3%A1ria_n%C5%91alak_Aradon.jpg/220px-Hung%C3%A1ria_n%C5%91alak_Aradon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roman Catholic Cathedral St. Anthony of Padua","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Catholic_Cathedral_in_Arad.jpg/220px-Catholic_Cathedral_in_Arad.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moise Nicoară National College","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Moise_Nicoara_National_College_-_facade.JPG/300px-Moise_Nicoara_National_College_-_facade.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 8 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","url_text":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (XLS). National Institute of Statistics.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"National Institute of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"www.sysadmins.ro, SysAdmins :: 2015. \"Consiliul Judetean Arad\". www.cjarad.ro. Retrieved 11 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cjarad.ro/arad/index.php?meniuId=39&viewCat=507","url_text":"\"Consiliul Judetean Arad\""}]},{"reference":"\"Preparandia Română\". AradCityGuide (in Romanian). Retrieved 2019-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aradcityguide.ro/_/monument-istoric/preparandia-romana/","url_text":"\"Preparandia Română\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\". adevarul.ro. 31 March 2011. Retrieved 2019-01-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://adevarul.ro/locale/arad/prima-fabrica-automobile-tara-fost-construita-arad-1_50acb4187c42d5a663888abe/index.html","url_text":"\"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\""}]},{"reference":"Marco, Gabriela Adina. \"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\" (PDF). Retrieved 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historica-cluj.ro/anuare/AnuarHistorica2017/13.pdf","url_text":"\"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\""}]},{"reference":"\"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională\". Recensământul populației și al locuințelor 2011. INSSE. Archived from the original on 26 September 2021. Retrieved 23 February 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926205609/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/","url_text":"\"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională\""},{"url":"http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kiss, Lajos (1988). Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 108. ISBN 978-963-05-4568-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=asBUKwAACAAJ","url_text":"Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-05-4568-6","url_text":"978-963-05-4568-6"}]},{"reference":"Morar (2019). \"Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental\". Dilema Veche (in Romanian). Retrieved 2022-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/tema-saptamanii/citeva-litere-dintr-un-dictionar-sentimental-626981.html","url_text":"\"Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental\""}]},{"reference":"\"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://adevarul.ro/locale/arad/orasul-mures-avut-initial-numele-cavalerului-orod-primit-usoara-modificare-ajungand-arad-1_51a39c9dc7b855ff563063d0/index.html","url_text":"\"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\""}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Arad\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 311–312.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arad","url_text":"Arad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"Carmichael, Cathie (2009). Genocide Before the Holocaust. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-30012-117-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-30012-117-9","url_text":"978-0-30012-117-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230829021923/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Arad_15200.csv","url_text":"\"Arad Climate Normals 1991-2020\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration","url_text":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration"},{"url":"https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Romania/CSV/Arad_15200.csv","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)\" (CSV). ncei.noaa.gov. NOAA. Retrieved February 11, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Romania/15200.csv","url_text":"\"World Meteorological Organization Normals for 1981-2010: Arad (WMO number 15200)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOAA","url_text":"NOAA"}]},{"reference":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\" (in Romanian). INSSE. 31 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","url_text":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Statistics_(Romania)","url_text":"INSSE"}]},{"reference":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\" (PDF) (in Hungarian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22. Retrieved 2022-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222041936/http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/aretn02.pdf","url_text":"\"ERDÉLY ETNIKAI ÉS FELEKEZETI STATISZTIKÁJA\""},{"url":"http://www.kia.hu/konyvtar/erdely/erd2002/aretn02.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana\".","urls":[{"url":"https://library.hungaricana.hu/hu/view/NEDA_1910_01/?pg=0&layout=s)","url_text":"\"1910. ÉVI NÉPSZÁMLÁLÁS 1. A népesség főbb adatai községek és népesebb puszták, telepek szerint (1912) | Könyvtár | Hungaricana\""}]},{"reference":"\"Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale\" (in Romanian). Parliament of Romania. Archived from the original on 21 March 2008. Retrieved 2008-03-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123","url_text":"\"Law no. 215 / 21 April 2001: Legea administrației publice locale\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080321151128/http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act_text?idt=27123","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar\". Mediafax. 28 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mediafax.ro/politic/calin-bibart-noul-primar-al-aradului-dupa-ce-gheorghe-falca-a-renuntat-la-mandat-pentru-a-deveni-europarlamentar-18199387","url_text":"\"Călin Bibarţ, noul primar al Aradului, după ce Gheorghe Falcă a renunţat la mandat pentru a deveni europarlamentar\""}]},{"reference":"\"MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024\". www.primariaarad.ro.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.primariaarad.ro/dm_arad/portal.nsf/AllByUNID/mandatul-20202024-0000cf1e?OpenDocument","url_text":"\"MEMBRII CONSILIULUI LOCAL AL MUNICIPIULUI ARAD MANDATUL: 2020-2024\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere\". primariaarad.ro. Archived from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220118091540/http://www.primariaarad.ro/info.php?page=%2Fpma%2Finfratite.html","url_text":"\"Orașe înfrățite si orașe partenere\""},{"url":"http://www.primariaarad.ro/info.php?page=/pma/infratite.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-061-3","url_text":"1-86064-061-3"}]},{"reference":"Kristó, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996). Az Árpád-ház uralkodói [Rulers of the House of Árpád] (in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek. ISBN 963-7930-97-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-7930-97-3","url_text":"963-7930-97-3"}]},{"reference":"Makk, Ferenc (1989). The Árpáds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th century. Translated by György Novák. Akadémiai Kiadó. ISBN 963-05-5268-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-5268-X","url_text":"963-05-5268-X"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arad,_Romania¶ms=46_10_30_N_21_18_45_E_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"46°10′30″N 21°18′45″E / 46.17500°N 21.31250°E / 46.17500; 21.31250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Arad,_Romania¶ms=46_10_30_N_21_18_45_E_region:RO_type:adm1st_dim:100000","external_links_name":"46°10′30″N 21°18′45″E / 46.17500°N 21.31250°E / 46.17500; 21.31250"},{"Link":"http://www.primariaarad.ro/","external_links_name":"www.primariaarad.ro"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arad,_Romania&action=edit","external_links_name":"converting this article"},{"Link":"https://prezenta.roaep.ro/locale27092020/romania-pv-final","external_links_name":"\"Results of the 2020 local elections\""},{"Link":"https://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Tabel-1.03_1.3.1-si-1.03.2.xls","external_links_name":"\"Populaţia rezidentă după grupa de vârstă, pe județe și municipii, orașe, comune, la 1 decembrie 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.cjarad.ro/arad/index.php?meniuId=39&viewCat=507","external_links_name":"\"Consiliul Judetean Arad\""},{"Link":"http://www.aradcityguide.ro/_/monument-istoric/preparandia-romana/","external_links_name":"\"Preparandia Română\""},{"Link":"https://adevarul.ro/locale/arad/prima-fabrica-automobile-tara-fost-construita-arad-1_50acb4187c42d5a663888abe/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Prima fabrică de automobile din ţară a fost construită la Arad\""},{"Link":"http://www.historica-cluj.ro/anuare/AnuarHistorica2017/13.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Realități demografice de pe Valea Mureșului Inferior în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și la începutul secolului al XX-lea\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210926205609/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/","external_links_name":"\"Volumul II: Populația stabilă (rezidentă) – structura etnică și confesională\""},{"Link":"http://www.recensamantromania.ro/noutati/volumul-ii-populatia-stabila-rezidenta-structura-etnica-si-confesionala/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=asBUKwAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Földrajzi nevek etimológiai szótára"},{"Link":"https://dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/tema-saptamanii/citeva-litere-dintr-un-dictionar-sentimental-626981.html","external_links_name":"\"Cîteva litere dintr-un dicționar sentimental\""},{"Link":"https://stiri.acasa.ro/auto-tehno-190/it-c-191/la-arad-a-fost-descoperit-un-schelet-uman-din-epoca-fierului-70568.html","external_links_name":"La Arad a fost descoperit un schelet uman din epoca fierului"},{"Link":"https://adevarul.ro/locale/arad/orasul-mures-avut-initial-numele-cavalerului-orod-primit-usoara-modificare-ajungand-arad-1_51a39c9dc7b855ff563063d0/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Oraşul de pe Mureş a avut iniţial numele cavalerului Orod, după care a primit o uşoară modificare, ajungând \"Arad\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.aradnet.ro/arad/sinagoga_din_arad___misterul_din_spatele_usilor___stiri_arad_234_344952.html","external_links_name":"\"Sinagoga din Arad - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Cycling_Federation | Swedish Cycling Federation | ["1 External links"] | National governing body of cycle racing in Sweden
SCF logo
The Swedish Cycling Federation or SCF (in Swedish: Svenska Cykelförbundet) was established in 1900, and is the national governing body of cycle racing in Sweden.
The SCF is a member of the UCI and the UEC.
External links
Swedish Cycling Federation official website
vteSports governing bodies in Sweden (SWE)Summer Olympic Sports
Aquatics
Archery
Athletics
Badminton
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Boxing
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Cycling
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inc. Beach Volleyball
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vteNational members of the Union Cycliste Internationale
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road bicycle racing
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Europe (UEC)
ALB
AND
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DEN
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† Associate member of continental confederation (not a member of UCI)
ǂ National federation suspended by the UCI
vteInternational cyclingAfrica
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Men's road
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Cyclists
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Achievements by nation
This article about a cycling-related organization is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about sports in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about an organization based in Sweden is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Svenska_Cykelf%C3%B6rbundet_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"governing body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_governing_body"},{"link_name":"cycle racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"UCI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Cycliste_Internationale"},{"link_name":"UEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Europ%C3%A9enne_de_Cyclisme"}],"text":"SCF logoThe Swedish Cycling Federation or SCF (in Swedish: Svenska Cykelförbundet) was established in 1900, and is the national governing body of cycle racing in Sweden.The SCF is a member of the UCI and the UEC.","title":"Swedish Cycling Federation"}] | [{"image_text":"SCF logo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Svenska_Cykelf%C3%B6rbundet_logo.svg/100px-Svenska_Cykelf%C3%B6rbundet_logo.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.scf.se/","external_links_name":"Swedish Cycling Federation official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Cycling_Federation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Cycling_Federation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swedish_Cycling_Federation&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaxieu | Flaxieu | ["1 Population","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 45°49′00″N 5°44′00″E / 45.8167°N 5.7333°E / 45.8167; 5.7333
Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions.
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Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceFlaxieuCommuneTown hallLocation of Flaxieu
FlaxieuShow map of FranceFlaxieuShow map of Auvergne-Rhône-AlpesCoordinates: 45°49′00″N 5°44′00″E / 45.8167°N 5.7333°E / 45.8167; 5.7333CountryFranceRegionAuvergne-Rhône-AlpesDepartmentAinArrondissementBelleyCantonBelleyGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Serge BalArea12.79 km2 (1.08 sq mi)Population (2021)64 • Density23/km2 (59/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code01162 /01350Elevation225–285 m (738–935 ft) (avg. 275 m or 902 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Flaxieu (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 67— 1975 47−4.94%1982 49+0.60%1990 53+0.99%1999 50−0.65%2009 60+1.84%2014 65+1.61%2020 65+0.00%Source: INSEE
See also
Communes of the Ain department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2024.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 10 December 2023 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flaxieu.
vte Communes of the Ain department
L'Abergement-Clémenciat
L'Abergement-de-Varey
Ambérieu-en-Bugey
Ambérieux-en-Dombes
Ambléon
Ambronay
Ambutrix
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Anglefort
Apremont
Aranc
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Attignat
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Balan
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Domsure
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Douvres
Drom
Druillat
Échallon
Échenevex
Évosges
Faramans
Fareins
Farges
Feillens
Ferney-Voltaire
Flaxieu
Foissiat
Francheleins
Frans
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Genouilleux
Géovreisset
Gexsubpr
Giron
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Grand-Corent
Grièges
Grilly
Groissiat
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Guéreins
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Illiat
Injoux-Génissiat
Innimond
Izenave
Izernore
Izieu
Jassans-Riottier
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Journans
Joyeux
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Labalme
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Laiz
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Rossillon
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Saint-André-d'Huiriat
Saint-André-le-Bouchoux
Saint-André-sur-Vieux-Jonc
Saint-Bénigne
Saint-Bernard
Saint-Cyr-sur-Menthon
Saint-Denis-en-Bugey
Saint-Denis-lès-Bourg
Saint-Didier-d'Aussiat
Saint-Didier-de-Formans
Saint-Didier-sur-Chalaronne
Sainte-Croix
Sainte-Euphémie
Sainte-Julie
Saint-Éloi
Sainte-Olive
Saint-Étienne-du-Bois
Saint-Étienne-sur-Chalaronne
Saint-Étienne-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Genis-Pouilly
Saint-Genis-sur-Menthon
Saint-Georges-sur-Renon
Saint-Germain-de-Joux
Saint-Germain-les-Paroisses
Saint-Germain-sur-Renon
Saint-Jean-de-Gonville
Saint-Jean-de-Niost
Saint-Jean-de-Thurigneux
Saint-Jean-le-Vieux
Saint-Jean-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Jean-sur-Veyle
Saint-Julien-sur-Reyssouze
Saint-Julien-sur-Veyle
Saint-Just
Saint-Laurent-sur-Saône
Saint-Marcel
Saint-Martin-de-Bavel
Saint-Martin-du-Frêne
Saint-Martin-du-Mont
Saint-Martin-le-Châtel
Saint-Maurice-de-Beynost
Saint-Maurice-de-Gourdans
Saint-Maurice-de-Rémens
Saint-Nizier-le-Bouchoux
Saint-Nizier-le-Désert
Saint-Paul-de-Varax
Saint-Rambert-en-Bugey
Saint-Rémy
Saint-Sorlin-en-Bugey
Saint-Sulpice
Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes
Saint-Trivier-sur-Moignans
Saint-Vulbas
Salavre
Samognat
Sandrans
Sault-Brénaz
Sauverny
Savigneux
Ségny
Seillonnaz
Sergy
Sermoyer
Serrières-de-Briord
Serrières-sur-Ain
Servas
Servignat
Seyssel
Simandre-sur-Suran
Sonthonnax-la-Montagne
Souclin
Sulignat
Surjoux-Lhopital
Talissieu
Tenay
Thil
Thoiry
Thoissey
Torcieu
Tossiat
Toussieux
Tramoyes
La Tranclière
Trévoux
Valeins
Val-Revermont
Valromey-sur-Séran
Valserhône
Vandeins
Varambon
Vaux-en-Bugey
Verjon
Vernoux
Versailleux
Versonnex
Vesancy
Vescours
Vésines
Vieu-d'Izenave
Villars-les-Dombes
Villebois
Villemotier
Villeneuve
Villereversure
Villes
Villette-sur-Ain
Villieu-Loyes-Mollon
Viriat
Virieu-le-Grand
Virignin
Vongnes
Vonnas
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
This Ain geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[flaksjø]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Ain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceCommune in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, FranceFlaxieu (French pronunciation: [flaksjø]) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.","title":"Flaxieu"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Ain department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Ain_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-01162","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flaxieu¶ms=45.8167_N_5.7333_E_type:city(64)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"45°49′00″N 5°44′00″E / 45.8167°N 5.7333°E / 45.8167; 5.7333"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/translate?&u=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFlaxieu&sl=fr&tl=en&prev=_t&hl=en","external_links_name":"View"},{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Flaxieu¶ms=45.8167_N_5.7333_E_type:city(64)_region:FR-ARA","external_links_name":"45°49′00″N 5°44′00″E / 45.8167°N 5.7333°E / 45.8167; 5.7333"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-01162","external_links_name":"01162"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200628030259/https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-01162","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-01162#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231210224802/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7633058?geo=COM-01162#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flaxieu&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MB298 | User talk:Kingofthedead | ["1 Notification of new discussion concerning Marquita Bradshaw","2 Idaho Prop 2 Results?","3 The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November!","4 \"Barry Hussein Obama\" listed at Redirects for discussion","5 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists","6 ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message","7 Orphaned non-free image File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg","8 Than you for your helpful reversion notes","9 DC Statehood Greens","10 Nomination of William Mohr for deletion","11 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists","12 Delmarva Peninsula","13 Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021","14 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Utah Constitutionalists","15 \"Locker room talk\" listed at Redirects for discussion","16 \"List of presents of the United States\" listed at Redirects for discussion","17 \"List of presents of Russia\" listed at Redirects for discussion","18 Orphaned non-free image File:Henry Heimlich.jpg","19 Disambiguation link notification for March 20","20 \"2024 United States elections\" listed at Redirects for discussion","21 Orphaned non-free image File:Gangsta Rap The Glockumentary.jpg","22 WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – July 2020","23 Orphaned non-free image File:Ted Cruz presidential campaign logo old.png","24 Orphaned non-free image File:Hit or Miss (Jacob Sartorius song).jpg","25 Orphaned non-free image File:Logo of Washington County, Oregon.gif","26 Disambiguation link notification for September 4","27 File:John F. Simms.jpg listed for discussion","28 Orphaned non-free image File:Maureen Kennedy Salaman.jpg","29 Welcome to the Months of African Cinema Global Contest!","30 November 2021","31 The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November!","32 Orphaned non-free image File:Benny Benson.jpg","33 ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message","34 Orphaned non-free image File:Make America Crip Again v2.jpg","35 \"Rashaun O'Neal\" listed at Redirects for discussion","36 Please create the killer Mike - Reagan (song) page","37 File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg listed for discussion","38 Orphaned non-free image File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg","39 Orphaned non-free image File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg","40 Nomination of List of island counties of the United States for deletion","41 You're Invited! Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia","42 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Ohio Constitutionalists","43 Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Blue Enigma","44 Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Chicano","45 Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Solidarity","46 Portland Art+Feminism Edit-a-thon: March 12, 2022","47 Orphaned non-free image File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg","48 Nomination of Thomas Dixon (politician) for deletion","49 MfD nomination of Template:User Rand Paul","50 Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif","51 Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Maui County, Hawaii.gif","52 Nomination of Steve Moses (television personality) for deletion","53 Nomination of George Boswell for deletion","54 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists","55 MfD nomination of Template:User no antifa","56 MfD nomination of Template:User pro free speech","57 Belated RfD notice","58 Orphaned non-free image File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png","59 \"Twenty sixteen\" listed at Redirects for discussion","60 ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message","61 Disambiguation link notification for December 5","62 Proposed deletion of Monégasque Americans","63 \"Rock Johnson\" listed at Redirects for discussion","64 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Illinois Constitutionalists","65 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Wyoming police officers","66 John Kasich 2016 presidential Map","67 Orphaned non-free image File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg","68 Block review","69 Nomination of Susheela Jayapal for deletion","70 Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Laura Bush","71 Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of North Pole, Alaska.gif","72 ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message","73 File:Get out of jail free.jpg listed for discussion","74 Nomination for deletion of Template:Trump confirmations","75 Orphaned non-free image File:GTA San Andreas iOS gameplay.jpg","76 \"Robert Lindsay (Sylhet\" listed at Redirects for discussion","77 Orphaned non-free image File:Johnny Rebel.jpg","78 International Women’s Day Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon, Sunday, March 10","79 Speedy deletion nomination of Pierre Connes","80 \"Pierre Connes\" listed at Redirects for discussion","81 Speedy deletion nomination of Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists","82 \"Shaq's Size\" listed at Redirects for discussion","83 Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion"] | Notification of new discussion concerning Marquita Bradshaw
You recently expressed an opinion at Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Marquita_Bradshaw. (That AfD closed Sept 4 with consensus expressed as "The result was keep. A discussion on whether or not to merge or redirect can happen after this AfD.") A new proposal, to redirect searches for "Marquita Bradshaw" to 2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee is being discussed at Talk:2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee#Proposed merge of Marquita Bradshaw into 2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee. HouseOfChange (talk) 16:06, 30 September 2020 (UTC)
Idaho Prop 2 Results?
Hi I noticed you put up the image for Idaho's Prop 2 results by county in 2018 (to expand medicaid). I was wondering where I could find the county level results for that vote. Thanks! --CartoonDiablo (talk) 00:32, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
@CartoonDiablo: https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=860816 Kingofthedead (talk) 00:33, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
Thanks! --CartoonDiablo (talk) 01:54, 21 October 2020 (UTC)
The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November!
Greetings,
Thank you very much for participating in the Months of African Cinema global contest/edit-a-thon, and thank you for your contributions so far.
It is already the middle of the contest and a lot have been achieved already! We have been able to get over 1,500 articles created in over fifteen (15) languages! This would not have been possible without your support and we want to thank you. If you have not yet listed your name as a participant in the contest page please do so.
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We are very excited about what has been achieved so far, but your contributions are still needed to further exceed all expectations! Let’s create more articles before the end of this contest, which is this November!!!
Thank you once again for being part of this global event! --Jamie Tubers (talk) 10:30, 06 November 2020 (UTC)
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"Barry Hussein Obama" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists
A tag has been placed on Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.
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Orphaned non-free image File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg
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Than you for your helpful reversion notes
I want to thank you for your helpful reversion notes. Another editor reverts my moves to possibly living people with statements like "utter blithing incompetence" in some cases leaving it unclear exactly how he knows the person in question still fits in the living people category when the most recent working link dates to 27 or 28 years ago, the only link added in the last 5 years was a primary source one on the subjects birth, and the article itself unhelpfully does not believe in using dates for jobs. The article is on Robert Basmann if you want to have a go at it. John Pack Lambert (talk) 23:58, 21 January 2021 (UTC)
Stop being an uncivil lout, JPL. If you want to complain about me, I have a talk page that somehow appears to have escaped your attention. Instead, not only are you posting to uninvolved editors' talk pages. trying to drag them in, but you're dishonestly trying to shame me by presenting faked quotes from my edit summaries with misspellings I hadn't made on each talk page you posted to. I can spell "blithering". Here, it looks like you can't. That's at best ironic, or it would be if it didn't appear deliberate. Bluntly, you don't understand the instructions for the category. It doesn't say "sourcing". It says "documentation". Any documentation that indicates the subject has been alive within the last decade prevents application. It doesn't have to be in the article, or even be related to something notable enough to be in the article. A photo of them at their 75th high school reunion in their local paper would be good enough. It would be time- and effort-wasting to require that editors prove that elderly article subjects have done something noteworthy at an advanced age to prevent them from being classified as only possibly alive. It's also weird and creepy. In the case of Robert Basmann, which you whine about here, if you'd simply clicked on the "search" box in the university page already linked in the article, you'd have immediately arrived at a page indicating the subject is currently alive. You didn't bother to check. You also didn't bother to do a simple Google search. If you had, you would have found links to two pages forestalling application of the "possibly living" category. Face the truth, JPL, your indolent, slipshod editing and searching practices are corrosively damaging to this encyclopedia. You've already been responsible for one of Wikipedia's worst public embarrassments. Your attitude seems to be that you're such a special, privileged editor that those who disagree with you must prove their points and explain them to your satisfaction before altering your work. That's not the case.
DC Statehood Greens
Hey, I've noticed you've been doing a lot of work with historic DC elections. I'm not entirely sure who to talk to about this but I just realized that the DC Statehood Green Party has only existed since 1999 so we might have to overhaul all DC elections pages to create links to both new parties. Since it appears the Greens were absorbed into the Statehood Party I think we would keep that party's page and create another one for the Greens that existed for a few years. Baconheimian (talk) 01:48, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
@Baconheimian: Damn. Looks like you're right. But luckily there aren't that many to fix. Also looks like pretty much all the candidates were Statehood and not Green? OurCampaigns doesn't really distinguish there. 04:56, 26 January 2021 (UTC) Kingofthedead (talk) 04:56, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
I'm going to start going back and changing anything I can see. From what I can tell the only election the DC Greens were actually in was the 1998 Shadow Representative so it looks like anything pre-1999 should become Statehood. It turns out there's actually a Statehood Party color template but it has rarely been used.Baconheimian (talk) 14:07, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
Nomination of William Mohr for deletion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists
A tag has been placed on Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.
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Delmarva Peninsula
First of all, I congratulate you on your great work editing articles on regions such as MN's Iron Range, MD's Eastern Shore and the Delmarva Peninsula and providing political and electoral information thereon. That was an area of knowledge that for too long had been ignored by editors.
But I wanted to point out that the article on the Delmarva Peninsula sets its boundaries as commencing south of Wilmington, DE, and that the city is not included within the Peninsula. This is clear from the list of cities in the article, which sets forth Dover and Salisbury as the two largest by population in the Delmarva Peninsula. For this reason, the presidential-election results for the Delmarva Peninsula should not include those of Wilmington.
From the number of votes cast and the Democratic margins in the table that you added to the article, you clearly included all of New Castle County, including Wilmington, in the electoral results. Is the issue that the southern portion of New Castle County lies within the Delmarva Peninsula but the city of Wilmington doesn't? That could be a problem in determining the presidential-election vote for the Delmarva Peninsula, since Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections does not provide New Castle County data by precinct or even by town. Have you found election data for different parts of New Castle County?
I look forward to hearing from you on this, and I am confident that we'll be able to provide electoral information that is consistent with the rest of the article (even if it requires an explanation regarding the incomplete nature of the voting results). AuH2ORepublican (talk) 22:46, 23 February 2021 (UTC)
@AuH2ORepublican: Hmm. Might add a disclaimer that it's the state of Delaware combined with the rest of the peninsula. Another option would be to display the results both with and without New Castle county. Precinct data is probably available somewhere but it's too time-consuming for me to really pursue. Just from a quick Google search for "Delmarva Peninsula" it looks like New Castle is included in the majority of the proposals. Official sources cite that definition too - the Bureau of Labor Statistics () for example. Honestly I'd just go with leaving in New Castle and adding a disclaimer. Kingofthedead (talk) 00:00, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
Given that the article's definition of the Delmarva Peninsula excludes Wilmington, and with how difficult it would be to exclude Wilmington but not the parts of New Castle County to its south, I think that having two tables (with and without New Castle County) would be best. But, yes, a footnote describing what is included would be helpful. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 00:08, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
@AuH2ORepublican: Sounds good. Will get that done in a day or two. Kingofthedead (talk) 07:11, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
Thank you. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 12:29, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
@Superman7515: See this convo. Kingofthedead (talk) 20:38, 24 February 2021 (UTC)
@AuH2ORepublican: and @Kingofthedead:, respectfully, I wholeheartedly disagree. The information is not that difficult to find, and just because someone is not interested in doing the work to make it correct, does not mean incorrect information should be added. With the article using the C&D Canal as the "border", as evidenced by neither Newark, New Castle, or Elkton being included in the largest municipalities, the totals for New Castle County should include District 8, District 9, and District 11 because those three districts entirely encompass the portion of New Castle County below the canal and no district overlaps. This changes the table dramatically. There were 296,268 votes cast for Joe Biden in New Castle County, but only 23,127 from those three districts below the canal. There were 200,603 ballots cast for Donald Trump in New Castle County, but only 20,131 from those three districts below the canal. While Joe Biden still "wins" two of those three districts, it has a dramatic affect on the table. Subtracting the 273,141 ballots for Joe Biden that were not cast on the Delmarva part of New Castle County and subtracting the 180,472 similarly cast ballots for Donald Trump shifts the data table from a 60,000 vote win for Joe Biden to a 40,000 vote win for Donald Trump. A roughly 100,000 ballot difference when the total ballots cast is less than 800,000 is unconsciounably inaccurate for a Wikipedia article.Superman7515 (talk) 18:02, 26 February 2021 (UTC)
@Superman7515:, that is terrific research on the election data from the portion of New Castle County within the Delmarva Peninsula. Is such information publicly available for prior presidential elections as well? (Please remember that precinct boundaries change with every decennial U.S. Census.) And is such precinct-level information also available for Cecil County, MD?
Given that Wilmington casts such a high proportion of votes in New Castle County, and the relatively few of the county's votes cast within the boundaries of the Delmarva Peninsula are far less Democrat-leaning than the Wilmington vote, I think that removing the New Castle County vote from the electoral information on the table would yield a fair approximation of how Delmarva has voted through the years. The same applies to Cecil County as well, given tha only the southeastern portion of the County (which has a relatively small percentage of the county's population and voters) lies within Delmarva. For the years for which New Castle County and Cecil County precinct information is available, a more precise Delmarva vote can be included on a separate table.
What do you guys think? AuH2ORepublican (talk) 19:51, 28 February 2021 (UTC)
@AuH2ORepublican: Honestly I'm just thinking leaving it out is the best course of action here. Kingofthedead (talk) 00:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC)
Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021
Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Utah Constitutionalists
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"Locker room talk" listed at Redirects for discussion
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"List of presents of the United States" listed at Redirects for discussion
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A discussion is taking place to address the redirect List of presents of Russia. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 11#List of presents of Russia until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC678 03:17, 11 March 2021 (UTC)
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"2024 United States elections" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect 2024 United States elections. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 April 27#2024 United States elections until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. ― Tartan357 Talk 20:05, 27 April 2021 (UTC)
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WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter – July 2020
WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter - July 2021
WikiProject Big Brother Newsletter Volume IV, No. 1 - July 2020
About
The WikiProject Big Brother newsletter is a frequently published newsletter about the project. Started by Alucard 16, in 2009 and revived by TheDoctorWho in 2019, regarding updates and happenings within the WikiProject.
Current Big Brother editions
There are currently 4 editions of Big Brother on air:
Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 3)
Bigg Boss Kannada (season 8)
Big Brother 23 (American season)
Big Brother VIP (Israeli season 4)
Future Big Brother editions
There are 8 confirmed editions of Big Brother set to air during 2021:
Promi Big Brother (season 9); August 2021
Big Brother (Finnish season 14); September 2021
Big Brother (Greek season 7); September 2021
Grande Fratello VIP (season 6); September 2021
Big Brother Naija (season 6); 2021
Big Brother (Portuguese season 7); 2021
Big Brother VIP (Australian TV series); 2021
Bigg Boss Tamil (season 5); 2021
There are 2 confirmed editions of Big Brother set to air during 2022:
Big Brother Canada (season 10); Spring 2022
Gran Hermano VIP (season 8); 2022
There are 2 confirmed editions of Big Brother with unknown air dates:
Bigg Boss Marathi (season 3)
Big Brother VIP Albania
Recent Big Brother editions
There are 0 recently concluded edition of Big Brother
Next publication
If you have anything you would like published in the next or other future editions of the newsletter please leave a message on the WikiProject's talkpage or the talk page of any contributor. If you are interested in helping with the newsletter, please leave a message in the same place or be bold and jump right in!
Project objectives
Continue to improve Big Brother articles to bring them inline with MOS:TV
All Big Brother parent articles should contain {{Infobox television}} and {{Series overview}}, either housed on the article or transcluded from a List of Episodes article, if there is more than one season of the series (see Big Brother (American TV series) and Celebrity Big Brother (British TV series) for examples).
All Big Brother season articles should contain {{Infobox television season}} with the module {{Infobox reality competition season}} (see Big Brother Canada (season 9) for an example).
The use of {{Episode table}} and {{Episode list}} with episode summaries of 200 words or less, or a general prose summary of 500 words or less, are preferred over other tables or formats (see Big Brother 23 (American season) for example).
Both Big Brother parent and season articles should follow the general format of articles described at MOS:TV (see Big Brother 21 (American season) for an example).
Any Big Brother series containing only one season should use {{Infobox television}}, {{Episode table}}, and {{Episode list}} in its article but not {{Series overview}} or any other season-specific templates such as {{Infobox television season}} (see Big Brother: Over the Top for an example).
Where possible both Big Brother parent and season articles should have information regarding production of the series.
Per this discussion individual seasons of Big Brother should no longer contain a standalone article of contestants.
The Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on television has caused numerous seasons or editions to be cancelled, postponed, or adjusted significantly; any information relating to this can be added in appropriate production sections.
Community discussions
Please take time to visit a list of our current community discussions and participate.
Discussion regarding standardization of terms used in progress tables.
Wikipedia:Notability (television) is currently being drafted regarding the notability of television series, seasons and episodes.
It has been requested that the following articles have episode summary sections
Celebrity Big Brother 3 (UK) - since August 25, 2006
Big Brother (Australia series 1) - since September 14, 2006
Big Brother (Australia series 2) - since September 14, 2006
Big Brother (Australia series 3) - since September 14, 2006
Big Brother (Australia series 4) - since September 14, 2006
Newsletter Contributors
TheDoctorWho (talk)
vteBig BrotherAfrica
Africa
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Location of different versions of Big Brother.Americas
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Loft Story
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Spanish
Celebrity Spanish
Asia-Pacific
Arab States
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VIP
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Bangla
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Indonesia
Israel
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Thailand
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Europe
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Belgium & The Netherlands
Bulgaria
Celebrity
Croatia
Celebrity
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Loft Story
Secret Story
Germany
Celebrity
Greece
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Slovakia
Slovenia
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Sweden
Sweden and Norway
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Celebrity
Virtual
Second Life
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User:TheDoctorWho (talk) 08:14, 14 July 2021 (UTC)
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Disambiguation link notification for September 4
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File:John F. Simms.jpg listed for discussion
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Welcome to the Months of African Cinema Global Contest!
Greetings!
The AfroCine Project core team is happy to inform you that the Months of African Cinema Contest is happening again this year in October and November. We invite Wikipedians all over the world to join in improving content related to African cinema on Wikipedia!
Please list your username under the participants’ section of the contest page to indicate your interest in participating in this contest. The term "African" in the context of this contest, includes people of African descent from all over the world, which includes the diaspora and the Caribbean.
The following prizes would be recognized at the end of the contest:
Overall winner
1st - $500
2nd - $200
3rd - $100
Diversity winner - $100
Gender-gap fillers - $100
Language Winners - up to $100*
Also look out for local prizes from affiliates in your countries or communities! For further information about the contest, the prizes and how to participate, please visit the contest page here. For further inquiries, please leave comments on the contest talkpage or on the main project talkpage. We look forward to your participation.--Jamie Tubers (talk) 23:20, 30th September 2021 (UTC)
Ýou can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this list
November 2021
Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Brandon Brown (racing driver). Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.
If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively, you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant noticeboards.
If you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.
Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Please note an RfC on the Talk page on this article is pending about whether to add content related to "Let's Go Brandon", and the RfC process is discussed further at Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment#Responding_to_an_RfC. Thank you, Beccaynr (talk) 19:11, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November!
Greetings,
It is already past the middle of the contest and we are really excited about the Months of African Contest 2021 achievements so far! We want to extend our sincere gratitude for the time and energy you have invested. If you have not yet participated in the contest, it is not too late to do it. Please list your username as a participant on the contest’s main page.
Please remember to list the articles you have improved or created on the article achievements' section of the contest page so they can be tracked. In order to win prizes, be sure to also list your article in the users by articles. Please note that your articles must be present in both the article achievement section on the main contest page, as well as on the Users By Articles page for you to qualify for a prize.
We would be awarding prizes to different categories of winners:
Overall winner
1st - $500
2nd - $200
3rd - $100
Diversity winner - $100
Gender-gap filler - $100
Language Winners - up to $100*
Thank you once again for your valued participation! --Jamie Tubers (talk) 18:50, 11 November 2021 (UTC)
You can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this list
Orphaned non-free image File:Benny Benson.jpg
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ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message
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"Rashaun O'Neal" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Please create the killer Mike - Reagan (song) page
killer Mike - Reagan (song) - the United States CIA created the African American drug plague in the 1990s - Gary Webb
Why is this not included or linked to in the article? Please create this article -- > "Reagan (song)"
NPR https://www.npr.org/2012/06/19/155308252/killer-mike-on-ronald-reagan-and-raising-daughters
New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/08/opinion/sway-kara-swisher-killer-mike.html
NewsWeek: https://www.newsweek.com/killer-mike-stephen-colbert-talk-race-police-bernie-sanders-412227
PS CIA employees have been caught editing Wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by Quiet2 (talk • contribs) 10:36, 5 February 2022 (UTC)
File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg listed for discussion
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Orphaned non-free image File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg
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Orphaned non-free image File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg
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Nomination of List of island counties of the United States for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of island counties of the United States, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.
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You're Invited! Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia
On, Friday, February 25, 2022, Oregon State University will be hosting an online editathon focused on Black history of the Pacific Northwest. You can learn more here and/or register here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:26, 23 February 2022 (UTC)
Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Ohio Constitutionalists
A tag has been placed on Category:Ohio Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.
If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 06:09, 24 February 2022 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Blue Enigma
Template:Party shading/Blue Enigma has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:49, 3 March 2022 (UTC)
Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Chicano
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Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Solidarity
Template:Party shading/Solidarity has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:50, 3 March 2022 (UTC)
Portland Art+Feminism Edit-a-thon: March 12, 2022
You are invited! An Art+Feminism Wikipedia edit-a-thon will be held in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 2022. Learn more here!
Wikipedia is one of the most-visited sites on the internet—and it’s created by people who volunteer their time to write and edit pages. Learn how to edit Wikipedia and be a part of shaping our understanding of our world. In this workshop, volunteer Wikipedia editors will be on hand to train participants on how to get started editing pages and offer ideas for which pages you can pitch in to help improve. Show up at any point during the four hours to get started!
Also: Free burritos!! We will be providing vegan, vegetarian, and meat burritos from food cart Loncheria Las Mayos. Alder Commons has a large, fenced playground. Children are welcome! Some computers will be available to borrow, but if you have a laptop, please bring it to use. We will also be leading an online training for new editors at 11am-12pm PST. Please feel free to join that training if you are not able to show up IRL.
This event is part of the international month of events organized by Art+Feminism, which is building a community of activists committed to closing information gaps related to gender, feminism, and the arts, beginning with Wikipedia. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:37, 8 March 2022 (UTC)
Orphaned non-free image File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg
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Nomination of Thomas Dixon (politician) for deletion
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MfD nomination of Template:User Rand Paul
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Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif
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Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Maui County, Hawaii.gif
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Nomination of Steve Moses (television personality) for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Steve Moses (television personality) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.
The article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steve Moses (television personality) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.
Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.
Bgsu98 (talk) 05:34, 20 July 2022 (UTC)
Nomination of George Boswell for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article George Boswell, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists
A tag has been placed on Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.
If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 01:06, 30 July 2022 (UTC)
MfD nomination of Template:User no antifa
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MfD nomination of Template:User pro free speech
Template:User pro free speech, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User pro free speech and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User pro free speech during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Sundostund (talk) 21:22, 14 August 2022 (UTC)
Belated RfD notice
Realdonaldtrump, which you created, is at RfD; see Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 22#Donald Trump and Twitter. Your contribution is welcome. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 16:29, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
Orphaned non-free image File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png
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"Twenty sixteen" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Proposed deletion of Monégasque Americans
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"Rock Johnson" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Illinois Constitutionalists
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Wyoming police officers
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John Kasich 2016 presidential Map
Hi User talk:Kingofthedead I found a map you done on the page of John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign on the Percentage of vote received by Kasich by state or territory in the Republican Party presidential primaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Kasich_2016.svg .
I was wondering could you make a similar map for Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign and Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign. Thanks.Muaza Husni (talk) 01:16, 31 August 2023 (UTC)
Orphaned non-free image File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg
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Block review
This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without good reason (see the blocking policy).
Kingofthedead (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))
Request reason:
Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is 64.124.45.191. I submitted a formal unblock request but I didn't realize I could just do this instead. Kingofthedead (talk) 01:59, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
Decline reason:
This is a "formal unblock request" so I'm not sure what you are referencing(maybe WP:UTRS?). That IP is indeed a webhost. 331dot (talk) 09:09, 15 October 2023 (UTC)
If you want to make any further unblock requests, please read the guide to appealing blocks first, then use the {{unblock}} template again. If you make too many unconvincing or disruptive unblock requests, you may be prevented from editing this page until your block has expired. Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked.
@331dot: I'm not sure what to do then. It's definitely the fault of my apartment complex where I get the wifi from. Kingofthedead (talk) 02:02, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
@Yamla: Again I'm not really sure what to do. I saw you denied my appeal request because my "IP address is a confirmed proxy" but I have no control over my IP address. That's determined by my wifi provider and apartment complex and I don't use any sort of a VPN. I'd just like to be able to edit Wikipedia again. Kingofthedead (talk) 03:35, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
See Template:Blocked p2p proxy for more details. --Yamla (talk) 09:44, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
@Yamla: Again I've tried all these options with no luck. Kingofthedead (talk) 05:09, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
If you have requested WP:IPBE as directed and if that request was declined, there is nothing more that can be done for you. --Yamla (talk) 10:12, 19 October 2023 (UTC)
@Yamla: Is there any particular reason why this exists? I'm pretty confused as to what a colocation server even is and how it differs based on the wifi network. My apartment complex switched over to new Wifi and immediately I stopped being able to edit Wikipedia. I'm not sure why simply switching to a new WiFi network would have such a drastic change. I'm not very knowledgeable when it comes to this sort of stuff so I'm not sure first of all, as you were the declining administrator, why specifically you declined my request for an exemption besides it being a "confirmed proxy"; this is not under my control whatsoever as I just use the WiFi connection my apartment complex provides. I'd just like a little more clarity if that's not too much to ask. Kingofthedead (talk) 06:50, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
Yes. Proxies such as the one you are using are typically used by highly abusive editors for spam and death threats and other such nonsense. Please understand, I'm not at all implying you would use it for that. --Yamla (talk) 09:52, 22 October 2023 (UTC)
Nomination of Susheela Jayapal for deletion
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Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Laura Bush
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Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of North Pole, Alaska.gif
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File:Get out of jail free.jpg listed for discussion
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"Robert Lindsay (Sylhet" listed at Redirects for discussion
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International Women’s Day Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon, Sunday, March 10
OJMCHE
The Oregon Jewish Museum and Center for Holocaust Education (OJMCHE), in partnership with social practice artist Shoshana Gugenheim and as part of the Art+Feminism Project, will host an International Women's Day Wikipedia Edit-a-thon to edit and/or create Wikipedia articles for Jewish women artists. The event will be held at the museum on Sunday, March 10 from 11am-3pm PDT. Pre-registration is preferred but not required. Members of the public are invited to come to the museum to learn about the editing process, its history, its impact, and how to do it. We aim to collaboratively edit/enter Jewish women artists into the canon. An experienced regional Wikipedian will provided will be on site to teach, support, and guide the process. Participants can select artists ahead of time or on site.
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Speedy deletion nomination of Pierre Connes
A tag has been placed on Pierre Connes requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:
This page redirects to Pierres Connes wife, which might be notable but it would be better if it is was just a red link
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"Pierre Connes" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Speedy deletion nomination of Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists
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Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion
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centenarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:Bermudian_centenarians&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"categorization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categorization"},{"link_name":"the category's entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion/Log/2024_June_7#Category:Bermudian_centenarians"},{"link_name":"categories for discussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Categories_for_discussion"},{"link_name":"Omnis Scientia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Omnis_Scientia"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Omnis_Scientia"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Notification of new discussion concerning Marquita Bradshaw[edit]You recently expressed an opinion at Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Marquita_Bradshaw. (That AfD closed Sept 4 with consensus expressed as \"The result was keep. A discussion on whether or not to merge or redirect can happen after this AfD.\") A new proposal, to redirect searches for \"Marquita Bradshaw\" to 2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee is being discussed at Talk:2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee#Proposed merge of Marquita Bradshaw into 2020 United States Senate election in Tennessee. HouseOfChange (talk) 16:06, 30 September 2020 (UTC)[reply]Idaho Prop 2 Results?[edit]Hi I noticed you put up the image for Idaho's Prop 2 results by county in 2018 (to expand medicaid). I was wondering where I could find the county level results for that vote. Thanks! --CartoonDiablo (talk) 00:32, 21 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]@CartoonDiablo: https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=860816 Kingofthedead (talk) 00:33, 21 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]\nThanks! --CartoonDiablo (talk) 01:54, 21 October 2020 (UTC)[reply]The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November![edit]Greetings,\nThank you very much for participating in the Months of African Cinema global contest/edit-a-thon, and thank you for your contributions so far.\nIt is already the middle of the contest and a lot have been achieved already! We have been able to get over 1,500 articles created in over fifteen (15) languages! This would not have been possible without your support and we want to thank you. If you have not yet listed your name as a participant in the contest page please do so. \nPlease make sure to list the articles you have created or improved in the article achievements' section of the contest page, so that they can be easily tracked. To be able to claim prizes, please also ensure to list your articles on the users by articles page. We would be awarding prizes to different categories of winners:\n\nOverall winner\n1st - $500\n2nd - $200\n3rd - $100\nDiversity winner - $100\nGender-gap filler - $100\nLanguage Winners - up to $100*\nWe are very excited about what has been achieved so far, but your contributions are still needed to further exceed all expectations! Let’s create more articles before the end of this contest, which is this November!!!\nThank you once again for being part of this global event! --Jamie Tubers (talk) 10:30, 06 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]You can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this list\"Barry Hussein Obama\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Barry Hussein Obama. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2020 November 20#Barry Hussein Obama until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. TheAwesomeHwyh 18:31, 20 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:South Dakota Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. UnitedStatesian (talk) 01:28, 22 November 2020 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2020 Elections voter message[edit]Orphaned non-free image File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Multnomah Greyhound Park.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:36, 6 December 2020 (UTC)[reply]Than you for your helpful reversion notes[edit]I want to thank you for your helpful reversion notes. Another editor reverts my moves to possibly living people with statements like \"utter blithing incompetence\" in some cases leaving it unclear exactly how he knows the person in question still fits in the living people category when the most recent working link dates to 27 or 28 years ago, the only link added in the last 5 years was a primary source one on the subjects birth, and the article itself unhelpfully does not believe in using dates for jobs. The article is on Robert Basmann if you want to have a go at it. John Pack Lambert (talk) 23:58, 21 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]Stop being an uncivil lout, JPL. If you want to complain about me, I have a talk page that somehow appears to have escaped your attention. Instead, not only are you posting to uninvolved editors' talk pages. trying to drag them in, but you're dishonestly trying to shame me by presenting faked quotes from my edit summaries with misspellings I hadn't made on each talk page you posted to. I can spell \"blithering\". Here, it looks like you can't. That's at best ironic, or it would be if it didn't appear deliberate. Bluntly, you don't understand the instructions for the category. It doesn't say \"sourcing\". It says \"documentation\". Any documentation that indicates the subject has been alive within the last decade prevents application. It doesn't have to be in the article, or even be related to something notable enough to be in the article. A photo of them at their 75th high school reunion in their local paper would be good enough. It would be time- and effort-wasting to require that editors prove that elderly article subjects have done something noteworthy at an advanced age to prevent them from being classified as only possibly alive. It's also weird and creepy. In the case of Robert Basmann, which you whine about here, if you'd simply clicked on the \"search\" box in the university page already linked in the article, you'd have immediately arrived at a page indicating the subject is currently alive. You didn't bother to check. You also didn't bother to do a simple Google search. If you had, you would have found links to two pages forestalling application of the \"possibly living\" category. Face the truth, JPL, your indolent, slipshod editing and searching practices are corrosively damaging to this encyclopedia. You've already been responsible for one of Wikipedia's worst public embarrassments. Your attitude seems to be that you're such a special, privileged editor that those who disagree with you must prove their points and explain them to your satisfaction before altering your work. That's not the case.DC Statehood Greens[edit]Hey, I've noticed you've been doing a lot of work with historic DC elections. I'm not entirely sure who to talk to about this but I just realized that the DC Statehood Green Party has only existed since 1999 so we might have to overhaul all DC elections pages to create links to both new parties. Since it appears the Greens were absorbed into the Statehood Party I think we would keep that party's page and create another one for the Greens that existed for a few years. Baconheimian (talk) 01:48, 26 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]@Baconheimian: Damn. Looks like you're right. But luckily there aren't that many to fix. Also looks like pretty much all the candidates were Statehood and not Green? OurCampaigns doesn't really distinguish there. 04:56, 26 January 2021 (UTC) Kingofthedead (talk) 04:56, 26 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]\nI'm going to start going back and changing anything I can see. From what I can tell the only election the DC Greens were actually in was the 1998 Shadow Representative so it looks like anything pre-1999 should become Statehood. It turns out there's actually a Statehood Party color template but it has rarely been used.Baconheimian (talk) 14:07, 26 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of William Mohr for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article William Mohr, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/William Mohr until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:03, 14 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Tennessee Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 18:31, 22 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]Delmarva Peninsula[edit]First of all, I congratulate you on your great work editing articles on regions such as MN's Iron Range, MD's Eastern Shore and the Delmarva Peninsula and providing political and electoral information thereon. That was an area of knowledge that for too long had been ignored by editors.But I wanted to point out that the article on the Delmarva Peninsula sets its boundaries as commencing south of Wilmington, DE, and that the city is not included within the Peninsula. This is clear from the list of cities in the article, which sets forth Dover and Salisbury as the two largest by population in the Delmarva Peninsula. For this reason, the presidential-election results for the Delmarva Peninsula should not include those of Wilmington.From the number of votes cast and the Democratic margins in the table that you added to the article, you clearly included all of New Castle County, including Wilmington, in the electoral results. Is the issue that the southern portion of New Castle County lies within the Delmarva Peninsula but the city of Wilmington doesn't? That could be a problem in determining the presidential-election vote for the Delmarva Peninsula, since Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections does not provide New Castle County data by precinct or even by town. Have you found election data for different parts of New Castle County?I look forward to hearing from you on this, and I am confident that we'll be able to provide electoral information that is consistent with the rest of the article (even if it requires an explanation regarding the incomplete nature of the voting results). AuH2ORepublican (talk) 22:46, 23 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]@AuH2ORepublican: Hmm. Might add a disclaimer that it's the state of Delaware combined with the rest of the peninsula. Another option would be to display the results both with and without New Castle county. Precinct data is probably available somewhere but it's too time-consuming for me to really pursue. Just from a quick Google search for \"Delmarva Peninsula\" it looks like New Castle is included in the majority of the proposals. Official sources cite that definition too - the Bureau of Labor Statistics ([1]) for example. Honestly I'd just go with leaving in New Castle and adding a disclaimer. Kingofthedead (talk) 00:00, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\nGiven that the article's definition of the Delmarva Peninsula excludes Wilmington, and with how difficult it would be to exclude Wilmington but not the parts of New Castle County to its south, I think that having two tables (with and without New Castle County) would be best. But, yes, a footnote describing what is included would be helpful. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 00:08, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\n@AuH2ORepublican: Sounds good. Will get that done in a day or two. Kingofthedead (talk) 07:11, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\nThank you. AuH2ORepublican (talk) 12:29, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\n@Superman7515: See this convo. Kingofthedead (talk) 20:38, 24 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\n@AuH2ORepublican: and @Kingofthedead:, respectfully, I wholeheartedly disagree. The information is not that difficult to find, and just because someone is not interested in doing the work to make it correct, does not mean incorrect information should be added. With the article using the C&D Canal as the \"border\", as evidenced by neither Newark, New Castle, or Elkton being included in the largest municipalities, the totals for New Castle County should include District 8, District 9, and District 11 because those three districts entirely encompass the portion of New Castle County below the canal and no district overlaps. This changes the table dramatically. There were 296,268 votes cast for Joe Biden in New Castle County, but only 23,127 from those three districts below the canal. There were 200,603 ballots cast for Donald Trump in New Castle County, but only 20,131 from those three districts below the canal. While Joe Biden still \"wins\" two of those three districts, it has a dramatic affect on the table. Subtracting the 273,141 ballots for Joe Biden that were not cast on the Delmarva part of New Castle County and subtracting the 180,472 similarly cast ballots for Donald Trump shifts the data table from a 60,000 vote win for Joe Biden to a 40,000 vote win for Donald Trump. A roughly 100,000 ballot difference when the total ballots cast is less than 800,000 is unconsciounably inaccurate for a Wikipedia article.Superman7515 (talk) 18:02, 26 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]@Superman7515:, that is terrific research on the election data from the portion of New Castle County within the Delmarva Peninsula. Is such information publicly available for prior presidential elections as well? (Please remember that precinct boundaries change with every decennial U.S. Census.) And is such precinct-level information also available for Cecil County, MD?Given that Wilmington casts such a high proportion of votes in New Castle County, and the relatively few of the county's votes cast within the boundaries of the Delmarva Peninsula are far less Democrat-leaning than the Wilmington vote, I think that removing the New Castle County vote from the electoral information on the table would yield a fair approximation of how Delmarva has voted through the years. The same applies to Cecil County as well, given tha only the southeastern portion of the County (which has a relatively small percentage of the county's population and voters) lies within Delmarva. For the years for which New Castle County and Cecil County precinct information is available, a more precise Delmarva vote can be included on a separate table.What do you guys think? AuH2ORepublican (talk) 19:51, 28 February 2021 (UTC)[reply]\n@AuH2ORepublican: Honestly I'm just thinking leaving it out is the best course of action here. Kingofthedead (talk) 00:08, 1 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia - Editathon 2021[edit]Cascadia Wikimedians placed this banner at 03:46, 24 February 2021 (UTC) by using the Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland/Participants list.To subscribe to or unsubscribe from messages from Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland, please add or remove your name here.Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Utah Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Utah Constitutionalists requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the category has been empty for seven days or more and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. Liz Read! Talk! 16:36, 4 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"Locker room talk\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Locker room talk. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 5#Locker room talk until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Gaioa (T C L) 18:00, 5 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"List of presents of the United States\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect List of presents of the United States. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 11#List of presents of the United States until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Mdewman6 (talk) 02:15, 11 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"List of presents of Russia\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect List of presents of Russia. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 March 11#List of presents of Russia until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Regards, SONIC678 03:17, 11 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Henry Heimlich.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Henry Heimlich.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:38, 14 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for March 20[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Lester L. Wolff, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Medicare.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:24, 20 March 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"2024 United States elections\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]A discussion is taking place to address the redirect 2024 United States elections. The discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 April 27#2024 United States elections until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. ― Tartan357 Talk 20:05, 27 April 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Gangsta Rap The Glockumentary.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Gangsta Rap The Glockumentary.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. ShakespeareFan00 (talk) 18:34, 6 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Maureen Kennedy Salaman.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Maureen Kennedy Salaman.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:34, 11 September 2021 (UTC)[reply]Welcome to the Months of African Cinema Global Contest![edit]Greetings!\nThe AfroCine Project core team is happy to inform you that the Months of African Cinema Contest is happening again this year in October and November. We invite Wikipedians all over the world to join in improving content related to African cinema on Wikipedia!\nPlease list your username under the participants’ section of the contest page to indicate your interest in participating in this contest. The term \"African\" in the context of this contest, includes people of African descent from all over the world, which includes the diaspora and the Caribbean.\nThe following prizes would be recognized at the end of the contest:\n\nOverall winner\n1st - $500\n2nd - $200\n3rd - $100\nDiversity winner - $100\nGender-gap fillers - $100\nLanguage Winners - up to $100*\nAlso look out for local prizes from affiliates in your countries or communities! For further information about the contest, the prizes and how to participate, please visit the contest page here. For further inquiries, please leave comments on the contest talkpage or on the main project talkpage. We look forward to your participation.--Jamie Tubers (talk) 23:20, 30th September 2021 (UTC)Ýou can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this listNovember 2021[edit]Please refrain from making unconstructive edits to Wikipedia, as you did at Brandon Brown (racing driver). Your edits appear to be disruptive and have been or will be reverted.If you are engaged in an article content dispute with another editor, please discuss the matter with the editor at their talk page, or the article's talk page, and seek consensus with them. Alternatively, you can read Wikipedia's dispute resolution page, and ask for independent help at one of the relevant noticeboards.\nIf you are engaged in any other form of dispute that is not covered on the dispute resolution page, please seek assistance at Wikipedia's Administrators' noticeboard/Incidents.Please ensure you are familiar with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines, and please do not continue to make edits that appear disruptive. Continued disruptive editing may result in loss of editing privileges. Please note an RfC on the Talk page on this article is pending about whether to add content related to \"Let's Go Brandon\", and the RfC process is discussed further at Wikipedia:Requests_for_comment#Responding_to_an_RfC. Thank you, Beccaynr (talk) 19:11, 1 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]The Months of African Cinema Contest Continues in November![edit]Greetings,\nIt is already past the middle of the contest and we are really excited about the Months of African Contest 2021 achievements so far! We want to extend our sincere gratitude for the time and energy you have invested. If you have not yet participated in the contest, it is not too late to do it. Please list your username as a participant on the contest’s main page.\nPlease remember to list the articles you have improved or created on the article achievements' section of the contest page so they can be tracked. In order to win prizes, be sure to also list your article in the users by articles. Please note that your articles must be present in both the article achievement section on the main contest page, as well as on the Users By Articles page for you to qualify for a prize. \nWe would be awarding prizes to different categories of winners:\n\nOverall winner\n1st - $500\n2nd - $200\n3rd - $100\nDiversity winner - $100\nGender-gap filler - $100\nLanguage Winners - up to $100*\nThank you once again for your valued participation! --Jamie Tubers (talk) 18:50, 11 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]You can opt-out of this annual reminder from The Afrocine Project by removing your username from this listOrphaned non-free image File:Benny Benson.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Benny Benson.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:07, 12 November 2021 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message[edit]Orphaned non-free image File:Make America Crip Again v2.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Make America Crip Again v2.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 20:20, 25 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]\"Rashaun O'Neal\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Rashaun O'Neal and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 31#Rashaun O'Neal until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. -- Tavix (talk) 18:11, 31 December 2021 (UTC)[reply]Please create the killer Mike - Reagan (song) page[edit]killer Mike - Reagan (song) - the United States CIA created the African American drug plague in the 1990s - Gary Webb \nWhy is this not included or linked to in the article? Please create this article -- > \"Reagan (song)\"NPR https://www.npr.org/2012/06/19/155308252/killer-mike-on-ronald-reagan-and-raising-daughters\nNew York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/08/opinion/sway-kara-swisher-killer-mike.html\nNewsWeek: https://www.newsweek.com/killer-mike-stephen-colbert-talk-race-police-bernie-sanders-412227PS CIA employees have been caught editing Wikipedia — Preceding unsigned comment added by Quiet2 (talk • contribs) 10:36, 5 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg listed for discussion[edit]A file that you uploaded or altered, File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg, has been listed at Wikipedia:Files for discussion. Please see the discussion to see why it has been listed (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry). Feel free to add your opinion on the matter below the nomination. Thank you. Devonian Wombat (talk) 13:40, 12 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Peter Diamondstone.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 19:08, 13 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:ProvidencePark-logo.svg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 03:39, 16 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of List of island counties of the United States for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article List of island counties of the United States, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of island counties of the United States until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:02, 20 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]You're Invited! Writing Black History of the Pacific Northwest into Wikipedia[edit]On, Friday, February 25, 2022, Oregon State University will be hosting an online editathon focused on Black history of the Pacific Northwest. You can learn more here and/or register here. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 21:26, 23 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Ohio Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Ohio Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 06:09, 24 February 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Blue Enigma[edit]Template:Party shading/Blue Enigma has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:49, 3 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Chicano[edit]Template:Party shading/Chicano has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:49, 3 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Party shading/Solidarity[edit]Template:Party shading/Solidarity has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. Gonnym (talk) 05:50, 3 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Portland Art+Feminism Edit-a-thon: March 12, 2022[edit]You are invited! An Art+Feminism Wikipedia edit-a-thon will be held in Portland, Oregon, on March 12, 2022. Learn more here!Wikipedia is one of the most-visited sites on the internet—and it’s created by people who volunteer their time to write and edit pages. Learn how to edit Wikipedia and be a part of shaping our understanding of our world. In this workshop, volunteer Wikipedia editors will be on hand to train participants on how to get started editing pages and offer ideas for which pages you can pitch in to help improve. Show up at any point during the four hours to get started!Also: Free burritos!! We will be providing vegan, vegetarian, and meat burritos from food cart Loncheria Las Mayos. Alder Commons has a large, fenced playground. Children are welcome! Some computers will be available to borrow, but if you have a laptop, please bring it to use. We will also be leading an online training for new editors at 11am-12pm PST. Please feel free to join that training if you are not able to show up IRL.This event is part of the international month of events organized by Art+Feminism, which is building a community of activists committed to closing information gaps related to gender, feminism, and the arts, beginning with Wikipedia. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 14:37, 8 March 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Natalie Babbitt.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. 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MZMcBride (talk) 22:09, 23 June 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Flag of Salem, Oregon.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:16, 5 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of Maui County, Hawaii.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Flag of Maui County, Hawaii.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:19, 8 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of Steve Moses (television personality) for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Steve Moses (television personality) is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.\nThe article will be discussed at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Steve Moses (television personality) until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.\nUsers may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished.Bgsu98 (talk) 05:34, 20 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of George Boswell for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article George Boswell, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/George Boswell until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:02, 21 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Pennsylvania Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself. Liz Read! Talk! 01:06, 30 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]MfD nomination of Template:User no antifa[edit]Template:User no antifa, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User no antifa and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User no antifa during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. RockstoneSend me a message! 08:23, 30 July 2022 (UTC)[reply]MfD nomination of Template:User pro free speech[edit]Template:User pro free speech, a page which you created or substantially contributed to, has been nominated for deletion. Your opinions on the matter are welcome; you may participate in the discussion by adding your comments at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Template:User pro free speech and please be sure to sign your comments with four tildes (~~~~). You are free to edit the content of Template:User pro free speech during the discussion but should not remove the miscellany for deletion template from the top of the page; such a removal will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you. Sundostund (talk) 21:22, 14 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]Belated RfD notice[edit]Realdonaldtrump, which you created, is at RfD; see Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 August 22#Donald Trump and Twitter. Your contribution is welcome. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 16:29, 24 August 2022 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:B. Frank Heintzleman.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:07, 15 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]\"Twenty sixteen\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Twenty sixteen and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 October 29#Twenty sixteen until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. MightyArms (talk) 22:43, 29 October 2022 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 01:24, 29 November 2022 (UTC)[reply]Disambiguation link notification for December 5[edit]An automated process has detected that when you recently edited Shri Thanedar, you added a link pointing to the disambiguation page Axios.(Opt-out instructions.) --DPL bot (talk) 06:00, 5 December 2022 (UTC)[reply]Proposed deletion of Monégasque Americans[edit]The article Monégasque Americans has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern:Not enough Monegasque-Americans, or literature about them, to justify a page.While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the {{proposed deletion/dated}} notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing {{proposed deletion/dated}} will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. QueensanditsCrazy (talk) 19:07, 12 February 2023 (UTC)[reply]\"Rock Johnson\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Rock Johnson has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2023 April 18 § Rock Johnson until a consensus is reached. ErceÇamurOfficial (talk) 09:17, 18 April 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Illinois Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Illinois Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 22:18, 22 July 2023 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:Wyoming police officers[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:Wyoming police officers indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. ✗plicit 13:28, 19 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]John Kasich 2016 presidential Map[edit]Hi User talk:Kingofthedead I found a map you done on the page of John Kasich 2016 presidential campaign on the Percentage of vote received by Kasich by state or territory in the Republican Party presidential primaries https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Kasich_2016.svg .\nI was wondering could you make a similar map for Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign and Ted Cruz 2016 presidential campaign. Thanks.Muaza Husni (talk) 01:16, 31 August 2023 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Merry Muthafuckin' X-Mas.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. ~ GB fan 11:53, 26 September 2023 (UTC)[reply]Block review[edit]This user's unblock request has been reviewed by an administrator, who declined the request. Other administrators may also review this block, but should not override the decision without good reason (see the blocking policy).\nKingofthedead (block log • active blocks • global blocks • contribs • deleted contribs • filter log • creation log • change block settings • unblock • checkuser (log))\n\n\n\nRequest reason:\n\n\nCaught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is 64.124.45.191. I submitted a formal unblock request but I didn't realize I could just do this instead. Kingofthedead (talk) 01:59, 15 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\n\nDecline reason:\n\n\nThis is a \"formal unblock request\" so I'm not sure what you are referencing(maybe WP:UTRS?). That IP is indeed a webhost. 331dot (talk) 09:09, 15 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n\n\n\nIf you want to make any further unblock requests, please read the guide to appealing blocks first, then use the {{unblock}} template again. If you make too many unconvincing or disruptive unblock requests, you may be prevented from editing this page until your block has expired. Do not remove this unblock review while you are blocked.@331dot: I'm not sure what to do then. It's definitely the fault of my apartment complex where I get the wifi from. Kingofthedead (talk) 02:02, 16 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Yamla: Again I'm not really sure what to do. I saw you denied my appeal request because my \"IP address is a confirmed proxy\" but I have no control over my IP address. That's determined by my wifi provider and apartment complex and I don't use any sort of a VPN. I'd just like to be able to edit Wikipedia again. Kingofthedead (talk) 03:35, 16 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nSee Template:Blocked p2p proxy for more details. --Yamla (talk) 09:44, 16 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Yamla: Again I've tried all these options with no luck. Kingofthedead (talk) 05:09, 19 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nIf you have requested WP:IPBE as directed and if that request was declined, there is nothing more that can be done for you. --Yamla (talk) 10:12, 19 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\n@Yamla: Is there any particular reason why this exists? I'm pretty confused as to what a colocation server even is and how it differs based on the wifi network. My apartment complex switched over to new Wifi and immediately I stopped being able to edit Wikipedia. I'm not sure why simply switching to a new WiFi network would have such a drastic change. I'm not very knowledgeable when it comes to this sort of stuff so I'm not sure first of all, as you were the declining administrator, why specifically you declined my request for an exemption besides it being a \"confirmed proxy\"; this is not under my control whatsoever as I just use the WiFi connection my apartment complex provides. I'd just like a little more clarity if that's not too much to ask. Kingofthedead (talk) 06:50, 22 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]\nYes. Proxies such as the one you are using are typically used by highly abusive editors for spam and death threats and other such nonsense. Please understand, I'm not at all implying you would use it for that. --Yamla (talk) 09:52, 22 October 2023 (UTC)[reply]Nomination of Susheela Jayapal for deletion[edit]A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Susheela Jayapal, to which you have significantly contributed, is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or if it should be deleted.The discussion will take place at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Susheela Jayapal until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.To customise your preferences for automated AfD notifications for articles to which you've significantly contributed (or to opt-out entirely), please visit the configuration page. Delivered by SDZeroBot (talk) 01:00, 2 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/Laura Bush[edit]Orphaned non-free image File:Flag of North Pole, Alaska.gif[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Flag of North Pole, Alaska.gif. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:09, 27 November 2023 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2023 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2023 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 11 December 2023. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. 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JohnCWiesenthal (talk) 00:13, 13 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Nomination for deletion of Template:Trump confirmations[edit]Template:Trump confirmations has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. WikiCleanerMan (talk) 21:14, 30 December 2023 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:GTA San Andreas iOS gameplay.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:GTA San Andreas iOS gameplay.jpg. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:26, 13 January 2024 (UTC)[reply]\"Robert Lindsay (Sylhet\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Robert Lindsay (Sylhet has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 February 10 § Robert Lindsay (Sylhet until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 22:59, 10 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]Orphaned non-free image File:Johnny Rebel.jpg[edit]⚠Thanks for uploading File:Johnny Rebel.jpg. 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Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 18:34, 18 February 2024 (UTC)[reply]International Women’s Day Wikipedia Edit-a-Thon, Sunday, March 10[edit]Cascadia Wikimedians placed this banner at 22:50, 29 February 2024 (UTC) by using the Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland/Participants list.To subscribe to or unsubscribe from messages from Wikipedia:Meetup/Portland, please add or remove your name here.Speedy deletion nomination of Pierre Connes[edit]A tag has been placed on Pierre Connes requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:This page redirects to Pierres Connes wife, which might be notable but it would be better if it is was just a red linkUnder the criteria for speedy deletion, pages that meet certain criteria may be deleted at any time.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled \"Contest this speedy deletion\". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the deleting administrator, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. ReyHahn (talk) 22:09, 24 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]\"Pierre Connes\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Pierre Connes has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 March 24 § Pierre Connes until a consensus is reached. ReyHahn (talk) 22:55, 24 March 2024 (UTC)[reply]Speedy deletion nomination of Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists[edit]A tag has been placed on Category:New Jersey Constitutionalists indicating that it is currently empty, and is not a disambiguation category, a category redirect, a featured topics category, under discussion at Categories for discussion, or a project category that by its nature may become empty on occasion. If it remains empty for seven days or more, it may be deleted under section C1 of the criteria for speedy deletion.If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and removing the speedy deletion tag. Liz Read! Talk! 19:11, 1 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]\"Shaq's Size\" listed at Redirects for discussion[edit]The redirect Shaq's Size has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Anyone, including you, is welcome to comment on this redirect at Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2024 April 26 § Shaq's Size until a consensus is reached. Mazewaxie (talk • contribs) 07:37, 26 April 2024 (UTC)[reply]Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion[edit]Category:Bermudian centenarians has been nominated for deletion. A discussion is taking place to decide whether it complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Omnis Scientia (talk) 23:58, 7 June 2024 (UTC)[reply]","title":"User talk:Kingofthedead"}] | 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Russell_(barrister) | David Russell (barrister) | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Professional","2.2 Political","2.3 Other","3 Personal","4 Publications","5 Notes","6 External links"] | Australian barrister
David RussellPersonal detailsBorn (1950-12-02) 2 December 1950 (age 73)Dalby, QueenslandNationalityAustralianPolitical partyLiberal National PartySpouse(s)Deborah Russell† (1975–2011)Alma materUniversity of Queensland (BA, LL.B., LL.M.)ProfessionLawyerWebsitewww.davidrussellqc.com
David Graham Russell, AM, RFD, KC (born 2 December 1950) is an Australian barrister who specialises in international tax law.
Early life and education
David Russell was born in the town of Dalby in Queensland as the second son of Charles Wilfred Russell MP and Hilary Maude Russell (née Newton), subsequently H M Russell OBE. He attended Jimbour State School from 1956 to 1960, after which he attended Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane from 1961 to 1967. His university years were spent at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, where he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1971, his Bachelor of Laws in 1974, and finally his Master of Laws in 1983.
Career
Professional
Russell was admitted as a solicitor in Queensland in 1974, and was called to the Bar in 1977. He is admitted to practise in Australia, England and Wales (where he is a member of Lincoln's Inn), the Courts of the Dubai International Financial Centre, New York (as a legal consultant), New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in Australia in 1986.
He currently practises in Dubai and London at Outer Temple Chambers, Sydney at Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers and Brisbane at Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers,
He has acted for Commonwealth and State Governments as well as individuals and corporations.
Russell was President of the Taxation Institute of Australia from 1993 to 1995, and of the Asia Oceania Tax Consultants' Association from 1996 to 2000. He is a member of the Law Council of Australia Business Law Section Taxation Committee. He served as a member of the Ministerial Consultative Committee for the Tax Law Improvement Project from 1994 to 1997 and as a member of the Steering Committee for the National Review of Standards for the Tax Profession in 1993 and 1994. From 1991 to 1995 he was a member of the National Tax Liaison Group.
David Russell has lectured and written extensively on taxation related topics in Australia and overseas, and served as a member of the Advisory Editorial Board of Australian Tax Practice. He has lectured at the University of Sydney for the Master of Taxation course, the University of Queensland for the Master of Laws course and served as an adjunct professor of the University of Queensland. He was the Australian correspondent for Oxford University Press's academic journal Trusts & Trustees. and is now one of its co-editors.
He was Chairman of STEP Australia, a member of the STEP World Wide Council until 2018. Deputy Chair of STEP WorldWide in 2018 and 2019 and a member of STEP's Professional Standards and Public Policy Committees and the Committee of the STEP Contentious Trusts & Estates Special Interest Group, a co-chair of the United Arab Emirates Chapter of the International Section of the New York State Bar Association, and a member of the Executive Committee of the Section, an Academician of The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law, a member of The Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers, a member of The Commercial Bar Association, an Honorary Member of The Taxation Institute of Hong Kong, a Fellow Member of the Chartered Institute of Taxation (UK) and a Freeman of the City of London.
Russell is listed in the Taxation Category in the Australian Financial Review's Best Lawyers review of the Australian Legal Profession in 2008 and all later years. In 2012, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia for, amongst other things, "service … to taxation law and legal education". In 2014 he was awarded Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year. Since 2017 he has been a member of Legal Week's Private Client Clobal Elite .
From 2016 to 2018 he chaired the DIFC's Wealth Management Review, and is Executive Editor of the Laws of the DIFC .
Political
Yet there is someone else whose role in conceiving of the new party should also be acknowledged: my colleague David Russell QC, for whom the fusion of the Liberal and National parties in Queensland, to create what we might describe as ‘Liberalism with Queensland characteristics’, has been a life-work.
George Brandis QC, The Spectator, 31 March 2012
David Russell served continuously on the State Executive of the Liberal National Party of Queensland and its predecessor party, the National Party of Australia — Queensland from 1984 to 2014 apart from six months in 2008–2009. He was President of the National Party in Queensland from 1995 to 1999, Vice-President of the National Party of Australia from 1990 to 1995, and 1999 to 2005, and President of the National Party of Australia from 2005 to 2006. He played a significant part in the merger of the National and Liberal Parties in Queensland in 2008, and was Vice-President of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2009 to 2011.
Other
Outside the law, David Russell maintains his interest in his family's rural business, Russell Pastoral Company, and its flagship property, Jimbour Station in Jimbour, Queensland.
He served as President of the Australia-Japan Society in Queensland from 1997 to 2002, and as inaugural President of the National Federation of Australia Japan Societies from 2001 to 2005. In 2010 he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun with Gold Rays and Neck Ribbon for services to Australia–Japan relations.
Personal
David Russell married Deborah Ann Campbell on 19 September 1975. Deborah was the daughter of The Hon. Sir Walter Benjamin Campbell AC QC and Georgina Margaret Campbell (née Pearce). They have one son, Andrew Russell.
Publications
Towards greater fairness in taxation: A Model Taxpayer Charter (2013) ISBN 978-0-9550262-6-3 – with Michael Cadesky & Ian Hayes
Notes
^ "Door Tenants and Associates". Outer Temple Chambers. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2013.
^ "David Russell AM QC RFD". Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Gibbs Chambers: About Us". Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Taxation Institute update". Taxation in Australia: 1. July 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference" (PDF). 2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference: 10. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "History & Past Presidents". AOTCA. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Tax and Climate Change" (PDF). University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Seminar – Tax and Climate Change". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Australia Day honours to UQ community members". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Postgraduate Coursework Programs" (PDF). Page 15. University of Queensland: TC Beirne School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Editorial Board". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2013.
^ "Australia Board". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Member Profile". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Contentious Trusts and Estates Steering Committee and Inaugural Chairman of the International Client Special Interest Group". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "International – Committee/Chapter Rosters". The New York State Bar Association. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "TIAETL". The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law and from 2020 a Council Member of the Academy. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "David Russell QC – Best Lawyers Lawyer Profile". Best Lawyers International. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Australia Day Honours List 2012". The Office of the Governor, Queensland. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ a b "Australia Day honour for Nationals' stalwart David Russell". The Nationals. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Meet the Winners". The Tax Institute. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
^ "David Russell QC wins 'Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year 2014'". Outer Temple. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2014.
^ "Queensland Diary". The Spectator. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "National Party votes to reform Senate". ABC News. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Queensland Diary". The Spectator. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Proposed Nationals merger with Libs causes friction". ABC. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "No marriage of convenience". The Australian. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Beefing up the Brand". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Russell Pastoral Company". Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Jimbour Wines closure". The Chronicle. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Beefing up the Brand". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs Toshio Kojima's Attendance at the PIF Post-Forum Dialogue and Visit to Tonga and Fiji". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee". Australian Embassy, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee". Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "STEP Journal June 2010". STEP Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "STEP Journal June 2010". STEP Journal. 18 (6): 6. June 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
^ "Order of the Rising Sun award" (PDF). David Graham Russell. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"RFD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Force_Decoration"},{"link_name":"KC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"barrister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"international tax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_taxation"}],"text":"David Graham Russell, AM, RFD, KC (born 2 December 1950) is an Australian barrister who specialises in international tax law.","title":"David Russell (barrister)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dalby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalby,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Charles Wilfred Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Russell_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"OBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OBE"},{"link_name":"Jimbour State School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Darling_Downs"},{"link_name":"Anglican Church Grammar School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_Church_Grammar_School"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws"},{"link_name":"Master of Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws"}],"text":"David Russell was born in the town of Dalby in Queensland as the second son of Charles Wilfred Russell MP and Hilary Maude Russell (née Newton), subsequently H M Russell OBE. He attended Jimbour State School from 1956 to 1960, after which he attended Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane from 1961 to 1967. His university years were spent at the University of Queensland in Brisbane, where he received his Bachelor of Arts in 1971, his Bachelor of Laws in 1974, and finally his Master of Laws in 1983.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_association"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"Dubai International Financial Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai_International_Financial_Centre"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel#Australia"},{"link_name":"Outer Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Temple"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"Taxation Institute of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_Institute_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Asia Oceania Tax Consultants' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asia_Oceania_Tax_Consultants%27_Association&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Law Council of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_Council_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"University of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"University of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"adjunct professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor#Non-tenure-track_positions"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Trusts & Trustees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusts_%26_Trustees"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"STEP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Trust_and_Estate_Practitioners"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"New York State Bar Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Bar_Association"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Academician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academician"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"The Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Tax_Advisers"},{"link_name":"Chartered Institute of Taxation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Taxation"},{"link_name":"Freeman of the City of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City#Freedom_of_the_City_of_London"},{"link_name":"Australian Financial Review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Financial_Review"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"taxation law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_law"},{"link_name":"legal education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_education"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"https://privateclientglobalelite.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//privateclientglobalelite.com"},{"link_name":"https://academy.difc.ae/publication/laws-difc-volume-1/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//academy.difc.ae/publication/laws-difc-volume-1/"}],"sub_title":"Professional","text":"Russell was admitted as a solicitor in Queensland in 1974, and was called to the Bar in 1977. He is admitted to practise in Australia, England and Wales (where he is a member of Lincoln's Inn), the Courts of the Dubai International Financial Centre, New York (as a legal consultant), New Zealand and Papua New Guinea. He was appointed Queen's Counsel in Australia in 1986.He currently practises in Dubai and London at Outer Temple Chambers,[1] Sydney at Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers[2] and Brisbane at Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers,[3]He has acted for Commonwealth and State Governments as well as individuals and corporations.Russell was President of the Taxation Institute of Australia[4] from 1993 to 1995,[5] and of the Asia Oceania Tax Consultants' Association from 1996 to 2000.[6] He is a member of the Law Council of Australia Business Law Section Taxation Committee. He served as a member of the Ministerial Consultative Committee for the Tax Law Improvement Project from 1994 to 1997 and as a member of the Steering Committee for the National Review of Standards for the Tax Profession in 1993 and 1994. From 1991 to 1995 he was a member of the National Tax Liaison Group.David Russell has lectured and written extensively on taxation related topics in Australia and overseas, and served as a member of the Advisory Editorial Board of Australian Tax Practice. He has lectured at the University of Sydney for the Master of Taxation course,[7][8] the University of Queensland for the Master of Laws course and served as an adjunct professor of the University of Queensland.[9][10] He was the Australian correspondent for Oxford University Press's academic journal Trusts & Trustees.[11] and is now one of its co-editors.He was Chairman of STEP Australia,[12] a member of the STEP World Wide Council until 2018. Deputy Chair of STEP WorldWide in 2018 and 2019 and a member of STEP's Professional Standards and Public Policy Committees[13] and the Committee of the STEP Contentious Trusts & Estates Special Interest Group,[14] a co-chair of the United Arab Emirates Chapter of the International Section of the New York State Bar Association,[15] and a member of the Executive Committee of the Section, an Academician of The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law,[16] a member of The Worshipful Company of Tax Advisers, a member of The Commercial Bar Association, an Honorary Member of The Taxation Institute of Hong Kong, a Fellow Member of the Chartered Institute of Taxation (UK) and a Freeman of the City of London.Russell is listed in the Taxation Category in the Australian Financial Review's Best Lawyers review of the Australian Legal Profession in 2008 and all later years.[17] In 2012, he was made a Member of the Order of Australia for, amongst other things, \"service … to taxation law and legal education\".[18][19] In 2014 he was awarded Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year.[20][21] Since 2017 he has been a member of Legal Week's Private Client Clobal Elite [url=https://privateclientglobalelite.com].From 2016 to 2018 he chaired the DIFC's Wealth Management Review, and is Executive Editor of the Laws of the DIFC [ref=https://academy.difc.ae/publication/laws-difc-volume-1/].","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"George Brandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brandis"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"The Spectator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spectator"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"State Executive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_(government)"},{"link_name":"Liberal National Party of Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"National Party of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"merger of the National and Liberal Parties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Political","text":"Yet there is someone else whose role in conceiving of the new party should also be acknowledged: my colleague David Russell QC, for whom the fusion of the Liberal and National parties in Queensland, to create what we might describe as ‘Liberalism with Queensland characteristics’, has been a life-work.\n\n\nGeorge Brandis QC, The Spectator, 31 March 2012[22]David Russell served continuously on the State Executive of the Liberal National Party of Queensland and its predecessor party, the National Party of Australia — Queensland from 1984 to 2014 apart from six months in 2008–2009. He was President of the National Party in Queensland from 1995 to 1999, Vice-President of the National Party of Australia from 1990 to 1995, and 1999 to 2005,[23] and President of the National Party of Australia from 2005 to 2006.[19] He played a significant part in the merger of the National and Liberal Parties in Queensland in 2008,[24][25] and was Vice-President of the Liberal Party of Australia from 2009 to 2011.[26]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Jimbour Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbour_Station"},{"link_name":"Jimbour, Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbour,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"National Federation of Australia Japan Societies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Federation_of_Australia_Japan_Societies"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Order of the Rising Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun"},{"link_name":"Gold Rays and Neck Ribbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Rising_Sun#3rd_Class,_Gold_Rays_with_Neck_Ribbon"},{"link_name":"Australia–Japan relations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Japan_relations"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Outside the law, David Russell maintains his interest in his family's rural business, Russell Pastoral Company,[27][28] and its flagship property, Jimbour Station in Jimbour, Queensland.[29][30]He served as President of the Australia-Japan Society in Queensland[31] from 1997 to 2002, and as inaugural President of the National Federation of Australia Japan Societies from 2001 to 2005.[32][33] In 2010 he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun with Gold Rays and Neck Ribbon for services to Australia–Japan relations.[34][35][36]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter Benjamin Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Campbell_(judge)"}],"text":"David Russell married Deborah Ann Campbell on 19 September 1975. Deborah was the daughter of The Hon. Sir Walter Benjamin Campbell AC QC and Georgina Margaret Campbell (née Pearce). They have one son, Andrew Russell.","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9550262-6-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9550262-6-3"}],"text":"Towards greater fairness in taxation: A Model Taxpayer Charter (2013) ISBN 978-0-9550262-6-3 – with Michael Cadesky & Ian Hayes","title":"Publications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Door Tenants and Associates\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160402003635/http://www.outertemple.com/door-tenants-and-associates/index.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.outertemple.com/door-tenants-and-associates/index.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"David Russell AM QC 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.australia.or.jp/en/pressreleases/?id=308"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"\"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.foreignminister.gov.au/releases/2005/fa042_05.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"\"STEP Journal June 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.stepjournal.org/journal_archive/2010/step_journal_june_2010.aspx?lang=en-gb"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"\"STEP Journal June 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content.yudu.com/Library/A1o3qk/STEPJournalJune2010V/resources/index.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"\"Order of the Rising Sun award\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140124000114/http://www.davidrussellqc.com/files/award-orderoftherisingsun.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//davidrussellqc.com/files/award-orderoftherisingsun.pdf"}],"text":"^ \"Door Tenants and Associates\". Outer Temple Chambers. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2013.\n\n^ \"David Russell AM QC RFD\". Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Gibbs Chambers: About Us\". Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Taxation Institute update\". Taxation in Australia: 1. July 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference\" (PDF). 2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference: 10. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"History & Past Presidents\". AOTCA. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Tax and Climate Change\" (PDF). University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Seminar – Tax and Climate Change\". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Australia Day honours to UQ community members\". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Postgraduate Coursework Programs\" (PDF). Page 15. University of Queensland: TC Beirne School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Editorial Board\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Australia Board\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"Member Profile\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"Contentious Trusts and Estates Steering Committee and Inaugural Chairman of the International Client Special Interest Group\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"International – Committee/Chapter Rosters\". The New York State Bar Association. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"TIAETL\". The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law and from 2020 a Council Member of the Academy. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"David Russell QC – Best Lawyers Lawyer Profile\". Best Lawyers International. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Australia Day Honours List 2012\". The Office of the Governor, Queensland. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ a b \"Australia Day honour for Nationals' stalwart David Russell\". The Nationals. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Meet the Winners\". The Tax Institute. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.\n\n^ \"David Russell QC wins 'Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year 2014'\". Outer Temple. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2014.\n\n^ \"Queensland Diary\". The Spectator. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"National Party votes to reform Senate\". ABC News. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Queensland Diary\". The Spectator. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Proposed Nationals merger with Libs causes friction\". ABC. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"No marriage of convenience\". The Australian. 30 May 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Beefing up the Brand\". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Russell Pastoral Company\". Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Jimbour Wines closure\". The Chronicle. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Beefing up the Brand\". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Parliamentary Secretary for Foreign Affairs Toshio Kojima's Attendance at the PIF Post-Forum Dialogue and Visit to Tonga and Fiji\". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\". Australian Embassy, Tokyo. Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"2006 Australia-Japan Year of Exchange – Executive Committee\". Australian Minister for Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"STEP Journal June 2010\". STEP Journal. Retrieved 1 April 2013.[permanent dead link]\n\n^ \"STEP Journal June 2010\". STEP Journal. 18 (6): 6. June 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.\n\n^ \"Order of the Rising Sun award\" (PDF). David Graham Russell. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2014. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Door Tenants and Associates\". Outer Temple Chambers. Archived from the original on 2 April 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160402003635/http://www.outertemple.com/door-tenants-and-associates/index.html","url_text":"\"Door Tenants and Associates\""},{"url":"http://www.outertemple.com/door-tenants-and-associates/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"David Russell AM QC RFD\". Ground Floor Wentworth Chambers. Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150310105453/http://www.wentworthchambers.com.au/members/RussellD/russelld.html","url_text":"\"David Russell AM QC RFD\""},{"url":"http://www.wentworthchambers.com.au/members/RussellD/russelld.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Gibbs Chambers: About Us\". Sir Harry Gibbs Chambers. Archived from the original on 30 December 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121230190415/http://www.gibbschambers.com/about.htm","url_text":"\"Gibbs Chambers: About Us\""},{"url":"http://www.gibbschambers.com/about.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Taxation Institute update\". Taxation in Australia: 1. July 2010. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.taxinstitute.com.au/file/bviewnow/1/itemid/4F35C43F%2D88A1%2D11DF%2D8B27670504B0BE32","url_text":"\"Taxation Institute update\""}]},{"reference":"\"2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference\" (PDF). 2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference: 10. February 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130419035745/http://eportal.taxinstitute.com.au/StaticContent/Download/1130202M1WD.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Financial Services Taxation Conference\""},{"url":"http://eportal.taxinstitute.com.au/StaticContent/Download/1130202M1WD.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"History & Past Presidents\". AOTCA. Archived from the original on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130302105555/http://www.aotca.org/about_aotca/history_past_presidents/","url_text":"\"History & Past Presidents\""},{"url":"http://www.aotca.org/about_aotca/history_past_presidents/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Tax and Climate Change\" (PDF). University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sydney.edu.au/law/LPD/docs_pdfs/2007/TaxClimateChange08112007.pdf","url_text":"\"Tax and Climate Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Seminar – Tax and Climate Change\". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://sydney.edu.au/news/2442.html?eventcategoryid=15&eventid=2563","url_text":"\"Seminar – Tax and Climate Change\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Day honours to UQ community members\". University of Queensland. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uq.edu.au/news/?article=24308","url_text":"\"Australia Day honours to UQ community members\""}]},{"reference":"\"Postgraduate Coursework Programs\" (PDF). Page 15. University of Queensland: TC Beirne School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234310/http://www.law.uq.edu.au/publications/Handbook_PG_Coursework_04.pdf","url_text":"\"Postgraduate Coursework Programs\""},{"url":"http://www.law.uq.edu.au/publications/Handbook_PG_Coursework_04.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Editorial Board\". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 10 January 2007. Retrieved 14 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070110224910/http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/tandt/editorial_board.html","url_text":"\"Editorial Board\""},{"url":"http://www.oxfordjournals.org/our_journals/tandt/editorial_board.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Board\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.step.org/branches/australasia/australia/australia_board.aspx","url_text":"\"Australia Board\""}]},{"reference":"\"Member Profile\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.step.org/system_pages/full_member_profile.aspx?Id=0038000000giPrzAAE","url_text":"\"Member Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contentious Trusts and Estates Steering Committee and Inaugural Chairman of the International Client Special Interest Group\". STEP. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.step.org/special_interest_groups/contentious_trusts__estates/steering_committee.aspx","url_text":"\"Contentious Trusts and Estates Steering Committee and Inaugural Chairman of the International Client Special Interest Group\""}]},{"reference":"\"International – Committee/Chapter Rosters\". The New York State Bar Association. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nysba.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&template=/CustomSource/CommitteeRoster.cfm&CommitteeID=COMMITTEE/ILP5342&Sect=ILP","url_text":"\"International – Committee/Chapter Rosters\""}]},{"reference":"\"TIAETL\". The International Academy of Estate and Trust Law and from 2020 a Council Member of the Academy. Archived from the original on 24 August 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070824085212/http://www.international-academy.org/roster/attbyctry.asp?TheKey=Australia","url_text":"\"TIAETL\""},{"url":"http://www.international-academy.org/roster/attbyctry.asp?TheKey=Australia","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"David Russell QC – Best Lawyers Lawyer Profile\". Best Lawyers International. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bestlawyers.com/lawyers/david-russell-qc/94009/","url_text":"\"David Russell QC – Best Lawyers Lawyer Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Day Honours List 2012\". The Office of the Governor, Queensland. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130515224756/http://www.govhouse.qld.gov.au/ceremonial_honours/aust_day_2012_list.aspx","url_text":"\"Australia Day Honours List 2012\""},{"url":"http://www.govhouse.qld.gov.au/ceremonial_honours/aust_day_2012_list.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Australia Day honour for Nationals' stalwart David Russell\". The Nationals. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130628003959/http://www.nationals.org.au/News/Speeches/tabid/96/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/7101/Australia-Day-honour-for-Nationals-stalwart-David-Russell.aspx","url_text":"\"Australia Day honour for Nationals' stalwart David Russell\""},{"url":"http://www.nationals.org.au/News/Speeches/tabid/96/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/7101/Australia-Day-honour-for-Nationals-stalwart-David-Russell.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the Winners\". The Tax Institute. Archived from the original on 22 June 2014. Retrieved 28 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140622051029/http://www.taxinstitute.com.au/tax-awards/meet-the-winners/","url_text":"\"Meet the Winners\""},{"url":"https://www.taxinstitute.com.au/tax-awards/meet-the-winners","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"David Russell QC wins 'Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year 2014'\". Outer Temple. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054139/http://www.outertemple.com/international-news-item/364/index.html","url_text":"\"David Russell QC wins 'Chartered Tax Adviser of the Year 2014'\""},{"url":"http://www.outertemple.com/international-news-item/364/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Queensland Diary\". The Spectator. 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Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/opinion/no-marriage-of-convenience/story-e6frgd0x-1226393504378","url_text":"\"No marriage of convenience\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beefing up the Brand\". The Australian. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/wealth/beefing-up-the-brand/story-e6frgaco-1111112124375","url_text":"\"Beefing up the Brand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russell Pastoral Company\". Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.russellpastoral.com.au/index.php?MMID=1218&SMID=1220","url_text":"\"Russell Pastoral Company\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jimbour Wines closure\". The Chronicle. Retrieved 1 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/jimbour-wines-pulls-the-cork-on-22-hectare-vineyar/447126/","url_text":"\"Jimbour Wines closure\""}]},{"reference":"\"Beefing up the Brand\". The Australian. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_babbler | Arabian babbler | ["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour","4.1 Group structure and breeding biology","4.2 Nest","4.3 Diet","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"] | Species of bird
Arabian babbler
Conservation status
Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:
Eukaryota
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Aves
Order:
Passeriformes
Family:
Leiothrichidae
Genus:
Argya
Species:
A. squamiceps
Binomial name
Argya squamiceps(Cretzschmar, 1827)
Synonyms
Turdoides squamiceps
The Arabian babbler (Argya squamiceps) is a passerine bird until recently placed in the genus Turdoides. It is a communally nesting resident bird of arid scrub in the Middle East which lives together in relatively stable groups with strict orders of rank.
Taxonomy
The Arabian babbler was formerly placed in the genus Turdoides but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus Argya.
The Leiothrichidae primarily occur in the Ethiopian and Oriental realms, but a few species in the genera Turdoides and Argya have penetrated into the Palearctic zone north of the tropics where they live in arid areas of North and East Africa, India and the Middle East.
Description
It is 26 to 29 cm (10 to 11 in) long with a wingspan of 31 to 33.5 cm (12.2 to 13.2 in) and a weight of 64 to 87.9 g (2.26 to 3.10 oz). It has a fairly long curved bill, a long tail, rounded wings and strong legs and feet. The plumage is grey-brown above, paler below. There are dark streaks on the back and the throat is whitish. It has a variety of calls including whistles, trills and chattering.
Distribution and habitat
The Arabian babbler prefers to settle along dry river beds with few trees and bushes. It is found in eastern, southern and western Arabia, occurring in the United Arab Emirates, Oman, Yemen and western Saudi Arabia but absent from the central and north-eastern parts of the peninsula. Its range extends north to Jordan, Israel and eastern Sinai. It inhabits arid scrubland and savanna, occurring up to 2800 metres above sea-level in Yemen.
Behaviour
Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Babblers dance and take baths together, offer each other gifts, clean themselves, and sometimes enter into conflict with each other for the privilege of helping another babbler. They may also feed their counterparts. This peculiar behaviour made them a privileged example for ethological theories concerning altruism among animals.
Starting in the 1970s, Amotz Zahavi observed the babbler at length, giving rise to his theory of signal and its correlative, the handicap principle. Although babblers were considered particularly altruistic animals, Zahavi reinterpreted their behaviours according to his theory. Thus, Zahavi (1974) theorized that chick feeding by Arabian babbler helpers acts as a signal by the helper to gain social prestige within the group.
Yitzchak Ben-Mocha of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology has studied Arabian babblers in Israel's Shezaf Nature Reserve. He has found evidence of intentional communication in the process used by adult babblers to encourage fledglings to move to a new shelter through calls and movement.
Group structure and breeding biology
Arabian babblers are cooperative breeders that live in groups and defend territories year round. Group size varies from two to 10 individuals. Their territories vary with the group size as well as the presence of neighboring groups. Groups consist of a reproductive pair and other non-breeding members who may or may not be direct offspring or close relatives. Helpers usually do not reproduce, but they participate in rearing the offspring, that is, in providing food, as well as other parental behavior like incubation, territory defense and defense against predators.
Groups are labelled according to the relatedness of helpers to the reproductive pair:
Simple group: where all helpers are direct offspring of the breeding pairs.
Polyandrous group: where helpers include potential male breeder
Polygynous group: where helpers include potential female breeders
Complex group: which has non-related helpers of both sexes.
Nest
Babblers build open cup-shaped nests in the dense part of the tree or bush. Their breeding period starts generally from February and varies up to July and is highly dependent on the seasonal rainfall of the region which in turn regulates the food availability. They copulate throughout the year. Eggs are laid usually from February to July. Most clutches contain four eggs, laid on consecutive days. Incubation usually starts after laying the last egg and continues for 14 days until the chicks hatch. The nestlings fledge about 14 days after hatching.
Diet
The diet of the babblers includes a variety of invertebrates (mostly arthropods), small vertebrates (lizards, geckos, snakes) and plant material, like nectar, flowers, berries, leaves and seeds.
References
^ BirdLife International (2018). "Argya squamiceps". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22716364A131973977. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22716364A131973977.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
^ Cibois, A.; Gelang, M.; Alström, P.; Pasquet, E.; Fjeldså, J.; Ericson, P.G.P.; Olsson, U. (2018). "Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy". Zoologica Scripta. 47 (4): 428–440. doi:10.1111/zsc.12296. S2CID 51883434.
^ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). "Laughingthrushes and allies". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ a b Zahavi, A. (1990). "Arabian Babblers: The quest for social status in a cooperative Breeder", pp. 105–130 in Cooperative Breeding in Birds, P. B. Stacey and W. D. Koenig (eds.), Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
^ Anava, A.; Kam, M.; Shkolnik, A.; Degen, A.A. (2001). "Does group size affect field metabolic rate of Arabian Babbler (Turdoides squamiceps) nestlings?". The Auk. 118 (2): 525–528. doi:10.1093/auk/118.2.525. JSTOR 4089815.
^ Zahavi A. (1974). "Communal nesting by the Arabian Babbler: A case of individual selection". Ibis. 116: 84–87. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb00225.x.
^ Mason, Betsy (15 February 2022). "Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-021522-1. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
^ Ben Mocha, Yitzchak; Mundry, Roger; Pika, Simone (10 April 2019). "Joint attention skills in wild Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps): a consequence of cooperative breeding?". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1900): 20190147. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0147. PMC 6501685. PMID 30940054. Retrieved 24 February 2022.
^ Lundy, K.J.; Parker, P.G.; Zahavi, A. (1998). "Reproduction by subordinates in cooperatively breeding Arabian babblers is uncommon but predictable". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 43 (3): 173–180. doi:10.1007/s002650050478. S2CID 20758377.
^ Ostreiher, R. (2001). "The importance of nestling location for obtaining food in open cup-nests". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 49 (5): 340–347. doi:10.1007/s002650000308. S2CID 37234082.
^ Ostreiher, R. (1997). "Food division in the Arabian babbler nest: adult choice or nestling competition?". Behavioral Ecology. 8 (2): 233–238. doi:10.1093/beheco/8.2.233.
^ Cramp, S. and Perrins, C. (1993) Handbook of the birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa: the birds of the Western Palearctic: Flycatchers to Shrikes. Volume 8. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Bibliography
Hollom, P. A. D.; Porter, R. F.; Christensen, S. & Willis, Ian (1988) Birds of the Middle East and North Africa, T & AD Poyser, Calton, England.
Snow, D. W. & Perrins, C. M. (1998) Birds of the Western Palearctic: Concise Edition, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
External links
Despret, Vinciane, Poétique du savoir éthologique (in Alliage, 1997) (in French)
Taxon identifiersArgya squamiceps
Wikidata: Q28922092
Avibase: E99FE2FE9B88115E
BioLib: 27201
BirdLife: 22716364
BOW: arabab1
eBird: arabab1
GBIF: 10107760
iNaturalist: 1289415
IUCN: 22716364
NCBI: 1156349
Observation.org: 77493
Open Tree of Life: 861275
Xeno-canto: Argya-squamiceps
Turdoides squamiceps
Wikidata: Q1589825
Wikispecies: Turdoides squamiceps
ADW: Turdoides_squamiceps
ARKive: turdoides-squamiceps
BOLD: 922557
CoL: 59PKH
EURING: 13790
GBIF: 2493309
iNaturalist: 15062
IRMNG: 11306211
ITIS: 563558
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(1998) Birds of the Western Palearctic: Concise Edition, Vol. 2, Oxford University Press, Oxford.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Arabian_Babbler.jpg/220px-Arabian_Babbler.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"BirdLife International (2018). \"Argya squamiceps\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22716364A131973977. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22716364A131973977.en. 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S2CID 51883434.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzsc.12296","url_text":"10.1111/zsc.12296"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51883434","url_text":"51883434"}]},{"reference":"Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2019). \"Laughingthrushes and allies\". World Bird List Version 9.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 20 January 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/laughingthrushes/","url_text":"\"Laughingthrushes and allies\""}]},{"reference":"Anava, A.; Kam, M.; Shkolnik, A.; Degen, A.A. (2001). \"Does group size affect field metabolic rate of Arabian Babbler (Turdoides squamiceps) nestlings?\". The Auk. 118 (2): 525–528. doi:10.1093/auk/118.2.525. JSTOR 4089815.","urls":[{"url":"http://sora.unm.edu/node/131937","url_text":"\"Does group size affect field metabolic rate of Arabian Babbler (Turdoides squamiceps) nestlings?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F118.2.525","url_text":"10.1093/auk/118.2.525"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4089815","url_text":"4089815"}]},{"reference":"Zahavi A. (1974). \"Communal nesting by the Arabian Babbler: A case of individual selection\". Ibis. 116: 84–87. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb00225.x.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1974.tb00225.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb00225.x"}]},{"reference":"Mason, Betsy (15 February 2022). \"Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it\". Knowable Magazine. Annual Reviews. doi:10.1146/knowable-021522-1. Retrieved 22 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/do-birds-have-language","url_text":"\"Do birds have language? It depends on how you define it\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fknowable-021522-1","url_text":"10.1146/knowable-021522-1"}]},{"reference":"Ben Mocha, Yitzchak; Mundry, Roger; Pika, Simone (10 April 2019). \"Joint attention skills in wild Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps): a consequence of cooperative breeding?\". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 286 (1900): 20190147. doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0147. PMC 6501685. PMID 30940054. Retrieved 24 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0147","url_text":"\"Joint attention skills in wild Arabian babblers (Turdoides squamiceps): a consequence of cooperative breeding?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2019.0147","url_text":"10.1098/rspb.2019.0147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6501685","url_text":"6501685"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30940054","url_text":"30940054"}]},{"reference":"Lundy, K.J.; Parker, P.G.; Zahavi, A. (1998). \"Reproduction by subordinates in cooperatively breeding Arabian babblers is uncommon but predictable\". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 43 (3): 173–180. doi:10.1007/s002650050478. S2CID 20758377.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002650050478","url_text":"10.1007/s002650050478"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20758377","url_text":"20758377"}]},{"reference":"Ostreiher, R. (2001). \"The importance of nestling location for obtaining food in open cup-nests\". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 49 (5): 340–347. doi:10.1007/s002650000308. S2CID 37234082.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs002650000308","url_text":"10.1007/s002650000308"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37234082","url_text":"37234082"}]},{"reference":"Ostreiher, R. (1997). \"Food division in the Arabian babbler nest: adult choice or nestling competition?\". Behavioral Ecology. 8 (2): 233–238. doi:10.1093/beheco/8.2.233.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F8.2.233","url_text":"\"Food division in the Arabian babbler nest: adult choice or nestling competition?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbeheco%2F8.2.233","url_text":"10.1093/beheco/8.2.233"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22716364/131973977","external_links_name":"\"Argya squamiceps\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22716364A131973977.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22716364A131973977.en"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzsc.12296","external_links_name":"10.1111/zsc.12296"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51883434","external_links_name":"51883434"},{"Link":"http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/laughingthrushes/","external_links_name":"\"Laughingthrushes and allies\""},{"Link":"http://sora.unm.edu/node/131937","external_links_name":"\"Does group size affect field metabolic rate of Arabian Babbler (Turdoides squamiceps) nestlings?\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fauk%2F118.2.525","external_links_name":"10.1093/auk/118.2.525"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4089815","external_links_name":"4089815"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1974.tb00225.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb00225.x"},{"Link":"https://knowablemagazine.org/article/mind/2022/do-birds-have-language","external_links_name":"\"Do birds have language? 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1214_in_England | 1210s in England | ["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"] | 1210s in England
Other decades
1190s | 1200s | 1210s | 1220s | 1230s
Events from the 1210s in England.
Incumbents
Monarch – John (to 19 October 1216), then Henry III
Events
1210
20 June – King John lands at Waterford. He later builds castles, including the first stone castle at Dublin, and appoints Justiciars over Ireland.
c. November – three "leopards" (probably lions) given to Henry III by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, become the first creatures in the menagerie at the Tower of London.
1211
June – King John campaigns against Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great.
English occupy Ceredigion and build Aberystwyth Castle.
King John sends a gift of herrings to nunneries in almost every shire despite his status as an excommunicant.
1212
June – Welsh rebels burn Aberystwyth Castle.
10 July – the most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground.
November – John sends a peace mission to Pope Innocent III in a dispute over who would become the next Archbishop of Canterbury.
First defended dockyard at Portsmouth built.
1213
King John becomes the first English monarch recorded as giving gifts of Royal Maundy money to the poor, at Rochester, Kent.
13 May – the interdict on England is lifted by the papal legate when King John accepts Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.
30 May – Battle of Damme: English fleet under William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury destroys a French fleet off the Flemish port of Damme.
3 June – King John and Llywelyn the Great sign a truce.
15 November – a council of knights is held in Oxford.
Beverley Minster's central tower collapses; rebuilding commences in 1214.
1214
15 February – John lands an invasion force at La Rochelle.
13 April (approx.) – Simon of Apulia elected to the office of Bishop of Exeter, vacant since 1206 (consecrated 5 October).
20 June – papal ordinance defines the rights of the scholars at the University of Oxford.
27 July – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France defeats an army of Imperial German, English and Flemish soldiers led by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Kingdom of France, ending the Anglo-French War (1202–14); William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury is captured.
18 September – Treaty of Chinon signed by John and Philip II of France recognising the Capetian gains from the Angevin Empire.
c. 13 October – John returns to England, landing at Dartmouth.
4 November – John attends a chapter election at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in an attempt to resolve a dispute over the vacant abbacy there.
20 November – meeting of barons at Bury St Edmunds Abbey resolves to compel the king to accept the Charter of Liberties of 1100 (There is doubt as to the existence, timing and nature of this meeting.)
21 November – John issues a charter of liberties to the church guaranteeing freedom of canonical elections.
4 December – Llywelyn the Great captures Shrewsbury without resistance.
1215
3 May – barons led by Robert Fitzwalter renounce their allegiance to the King and attack Northampton.
17 May – rebellious barons occupy London.
15 June – barons force King John at Runnymede to put the Great Seal of the Realm on a set of articles confirming their rights and those of the towns and Church, and confirming the status of trial by jury, which on 19 June is confirmed as Magna Carta.
24 August – Pope Innocent III declares Magna Carta invalid by papal bull triggering the First Barons' War.
September – First Barons' War: rebels capture Rochester.
11 October–30 November – First Barons' War: King John besieges Rochester Castle and starves the rebels into surrender.
December – First Barons' War: Alexander II of Scotland invades northern England.
1216
January – First Barons' War: English army sacks Berwick-on-Tweed and raids southern Scotland.
February – First Barons' War: rebellion in East Anglia quickly suppressed.
21 May – First Barons' War: Louis, Count of Artois invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. Entering London without opposition, he is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral.
9 July – First Barons' War: Odiham Castle (completed 1214) surrenders to the French after a 2-week siege.
11 October – First Barons' War: retreating from the French invasion, King John loses the Crown Jewels in The Wash.
18 October or 19 October – John dies at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire; he is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry III of England, with William Marshal as regent.
28 October – the nine-year-old Henry III is crowned at Gloucester; he will reign until his death in 1272.
12 November – Marshal and the papal legate to England, Guala Bicchieri, issue a Charter of Liberties, based on Magna Carta, in the King's name from Bristol.
Roger of Wendover begins to cover contemporary events in his continuation of the chronicle Flores Historiarum.
1217
20 May – First Barons' War: The French are defeated at the Battle of Lincoln by forces led by Marshal. Lincoln is pillaged and the French survivors forced to flee south.
21 August – First Barons' War: The French fleet is defeated at the Battle of Dover.
23 August – First Barons' War: The French fleet is destroyed at the Battle of Sandwich.
12 September – Treaty of Kingston upon Thames ends the First Barons' War: French and Scots to leave England, amnesty granted to rebels.
20 September – Treaty of Lambeth signed ratifying the Kingston treaty.
6 November – Charter of the Forest issued to supplement Magna Carta.
1218
March – Treaty of Worcester recognises Llywelyn the Great as regent of south Wales.
1219
May – Llywelyn ravages Pembrokeshire after the death of William Marshal.
Michaelmas – Statutes Fair in Burton upon Trent first held.
Henry III recognises de facto Papal abolition of trial by ordeal.
Births
1210
22 July – Joan of England, Queen Consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)
1214
Isabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241)
possible date – Roger Bacon, philosopher (died c.1292)
1218
Sir Maurice de Berkeley, knight (died 1281)
Deaths
1212
12 December – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152)
1213
Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex (born c. 1162)
1214
31 October – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1162)
John de Gray, bishop of Norwich (year of birth unknown)
1215
3 February or 4 February – Eustace, Dean of Salisbury, Lord Chancellor (year of birth unknown)
1216
18 October or 19 October – John of England (born 1166)
1217
10 September – William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon, nobleman (year of birth unknown)
14 October – Isabel of Gloucester, wife of King John of England (born c. 1173)
Alexander Neckam, scholar and teacher (born 1157)
Approximate date – William of Wrotham, royal administrator (year of birth unknown)
1218
30 December – Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, politician (born 1162)
1219
14 May – William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, soldier and statesman (born 1146 or 1147)
3 November – Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester, rebel baron (born 1155)
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^ Experience the Tower of London. Hampton Court: Historic Royal Palaces. 2007. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-873993-01-9.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
^ Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 172.
^ Lobel, Richard (1999). Coincraft's 2000 Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins, 1066 to Date. Standard Catalogue Publishers Ltd. p. 623. ISBN 0-9526228-8-2.
^ Robinson, Brian (1977). The Royal Maundy. Kaye and Ward. p. 25. ISBN 0-7182-1151-0.
^ Vincent, Nicholas. "John's sea journey and landing at Dartmouth". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
^ Vincent, Nicholas. "Drama and jokes at Bury St Edmunds". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
^ Roger of Wendover. Flores Historiarum.
^ Vincent, Nicholas (November 2014). "The Meeting at Bury St Edmunds". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
^ Harvey, Katherine (August 2014). "The Freedom of Election Charter". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
^ Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.
^ Powicke, Maurice (1962). The Thirteenth Century 1216–1307. Oxford History of England, vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 5.
^ "The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III". Retrieved 2007-12-17.
^ "BBC Wales History". Archived from the original on 2007-11-25. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
^ Kreft, Helen (2020-10-07). "Just one ride at town's funfair to ensure royal charter continues". DerbyshireLive. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
^ Bartlett, Robert (1986). Trial by Fire and Water. Oxford University Press. pp. 127–28.
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11th century
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12th century
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2025 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Events from the 1210s in England.","title":"1210s in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_monarch"},{"link_name":"John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"}],"text":"Monarch – John (to 19 October 1216), then Henry III","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waterford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterford"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Justiciars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justiciar"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Henry III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Tower of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Welsh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Ceredigion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceredigion"},{"link_name":"Aberystwyth Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwyth_Castle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"herrings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"shire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire"},{"link_name":"excommunicant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunication"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"early fires of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_fires_of_London"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Royal Maundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Maundy"},{"link_name":"Rochester, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"interdict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdict"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Stephen Langton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Langton"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Battle of Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Damme"},{"link_name":"William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Flemish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damme"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Beverley Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beverley_Minster"},{"link_name":"La Rochelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Rochelle"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Simon of Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Apulia"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Bouvines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bouvines"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Imperial German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Anglo-French War (1202–14)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)"},{"link_name":"William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Longesp%C3%A9e,_3rd_Earl_of_Salisbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Chinon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Chinon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Capetian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Capet"},{"link_name":"Angevin Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angevin_Empire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth,_Devon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds_Abbey"},{"link_name":"Charter of Liberties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_Liberties"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"canonical elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonical_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Llywelyn the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Robert Fitzwalter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fitzwalter"},{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Runnymede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runnymede"},{"link_name":"Great Seal of the Realm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm"},{"link_name":"trial by jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_trial_by_jury_in_England"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Magna Carta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_Carta"},{"link_name":"Pope Innocent III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"First Barons' War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Barons%27_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Rochester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Rochester Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rochester_Castle#The_siege_of_1215"},{"link_name":"Alexander II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Berwick-on-Tweed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Louis, Count of Artois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France"},{"link_name":"Thanet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Thanet"},{"link_name":"Old St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St_Paul%27s_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Odiham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odiham_Castle"},{"link_name":"Crown Jewels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Jewels_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"The Wash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wash"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pocket_On_This_Day-12"},{"link_name":"Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Castle,_Nottinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Henry III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"William Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucester"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"papal legate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_legate"},{"link_name":"Guala Bicchieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guala_Bicchieri"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Roger of Wendover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_of_Wendover"},{"link_name":"chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Flores Historiarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flores_Historiarum"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lincoln_(1217)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Battle of Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Sandwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sandwich_(1217)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-3"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Kingston upon Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lambeth#Treaty_of_Kingston_(1217)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Lambeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Lambeth"},{"link_name":"Charter of the Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_of_the_Forest"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Worcester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llywelyn_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Pembrokeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembrokeshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Statutes Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutes_Fair"},{"link_name":"Burton upon Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burton_upon_Trent"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"trial by ordeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_ordeal"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"1210\n20 June – King John lands at Waterford. He later builds castles, including the first stone castle at Dublin, and appoints Justiciars over Ireland.[1]\nc. November – three \"leopards\" (probably lions) given to Henry III by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, become the first creatures in the menagerie at the Tower of London.[2]\n1211\nJune – King John campaigns against Welsh prince Llywelyn the Great.[3]\nEnglish occupy Ceredigion and build Aberystwyth Castle.[1]\nKing John sends a gift of herrings to nunneries in almost every shire despite his status as an excommunicant.[4]\n1212\nJune – Welsh rebels burn Aberystwyth Castle.[1]\n10 July – the most severe of several early fires of London burns most of the city to the ground.\nNovember – John sends a peace mission to Pope Innocent III in a dispute over who would become the next Archbishop of Canterbury.\nFirst defended dockyard at Portsmouth built.\n1213\nKing John becomes the first English monarch recorded as giving gifts of Royal Maundy money to the poor, at Rochester, Kent.[5][6]\n13 May – the interdict on England is lifted by the papal legate when King John accepts Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.[3]\n30 May – Battle of Damme: English fleet under William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury destroys a French fleet off the Flemish port of Damme.[1]\n3 June – King John and Llywelyn the Great sign a truce.[3]\n15 November – a council of knights is held in Oxford.[3]\nBeverley Minster's central tower collapses; rebuilding commences in 1214.\n1214\n15 February – John lands an invasion force at La Rochelle.[1]\n13 April (approx.) – Simon of Apulia elected to the office of Bishop of Exeter, vacant since 1206 (consecrated 5 October).\n20 June – papal ordinance defines the rights of the scholars at the University of Oxford.[1]\n27 July – Battle of Bouvines: Philip II of France defeats an army of Imperial German, English and Flemish soldiers led by Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, in the Kingdom of France, ending the Anglo-French War (1202–14); William Longespée, 3rd Earl of Salisbury is captured.[1]\n18 September – Treaty of Chinon signed by John and Philip II of France recognising the Capetian gains from the Angevin Empire.[1]\nc. 13 October – John returns to England, landing at Dartmouth.[7]\n4 November – John attends a chapter election at Bury St Edmunds Abbey in an attempt to resolve a dispute over the vacant abbacy there.[8]\n20 November – meeting of barons at Bury St Edmunds Abbey resolves to compel the king to accept the Charter of Liberties of 1100[9] (There is doubt as to the existence, timing and nature of this meeting.)[10]\n21 November – John issues a charter of liberties to the church guaranteeing freedom of canonical elections.[11]\n4 December – Llywelyn the Great captures Shrewsbury without resistance.[1]\n1215\n3 May – barons led by Robert Fitzwalter renounce their allegiance to the King and attack Northampton.[1]\n17 May – rebellious barons occupy London.[3]\n15 June – barons force King John at Runnymede to put the Great Seal of the Realm on a set of articles confirming their rights and those of the towns and Church, and confirming the status of trial by jury,[3] which on 19 June is confirmed as Magna Carta.\n24 August – Pope Innocent III declares Magna Carta invalid by papal bull triggering the First Barons' War.[3]\nSeptember – First Barons' War: rebels capture Rochester.[1]\n11 October–30 November – First Barons' War: King John besieges Rochester Castle and starves the rebels into surrender.\nDecember – First Barons' War: Alexander II of Scotland invades northern England.[1]\n1216\nJanuary – First Barons' War: English army sacks Berwick-on-Tweed and raids southern Scotland.[1]\nFebruary – First Barons' War: rebellion in East Anglia quickly suppressed.[1]\n21 May – First Barons' War: Louis, Count of Artois invades England in support of the barons, landing in Thanet. Entering London without opposition, he is proclaimed, but not crowned, King of England at Old St Paul's Cathedral.[1]\n9 July – First Barons' War: Odiham Castle (completed 1214) surrenders to the French after a 2-week siege.\n11 October – First Barons' War: retreating from the French invasion, King John loses the Crown Jewels in The Wash.[12]\n18 October or 19 October – John dies at Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire; he is succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry III of England, with William Marshal as regent.[3]\n28 October – the nine-year-old Henry III is crowned at Gloucester;[3] he will reign until his death in 1272.\n12 November – Marshal and the papal legate to England, Guala Bicchieri, issue a Charter of Liberties, based on Magna Carta, in the King's name from Bristol.[3][13]\nRoger of Wendover begins to cover contemporary events in his continuation of the chronicle Flores Historiarum.\n1217\n20 May – First Barons' War: The French are defeated at the Battle of Lincoln by forces led by Marshal.[1] Lincoln is pillaged and the French survivors forced to flee south.\n21 August – First Barons' War: The French fleet is defeated at the Battle of Dover.\n23 August – First Barons' War: The French fleet is destroyed at the Battle of Sandwich.[3]\n12 September – Treaty of Kingston upon Thames ends the First Barons' War: French and Scots to leave England, amnesty granted to rebels.[1]\n20 September – Treaty of Lambeth signed ratifying the Kingston treaty.\n6 November – Charter of the Forest issued to supplement Magna Carta.[14]\n1218\nMarch – Treaty of Worcester recognises Llywelyn the Great as regent of south Wales.[15]\n1219\nMay – Llywelyn ravages Pembrokeshire after the death of William Marshal.[1]\nMichaelmas – Statutes Fair in Burton upon Trent first held.[16]\nHenry III recognises de facto Papal abolition of trial by ordeal.[17]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joan of England, Queen Consort of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Alexander II of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"1238","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1230s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Isabella of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_England"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"1241","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1240s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Roger Bacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Bacon"},{"link_name":"1292","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1290s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Maurice de Berkeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_de_Berkeley"},{"link_name":"1281","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1280s_in_England"}],"text":"1210\n22 July – Joan of England, Queen Consort of Scotland, wife of Alexander II of Scotland (died 1238)\n1214\nIsabella of England, daughter of John of England (died 1241)\npossible date – Roger Bacon, philosopher (died c.1292)\n1218\nSir Maurice de Berkeley, knight (died 1281)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Geoffrey, Archbishop of York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_(archbishop_of_York)"},{"link_name":"1152","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Geoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Fitz_Peter,_1st_Earl_of_Essex"},{"link_name":"1162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1160s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Leonora of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_of_England,_Queen_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"Alfonso VIII of Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_VIII_of_Castile"},{"link_name":"1162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1160s_in_England"},{"link_name":"John de Gray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_de_Gray"},{"link_name":"Eustace, Dean of Salisbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustace_(bishop_of_Ely)"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"1166","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1160s_in_England"},{"link_name":"William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Redvers,_5th_Earl_of_Devon"},{"link_name":"Isabel of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella,_Countess_of_Gloucester"},{"link_name":"John of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John,_King_of_England"},{"link_name":"1173","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1170s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Alexander Neckam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Neckam"},{"link_name":"1157","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_in_England"},{"link_name":"William of Wrotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Wrotham"},{"link_name":"Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_de_Clare,_3rd_Earl_of_Hertford"},{"link_name":"1162","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1160s_in_England"},{"link_name":"William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Marshal,_1st_Earl_of_Pembroke"},{"link_name":"1146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1140s_in_England"},{"link_name":"1147","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1140s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saer_de_Quincy,_1st_Earl_of_Winchester"},{"link_name":"1155","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1150s_in_England"}],"text":"1212\n12 December – Geoffrey, Archbishop of York (born 1152)\n1213\nGeoffrey Fitz Peter, 1st Earl of Essex (born c. 1162)\n1214\n31 October – Leonora of England, queen of Alfonso VIII of Castile (born 1162)\nJohn de Gray, bishop of Norwich (year of birth unknown)\n1215\n3 February or 4 February – Eustace, Dean of Salisbury, Lord Chancellor (year of birth unknown)\n1216\n18 October or 19 October – John of England (born 1166)\n1217\n10 September – William de Redvers, 5th Earl of Devon, nobleman (year of birth unknown)\n14 October – Isabel of Gloucester, wife of King John of England (born c. 1173)\nAlexander Neckam, scholar and teacher (born 1157)\nApproximate date – William of Wrotham, royal administrator (year of birth unknown)\n1218\n30 December – Richard de Clare, 4th Earl of Hertford, politician (born 1162)\n1219\n14 May – William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke, soldier and statesman (born 1146 or 1147)\n3 November – Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester, rebel baron (born 1155)","title":"Deaths"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 77–79. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2","url_text":"0-7126-5616-2"}]},{"reference":"Experience the Tower of London. Hampton Court: Historic Royal Palaces. 2007. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-873993-01-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-873993-01-9","url_text":"978-1-873993-01-9"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 133–135. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133","url_text":"Cassell's Chronology of World History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133","url_text":"133–135"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8","url_text":"0-304-35730-8"}]},{"reference":"Warren, W. L. (1961). King John. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 172.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Lobel, Richard (1999). Coincraft's 2000 Standard Catalogue of English and UK Coins, 1066 to Date. Standard Catalogue Publishers Ltd. p. 623. ISBN 0-9526228-8-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9526228-8-2","url_text":"0-9526228-8-2"}]},{"reference":"Robinson, Brian (1977). The Royal Maundy. Kaye and Ward. p. 25. ISBN 0-7182-1151-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7182-1151-0","url_text":"0-7182-1151-0"}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Nicholas. \"John's sea journey and landing at Dartmouth\". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magnacartaresearch.org/read/itinerary/Sunday_2_November_-_Saturday_8_November_#./John_s_sea_journey_and_landing_at_Dartmouth?&_suid=142053556028109299334004962054","url_text":"\"John's sea journey and landing at Dartmouth\""}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Nicholas. \"Drama and jokes at Bury St Edmunds\". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.magnacartaresearch.org/read/itinerary/Sunday_2_November_-_Saturday_8_November_#./Drama_and_jokes_at_Bury_St_Edmunds?&_suid=142053578032102346782096619915","url_text":"\"Drama and jokes at Bury St Edmunds\""}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Nicholas (November 2014). \"The Meeting at Bury St Edmunds\". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/feature_of_the_month/Aug_2014#./Nov_2014?&_suid=142053547819806100788687136911","url_text":"\"The Meeting at Bury St Edmunds\""}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Katherine (August 2014). \"The Freedom of Election Charter\". The Magna Carta Project. Retrieved 2015-01-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/feature_of_the_month/Aug_2014","url_text":"\"The Freedom of Election Charter\""}]},{"reference":"Penguin Pocket On This Day. Penguin Reference Library. 2006. ISBN 0-14-102715-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-102715-0","url_text":"0-14-102715-0"}]},{"reference":"Powicke, Maurice (1962). The Thirteenth Century 1216–1307. Oxford History of England, vol. 4 (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._M._Powicke","url_text":"Powicke, Maurice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_History_of_England","url_text":"Oxford History of England"}]},{"reference":"\"The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III\". Retrieved 2007-12-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/Carta.htm","url_text":"\"The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III\""}]},{"reference":"\"BBC Wales History\". Archived from the original on 2007-11-25. Retrieved 2007-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/principality01.shtml","url_text":"\"BBC Wales History\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071125170839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/principality01.shtml","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kreft, Helen (2020-10-07). \"Just one ride at town's funfair to ensure royal charter continues\". DerbyshireLive. Archived from the original on 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2021-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/burton/just-one-ride-burton-statutes-4581018","url_text":"\"Just one ride at town's funfair to ensure royal charter continues\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007041344/https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/burton/just-one-ride-burton-statutes-4581018","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Bartlett, Robert (1986). Trial by Fire and Water. Oxford University Press. pp. 127–28.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133","external_links_name":"Cassell's Chronology of World History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/133","external_links_name":"133–135"},{"Link":"http://www.magnacartaresearch.org/read/itinerary/Sunday_2_November_-_Saturday_8_November_#./John_s_sea_journey_and_landing_at_Dartmouth?&_suid=142053556028109299334004962054","external_links_name":"\"John's sea journey and landing at Dartmouth\""},{"Link":"http://www.magnacartaresearch.org/read/itinerary/Sunday_2_November_-_Saturday_8_November_#./Drama_and_jokes_at_Bury_St_Edmunds?&_suid=142053578032102346782096619915","external_links_name":"\"Drama and jokes at Bury St Edmunds\""},{"Link":"http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/feature_of_the_month/Aug_2014#./Nov_2014?&_suid=142053547819806100788687136911","external_links_name":"\"The Meeting at Bury St Edmunds\""},{"Link":"http://magnacarta.cmp.uea.ac.uk/read/feature_of_the_month/Aug_2014","external_links_name":"\"The Freedom of Election Charter\""},{"Link":"http://info.sjc.ox.ac.uk/forests/Carta.htm","external_links_name":"\"The Charter of the Forest of King Henry III\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/principality01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"BBC Wales History\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071125170839/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/nation/pages/principality01.shtml","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/burton/just-one-ride-burton-statutes-4581018","external_links_name":"\"Just one ride at town's funfair to ensure royal charter continues\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211007041344/https://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/burton/just-one-ride-burton-statutes-4581018","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3mo_Dueles_en_los_Labios | Cómo Dueles en los Labios | ["1 Background and composition","2 Promotion and reception","3 Charts","4 See also","5 References"] | Single by Maná
"Como Dueles En Los Labios"Single by Manáfrom the album Sueños Líquidos Released1997StudioA&M StudiosHollywood, CaliforniaPuerta Azul-Mobile StudioQuinta Del Mar, Puerto VallartaGenre
Acoustic
nueva trova
Length4:08LabelWEA MexicoSongwriter(s)Fher OlveraProducer(s)
Fher Olvera
Alex González
Benny Faccone
Maná singles chronology
"Hechicera" (1997)
"Como Dueles En Los Labios" (1997)
"En El Muelle De San Blás" (1998)
Music video"Como dueles en los labios" on YouTube
"Cómo Dueles en los Labios" (English: "How Your Lips Hurt") is a song from Mexican band Maná's fifth studio album Sueños Líquidos (1997). The song was written by the band's frontman Fher Olvera, who handled production alongside Alex González and Benny Faccone. It was released as the fourth single from the album in 1997. An acoustic ballad with a Cuban nueva trova influence, its lyrics deal with the singer who feels empty and is kept happy with memories. The song received positive reactions from four music journalists although one review found it to be a copy of Silvio Rodríguez's music. Commercially, the song peaked at number two on the pop ballads chart in Mexico and Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States, while also topping the Latin Pop Airplay chart in the United States. A music video for the song was directed by Kiko Guerrero. The song was included on the set list for the promotional tour of the album.
Background and composition
In 1997, Maná released their fifth studio album Sueños Líquidos, with the band's lead vocalist Fher Olvera composing most of the tracks and co-producing the record with drummer Alex González and Benny Faccone. Recording for the took place at the A&M Studio in Hollywood, California and thePuerta Azul-Mobile Studio in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico One of the songs Olvera wrote for Sueños Líquidos was "Cómo Dueles en los Labios". A "gentle" acoustic ballad with Cuban nueva trova influences featuring a flautist from Puerto Vallarta. the song describes "the pain of emptiness where small of moments of happiness are now the only companions". Gonzalez explained: "It's a ballad, but it has these Peter Gabriel drum machines in the background. But it has melody and orchestra string music."
Promotion and reception
"Cómo Dueles en los Labios" was released as the fourth single from the album in 1997 by WEA Mexico. Its music video was directed by Kiko Guerrero. The video features black-and-white scenes of Olvera and a woman separately on a couch in a white sheet. The song was later included on their compilation album Esenciales: Luna (2003). It was on the set list for the promotional tour of the album. The video was listed on "Maná's Music Video Evolution" by Billboard which an editor commented: "Who said rock was just about having fun? Mana showed that other feelings – like spite – are also important." Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune praised it as "simply beautiful". Mischa Field wrote for the Brattleboro Reformer that the track when combined flute, "the sweet stuff is positively on fire". The Miami Herald critic Leila Cobo called it a "gem of a song set to a simple, rising guitar accompaniment", while Ramilo Burr of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram referred to it as a "lovely, acoustic song". El Norte editor Deborah Davis was less impressed as she felt the record lacked inspirations and claimed that Maná was copying Silvio Rodríguez's music on "Cómo Dueles en los Labios".
Commercially, the track reached number two on the pop ballads chart in Mexico and on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the US. It topped the Latin Pop Airplay chart in the US where it spent a single week on this position.
Charts
Chart performance for "Cómo Dueles en los Labios"
Chart (1998)
Peakposition
Mexico ballad/pop (Notimex)
2
US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard)
2
US Latin Pop Airplay (Billboard)
1
See also
List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1998
References
^ a b Carlson, Dean. "Sueños Liquidos – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Lannert, John (18 October 1997). "Reviews & Previews". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 42. Nielsen Business Media. p. 79. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Torres, Richard (7 December 1997). "Entertaining Latin-Rock Fusions". Newsday. p. D29.
^ Camarena, Ricardo (16 October 1997). "La liquidez de Mana: Dos de los integrantes del grupo estuvieron en Los Angeles para promover la edicion, el martes, de 'Suenos liquidos'". La Opinión (in Spanish). p. 1D.
^ a b Burr, Ramiro (19 November 1997). "Maná Crowns Itself as Rock en Español Kingpin". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 7. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ Mayhew, Don (28 August 1998). "Maná: Seeking Fans of All Ethnicities". Fresno Bee. p. E6. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ a b "Maná no le teme a la censura". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 28 June 1998. p. 67. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ Cómo Dueles en los Labios (CD single liner notes). Maná. Mexico: WEA Mexico. 1997. CPCD 1144.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link)
^ Maná – Como dueles en los labios. YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
^ Birchmeier, Jason. "Esencials: Luna – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ "Maná arranca gira". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 29 March 1998. p. 69. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ "Hispanic Heritage Month: Maná's Music Video Evolution". Billboard. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
^ Obejas, Achy (28 November 1997). "Mana – Suenos Liquidos (WEA/Latina)". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ Field, Mischa (30 July 1998). "Hot Latin Beats Boost the Summer Heat". Brattleboro Reformer. p. 8. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
^ Cobo, Leila (18 September 1998). "Mexican Band's Crossover Success is No Mystery". Miami Herald. p. 23G. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ Davis, Deborah (26 October 1997). "Mana: Seca inspiracion". El Norte (in Spanish). p. 28.
^ a b "Vicente Fernández ocupa los primeros lugares del género ranchero-grupero". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 30 August 1998. p. 123. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
^ a b "Mana Chart History (Hot Latin Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
^ "Latin Pop Songs – 1998 Archive". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
^ "Mana Chart History (Latin Pop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
vteManá
Fher Olvera
Alex González
Sergio Vallín
Juan Calleros
Studio albums
Maná
Falta Amor
¿Dónde Jugarán los Niños?
Cuando los Ángeles Lloran
Sueños Líquidos
Revolución de Amor
Amar es Combatir
Drama y Luz
Cama Incendiada
as Sombrero Verde
Sombrero Verde
A Tiempo de Rock
Live albums
Maná en Vivo
MTV Unplugged
Unidos Por La Paz
Arde el Cielo
Compilations
Todo Maná: Grandes Éxitos
Grandes
Sólo Para Fanáticos
Esenciales: Sol
Esenciales: Luna
Esenciales: Eclipse
Exiliados en la Bahía
Box sets
Lo Esencial de Maná
100% Maná
Videos
MTV Unplugged
Arde el Cielo
Singles
"No Ha Parado de Llover"
"Hundido En Un Rincón"
"El reloj cucú"
"Clavado en un Bar"
"Hechicera"
"Cómo Dueles en los Labios"
"En el muelle de San Blas"
"Como Te Extraño Corazón"
"Se Me Olvidó Otra Vez"
"Te Solte La Rienda"
"Cachito"
"Corazón Espinado"
"Ángel de Amor"
"Eres Mi Religión"
"Mariposa Traicionera"
"Te Llevare Al Cielo"
"Baila Morena"
"Labios Compartidos"
"Bendita tu luz"
"Manda una Señal"
"Ojalá Pudiera Borrarte"
"Si No Te Hubieras Ido"
"Arde el Cielo"
"Lluvia al Corazón"
"Amor Clandestino"
"El Verdadero Amor Perdona"
"Hasta Que Te Conocí"
"Penélope"
"Mi Verdad"
Tours
Drama y Luz World Tour
Related articles
Discography
Awards
De La Tierra
Category | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Sueños Líquidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%C3%B1os_L%C3%ADquidos"},{"link_name":"Fher Olvera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fher_Olvera"},{"link_name":"Alex González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Benny Faccone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Faccone"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"nueva trova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_trova"},{"link_name":"Silvio Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"set list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"}],"text":"Single by Maná\"Cómo Dueles en los Labios\" (English: \"How Your Lips Hurt\") is a song from Mexican band Maná's fifth studio album Sueños Líquidos (1997). The song was written by the band's frontman Fher Olvera, who handled production alongside Alex González and Benny Faccone. It was released as the fourth single from the album in 1997. An acoustic ballad with a Cuban nueva trova influence, its lyrics deal with the singer who feels empty and is kept happy with memories. The song received positive reactions from four music journalists although one review found it to be a copy of Silvio Rodríguez's music. Commercially, the song peaked at number two on the pop ballads chart in Mexico and Hot Latin Songs chart in the United States, while also topping the Latin Pop Airplay chart in the United States. A music video for the song was directed by Kiko Guerrero. The song was included on the set list for the promotional tour of the album.","title":"Cómo Dueles en los Labios"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sueños Líquidos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%C3%B1os_L%C3%ADquidos"},{"link_name":"Fher Olvera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fher_Olvera"},{"link_name":"Alex González","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Gonz%C3%A1lez_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Benny Faccone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benny_Faccone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlson-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-carlson-1"},{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"ballad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimental_ballad"},{"link_name":"nueva trova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nueva_trova"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burr-5"},{"link_name":"Peter Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In 1997, Maná released their fifth studio album Sueños Líquidos, with the band's lead vocalist Fher Olvera composing most of the tracks and co-producing the record with drummer Alex González and Benny Faccone. Recording for the took place at the A&M Studio in Hollywood, California and thePuerta Azul-Mobile Studio in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico[1][2] One of the songs Olvera wrote for Sueños Líquidos was \"Cómo Dueles en los Labios\".[1] A \"gentle\" acoustic ballad with Cuban nueva trova influences featuring a flautist from Puerto Vallarta.[3][4] the song describes \"the pain of emptiness where small of moments of happiness are now the only companions\".[5] Gonzalez explained: \"It's a ballad, but it has these Peter Gabriel drum machines in the background. But it has melody and orchestra string music.\"[6]","title":"Background and composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WEA Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsiglo1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elsiglo1-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Esenciales: Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esenciales:_Luna"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"set list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_list"},{"link_name":"tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concert_tour"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Achy Obejas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achy_Obejas"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Brattleboro Reformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro_Reformer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Miami Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald"},{"link_name":"Leila Cobo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leila_Cobo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-burr-5"},{"link_name":"El Norte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Norte_(Monterrey)"},{"link_name":"Silvio Rodríguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvio_Rodr%C3%ADguez"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hot Latin Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Latin_Songs"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mexico-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latinsongs-18"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Airplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Airplay"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"\"Cómo Dueles en los Labios\" was released as the fourth single from the album in 1997 by WEA Mexico.[7][8] Its music video was directed by Kiko Guerrero.[7] The video features black-and-white scenes of Olvera and a woman separately on a couch in a white sheet.[9] The song was later included on their compilation album Esenciales: Luna (2003).[10] It was on the set list for the promotional tour of the album.[11] The video was listed on \"Maná's Music Video Evolution\" by Billboard which an editor commented: \"Who said rock was just about having fun? Mana showed that other feelings – like spite – are also important.\"[12] Achy Obejas of the Chicago Tribune praised it as \"simply beautiful\".[13] Mischa Field wrote for the Brattleboro Reformer that the track when combined flute, \"the sweet stuff is positively on fire\".[14] The Miami Herald critic Leila Cobo called it a \"gem of a song set to a simple, rising guitar accompaniment\",[15] while Ramilo Burr of the Fort Worth Star-Telegram referred to it as a \"lovely, acoustic song\".[5] El Norte editor Deborah Davis was less impressed as she felt the record lacked inspirations and claimed that Maná was copying Silvio Rodríguez's music on \"Cómo Dueles en los Labios\".[16]Commercially, the track reached number two on the pop ballads chart in Mexico and on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the US.[17][18] It topped the Latin Pop Airplay chart in the US where it spent a single week on this position.[19]","title":"Promotion and reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Billboard Latin Pop Airplay number ones of 1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Billboard_Latin_Pop_Airplay_number_ones_of_1998"}] | [{"reference":"Carlson, Dean. \"Sueños Liquidos – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/sue%C3%B1os-liquidos-mw0000596162","url_text":"\"Sueños Liquidos – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190630164329/https://www.allmusic.com/album/sue%C3%B1os-liquidos-mw0000596162","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lannert, John (18 October 1997). \"Reviews & Previews\". Billboard. Vol. 109, no. 42. Nielsen Business Media. p. 79. ISSN 0006-2510. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79","url_text":"\"Reviews & Previews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0006-2510","url_text":"0006-2510"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005419/https://books.google.com/books?id=nAkEAAAAMBAJ&lpg=PA7&pg=PA79","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Torres, Richard (7 December 1997). \"Entertaining Latin-Rock Fusions\". Newsday. p. D29.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"}]},{"reference":"Camarena, Ricardo (16 October 1997). \"La liquidez de Mana: Dos de los integrantes del grupo estuvieron en Los Angeles para promover la edicion, el martes, de 'Suenos liquidos'\". La Opinión (in Spanish). p. 1D.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n","url_text":"La Opinión"}]},{"reference":"Burr, Ramiro (19 November 1997). \"Maná Crowns Itself as Rock en Español Kingpin\". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. p. 7. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/647179580/","url_text":"\"Maná Crowns Itself as Rock en Español Kingpin\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram","url_text":"Fort Worth Star-Telegram"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005421/https://www.newspapers.com/image/647179580/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mayhew, Don (28 August 1998). \"Maná: Seeking Fans of All Ethnicities\". Fresno Bee. p. E6. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/708212042/","url_text":"\"Maná: Seeking Fans of All Ethnicities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresno_Bee","url_text":"Fresno Bee"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005420/https://www.newspapers.com/image/708212042/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maná no le teme a la censura\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 28 June 1998. p. 67. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text/html&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT/1998/06/28&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06702&PageLabel=67","url_text":"\"Maná no le teme a la censura\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005421/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT%2F1998%2F06%2F28&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06702&PageLabel=67","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cómo Dueles en los Labios (CD single liner notes). Maná. Mexico: WEA Mexico. 1997. CPCD 1144.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group","url_text":"WEA Mexico"}]},{"reference":"Maná – Como dueles en los labios. YouTube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS1jtpxEzWc","url_text":"Maná – Como dueles en los labios"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VS1jtpxEzWc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Birchmeier, Jason. \"Esencials: Luna – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\". AllMusic. Archived from the original on 23 March 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/esencials-luna-mw0000329234","url_text":"\"Esencials: Luna – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170323015140/http://www.allmusic.com/album/esencials-luna-mw0000329234","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Maná arranca gira\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 29 March 1998. p. 69. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text/html&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT/1998/03/29&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06904&PageLabel=69","url_text":"\"Maná arranca gira\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005420/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT%2F1998%2F03%2F29&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06904&PageLabel=69","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hispanic Heritage Month: Maná's Music Video Evolution\". Billboard. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/photos/7942296/mana-music-video-evolution","url_text":"\"Hispanic Heritage Month: Maná's Music Video Evolution\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210225120419/https://www.billboard.com/photos/7942296/mana-music-video-evolution","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Obejas, Achy (28 November 1997). \"Mana – Suenos Liquidos (WEA/Latina)\". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achy_Obejas","url_text":"Obejas, Achy"},{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1997-11-28-9711280074-story.html","url_text":"\"Mana – Suenos Liquidos (WEA/Latina)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune","url_text":"Chicago Tribune"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005422/https://www.chicagotribune.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Field, Mischa (30 July 1998). \"Hot Latin Beats Boost the Summer Heat\". Brattleboro Reformer. p. 8. Archived from the original on 21 September 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/548262700/","url_text":"\"Hot Latin Beats Boost the Summer Heat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattleboro_Reformer","url_text":"Brattleboro Reformer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210921011938/http://www.newspapers.com/image/548262700/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Cobo, Leila (18 September 1998). \"Mexican Band's Crossover Success is No Mystery\". Miami Herald. p. 23G. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/image/641272453/","url_text":"\"Mexican Band's Crossover Success is No Mystery\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Herald","url_text":"Miami Herald"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005422/https://www.newspapers.com/image/641272453/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Deborah (26 October 1997). \"Mana: Seca inspiracion\". El Norte (in Spanish). p. 28.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Norte_(Monterrey)","url_text":"El Norte"}]},{"reference":"\"Vicente Fernández ocupa los primeros lugares del género ranchero-grupero\". El Siglo de Torreón (in Spanish). 30 August 1998. p. 123. Archived from the original on 8 October 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text/html&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT/1998/08/30&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06201&PageLabel=123","url_text":"\"Vicente Fernández ocupa los primeros lugares del género ranchero-grupero\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211008005422/http://h.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_ELSIGLO&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=spanish-skin-custom&Path=EDT%2F1998%2F08%2F30&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar06201&PageLabel=123","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Latin Pop Songs – 1998 Archive\". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/archive/charts/1998/latin-pop-songs","url_text":"\"Latin Pop Songs – 1998 Archive\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170202100608/http://www.billboard.com/archive/charts/1998/latin-pop-songs","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VS1jtpxEzWc","external_links_name":"\"Como dueles en los labios\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/sue%C3%B1os-liquidos-mw0000596162","external_links_name":"\"Sueños Liquidos – Maná | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190630164329/https://www.allmusic.com/album/sue%C3%B1os-liquidos-mw0000596162","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=nAkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA79","external_links_name":"\"Reviews & 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Pathology | Clinical pathology | ["1 Licensing and subspecialities","2 Organization","2.1 In United States of America","2.2 In Europe","3 Tools","3.1 Macroscopic examination","3.2 Microscopical examination","3.3 Physical Analyzers","3.4 Cultures","3.5 Values known as \"normal\" or reference values","4 See also","5 Notes and references","6 External links"] | Medical specialty
This article needs more reliable medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources. Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Clinical pathology" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2023)
Hematology: Blood smears on a glass slide, stained and ready to be examined under the microscope.
Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies.
Bacteriology: microscopic image of a mixture of two types of bacteria stained with the Gram stain.
Clinical chemistry: an automated blood chemistry analyser.
Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, molecular pathology, and Immunohaematology. This specialty requires a medical residency.
Clinical pathology is a term used in the US, UK, Ireland, many Commonwealth countries, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and Peru; countries using the equivalent in the home language of "laboratory medicine" include Austria, Germany, Romania, Poland and other Eastern European countries; other terms are "clinical analysis" (Spain) and "clinical/medical biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, North and West Africa).
Licensing and subspecialities
The American Board of Pathology certifies clinical pathologists, and recognizes the following secondary specialties of clinical pathology:
Chemical pathology, also called clinical chemistry
Hematopathology
Blood banking - Transfusion medicine
Clinical microbiology
Cytogenetics
Molecular genetics pathology.
In some countries other sub specialities fall under certified Clinical Biologists responsibility:
Reproductive biology including Assisted reproductive technology, Sperm bank and Semen analysis
Immunopathology
Organization
Clinical pathologists are often medical doctors. In some countries in South-America, Europe, Africa or Asia, this specialty can be practiced by non-physicians, such as Ph.D. or Pharm.D. after a variable number of years of residency.
In United States of America
Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with clinical scientists (clinical biochemists, clinical microbiologists, etc.), medical technologists, hospital administrators, and referring physicians to ensure the accuracy and optimal utilization of laboratory testing.
Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomical pathology. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination sometimes known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology.
Clinical pathology is itself divided into subspecialties, the main ones being clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking, hematopathology and clinical microbiology and emerging subspecialties such as molecular diagnostics and proteomics. Many areas of clinical pathology overlap with anatomic pathology. Both can serve as medical directors of CLIA certified laboratories. Under the CLIA law, only the US Department of Health and Human Services approved Board Certified Ph.D., DSc, or MD and DO can perform the duties of a Medical or Clinical Laboratory Director. This overlap includes immunoassays, flow cytometry, microbiology and cytogenetics and any assay done on tissue. Overlap between anatomic and clinical pathology is expanding to molecular diagnostics and proteomics as we move towards making the best use of new technologies for personalized medicine.
In Europe
Recently, EFLM has chosen the name of "Specialists in Laboratory Medicine" to define all European Clinical pathologists, regardless of their training (M.D., Ph.D. or Pharm.D.).
In France, Clinical Pathology is called Medical Biology ("Biologie médicale") and is practiced by both M.D.s and Pharm.D.s. The residency lasts four years. Specialists in this discipline are called "Biologiste médical" which literally translates as Clinical Biologist rather than "Clinical pathologist".
Tools
Microscopes, analyzers, strips, centrifuges
Macroscopic examination
The visual examination of the taken liquid is a first main indication for the pathologist or the physician. The aspect of the liquid, in addition, conditions the analytical assumption of responsibility that follow and the validity of the end-results.
Microscopical examination
See also: staining
Microscopic analysis is an important activity of the pathologist and the laboratory assistant. They have many different colorings at their disposal (GRAM, MGG, Grocott, Ziehl–Neelsen, etc.). Immunofluorescence, cytochemistry, the immunocytochemistry, and FISH are also used in order make a correct diagnosis.
This stage allows the pathologist to determine the character of the liquid: "normal", tumoral, inflammatory, or even infectious. Microscopic examination can also determine the causal infectious agent – often a bacterium, mould, yeast, parasite, or (rarely) virus.
Physical Analyzers
Automated analysers, by the association of robotics and spectrophotometry, have allowed these last decades better reproducibility of the results of proportionings, in particular in medical biochemistry and hematology.
The companies of in vitro diagnosis henceforth try to sell chains of automats, i.e. a system allowing the automatic transfer of the tubes towards the various types of automats of the same mark. These systems can include the computer-assisted management of a serum library.
These analysers must undergo daily controls to guarantee a result just possible, one speaks about quality control. These analysers must also undergo daily, weekly and monthly maintenance.
Cultures
A big part of the examinations of clinical pathology, primarily in medical microbiology, use culture media. Those allow, for example, the description of one or several infectious agents responsible of the clinical signs.
Values known as "normal" or reference values
Detailed article: Reference range.
See also
Pathology
Medical laboratory
Anatomic pathology
Medical technologist
Veterinary pathology
Clinical Biologist
Notes and references
^ "Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports". Journal Officiel de la République Française. Décrets, arrêtés, circulaires (Texte 15 sur 54). 20 June 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2019. Note: This document does not cover all countries listed.
^ "Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A". www.education.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2023-02-21.
^ Description of Pathology in USA
^ Zerah Simone, Murray Janet, Rita Horvath Andrea (2012). "EFLM Position Statement – Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine". Biochemia Medica. 22 (3): 272–273. doi:10.11613/BM.2012.029. PMC 3900053. PMID 23092058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Reglementation for French Residency in Clinical Pathology Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine
External links
American Association for Clinical Chemistry
American Society for Clinical Pathology
American Board of Pathology
College of American Pathologists
European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine
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Latvia | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blood_film_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png"},{"link_name":"Bacteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriology"},{"link_name":"Agar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bacteriology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriology"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"Gram stain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_stain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konelab60i.png"},{"link_name":"Clinical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"medical specialty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_specialty"},{"link_name":"laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_laboratory"},{"link_name":"bodily fluids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodily_fluid"},{"link_name":"blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood"},{"link_name":"urine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urine"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_microbiology"},{"link_name":"hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"molecular pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_pathology"},{"link_name":"Immunohaematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohaematology"},{"link_name":"medical residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_residency"},{"link_name":"many Commonwealth countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"Eastern European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Hematology: Blood smears on a glass slide, stained and ready to be examined under the microscope.Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies.Bacteriology: microscopic image of a mixture of two types of bacteria stained with the Gram stain.Clinical chemistry: an automated blood chemistry analyser.Clinical pathology is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids, such as blood, urine, and tissue homogenates or extracts using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology, molecular pathology, and Immunohaematology. This specialty requires a medical residency.Clinical pathology is a term used in the US, UK, Ireland, many Commonwealth countries, Portugal, Brazil, Italy, Japan, and Peru; countries using the equivalent in the home language of \"laboratory medicine\" include Austria, Germany, Romania, Poland and other Eastern European countries; other terms are \"clinical analysis\" (Spain) and \"clinical/medical biology (France, Belgium, Netherlands, North and West Africa).[1]","title":"Clinical pathology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Board of Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Board_of_Pathology"},{"link_name":"Chemical pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"clinical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"Hematopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopathology"},{"link_name":"Blood banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_banking"},{"link_name":"Transfusion medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transfusion_medicine"},{"link_name":"Clinical microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_microbiology"},{"link_name":"Cytogenetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytogenetics"},{"link_name":"Molecular genetics pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_pathology"},{"link_name":"Clinical Biologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Biologist"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Reproductive biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_biology"},{"link_name":"Assisted reproductive technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assisted_reproductive_technology"},{"link_name":"Sperm bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_bank"},{"link_name":"Semen analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semen_analysis"},{"link_name":"Immunopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunopathology"}],"text":"The American Board of Pathology certifies clinical pathologists, and recognizes the following secondary specialties of clinical pathology:Chemical pathology, also called clinical chemistry\nHematopathology\nBlood banking - Transfusion medicine\nClinical microbiology\nCytogenetics\nMolecular genetics pathology.In some countries other sub specialities fall under certified Clinical Biologists responsibility:[2]Reproductive biology including Assisted reproductive technology, Sperm bank and Semen analysis\nImmunopathology","title":"Licensing and subspecialities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South-America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South-America"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"residency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residency_(medicine)"}],"text":"Clinical pathologists are often medical doctors. In some countries in South-America, Europe, Africa or Asia, this specialty can be practiced by non-physicians, such as Ph.D. or Pharm.D. after a variable number of years of residency.","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical technologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technologist"},{"link_name":"pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"link_name":"anatomical pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_pathology"},{"link_name":"pathologists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology_as_a_medical_specialty"},{"link_name":"general pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_pathology"},{"link_name":"veterinary pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_pathology"},{"link_name":"clinical chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_chemistry"},{"link_name":"clinical hematology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematology"},{"link_name":"blood banking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_banking"},{"link_name":"hematopathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematopathology"},{"link_name":"clinical microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_microbiology"},{"link_name":"molecular diagnostics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_diagnostics"},{"link_name":"proteomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteomics"},{"link_name":"Department of Health and Human Services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy"},{"link_name":"DSc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"MD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine"},{"link_name":"DO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"In United States of America","text":"Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with clinical scientists (clinical biochemists, clinical microbiologists, etc.), medical technologists, hospital administrators, and referring physicians to ensure the accuracy and optimal utilization of laboratory testing.Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomical pathology. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination sometimes known as general pathology. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology.Clinical pathology is itself divided into subspecialties, the main ones being clinical chemistry, clinical hematology/blood banking, hematopathology and clinical microbiology and emerging subspecialties such as molecular diagnostics and proteomics. Many areas of clinical pathology overlap with anatomic pathology. Both can serve as medical directors of CLIA certified laboratories. Under the CLIA law, only the US Department of Health and Human Services approved Board Certified Ph.D., DSc, or MD and DO can perform the duties of a Medical or Clinical Laboratory Director. This overlap includes immunoassays, flow cytometry, microbiology and cytogenetics and any assay done on tissue. Overlap between anatomic and clinical pathology is expanding to molecular diagnostics and proteomics as we move towards making the best use of new technologies for personalized medicine.[3]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EFLM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EFLM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Clinical Biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Biologist"},{"link_name":"pathologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathologist"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"In Europe","text":"Recently, EFLM has chosen the name of \"Specialists in Laboratory Medicine\" to define all European Clinical pathologists, regardless of their training (M.D., Ph.D. or Pharm.D.).[4]In France, Clinical Pathology is called Medical Biology (\"Biologie médicale\") and is practiced by both M.D.s and Pharm.D.s. The residency lasts four years. Specialists in this discipline are called \"Biologiste médical\" which literally translates as Clinical Biologist rather than \"Clinical pathologist\".[5]","title":"Organization"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Microscopes, analyzers, strips, centrifuges","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Macroscopic examination","text":"The visual examination of the taken liquid is a first main indication for the pathologist or the physician. The aspect of the liquid, in addition, conditions the analytical assumption of responsibility that follow and the validity of the end-results.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"staining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining"},{"link_name":"GRAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gram_stain"},{"link_name":"Grocott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grocott%27s_methenamine_silver_stain"},{"link_name":"Ziehl–Neelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain"},{"link_name":"FISH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorescence_in_situ_hybridization"}],"sub_title":"Microscopical examination","text":"See also: stainingMicroscopic analysis is an important activity of the pathologist and the laboratory assistant. They have many different colorings at their disposal (GRAM, MGG, Grocott, Ziehl–Neelsen, etc.). Immunofluorescence, cytochemistry, the immunocytochemistry, and FISH are also used in order make a correct diagnosis.This stage allows the pathologist to determine the character of the liquid: \"normal\", tumoral, inflammatory, or even infectious. Microscopic examination can also determine the causal infectious agent – often a bacterium, mould, yeast, parasite, or (rarely) virus.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Automated analysers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_analyser"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"}],"sub_title":"Physical Analyzers","text":"Automated analysers, by the association of robotics and spectrophotometry, have allowed these last decades better reproducibility of the results of proportionings, in particular in medical biochemistry and hematology[clarification needed].The companies of in vitro diagnosis henceforth try to sell chains of automats, i.e. a system allowing the automatic transfer of the tubes towards the various types of automats of the same mark. These systems can include the computer-assisted management of a serum library.These analysers must undergo daily controls to guarantee a result just possible, one speaks about quality control. These analysers must also undergo daily, weekly and monthly maintenance.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"medical microbiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_microbiology"}],"sub_title":"Cultures","text":"A big part of the examinations of clinical pathology, primarily in medical microbiology, use culture media. Those allow, for example, the description of one or several infectious agents responsible of the clinical signs.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reference range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_range"}],"sub_title":"Values known as \"normal\" or reference values","text":"Detailed article: Reference range.","title":"Tools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022363470"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.education.gouv.fr/bo/2003/32/MENS0301444A.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Description of Pathology in USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20060908012542/http://www.pathology.ecu.edu/Public/resident/recruit.ppt"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"EFLM Position Statement – Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900053"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11613/BM.2012.029","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11613%2FBM.2012.029"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3900053","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3900053"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"23092058","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23092058"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Reglementation for French Residency in Clinical Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sante.gouv.fr/adm/dagpb/bo/2003/03-05/a0050272.htm"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080228225540/http://www.sante.gouv.fr/adm/dagpb/bo/2003/03-05/a0050272.htm"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"}],"text":"^ \"Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports\". Journal Officiel de la République Française. Décrets, arrêtés, circulaires (Texte 15 sur 54). 20 June 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2019. Note: This document does not cover all countries listed.\n\n^ \"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A\". www.education.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2023-02-21.\n\n^ Description of Pathology in USA\n\n^ Zerah Simone, Murray Janet, Rita Horvath Andrea (2012). \"EFLM Position Statement – Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine\". Biochemia Medica. 22 (3): 272–273. doi:10.11613/BM.2012.029. PMC 3900053. PMID 23092058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)\n\n^ Reglementation for French Residency in Clinical Pathology Archived 2008-02-28 at the Wayback Machine","title":"Notes and references"}] | [{"image_text":"Hematology: Blood smears on a glass slide, stained and ready to be examined under the microscope.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Blood_film_01.jpg/200px-Blood_film_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bacteriology: Agar plate with bacterial colonies.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png/200px-Enterobacter_cloacae_01.png"},{"image_text":"Bacteriology: microscopic image of a mixture of two types of bacteria stained with the Gram stain.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg/200px-Gram_escherichia_coli_und_micrococcus_luteus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Clinical chemistry: an automated blood chemistry analyser.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Konelab60i.png/200px-Konelab60i.png"}] | [{"title":"Pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathology"},{"title":"Medical laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_laboratory"},{"title":"Anatomic pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomic_pathology"},{"title":"Medical technologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technologist"},{"title":"Veterinary pathology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterinary_pathology"},{"title":"Clinical Biologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinical_Biologist"}] | [{"reference":"\"Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports\". Journal Officiel de la République Française. Décrets, arrêtés, circulaires (Texte 15 sur 54). 20 June 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000022363470","url_text":"\"Textes Généraux, Ministère de la Santé et des Sports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A\". www.education.gouv.fr. Retrieved 2023-02-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.education.gouv.fr/bo/2003/32/MENS0301444A.htm","url_text":"\"Bulletin officiel du n°32 du 4 septembre 2003 - MENS0301444A\""}]},{"reference":"Zerah Simone, Murray Janet, Rita Horvath Andrea (2012). \"EFLM Position Statement – Our profession now has a European name: Specialist in Laboratory Medicine\". Biochemia Medica. 22 (3): 272–273. doi:10.11613/BM.2012.029. PMC 3900053. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_saudi_arabia | List of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia | ["1 Africa","2 Americas","3 Asia","4 Europe","5 Oceania","6 Multilateral organizations","7 Gallery","8 Non-resident embassies","9 To open","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"] | Map showing Saudi diplomatic missions
This is a list of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud established the General Directory for the Foreign Affairs in 1926. Four years later it was given ministry status, even though it had a staff of fifteen employees in total and no diplomatic missions abroad. In 1936, Saudi Arabia had five missions–in London, Baghdad, Damascus, Geneva, and Cairo–and fifteen years later this number jumped to sixteen. Saudi Arabia now has an extensive diplomatic presence worldwide.
Africa
Algeria
Algiers (Embassy)
Burkina Faso
Ouagadougou (Embassy)
Cameroon
Yaoundé (Embassy)
Chad
N'Djamena (Embassy)
Comoros
Moroni (Embassy)
Djibouti
Djibouti City (Embassy)
Egypt
Cairo (Embassy)
Alexandria (Consulate-General)
Suez (Consulate-General)
Eritrea
Asmara (Embassy)
Ethiopia
Addis Ababa (Embassy)
Gabon
Libreville (Embassy)
Ghana
Accra (Embassy)
Guinea
Conakry (Embassy)
Ivory Coast
Abidjan (Embassy)
Kenya
Nairobi (Embassy)
Libya
Tripoli (Embassy)
Mali
Bamako (Embassy)
Mauritania
Nouakchott (Embassy)
Morocco
Rabat (Embassy)
Mozambique
Maputo (Embassy)
Niger
Niamey (Embassy)
Nigeria
Abuja (Embassy)
Kano (Consulate-General)
Senegal
Dakar (Embassy)
Somalia
Mogadishu (Embassy)
South Africa
Pretoria (Embassy)
Sudan
Khartoum (Embassy)
Tanzania
Dar es Salaam (Embassy)
Tunisia
Tunis (Embassy)
Uganda
Kampala (Embassy)
Zambia
Lusaka (Embassy)
Americas
Argentina
Buenos Aires (Embassy)
Brazil
Brasília (Embassy)
Canada
Ottawa (Embassy)
Chile
Santiago (Embassy)
Cuba
Havana (Embassy)
Mexico
Mexico City (Embassy)
Peru
Lima (Embassy)
United States
Washington, D.C. (Embassy)
Houston (Consulate-General)
Los Angeles (Consulate-General)
New York City (Consulate-General)
Uruguay
Montevideo (Embassy)
Venezuela
Caracas (Embassy)
Asia
Afghanistan
Kabul (Embassy)
Azerbaijan
Baku (Embassy)
Bahrain
Manama (Embassy)
Bangladesh
Dhaka (Embassy)
Brunei
Bandar Seri Begawan (Embassy)
China
Beijing (Embassy)
Hong Kong (Consulate)
Guangzhou (Consulate)
Georgia
Tbilisi (Embassy)
India
New Delhi (Embassy)
Mumbai (Consulate-General)
Indonesia
Jakarta (Embassy)
Iran
Tehran (Embassy)
Mashhad (Consulate General)
Iraq
Baghdad (Embassy)
Basra (Consulate General)
Erbil (Consulate General)
Japan
Tokyo (Embassy)
Jordan
Amman (Embassy)
Kazakhstan
Astana (Embassy)
Kuwait
Kuwait City (Embassy)
Kyrgyzstan
Bishkek (Embassy)
Lebanon
Beirut (Embassy)
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur (Embassy)
Maldives
Malé (Embassy)
Myanmar
Yangon (Embassy)
Nepal
Kathmandu (Embassy)
Oman
Muscat (Embassy)
Pakistan
Islamabad (Embassy)
Karachi (Consulate-General)
Philippines
Manila (Embassy)
Qatar
Doha (Embassy)
Singapore
Singapore (Embassy)
South Korea
Seoul (Embassy)
Sri Lanka
Colombo (Embassy)
Syria
Damascus (Embassy)
Taiwan
Taipei (Trade office)
Tajikistan
Dushanbe (Embassy)
Thailand
Bangkok (Embassy)
Turkey
Ankara (Embassy)
Istanbul (Consulate-General)
Turkmenistan
Ashgabat (Embassy)
United Arab Emirates
Abu Dhabi (Embassy)
Dubai (Consulate-General)
Uzbekistan
Tashkent (Embassy)
Vietnam
Hanoi (Embassy)
Yemen
Sana'a (Embassy)
Aden (Consulate)
Europe
Albania
Tirana (Embassy)
Austria
Vienna (Embassy)
Belgium
Brussels (Embassy)
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Sarajevo (Embassy)
Bulgaria
Sofia (Embassy)
Cyprus
Nicosia (Embassy)
Czechia
Prague (Embassy)
Denmark
Copenhagen (Embassy)
Finland
Helsinki (Embassy)
France
Paris (Embassy)
Germany
Berlin (Embassy)
Greece
Athens (Embassy)
Hungary
Budapest (Embassy)
Ireland
Dublin (Embassy)
Italy
Rome (Embassy)
Netherlands
The Hague (Embassy)
Norway
Oslo (Embassy)
Poland
Warsaw (Embassy)
Portugal
Lisbon (Embassy)
Romania
Bucharest (Embassy)
Russia
Moscow (Embassy)
Spain
Madrid (Embassy)
Málaga (Consulate)
Sweden
Stockholm (Embassy)
Switzerland
Bern (Embassy)
Geneva (Consulate)
Ukraine
Kyiv (Embassy)
United Kingdom
London (Embassy)
Oceania
Australia
Canberra (Embassy)
Sydney (Consulate-General)
New Zealand
Wellington (Embassy)
Auckland (Consulate-General)
Multilateral organizations
European Union
Brussels (Mission)
United Nations
New York City (Permanent Mission)
Geneva (Permanent Mission)
UNESCO
Paris (Permanent)
Arab League
Cairo (Mission])
OPEC
Vienna (Mission)
Gallery
Embassy in Berlin
Embassy in Brussels
Embassy in Buenos Aires
Embassy in Canberra
Embassy in Dublin
Embassy in Lima
Embassy in London
Embassy in Madrid
Embassy in Moscow
Embassy in Oslo
Embassy in Ottawa
Embassy in Paris
Embassy in Prague
Embassy in Singapore
Embassy in Tokyo
Embassy in Warsaw
Embassy in Washington, D.C.
Consulate-General in Los Angeles
Non-resident embassies
Andorra (Madrid)
Angola (Lusaka)
Antigua and Barbuda (Caracas)
Armenia (Tbilisi)
Bahamas (Havana)
Barbados (Caracas)
Belarus (Moscow)
Belize (Mexico City)
Benin (Abuja)
Bhutan (New Delhi)
Bolivia (Brasilia)
Botswana (Pretoria)
Benin (Abuja)
Burundi (Dar es Salaam)
Cape Verde (Dakar)
Cambodia (Hanoi)
Central African Republic (N'Djamena)
Cape Verde (Dakar)
Colombia (Lima)
Comoros (Dar es Salaam)
Cook Islands (Wellington)
Costa Rica (Lima)
Congo-Brazzaville (Libreville)
Dominica (Caracas)
Dominican Republic (Havana)
Ecuador (Brasilia)
El Salvador (Mexico City)
Equatorial Guinea (Libreville)
Estonia (Helsinki)
Eswatini (Pretoria)
Fiji (Canberra)
Gambia (Dakar)
Grenada (Caracas)
Guatemala (Mexico City)
Guyana (Brasilia)
Guinea-Bissau (Dakar)
Haiti (Havana)
Honduras (Mexico City)
Iceland (Stockholm)
Jamaica (Havana)
Kosovo (Tirana)
Kiribati (Canberra)
Laos (New Delhi)
Latvia (Stockholm)
Lesotho (Pretoria)
Liberia (Abidjan)
Lithuania (Copenhagen)
Malawi (Nairobi)
Mauritius (Pretoria)
Madagascar (Dar es Salaam)
Monaco (Paris)
Mongolia (Beijing)
Nauru (Canberra)
Namibia (Lusaka)
Nicaragua (Mexico City)
North Macedonia (Tirana)
Niue (Wellington)
Palestine (Amman)
Papua New Guinea (Canberra)
Panama (Lima)
Paraguay (Buenos Aires)
Rwanda (Kampala)
San Marino (Rome)
Samoa (Wellington)
Serbia (Budapest)
Solomon Islands (Canberra)
Sao Tome and Principe (Libreville)
Saint Lucia (Caracas)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Caracas)
Seychelles (Nairobi)
Sierra Leone (Conakry)
Slovakia (Vienna)
Slovenia (Budapest)
South Sudan (Kampala)
Suriname (Brasilia)
Togo (Accra)
Tonga (Wellington)
Trinidad and Tobago (Caracas)
Tuvalu (Wellington)
Timor-Leste (Jakarta)
Vanuatu (Canberra)
Zimbabwe (Lusaka)
To open
Madagascar
Antananarivo
Mauritius
Port Louis
Serbia
Belgrade
Iraq
Najaf (Consulate General)
See also
Saudi Arabia portal
List of diplomatic missions in Saudi Arabia
Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia
References
^ "Libyan PM thanks Saudi leadership for reopening Tripoli embassy". Arab News. 6 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Saudi Arabia announces reopening of Kingdom's embassy in Somalia". 19 November 2021.
^ https://en.isna.ir/news/1402051811411/Saudi-Arabian-embassy-in-Iran-officially-begins-its-activities
^ https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2023/08/13/2940132/saudi-consulate-reopens-in-iran-s-mashhad
^ Saudi consulate to re-open in Basra, Iraq, alarabiya.
^ Consulate General of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, dfr.gov
^ "Prince Mansour bin Khalid bin Farhan".
^ "Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties". Digital Journal. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^ Saudi Arabia opens 2nd embassy in Brussels to boost ties with EU, Kuwait News Agency.
^ https://www.arabnews.com/node/1765551/saudi-arabia
^ https://twitter.com/ManeeshGobin
^ "Serbian president receives Saudi prince". B92.net. 11 June 2015.
^ Saudi Arabia Wants to Open an Embassy in Najaf, Iraq, Asharq Al-Awsat.
External links
(in Arabic) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
(in English) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
vte Diplomatic missions of Saudi ArabiaAmericas
Canada
United States
Asia
India
Japan
Iran
Maldives
South Korea
Europe
Russia
United Kingdom
De facto
Taiwan
vteList of diplomatic missions of AsiaSovereign states
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Bhutan
Brunei
Cambodia
China
Cyprus
East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Egypt
Georgia
India
Indonesia
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
North Korea
South Korea
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malaysia
Maldives
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Philippines
Qatar
Russia
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Syria
Tajikistan
Thailand
Turkey
Turkmenistan
United Arab Emirates
Uzbekistan
Vietnam
Yemen
States withlimited recognition
Abkhazia
Northern Cyprus
Palestine
South Ossetia
Taiwan
Dependencies andother territories
British Indian Ocean Territory
Christmas Island
Cocos (Keeling) Islands
Hong Kong
Macau
Category
Asia portal
Authority control databases: National
Israel
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diplomatic_missions_of_Saudi_Arabia.png"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"Ibn Saud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Saud_of_Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(government_department)"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"}],"text":"Map showing Saudi diplomatic missionsThis is a list of diplomatic missions of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud established the General Directory for the Foreign Affairs in 1926. 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City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibouti_City"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Suez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez"},{"link_name":"Eritrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eritrea"},{"link_name":"Asmara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmara"},{"link_name":"Ethiopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia"},{"link_name":"Addis Ababa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addis_Ababa"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Ghana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghana"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"},{"link_name":"Ivory Coast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory_Coast"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Libya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya"},{"link_name":"Tripoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Bamako","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamako"},{"link_name":"Mauritania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritania"},{"link_name":"Nouakchott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nouakchott"},{"link_name":"Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco"},{"link_name":"Rabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat"},{"link_name":"Mozambique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique"},{"link_name":"Maputo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maputo"},{"link_name":"Niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niger"},{"link_name":"Niamey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niamey"},{"link_name":"Nigeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"Kano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano_(city)"},{"link_name":"Senegal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Somalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia"},{"link_name":"Mogadishu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mogadishu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khartoum"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"Zambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambia"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"}],"text":"Algeria\nAlgiers (Embassy)\n Burkina Faso\nOuagadougou (Embassy)\n Cameroon\nYaoundé (Embassy)\n Chad\nN'Djamena (Embassy)\n Comoros\nMoroni (Embassy)\n Djibouti\nDjibouti City (Embassy)\n Egypt\nCairo (Embassy)\nAlexandria (Consulate-General)\nSuez (Consulate-General)\n Eritrea\nAsmara (Embassy)\n Ethiopia\nAddis Ababa (Embassy)\n Gabon\nLibreville (Embassy)\n Ghana\nAccra (Embassy)\n Guinea\nConakry (Embassy)\n Ivory Coast\nAbidjan (Embassy)\n Kenya\nNairobi (Embassy)\n Libya\nTripoli (Embassy)[1]\n Mali\nBamako (Embassy)\n Mauritania\nNouakchott (Embassy)\n Morocco\nRabat (Embassy)\n Mozambique\nMaputo (Embassy)\n Niger\nNiamey (Embassy)\n Nigeria\nAbuja (Embassy)\nKano (Consulate-General)\n Senegal\nDakar (Embassy)\n Somalia\nMogadishu (Embassy)[2]\n South Africa\nPretoria (Embassy)\n Sudan\nKhartoum (Embassy)\n Tanzania\nDar es Salaam (Embassy)\n Tunisia\nTunis (Embassy)\n Uganda\nKampala (Embassy)\n Zambia\nLusaka (Embassy)","title":"Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brasília","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile"},{"link_name":"Santiago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"Montevideo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montevideo"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"}],"text":"Argentina\nBuenos Aires (Embassy)\n Brazil\nBrasília (Embassy)\n Canada\nOttawa (Embassy)\n Chile\nSantiago (Embassy)\n Cuba\nHavana (Embassy)\n Mexico\nMexico City (Embassy)\n Peru\nLima (Embassy)\n United States\nWashington, D.C. (Embassy)\nHouston (Consulate-General)\nLos Angeles (Consulate-General)\nNew York City (Consulate-General)\n Uruguay\nMontevideo (Embassy)\n Venezuela\nCaracas (Embassy)","title":"Americas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"Kabul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul"},{"link_name":"Azerbaijan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azerbaijan"},{"link_name":"Baku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baku"},{"link_name":"Bahrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahrain"},{"link_name":"Manama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manama"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Brunei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei"},{"link_name":"Bandar Seri Begawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Guangzhou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangzhou"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"Tbilisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tbilisi"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehran"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mashhad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhad"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Baghdad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghdad"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2015/12/16/Saudi-reopens-Baghdad-embassy-after-25-years.html"},{"link_name":"Basra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basra"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Erbil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erbil"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Kazakhstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazakhstan"},{"link_name":"Astana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astana"},{"link_name":"Kuwait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait"},{"link_name":"Kuwait City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuwait_City"},{"link_name":"Kyrgyzstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrgyzstan"},{"link_name":"Bishkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishkek"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beirut"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Maldives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives"},{"link_name":"Malé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Myanmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar"},{"link_name":"Yangon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangon"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathmandu"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Muscat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscat,_Oman"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Islamabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"},{"link_name":"Qatar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar"},{"link_name":"Doha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doha"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"},{"link_name":"South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Colombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombo"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Trade office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_Trade_Office_in_Taipei"},{"link_name":"Tajikistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan"},{"link_name":"Dushanbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dushanbe"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"Bangkok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Ankara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankara"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"Turkmenistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkmenistan"},{"link_name":"Ashgabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashgabat"},{"link_name":"United Arab Emirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates"},{"link_name":"Abu Dhabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Dhabi"},{"link_name":"Dubai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubai"},{"link_name":"Uzbekistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzbekistan"},{"link_name":"Tashkent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tashkent"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Yemen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemen"},{"link_name":"Sana'a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sana%27a"},{"link_name":"Aden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden"}],"text":"Afghanistan\nKabul (Embassy)\n Azerbaijan\nBaku (Embassy)\n Bahrain\nManama (Embassy)\n Bangladesh\nDhaka (Embassy)\n Brunei\nBandar Seri Begawan (Embassy)\n China\nBeijing (Embassy)\nHong Kong (Consulate)\nGuangzhou (Consulate)\n Georgia\nTbilisi (Embassy)\n India\nNew Delhi (Embassy)\nMumbai (Consulate-General)\n Indonesia\nJakarta (Embassy)\n Iran\nTehran (Embassy)[3]\nMashhad (Consulate General)[4]\n Iraq\nBaghdad (Embassy)[1]\nBasra (Consulate General)[5]\nErbil (Consulate General)[6]\n Japan\nTokyo (Embassy)\n Jordan\nAmman (Embassy)\n Kazakhstan\nAstana (Embassy)\n Kuwait\nKuwait City (Embassy)\n Kyrgyzstan\nBishkek (Embassy)\n Lebanon\nBeirut (Embassy)\n Malaysia\nKuala Lumpur (Embassy)\n Maldives\nMalé (Embassy)\n Myanmar\nYangon (Embassy)\n Nepal\nKathmandu (Embassy)\n Oman\nMuscat (Embassy)\n Pakistan\nIslamabad (Embassy)\nKarachi (Consulate-General)\n Philippines\nManila (Embassy)\n Qatar\nDoha (Embassy)[7]\n Singapore\nSingapore (Embassy)\n South Korea\nSeoul (Embassy)\n Sri Lanka\nColombo (Embassy)\n Syria\nDamascus (Embassy)[8]\n Taiwan\nTaipei (Trade office)\n Tajikistan\nDushanbe (Embassy)\n Thailand\nBangkok (Embassy)\n Turkey\nAnkara (Embassy)\nIstanbul (Consulate-General)\n Turkmenistan\nAshgabat (Embassy)\n United Arab Emirates\nAbu Dhabi (Embassy)\nDubai (Consulate-General)\n Uzbekistan\nTashkent (Embassy)\n Vietnam\nHanoi (Embassy)\n Yemen\nSana'a (Embassy)\nAden (Consulate)","title":"Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albania"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"Sarajevo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Sofia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia"},{"link_name":"Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Nicosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicosia"},{"link_name":"Czechia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_Republic"},{"link_name":"Prague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"The Hague","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hague"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Warsaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsaw"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Moscow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow"},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Moscow"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"Kyiv","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Embassy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_London"}],"text":"Albania\nTirana (Embassy)\n Austria\nVienna (Embassy)\n Belgium\nBrussels (Embassy)\n Bosnia and Herzegovina\nSarajevo (Embassy)\n Bulgaria\nSofia (Embassy)\n Cyprus\nNicosia (Embassy)\n Czechia\nPrague (Embassy)\n Denmark\nCopenhagen (Embassy)\n Finland\nHelsinki (Embassy)\n France\nParis (Embassy)\n Germany\nBerlin (Embassy)\n Greece\nAthens (Embassy)\n Hungary\nBudapest (Embassy)\n Ireland\nDublin (Embassy)\n Italy\nRome (Embassy)\n Netherlands\nThe Hague (Embassy)\n Norway\nOslo (Embassy)\n Poland\nWarsaw (Embassy)\n Portugal\nLisbon (Embassy)\n Romania\nBucharest (Embassy)\n Russia\nMoscow (Embassy)\n Spain\nMadrid (Embassy)\nMálaga (Consulate)\n Sweden\nStockholm (Embassy)\n Switzerland\nBern (Embassy)\nGeneva (Consulate)\n Ukraine\nKyiv (Embassy)\n United Kingdom\nLondon (Embassy)","title":"Europe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"}],"text":"Australia\nCanberra (Embassy)\nSydney (Consulate-General)\n New Zealand\nWellington (Embassy)\nAuckland (Consulate-General)","title":"Oceania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Brussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Geneva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geneva"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arab_League.svg"},{"link_name":"Arab League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_League"},{"link_name":"Cairo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_OPEC.svg"},{"link_name":"OPEC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OPEC"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"text":"European Union\nBrussels (Mission)[9]\n United Nations\nNew York City (Permanent Mission)\nGeneva (Permanent Mission)\n UNESCO\nParis (Permanent)\n Arab League\nCairo (Mission])\n OPEC\nVienna (Mission)","title":"Multilateral organizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Botschaft_Saudi_Arabien_in_Berlin.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RoosCem28.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_embassy_in_Buenos_Aires.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Embassy_in_Canberra.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabian_Embassy,_Fitzwilliam_Square.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Embassy,_Lima_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Embassy_in_London.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MADRID_EMBAJADA_DE_ARABIA_SAUDI_CUESTA_DE_LOS_SAGRADOS_CORAZONES_26-12-2006.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia_in_Moscow,_building.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drammensvn_102H.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia,_Ottawa.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambassade_d%27Arabie_saoudite_en_France,_92_rue_de_Courcelles,_Paris_8e.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_embassy_Prague_3309.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Embassy_in_Singapore.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%93%E3%82%A2%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A4%A8%E5%85%A8%E6%99%AF.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ambasada_KR%C3%93LESTWA_ARABII_SAUDYJSKIEJ_03.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embassy_of_Saudi_Arabia,_Washington,_D.C..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saudi_Arabia_LA_Consulate-General_bldg.jpg"}],"text":"Embassy in Berlin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Brussels\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Buenos Aires\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Canberra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Dublin\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Lima\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in London\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Madrid\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Moscow\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Oslo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Ottawa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Paris\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Prague\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Singapore\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Tokyo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Warsaw\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEmbassy in Washington, D.C.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tConsulate-General in Los Angeles","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andorra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andorra"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Angola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angola"},{"link_name":"Lusaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusaka"},{"link_name":"Antigua and Barbuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda"},{"link_name":"Caracas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caracas"},{"link_name":"Armenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bahamas"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Barbados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbados"},{"link_name":"Belarus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus"},{"link_name":"Belize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belize"},{"link_name":"Mexico City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_City"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Abuja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuja"},{"link_name":"Bhutan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhutan"},{"link_name":"Bolivia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolivia"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"Pretoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoria"},{"link_name":"Benin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benin"},{"link_name":"Burundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burundi"},{"link_name":"Dar es Salaam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Dakar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar"},{"link_name":"Cambodia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambodia"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"Central African Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_African_Republic"},{"link_name":"N'Djamena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%27Djamena"},{"link_name":"Cape Verde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Verde"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Comoros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comoros"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica"},{"link_name":"Congo-Brazzaville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo"},{"link_name":"Libreville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreville"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador"},{"link_name":"Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Equatorial Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Eswatini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eswatini"},{"link_name":"Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiji"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"Gambia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gambia"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"Guyana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyana"},{"link_name":"Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia"},{"link_name":"Guinea-Bissau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinea-Bissau"},{"link_name":"Haiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Jamaica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica"},{"link_name":"Kosovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovo"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Kiribati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiribati"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"New Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Latvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latvia"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Lesotho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesotho"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"Abidjan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abidjan"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithuania"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"Malawi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malawi"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"Monaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monaco"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Mongolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongolia"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Nauru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nauru"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Niue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niue"},{"link_name":"Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Palestine"},{"link_name":"Amman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amman"},{"link_name":"Papua New Guinea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Buenos Aires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"Rwanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwanda"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"San Marino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Marino"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Samoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoa"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon_Islands"},{"link_name":"Sao Tome and Principe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe"},{"link_name":"Saint Lucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lucia"},{"link_name":"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines"},{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Sierra Leone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Leone"},{"link_name":"Conakry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conakry"},{"link_name":"Slovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"South Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sudan"},{"link_name":"Kampala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampala"},{"link_name":"Suriname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suriname"},{"link_name":"Brasilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia"},{"link_name":"Togo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togo"},{"link_name":"Accra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accra"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"Tuvalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuvalu"},{"link_name":"Timor-Leste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timor"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Zimbabwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimbabwe"}],"text":"Andorra (Madrid)\n Angola (Lusaka)\n Antigua and Barbuda (Caracas)\n Armenia (Tbilisi)\n Bahamas (Havana)\n Barbados (Caracas)\n Belarus (Moscow)\n Belize (Mexico City)\n Benin (Abuja)\n Bhutan (New Delhi)\n Bolivia (Brasilia)\n Botswana (Pretoria)\n Benin (Abuja)\n Burundi (Dar es Salaam)\n Cape Verde (Dakar)\n Cambodia (Hanoi)\n Central African Republic (N'Djamena)\n Cape Verde (Dakar)\n Colombia (Lima)\n Comoros (Dar es Salaam)\n Cook Islands (Wellington)\n Costa Rica (Lima)\n Congo-Brazzaville (Libreville)\n Dominica (Caracas)\n Dominican Republic (Havana)\n Ecuador (Brasilia)\n El Salvador (Mexico City)\n Equatorial Guinea (Libreville)\n Estonia (Helsinki)\n Eswatini (Pretoria)\n Fiji (Canberra)\n Gambia (Dakar)\n Grenada (Caracas)\n Guatemala (Mexico City)\n Guyana (Brasilia)\n Guinea-Bissau (Dakar)\n Haiti (Havana)\n Honduras (Mexico City)\n Iceland (Stockholm)\n Jamaica (Havana)\n Kosovo (Tirana)\n Kiribati (Canberra)\n Laos (New Delhi)\n Latvia (Stockholm)\n Lesotho (Pretoria)\n Liberia (Abidjan)\n Lithuania (Copenhagen)\n Malawi (Nairobi)\n Mauritius (Pretoria)\n Madagascar (Dar es Salaam)\n Monaco (Paris)\n Mongolia (Beijing)\n Nauru (Canberra)\n Namibia (Lusaka)\n Nicaragua (Mexico City)\n North Macedonia (Tirana)\n Niue (Wellington)\n Palestine (Amman)\n Papua New Guinea (Canberra)\n Panama (Lima)\n Paraguay (Buenos Aires)\n Rwanda (Kampala)\n San Marino (Rome)\n Samoa (Wellington)\n Serbia (Budapest)\n Solomon Islands (Canberra)\n Sao Tome and Principe (Libreville)\n Saint Lucia (Caracas)\n Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Caracas)\n Seychelles (Nairobi)\n Sierra Leone (Conakry)\n Slovakia (Vienna)\n Slovenia (Budapest)\n South Sudan (Kampala)\n Suriname (Brasilia)\n Togo (Accra)\n Tonga (Wellington)\n Trinidad and Tobago (Caracas)\n Tuvalu (Wellington)\n Timor-Leste (Jakarta)\n Vanuatu (Canberra)\n Zimbabwe (Lusaka)","title":"Non-resident embassies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Antananarivo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antananarivo"},{"link_name":"Mauritius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauritius"},{"link_name":"Port Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Louis"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Iraq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraq"},{"link_name":"Najaf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najaf"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Madagascar[10]\nAntananarivo\n Mauritius\nPort Louis[11]\n Serbia[12]\nBelgrade\n Iraq\nNajaf (Consulate General)[13]","title":"To open"}] | [{"image_text":"Map showing Saudi diplomatic missions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Diplomatic_missions_of_Saudi_Arabia.png/450px-Diplomatic_missions_of_Saudi_Arabia.png"}] | [{"title":"Saudi Arabia 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Arab News. 6 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/2436786/saudi-arabia","url_text":"\"Libyan PM thanks Saudi leadership for reopening Tripoli embassy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia announces reopening of Kingdom's embassy in Somalia\". 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/node/1971426/saudi-arabia","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia announces reopening of Kingdom's embassy in Somalia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince Mansour bin Khalid bin Farhan\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.arabnews.com/tags/prince-mansour-bin-khalid-bin-farhan","url_text":"\"Prince Mansour bin Khalid bin Farhan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties\". Digital Journal. 9 May 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.digitaljournal.com/world/saudi-arabia-syria-agree-to-restore-diplomatic-ties/article","url_text":"\"Saudi Arabia, Syria agree to restore diplomatic ties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Serbian president receives Saudi prince\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Davis_(Australian_rules_footballer) | Bob Davis (Australian rules footballer) | ["1 Early life","2 VFL career","3 Post-playing career","4 References","5 External links"] | Australian rules footballer, born 1928
Australian rules footballer
Bob DavisPersonal informationFull name
Robert DavisDate of birth
(1928-06-12)12 June 1928Place of birth
Golden Point, VictoriaDate of death
16 May 2011(2011-05-16) (aged 82)Place of death
Geelong, Victoria, AustraliaOriginal team(s)
Clunes (CHFL)/ Golden Point (BFL)Height
183 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight
91 kg (201 lb)Playing career1Years
Club
Games (Goals)1948–1958
Geelong
189 (141)Coaching career3Years
Club
Games (W–L–D)1956–1965
Geelong
116 (72–39–5)
1 Playing statistics correct to the end of 1958.3 Coaching statistics correct as of 1965.Career highlights
Geelong premiership player 1951, 1952
Geelong premiership coach 1963
Geelong Team of the Century
Geelong captain 1955–1958
Carji Greeves Medal 1957
All-Australian captain 1958
Sources: AFL Tables, AustralianFootball.com
Robert "Bob" Davis (12 June 1928 – 16 May 2011) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
Early life
Bob Davis was born in Clunes and as a teenager he boarded and attended at Ballarat College. A keen South Melbourne supporter he attended a preseason training with the club but was told his services would not be necessary. He returned to Ballarat and played locally with Golden Point. He was spotted by Geelong recruiters and he was invited to try out with Geelong.
VFL career
Nicknamed "Woofa", Davis was recruited from Golden Point in the Ballarat Football League and played with the Geelong Football Club in the VFL from 1948 to 1958, generally as a half-forward flanker.
He made his debut in the opening round of 1948, on a two match permit issued by his club Golden Point. He missed the next two games because Golden Point refused to clear him. The Geelong president met with the Golden Point committee, and after a long discussion Davis's clearance was granted. He made the state side for the first time in 1949
At 183 cm (6 feet) in height, Davis was noted for his pace and tenacity. He was one of the fastest players in the League at the time, and was known in the press as "The Geelong Flyer", named after the express train that ran from Melbourne to Geelong in only 55 minutes.
Davis represented Victoria on 13 occasions, as well as the captaining Geelong from 1955 to 1958. He played in two premierships for Geelong, in 1951 and 1952. He also coached the club, first in 1956, and then from 1960 to 1965, which included coaching Geelong to the VFL premiership in 1963, defeating Hawthorn.
In 1952, after playing only 51 games for Geelong, Davis was offered a coaching job with the South Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League. He moved to Adelaide for the start of the 1952 season, but after Geelong refused to clear him, he returned to Geelong in time for the sixth game of the season, and remained there for the remainder of his career.
Post-playing career
During his career, Davis was a popular character off the field, with his much-imitated flamboyant voice – in particular the phrase "fair dinkum unbelievable", which has been imitated many times in the football world, usually with humorous but respectful intent. He appeared on many television shows in the 1970s and '80s, including World of Sport and League Teams with Lou Richards and Jack Dyer.
He died in hospital on 16 May 2011 after a long battle with illness in his last months. Before the Carlton-Geelong game later that week they held a minute's silence.
Clunes Football Club Davis's original club scrapped their traditional Black and White for a one off tribute game post his death. They donned Geelong style jerseys for 1 game, and displayed both clubs logos and the name Bob Davis on the back.
References
^ a b c d e f Anderson, Jon; Langmaid, Aaron (17 May 2011). "Cats legend Bob Davis dies". Herald Sun. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
^ "Ballarat Man for Geelong". Herald. 13 May 1948.
^ "Ballarat Schoolboy in State Team". Weekly Times. 13 July 1949.
^ a b "Cats to hold flanker". The Argus. Melbourne. 19 January 1952. p. 12. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
^ a b Australian Associated Press (17 May 2011). "Cats legend Davis dies". ABC News. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
^ "The 'Geelong Flyer'". Rail Geelong. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
^ a b Brodie, Will (17 May 2011). "Cats legend Bob Davis passes away". The Age. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
^ "DAVIS JOB WAITS". The Argus. Melbourne. 4 March 1952. p. 9. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Davis Accepts Geelong's". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 31 May 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
^ "Davis Not For South". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 10 February 1953. p. 6. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.
External links
Geelong Profile – Bob Davis
Bob Davis's playing statistics from AFL Tables
vteGeelong Football Club 1951 VFL premiersGeelong 11.15 (81) defeated Essendon 10.10 (70), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
1. Morrison
2. Middlemiss
4. Davis
6. Pianto
7. McMaster
8. Renfrey
9. Turner
10. Flanagan (c)
11. Smith
16. Hovey
17. Reed
18. Goninon
22. Morrow
24. Tate
25. Worner
28. Trezise
30. Norman
32. Stewart
33. Fulton
37. Hyde
Coach: Hickey
vteGeelong Football Club 1952 VFL premiersGeelong 13.8 (86) defeated Collingwood 5.10 (40), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
1. Morrison
2. Middlemiss
3. Palmer
4. Davis
5. S. Smith
6. Pianto
7. McMaster
8. Renfrey
9. Turner
10. Flanagan (c)
11. B. Smith
12. Hovey
16. Hyde
18. Goninon
21. Williams
25. Worner
26. Sharp
28. Trezise
30. Norman
33. Fulton
Coach: Hickey
vteGeelong Football Club 1963 VFL premiersGeelong 15.19 (109) defeated Hawthorn 8.12 (60), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground
3. Wooller (c)
4. A. Lord
5. Farmer
6. S. Lord
8. Vinar
9. Devine
10. Sharrock
12. Hynes
14. Scott
15. Rice
21. Brown
22. Goodland
23. Wade
28. Watts
29. Routley
31. West
34. Walker
35. Goggin
36. Polinelli
40. Yeates
Coach: Davis
vteCaptains of the Geelong Football ClubPre-VFA
1859: Mason/Fraser/Rennie
1860: Mason/Wills
1861: Rennie/Tait
1862: Greenfield/Harrison/Nicholls
1863–1865: Nichols
1866: Groom
1867: Robertson/Wills/Bowden
1868: Wills/Harrison/Bowden
1869–1870: Arthur
1871: Dickenson/Bowden
1872: Wills/Arthur
1873: Wills
1874: Down
1875: Day
1876: Thomas
VFA
1877: Down
1878: Austin
1879–1880: Wilson
1881: Wilson/Austin
1882: Wilson
1883: Brownlow
1884: Brownlow/Steedman
1885: McLean
1886: Hickinbotham
1887: Talbot
1888–1889: Hickinbotham
1890: Baker
1891: Parkin
1892–1894: Houston
1895: McShane
1896: Burns
VFL/AFL
1897–1899: Conway
1900: Burns
1901–1909: Young
1910–1913: B. Eason
1914–1915: Orchard
1917: Marsham
1918–1919: Kearney
1919–1920: A. Eason
1921–1922: Craven
1923: B. Rankin
1924: Hagger
1925–1927: C. Rankin
1928: Fitzmaurice
1929–1930: Coghlan
1931: Baker
1932–1940: R. Hickey
1941: Arklay
1944–1945: Butcher
1945: White
1946: Grant
1947: Gniel
1948: White
1949: Fitzgerald
1949: Morrow
1950: White
1950: Smith
1951–1954: Flanagan
1954: Smith
1955–1958: Davis
1959: Trezise
1960: Hovey
1960: Rice
1961–1962: Yeates
1963–1964: Wooler
1965–1967: Farmer
1968–1971: Goggin
1972: Wade
1973: Ainsworth
1974–1975: Newman
1976–1977: B. Nankervis
1978–1981: I. Nankervis
1982: Peake
1983: I. Nankervis
1984–1986: Turner
1987–1989: Bourke
1990–1991: Bews
1992–1994: Bairstow
1995: Hocking
1995: Ablett/Hinkley/Stoneham
1996: Ablett/Stoneham
1997–1998: Stoneham
1999: Colbert
1999: Hocking
2000–2002: Graham
2003–2006: King
2007–2009: Harley
2010–2011: Ling
2012–2022: Selwood
2023–: Dangerfield
AFL Women's
2019–2020: M. Hickey
2021–: McDonald
vteCoaches of the Geelong Football ClubVFL/AFL
1910–1911: Hickinbotham
1912–1913: Eason
1914: Orchard
1923: Taylor
1924: Hagger
1925–1927: Rankin
1928: Fitzmaurice
1929–1930: Coghlan
1931: Clymo
1932: Hickey
1933–1934: Coghlan
1935: Parratt
1936: Dibbs
1936–1940: Hickey
1940: Everett
1941: Metherell
1944: Arklay
1945–1959: Hickey
1960–1965: Davis
1966–1970: Pianto
1971–1972: McMaster
1973–1975: Farmer
1976–1979: Olsson
1980–1982: Goggin
1983–1985: Hafey
1986–1988: Devine
1989–1994: Blight
1995–1999: Ayres
2000–2010: Thompson
2011–: Scott
AFL Women's
2019–2021: Hood
2022 (S6)–: Lowther
Italics denote caretaker coach
vteCarji Greeves Medal · Geelong Football Club best and fairest winners
1897: McShane
1903: E. Rankin
1905: Young
1906: Young
1910: Grigg
1911: Grigg
1912: Grigg
1914: Grigg
1915: Eason
1917: B. Rankin
1920: Jones
1921: McCarter
1922: Johns
1923: McCarter
1927: Todd
1928: Hickey
1930: Todd
1931: Todd
1932: Moloney
1933: Hardiman
1934: Hickey
1935: Hawking
1936: Quinn
1937: Quinn
1938: Arklay
1939: Grant
1940: Arklay
1941: Knight
1944: Munday
1945: Fitzgerald
1946: Mahon
1947: White
1948: Morrison
1949: Flanagan
1950: Hyde
1951: Smith
1952: Ge. Williams
1953: Pianto
1954: Sharp
1955: Ge. Williams
1956: Smith
1957: Davis
1958: O'Neill
1959: Rice
1960: Wooler
1961: West
1962: Lord
1963: Farmer
1964: Farmer
1965: Walker
1966: Marshall
1967: Goggin
1968: Newman
1969: Wade
1970: Goggin
1971: Clarke
1972: I. Nankervis
1973: B. Nankervis
1974: B. Nankervis
1975: Newman
1976: I. Nankervis
1977: I. Nankervis
1978: Clarke
1979: Clarke
1980: Blake
1981: Featherby
1982: Mossop
1983: Card
1984: Ablett Sr.
1985: Gr. Williams
1986: Couch
1987: Bos
1988: Bos
1989: Couch
1990: Stoneham
1991: Hocking
1992: Hinkley
1993: Hocking
1994: Hocking
1995: Couch
1996: Hocking
1997: Pickering
1998: Riccardi
1999: Graham
2000: King
2001: Sanderson
2002: King
2003: Scarlett
2004: Ling
2005: Corey
2006: Chapman
2007: Ablett Jr.
2008: Corey
2009: Ablett Jr./Enright
2010: Selwood
2011: Enright
2012: Hawkins
2013: Selwood
2014: Selwood
2015: Blicavs
2016: Dangerfield
2017: Dangerfield
2018: Blicavs
2019: Dangerfield
2020: Guthrie
2021: Stewart
2022: Cameron/Guthrie
2023: Stewart
vteGeelong Football Club • Team of the CenturyFull-back
Bernie Smith
George Todd
Sam Newman
Half-back
Dick Grigg
Reg Hickey
Joe Slater
Centre
Michael Turner
Edward Greeves
Leo Turner
Half-forward
Gary Ablett Sr.
Fred Flanagan
Bob Davis
Full-forward
Henry Young
Doug Wade
Peter Pianto
Ruck
Polly Farmer
Garry Hocking
Bill Goggin
Interchange
David Clarke
Paul Couch
Alec Eason
Les Hardiman
Emergencies
Ian Nankervis
Jack Collins
Tommy Quinn
Cliff Rankin
vteJock McHale Medal · AFL premiership coach
1950: Reynolds*
1951: Hickey*
1952: Hickey*
1953: Kyne*
1954: Sutton*
1955: Smith*
1956: Smith*
1957: Smith*
1958: Kyne*
1959: Smith*
1960: Smith*
1961: Kennedy*
1962: Coleman*
1963: Davis*
1964: Smith*
1965: Coleman*
1966: Jeans*
1967: Hafey*
1968: Barassi*
1969: Hafey*
1970: Barassi*
1971: Kennedy*
1972: Nicholls*
1973: Hafey*
1974: Hafey*
1975: Barassi*
1976: Kennedy*
1977: Barassi*
1978: Parkin*
1979: Jesaulenko*
1980: Jewell*
1981: Parkin*
1982: Parkin*
1983: Jeans*
1984: Sheedy*
1985: Sheedy*
1986: Jeans*
1987: Walls*
1988: Joyce*
1989: Jeans*
1990: Matthews*
1991: Joyce*
1992: Malthouse*
1993: Sheedy*
1994: Malthouse*
1995: Parkin*
1996: Pagan*
1997: Blight*
1998: Blight*
1999: Pagan*
2000: Sheedy*
2001: Matthews
2002: Matthews
2003: Matthews
2004: Williams
2005: Roos
2006: Worsfold
2007: Thompson
2008: Clarkson
2009: Thompson
2010: Malthouse
2011: Scott
2012: Longmire
2013: Clarkson
2014: Clarkson
2015: Clarkson
2016: Beveridge
2017: Hardwick
2018: Simpson
2019: Hardwick
2020: Hardwick
2021: Goodwin
2022: Scott
2023: McRae
* awarded retroactively
vte1950 Sporting Life Team of the YearDefenders
Dick Russell (Port Adelaide)
Bill Brittingham (Essendon)
Merv McIntosh (Perth)
Charlie Sutton (Footscray)
Mopsy Fraser (Richmond)
Gordon Hocking (Collingwood)Midfielders
Arthur Hodgson (Carlton)
Bob Hank (West Torrens)
Doug Olds (Norwood)Forwards
Bob Davis (Geelong)
Fred Flanagan (Geelong)
Len Dockett (Melbourne)
John Marriott (Norwood)
John Coleman (Essendon)
Fos Williams (Port Adelaide)Followers
Bill Morris (Richmond) (Captain)
Jack Whelan (Brunswick)
Bill Hutchison (Essendon)
vte1951 Sporting Life Team of the YearDefenders
John Marriott (Norwood)
Ian McKay (North Adelaide)
Charlie Sutton (Footscray)
Harold McDonald (Port Adelaide)
Brian Faehse (West Adelaide)
Fred Buttsworth (West Perth)Midfielders
Arthur Hodgson (Carlton)
Bob Rose (Collingwood)
Lyle Griffin (North Adelaide)Forwards
Bob Davis (Geelong)
Ron Clegg (South Melbourne)
Jim Deane (South Adelaide)
Allan Crabb (Glenelg)
John Coleman (Essendon)
Fos Williams (Port Adelaide)Followers
Bill Morris (Richmond)
Jack Whelan (Brunswick)
Bill Hutchison (Essendon)
vte1958 All-Australian teamSouth Australia
John Abley (Port Adelaide)Tasmania
Don Gale (Wynyard)
Jim Ross (North Launceston)
Stuart Spencer (Clarence)Victoria (VFA)
Barry Metcalfe (Mordialloc)Victoria
Owen Abrahams (Fitzroy)
Allen Aylett (North Melbourne)
Ron Barassi (Melbourne)
Reg Burgess (Essendon)
Jack Clarke (Essendon)
Bob Davis (Geelong) (Captain)
John Dugdale (North Melbourne)
Kevin Murray (Fitzroy)
Neil Roberts (St Kilda)
Ted Whitten (Footscray)Western Australia
Jack "Stork" Clarke (East Fremantle)
Polly Farmer (East Perth)
Alan Preen (East Fremantle)
Norm Rogers (East Fremantle)
Ray Sorrell (East Fremantle)
Authority control databases International
FAST
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian rules footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_rules_football"},{"link_name":"Victorian Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_Football_League_(1897%E2%80%931989)"}],"text":"Australian rules footballerRobert \"Bob\" Davis (12 June 1928 – 16 May 2011) was an Australian rules footballer who played in the Victorian Football League (VFL).","title":"Bob Davis (Australian rules footballer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Bob Davis was born in Clunes and as a teenager he boarded and attended at Ballarat College. A keen South Melbourne supporter he attended a preseason training with the club but was told his services would not be necessary. He returned to Ballarat and played locally with Golden Point. He was spotted by Geelong recruiters and he was invited to try out with Geelong.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"Golden Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Point_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"Ballarat Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballarat_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Geelong Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geelong_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"half-forward flanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(Australian_rules)_positions#Centre_half-forward"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-5"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Australian_rules_football_team"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-abc-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_age-7"},{"link_name":"Hawthorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorn_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"},{"link_name":"South Adelaide Football Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Adelaide_Football_Club"},{"link_name":"South Australian National Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_National_Football_League"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SA-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Nicknamed \"Woofa\",[1] Davis was recruited from Golden Point in the Ballarat Football League and played with the Geelong Football Club in the VFL from 1948 to 1958,[1] generally as a half-forward flanker.He made his debut in the opening round of 1948, on a two match permit issued by his club Golden Point. He missed the next two games because Golden Point refused to clear him. The Geelong president met with the Golden Point committee, and after a long discussion Davis's clearance was granted.[2] He made the state side for the first time in 1949[3]At 183 cm (6 feet) in height, Davis was noted for his pace and tenacity. He was one of the fastest players in the League at the time,[4] and was known in the press as \"The Geelong Flyer\",[5] named after the express train that ran from Melbourne to Geelong in only 55 minutes.[6]Davis represented Victoria on 13 occasions,[5] as well as the captaining Geelong from 1955 to 1958.[1] He played in two premierships for Geelong, in 1951 and 1952.[1] He also coached the club, first in 1956, and then from 1960 to 1965,[7] which included coaching Geelong to the VFL premiership in 1963, defeating Hawthorn.[1]In 1952, after playing only 51 games for Geelong, Davis was offered a coaching job with the South Adelaide Football Club in the South Australian National Football League.[4] He moved to Adelaide for the start of the 1952 season, but after Geelong refused to clear him,[8] he returned to Geelong in time for the sixth game of the season,[9] and remained there for the remainder of his career.[10]","title":"VFL career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_of_Sport_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"League Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_Teams"},{"link_name":"Lou Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lou_Richards"},{"link_name":"Jack Dyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Dyer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-the_age-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-herald_sun-1"}],"text":"During his career, Davis was a popular character off the field, with his much-imitated flamboyant voice – in particular the phrase \"fair dinkum unbelievable\", which has been imitated many times in the football world, usually with humorous but respectful intent. He appeared on many television shows in the 1970s and '80s, including World of Sport and League Teams with Lou Richards and Jack Dyer.[7]He died in hospital on 16 May 2011 after a long battle with illness in his last months.[1] Before the Carlton-Geelong game later that week they held a minute's silence.Clunes Football Club Davis's original club scrapped their traditional Black and White for a one off tribute game post his death. They donned Geelong style jerseys for 1 game, and displayed both clubs logos and the name Bob Davis on the back.","title":"Post-playing career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Anderson, Jon; Langmaid, Aaron (17 May 2011). \"Cats legend Bob Davis dies\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 17 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/cats-legend-bob-davis-dies/story-e6frf9jf-1226057395263","url_text":"\"Cats legend Bob Davis dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballarat Man for Geelong\". Herald. 13 May 1948.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/247289593?searchTerm=golden%20point%20bob%20davis%20%20geelong","url_text":"\"Ballarat Man for Geelong\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ballarat Schoolboy in State Team\". Weekly Times. 13 July 1949.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/224947064?searchTerm=golden%20point%20bob%20davis%20%20geelong","url_text":"\"Ballarat Schoolboy in State Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cats to hold flanker\". The Argus. Melbourne. 19 January 1952. p. 12. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23158200","url_text":"\"Cats to hold flanker\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"Australian Associated Press (17 May 2011). \"Cats legend Davis dies\". ABC News. Retrieved 17 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/05/17/3219006.htm","url_text":"\"Cats legend Davis dies\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 'Geelong Flyer'\". Rail Geelong. Retrieved 1 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.railgeelong.com/article/geelong-flyer","url_text":"\"The 'Geelong Flyer'\""}]},{"reference":"Brodie, Will (17 May 2011). \"Cats legend Bob Davis passes away\". The Age. Retrieved 17 May 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/cats-legend-bob-davis-passes-away-20110517-1eqjp.html","url_text":"\"Cats legend Bob Davis passes away\""}]},{"reference":"\"DAVIS JOB WAITS\". The Argus. Melbourne. 4 March 1952. p. 9. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23166578","url_text":"\"DAVIS JOB WAITS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Argus_(Melbourne)","url_text":"The Argus"}]},{"reference":"\"Davis Accepts Geelong's\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 31 May 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47376166","url_text":"\"Davis Accepts Geelong's\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]},{"reference":"\"Davis Not For South\". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 10 February 1953. p. 6. Retrieved 20 May 2011 – via National Library of Australia.","urls":[{"url":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48282695","url_text":"\"Davis Not For South\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advertiser_(Adelaide)","url_text":"The Advertiser"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/B/Bob_Davis.html","external_links_name":"AFL Tables"},{"Link":"https://australianfootball.com/players/player/Bob+Davis/7701","external_links_name":"AustralianFootball.com"},{"Link":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/afl/cats-legend-bob-davis-dies/story-e6frf9jf-1226057395263","external_links_name":"\"Cats legend Bob Davis dies\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/247289593?searchTerm=golden%20point%20bob%20davis%20%20geelong","external_links_name":"\"Ballarat Man for Geelong\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/224947064?searchTerm=golden%20point%20bob%20davis%20%20geelong","external_links_name":"\"Ballarat Schoolboy in State Team\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23158200","external_links_name":"\"Cats to hold flanker\""},{"Link":"http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2011/05/17/3219006.htm","external_links_name":"\"Cats legend Davis dies\""},{"Link":"http://www.railgeelong.com/article/geelong-flyer","external_links_name":"\"The 'Geelong Flyer'\""},{"Link":"http://www.theage.com.au/afl/afl-news/cats-legend-bob-davis-passes-away-20110517-1eqjp.html","external_links_name":"\"Cats legend Bob Davis passes away\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article23166578","external_links_name":"\"DAVIS JOB WAITS\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article47376166","external_links_name":"\"Davis Accepts Geelong's\""},{"Link":"http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article48282695","external_links_name":"\"Davis Not For South\""},{"Link":"http://gfc.com.au/default.asp?pg=players&spg=playerprofile&personid=204501","external_links_name":"Geelong Profile – Bob Davis"},{"Link":"http://afltables.com/afl/stats/players/B/Bob_Davis.html","external_links_name":"Bob Davis's playing statistics"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/398426/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000067721436","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/92714306","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8K7pG4YjFqyRyTgjV4q","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97100796","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang_Ching-feng | Wang Ching-feng | ["1 Early life","2 Early career","3 Political career","4 ROC Justice Ministry","5 References","6 External links"] | Taiwanese lawyer and politician
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Wang Tsing-fong王清峰Wang in 2009Minister of Justice of the Republic of ChinaIn office20 May 2008 – 12 March 2010DeputyWu Chen-huanPreceded byShih Mau-linSucceeded byHuang Shih-ming (acting)Tseng Yung-fu
Personal detailsBorn1 January 1952 (1952-01) (age 72)Tainan City, TaiwanNationalityRepublic of ChinaAlma materNational Chengchi UniversityOccupationLawyer and politician
In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.
Wang Tsing-fong (Chinese: 王清峰; pinyin: Wáng Qīngfēng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ông Chheng-hong; born 1 January 1952 in Tainan City) is a Taiwanese lawyer and politician.
Early life
Wang graduated from the Taipei First Girls' High School and received her bachelor's and master's degrees in law from National Chengchi University.
Early career
Wang has been working as a lawyer since graduation. Since 1987, she has been organising activities to give legal support to help Taiwanese comfort women, child prostitutes, and rape victims.
Political career
She was nominated as a member of the Control Yuan by President Lee Teng-hui, serving in this position from April 1993 to October 1995.
In October 1995, Wang resigned her Control Yuan position and accepted the invitation from Chen Li-an to be his partner in their 1996 ROC Presidential Election campaign. They finished last among the four candidates, winning 9.98% of the vote.
1996 Republic of China Presidential Election Result
President Candidate
Vice President Candidate
Party
Votes
%
Lee Teng-hui
Lien Chan
Kuomintang
5,813,699
54.0
Peng Ming-min
Frank Hsieh
Democratic Progressive Party
2,274,586
21.1
Lin Yang-kang
Hau Pei-tsun
Independent
1,603,790
14.9
Chen Li-an
Wang Ching-feng
Independent
1,074,044
9.9
Invalid/blank votes
117,160
Total
10,883,279
100
In 2004, as an independent, Wang served as a member in the highly controversial 3-19 Shooting Investigation Committee organised by the pan-blue coalition after its loss in the 2004 ROC Presidential election. In 2005 Wang secured a seat in the National Assembly of the Republic of China after the Democratic Action Alliance led by Chang Ya-chung, her recommending party, won 1.68% vote in the 2005 Republic of China National Assembly election and thereby secured five seats. Wang resigned her seat immediately upon taking office.
ROC Justice Ministry
Wang was nominated by President Ma Ying-jeou to be Minister of Justice after he won the 2008 ROC Presidential Election. On 10 March 2010, Wang announced that she is in favour of the eventual abolition of the death penalty; she emphasised that she would not allow any executions during her tenure. Her speech aroused public protests led by relatives of murder victims, such as the entertainer Pai Bing-bing (whose daughter was kidnapped and murdered in 1997). There were calls for her to step down. Wang quit her ministerial position the next day.
References
^ "Minister of Justice WANG Ching-feng". Minister of Justice. 15 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
^ Ko, Shu-ling (15 May 2005). "DPP wins surprise victory in election". Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ Ko, Shu-ling (31 May 2005). "National Assembly has first meeting". Taipei Times. Retrieved 7 January 2019.
^ "Taiwan: Justice Minister Threatens to Resign Rather Than Approve Executions". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to Wang Ching-feng.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph-Ignace_Guillotin | Joseph-Ignace Guillotin | ["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Political career and guillotine","2.2 Resumption of medical career","3 Personal life","3.1 Family","3.2 Freemasonry","4 In modern fiction","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links"] | French physician, politician and freemason
This article is about Joseph-Ignace Guillotin. For other uses, including the device named after him, see Guillotine (disambiguation).
Joseph-Ignace GuillotinDr. Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (Musée Carnavalet, Paris)Born(1738-05-28)28 May 1738Saintes, FranceDied26 March 1814(1814-03-26) (aged 75)Paris, FranceResting placePère Lachaise CemeteryEducationIrish College, BordeauxReims UniversityUniversity of ParisOccupationPhysicianKnown forProposing a painless method for executions, inspiring the guillotine
Joseph-Ignace Guillotin (French: ; 28 May 1738 – 26 March 1814) was a French physician, politician, and freemason who proposed on 10 October 1789 the use of a device to carry out executions in France, as a less painful method of execution than existing methods. Although he did not invent the guillotine and opposed the death penalty, his name became an eponym for it. The actual inventor of the prototype was a man named Tobias Schmidt, working with the king's physician, Antoine Louis.
Early life and education
Guillotin was born on 28 May 1738 in Saintes, France, the second son of Joseph-Alexandre Guillotin and Catherine Agatha Martin. Legend has it that he was born prematurely because his mother was in distress after hearing the screams of a man being tortured to death on the breaking wheel.
Guillotin's early education was by the Jesuits in Bordeaux and he earned a Master of Arts degree at the College of Aquitaine of the University of Bordeaux in December 1761. The essay that he wrote to earn the degree impressed the Jesuits so much that they invited him to become a professor of literature at the Irish College in Bordeaux. However, he left after a few years and travelled to Paris to study medicine, becoming a pupil of Antoine Petit. He gained a diploma from the faculty at Reims in 1768 and his doctorate at the School of Medicine in Paris in 1770, which also gave him the title of Doctor-Regent. This allowed him to teach medicine in Paris.
Career
In Paris, Guillotin became a well-known physician. By 1775, he was concerned with issues of torture and death. That year, he wrote a memo proposing that criminals be used as subjects in medical experiments. Although he recognised that as cruel, he considered it preferable to being put to death. In 1784, when Franz Mesmer began to publicize his theory of "animal magnetism", which was considered offensive by many, Louis XVI appointed a commission to investigate it and Guillotin was appointed a member, along with Jean Sylvain Bailly, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Antoine Lavoisier, and Benjamin Franklin. The commission declared Mesmer to be a fraud, and this put Guillotin in the public eye.
Political career and guillotine
In December 1788, Guillotin drafted a pamphlet entitled Petition of the Citizens Living in Paris, concerning the proper constitution of the Estates-General. The French parliament attempted to suppress his pamphlet and summoned him to give an account of his opinions, but the crowd during his testimony was very much in support of him, and he was released, which served to increase his popularity. On 2 May 1789, he became one of 10 Paris deputies in the Estates-General of 1789 and was secretary to the body from June 1789 to October 1791. On 20 June 1789, the National Assembly, as the members were now calling themselves, found itself locked out of its chamber. Guillotin suggested they reconvene in a nearby jeu de paume court, where the members swore the Tennis Court Oath, vowing "not to separate and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established".
As a member of the assembly, Guillotin initially directed his attention towards medical reform. As a member of the Poverty Committee, he toured the Hôtel-Dieu and contributed to the report that exposed the unsanitary conditions there. He also became first chair of the Health Committee and submitted a bill for medical reform in 1791.
At the same time, he was also concerned with criminal law reform. His experiences as a doctor had led him to oppose capital punishment: at first, he attempted to abolish it, but was unsuccessful. At that time, beheading in France was typically by axe or sword, which did not always cause immediate death. Additionally, beheading was reserved for the nobility, while commoners were typically hanged, which could take a long time, as the techniques whereby the victim's neck was broken by the noose had not yet been invented. Other methods included burning at the stake, the breaking wheel, death by boiling, and dismemberment. Guillotin realised that, if he could not eliminate executions, he could at least make them more humane.
On 10 October 1789, he proposed that "the criminal shall be decapitated; this will be done solely by means of a simple mechanism." The "mechanism" was defined as "a machine that beheads painlessly". His proposal appeared in the Royalist periodical, Les Actes des Apôtres. In all, Guillotin proposed six articles:
All punishments for the same class of crime shall be the same, regardless of the criminal (i.e., there would be no privilege for the nobility)
When the death sentence is applied, it will be by decapitation, carried out by a machine
The family of the guilty party will not suffer any legal discrimination
It will be illegal to anyone to reproach the guilty party's family about his/her punishment
The property of the convicted shall not be confiscated
The bodies of those executed shall be returned to the family if so requested
Guillotin assumed that, if a fair system was established where the only method of capital punishment was by mechanical decapitation, then the public would feel more appreciative of their rights. Despite this proposal, Guillotin was opposed to the death penalty, and hoped that a more humane and less painful method of execution would be the first step towards total abolition. He also hoped that, as the decapitation machine would kill quickly without prolonged suffering, this would reduce the size and enthusiasm of crowds that often witnessed executions.
On 1 December 1789, Guillotin made a remark during a follow-up speech to the Assembly about capital punishment. He was quoted (or possibly misquoted) as saying, "Now, with my machine, I cut off your head in the twinkling of an eye, and you never feel it!" The statement quickly became a popular joke, and a few days after the debate a comic song about Guillotin and "his" machine circulated, forever tying his name to it, despite the fact that he was not at all involved in its design or construction. The Moniteur of 18 December 1789 deplored the joking but repeated Guillotin's "twinkling of an eye" statement for posterity.
The articles were fairly controversial as the rights of the criminals and their families had not previously been considered, but they were accepted over the course of several years, with the "decapitation by simple machine" finally being accepted on 3 June 1791, with the result that his proposals became law on 20 March 1792. Meanwhile, the Assembly had commissioned Antoine Louis to build such a device. His proposal was presented on 17 March, and the first executions using it took place on 25 April 1792. However, by October 1791, Guillotin had already retired from the Assembly, returning to practise medicine. During the Reign of Terror, he moved to Arras to become the director of the military hospital there, returning to Paris a year later.
Towards the end of the Reign of Terror, a letter from the Comte de Méré to Guillotin fell into the hands of the public prosecutor, Fouquier-Tinville in which the Count, who was to be executed, commended his wife and children to Guillotin's care. The authorities demanded Guillotin inform them of the whereabouts of the Count's wife and children. As Guillotin either would not or could not give the information, he was arrested and imprisoned. He was freed from prison in the general amnesty of 9 Thermidor (27 July) 1794 after Robespierre fell from power.
In November 1795, a letter was published in the Moniteur claiming that the guillotine's victims survived for several minutes after beheading. Guillotin was shocked, and for the remainder of his life, he deeply regretted that the machine was named after him. His continued efforts to abolish the death penalty were hampered by the widespread belief that as the very person who proposed using a decapitation machine he must surely be in favour of it.
Resumption of medical career
Guillotin became one of the first French doctors to support Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination, and in 1805 was the chairman of the Central Vaccination Committee in Paris. He also founded one of the precursors of the National Academy of Medicine.
Personal life
Family
The association with the guillotine so embarrassed Guillotin's family that they petitioned the French government to rename it; when the government refused, they instead changed their own family name. By coincidence, another person named Guillotin was indeed executed by the guillotine – he was J.M.V. Guillotin, a doctor of Lyon. This coincidence may have contributed to erroneous statements that J-I Guillotin was put to death on the machine that bears his name; however, in reality, Guillotin died at home in Paris in 1814 of natural causes, aged 75, specifically from a carbuncle, and is now buried in the Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. He was married to Louise Saugrain, sister of the physician and chemist Antoine Saugrain.
Freemasonry
Joseph Guillotin was initiated into Freemasonry, in 1765 at "La Parfaite Union" lodge in Angoulême. Very active as a mason, he joined several other lodges. As a deputy of the Grand Lodge from 1772 he took part in the birth of the Grand Orient of France and attended all its conventions until 1790. In 1773, he became Worshipful Master of the lodge "La Concorde Fraternelle" in Paris. In 1776, he founded the "La Vérité" lodge and often attended Les Neuf Sœurs.
In modern fiction
Guillotin features in Andrew Miller's Costa prize-winning novel Pure. He is also a primary character in the 1992 novel Dr Guillotine, written by the actor Herbert Lom. He is also the main character in the French drama series La Révolution.
See also
Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism
Notes
^ a b c d e f g h i j k Donegan, Ciaran F. (1990). "Dr Guillotin – reformer and humanitarian". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (10): 637–639. doi:10.1177/014107689008301014. PMC 1292858. PMID 2286964.
^ a b c Yearsley, Macleod (1915). "Joseph Ignace Guillotin". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 8 (Sect Hist Med): 1–6. doi:10.1177/003591571500801501. PMC 2003650. PMID 19978948.
^ a b Russo, Naomi (25 March 2016). "The Death-Penalty Abolitionist Who Invented the Guillotine". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ a b c d e f g Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (January–June 1844). "Dr Guillotin". Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. I. W. Orr: 218–221. Retrieved 30 December 2009.
^ Bailly, John W. (12 April 2019). "Equality in Death: The Life of Joseph-Ignace Guillotine". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ a b c Opie, Robert Frederick (27 March 1997). Guillotine. The History Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0-7524-9605-4.
^ a b Morgan, J. D. (28 March 2011). "The Fate of Doctor Guillotin". Accessible Archives. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity. New York: H. Holt. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-8050-8261-6.
^ Roach, Mary (2003). Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-393-05093-6.
^ "Guillotin, frère du peuple" . L'Express (in French). 3 February 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
^ "Joseph Ignace Guillotin". Health Sciences Library System. University of Pittsburgh.
^ Pepper, William (1911). "The Medical Side of Benjamin Franklin". University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin. 23: 503.
^ Cavendish, Richard (3 March 2014). "Death of Joseph-Ignace Guillotin". History Today. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1970). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Harper & Row.
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guillotine" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
^ Richard Gordon, The Alarming History of Medicine: Amusing Anecdotes from Hippocrates to Heart Transplants, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. p. 225.
^ Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 352 (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)
^ Kyte, Holly (16 June 2011). "Pure by Andrew Miller: review". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
References
Bailly, J.-S., "Secret Report on Mesmerism or Animal Magnetism", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol.50, No.4, (October 2002), pp. 364–368. doi=10.1080/00207140208410110
Franklin, B., Majault, M.J., Le Roy, J.B., Sallin, C.L., Bailly, J.-S., d'Arcet, J., de Bory, G., Guillotin, J.-I. & Lavoisier, A., "Report of The Commissioners charged by the King with the Examination of Animal Magnetism", International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, Vol.50, No.4, (October 2002), pp. 332–363. doi=10.1080/00207140208410109
External links
Media related to Joseph Ignace Guillotin at Wikimedia Commons
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Guillotine". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 694–695.
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This allowed him to teach medicine in Paris.[1]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlantic-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Franz Mesmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Mesmer"},{"link_name":"animal magnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_magnetism"},{"link_name":"Louis XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI"},{"link_name":"Jean Sylvain Bailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly"},{"link_name":"Antoine Laurent de Jussieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu"},{"link_name":"Antoine Lavoisier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Franklin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"}],"text":"In Paris, Guillotin became a well-known physician.[3] By 1775, he was concerned with issues of torture and death. That year, he wrote a memo proposing that criminals be used as subjects in medical experiments. Although he recognised that as cruel, he considered it preferable to being put to death.[1] In 1784, when Franz Mesmer began to publicize his theory of \"animal magnetism\", which was considered offensive by many, Louis XVI appointed a commission to investigate it and Guillotin was appointed a member, along with Jean Sylvain Bailly, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, Antoine Lavoisier, and Benjamin Franklin.[4] The commission declared Mesmer to be a fraud, and this put Guillotin in the public eye.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estates-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_States-General"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Estates-General of 1789","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates-General_of_1789"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"National Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)"},{"link_name":"jeu de paume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeu_de_paume"},{"link_name":"Tennis Court Oath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Hôtel-Dieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel-Dieu,_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"capital punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"hanged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"burning at the stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_at_the_stake"},{"link_name":"death by boiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_by_boiling"},{"link_name":"dismemberment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dismemberment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Atlantic-3"},{"link_name":"decapitated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decapitation"},{"link_name":"Les Actes des Apôtres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Actes_des_Apotres"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opie-6"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan-7"},{"link_name":"execution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opie-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Opie-6"},{"link_name":"Antoine Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Louis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yearsley-2"},{"link_name":"Reign of Terror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reign_of_Terror"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"Fouquier-Tinville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"9 Thermidor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction"},{"link_name":"Robespierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robespierre"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chambers-4"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Exp-10"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Morgan-7"}],"sub_title":"Political career and guillotine","text":"In December 1788, Guillotin drafted a pamphlet entitled Petition of the Citizens Living in Paris, concerning the proper constitution of the Estates-General. The French parliament attempted to suppress his pamphlet and summoned him to give an account of his opinions, but the crowd during his testimony was very much in support of him, and he was released, which served to increase his popularity.[1] On 2 May 1789, he became one of 10 Paris deputies in the Estates-General of 1789 and was secretary to the body from June 1789 to October 1791.[4] On 20 June 1789, the National Assembly, as the members were now calling themselves, found itself locked out of its chamber. Guillotin suggested they reconvene in a nearby jeu de paume court, where the members swore the Tennis Court Oath, vowing \"not to separate and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the Constitution of the kingdom is established\".[1]As a member of the assembly, Guillotin initially directed his attention towards medical reform. As a member of the Poverty Committee, he toured the Hôtel-Dieu and contributed to the report that exposed the unsanitary conditions there. He also became first chair of the Health Committee and submitted a bill for medical reform in 1791.[1]At the same time, he was also concerned with criminal law reform. His experiences as a doctor had led him to oppose capital punishment: at first, he attempted to abolish it, but was unsuccessful.[5] At that time, beheading in France was typically by axe or sword, which did not always cause immediate death. Additionally, beheading was reserved for the nobility, while commoners were typically hanged, which could take a long time, as the techniques whereby the victim's neck was broken by the noose had not yet been invented.[4] Other methods included burning at the stake, the breaking wheel, death by boiling, and dismemberment. Guillotin realised that, if he could not eliminate executions, he could at least make them more humane.[3]On 10 October 1789, he proposed that \"the criminal shall be decapitated; this will be done solely by means of a simple mechanism.\" The \"mechanism\" was defined as \"a machine that beheads painlessly\". His proposal appeared in the Royalist periodical, Les Actes des Apôtres.[4] In all, Guillotin proposed six articles:[6]All punishments for the same class of crime shall be the same, regardless of the criminal (i.e., there would be no privilege for the nobility)\nWhen the death sentence is applied, it will be by decapitation, carried out by a machine\nThe family of the guilty party will not suffer any legal discrimination\nIt will be illegal to anyone to reproach the guilty party's family about his/her punishment\nThe property of the convicted shall not be confiscated\nThe bodies of those executed shall be returned to the family if so requestedGuillotin assumed that, if a fair system was established where the only method of capital punishment was by mechanical decapitation, then the public would feel more appreciative of their rights.[citation needed] Despite this proposal, Guillotin was opposed to the death penalty,[7] and hoped that a more humane and less painful method of execution would be the first step towards total abolition. He also hoped that, as the decapitation machine would kill quickly without prolonged suffering, this would reduce the size and enthusiasm of crowds that often witnessed executions.On 1 December 1789, Guillotin made a remark during a follow-up speech to the Assembly about capital punishment. He was quoted (or possibly misquoted[6]) as saying, \"Now, with my machine, I cut off your head in the twinkling of an eye, and you never feel it!\"[4] The statement quickly became a popular joke, and a few days after the debate a comic song about Guillotin and \"his\" machine circulated, forever tying his name to it, despite the fact that he was not at all involved in its design or construction. The Moniteur of 18 December 1789 deplored the joking but repeated Guillotin's \"twinkling of an eye\" statement for posterity.[4]The articles were fairly controversial as the rights of the criminals and their families had not previously been considered, but they were accepted over the course of several years,[1] with the \"decapitation by simple machine\" finally being accepted on 3 June 1791, with the result that his proposals became law on 20 March 1792.[6] Meanwhile, the Assembly had commissioned Antoine Louis to build such a device. His proposal was presented on 17 March,[1] and the first executions using it took place on 25 April 1792.[8] However, by October 1791, Guillotin had already retired from the Assembly, returning to practise medicine.[2] During the Reign of Terror, he moved to Arras to become the director of the military hospital there, returning to Paris a year later.[1]Towards the end of the Reign of Terror, a letter from the Comte de Méré to Guillotin fell into the hands of the public prosecutor, Fouquier-Tinville in which the Count, who was to be executed, commended his wife and children to Guillotin's care. The authorities demanded Guillotin inform them of the whereabouts of the Count's wife and children. As Guillotin either would not or could not give the information, he was arrested and imprisoned.[citation needed] He was freed from prison in the general amnesty of 9 Thermidor (27 July) 1794 after Robespierre fell from power.[4]In November 1795, a letter was published in the Moniteur claiming that the guillotine's victims survived for several minutes after beheading. Guillotin was shocked,[9] and for the remainder of his life, he deeply regretted that the machine was named after him.[10] His continued efforts to abolish the death penalty were hampered by the widespread belief that as the very person who proposed using a decapitation machine he must surely be in favour of it.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Jenner"},{"link_name":"vaccination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pitt-11"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Donegan-1"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Nationale_de_M%C3%A9decine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Resumption of medical career","text":"Guillotin became one of the first French doctors to support Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination,[11] and in 1805 was the chairman of the Central Vaccination Committee in Paris.[1] He also founded one of the precursors of the National Academy of Medicine.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Lyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB11-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB11-15"},{"link_name":"carbuncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncle"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Père-Lachaise Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Antoine Saugrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Saugrain"}],"sub_title":"Family","text":"The association with the guillotine so embarrassed Guillotin's family that they petitioned the French government to rename it; when the government refused, they instead changed their own family name.[13] By coincidence, another person named Guillotin was indeed executed by the guillotine – he was J.M.V. Guillotin, a doctor of Lyon.[14] This coincidence may have contributed to erroneous statements that J-I Guillotin was put to death on the machine that bears his name;[15] however, in reality, Guillotin died at home in Paris in 1814 of natural causes, aged 75,[15] specifically from a carbuncle,[16] and is now buried in the Père-Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. He was married to Louise Saugrain, sister of the physician and chemist Antoine Saugrain.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freemasonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemasonry"},{"link_name":"Angoulême","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angoul%C3%AAme"},{"link_name":"Grand Orient of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Orient_of_France"},{"link_name":"Les Neuf Sœurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Neuf_S%C5%93urs"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Freemasonry","text":"Joseph Guillotin was initiated into Freemasonry, in 1765 at \"La Parfaite Union\" lodge in Angoulême. Very active as a mason, he joined several other lodges. As a deputy of the Grand Lodge from 1772 he took part in the birth of the Grand Orient of France and attended all its conventions until 1790. In 1773, he became Worshipful Master of the lodge \"La Concorde Fraternelle\" in Paris. In 1776, he founded the \"La Vérité\" lodge and often attended Les Neuf Sœurs.[17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Miller's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Miller_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Costa prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Award_2011"},{"link_name":"Pure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pure_(Miller_novel)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Herbert Lom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Lom"},{"link_name":"La Révolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_R%C3%A9volution"}],"text":"Guillotin features in Andrew Miller's Costa prize-winning novel Pure.[18] He is also a primary character in the 1992 novel Dr Guillotine, written by the actor Herbert Lom. He is also the main character in the French drama series La Révolution.","title":"In modern fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Donegan_1-10"},{"link_name":"\"Dr Guillotin – reformer and humanitarian\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292858"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/014107689008301014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F014107689008301014"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1292858","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1292858"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2286964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2286964"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Yearsley_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Yearsley_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Yearsley_2-2"},{"link_name":"\"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2003650"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1177/003591571500801501","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1177%2F003591571500801501"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2003650","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2003650"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19978948","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19978948"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Atlantic_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Atlantic_3-1"},{"link_name":"\"The Death-Penalty Abolitionist Who Invented the Guillotine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/03/the-man-behind-the-guillotine-opposed-the-death-penalty/475431/"},{"link_name":"The Atlantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-chambers_4-6"},{"link_name":"\"Dr Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=LLQCAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA218"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Equality in Death: The Life of 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Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20221113015243/https://www.accessible-archives.com/2011/03/the-fate-of-doctor-guillotin/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.accessible-archives.com/2011/03/the-fate-of-doctor-guillotin/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Fatal Purity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=yLxpgYt4dJcC&pg=PA222"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8050-8261-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-8261-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8Zi3-pOWtbAC&q=Joseph-Ignace+Guillotin&pg=PA199"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-05093-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05093-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Exp_10-0"},{"link_name":"\"Guillotin, frère du peuple\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.lexpress.fr/region/guillotin-frere-du-peuple_738117.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pitt_11-0"},{"link_name":"\"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hsls.pitt.edu/medical-and-scientific-medals/Joseph%20Ignace%20Guillotin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"The Medical Side of Benjamin Franklin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=_3k2AQAAIAAJ&q=Joseph-Ignace+Guillotin&pg=PA503"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"\"Death of Joseph-Ignace Guillotin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/death-joseph-ignace-guillotin"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._Cobham_Brewer"},{"link_name":"Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable"},{"link_name":"Harper & Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_%26_Row"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB11_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-EB11_15-1"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"\"Guillotine\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Guillotine"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"Pure by Andrew Miller: review\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/8559116/Pure-by-Andrew-Miller-review.html"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i j k Donegan, Ciaran F. (1990). \"Dr Guillotin – reformer and humanitarian\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (10): 637–639. doi:10.1177/014107689008301014. PMC 1292858. PMID 2286964.\n\n^ a b c Yearsley, Macleod (1915). \"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 8 (Sect Hist Med): 1–6. doi:10.1177/003591571500801501. PMC 2003650. PMID 19978948.\n\n^ a b Russo, Naomi (25 March 2016). \"The Death-Penalty Abolitionist Who Invented the Guillotine\". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 May 2020.\n\n^ a b c d e f g Chambers, William; Chambers, Robert (January–June 1844). \"Dr Guillotin\". Chambers's Edinburgh Journal. I. W. Orr: 218–221. Retrieved 30 December 2009.\n\n^ Bailly, John W. (12 April 2019). \"Equality in Death: The Life of Joseph-Ignace Guillotine\". Archived from the original on 19 October 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.\n\n^ a b c Opie, Robert Frederick (27 March 1997). Guillotine. The History Press. pp. 23–26. ISBN 978-0-7524-9605-4.\n\n^ a b Morgan, J. D. (28 March 2011). \"The Fate of Doctor Guillotin\". Accessible Archives. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 25 May 2020.\n\n^ Scurr, Ruth (2007). Fatal Purity. New York: H. Holt. pp. 222–223. ISBN 978-0-8050-8261-6.\n\n^ Roach, Mary (2003). Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-393-05093-6.\n\n^ \"Guillotin, frère du peuple\" [Guillotin, brother of the people]. L'Express (in French). 3 February 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2020.\n\n^ \"Joseph Ignace Guillotin\". Health Sciences Library System. University of Pittsburgh.\n\n^ Pepper, William (1911). \"The Medical Side of Benjamin Franklin\". University of Pennsylvania Medical Bulletin. 23: 503.\n\n^ Cavendish, Richard (3 March 2014). \"Death of Joseph-Ignace Guillotin\". History Today. Retrieved 25 May 2020.\n\n^ Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham (1970). Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable. Harper & Row.\n\n^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Guillotine\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.\n\n^ Richard Gordon, The Alarming History of Medicine: Amusing Anecdotes from Hippocrates to Heart Transplants, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993. p. 225.\n\n^ Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie, page 352 (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)\n\n^ Kyte, Holly (16 June 2011). \"Pure by Andrew Miller: review\". Telegraph. Retrieved 4 January 2012.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | [{"title":"Royal Commission on Animal Magnetism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Commission_on_Animal_Magnetism"}] | [{"reference":"Donegan, Ciaran F. (1990). \"Dr Guillotin – reformer and humanitarian\". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 83 (10): 637–639. doi:10.1177/014107689008301014. PMC 1292858. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escadrille_N57 | Escadrille SPA.57 | ["1 History","2 Coat of Arms","3 Commanding officers","4 Notable personnel","5 Aircraft assigned","5.1 Former aircraft","6 Footnotes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | Escadrille MS 57 – N 57 – SPA 57 - 57SCurrent blason of Escadrille 57SActiveMay 1915Country FranceBranch French Air ServiceTypeTraining SquadronGarrison/HQBAN LandivisiauMascot(s)SeagullEngagementsWorld War IMilitary unit
Escadrille MS 57 (Squadron Morane-Saulnier 57) of the French Air Force was founded during World War I, on 10 May 1915. Now known as Escadrille 57S, they are currently a training squadron based at BAN Landivisiau flying the Dassault Falcon 10MER.
History
Stood up by Captain Alfred Zappelli, Escadrille MS 57 was initially attached to the 10th Army, flying Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LAs in the vicinity of Arras. Zappelli would be transferred to MS 46 on 8 September 1915 with Capt Edouard Duseigneur taking command of the squadron. Duseigneur had transferred from the 16th Dragoons where he trained and flew the Nieuport 10, and thus changed the squadron naming per French custom at the time to N 57 (for Nieuport). The squadron were first cited in orders as N 57 on 24 October 1915.
On 16 March 1916, the squadron moved to the front lines near Verdun. It would remain there until incorporated into Groupe de Combat 11 on 1 November 1916. The squadron served with GC 11 through war's end.
On 24 May 1917, the squadron was again cited, for having destroyed 20 enemy aircraft and six observation balloons. This second citation entitled members of the unit to wear the fourragere of the Croix de Guerre. The arrival of SPADs late in 1917 changed the unit's name again to SPA 57.
Closely following the war's end, SPA 57 was once again cited for its efforts. It was credited with the destruction of 65 enemy aircraft and 14 observation balloons.
With the end of the war, the French Army would take the opportunity to reorganize its aviation divisions, absorbing the elements of SPA 57 into the 7th squadron of the 2e regiment d'aviation de chasse (2è RAC) out of Strasbourg. The 2è RAC would again be absorbed by GC 11 in 1933, becoming its 4th squadron, seeing combat again in the Battle of France until finally disbanded on August 20, 1940.
With France's last ditch effort to retain French Indochina and tensions rising in Algeria, Escadrille 57S was reformed on 1 June 1953 at BAN Lartigues in Algeria as a training squadron flying North American SNJs and Grumman F6F Hellcats.
A Falcon 10 MER of the 57S
The Hellcats were replaced with Vought F4U Corsairs in 1959, and the squadron entered the jet age with the Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr in 1961. The squadron was again stood down in 1962 with end of the Algerian War.
Lieutenant Guy Baillot stood the training squadron up once again at BAN Landivisiau on 1 September 1981, with the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris and earlier models of the Dassault Falcon 10 they continue to fly today.
Coat of Arms
It's unclear when it was first adopted, but the squadron used a charging wild boar as its blason as early as Capt Duseigneur's command. When the then squadron commander, Lt Jean Chaput, an ace with 16 certified kills was shot down on 6 May 1918, the squadron changed its blason for Chaput's personal insignia, a seagull in flight with outstretched wings.
Commanding officers
Capitaine Alfred Zappelli: 10 May 1915 – 7 September 1915
Capitaine Edouard Duseigneur: 8 September 1915 – 10 March 1917
Lieutenant Georges Herbulot: 10 March 1917 – 11 April 1918
Lieutenant Jean Chaput: 11 April 1918 – KIA 6 May 1918
Lieutenant Jacques Ortoli: 10 May 1918 -
Lieutenant Guy Baillot: 1 September 1981 - 5 September 1983
Notable personnel
Lieutenant Jean Chaput
Sous lieutenant Charles Nuville
Sous lieutenant Marcel Nogues
Lieutenant Jean Alfred Fraissinet
Sous lieutenant Marius Hasdenteufel
Aspirant Jean Dubois de Gennes
Adjutant Andre Petit-Delchet
Aircraft assigned
Dassault Falcon 10 1981-today
Former aircraft
Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LA - 10 May 1915
Nieuport 10: September 1915
SPAD: Late 1917
North American SNJ 1953-1962
Grumman F6F Hellcat 1953-1959
Vought F4U Corsair 1959-1962
Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr 1961-1962
Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris 1981-1997
Footnotes
^ Vergneres, Fred (17 November 2020). "FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY". Ultimate Jet.
^ a b c d e f Franks et al. 1992, p. 94.
^ a b c d "Escadrille 57S". Ministère des armées - Marine nationale. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
^ Albin, Denis. "Escadrille MS 57". Les escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire et des régiments d'aviation. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
References
Franks, Norman; Frank W. Bailey. Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918 Grub Street, 1992. ISBN 0-948817-54-2, ISBN 978-0-948817-54-0.
Further reading
Bailey, Frank W., and Christophe Cony. French Air Service War Chronology, 1914-1918: Day-to-Day Claims and Losses by French Fighter, Bomber and Two-Seat Pilots on the Western Front. London: Grub Street, 2001.
Davilla, James J., and Arthur M. Soltan. French Aircraft of the First World War. Stratford, CT: Flying Machines Press, 1997.
Les escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire française: symbolique et histoire, 1912-1920. Vincennes: Service historique de l'armée de l'air, 2004. ISBN 2-11-094692-X
External links
Escadrille MS 57 - N 57 - SPA 57
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Aces
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Campaignsand battles
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Canadian Air Force (1918–1920)
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Army Air Service
Naval Air Service
Central Powersair services
Imperial German Air Service
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Bulgarian Army Aeroplane Section
This article about a specific French military unit is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10MER-1"}],"text":"Military unitEscadrille MS 57 (Squadron Morane-Saulnier 57) of the French Air Force was founded during World War I, on 10 May 1915. Now known as Escadrille 57S, they are currently a training squadron based at BAN Landivisiau flying the Dassault Falcon 10MER.[1]","title":"Escadrille SPA.57"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10th Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_Army_(France)"},{"link_name":"Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_L"},{"link_name":"Arras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arras"},{"link_name":"Nieuport 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_10"},{"link_name":"cited in orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verdun"},{"link_name":"Groupe de Combat 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_de_Combat_11"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"observation balloons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observation_balloon"},{"link_name":"fourragere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourragere"},{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Guerre"},{"link_name":"SPADs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Pour_L%27Aviation_et_ses_D%C3%A9riv%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"2e regiment d'aviation de chasse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2e_Escadre_de_Chasse"},{"link_name":"Battle of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_France"},{"link_name":"French Indochina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina"},{"link_name":"Algeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"North American SNJs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Grumman F6F Hellcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRPA-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dsc_8287_36334451942_o_(49072360281).jpg"},{"link_name":"Vought F4U Corsairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouga_CM.175_Z%C3%A9phyr"},{"link_name":"Algerian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algerian_War"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRPA-3"},{"link_name":"Landivisiau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landivisiau"},{"link_name":"Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_MS.760_Paris"},{"link_name":"Dassault Falcon 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRPA-3"}],"text":"Stood up by Captain Alfred Zappelli, Escadrille MS 57 was initially attached to the 10th Army, flying Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LAs in the vicinity of Arras. Zappelli would be transferred to MS 46 on 8 September 1915 with Capt Edouard Duseigneur taking command of the squadron. Duseigneur had transferred from the 16th Dragoons where he trained and flew the Nieuport 10, and thus changed the squadron naming per French custom at the time to N 57 (for Nieuport). The squadron were first cited in orders as N 57 on 24 October 1915.[2]On 16 March 1916, the squadron moved to the front lines near Verdun. It would remain there until incorporated into Groupe de Combat 11 on 1 November 1916. The squadron served with GC 11 through war's end.[2]On 24 May 1917, the squadron was again cited, for having destroyed 20 enemy aircraft and six observation balloons. This second citation entitled members of the unit to wear the fourragere of the Croix de Guerre. The arrival of SPADs late in 1917 changed the unit's name again to SPA 57.[2]Closely following the war's end, SPA 57 was once again cited for its efforts. It was credited with the destruction of 65 enemy aircraft and 14 observation balloons.[2]With the end of the war, the French Army would take the opportunity to reorganize its aviation divisions, absorbing the elements of SPA 57 into the 7th squadron of the 2e regiment d'aviation de chasse (2è RAC) out of Strasbourg. The 2è RAC would again be absorbed by GC 11 in 1933, becoming its 4th squadron, seeing combat again in the Battle of France until finally disbanded on August 20, 1940.With France's last ditch effort to retain French Indochina and tensions rising in Algeria, Escadrille 57S was reformed on 1 June 1953 at BAN Lartigues in Algeria as a training squadron flying North American SNJs and Grumman F6F Hellcats.[3]A Falcon 10 MER of the 57SThe Hellcats were replaced with Vought F4U Corsairs in 1959, and the squadron entered the jet age with the Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr in 1961. The squadron was again stood down in 1962 with end of the Algerian War.[3]Lieutenant Guy Baillot stood the training squadron up once again at BAN Landivisiau on 1 September 1981, with the Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris and earlier models of the Dassault Falcon 10 they continue to fly today.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lt Jean Chaput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chaput"},{"link_name":"ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DenisAlbin-4"}],"text":"It's unclear when it was first adopted, but the squadron used a charging wild boar as its blason as early as Capt Duseigneur's command. When the then squadron commander, Lt Jean Chaput, an ace with 16 certified kills was shot down on 6 May 1918, the squadron changed its blason for Chaput's personal insignia, a seagull in flight with outstretched wings.[4]","title":"Coat of Arms"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Chaput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chaput"},{"link_name":"KIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killed_in_action"},{"link_name":"Jacques Ortoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Ortoli"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"}],"text":"Capitaine Alfred Zappelli: 10 May 1915 – 7 September 1915\nCapitaine Edouard Duseigneur: 8 September 1915 – 10 March 1917\nLieutenant Georges Herbulot: 10 March 1917 – 11 April 1918\nLieutenant Jean Chaput: 11 April 1918 – KIA 6 May 1918\nLieutenant Jacques Ortoli: 10 May 1918 -[2]\nLieutenant Guy Baillot: 1 September 1981 - 5 September 1983","title":"Commanding officers"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jean Chaput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Chaput"},{"link_name":"Sous lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sous_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"Charles Nuville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Nuville"},{"link_name":"Marcel Nogues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Nogues"},{"link_name":"Jean Alfred Fraissinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Alfred_Fraissinet"},{"link_name":"Marius Hasdenteufel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marius_Hasdenteufel"},{"link_name":"Aspirant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirant"},{"link_name":"Jean Dubois de Gennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Dubois_de_Gennes"},{"link_name":"Adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"Andre Petit-Delchet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Petit-Delchet"}],"text":"Lieutenant Jean Chaput\nSous lieutenant Charles Nuville\nSous lieutenant Marcel Nogues\nLieutenant Jean Alfred Fraissinet\nSous lieutenant Marius Hasdenteufel\nAspirant Jean Dubois de Gennes\nAdjutant Andre Petit-Delchet","title":"Notable personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dassault Falcon 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SIRPA-3"}],"text":"Dassault Falcon 10 1981-today[3]","title":"Aircraft assigned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_L"},{"link_name":"Nieuport 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieuport_10"},{"link_name":"SPAD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Pour_L%27Aviation_et_ses_D%C3%A9riv%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-front94-2"},{"link_name":"North American SNJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan"},{"link_name":"Grumman F6F Hellcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F6F_Hellcat"},{"link_name":"Vought F4U Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Fouga CM.175 Zéphyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouga_CM.175_Z%C3%A9phyr"},{"link_name":"Morane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morane-Saulnier_MS.760_Paris"}],"sub_title":"Former aircraft","text":"Morane-Saulnier Type L & Type LA - 10 May 1915\nNieuport 10: September 1915\nSPAD: Late 1917[2]\nNorth American SNJ 1953-1962\nGrumman F6F Hellcat 1953-1959\nVought F4U Corsair 1959-1962\nFouga CM.175 Zéphyr 1961-1962\nMorane-Saulnier MS.760 Paris 1981-1997","title":"Aircraft assigned"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10MER_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ultimatejet.com/falcon-10-mer-40-years-in-service-in-the-french-navy/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-front94_2-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRPA_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRPA_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRPA_3-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-SIRPA_3-3"},{"link_name":"\"Escadrille 57S\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archives.defense.gouv.fr/marine/operations/forces/aeronautique-navale/escadrilles/escadrille-57s.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-DenisAlbin_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Escadrille MS 57\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/escadrille057.htm"}],"text":"^ Vergneres, Fred (17 November 2020). \"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\". Ultimate Jet.\n\n^ a b c d e f Franks et al. 1992, p. 94.\n\n^ a b c d \"Escadrille 57S\". Ministère des armées - Marine nationale. Retrieved 18 December 2023.\n\n^ Albin, Denis. \"Escadrille MS 57\". Les escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire et des régiments d'aviation. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-11-094692-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-11-094692-X"}],"text":"Bailey, Frank W., and Christophe Cony. French Air Service War Chronology, 1914-1918: Day-to-Day Claims and Losses by French Fighter, Bomber and Two-Seat Pilots on the Western Front. London: Grub Street, 2001.\nDavilla, James J., and Arthur M. Soltan. French Aircraft of the First World War. Stratford, CT: Flying Machines Press, 1997.\nLes escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire française: symbolique et histoire, 1912-1920. Vincennes: Service historique de l'armée de l'air, 2004. ISBN 2-11-094692-X","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A Falcon 10 MER of the 57S","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Dsc_8287_36334451942_o_%2849072360281%29.jpg/220px-Dsc_8287_36334451942_o_%2849072360281%29.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Vergneres, Fred (17 November 2020). \"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\". Ultimate Jet.","urls":[{"url":"https://ultimatejet.com/falcon-10-mer-40-years-in-service-in-the-french-navy/","url_text":"\"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\""}]},{"reference":"\"Escadrille 57S\". Ministère des armées - Marine nationale. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archives.defense.gouv.fr/marine/operations/forces/aeronautique-navale/escadrilles/escadrille-57s.html","url_text":"\"Escadrille 57S\""}]},{"reference":"Albin, Denis. \"Escadrille MS 57\". Les escadrilles de l'aéronautique militaire et des régiments d'aviation. Retrieved 18 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/escadrille057.htm","url_text":"\"Escadrille MS 57\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://ultimatejet.com/falcon-10-mer-40-years-in-service-in-the-french-navy/","external_links_name":"\"FALCON 10 MER: 45 YEARS IN SERVICE IN THE FRENCH NAVY\""},{"Link":"https://archives.defense.gouv.fr/marine/operations/forces/aeronautique-navale/escadrilles/escadrille-57s.html","external_links_name":"\"Escadrille 57S\""},{"Link":"http://albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/escadrille057.htm","external_links_name":"\"Escadrille MS 57\""},{"Link":"http://albindenis.free.fr/Site_escadrille/escadrille057.htm","external_links_name":"Escadrille MS 57 - N 57 - SPA 57"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Escadrille_SPA.57&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazzi_Chapel | Pazzi Chapel | ["1 History","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889Chapel at Santa Croce, Florence
43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889
Pazzi Chapel and the cloister
Interior of the Pazzi Chapel
Dome in the porch
The Pazzi Chapel (Italian: Cappella dei Pazzi) is a chapel located in the "first cloister" on the southern flank of the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. Commonly credited to Filippo Brunelleschi, it is considered to be one of the masterpieces of Renaissance architecture.
History
Though funds for the chapel were assembled in 1429 by Andrea Pazzi, head of the Pazzi family, whose wealth was second only to the Medici, construction did not begin until about 1442. The chapel was completed in 1478. The building is considered to be an Early Renaissance masterpiece.
Formerly considered a work of Filippo Brunelleschi (d. 1446), it is now thought that he was responsible for the plan, which is based on simple geometrical forms, the square and the circle, but not for the building's execution and detailing. The most common argument for crediting Brunelleschi is the chapel's clear similarity to the Old Sacristy; others argue that his style had developed in the twenty-year interim and that the Pazzi Chapel would represent a retrograde step. The first written mention of Brunelleschi as the architect was written by an anonymous author in the 1490s. Scholars now consider the chapel as possibly the work of Giuliano da Maiano or Michelozzo. A façade thought to have been begun by Brunelleschi, of which only the lower register can be seen, was partially obscured by the addition of a porch. The main inspiration for this piece was the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria Novella, also located in Florence.
The main purpose of the building was the cathedral chapter house (meeting room for the governing chapter) and use as a classroom for the teaching of monks and other religious purposes. There was also a chapel behind the altar where the commissioning family had the right to bury its dead. The Pazzi's ulterior motive in building the chapel was probably to make their mark on the city of Florence and to emphasize their wealth and power. The fact that the city was at war with a neighboring city at the time and still acquired the funds to build this chapel showed the importance it had to the Pazzi family and the people of Florence.
The size of the chapel was predetermined by existing walls, creating an unusual situation, however, where the space was not square as in the Old Sacristy, which was the model for this building, but rectangular and transept-like and thus in contradistinction to the square, axially placed altar. Despite this, and its complex history, the building gives us insight into the ambitions of Renaissance architects in their struggle to bring coherence to the architectural language of columns, pilasters, arches and vaults. Between the pilasters in the transept there are tall, blank, round headed panels and, above them, roundels, common Renaissance decorative motifs. The architecture of the interior is articulated by the use of pietra serena, a dark, high quality, fine grained sandstone, though in fact the load-bearing structure of the building is its masonry, i.e. it is the walls that support the arches and domes, not the pilasters which are decorative rather than structural.
Pazzi Chapel ceiling
The tondi of the seated Apostles are by Luca della Robbia, who also did the terracotta decorations in the cupola of the porch. The glazed terracotta roundels of the Four Evangelists inside the chapel derive from similar tondos by Donatello in the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo, Florence, with the attribute of each Evangelist holding open a book that the saint appears to be copying, an unusual iconography.
See also
History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes
History of Italian Renaissance domes
History of early modern period domes
References
^ Weigert, Hans (1961). Busch, Harald; Lohse, Bernd (eds.). Buildings of Europe: Renaissance Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. viii, 9.
^ "Pazzi Chapel - Florence". The Museums of Florence. Retrieved 2020-08-20.
^ Brunelleschi, Filippo: Architectural career. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
^ Trachtenberg, p. 62
^ Trachtenberg, Marvin (June 1996). "Why the Pazzi Chapel is not by Brunelleschi". Casabella. Vol. 60, no. 635. p. 60.
^ Eugenio Battisti. Filippo Brunelleschi: The Complete Work. (New York: Rizzoli, 1981) *See also: Howard Saalman. Filippo Brunelleschi: The Buildings. (London: Zwemmer, 1993).
^ Goldberger, Paul (January 1, 1997). "Challenge to the Origin of a Florentine Chapel". New York Times. p. 1.30. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
^ architecture, Western: Early Renaissance in Italy (1401–95). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
^ Della Robbia, Luca. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
External links
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Brunelleschi (Mercury crater)
Medici (2016 TV series) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pazzi_Chapel¶ms=43_46_4.82_N_11_15_46.76_E_type:landmark"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Florence,_Santa_Croce,_Cappella_dei_Pazzi,_1440s-70s.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pazzi_Chapel_Florence_Apr_2008.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cappellapazzi-portico.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"Basilica di Santa Croce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_Santa_Croce,_Florence"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Filippo Brunelleschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi"},{"link_name":"Renaissance architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecture"}],"text":"Chapel at Santa Croce, Florence43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889Pazzi Chapel and the cloisterInterior of the Pazzi ChapelDome in the porchThe Pazzi Chapel (Italian: Cappella dei Pazzi) is a chapel located in the \"first cloister\" on the southern flank of the Basilica di Santa Croce in Florence, Italy. Commonly credited to Filippo Brunelleschi, it is considered to be one of the masterpieces of Renaissance architecture.","title":"Pazzi Chapel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pazzi"},{"link_name":"Medici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medici"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Filippo Brunelleschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Old Sacristy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagrestia_Vecchia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Giuliano da Maiano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuliano_da_Maiano"},{"link_name":"Michelozzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelozzo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"façade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A7ade"},{"link_name":"Santa Maria Novella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Maria_Novella"},{"link_name":"chapter house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_house"},{"link_name":"chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapel"},{"link_name":"transept","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transept"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilasters"},{"link_name":"arches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch"},{"link_name":"vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vault_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"roundels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_(art)"},{"link_name":"pietra serena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietra_serena"},{"link_name":"pilasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pazzi_chapel_ceiling.jpg"},{"link_name":"tondi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondo_(art)"},{"link_name":"Apostles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament"},{"link_name":"Luca della Robbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_della_Robbia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Four Evangelists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Evangelists"},{"link_name":"Donatello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donatello"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo, Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo,_Florence"},{"link_name":"iconography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography"}],"text":"Though funds for the chapel were assembled in 1429 by Andrea Pazzi, head of the Pazzi family, whose wealth was second only to the Medici, construction did not begin until about 1442. The chapel was completed in 1478. The building is considered to be an Early Renaissance masterpiece.[1][2]Formerly considered a work of Filippo Brunelleschi (d. 1446), it is now thought that he was responsible for the plan, which is based on simple geometrical forms,[3] the square and the circle, but not for the building's execution and detailing. The most common argument for crediting Brunelleschi is the chapel's clear similarity to the Old Sacristy; others argue that his style had developed in the twenty-year interim and that the Pazzi Chapel would represent a retrograde step.[4] The first written mention of Brunelleschi as the architect was written by an anonymous author in the 1490s.[5] Scholars now consider the chapel as possibly the work of Giuliano da Maiano or Michelozzo.[6][7] A façade thought to have been begun by Brunelleschi, of which only the lower register can be seen, was partially obscured by the addition of a porch. The main inspiration for this piece was the Dominican monastery of Santa Maria Novella, also located in Florence.The main purpose of the building was the cathedral chapter house (meeting room for the governing chapter) and use as a classroom for the teaching of monks and other religious purposes. There was also a chapel behind the altar where the commissioning family had the right to bury its dead. The Pazzi's ulterior motive in building the chapel was probably to make their mark on the city of Florence and to emphasize their wealth and power. The fact that the city was at war with a neighboring city at the time and still acquired the funds to build this chapel showed the importance it had to the Pazzi family and the people of Florence.The size of the chapel was predetermined by existing walls, creating an unusual situation, however, where the space was not square as in the Old Sacristy, which was the model for this building, but rectangular and transept-like[8] and thus in contradistinction to the square, axially placed altar. Despite this, and its complex history, the building gives us insight into the ambitions of Renaissance architects in their struggle to bring coherence to the architectural language of columns, pilasters, arches and vaults. Between the pilasters in the transept there are tall, blank, round headed panels and, above them, roundels, common Renaissance decorative motifs. The architecture of the interior is articulated by the use of pietra serena, a dark, high quality, fine grained sandstone, though in fact the load-bearing structure of the building is its masonry, i.e. it is the walls that support the arches and domes, not the pilasters which are decorative rather than structural.Pazzi Chapel ceilingThe tondi of the seated Apostles are by Luca della Robbia, who also did the terracotta decorations in the cupola of the porch.[9] The glazed terracotta roundels of the Four Evangelists inside the chapel derive from similar tondos by Donatello in the Old Sacristy of San Lorenzo, Florence, with the attribute of each Evangelist holding open a book that the saint appears to be copying, an unusual iconography.","title":"History"}] | [{"image_text":"Pazzi Chapel and the cloister","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Florence%2C_Santa_Croce%2C_Cappella_dei_Pazzi%2C_1440s-70s.jpg/220px-Florence%2C_Santa_Croce%2C_Cappella_dei_Pazzi%2C_1440s-70s.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the Pazzi Chapel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pazzi_Chapel_Florence_Apr_2008.jpg/220px-Pazzi_Chapel_Florence_Apr_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dome in the porch","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cappellapazzi-portico.jpg/220px-Cappellapazzi-portico.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pazzi Chapel ceiling","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pazzi_chapel_ceiling.jpg/220px-Pazzi_chapel_ceiling.jpg"}] | [{"title":"History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes"},{"title":"History of Italian Renaissance domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italian_Renaissance_domes"},{"title":"History of early modern period domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_early_modern_period_domes"}] | [{"reference":"Weigert, Hans (1961). Busch, Harald; Lohse, Bernd (eds.). Buildings of Europe: Renaissance Europe. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. viii, 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Macmillan_Company","url_text":"The Macmillan Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Pazzi Chapel - Florence\". The Museums of Florence. Retrieved 2020-08-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.museumsinflorence.com/musei/Pazzi_chapel.html","url_text":"\"Pazzi Chapel - Florence\""}]},{"reference":"Brunelleschi, Filippo: Architectural career. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Trachtenberg, Marvin (June 1996). \"Why the Pazzi Chapel is not by Brunelleschi\". Casabella. Vol. 60, no. 635. p. 60.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Goldberger, Paul (January 1, 1997). \"Challenge to the Origin of a Florentine Chapel\". New York Times. p. 1.30. Retrieved 2007-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A1EF73A540C728CDDA80894DF494D81","url_text":"\"Challenge to the Origin of a Florentine Chapel\""}]},{"reference":"architecture, Western: Early Renaissance in Italy (1401–95). Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Della Robbia, Luca. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pazzi_Chapel¶ms=43_46_4.82_N_11_15_46.76_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pazzi_Chapel¶ms=43_46_4.82_N_11_15_46.76_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"43°46′4.82″N 11°15′46.76″E / 43.7680056°N 11.2629889°E / 43.7680056; 11.2629889"},{"Link":"http://www.museumsinflorence.com/musei/Pazzi_chapel.html","external_links_name":"\"Pazzi Chapel - Florence\""},{"Link":"https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50A1EF73A540C728CDDA80894DF494D81","external_links_name":"\"Challenge to the Origin of a Florentine Chapel\""},{"Link":"http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Pazzi_Chapel.html","external_links_name":"GreatBuildings.com | Pazzi Chapel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine | Filipino Chinese cuisine | ["1 History","2 Examples of Filipino dishes derived from Chinese cuisine","3 External links","4 References"] | Fusion cuisine
This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Filipino Chinese cuisine" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012)
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Filipino Chinese cuisine is a style of Filipino cuisine influenced from Chinese cuisine, historically brought to the Philippines by Chinese Filipinos, starting with the Sangley Chinese and their Chinese mestizo descendants and modern descendants in the Chinese Filipino community of the Philippines. It is characterized as a fusion of Fujian/Hokkien cuisine and Cantonese cuisine adapted over the centuries to Filipino cuisine to suit the general Filipino palate/taste.
History
Filipino cuisine is influenced principally by China and Spain have been integrated with pre-colonial indigenous Filipino cooking practices.
In the Philippines, trade with China started in the 11th century, as documents show, but undocumented trade may have started as many as two centuries earlier. Trade pottery excavated in Laguna province, for example, includes pieces dating to the Tang dynasty (AD 618 - 907). Chinese traders supplied the silk sent to Mexico and Spain in the Manila galleon trade. In return, they took back products of field, forest (such as beeswax, rattan) and sea (such as, beche de mer).
Evidence of Chinese influence in Philippine food is easy to find, since the names are an obvious clue. Pansit, noodles flavored with seafood and/or meat and/or vegetables, for example, comes from the Hokkien piān-ê-si̍t (Chinese: 便ê食; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piān-ê-si̍t or Chinese: 便食; pinyin: biàn shí), meaning something that is conveniently cooked. Modern day pansit, however, is not limited only to noodle dishes that are stir fried or sauteed, but also those shaken in hot water and flavored with a sauce (pansit luglog) or served with broth (mami, lomi). The term includes food that is not noodle shaped, but is of the same flour-water recipe, such as pansit molo (pork filled wontons in a soup).
Early Chinese traders, wishing for the food of their homeland, may have made noodles in their temporary Philippine homes, using ingredients locally available. Further adaptation would occur in the different towns and regions. Thus Malabon, a fishing town in Metro Manila, has developed the pansit Malabon, which features oyster, shrimp and squid. While in Lucban, Quezon, which is deeply inland and far from the sea has pansit Lucban or pansit habhab, which is prepared with some meat and vegetables.
With lumpia, the Chinese eggroll which now has been incorporated into Philippine cuisine, even when it was still called lumpiang Shanghai (indicating frying and a pork filling). Serving meat and/or vegetable in an edible wrapper is a Chinese technique now found in all of Southeast Asia in variations peculiar to each culture. The Filipino version has meat, fish, vegetables, heart of palm and combinations thereof, served fresh or fried or even bare.
The Chinese influence goes deep into Philippine cooking, and way beyond food names and restaurant fare. The use of soy sauce and other soybean products (tokwa, tahuri, miso, tausi, taho) is Chinese, as is the use of such vegetables as petsay (Chinese cabbage), toge (mung bean sprout), mustasa (pickled mustard greens). Many cooking implements still bear their original Chinese name, like sian-se or turner. The Filipino carajay (spelled the Spanish way) is actually the Chinese wok.
The cooking process for Chinese Filipino cuisine also derives from Chinese methods. Pesa is Hokkien for "plain boiled" (Chinese: 白煠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍h-sa̍h) and is used only in reference to the cooking of fish, the complete term being peq+sa+hi, the last morpheme meaning fish. In Tagalog, it can mean both fish (pesang dalag) and chicken (pesang manok). As well, foods such as pata tim and pato tim refer to the braising technique (Chinese: 燉 or 燖 or 𤆤; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tīm) used in Chinese cooking.
Since most of the early Chinese traders and settlers in the country were from the Fujian province, it is Fujian/Hokkien food that is most widespread in influence. However, since restaurant food is often Cantonese, most of the Chinese restaurants in the country would serve both cuisines. Other styles of Chinese cuisine are available though in the minority.
When the Spaniards came, the food influences they brought were from both Spain and Mexico, as it was through the vice-royalty of New Spain that the Philippines were governed. When restaurants were established in the 19th century, Chinese food became a staple of the panciterias (noodle houses), with the food given Spanish names. "Comida China" (the Spanish term for "Chinese food") includes arroz caldo (rice and chicken gruel), and morisqueta tostada (fried rice).
Examples of Filipino dishes derived from Chinese cuisine
Chicken mami
Batchoy (Chinese: 肉碎)
Hopia (Chinese: 好餅)
Kiampong (Chinese: 鹹飯) - a variant of fried rice.
Kikiam (Chinese: 雞捲)
Kwapau (Chinese: 割包) (cuapao)
Lomi (Chinese: 滷麵)
Lumpia (Chinese: 潤餅) - a derivative of popiah
Machang (Chinese: 肉粽) - a derivative of zongzi
Maki mi (Chinese: 肉羹麵) - pork, beef or fish in a thick cornstarch-based soup
Mami (Chinese: 肉麵/馬麵) - a noodle soup purportedly invented or popularized by Ma Mon Luk
Pancit (Chinese: 扁食)
Siomai (Chinese: 燒賣)
Siopao (Chinese: 燒包)
Taho (Chinese: 豆花)
Goto (Chinese: 牛肚) - rice porridge with ox tripe
Pork Tito (Chinese: 豬肚)
Bicho-Bicho (Chinese: 米棗) / Shakoy (Chinese: 油炸粿) - youtiao
Tikoy (Chinese: 甜粿)
External links
Media related to Chinese cuisine in the Philippines at Wikimedia Commons
References
^ Doreen Fernandez. "What is Filipino Food?". Archived from the original on July 16, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2006.
vte Filipino cuisineMain dishes
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munggo/Lelot balatong
saba
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Condimentsand ingredients
Agre dulce/sweet and sour sauce
Achuete
Asín tibuok
Atchara
Bagoong
alamang
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terong
Banana ketchup
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Burô/tapay
Calamansi
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Kamias
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Keso de bola
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Lemongrass
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Luyang dilaw
Macapuno
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Muscovado
Nata de coco
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Palapa
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Panutsa
Patis
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Sago
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Siling haba
Siling labuyo
Taba ng talangka
Tabon-tabon
Toyomansi
Toyo, suka, at sili
Túltul
Ube
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Vinegar
cane
coconut
kaong palm
nipa palm
spiced
BeveragesNon-alcoholic
Avocado milkshake
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Coffee
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Buko pandan drink
Sago at gulaman
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Alcoholic
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Basi
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Intus
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Laksoy/Dalisay de nipa/Barik
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Food portal
See also:
Philippine condiments
Filipino Chinese cuisine
Kamayan
Kapampangan cuisine
List of restaurant chains in the Philippines | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Filipino cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Chinese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"Chinese Filipinos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Filipino"},{"link_name":"Sangley Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangley"},{"link_name":"Chinese mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_Mestizos"},{"link_name":"Chinese Filipino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Filipino"},{"link_name":"Fujian/Hokkien cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Cantonese cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine"},{"link_name":"Filipino cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_cuisine"},{"link_name":"palate/taste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taste"}],"text":"Filipino Chinese cuisine is a style of Filipino cuisine influenced from Chinese cuisine, historically brought to the Philippines by Chinese Filipinos, starting with the Sangley Chinese and their Chinese mestizo descendants and modern descendants in the Chinese Filipino community of the Philippines. It is characterized as a fusion of Fujian/Hokkien cuisine and Cantonese cuisine adapted over the centuries to Filipino cuisine to suit the general Filipino palate/taste.","title":"Filipino Chinese cuisine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade"},{"link_name":"Laguna province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"silk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Manila galleon trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila_galleon"},{"link_name":"beeswax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeswax"},{"link_name":"rattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattan"},{"link_name":"beche de mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beche_de_mer"},{"link_name":"Pansit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansit"},{"link_name":"Hokkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hokkien_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"mami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_soup"},{"link_name":"lomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomi"},{"link_name":"wontons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonton"},{"link_name":"Malabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malabon"},{"link_name":"fishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing"},{"link_name":"Metro Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Manila"},{"link_name":"oyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"shrimp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrimp"},{"link_name":"squid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squid"},{"link_name":"Lucban, Quezon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucban,_Quezon"},{"link_name":"lumpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia"},{"link_name":"eggroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggroll"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"heart of palm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_of_palm"},{"link_name":"soy sauce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soy_sauce"},{"link_name":"soybean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybean"},{"link_name":"Chinese cabbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_cabbage"},{"link_name":"mung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mung_bean"},{"link_name":"bean sprout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean_sprout"},{"link_name":"mustard greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustard_greens"},{"link_name":"wok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wok"},{"link_name":"Pesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesa"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"morpheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"燉","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%87%89"},{"link_name":"燖","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%87%96"},{"link_name":"𤆤","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%A4%86%A4"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Fujian province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_province"},{"link_name":"Fujian/Hokkien food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujian_cuisine"},{"link_name":"New Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Spain"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"panciterias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panciteria"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"arroz caldo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz_caldo"},{"link_name":"fried rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fried_rice"}],"text":"Filipino cuisine is influenced principally by China and Spain have been integrated with pre-colonial indigenous Filipino cooking practices.[1]In the Philippines, trade with China started in the 11th century, as documents show, but undocumented trade may have started as many as two centuries earlier. Trade pottery excavated in Laguna province, for example, includes pieces dating to the Tang dynasty (AD 618 - 907). Chinese traders supplied the silk sent to Mexico and Spain in the Manila galleon trade. In return, they took back products of field, forest (such as beeswax, rattan) and sea (such as, beche de mer).Evidence of Chinese influence in Philippine food is easy to find, since the names are an obvious clue. Pansit, noodles flavored with seafood and/or meat and/or vegetables, for example, comes from the Hokkien piān-ê-si̍t (Chinese: 便ê食; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: piān-ê-si̍t or Chinese: 便食; pinyin: biàn shí), meaning something that is conveniently cooked. Modern day pansit, however, is not limited only to noodle dishes that are stir fried or sauteed, but also those shaken in hot water and flavored with a sauce (pansit luglog) or served with broth (mami, lomi). The term includes food that is not noodle shaped, but is of the same flour-water recipe, such as pansit molo (pork filled wontons in a soup).Early Chinese traders, wishing for the food of their homeland, may have made noodles in their temporary Philippine homes, using ingredients locally available. Further adaptation would occur in the different towns and regions. Thus Malabon, a fishing town in Metro Manila, has developed the pansit Malabon, which features oyster, shrimp and squid. While in Lucban, Quezon, which is deeply inland and far from the sea has pansit Lucban or pansit habhab, which is prepared with some meat and vegetables.With lumpia, the Chinese eggroll which now has been incorporated into Philippine cuisine, even when it was still called lumpiang Shanghai (indicating frying and a pork filling). Serving meat and/or vegetable in an edible wrapper is a Chinese technique now found in all of Southeast Asia in variations peculiar to each culture. The Filipino version has meat, fish, vegetables, heart of palm and combinations thereof, served fresh or fried or even bare.The Chinese influence goes deep into Philippine cooking, and way beyond food names and restaurant fare. The use of soy sauce and other soybean products (tokwa, tahuri, miso, tausi, taho) is Chinese, as is the use of such vegetables as petsay (Chinese cabbage), toge (mung bean sprout), mustasa (pickled mustard greens). Many cooking implements still bear their original Chinese name, like sian-se or turner. The Filipino carajay (spelled the Spanish way) is actually the Chinese wok.The cooking process for Chinese Filipino cuisine also derives from Chinese methods. Pesa is Hokkien for \"plain boiled\" (Chinese: 白煠; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pe̍h-sa̍h) and is used only in reference to the cooking of fish, the complete term being peq+sa+hi, the last morpheme meaning fish. In Tagalog, it can mean both fish (pesang dalag) and chicken (pesang manok). As well, foods such as pata tim and pato tim refer to the braising technique (Chinese: 燉 or 燖 or 𤆤; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tīm) used in Chinese cooking.Since most of the early Chinese traders and settlers in the country were from the Fujian province, it is Fujian/Hokkien food that is most widespread in influence. However, since restaurant food is often Cantonese, most of the Chinese restaurants in the country would serve both cuisines. Other styles of Chinese cuisine are available though in the minority.When the Spaniards came, the food influences they brought were from both Spain and Mexico, as it was through the vice-royalty of New Spain that the Philippines were governed. When restaurants were established in the 19th century, Chinese food became a staple of the panciterias (noodle houses), with the food given Spanish names. \"Comida China\" (the Spanish term for \"Chinese food\") includes arroz caldo (rice and chicken gruel), and morisqueta tostada (fried rice).","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mamijf.JPG"},{"link_name":"Batchoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batchoy"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Hopia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakpia"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Kiampong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiampong"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Kwapau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koah-pau"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Lomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lomi"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Lumpia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumpia"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"popiah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popiah"},{"link_name":"Machang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongzi"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"zongzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zongzi"},{"link_name":"Maki mi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maki_mi"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"cornstarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornstarch"},{"link_name":"Mami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_soup"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"noodle soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle_soup"},{"link_name":"Ma Mon Luk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma_Mon_Luk"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Pancit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancit"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Siomai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shumai"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Siopao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siopao"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Taho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taho"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Goto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goto_(food)"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Bicho-Bicho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtiao"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"Shakoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakoy"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"youtiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youtiao"},{"link_name":"Tikoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikoy"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"}],"text":"Chicken mamiBatchoy (Chinese: 肉碎)\nHopia (Chinese: 好餅)\nKiampong (Chinese: 鹹飯) - a variant of fried rice.\nKikiam (Chinese: 雞捲)\nKwapau (Chinese: 割包) (cuapao)\nLomi (Chinese: 滷麵)\nLumpia (Chinese: 潤餅) - a derivative of popiah\nMachang (Chinese: 肉粽) - a derivative of zongzi\nMaki mi (Chinese: 肉羹麵) - pork, beef or fish in a thick cornstarch-based soup\nMami (Chinese: 肉麵/馬麵) - a noodle soup purportedly invented or popularized by Ma Mon Luk[citation needed]\nPancit (Chinese: 扁食)\nSiomai (Chinese: 燒賣)\nSiopao (Chinese: 燒包)\nTaho (Chinese: 豆花)\nGoto (Chinese: 牛肚) - rice porridge with ox tripe\nPork Tito (Chinese: 豬肚)\nBicho-Bicho (Chinese: 米棗) / Shakoy (Chinese: 油炸粿) - youtiao\nTikoy (Chinese: 甜粿)","title":"Examples of Filipino dishes derived from Chinese cuisine"}] | [{"image_text":"Chicken mami","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mamijf.JPG/220px-Mamijf.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Doreen Fernandez. \"What is Filipino Food?\". Archived from the original on July 16, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080716054831/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/discover/food.asp","url_text":"\"What is Filipino Food?\""},{"url":"http://www.tourism.gov.ph/discover/food.asp","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filipino_Chinese_cuisine&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Filipino+Chinese+cuisine%22","external_links_name":"\"Filipino Chinese cuisine\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Filipino+Chinese+cuisine%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Filipino+Chinese+cuisine%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Filipino+Chinese+cuisine%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Filipino+Chinese+cuisine%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Filipino+Chinese+cuisine%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080716054831/http://www.tourism.gov.ph/discover/food.asp","external_links_name":"\"What is Filipino Food?\""},{"Link":"http://www.tourism.gov.ph/discover/food.asp","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angyalf%C3%B6ld | Angyalföld | ["1 Location","2 Name"] | Coordinates: 47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067Church
Angyalföld (German: Engelsfeld; literally: "Angel's Field or Angel Land") is a neighbourhood in Budapest, Hungary. Administratively it belongs to the 13th district. The traditionally working-class neighbourhood went through a process of gentrification due to the office-building boom of the 1990s.
Location
Angyalföld is located in the northern part of Pest, between the Danube and the railway lines.
The borders of Angyalföld are: the railway line from the Danube - Új Palotai út - Dugonics utca - Madridi utca - Szent László út - Kámfor utca - Tatai utca - Szegedi út - railway line towards Vác - Bulcsu utca - Lehel utca - Lehel tér (eastern and western sides) - Váci út - Meder utca - the Danube until the railway line.
Name
The original German name of the area, Engelsfeld was first mentioned in the 1830s. The origin of the name is uncertain. Most probable it relates to the Engl family, originally from South Tirol. The name Engl can be found in the register of population of the outskirts of Terézváros, drawn up during the census of the 1770s. In this register Stefan Engl was registered as old vineyard owner. Since his lands maybe were called Engelsfeld, the name Angyalföld can be its direct translation. It had a narrower meaning because the names of three smaller neighbourhoods (Erdőtelkek, Felsőbikarét, Lőportárdűlő) were not revived after 1990. They became part of Angyalföld.
47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067
This Budapest location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lehel.Templom0010.JPG"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary"},{"link_name":"13th district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13th_district_of_Budapest"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"}],"text":"ChurchAngyalföld (German: Engelsfeld; literally: \"Angel's Field or Angel Land\") is a neighbourhood in Budapest, Hungary. Administratively it belongs to the 13th district. The traditionally working-class neighbourhood went through a process of gentrification due to the office-building boom of the 1990s.","title":"Angyalföld"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Danube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube"},{"link_name":"Váci út","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1ci_%C3%BAt"}],"text":"Angyalföld is located in the northern part of Pest, between the Danube and the railway lines.The borders of Angyalföld are: the railway line from the Danube - Új Palotai út - Dugonics utca - Madridi utca - Szent László út - Kámfor utca - Tatai utca - Szegedi út - railway line towards Vác - Bulcsu utca - Lehel utca - Lehel tér (eastern and western sides) - Váci út - Meder utca - the Danube until the railway line.","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Erdőtelkek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erd%C5%91telkek&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Felsőbikarét","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fels%C5%91bikar%C3%A9t&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lőportárdűlő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C5%91port%C3%A1rd%C5%B1l%C5%91&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angyalf%C3%B6ld¶ms=47_32_N_19_04_E_region:HU_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag-map_of_Budapest.svg"},{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angyalf%C3%B6ld&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Budapest-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Budapest-geo-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Budapest-geo-stub"}],"text":"The original German name of the area, Engelsfeld was first mentioned in the 1830s. The origin of the name is uncertain. Most probable it relates to the Engl family, originally from South Tirol. The name Engl can be found in the register of population of the outskirts of Terézváros, drawn up during the census of the 1770s. In this register Stefan Engl was registered as old vineyard owner. Since his lands maybe were called Engelsfeld, the name Angyalföld can be its direct translation. It had a narrower meaning because the names of three smaller neighbourhoods (Erdőtelkek, Felsőbikarét, Lőportárdűlő) were not revived after 1990. They became part of Angyalföld.47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067This Budapest location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Name"}] | [{"image_text":"Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Lehel.Templom0010.JPG/220px-Lehel.Templom0010.JPG"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angyalf%C3%B6ld¶ms=47_32_N_19_04_E_region:HU_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Angyalf%C3%B6ld¶ms=47_32_N_19_04_E_region:HU_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"47°32′N 19°04′E / 47.533°N 19.067°E / 47.533; 19.067"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angyalf%C3%B6ld&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_Crime | Fox Crime | ["1 Fox Crime around the world","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"] | Television channel
Fox CrimeCountryUnited StatesProgrammingPicture format1080i HDTV(downscaled to 16:9 576i for the SDTV feed)OwnershipSister channels24Kitchen, Fox Life, Fox Comedy, Fox, FX, BabyTV, National Geographic, Nat Geo Wild, Nat Geo PeopleHistoryLaunched31 October 2005 (Italy)27 October 2006(Bulgaria, ex-Yugoslavia)26 September 2007 (Portugal)2008 (Russia)15 February 2010 (Spain)9 July 2013 (Africa)Closed1 October 2012 (Russia)1 July 2013 (Norway)1 October 2014 (Spain)18 April 2015 (India)1 August 2015 (Japan)30 September 2016(Africa)1 July 2021 (Italy)1 September 2021 (Now TV feed, Hong Kong) 1 October 2021 (Southeast Asia and Hong Kong)1 October 2022 (Turkey)1 December 2022 (Middle East and North Africa)1 October 2023 (Albania, Bulgaria and Balkans)February 7, 2024 (Portugal)Replaced byStar Crime (Bulgaria, Balkans and Portugal)Fox Life (Africa & Spain)Fox (Russia, Baltics & Norway)Star Movies Select HD (India)Fox Classics (Japan)
Fox Crime (stylized as FOXCRIME), was a television network, launched by the Fox Networks Group, which aired across several countries of Europe, Africa and Asia such as Italy, Portugal, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Its basic programming including numerous television series, sitcoms and movies, among others, related to crime, horror and investigation.
It was first launched in Italy on 31 October 2004, the Balkans (which includes countries that previously part of Yugoslavia) and Bulgaria on 13 October 2006, Portugal on 28 September 2007, Hong Kong on 3 May 2008, Singapore on 2 October 2006, and in Vietnam on 29 October 2007. Fox Crime was also launched in the Philippines on 1 January 2008, on Sky Cable. In Indonesia, the channel was made available via Indovision in the middle of 2010. Later, it was launched in Thailand on 29 July 2010. Since 2016, Fox crime is available in MENACE Regions via AD Drama HD and via Elife in the United Arab Emirates.
FX and BabyTV channel was launched along with in India on March 25, 2009. Fox Channels India had received downlink strikes from the I&B Ministry of Italy for the three channels on March 12, 2009. However India and Sri Lanka were currently using the Asian Feed. Fox Crime HD was launched in Asia in May, 2016 via AsiaSat 5, in Latvia it was launched along with Fox Life and National Geographic Channel on October 1, 2011. In 2013 the channel was launched in Africa as part of StarSat. The channel in Africa officially closed on September 30, 2016, but FOX Crime continued broadcasting in Ages and Maindubs with a Portuguese version and in the following years various versions of Fox Crime were closed following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox in 2019, were rebranded as Star Crime, based upon the Star hub on Disney+.
Fox Crime around the world
Channel
Country or region
Launch year
Replacement / Rebrand
Shutdown year
Fox Crime (Italy)
Italy
October 1, 2005
discontinued
July 1, 2021
Fox Crime (Japan)
Japan
October 1, 2006
Fox Classics
August 1, 2015
Fox Crime Adria
Balkans
October 27, 2006
Star Crime
October 1, 2023
Fox Crime (Bulgaria)
Bulgaria
Fox Crime (Portugal)
Portugal
September 26, 2007
February 7, 2024
Fox Crime (Russia and Baltics)
Baltics
October 30, 2007
Fox
October 1, 2012
Russia
February 1, 2008
Fox Crime (Asia)
Asia
May 3, 2008
discontinued
October 1, 2021
Fox Crime (Spain)
Spain
February 15, 2010
Fox Life
October 1, 2014
Fox Crime (India)
India
July 2, 2010
Star Movies Select HD
April 18, 2015
Fox Crime (Norway)
Norway
March 21, 2011
Fox
July 1, 2013
Fox Crime (Turkey)
Turkey
November 11, 2011
discontinued
October 1, 2022
Fox Crime (Africa)
Africa
July 9, 2013
Fox Life
September 28, 2016
Fox Crime (Middle East)
Middle East and North Africa
September 28, 2017
discontinued
December 1, 2022
See also
Fox Crime (Australian TV channel)
Fox Crime (Asian TV channel)
Fox Crime (Italy)
References
^ "Disney to Close 18 TV Channels in Asia". Variety. 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
^ "TV Platformlari". Twitter.
^ "FOX СТАВА STAR CHANNEL В БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОКТОМВРИ" . Boulevard Bulgaria (in Bulgarian). 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
^ "Fox postaje STAR Channel" . FoNet portal (in Serbian). 7 June 2023. Retrieved 19 July 2023.
^ "FOX LIFE LATVIA". Facebook. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^ "National Geographic Channel". Facebook. Retrieved 20 August 2015.
^ "FOXCRIMEが生まれ変わります！爆発的人気を誇った海外ドラマをFOXが厳選してお届けするクラシック・ドラマ・チャンネル"FOXクラシック 名作ドラマ" 2015年8月1日始動". プレスリリース・ニュースリリース配信シェアNo.1｜PR TIMES (in Japanese). 2015-06-12. Retrieved 2024-02-14.
^ "Fox Crime в България" (PDF). TELEmaniac (in Bulgarian). 2006 (1): 7. 2006-10-27.
^ Cruz, Bárbara (2007-09-25). "Fox Crime e FX a partir de hoje". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2023-11-27.
^ Steve Brennan (2007-10-30). "Crime time for Fox in Baltic states". The Hollywood Reporter. Associated Press. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
^ "Fox Crime Russia". www.satellite-channels.ru. Retrieved 2023-05-16.
^ Bureau, Adgully (2010-07-02). "Fox International launches 7 channels in India". www.adgully.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.
^ "FOX International Channels Launches FOX Crime In Norway, Its First Entertainment Channel In The Market". FOX International Channels. 2011-03-18. Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ "Informa Connect – Know more, do more, be more". Informa Connect. Retrieved 2023-04-05.
^ AsuquoE (2013-06-18). "Fox Crime launches in Africa: Channel premieres Tuesday 9 July on DStv". TalkMedia Africa. Retrieved 2023-04-29.
^ "FOX Life comes to African TV screens this October". Bizcommunity. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
^ "Fox taps Ericsson for Middle East broadcast services". Digital TV Europe. 2017-10-23.
External links
Fox Crime Archived 2019-06-08 at the Wayback Machine official Italian website (now redirects to Disney+)
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Its basic programming including numerous television series, sitcoms and movies, among others, related to crime, horror and investigation.It was first launched in Italy on 31 October 2004, the Balkans (which includes countries that previously part of Yugoslavia) and Bulgaria on 13 October 2006, Portugal on 28 September 2007, Hong Kong on 3 May 2008, Singapore on 2 October 2006, and in Vietnam on 29 October 2007. Fox Crime was also launched in the Philippines on 1 January 2008, on Sky Cable. In Indonesia, the channel was made available via Indovision in the middle of 2010. Later, it was launched in Thailand on 29 July 2010. Since 2016, Fox crime is available in MENACE Regions via AD Drama HD and via Elife in the United Arab Emirates.FX and BabyTV channel was launched along with in India on March 25, 2009. Fox Channels India had received downlink strikes from the I&B Ministry of Italy for the three channels on March 12, 2009. However India and Sri Lanka were currently using the Asian Feed. Fox Crime HD was launched in Asia in May, 2016 via AsiaSat 5, in Latvia it was launched along with Fox Life[5] and National Geographic Channel[6] on October 1, 2011. In 2013 the channel was launched in Africa as part of StarSat. 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Retrieved 2023-05-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.satellite-channels.ru/am2-tv/fox-crime.php","url_text":"\"Fox Crime Russia\""}]},{"reference":"Bureau, Adgully (2010-07-02). \"Fox International launches 7 channels in India\". www.adgully.com. Retrieved 2023-06-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adgully.com/fox-international-launches-7-channels-in-india-43602.html","url_text":"\"Fox International launches 7 channels in India\""}]},{"reference":"\"FOX International Channels Launches FOX Crime In Norway, Its First Entertainment Channel In The Market\". FOX International Channels. 2011-03-18. Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAtes_galantes_(Debussy) | Fêtes galantes (Debussy) | ["1 History and analysis","1.1 First book","1.2 Second book","1.3 Analysis","2 Notes, references and sources","2.1 Notes","2.2 References"] | Cycle of six mélodies by Claude Debussy
Fêtes Galantes is a cycle of six mélodies composed by Claude Debussy to poems by Paul Verlaine. It consists of two books of three songs (FL 86 and FL 114). The songs were composed over several years, and were premiered in 1904.
History and analysis
The six poems come from Verlaine's collection Fêtes galantes, published in 1869. Debussy, a lifelong admirer of Verlaine's poetry, had taken a copy of the collection with him when he went to study in Rome in 1885. Although other composers, from Gabriel Fauré to Benjamin Britten set Verlaine's poetry, Debussy, according to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, was the first composer of any importance to do so.
The critic Jacques-Henri Bornecque called Verlaine's book a "petite suite"; it contains twenty-two poems, mostly quite brief, representing varied scenes or encounters ranging from tender to ironic, inspired by Antoine Watteau's Fête galante paintings.
First book
En sourdine (Muted)
Fantoches (Puppets)
Clair de lune (Moonlight)
Second book
Les Ingénus (The innocents)
Le Faune (The faun)
Colloque sentimental (Sentimental conversation)
Analysis
In his 1874 poem "Art poétique" Verlaine had written "Music before all else, And for that choose the irregular, Vaguer and melting better into the air." The analyst Katja Pfeifer comments that Verlaine's dictum becomes "a literary reality" in the first set of Debussy's settings of Fêtes galantes: "the rhythm of the verses, his playing with the sound of the language, and explicit textual references to music give the verses themselves the feel of a song".
Debussy completed the first book (FL 86) in 1891. The manuscript of the score shows two songs, "Pantomime" and "Mandolin", which were later removed; they were later published separately. The score was published in 1903 and the songs were first performed at the house of Madame Édouard Colonne on 16 June 1904.
Debussy had already set all three of the poems in the first book in 1882. The earlier settings were composed for his mistress, Marie Vasnier. The settings in his Fêtes galantes cycle contained some material from the earlier versions, mostly in "Fantoches", although in that song the composer replaced the original flamboyant and virtuosic ending with a gradual diminuendo, which became a frequent feature of his style. "En sourdine" and "Clair de lune" are almost completely rewritten. The musicologist Roger Nichols writes that they display "a far more adventurous harmonic palette" than the composer had developed at the time of the first settings, "blending modality and chromaticism in equal measure". Nichols describes "Fantoches" as energetic and sparkling, contrasting with the first and third songs, which "float timelessly, allowing us to savour the famous 'musicality' of Verlaine’s poetry". The analyst Susan Youens writes that the outer songs are the " inward, melancholy visions of those who already sense, even in the midst of seeming love and luck, that 'la vie opportune' has passed".
The second book (FL 114), dedicated to Emma Bardac, dates from 1904. It was premiered chez Madame Colonne on 23 June 1904; the score was published in September of that year. These were Debussy's only settings of these three Verlaine poems.
Unlike the first book, where the three songs are not connected by a common narrative thread, the second book has a continuous theme of the difficulty of relationships between men and women. Youens writes of "the mutual incomprehensibility of the sexes, from its inception ('Les Ingénus') to its death-in-life ('Le Faune') and finally to its grim remains after death ('Colloque sentimental')".
Notes, references and sources
Notes
^ "De la musique avant toute chose, Et pour cela préfère l'Impair Plus vague et plus soluble dans l'air"
References
^ a b Pfeifer, Katja. Notes to Genuin CD set 16430 (2016)
^ Griffiths, Paul. "Verlaine, Paul", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2011, retrieved 13 June 2018 (subscription required)
^ Wright, Alfred J. "Verlaine and Debussy: Fêtes galantes", The French Review, Vol. 40, No. 5 (April 1967), pp. 627–635 (subscription required)
^ a b c Lesure, François and Roy Howat. "Debussy, (Achille-)Claude" Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 28 April 2018 (subscription required)
^ a b Nichols, Roger. Notes to Hyperion CD set CDA 677883 (2012)
^ a b Youens, Susan. Tell a Tale: Symbolist Narrative In Debussy's Fêtes Galantes II, Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (Fall/Winter 1987/1988), pp. 180–191 (subscription required)
vteClaude DebussyList of compositionsOpera
Rodrigue et Chimène (1890–1892)
Pelléas et Mélisande (1893–1902)
Le diable dans le beffroi (1902–1911)
La chute de la maison Usher (1908–1917)
Ballet
Khamma (1911–1912)
Jeux (1912–1913)
La boîte à joujoux (1913)
Orchestral
Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894)
Nocturnes (1897–1899)
La mer (1903–1905)
Images (1905–1912)
With a soloist
L'enfant prodigue (1884)
Fantaisie for piano and orchestra (1889–1890)
Première rhapsodie (1909–1910)
Rhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra (1901-1911)
Chamber
Piano Trio (1879)
String Quartet (1893)
Dances for Harp and String Orchestra (1904)
Syrinx for flute (1913)
Six sonatas for various instruments (1915–1917): Cello Sonata (1915)
PianoSolo
Two Arabesques (1888, 1891)
Valse romantique (1890)
Suite bergamasque (1890–1905)
Pour le piano suite (1894–1901)
Estampes (1903)
Masques (1904)
L'isle joyeuse (1904)
Images, Set 1 (1905)
Reflets dans l'eau
Children's Corner (1906–1908)
The Little Nigar (1909)
Préludes, Book 1 (1909–1910)
Voiles
Des pas sur la neige
Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest
La fille aux cheveux de lin
La sérénade interrompue
La cathédrale engloutie
La plus que lente (1910)
Préludes, Book 2 (1912–1913)
Brouillards
Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.
Études (1915)
Four hands or two pianos
Petite suite (1886–1889)
Six épigraphes antiques (1914)
En blanc et noir (1915)
Songs
Beau soir (1880)
Ariettes oubliées (1885–1887)
Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire (1887–1889)
Fêtes galantes (1891–1904)
Other vocal
La Damoiselle élue (1889)
Trois Chansons (1909)
Le Martyre de saint Sébastien (1911)
Related
Emma Bardac (wife)
Musée Claude-Debussy
Impressionism in music
Debussy quadrangle
crater
Debussy Heights
Category
Portals: Biography Classical music
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
France
2
BnF data
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mélodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lodie"},{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Paul Verlaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Verlaine"}],"text":"Fêtes Galantes is a cycle of six mélodies composed by Claude Debussy to poems by Paul Verlaine. It consists of two books of three songs (FL 86 and FL 114). The songs were composed over several years, and were premiered in 1904.","title":"Fêtes galantes (Debussy)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp-1"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Fauré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Britten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Britten"},{"link_name":"Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Antoine Watteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Watteau"},{"link_name":"Fête galante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%AAte_galante"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wright-3"}],"text":"The six poems come from Verlaine's collection Fêtes galantes, published in 1869. Debussy, a lifelong admirer of Verlaine's poetry, had taken a copy of the collection with him when he went to study in Rome in 1885.[1] Although other composers, from Gabriel Fauré to Benjamin Britten set Verlaine's poetry, Debussy, according to the Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, was the first composer of any importance to do so.[2]The critic Jacques-Henri Bornecque called Verlaine's book a \"petite suite\"; it contains twenty-two poems, mostly quite brief, representing varied scenes or encounters ranging from tender to ironic, inspired by Antoine Watteau's Fête galante paintings.[3]","title":"History and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"First book","text":"En sourdine (Muted)\nFantoches (Puppets)\nClair de lune (Moonlight)","title":"History and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Second book","text":"Les Ingénus (The innocents)\nLe Faune (The faun)\nColloque sentimental (Sentimental conversation)","title":"History and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[n 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kp-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove-5"},{"link_name":"Édouard Colonne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Colonne"},{"link_name":"diminuendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diminuendo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rn-6"},{"link_name":"Roger Nichols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Nichols_(musical_scholar)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rn-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youens-7"},{"link_name":"Emma Bardac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Bardac"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youens-7"}],"sub_title":"Analysis","text":"In his 1874 poem \"Art poétique\" Verlaine had written \"Music before all else, And for that choose the irregular, Vaguer and melting better into the air.\"[n 1] The analyst Katja Pfeifer comments that Verlaine's dictum becomes \"a literary reality\" in the first set of Debussy's settings of Fêtes galantes: \"the rhythm of the verses, his playing with the sound of the language, and explicit textual references to music give the verses themselves the feel of a song\".[1]Debussy completed the first book (FL 86) in 1891.[4] The manuscript of the score shows two songs, \"Pantomime\" and \"Mandolin\", which were later removed; they were later published separately.[4] The score was published in 1903 and the songs were first performed at the house of Madame Édouard Colonne on 16 June 1904.Debussy had already set all three of the poems in the first book in 1882. The earlier settings were composed for his mistress, Marie Vasnier. The settings in his Fêtes galantes cycle contained some material from the earlier versions, mostly in \"Fantoches\", although in that song the composer replaced the original flamboyant and virtuosic ending with a gradual diminuendo, which became a frequent feature of his style.[5] \"En sourdine\" and \"Clair de lune\" are almost completely rewritten. The musicologist Roger Nichols writes that they display \"a far more adventurous harmonic palette\" than the composer had developed at the time of the first settings, \"blending modality and chromaticism in equal measure\". Nichols describes \"Fantoches\" as energetic and sparkling, contrasting with the first and third songs, which \"float timelessly, allowing us to savour the famous 'musicality' of Verlaine’s poetry\".[5] The analyst Susan Youens writes that the outer songs are the \" inward, melancholy visions of those who already sense, even in the midst of seeming love and luck, that 'la vie opportune' has passed\".[6]The second book (FL 114), dedicated to Emma Bardac, dates from 1904. It was premiered chez Madame Colonne on 23 June 1904; the score was published in September of that year. These were Debussy's only settings of these three Verlaine poems.[4]\nUnlike the first book, where the three songs are not connected by a common narrative thread, the second book has a continuous theme of the difficulty of relationships between men and women. Youens writes of \"the mutual incomprehensibility of the sexes, from its inception ('Les Ingénus') to its death-in-life ('Le Faune') and finally to its grim remains after death ('Colloque sentimental')\".[6]","title":"History and analysis"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes, references and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ \"De la musique avant toute chose, Et pour cela préfère l'Impair Plus vague et plus soluble dans l'air\"","title":"Notes, references and sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kp_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kp_1-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Verlaine, Paul\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000029214"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-wright_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Verlaine and Debussy: Fêtes galantes\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/384667"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grove_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grove_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-grove_5-2"},{"link_name":"Lesure, François","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Lesure"},{"link_name":"Roy Howat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Howat"},{"link_name":"\"Debussy, (Achille-)Claude\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000007353"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180515112133/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000007353"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rn_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-rn_6-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-youens_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-youens_7-1"},{"link_name":"Tell a Tale: Symbolist Narrative In Debussy's Fêtes Galantes II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.jstor.org/stable/23532092To"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"List of compositions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Rodrigue et Chimène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigue_et_Chim%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"Pelléas et Mélisande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_(opera)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pell%C3%A9as_et_M%C3%A9lisande_discography"},{"link_name":"Le diable dans le beffroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_diable_dans_le_beffroi"},{"link_name":"La chute de la maison Usher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_chute_de_la_maison_Usher_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Khamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khamma_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Jeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeux"},{"link_name":"La boîte à joujoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_bo%C3%AEte_%C3%A0_joujoux"},{"link_name":"Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9lude_%C3%A0_l%27apr%C3%A8s-midi_d%27un_faune"},{"link_name":"Nocturnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocturnes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"La mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_mer_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_pour_orchestre"},{"link_name":"L'enfant prodigue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27enfant_prodigue"},{"link_name":"Fantaisie for piano and orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantaisie_for_piano_and_orchestra_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Première rhapsodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_rhapsodie"},{"link_name":"Rhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhapsodie_for_saxophone_and_orchestra"},{"link_name":"Piano Trio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Trio_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"String Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_Quartet_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Dances for Harp and String Orchestra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dances_for_Harp_and_String_Orchestra"},{"link_name":"Syrinx for flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrinx_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Six sonatas for various instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_sonatas_for_various_instruments"},{"link_name":"Cello Sonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Sonata_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Two Arabesques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Arabesques"},{"link_name":"Valse romantique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valse_romantique"},{"link_name":"Suite bergamasque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suite_bergamasque"},{"link_name":"Pour le piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_le_piano"},{"link_name":"Estampes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estampes"},{"link_name":"Masques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masques_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"L'isle joyeuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27isle_joyeuse"},{"link_name":"Images","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Images_(composition)"},{"link_name":"Reflets dans l'eau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflets_dans_l%27eau"},{"link_name":"Children's Corner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_Corner"},{"link_name":"The Little Nigar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Little_Nigar"},{"link_name":"Préludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Voiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiles"},{"link_name":"Des pas sur la neige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Des_pas_sur_la_neige"},{"link_name":"Ce qu'a vu le vent d'ouest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce_qu%27a_vu_le_vent_d%27ouest"},{"link_name":"La fille aux cheveux de lin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fille_aux_cheveux_de_lin"},{"link_name":"La sérénade interrompue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_s%C3%A9r%C3%A9nade_interrompue"},{"link_name":"La cathédrale engloutie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_cath%C3%A9drale_engloutie"},{"link_name":"La plus que lente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_plus_que_lente"},{"link_name":"Préludes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9ludes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Brouillards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouillards"},{"link_name":"Hommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hommage_%C3%A0_S._Pickwick_Esq._P.P.M.P.C."},{"link_name":"Études","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tudes_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Petite suite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petite_Suite_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Six épigraphes antiques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_%C3%A9pigraphes_antiques"},{"link_name":"En blanc et noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/En_blanc_et_noir"},{"link_name":"Beau soir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_soir"},{"link_name":"Ariettes oubliées","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariettes_oubli%C3%A9es"},{"link_name":"Cinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinq_po%C3%A8mes_de_Charles_Baudelaire"},{"link_name":"Fêtes galantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"La Damoiselle élue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Damoiselle_%C3%A9lue"},{"link_name":"Trois Chansons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trois_Chansons_(Debussy)"},{"link_name":"Le Martyre de saint Sébastien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Martyre_de_saint_S%C3%A9bastien"},{"link_name":"Emma Bardac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Bardac"},{"link_name":"Musée Claude-Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Claude-Debussy"},{"link_name":"Impressionism in music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressionism_in_music"},{"link_name":"Debussy quadrangle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debussy_quadrangle"},{"link_name":"crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debussy_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Debussy Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debussy_Heights"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Portals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"link_name":"Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"},{"link_name":"Classical music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Classical_music"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15990914#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/198522721"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113890"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113906"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113890"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113906"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ a b Pfeifer, Katja. Notes to Genuin CD set 16430 (2016)\n\n^ Griffiths, Paul. \"Verlaine, Paul\", Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, 2011, retrieved 13 June 2018 (subscription required)\n\n^ Wright, Alfred J. \"Verlaine and Debussy: Fêtes galantes\", The French Review, Vol. 40, No. 5 (April 1967), pp. 627–635 (subscription required)\n\n^ a b c Lesure, François and Roy Howat. \"Debussy, (Achille-)Claude\" Archived 15 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Grove Music Online, Oxford University Press, retrieved 28 April 2018 (subscription required)\n\n^ a b Nichols, Roger. Notes to Hyperion CD set CDA 677883 (2012)\n\n^ a b Youens, Susan. Tell a Tale: Symbolist Narrative In Debussy's Fêtes Galantes II, Nineteenth-Century French Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1/2 (Fall/Winter 1987/1988), pp. 180–191 (subscription required)vteClaude DebussyList of compositionsOpera\nRodrigue et Chimène (1890–1892)\nPelléas et Mélisande (1893–1902) \nLe diable dans le beffroi (1902–1911)\nLa chute de la maison Usher (1908–1917)\nBallet\nKhamma (1911–1912)\nJeux (1912–1913)\nLa boîte à joujoux (1913)\nOrchestral\nPrélude à l'après-midi d'un faune (1894)\nNocturnes (1897–1899)\nLa mer (1903–1905)\nImages (1905–1912)\nWith a soloist\nL'enfant prodigue (1884)\nFantaisie for piano and orchestra (1889–1890)\nPremière rhapsodie (1909–1910)\nRhapsodie for saxophone and orchestra (1901-1911)\n\nChamber\nPiano Trio (1879)\nString Quartet (1893)\nDances for Harp and String Orchestra (1904)\nSyrinx for flute (1913)\nSix sonatas for various instruments (1915–1917): Cello Sonata (1915)\nPianoSolo\nTwo Arabesques (1888, 1891)\nValse romantique (1890)\nSuite bergamasque (1890–1905)\nPour le piano suite (1894–1901)\nEstampes (1903)\nMasques (1904)\nL'isle joyeuse (1904)\nImages, Set 1 (1905)\nReflets dans l'eau\nChildren's Corner (1906–1908)\nThe Little Nigar (1909)\nPréludes, Book 1 (1909–1910)\nVoiles\nDes pas sur la neige\nCe qu'a vu le vent d'ouest\nLa fille aux cheveux de lin\nLa sérénade interrompue\nLa cathédrale engloutie\nLa plus que lente (1910)\nPréludes, Book 2 (1912–1913)\nBrouillards\nHommage à S. Pickwick Esq. P.P.M.P.C.\nÉtudes (1915)\n\nFour hands or two pianos\nPetite suite (1886–1889)\nSix épigraphes antiques (1914)\nEn blanc et noir (1915)\nSongs\nBeau soir (1880)\nAriettes oubliées (1885–1887)\nCinq poèmes de Charles Baudelaire (1887–1889)\nFêtes galantes (1891–1904)\nOther vocal\nLa Damoiselle élue (1889)\nTrois Chansons (1909)\nLe Martyre de saint Sébastien (1911)\nRelated\nEmma Bardac (wife)\nMusée Claude-Debussy\nImpressionism in music\nDebussy quadrangle\ncrater\nDebussy Heights\n\n CategoryPortals: Biography Classical musicAuthority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nFrance\n2\nBnF data\n2","title":"Notes, references and sources"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000029214","external_links_name":"\"Verlaine, Paul\""},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/384667","external_links_name":"\"Verlaine and Debussy: Fêtes galantes\""},{"Link":"http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000007353","external_links_name":"\"Debussy, (Achille-)Claude\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515112133/http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000007353","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23532092To","external_links_name":"Tell a Tale: Symbolist Narrative In Debussy's Fêtes Galantes II"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/198522721","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113890","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113906","external_links_name":"2"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113890","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb139113906","external_links_name":"2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses-Kent_House | Moses-Kent House | ["1 Description and history","2 See also","3 References"] | Coordinates: 42°58′36″N 70°57′18″W / 42.97667°N 70.95500°W / 42.97667; -70.95500Historic house in New Hampshire, United States
Not to be confused with the Moses Kent House in Lyme, New Hampshire.
United States historic placeMoses-Kent HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places
Moses-Kent HouseShow map of New HampshireShow map of the United StatesLocation1 Pine St., Exeter, New HampshireCoordinates42°58′36″N 70°57′18″W / 42.97667°N 70.95500°W / 42.97667; -70.95500Area5.5 acres (2.2 ha)Built1868 (1868)ArchitectRufus SargentArchitectural styleSecond Empire, ItalianateNRHP reference No.85002184Added to NRHPSeptember 12, 1985
The Moses-Kent House is a historic house at 1 Pine Street in Exeter, New Hampshire. Built in 1868 for a prominent local merchant, it is one of the town's finest examples of Victorian residential architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 12, 1985.
Description and history
The Moses-Kent House stands southwest of the town center of Exeter, at the southwest junction of Linden and Pine Streets. It occupies a large lot, more than 5 acres (2.0 ha) in size, of which about 2 acres (0.81 ha) are landscaped. The main house is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof, granite foundation, and an exterior finished in wooden siding scored to resemble ashlar stone. It is predominantly Second Empire in its styling, with strong Italianate influence. Its most prominent feature is a three-story tower with mansard roof and windows whose molded surrounds match those of the main mansard roof. The property includes a surviving 1868 carriage house. The interior of the house is well-preserved, retaining features from its construction, and from a later early 20th-century renovation.
The house was built in 1868 by Henry Clay Moses, a local wool merchant, who purchased two lots and demolished the buildings standing on them to make way for it. Moses hired architect Rufus Sargent of Newburyport, Massachusetts to design the house, and landscape architect Robert Morris Copeland was hired to lay out the grounds. Moses was known locally for his philanthropy, and opened portions of the property to the public as a park. It underwent significant alterations c. 1901-02 after it was purchased by George Kent, owner of the Exeter Manufacturing Company. The landscaping of its grounds are conjectured without evidence to have been influenced (directly or indirectly) by the work of Frederick Law Olmsted.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire
References
^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
^ a b "NRHP nomination for Moses-Kent House". National Park Service. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
^ Carol Walker Aten, Postcards from Exeter (Charleston: Arcadia Publishing, 2003): 139.
vteNational Register of Historic Places in Rockingham County, New HampshireLandmarks
Gov. John Langdon Mansion
John Paul Jones House
Josiah Bartlett House
Ladd-Gilman House
MacPheadris–Warner House
Matthew Thornton House
Moffatt-Ladd House
Richard Jackson House
Robert Frost Farm
USS Albacore
Wentworth–Coolidge Mansion
Wentworth-Gardner House
Districts
Atlantic Heights Development
Deerfield Center Historic District
East Derry Historic District
Exeter Waterfront Commercial Historic District
Front Street Historic District
Highland Road Historic District
Isles of Shoals‡
Jewell Town District
Little Boar's Head Historic District
Newington Center Historic District
Newmarket Industrial and Commercial Historic District
Old Deerfield Center Historic District
Portsmouth Downtown Historic District
Portsmouth Parade Historic District
Richman Margeson Estate
Salem Common Historic District
Scammon Farm Historic District
Smith's Corner Historic District
Strawbery Banke Historic District
Town Center Historic District
Wentworth-Gardner and Tobias Lear Houses
Woodman Road Historic District
BuildingsEducation
Atkinson Academy School
Centennial Hall
Dame School
Kensington Social Library
Nichols Memorial Library
North Hampton Library
North School
Portsmouth Public Library
Portsmouth Athenæum
Sanborn Seminary
Searles School and Chapel
Smyth Public Library
Square Schoolhouse
Stone School
Watson Academy
Wiggin Memorial Library
Religious
Chester Congregational Church
Danville Meetinghouse
First Church
First Universalist Church
Freewill Baptist Church-Peoples Baptist Church-New Hope Church
Fremont Meeting House
Hampstead Meetinghouse
New Castle Congregational Church
Northwood Congregational Church
Sanborn Seminary
Sandown Old Meetinghouse
Searles School and Chapel
South Parish
St. Andrew's-by-the-Sea
St. John's Church
Union Meetinghouse-Universalist Church
Unitarian Church
Residential
Bartlett-Cushman House
Benedict House
Benjamin Franklin Prescott House
Benjamin James House
Capt. Jonathan Currier House
Cornet Thomas Wiggin House
Daniel Pinkham House
Deacon Samuel and Jabez Lane Homestead
Drake Farm
Dudley House
Edward Sewall Garrison
Elijah Locke House
Elm Farm
Emery Farm
Gen. Mason J. Young House
General Porter House
George Rogers House
Gilman Garrison House
Gov. John Wentworth House
Gov. Meshech Weare House
Greeley House
Hart-Rice House
Haven-White House
Henry Sherburne House
James Neal House
Jeremiah Hart House
John Crockett House
John Elkins Farmstead
John Hart House
Joshua Wentworth House †
Larkin-Rice House
Maj. John Gilman House
Moses-Kent House
Nutter-Rymes House
Parsons Homestead
Phoebe Hart House
Reuben Lamprey Homestead
Rundlet-May House
Samuel Beck House
Samuel Tenney House
Scamman Farm
Shapley Town House
Simeon P. Smith House
Weeks House
Whidden-Ward House
Transportation
Newington Railroad Depot
Raymond Boston and Maine Railroad Depot
Sandown Depot, Boston and Maine Railroad
Otherbuildings
Adams Memorial Building
Armstrong Memorial Building
The Beach Club
Danville Town House
Franklin Block
Kensington Town House
New Hampshire Bank Building
North Hampton Town Hall
Plaistow Carhouse
Portsmouth Cottage Hospital
Portsmouth Harbor Light
Pulpit Rock Base-End Station (N. 142)
Rockingham Hotel
Rye Town Hall
South Meetinghouse
Stevens Memorial Hall
Town House
Sites
Fort Constitution
Old North Cemetery
Plains Cemetery
Structures
Chester Village Cemetery
Footnotes‡ This entry also has portions in an adjacent state.† This entry has been removed from the registry.See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire and List of National Historic Landmarks in New Hampshire | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moses Kent House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses_Kent_House"},{"link_name":"Lyme, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyme,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Exeter, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Historic house in New Hampshire, United StatesNot to be confused with the Moses Kent House in Lyme, New Hampshire.United States historic placeThe Moses-Kent House is a historic house at 1 Pine Street in Exeter, New Hampshire. 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It occupies a large lot, more than 5 acres (2.0 ha) in size, of which about 2 acres (0.81 ha) are landscaped. The main house is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame structure, with a mansard roof, granite foundation, and an exterior finished in wooden siding scored to resemble ashlar stone. It is predominantly Second Empire in its styling, with strong Italianate influence. Its most prominent feature is a three-story tower with mansard roof and windows whose molded surrounds match those of the main mansard roof. The property includes a surviving 1868 carriage house. The interior of the house is well-preserved, retaining features from its construction, and from a later early 20th-century renovation.[2]The house was built in 1868 by Henry Clay Moses, a local wool merchant, who purchased two lots and demolished the buildings standing on them to make way for it. Moses hired architect Rufus Sargent of Newburyport, Massachusetts to design the house, and landscape architect Robert Morris Copeland was hired to lay out the grounds.[3] Moses was known locally for his philanthropy, and opened portions of the property to the public as a park. It underwent significant alterations c. 1901-02 after it was purchased by George Kent, owner of the Exeter Manufacturing Company. The landscaping of its grounds are conjectured without evidence to have been influenced (directly or indirectly) by the work of Frederick Law Olmsted.[2]","title":"Description and history"}] | [] | [{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Rockingham County, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Rockingham_County,_New_Hampshire"}] | [{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovo | Battle of Ostrovo | ["1 History","2 References"] | Coordinates: 40°48′0.000″N 21°49′59.999″E / 40.80000000°N 21.83333306°E / 40.80000000; 21.83333306This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Battle of Ostrovo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Battle of OstrovoPart of the Uprising of Peter DelyanDate1041Locationnear Lake Ostrovo, Greece40°48′0.000″N 21°49′59.999″E / 40.80000000°N 21.83333306°E / 40.80000000; 21.83333306Result
Byzantine victory
End of Bulgarian uprisingBelligerents
Bulgarian rebels
Byzantine EmpireCommanders and leaders
Peter Delyan
Michael IV the PaphlagonianHarald Hardradaclass=notpageimage| Location within GreeceShow map of GreeceBattle of Ostrovo (North Macedonia)Show map of North MacedoniaBattle of Ostrovo (Europe without the extreme north)Show map of Europe without the extreme north
vteByzantine–Bulgarian warsEarly wars
1th Constantinople
Ongal
1st Anchialus
1st Marcellae
Rishki Pass
2nd Anchialus
Litosoria
2nd Marcellae
Krum's campaigns
Serdica
Pliska
Debeltos
Versinikia
1st Adrianople
2th Constantinople
Masambria
Burdizon
Simeon I's campaigns
War of 894–896
Boulgarophygon
War of 913–927
Achelous
Katasyrtai
Pegae
3th Constantinople
Sviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria
1st Arcadiopolis
Dorostolon
Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria
Trajan's Gates
1st Thessalonica
Spercheios
Skopje
2nd Thessalonica
Kreta
3rd Thessalonica
Kleidion
Strumitsa
Bitola
Setina
Dyrrhachium
Uprising of Peter Delyan
4th Thessalonica
5th Thessalonica
Ostrovo
Second Bulgarian Empire
Lovech
Tryavna
2nd Arcadiopolis
Serres
Varna
Klokotnitsa
2nd Adrianople
Uprising of Ivaylo
Devina
Skafida
Rusokastro
The Battle of Ostrovo occurred in 1041 near Ostrovo, an area close to the lake of the same name in modern Northern Greece.
History
In 1040 Peter Delyan, an illegitimate relative of Samuel, the Bulgarian Tsar, led an uprising against the Byzantines and was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria. He quickly occupied the western Balkan lands from Belgrade to Larissa but in the next year he was betrayed by his cousin Alusian, who blinded him with a knife after he got drunk during a feast. Though blind, Peter Delyan remained in command and met the Byzantines near Ostrovo. The battle itself is unclear but the Bulgarians were defeated mainly with the help of the Varangian Guard, led by Harald Hardrada. Delyan was captured and was sent to Thessaloniki. Alusian, who initially sought to lead the army against the Byzantines, secretly negotiated a deal with Emperor Michael IV at Mosynopolis and was rewarded with a title of magistros. During the battle, he rode to the safety of enemy lines, leaving the Bulgarian army to be crushed. As a result, the uprising was repulsed and the emperor entered Bulgaria, which remained a Byzantine province until 1185.
References
^ a b c Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2016). The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476-1648. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 38. ISBN 9781476662305.
^ a b c Tăpkova-Zaimova, Vasilka (2017). Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition. Translated by Murdzhev, Pavel. Leiden: BRILL. p. 298. ISBN 9789004352384.
^ Chary, Frederick B. (2011-02-18). The History of Bulgaria. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 17. ISBN 9780313384462.
This article about a battle is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Byzantine Empire–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_Wars"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_Wars"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_Wars"},{"link_name":"Byzantine–Bulgarian wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_wars"},{"link_name":"1th Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Constantinople_(559)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ongal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ongal"},{"link_name":"1st Anchialus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anchialus_(708)"},{"link_name":"1st Marcellae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Marcellae_(756)"},{"link_name":"Rishki 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Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(813)"},{"link_name":"Masambria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Masambria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Burdizon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Burdizon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Simeon I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"War of 894–896","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Bulgarian_war_of_894%E2%80%93896"},{"link_name":"Boulgarophygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boulgarophygon"},{"link_name":"War of 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Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(995)"},{"link_name":"Spercheios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Spercheios"},{"link_name":"Skopje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skopje"},{"link_name":"2nd Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1004)"},{"link_name":"Kreta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kreta"},{"link_name":"3rd Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1014)"},{"link_name":"Kleidion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion"},{"link_name":"Strumitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Strumica"},{"link_name":"Bitola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bitola_(1015)"},{"link_name":"Setina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Setina"},{"link_name":"Dyrrhachium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(1018)"},{"link_name":"Uprising of Peter Delyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"4th Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(1040)"},{"link_name":"5th Thessalonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Thessalonica_(2nd_1040)"},{"link_name":"Ostrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Second Bulgarian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Lovech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lovech"},{"link_name":"Tryavna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tryavna"},{"link_name":"2nd Arcadiopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arcadiopolis_(1194)"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Serres"},{"link_name":"Varna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Varna_(1201)"},{"link_name":"Klokotnitsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Klokotnitsa"},{"link_name":"2nd Adrianople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Adrianople_(1254)"},{"link_name":"Uprising of Ivaylo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Ivaylo"},{"link_name":"Devina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Devina"},{"link_name":"Skafida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Skafida"},{"link_name":"Rusokastro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Rusokastro"},{"link_name":"Ostrovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnissa"},{"link_name":"lake of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ostrovo"},{"link_name":"Northern Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Greece"}],"text":"vteByzantine–Bulgarian warsEarly wars\n1th Constantinople\nOngal\n1st Anchialus\n1st Marcellae\nRishki Pass\n2nd Anchialus\nLitosoria\n2nd Marcellae\nKrum's campaigns\n\nSerdica\nPliska\nDebeltos\nVersinikia\n1st Adrianople\n2th Constantinople\nMasambria [ru]\nBurdizon\nSimeon I's campaigns\n\nWar of 894–896\nBoulgarophygon\nWar of 913–927\nAchelous\nKatasyrtai\nPegae\n3th Constantinople\nSviatoslav's invasion of Bulgaria\n\n1st Arcadiopolis\nDorostolon\nByzantine conquest of Bulgaria\n\nTrajan's Gates\n1st Thessalonica\nSpercheios\nSkopje\n2nd Thessalonica\nKreta\n3rd Thessalonica\nKleidion\nStrumitsa\nBitola\nSetina\nDyrrhachium\nUprising of Peter Delyan\n\n4th Thessalonica\n5th Thessalonica\nOstrovo\nSecond Bulgarian Empire\n\nLovech\nTryavna\n2nd Arcadiopolis\nSerres\nVarna\nKlokotnitsa\n2nd Adrianople\nUprising of Ivaylo\nDevina\nSkafida\nRusokastroThe Battle of Ostrovo occurred in 1041 near Ostrovo, an area close to the lake of the same name in modern Northern Greece.","title":"Battle of Ostrovo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Delyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_of_Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"Byzantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Larissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larissa"},{"link_name":"Alusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alusian_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Delyan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Delyan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Varangian Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varangian_Guard"},{"link_name":"Harald Hardrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Hardrada"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Emperor Michael IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian"},{"link_name":"Mosynopolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosynopolis"},{"link_name":"magistros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_officiorum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"In 1040 Peter Delyan, an illegitimate relative of Samuel, the Bulgarian Tsar,[1] led an uprising against the Byzantines and was proclaimed Emperor of Bulgaria. He quickly occupied the western Balkan lands from Belgrade to Larissa but in the next year he was betrayed by his cousin Alusian, who blinded him with a knife after he got drunk during a feast.[1][2] Though blind, Peter Delyan remained in command and met the Byzantines near Ostrovo.[3] The battle itself is unclear but the Bulgarians were defeated mainly with the help of the Varangian Guard, led by Harald Hardrada. Delyan was captured and was sent to Thessaloniki.[2] Alusian, who initially sought to lead the army against the Byzantines, secretly negotiated a deal with Emperor Michael IV at Mosynopolis and was rewarded with a title of magistros.[2] During the battle, he rode to the safety of enemy lines, leaving the Bulgarian army to be crushed.[1] As a result, the uprising was repulsed and the emperor entered Bulgaria, which remained a Byzantine province until 1185.","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Schwartzwald, Jack L. (2016). The Collapse and Recovery of Europe, AD 476-1648. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 38. ISBN 9781476662305.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476662305","url_text":"9781476662305"}]},{"reference":"Tăpkova-Zaimova, Vasilka (2017). Bulgarians by Birth: The Comitopuls, Emperor Samuel and their Successors According to Historical Sources and the Historiographic Tradition. Translated by Murdzhev, Pavel. Leiden: BRILL. p. 298. ISBN 9789004352384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004352384","url_text":"9789004352384"}]},{"reference":"Chary, Frederick B. (2011-02-18). The History of Bulgaria. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 17. ISBN 9780313384462.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313384462","url_text":"9780313384462"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Ostrovo¶ms=40_48_0.000_N_21_49_59.999_E_","external_links_name":"40°48′0.000″N 21°49′59.999″E / 40.80000000°N 21.83333306°E / 40.80000000; 21.83333306"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Ostrovo%22","external_links_name":"\"Battle of Ostrovo\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Ostrovo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Ostrovo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Ostrovo%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Ostrovo%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Ostrovo%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Ostrovo¶ms=40_48_0.000_N_21_49_59.999_E_","external_links_name":"40°48′0.000″N 21°49′59.999″E / 40.80000000°N 21.83333306°E / 40.80000000; 21.83333306"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ostrovo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ostrovo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Rides_the_Plains | Death Rides the Plains | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | 1943 film
Death Rides the PlainsTheatrical release posterDirected bySam NewfieldScreenplay byJoseph O'DonnellStory byPatricia HarperProduced bySigmund NeufeldStarringRobert LivingstonAl St. JohnPatti McCartyRay BennettI. Stanford JolleyGeorge ChesebroCinematographyRobert E. ClineEdited byHolbrook N. ToddProductioncompanySigmund Neufeld ProductionsDistributed byProducers Releasing CorporationRelease date
May 7, 1943 (1943-05-07)
Running time53 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish
Death Rides the Plains is a 1943 American Western film directed by Sam Newfield and written by Joseph O'Donnell. The film stars Robert Livingston as the Lone Rider and Al St. John as his sidekick "Fuzzy Jones", with Patti McCarty, Ray Bennett, I. Stanford Jolley and George Chesebro. The film was released on May 7, 1943, by Producers Releasing Corporation.
This is the fourteenth movie in the Lone Rider series, and the third starring Robert Livingston. The first eleven movies star George Houston.
Plot
A gang of crooks is repeatedly selling the Circle C Ranch, and then murdering the buyers before they take possession of the land. Fuzzy's cousin Luke falls victim to the scheme, and the Lone Rider disguises himself as an outlaw to bring the schemers to justice.
Cast
Robert Livingston as Rocky Cameron, the Lone Rider
Al St. John as Fuzzy Jones
Patti McCarty as Virginia Marshall
Ray Bennett as Ben Gowdey
I. Stanford Jolley as Rogan
George Chesebro as Trent
John Elliott as James Marshall
Kermit Maynard as Jed
Slim Whitaker as Sheriff
Karl Hackett as Edward Simms
See also
The Lone Rider films starring George Houston:
The Lone Rider Rides On (1941)
The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio (1941)
The Lone Rider in Ghost Town (1941)
The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury (1941)
The Lone Rider Ambushed (1941)
The Lone Rider Fights Back (1941)
The Lone Rider and the Bandit (1942)
The Lone Rider in Cheyenne (1942)
The Lone Rider in Texas Justice (1942)
Border Roundup (1942)
Outlaws of Boulder Pass (1942)
starring Robert Livingston:
Overland Stagecoach (1942)
Wild Horse Rustlers (1943)
Death Rides the Plains (1943)
Wolves of the Range (1943)
Law of the Saddle (1943)
Raiders of Red Gap (1943)
References
^ "Death Rides the Plains (1943) - Overview". TCM.com. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ Hans J. Wollstein. "Death Rides the Plains (1943) - Sam Newfield". AllMovie. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
^ a b "Death Rides the Plains". Catalog.afi.com. Retrieved May 17, 2019.
External links
Death Rides the Plains at IMDb
vteFilms directed by Sam Newfield1930s
The Important Witness (1933)
Big Time or Bust (1933)
Reform Girl (1933)
Under Secret Orders (1933)
Undercover Men (1934)
Beggar's Holiday (1934)
Marrying Widows (1934)
Northern Frontier (1935)
Code of the Mounted (1935)
Branded a Coward (1935)
Trails of the Wild (1935)
Bulldog Courage (1935)
Racing Luck (1935)
Roarin' Guns (1936)
Border Caballero (1936)
The Lion's Den (1936)
Federal Agent (1936)
Lightnin' Bill Carson (1936)
Ghost Patrol (1936)
Burning Gold (1936)
Aces and Eights (1936)
Go-Get-'Em, Haines (1936)
The Traitor (1936)
Roarin' Lead (1936)
Stormy Trails (1936)
The Gambling Terror (1937)
Lightnin' Crandall (1937)
Trail of Vengeance (1937)
Melody of the Plains (1937)
Bar-Z Bad Men (1937)
Guns in the Dark (1937)
Gun Lords of Stirrup Basin (1937)
A Lawman Is Born (1937)
Doomed at Sundown (1937)
Boothill Brigade (1937)
Ridin' the Lone Trail (1937)
The Fighting Deputy (1937)
Arizona Gunfighter (1937)
Moonlight on the Range (1937)
The Fighting Deputy (1937)
The Colorado Kid (1937)
Harlem on the Prairie (1937)
Paroled – To Die (1938)
The Rangers' Round-Up (1938)
Thunder in the Desert (1938)
Code of the Rangers (1938)
The Feud Maker (1938)
Phantom Ranger (1938)
Knight of the Plains (1938)
Songs and Bullets (1938)
Gunsmoke Trail (1938)
Desert Patrol (1938)
Durango Valley Raiders (1938)
Frontier Scout (1938)
Lightning Carson Rides Again (1938)
Six-Gun Trail (1938)
Six-Gun Rhythm (1938)
Crashing Through Danger (1938)
The Terror of Tiny Town (1938)
Trigger Pals (1939)
Code of the Cactus (1939)
Texas Wildcats (1939)
Outlaws' Paradise (1939)
Straight Shooter (1939)
The Fighting Renegade (1939)
Hitler – Beast of Berlin (1939)
Trigger Fingers (1939)
Flaming Lead (1939)
The Invisible Killer (1939)
Fighting Mad (1939)
Death Rides the Range (1939)
1940s
Texas Renegades (1940)
The Sagebrush Family Trails West (1940)
Marked Men (1940)
I Take This Oath (1940)
Gun Code (1940)
Hold That Woman! (1940)
Frontier Crusader (1940)
Arizona Gang Busters (1940)
Secrets of a Model (1940)
Billy the Kid in Texas (1940)
Riders of Black Mountain (1940)
Billy the Kid Outlawed (1940)
Billy the Kid's Gun Justice (1940)
Outlaws of the Rio Grande (1941)
The Lone Rider Rides On (1941)
The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio (1941)
The Lone Rider in Ghost Town (1941)
The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury (1941)
The Lone Rider Ambushed (1941)
The Lone Rider Fights Back (1941)
Billy the Kid's Fighting Pals (1941)
Billy the Kid Wanted (1941)
Billy the Kid in Santa Fe (1941)
The Texas Marshal (1941)
Billy the Kid's Range War (1941)
Billy the Kid's Round-Up (1941)
The Lone Rider and the Bandit (1942)
Raiders of the West (1942)
The Lone Rider in Cheyenne (1942)
Billy the Kid's Smoking Guns (1942)
The Lone Rider in Texas Justice (1942)
Jungle Siren (1942)
Law and Order (1942)
Sheriff of Sage Valley (1942)
Prairie Pals (1942)
Border Roundup (1942)
Outlaws of Boulder Pass (1942)
Overland Stagecoach (1942)
Billy the Kid Trapped (1942)
Rolling Down the Great Divide (1942)
The Mad Monster (1942)
Along the Sundown Trail (1942)
The Mysterious Rider (1942)
Queen of Broadway (1942)
Outlaws of Boulder Pass (1942)
The Kid Rides Again (1943)
Dead Men Walk (1943)
Wild Horse Rustlers (1943)
Fugitive of the Plains (1943)
Death Rides the Plains (1943)
Western Cyclone (1943)
The Black Raven (1943)
Wolves of the Range (1943)
Cattle Stampede (1943)
Law of the Saddle (1943)
Raiders of Red Gap (1943)
Danger! Women at Work (1943)
Blazing Frontier (1943)
Tiger Fangs (1943)
Devil Riders (1943)
Harvest Melody (1943)
Nabonga (1944)
Frontier Outlaws (1944)
Thundering Gun Slingers (1944)
The Monster Maker (1944)
Valley of Vengeance (1944)
The Contender (1944)
The Drifter (1944)
Fuzzy Settles Down (1944)
I Accuse My Parents (1944)
Swing Hostess (1944)
Wild Horse Phantom (1944)
Oath of Vengeance (1944)
His Brother's Ghost (1945)
The Kid Sister (1945)
The Lady Confesses (1945)
Gangster's Den (1945)
Stagecoach Outlaws (1945)
Apology for Murder (1945)
White Pongo (1945)
Border Badmen (1945)
Fighting Bill Carson (1945)
Prairie Rustlers (1945)
Rustlers' Hideout (1945)
Shadows of Death (1945)
Lightning Raiders (1946)
Outlaws of the Plains (1946)
The Flying Serpent (1946)
Murder Is My Business (1946)
Gentlemen with Guns (1946)
Terrors on Horseback (1946)
Ghost of Hidden Valley (1946)
Blonde for a Day (1946)
Larceny in Her Heart (1946)
Prairie Badmen (1946)
Queen of Burlesque (1946)
Overland Riders (1946)
Gas House Kids (1946)
Lady Chaser (1946)
Three on a Ticket (1947)
Adventure Island (1947)
Jungle Flight (1947)
Money Madness (1948)
Lady at Midnight (1948)
The Strange Mrs. Crane (1948)
The Counterfeiters (1948)
Miraculous Journey (1948)
She Shoulda Said No! (1949)
State Department: File 649 (1949)
1950s
Motor Patrol (1950)
Hi-Jacked (1950)
Radar Secret Service (1950)
Western Pacific Agent (1950)
Three Desperate Men (1951)
Mask of the Dragon (1951)
Skipalong Rosenbloom (1951)
Lost Continent (1951)
Leave It to the Marines (1951)
Sky High (1951)
Fingerprints Don't Lie (1951)
Outlaw Women (1952)
Lady in the Fog (1952)
The Gambler and the Lady (1952)
The Wild Dakotas (1956)
Frontier Gambler (1956)
The Three Outlaws (1956)
Last of the Desperados (1956)
Wolf Dog (1958)
Flaming Frontier (1958) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Sam Newfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Newfield"},{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Al St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_St._John"},{"link_name":"Patti McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_McCarty"},{"link_name":"I. 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Stanford Jolley and George Chesebro. The film was released on May 7, 1943, by Producers Releasing Corporation.[1][2][3]This is the fourteenth movie in the Lone Rider series, and the third starring Robert Livingston. The first eleven movies star George Houston.[3]","title":"Death Rides the Plains"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A gang of crooks is repeatedly selling the Circle C Ranch, and then murdering the buyers before they take possession of the land. Fuzzy's cousin Luke falls victim to the scheme, and the Lone Rider disguises himself as an outlaw to bring the schemers to justice.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Livingston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Livingston_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Al St. John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_St._John"},{"link_name":"Patti McCarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patti_McCarty"},{"link_name":"I. Stanford Jolley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Stanford_Jolley"},{"link_name":"George Chesebro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chesebro"},{"link_name":"John Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elliott_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Kermit Maynard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_Maynard"},{"link_name":"Slim Whitaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_Whitaker"},{"link_name":"Karl Hackett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Hackett"}],"text":"Robert Livingston as Rocky Cameron, the Lone Rider\nAl St. John as Fuzzy Jones\nPatti McCarty as Virginia Marshall\nRay Bennett as Ben Gowdey\nI. Stanford Jolley as Rogan\nGeorge Chesebro as Trent\nJohn Elliott as James Marshall\nKermit Maynard as Jed\nSlim Whitaker as Sheriff\nKarl Hackett as Edward Simms","title":"Cast"}] | [] | [{"title":"The Lone Rider Rides On","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_Rides_On"},{"title":"The Lone Rider Crosses the Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_Crosses_the_Rio"},{"title":"The Lone Rider in Ghost Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_in_Ghost_Town"},{"title":"The Lone Rider in Frontier Fury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_in_Frontier_Fury"},{"title":"The Lone Rider Ambushed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_Ambushed"},{"title":"The Lone Rider Fights Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_Fights_Back"},{"title":"The Lone Rider and the Bandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_and_the_Bandit"},{"title":"The Lone Rider in Cheyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_in_Cheyenne"},{"title":"The Lone Rider in Texas Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lone_Rider_in_Texas_Justice"},{"title":"Border Roundup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Roundup"},{"title":"Outlaws of Boulder Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outlaws_of_Boulder_Pass"},{"title":"Overland Stagecoach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overland_Stagecoach"},{"title":"Wild Horse Rustlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_Horse_Rustlers"},{"title":"Wolves of the Range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_of_the_Range"},{"title":"Law of the Saddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_Saddle"},{"title":"Raiders of Red Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_of_Red_Gap"}] | [{"reference":"\"Death Rides the Plains (1943) - Overview\". 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Retrieved May 17, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/546-DEATH-RIDES-THE-PLAINS","url_text":"\"Death Rides the Plains\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/72653/Death-Rides-the-Plains/","external_links_name":"\"Death Rides the Plains (1943) - Overview\""},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/death-rides-the-plains-v12897","external_links_name":"\"Death Rides the Plains (1943) - Sam Newfield\""},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Film/546-DEATH-RIDES-THE-PLAINS","external_links_name":"\"Death Rides the Plains\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0035786/","external_links_name":"Death Rides the Plains"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boktai:_The_Sun_Is_in_Your_Hand | Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand | ["1 Plot","2 Gameplay","3 Reception","4 Sequels","4.1 Other media","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"] | 2003 video game
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2003 video gameBoktai: The Sun Is in Your HandEuropean cover artDeveloper(s)Konami Computer Entertainment JapanPublisher(s)KonamiDirector(s)Ikuya NakamuraProducer(s)Hideo KojimaWriter(s)Ikuya NakamuraComposer(s)Kazuki MuraokaMasashi WatanabeNorihiko HibinoShuichi KoboriPlatform(s)Game Boy AdvanceReleaseJP: July 17, 2003NA: September 16, 2003EU: May 14, 2004AU: May 28, 2004Genre(s)Action role-playingMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer
Boktai: The Sun is in Your Hand is an action-adventure role-playing video game released by Konami for the Game Boy Advance in 2003, and the first game in the Boktai series. The player takes the role of Django, a vampire hunter, who uses a weapon called the "Gun Del Sol" (Solar Gun), that fires bolts of sunlight at enemies. The game made novel use of a light sensor on the cartridge which encouraged playing parts of the game in direct sunlight. The game was produced and designed by Hideo Kojima.
Plot
The game's story takes place in a time period near the end of the world, called the Age of Darkness. The story features the appearance of undead creatures after the natural cycle of life and death was broken. People quickly began dying due to the use and misuse of "Dark Matter", a type of energy that corrupts and destroys life. Those who survived quickly became prey to dark creatures called "Immortals", beings composed of Dark Matter at the cellular level.
The story is set in the city of Istrakan, which had already been overrun by the Immortals. The city was in a hopeless situation as the curse brought the "undeadening" of all, edging the human race closer to extinction. Even the heroes who used to hunt the Immortals have already fallen, and so people's hopes have been shattered.
One day, however, a mysterious boy named Django emerged. He turned out to have the blood of one of the most legendary vampire hunters running in his veins, and was also the heir of the Gun Del Sol. He must go to Istrakan, the City of Death – where many times and places intertwine – in order to prevent the end of the world.
Django's mission to save humanity is reinforced by his desire to avenge his father, Ringo, after his death. He uses sunlight as his weapon throughout his endeavors.
Gameplay
The game's cartridge has a photometric light sensor which measures light exposure. In order to charge the in-game solar weapons, the player must take their Game Boy Advance (GBA) outside in the daytime (as verified by the light sensor). If the player's gun battery runs out of light reserves and there is no sunlight available, then the player must avoid conflicts with enemies or find an in-game "Solar Station" to recharge.
Before a game is started, the player is prompted to set their current time and time zone. The game can then estimate when the Sun will rise and set, and simulates the position of the Sun inside the game. The player has an advantage during the daytime as vampires cannot be exposed to sunlight. Sunlight also affects the world around the main character - an example is a Solar Tree, a tree that is being damaged by the darkness of the Immortals, and can be cured by playing the game in the sunlight. The outdoor game environment also includes bird chirp sound effects in the morning and a soft orange glow around sunset.
Game combat focuses on stealth. An integral concept is shooting an undead in the back, stunning it, then either running away or killing it. Getting caught by a monster, indicated by a red exclamation point above the head, will reduce the grade received at the end of a stage. A number of other factors also determine the grade received, such as total time taken to complete the level. After a number of dungeon levels the player will reach an "Immortal" level where one of four bosses resides. The player will have to fight their way to the boss creature, or Immortal, and defeat it. The boss is then faced again in the sunlight outside of its lair. In this fight, a weapon called the "Pile Driver" must be charged by the player exposing the game to sunlight. The greater the amount of sunlight, the more damage the Pile Driver will inflict upon the Immortal during the fight.
Reception
ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic83/100Review scoresPublicationScoreEdge8/10Electronic Gaming Monthly8.5/10Famitsu36/40Game Informer5/10GameProGameSpot8.3/10GameSpyIGN8.5/10Nintendo Power4.4/5X-PlayEntertainment WeeklyA
The game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a total score of 36 out of 40.
Sequels
Boktai was followed by two sequels on the Game Boy Advance: Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django and Shin Bokura no Taiyō: Gyakushū no Sabata (also known as Boktai 3: Sabata's Counterattack). The latter was released exclusively in Japan. Both GBA sequels employed the use of a solar sensor on their cartridges. A fourth game was released for the Nintendo DS titled Bokura no Taiyō: Django & Sabata, released outside Japan under the title Lunar Knights. The name change was an attempt to rebrand the series after the fourth game abandoned the use of a solar sensor (due to the Nintendo DS using cards instead of cartridges).
Other media
A manga was produced called Solar Boy Django. It was produced by Makoto Hisoka and was loosely based on the Boktai storyline. It was written by Makoto Hisoka and published in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic from September 2003 to July 2007. It does not follow the plot of the games directly, although it does include many of the characters, such as the Count and Sabata. An English version of the manga has been made available from a Singapore manga production company. In 2007, Elex Media Komputindo licensed the manga for the Indonesian market with the title Jango the Solar Boy.
Django and Otenko appeared in Mega Man Battle Network 4.
Notes
^ Known in Japan as Bokura no Taiyō (Japanese: ボクらの太陽, lit. Our Sun)
References
^ "Boktai: Sun is in Your Hands". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
^ "Boktai Walkthrough". IGN. January 26, 2004. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
^ a b "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand for Game Boy Advance Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ Edge staff (October 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand". Edge. No. 128. p. 92.
^ EGM staff (October 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 171. p. 164. Archived from the original on March 26, 2004. Retrieved September 9, 2012.
^ a b Chris Winkler (July 9, 2003). "Famitsu Rates Boktai". RPGFan. Archived from the original on August 12, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ Matt Helgeson (October 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand". Game Informer. No. 126. p. 142. Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ Star Dingo (September 15, 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is In Your Hand Review for Game Boy Advance Review on GamePro.com". GamePro. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved June 19, 2016.
^ Greg Kasavin (September 16, 2003). "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand Review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ Darryl Vassar (September 17, 2003). "GameSpy: Boktai". GameSpy. Archived from the original on January 2, 2006. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ Craig Harris (September 15, 2003). "Boktai". IGN. Archived from the original on June 25, 2016. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ "Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand". Nintendo Power. Vol. 172. October 2003. p. 139.
^ Chris Hudak (August 18, 2003). "'Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hands' (GBA) Review". X-Play. Archived from the original on February 26, 2004. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ Gary Eng Walk (October 17, 2003). "Boktai". Entertainment Weekly. No. 733. p. L2T 20. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
^ "Updated: Famitsu Rates F-Zero & More". Nintendojo. July 16, 2003. Archived from the original on July 29, 2003. Retrieved February 27, 2017.
^ "Kojima Productions 2005 Lineup (waybacked)". Archived from the original on November 7, 2005.
^ "Kojima Productions TGS 2005 Day 2 Report (archive)". Archived from the original on November 27, 2005.
^ Jeremy Parish (September 23, 2006). "Lunar Knights (Preview)". 1UP.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2016. Yoshitomi: I've had quite a large say in the rebranding of Boktai as Lunar Knights -- we want to tell users in North America and Europe that this is something new, something totally fresh, and there's no sun sensor. This is a good way to do it, to let everyone know this is a different world with so many new features it almost doesn't feel like a sequel at all.
External links
Official website
Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand at MobyGames
vteBoktai seriesGames
Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand
2: Solar Boy Django
Lunar Knights
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Sound Voltex | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"action-adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action-adventure_game"},{"link_name":"role-playing video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role-playing_video_game"},{"link_name":"Konami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konami"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Boktai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boktai"},{"link_name":"vampire hunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire_hunter"},{"link_name":"Hideo Kojima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideo_Kojima"}],"text":"2003 video gameBoktai: The Sun is in Your Hand[a] is an action-adventure role-playing video game released by Konami for the Game Boy Advance in 2003, and the first game in the Boktai series. The player takes the role of Django, a vampire hunter, who uses a weapon called the \"Gun Del Sol\" (Solar Gun), that fires bolts of sunlight at enemies. The game made novel use of a light sensor on the cartridge which encouraged playing parts of the game in direct sunlight. The game was produced and designed by Hideo Kojima.","title":"Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The game's story takes place in a time period near the end of the world, called the Age of Darkness.[2] The story features the appearance of undead creatures after the natural cycle of life and death was broken. People quickly began dying due to the use and misuse of \"Dark Matter\", a type of energy that corrupts and destroys life. Those who survived quickly became prey to dark creatures called \"Immortals\", beings composed of Dark Matter at the cellular level.The story is set in the city of Istrakan, which had already been overrun by the Immortals. The city was in a hopeless situation as the curse brought the \"undeadening\" of all, edging the human race closer to extinction. Even the heroes who used to hunt the Immortals have already fallen, and so people's hopes have been shattered.One day, however, a mysterious boy named Django emerged. He turned out to have the blood of one of the most legendary vampire hunters running in his veins, and was also the heir of the Gun Del Sol. He must go to Istrakan, the City of Death – where many times and places intertwine – in order to prevent the end of the world.Django's mission to save humanity is reinforced by his desire to avenge his father, Ringo, after his death. He uses sunlight as his weapon throughout his endeavors.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"photometric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photometry_(optics)"},{"link_name":"time zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone"}],"text":"The game's cartridge has a photometric light sensor which measures light exposure. In order to charge the in-game solar weapons, the player must take their Game Boy Advance (GBA) outside in the daytime (as verified by the light sensor). If the player's gun battery runs out of light reserves and there is no sunlight available, then the player must avoid conflicts with enemies or find an in-game \"Solar Station\" to recharge.Before a game is started, the player is prompted to set their current time and time zone. The game can then estimate when the Sun will rise and set, and simulates the position of the Sun inside the game. The player has an advantage during the daytime as vampires cannot be exposed to sunlight. Sunlight also affects the world around the main character - an example is a Solar Tree, a tree that is being damaged by the darkness of the Immortals, and can be cured by playing the game in the sunlight. The outdoor game environment also includes bird chirp sound effects in the morning and a soft orange glow around sunset.Game combat focuses on stealth. An integral concept is shooting an undead in the back, stunning it, then either running away or killing it. Getting caught by a monster, indicated by a red exclamation point above the head, will reduce the grade received at the end of a stage. A number of other factors also determine the grade received, such as total time taken to complete the level. After a number of dungeon levels the player will reach an \"Immortal\" level where one of four bosses resides. The player will have to fight their way to the boss creature, or Immortal, and defeat it. The boss is then faced again in the sunlight outside of its lair. In this fight, a weapon called the \"Pile Driver\" must be charged by the player exposing the game to sunlight. The greater the amount of sunlight, the more damage the Pile Driver will inflict upon the Immortal during the fight.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-4"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-7"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Power"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"X-Play","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Entertainment Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC-4"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-7"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacritic83/100[3]Review scoresPublicationScoreEdge8/10[4]Electronic Gaming Monthly8.5/10[5]Famitsu36/40[6]Game Informer5/10[7]GamePro[8]GameSpot8.3/10[9]GameSpy[10]IGN8.5/10[11]Nintendo Power4.4/5[12]X-Play[13]Entertainment WeeklyA[14]The game received \"favorable\" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[3] In Japan, Famitsu gave it a total score of 36 out of 40.[6][15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boktai_2:_Solar_Boy_Django"},{"link_name":"Shin Bokura no Taiyō: Gyakushū no Sabata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%82%AF%E3%82%89%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-counterattack-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-boktai3-18"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"Lunar Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Knights"},{"link_name":"cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_game_card"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Boktai was followed by two sequels on the Game Boy Advance: Boktai 2: Solar Boy Django and Shin Bokura no Taiyō: Gyakushū no Sabata (also known as Boktai 3: Sabata's Counterattack).[16][17] The latter was released exclusively in Japan. Both GBA sequels employed the use of a solar sensor on their cartridges. A fourth game was released for the Nintendo DS titled Bokura no Taiyō: Django & Sabata, released outside Japan under the title Lunar Knights. The name change was an attempt to rebrand the series after the fourth game abandoned the use of a solar sensor (due to the Nintendo DS using cards instead of cartridges).[18]","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shogakukan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shogakukan"},{"link_name":"CoroCoro Comic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoroCoro_Comic"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Mega Man Battle Network 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Man_Battle_Network_4"}],"sub_title":"Other media","text":"A manga was produced called Solar Boy Django. It was produced by Makoto Hisoka and was loosely based on the Boktai storyline. It was written by Makoto Hisoka and published in Shogakukan's CoroCoro Comic from September 2003 to July 2007. It does not follow the plot of the games directly, although it does include many of the characters, such as the Count and Sabata. An English version of the manga has been made available from a Singapore manga production company. In 2007, Elex Media Komputindo licensed the manga for the Indonesian market with the title Jango the Solar Boy.[citation needed]Django and Otenko appeared in Mega Man Battle Network 4.","title":"Sequels"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language"}],"text":"^ Known in Japan as Bokura no Taiyō (Japanese: ボクらの太陽, lit. Our Sun)","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Boktai: Sun is in Your Hands\". Atari Australia. Archived from the original on December 5, 2004. 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Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20040226235510/http://www.techtv.com/xplay/reviews/story/0%2C24330%2C3494715%2C00.html","url_text":"\"'Boktai: The Sun Is in Your Hands' [sic] (GBA) Review\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Play","url_text":"X-Play"},{"url":"http://www.techtv.com/xplay/reviews/story/0,24330,3494715,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gary Eng Walk (October 17, 2003). \"Boktai\". Entertainment Weekly. No. 733. p. L2T 20. Retrieved June 20, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ew.com/article/2003/10/17/boktai","url_text":"\"Boktai\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly","url_text":"Entertainment Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Updated: Famitsu Rates F-Zero & More\". Nintendojo. July 16, 2003. Archived from the original on July 29, 2003. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cows_and_Beer | Cows and Beer | ["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References","4 External links"] | 1982 EP by Die KreuzenCows and BeerEP by Die KreuzenReleased1982RecordedSeptember 11, 1982GenreHardcore punkLength6:48LabelVersion SoundDie Kreuzen chronology
Cows and Beer(1982)
Die Kreuzen(1984)
Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic
Cows and Beer is an EP by Die Kreuzen, released in 1982 through Version Sound.
Track listing
All tracks are written by Die KreuzenSide oneNo.TitleLength1."Hate Me"0:462."Pain"1:043."Enemies"0:56
Side twoNo.TitleLength1."In School"1:252."Think for Me"1:373."Don't Say Please"1:00
Personnel
Die Kreuzen
Keith Brammer – bass guitar
Brian Egeness – guitar
Dan Kubinski – vocals
Erik Tunison – drums
Production and additional personnel
Richard Kohl – illustrations
References
^ "Cows and Beer". Allmusic. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
^ Leland, John; Robbins, Ira (2007). "Die Kreuzen". Trouser Press. Retrieved May 26, 2013.
External links
Cows And Beer at Discogs (list of releases)
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die Kreuzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Kreuzen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trouserpress-2"}],"text":"Cows and Beer is an EP by Die Kreuzen, released in 1982 through Version Sound.[2]","title":"Cows and Beer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Die Kreuzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Kreuzen"}],"text":"All tracks are written by Die KreuzenSide oneNo.TitleLength1.\"Hate Me\"0:462.\"Pain\"1:043.\"Enemies\"0:56Side twoNo.TitleLength1.\"In School\"1:252.\"Think for Me\"1:373.\"Don't Say Please\"1:00","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"illustrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustrations"}],"text":"Die KreuzenKeith Brammer – bass guitar\nBrian Egeness – guitar\nDan Kubinski – vocals\nErik Tunison – drumsProduction and additional personnelRichard Kohl – illustrations","title":"Personnel"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Cows and Beer\". Allmusic. Retrieved May 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r213647","url_text":"\"Cows and Beer\""}]},{"reference":"Leland, John; Robbins, Ira (2007). \"Die Kreuzen\". Trouser Press. Retrieved May 26, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=die_kreuzen","url_text":"\"Die Kreuzen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouser_Press","url_text":"Trouser Press"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/r213647","external_links_name":"\"Cows and Beer\""},{"Link":"http://trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=die_kreuzen","external_links_name":"\"Die Kreuzen\""},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/162982","external_links_name":"Cows And Beer"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/703494d2-0350-3377-893a-e1a2de8166a0","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_hills_of_Ia%C8%99i | Seven hills of Iași | ["1 The hills","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Iași, Romania, is claimed to have been built on seven hills. Many other cities of the world have similar traditions, Rome and Constantinople, for instance, were said to have been built on seven hills.
The hills
Each hill is populated with monuments, religious buildings, or parks:
Cetățuia hill: Cetățuia Monastery (1668), Hlincea Monastery (1587), Frumoasa Monastery (1733);
Galata hill: Galata Monastery (1582), Nicolina balneotherapy and well-being Centre;
Copou hill: Podgoria Copou Monastery (1638), Iași Botanical Garden, Copou Park, Exhibition Park, and many monumental buildings;
Breazu hill;
Șorogari hill;
Bucium hill: Bucium Monastery (1853), Bârnova Monastery (1628);
Repedea hill: the Repedea Hill Fossil Site.
Gallery
Iași from Cetăţuia Monastery
View of the Copou Hill
Galata Monastery on Galata Hill
Partial view of Iași from Galata Hill
Repedea Hill Fossil Site
See also
List of cities claimed to be built on seven hills
Seven hills
References
External links
Seven hills of Iaşi (in Romanian)
This Romanian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Iași County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Seven hills of Iași"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cetățuia Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cet%C4%83%C8%9Buia_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Hlincea Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hlincea_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Frumoasa Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frumoasa_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Galata Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galata_Monastery"},{"link_name":"balneotherapy and well-being","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balneotherapy"},{"link_name":"Podgoria Copou Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podgoria_Copou_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Iași Botanical Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_Botanical_Garden"},{"link_name":"Copou Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copou_Park"},{"link_name":"Exhibition Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_Exhibition_Park"},{"link_name":"Bucium Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucium_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Bârnova Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2rnova_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Repedea Hill Fossil Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repedea_Hill_Fossil_Site"}],"text":"Each hill is populated with monuments, religious buildings, or parks:Cetățuia hill: Cetățuia Monastery (1668), Hlincea Monastery (1587), Frumoasa Monastery (1733);\nGalata hill: Galata Monastery (1582), Nicolina balneotherapy and well-being Centre;\nCopou hill: Podgoria Copou Monastery (1638), Iași Botanical Garden, Copou Park, Exhibition Park, and many monumental buildings;\nBreazu hill;\nȘorogari hill;\nBucium hill: Bucium Monastery (1853), Bârnova Monastery (1628);\nRepedea hill: the Repedea Hill Fossil Site.","title":"The hills"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klooster-iasi.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RO_IS_Ia%C5%9Fi_,_panoramic_view_4.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manastirea_Galata0.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manastirea_Galata20.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rezerva%C8%9Bia_Repedea19.jpg"}],"text":"Iași from Cetăţuia Monastery\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView of the Copou Hill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGalata Monastery on Galata Hill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPartial view of Iași from Galata Hill\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRepedea Hill Fossil Site","title":"Gallery"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of cities claimed to be built on seven hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_claimed_to_be_built_on_seven_hills"},{"title":"Seven hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_hills_(disambiguation)"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130416120242/http://48h.ro/2008/11/iai-oraul-celor-7-coline.html","external_links_name":"Seven hills of Iaşi"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_hills_of_Ia%C8%99i&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_hills_of_Ia%C8%99i&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
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